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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evart_Township,_Michigan
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Evart Township, Michigan
|
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 43°50′44″N 85°16′29″W / 43.84556°N 85.27472°W / 43.84556; -85.27472
Township in Michigan, United StatesEvart Township, MichiganTownshipEvart Township, MichiganLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganEvart Township, MichiganEvart Township, Michigan (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 43°50′44″N 85°16′29″W / 43.84556°N 85.27472°W / 43.84556; -85.27472CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyOsceolaArea • Total34.2 sq mi (88.6 km2) • Land32.8 sq mi (85.0 km2) • Water1.4 sq mi (3.6 km2)Elevation1,076 ft (328 m)Population (2000) • Total1,513 • Density46.1/sq mi (17.8/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code49631Area code231FIPS code26-26660GNIS feature ID1626254
Evart Township is a civil township of Osceola County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,513 at the 2000 census. The city of Evart is located on the northern edge of the township, but is administratively autonomous.
History
Evart Township was named for Frank Evart, an early settler.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.2 square miles (89 km2), of which 32.8 square miles (85 km2) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2) (4.09%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,513 people, 573 households, and 426 families residing in the township. The population density was 46.1 inhabitants per square mile (17.8/km2). There were 930 housing units at an average density of 28.3 per square mile (10.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.28% White, 0.26% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.
There were 573 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $35,550, and the median income for a family was $38,942. Males had a median income of $30,595 versus $22,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,680. About 5.9% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.9% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Evart Township, Michigan
^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 122.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Osceola County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: Reed CityCity
Evart
Reed City
Map of Michigan highlighting Osceola County.svgVillages
Hersey
Le Roy
Marion
Tustin
Townships
Burdell
Cedar
Evart
Hartwick
Hersey
Highland
Le Roy
Lincoln
Marion
Middle Branch
Orient
Osceola
Richmond
Rose Lake
Sherman
Sylvan
Unincorporated communities
Ashton
Dighton
Highland
Ina
Orono
Park Lake
Pisgah
Sears
Michigan portal
United States portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Osceola County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000"},{"link_name":"Evart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evart,_Michigan"}],"text":"Township in Michigan, United StatesEvart Township is a civil township of Osceola County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,513 at the 2000 census. The city of Evart is located on the northern edge of the township, but is administratively autonomous.","title":"Evart Township, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Evart Township was named for Frank Evart, an early settler.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.2 square miles (89 km2), of which 32.8 square miles (85 km2) is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2) (4.09%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 1,513 people, 573 households, and 426 families residing in the township. The population density was 46.1 inhabitants per square mile (17.8/km2). There were 930 housing units at an average density of 28.3 per square mile (10.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.28% White, 0.26% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.There were 573 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.99.In the township the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.The median income for a household in the township was $35,550, and the median income for a family was $38,942. Males had a median income of $30,595 versus $22,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,680. About 5.9% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.9% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
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[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 122.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n121","url_text":"122"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery,_1st_Earl_of_Mount_Alexander
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Hugh Montgomery, 1st Earl of Mount Alexander
|
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Notes","4 References"]
|
Hugh Montgomery, 1st Earl of Mount Alexander (c. 1623 – 15 September 1663), known as The Viscount Montgomery from 1642 to 1661, was an Irish peer. He was appointed to command his father's regiment in 1642. He was commander-in-chief of the Royalist army in Ulster in 1649 and seized successively Belfast, Antrim, and Carrickfergus. He surrendered to Oliver Cromwell, and was banished to Holland. At the Restoration in 1660 he was appointed life master of ordnance in Ireland and one year later created Earl of Mount Alexander.
Biography
Hugh Montgomery was born about 1623, the eldest son of Hugh Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery, and his wife, Jean Alexander, eldest daughter of Sir William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling. In his childhood, his left side was severely injured by a fall, and an extensive abscess was formed, which on healing left a large cavity through which the action of the heart could be plainly discerned He wore a metal plate over the opening.
Notwithstanding his deformity, he had a fairly good constitution, and before reaching his twentieth year travelled through France and Italy. On his return, he was brought to Charles I at Oxford, who was curious to see the strange phenomenon presented in Montgomery's case. He remained some days with the king, and went home, after receiving tokens of the royal favour, and giving assurances of his own loyalty.
By this time the Irish rebellion of 1641 had broken out, and Montgomery's father had raised troops in maintenance of the royal authority, but he died suddenly on 15 November 1642. Montgomery succeeded as 3rd Viscount, and was appointed to the command of his father's regiment. Under Scottish Major-General Robert Monro, who married his mother, Montgomery fought at the Battle of Benburb in June 1646. The king's troops were defeated, and the Viscount, when heading a charge of cavalry, was made prisoner. He was sent to Clochwater Castle, where he remained until October 1647, when he was exchanged for Richard, 2nd Earl of Westmeath.
Montgomery took a leading part in proclaiming Charles II at Newtownards in February 1649. At the same time the Solemn League and Covenant was renewed, and General George Monck, refusing either to take the covenant or declare for the king, was forced out of Ulster. Montgomery was thereupon commissioned by the king as commander-in-chief of the royal army in Ulster (14 May 1649), with instructions to co-operate with James, Marquis of Ormonde; and in the warlike operations which followed, he successively seized Belfast, Antrim, and Carrickfergus, and, passing through Coleraine, laid siege to Londonderry. After a four-month investiture, however, he was compelled to retire, but joined Ormonde, and aided him in his final efforts against the English Commonwealth.
Forced at last to surrender to Cromwell, he was, after appearing before Parliament in London, banished to Holland, under strict prohibition from corresponding with Charles II. In 1652 he solicited and received permission to return to London, and after much delay was allowed subsistence for himself and his family out of his confiscated estates. He was afterwards permitted to return to Ireland, lived there under strict surveillance, and for a time was imprisoned in Kilkenny Castle.
On the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 Montgomery visited King Charles II at Whitehall. He was appointed for life master of ordnance in Ireland (12 September 1660), was placed on the commission for the settlement of Irish affairs (19 February 1661), and was created Earl of Mount Alexander on 20 June 1661. He died suddenly at Dromore on 15 September 1663, while engaged in investigating Major Blood's plot. He was buried in the chancel of the church at Newtownards.
Family
In personal appearance, Montgomery is described as of medium height, ruddy complexioned, with curly reddish hair and a quick grey eye. He was twice married:
First, in December 1648, to Mary, eldest daughter of Charles Moore, 2nd Viscount Moore of Drogheda and Alice Loftus, by whom he had two sons Hugh and Henry, who were successively second and third earls of Mount Alexander and a daughter, Jean, who died unmarried in 1673;
Secondly, in 1660, to Catherine Jones, daughter of Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh and Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh, and widow of Sir William Parsons, 2nd Baronet. They had one child, a daughter named Catherine who later married Sir Francis Hamilton, 3rd Baronet of Castle Hamilton. She died in 1692, aged 29 years.
Notes
^ Lee 1903, p. 894.
^ Paton 1894, p. 315 cites HARVEY, Works, Sydenham Society, pp. 382-4.
^ Paton 1894, p. 315.
^ Paton 1894, pp. 315, 316.
^ a b c d e Paton 1894, p. 316.
^ Reid & Killen 1853, p. 102 footnote 20: The ceremonial at the proclamation of Charles II. at Newtownards may be seen in the Montg. MSS., p. 206.
^ "King Charles the 2d being proclaimed our King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland" (Montgomery & Hill 1869, pp. 68, 178).
^ Paton 1894, p. 316 cites State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1649-50, p. 140.
^ Paton 1894, p. 316 cites State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1651-2, pp. 99- 364, passim.
^ Paton 1894.
References
Reid, James Seaton; Killen, William Dool (1853). A History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland: Comprising the Civil History of the Province of Ulster from the Accession of James the First ... Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Whittaker. p. 102.
Montgomery, William; Hill, George (compiler) (1869). The Montgomery manuscripts: (1603-1706) Comp. from family papers by William Montgomery, of Rosemount; and edited with notes. Belfast: Archer. pp. 68, 176.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Montgomery, Hugh". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 894.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Paton, Henry (1894). "Montgomery, Hugh". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 315–316.; Endnotes:
Montgomery MSS., by the Rev. George Hill, 1869, i. 151-259.
Peerage of Ireland
New creation
Earl of Mount Alexander 1661–1663
Succeeded byHugh Montgomery
Preceded byHugh Montgomery
Viscount Montgomery 1642–1663
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
United States
People
Ireland
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hugh Montgomery, 1st Earl of Mount Alexander"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery,_2nd_Viscount_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander,_1st_Earl_of_Stirling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894315-3"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894315,_316-4"},{"link_name":"Irish rebellion of 1641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_rebellion_1641"},{"link_name":"Robert Monro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Monro"},{"link_name":"Battle of Benburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benburb"},{"link_name":"Clochwater Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clochwater_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Earl of Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316-5"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Newtownards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtownards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Solemn League and Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant"},{"link_name":"George Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monck"},{"link_name":"James, Marquis of Ormonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Ormonde"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"investiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_(military)"},{"link_name":"English Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_Castle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316-5"},{"link_name":"restoration of the monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Earl of Mount Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mount_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Major Blood's plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%27s_Plot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316-5"}],"text":"Hugh Montgomery was born about 1623, the eldest son of Hugh Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery, and his wife, Jean Alexander, eldest daughter of Sir William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling. In his childhood, his left side was severely injured by a fall, and an extensive abscess was formed, which on healing left a large cavity through which the action of the heart could be plainly discerned[2] He wore a metal plate over the opening.[3]Notwithstanding his deformity, he had a fairly good constitution, and before reaching his twentieth year travelled through France and Italy. On his return, he was brought to Charles I at Oxford, who was curious to see the strange phenomenon presented in Montgomery's case. He remained some days with the king, and went home, after receiving tokens of the royal favour, and giving assurances of his own loyalty.[4]By this time the Irish rebellion of 1641 had broken out, and Montgomery's father had raised troops in maintenance of the royal authority, but he died suddenly on 15 November 1642. Montgomery succeeded as 3rd Viscount, and was appointed to the command of his father's regiment. Under Scottish Major-General Robert Monro, who married his mother, Montgomery fought at the Battle of Benburb in June 1646. The king's troops were defeated, and the Viscount, when heading a charge of cavalry, was made prisoner. He was sent to Clochwater Castle, where he remained until October 1647, when he was exchanged for Richard, 2nd Earl of Westmeath.[5]Montgomery took a leading part in proclaiming Charles II at Newtownards in February 1649.[6][7] At the same time the Solemn League and Covenant was renewed, and General George Monck, refusing either to take the covenant or declare for the king, was forced out of Ulster. Montgomery was thereupon commissioned by the king as commander-in-chief of the royal army in Ulster (14 May 1649), with instructions to co-operate with James, Marquis of Ormonde;[8] and in the warlike operations which followed, he successively seized Belfast, Antrim, and Carrickfergus, and, passing through Coleraine, laid siege to Londonderry. After a four-month investiture, however, he was compelled to retire, but joined Ormonde, and aided him in his final efforts against the English Commonwealth.[5]Forced at last to surrender to Cromwell, he was, after appearing before Parliament in London, banished to Holland, under strict prohibition from corresponding with Charles II. In 1652 he solicited and received permission to return to London, and after much delay was allowed subsistence for himself and his family out of his confiscated estates.[9] He was afterwards permitted to return to Ireland, lived there under strict surveillance, and for a time was imprisoned in Kilkenny Castle.[5]On the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 Montgomery visited King Charles II at Whitehall. He was appointed for life master of ordnance in Ireland (12 September 1660), was placed on the commission for the settlement of Irish affairs (19 February 1661), and was created Earl of Mount Alexander on 20 June 1661. He died suddenly at Dromore on 15 September 1663, while engaged in investigating Major Blood's plot. He was buried in the chancel of the church at Newtownards.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Moore, 2nd Viscount Moore of Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moore,_2nd_Viscount_Moore_of_Drogheda"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery,_2nd_Earl_of_Mount_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Jones,_2nd_Viscount_Ranelagh"},{"link_name":"Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Jones,_Viscountess_Ranelagh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton1894-10"}],"text":"In personal appearance, Montgomery is described as of medium height, ruddy complexioned, with curly reddish hair and a quick grey eye. He was twice married:[5]First, in December 1648, to Mary, eldest daughter of Charles Moore, 2nd Viscount Moore of Drogheda and Alice Loftus, by whom he had two sons Hugh and Henry, who were successively second and third earls of Mount Alexander and a daughter, Jean, who died unmarried in 1673;\nSecondly, in 1660, to Catherine Jones, daughter of Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh and Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh, and widow of Sir William Parsons, 2nd Baronet. [10] They had one child, a daughter named Catherine who later married Sir Francis Hamilton, 3rd Baronet of Castle Hamilton. She died in 1692, aged 29 years.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1903894_1-0"},{"link_name":"Lee 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLee1903"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Paton 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaton1894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894315_3-0"},{"link_name":"Paton 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaton1894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894315,_316_4-0"},{"link_name":"Paton 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaton1894"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894316_5-4"},{"link_name":"Paton 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaton1894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Reid & Killen 1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReidKillen1853"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Montgomery & Hill 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMontgomeryHill1869"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Paton 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaton1894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Paton 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaton1894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton1894_10-0"},{"link_name":"Paton 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaton1894"}],"text":"^ Lee 1903, p. 894.\n\n^ Paton 1894, p. 315 cites HARVEY, Works, Sydenham Society, pp. 382-4.\n\n^ Paton 1894, p. 315.\n\n^ Paton 1894, pp. 315, 316.\n\n^ a b c d e Paton 1894, p. 316.\n\n^ Reid & Killen 1853, p. 102 footnote 20: The ceremonial at the proclamation of Charles II. at Newtownards may be seen in the Montg. MSS., p. 206.\n\n^ \"King Charles the 2d being proclaimed our King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland\" (Montgomery & Hill 1869, pp. 68, 178).\n\n^ Paton 1894, p. 316 cites State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1649-50, p. 140.\n\n^ Paton 1894, p. 316 cites State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1651-2, pp. 99- 364, passim.\n\n^ Paton 1894.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Reid, James Seaton; Killen, William Dool (1853). A History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland: Comprising the Civil History of the Province of Ulster from the Accession of James the First ... Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Whittaker. p. 102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Seaton_Reid","url_text":"Reid, James Seaton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dool_Killen","url_text":"Killen, William Dool"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sv0QAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102","url_text":"102"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, William; Hill, George (compiler) (1869). The Montgomery manuscripts: (1603-1706) Comp. from family papers by William Montgomery, of Rosemount; and edited with notes. Belfast: Archer. pp. 68, 176.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/montgomerymanusc00montuoft#page/68/mode/1up","url_text":"68"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). \"Montgomery, Hugh\". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 894.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati00leesuoft#page/894/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Montgomery, Hugh\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati00leesuoft#page/n2/mode/1up","url_text":"Index and Epitome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Paton, Henry (1894). \"Montgomery, Hugh\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 315–316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Montgomery,_Hugh","url_text":"Montgomery, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sv0QAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA102","external_links_name":"102"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/montgomerymanusc00montuoft#page/68/mode/1up","external_links_name":"68"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati00leesuoft#page/894/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Montgomery, Hugh\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati00leesuoft#page/n2/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Index and Epitome"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1836184/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1453160","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85215532","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.005899.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Charlotte,_Countess_of_Holzappel
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Elisabeth Charlotte, Countess of Holzappel
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["1 Early life and background","2 Countess of Holzappel","3 Succession","4 Issue","5 References"]
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Elisabeth CharlotteCountess of HolzappelElisabeth Charlotte von Schaumburg-NassauBornElisabeth Charlotte Melander(1640-02-29)29 February 1640Died17 March 1707(1707-03-17) (aged 67)Other namesElisabeth Charlotte von Schaumburg-NassauKnown forCountess of Holzappel (1648–1707) andSchaumburg (1656–1707)Notable workfounded the Waldensian settlement Charlottenberg, Germany (1699)Spouse
Count Adolph of Nassau-Dillenburg
(m. 1658)Children5 sons, 2 daughtersParentsPeter Melander, Count of Holzappel (father)Agnes von Efferen (mother)
Elisabeth Charlotte Melander (29 February 1640 – 17 March 1707), was Countess of Holzappel from 1648 to 1707 and Schaumburg from 1656 to 1707.
Early life and background
Elisabeth Charlotte was the only child of Peter Melander, Count of Holzappel and Agnes von Efferen. Peter Melander was an imperial field marshal who had become rich due to his position in the Thirty Years' War and had been appointed Count of Holzappel in 1641. In 1643, he purchased the Lordship of Esterau along with the bailiwick of Isselbach from John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar, who was in considerable financial difficulty. Emperor Ferdinand III subsequently raised the small Lordship to the Imperial County of Holzappel as a reward for the services Melander had performed while in the imperial army.
Countess of Holzappel
Coat of arms of Nassau-Schaumburg
Melander died on 17 May 1648 in Augsburg, as a result of the wounds he had received in Battle of Zusmarshausen. The County of Holzappel was inherited by Elisabeth Charlotte as his only child, in spite of a suit by Melander's nephews.
Peter Melander left a fortune that allowed his widow Agnes to purchase the Castle and Lordship of Schaumburg near Balduinstein in 1656. When Agnes died later the same year, the Lordship of Schaumburg was also inherited by Elisabeth Charlotte and merged with Holzappel, thus forming the County of Holzappel-Schaumburg.
In 1658, Elisabeth Charlotte married Count Adolph of Nassau-Dillenburg. After the marriage he took the title Count of Nassau-Schaumburg and founded the cadet line of the House of Nassau with this name.
In 1685, Elisabeth Charlotte changed the name of the county seat from Esten into Holzappel. She allowed refugee Huguenots and Waldensians to settle in the county, and in 1699 founded the Waldensian settlement Charlottenberg near Holzappel which was named after her.
Succession
As all her sons died in her lifetime, by a contract of 1 September 1690 concluded with Victor Amadeus, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, Elisabeth Charlotte left Holzappel to the youngest of her three daughters, Charlotte of Nassau-Schaumburg, who married Victor Amadeus' younger son Lebrecht of Anhalt-Dernburg in 1692. Thus, after the death of Elisabeth Charlotte in 1707, the county passed to a cadet line of the princely house of Anhalt-Bernburg, the Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym.
Issue
Agnes (b. and d. 13 June 1659)
Wilhelm Ludwig (b. 8 February 1661 – d. 5 April 1661)
Ernestine Charlotte (b. 20 May 1662 – d. 21 February 1732), married firstly on 6 February 1678 to William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1691) and secondly to Friedrich Philipp von Geuder genannt von Rabensteiner (d. 1727)
Johanna Elisabeth (5 September 1663 – 9 February 1700), married on 16 June 1692 to Frederick Adolphus, Count of Lippe-Detmold (d. 1718)
Louise Henriette (b. 17 February 1665 – d. 17 April 1665)
Karl Heinrich (b. and d. 6 September 1670)
Charlotte (25 September 1673 – 31 January 1700), married on 12 April 1692 to Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym (d. 1727)
References
^ Heraldica.org: The Holzappel Case
^ Meyers Konversationslexikon, vol. 14, pp. 411–412
Preceded byPeter Melander
Countess of Holzappel 1648–1707
Succeeded byVictor I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess"},{"link_name":"Holzappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holzappel"},{"link_name":"Schaumburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Schaumburg"}],"text":"Elisabeth Charlotte Melander (29 February 1640 – 17 March 1707), was Countess of Holzappel from 1648 to 1707 and Schaumburg from 1656 to 1707.","title":"Elisabeth Charlotte, Countess of Holzappel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Melander, Count of Holzappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Melander,_Count_of_Holzappel"},{"link_name":"field marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"bailiwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick"},{"link_name":"John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Louis_of_Nassau-Hadamar"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"County of Holzappel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holzappel"}],"text":"Elisabeth Charlotte was the only child of Peter Melander, Count of Holzappel and Agnes von Efferen. Peter Melander was an imperial field marshal who had become rich due to his position in the Thirty Years' War and had been appointed Count of Holzappel in 1641. In 1643, he purchased the Lordship of Esterau along with the bailiwick of Isselbach from John Louis of Nassau-Hadamar, who was in considerable financial difficulty. Emperor Ferdinand III subsequently raised the small Lordship to the Imperial County of Holzappel as a reward for the services Melander had performed while in the imperial army.","title":"Early life and background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nassau-Schaumburg.PNG"},{"link_name":"Battle of Zusmarshausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zusmarshausen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumburg_Castle,_Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Schaumburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Schaumburg"},{"link_name":"Balduinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balduinstein"},{"link_name":"Adolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph,_Prince_of_Nassau-Schaumburg"},{"link_name":"House of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Waldensians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians"},{"link_name":"Waldensian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians"},{"link_name":"Charlottenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottenberg,_Germany"}],"text":"Coat of arms of Nassau-SchaumburgMelander died on 17 May 1648 in Augsburg, as a result of the wounds he had received in Battle of Zusmarshausen. The County of Holzappel was inherited by Elisabeth Charlotte as his only child, in spite of a suit by Melander's nephews.[1]Peter Melander left a fortune that allowed his widow Agnes to purchase the Castle and Lordship of Schaumburg near Balduinstein in 1656. When Agnes died later the same year, the Lordship of Schaumburg was also inherited by Elisabeth Charlotte and merged with Holzappel, thus forming the County of Holzappel-Schaumburg.In 1658, Elisabeth Charlotte married Count Adolph of Nassau-Dillenburg. After the marriage he took the title Count of Nassau-Schaumburg and founded the cadet line of the House of Nassau with this name.[2]In 1685, Elisabeth Charlotte changed the name of the county seat from Esten into Holzappel. She allowed refugee Huguenots and Waldensians to settle in the county, and in 1699 founded the Waldensian settlement Charlottenberg near Holzappel which was named after her.","title":"Countess of Holzappel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Charlotte of Nassau-Schaumburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Nassau-Schaumburg"},{"link_name":"Lebrecht of Anhalt-Dernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebrecht,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym"},{"link_name":"cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg"},{"link_name":"Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym"}],"text":"As all her sons died in her lifetime, by a contract of 1 September 1690 concluded with Victor Amadeus, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, Elisabeth Charlotte left Holzappel to the youngest of her three daughters, Charlotte of Nassau-Schaumburg, who married Victor Amadeus' younger son Lebrecht of Anhalt-Dernburg in 1692. Thus, after the death of Elisabeth Charlotte in 1707, the county passed to a cadet line of the princely house of Anhalt-Bernburg, the Princes of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym.","title":"Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernestine Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_Charlotte_of_Nassau-Schaumburg"},{"link_name":"William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maurice,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"Frederick Adolphus, Count of Lippe-Detmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Adolphus,_Count_of_Lippe-Detmold"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Nassau-Schaumburg"},{"link_name":"Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebrecht,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym"}],"text":"Agnes (b. and d. 13 June 1659)\nWilhelm Ludwig (b. 8 February 1661 – d. 5 April 1661)\nErnestine Charlotte (b. 20 May 1662 – d. 21 February 1732), married firstly on 6 February 1678 to William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1691) and secondly to Friedrich Philipp von Geuder genannt von Rabensteiner (d. 1727)\nJohanna Elisabeth (5 September 1663 – 9 February 1700), married on 16 June 1692 to Frederick Adolphus, Count of Lippe-Detmold (d. 1718)\nLouise Henriette (b. 17 February 1665 – d. 17 April 1665)\nKarl Heinrich (b. and d. 6 September 1670)\nCharlotte (25 September 1673 – 31 January 1700), married on 12 April 1692 to Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym (d. 1727)","title":"Issue"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Nassau-Schaumburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nassau-Schaumburg.PNG/170px-Nassau-Schaumburg.PNG"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/g_morganat.htm#Holzappel_case","external_links_name":"Heraldica.org: The Holzappel Case"},{"Link":"http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=114309","external_links_name":"Meyers Konversationslexikon, vol. 14, pp. 411–412"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316777772","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1074487729","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1074487729.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Smith_(American_football,_born_1983)
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Brad Smith (American football, born 1983)
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["1 College career","1.1 Accomplishments and honors","2 Professional career","2.1 2006 NFL Combine","2.2 New York Jets","2.3 Buffalo Bills","2.4 Philadelphia Eagles","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American football player (born 1983)
American football player
Brad SmithSmith in June 2009No. 16Position:Wide receiverPersonal informationBorn: (1983-12-12) December 12, 1983 (age 40)Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:213 lb (97 kg)Career informationHigh school:Chaney (Youngstown)College:MissouriNFL draft:2006 / Round: 4 / Pick: 103Career history
New York Jets (2006–2010)
Buffalo Bills (2011–2013)
Philadelphia Eagles (2013–2014)
Career highlights and awards
Big 12 Offensive Freshman of the Year (2002)
Career NFL statisticsReceptions:104Receiving yards:987Return yards:2,879Total touchdowns:14Player stats at NFL.com
Bradley Alexander Smith (born December 12, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football as a quarterback for the Missouri Tigers and was selected in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL draft by the New York Jets. He also played in the NFL for the Buffalo Bills and Philadelphia Eagles.
College career
Smith while with Missouri
After being redshirted in 2001 he became the four-year starter (never missing a start) for the Missouri Tigers. His sophomore year, he established himself as a quarterback in college football, becoming only the second player in Division I-A football history to ever pass for 2,000 yards and rush for 1,000. He received numerous national and Big 12 Conference freshman honors, leading the Tigers to a 5–7 record. His sophomore year, he led Missouri to an 8–5 record and their first bowl game since 1998. In 2004 the Tigers went a disappointing 5–6 after beginning the season ranked number 17 by the Associated Press. His senior year, he led the Tigers to a 7–5 record and his second Independence Bowl in three years and the first Missouri bowl victory in 7 years.
Smith was working on his graduate degree in economics at Missouri upon being drafted. He received his business degree from Missouri in May 2005.
Smith has set numerous Missouri, Big 12, and Division I-A records. In his junior season, he was considered a preseason Heisman Trophy candidate by many, but Missouri and Smith did not live up to expectations, achieving only a 5–6 record.
Smith excelled in the classroom and was named to the Big 12 All-Academic Team. He participated in the Mike Jones Football Clinic, Chancellor's Lunch, Big Brothers and Big Sisters Bowl for Kids' Sake, Student-Athlete Advisory Committee Food Drive, Truman Club, and Athletes-in-Action, among others.
Accomplishments and honors
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Brad Smith" American football, born 1983 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
First player in Division I-A history to pass for 8,000 yards and run for 4,000 yards in career.
First player in Division I-A history to pass for 2,000 yards and run for 1,000 yards in a season twice in a career.
Second player in Division I-A history to rush for 1,000 yards and pass for 2,000 yards in a season.
Fourth player in Division I-A history to score 200 points and pass for 200 points in a career.
Sixth player in Division I-A history to pass for 200 yards and rush for 200 yards in a single game (vs. Nebraska on October 22, 2005).
Most rushing yards in Division I-A history by a freshman quarterback.
2005 Independence Bowl co-MVP.
2006 Hula Bowl MVP.
2002 1st-Team Freshman All-American by FWAA, The Sporting News, College Football News, and Rivals.com.
2002 Honorable Mention All-American by CNNSI.com, College Football News.
2002 and 2003 honorable mention All-Big 12 by AP.
2002 and 2004 Honorable Mention All-Big 12 by Coaches.
2003 4th-Team All-American by College Sports Report.
2003 3rd-Team All-Big 12 by Coaches.
2005 Draddy Trophy Finalist.
2005 Honorable Mention All-Big 12.
2005 Davey O'Brien Award Semi-Finalist.
2010 Pudding Pie Award.
Smith holds school records for career rushing yards, career total yards, most points in a game (30) and most touchdowns (5) (vs. Texas Tech on October 25, 2003).
Professional career
2006 NFL Combine
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
6 ft 2 in(1.88 m)
213 lb(97 kg)
4.46 s
1.59 s
2.65 s
4.33 s
7.01 s
39.5 in(1.00 m)
10 ft 8 in(3.25 m)
All values from NFL Combine
New York Jets
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Brad Smith" American football, born 1983 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Smith was selected in the fourth round with the 103rd overall pick in the 2006 NFL draft. The New York Jets drafted Smith as a Wide Receiver/Running Back/Quarterback in the fourth round. He was signed by the New York Jets on July 21, 2006, as a Wide Receiver/Quarterback. In a preseason game in 2007, he was played at quarterback and rallied the Jets to 10 points and scrambled for the game-winning touchdown. He was then declared a "bona fide quarterback" by Jets coach Eric Mangini and was listed higher on the depth chart at quarterback than wide receiver. Through Week 5 of the 2007 season, the Jets used Smith in a variety of ways, lining him up at quarterback, running back, and wide receiver. He was also a standout on special teams. Smith scored his first career receiving touchdown on October 7, 2007, against the New York Giants.
On December 16, 2007, Smith substituted for starter Kellen Clemens who was injured in a game against the New England Patriots. Smith would then alternate with former starter Chad Pennington for the rest of the game, running an option and also attempting a pass. He is also a winner of the Jets' 2007 Kyle Clifton Good Guy Award, which recognizes consistent willingness, cooperation and professionalism in everyday dealings with various departments in organization.
Smith was used in the Jets' wildcat formations. He had been injured (quad) throughout the beginning of the 2009 season, but emerged to become a leader of special teams, including being the starting kick returner. On December 13, 2009, Smith ran a fake punt play, in which he completed a pass to Eric Smith, having the longest completion of any team that day, the play went for 27 yards. On December 27, 2009, Smith returned the opening kickoff of the 2nd half for a 106-yard touchdown against the Indianapolis Colts. This is the longest play in New York Jets history, and tied for the second longest kickoff return in NFL history. In the last game of the 2009 regular season, Smith had 91 rushing yards, lining up at quarterback each time, having a 57-yard play, and scoring a 32-yard touchdown.
During the 2010 season, Smith was mostly used as a wildcat specialist and return specialist. One of Smith's best games was on Thanksgiving of November 25, 2010 where he scored a 53-yard touchdown on a wildcat end-around and an 89-yard kickoff return touchdown in a Jets 26–10 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals.
Buffalo Bills
Smith agreed to a four-year, $15 million contract with the Buffalo Bills on July 28, 2011. The Bills used him that season mostly out of wildcat formations, and they also used him as a wide receiver. During the 2012 season, Smith returned an 89-yard kick off for a touchdown in a loss vs. the Tennessee Titans.
On November 8, 2013, the Bills released Smith off of their injured-reserve list.
Philadelphia Eagles
Smith was signed by the Eagles on November 12, 2013.
Personal life
Smith and his wife Rosalynn have a son and a daughter.
References
^ "2006 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
^ "Brad Smith, Rotoworld.com Profile".
^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/AP1400073e17624db0b24b07744ab7e7bd
^ Vrentas, Jenny (October 10, 2010), "Jets getting most out of versatile Brad Smith", NJ.com, The Star-Ledger, archived from the original on October 13, 2010, retrieved October 10, 2010
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brad Smith (American football).
New York Jets biography
Mizzou Tigers biography
Statistics at ESPN.com
vteMissouri Tigers starting quarterbacks
Saunders (1909)
Stuber (1924–1926)
Flamank (1927)
Waldorf (1929)
Christman (1938–1940)
Pitts (1941–1942)
Collins (1944)
Dellastatious (1945)
Entsminger (1947–1948)
Klein (1949–1950)
Scardino (1951–1952)
Eaton (1953–1954)
Doane (1955)
Hunter (1956)
Snowden (1957–1959)
Taylor (1960–1961)
J. Johnson (1962)
Lane (1963–1965)
Kombrink (1966–1967)
McMillan (1968–1969)
Roper (1970–1971)
Cherry (1972–1973)
Pisarkiewicz (1974–1976)
Woods (1976–1977)
Bradley (1977–1980)
Hyde (1981)
Adler (1982–1985)
Cameron (1986)
Stollenwerck (1987)
Welch (1988)
Kiefer (1989–1990)
Johnson (1991)
Handy (1992–1994)
Corso (1995)
Skornia (1995–1996)
Jones (1995–1998)
Dougherty (1999)
Farmer (1999–2001)
Outlaw (2000–2001)
Smith (2002–2005)
Daniel (2006–2008)
Gabbert (2009–2010)
Franklin (2011–2013)
Berkstresser (2012)
Mauk (2013–2015)
Lock (2015–2018)
Bryant (2019)
Powell (2019)
Bazelak (2019–2021)
Robinson (2020)
Macon (2021)
Cook (2021–2023)
vteNew York Jets 2006 NFL Draft selections
D'Brickashaw Ferguson
Nick Mangold
Kellen Clemens
Anthony Schlegel
Eric Smith
Brad Smith
Leon Washington
Jason Pociask
Drew Coleman
Titus Adams
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Missouri Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"2006 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"}],"text":"American football playerBradley Alexander Smith (born December 12, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football as a quarterback for the Missouri Tigers and was selected in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL draft by the New York Jets. He also played in the NFL for the Buffalo Bills and Philadelphia Eagles.","title":"Brad Smith (American football, born 1983)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brad_Smith.jpg"},{"link_name":"redshirted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_freshman"},{"link_name":"Missouri Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_pass"},{"link_name":"rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Independence Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"}],"text":"Smith while with MissouriAfter being redshirted in 2001 he became the four-year starter (never missing a start) for the Missouri Tigers. His sophomore year, he established himself as a quarterback in college football, becoming only the second player in Division I-A football history to ever pass for 2,000 yards and rush for 1,000. He received numerous national and Big 12 Conference freshman honors, leading the Tigers to a 5–7 record. His sophomore year, he led Missouri to an 8–5 record and their first bowl game since 1998. In 2004 the Tigers went a disappointing 5–6 after beginning the season ranked number 17 by the Associated Press. His senior year, he led the Tigers to a 7–5 record and his second Independence Bowl in three years and the first Missouri bowl victory in 7 years.Smith was working on his graduate degree in economics at Missouri upon being drafted. He received his business degree from Missouri in May 2005.Smith has set numerous Missouri, Big 12, and Division I-A records. In his junior season, he was considered a preseason Heisman Trophy candidate by many, but Missouri and Smith did not live up to expectations, achieving only a 5–6 record.Smith excelled in the classroom and was named to the Big 12 All-Academic Team. He participated in the Mike Jones Football Clinic, Chancellor's Lunch, Big Brothers and Big Sisters Bowl for Kids' Sake, Student-Athlete Advisory Committee Food Drive, Truman Club, and Athletes-in-Action, among others.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team#Missouri"},{"link_name":"2005 Independence Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Independence_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Hula Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula_Bowl"},{"link_name":"FWAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWAA"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"College Football News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_News"},{"link_name":"Rivals.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivals.com"},{"link_name":"CNNSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNSI"},{"link_name":"College Football News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_News"},{"link_name":"College Sports Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_Sports_Report&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Draddy Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draddy_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football"}],"sub_title":"Accomplishments and honors","text":"First player in Division I-A history to pass for 8,000 yards and run for 4,000 yards in career.\nFirst player in Division I-A history to pass for 2,000 yards and run for 1,000 yards in a season twice in a career.\nSecond player in Division I-A history to rush for 1,000 yards and pass for 2,000 yards in a season.\nFourth player in Division I-A history to score 200 points and pass for 200 points in a career.\nSixth player in Division I-A history to pass for 200 yards and rush for 200 yards in a single game (vs. Nebraska on October 22, 2005).\nMost rushing yards in Division I-A history by a freshman quarterback.\n2005 Independence Bowl co-MVP.\n2006 Hula Bowl MVP.\n2002 1st-Team Freshman All-American by FWAA, The Sporting News, College Football News, and Rivals.com.\n2002 Honorable Mention All-American by CNNSI.com, College Football News.\n2002 and 2003 honorable mention All-Big 12 by AP.\n2002 and 2004 Honorable Mention All-Big 12 by Coaches.\n2003 4th-Team All-American by College Sports Report.\n2003 3rd-Team All-Big 12 by Coaches.\n2005 Draddy Trophy Finalist.\n2005 Honorable Mention All-Big 12.\n2005 Davey O'Brien Award Semi-Finalist.\n2010 Pudding Pie Award.Smith holds school records for career rushing yards, career total yards, most points in a game (30) and most touchdowns (5) (vs. Texas Tech on October 25, 2003).","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2006 NFL Combine","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Eric Mangini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Mangini"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Kellen Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellen_Clemens"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Chad Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Pennington"},{"link_name":"Kyle Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Clifton"},{"link_name":"wildcat formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_formation"},{"link_name":"Eric Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Smith_(safety)"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"}],"sub_title":"New York Jets","text":"Smith was selected in the fourth round with the 103rd overall pick in the 2006 NFL draft.[1] The New York Jets drafted Smith as a Wide Receiver/Running Back/Quarterback in the fourth round. He was signed by the New York Jets on July 21, 2006, as a Wide Receiver/Quarterback. In a preseason game in 2007, he was played at quarterback and rallied the Jets to 10 points and scrambled for the game-winning touchdown. He was then declared a \"bona fide quarterback\" by Jets coach Eric Mangini and was listed higher on the depth chart at quarterback than wide receiver. Through Week 5 of the 2007 season, the Jets used Smith in a variety of ways, lining him up at quarterback, running back, and wide receiver. He was also a standout on special teams. Smith scored his first career receiving touchdown on October 7, 2007, against the New York Giants.On December 16, 2007, Smith substituted for starter Kellen Clemens who was injured in a game against the New England Patriots. Smith would then alternate with former starter Chad Pennington for the rest of the game, running an option and also attempting a pass. He is also a winner of the Jets' 2007 Kyle Clifton Good Guy Award, which recognizes consistent willingness, cooperation and professionalism in everyday dealings with various departments in organization.Smith was used in the Jets' wildcat formations. He had been injured (quad) throughout the beginning of the 2009 season, but emerged to become a leader of special teams, including being the starting kick returner. On December 13, 2009, Smith ran a fake punt play, in which he completed a pass to Eric Smith, having the longest completion of any team that day, the play went for 27 yards. On December 27, 2009, Smith returned the opening kickoff of the 2nd half for a 106-yard touchdown against the Indianapolis Colts. This is the longest play in New York Jets history, and tied for the second longest kickoff return in NFL history. In the last game of the 2009 regular season, Smith had 91 rushing yards, lining up at quarterback each time, having a 57-yard play, and scoring a 32-yard touchdown.During the 2010 season, Smith was mostly used as a wildcat specialist and return specialist. One of Smith's best games was on Thanksgiving of November 25, 2010 where he scored a 53-yard touchdown on a wildcat end-around and an 89-yard kickoff return touchdown in a Jets 26–10 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Buffalo Bills","text":"Smith agreed to a four-year, $15 million contract with the Buffalo Bills on July 28, 2011.[2] The Bills used him that season mostly out of wildcat formations, and they also used him as a wide receiver. During the 2012 season, Smith returned an 89-yard kick off for a touchdown in a loss vs. the Tennessee Titans.On November 8, 2013, the Bills released Smith off of their injured-reserve list.[3]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Eagles","text":"Smith was signed by the Eagles on November 12, 2013.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Smith and his wife Rosalynn have a son and a daughter.[4]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[{"image_text":"Smith while with Missouri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Brad_Smith.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2006 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved May 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2006/draft.htm","url_text":"\"2006 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brad Smith, Rotoworld.com Profile\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rotoworld.com/recent/nfl/3735/brad-smith","url_text":"\"Brad Smith, Rotoworld.com Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Vrentas, Jenny (October 10, 2010), \"Jets getting most out of versatile Brad Smith\", NJ.com, The Star-Ledger, archived from the original on October 13, 2010, retrieved October 10, 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101013165910/http://www.nj.com/jets/index.ssf/2010/10/jets_getting_most_out_of_versa.html","url_text":"\"Jets getting most out of versatile Brad Smith\""},{"url":"http://www.nj.com/jets/index.ssf/2010/10/jets_getting_most_out_of_versa.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Hywyn,_Aberdaron
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St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron
|
["1 History","2 Architecture and description","3 Notable burials","4 Notes","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 52°48′14″N 4°42′41″W / 52.8038°N 4.7114°W / 52.8038; -4.7114
Church in Gwynedd, WalesChurch of St Hywyn"The Cathedral of Llŷn"Church of St HywynLocation in Gwynedd52°48′14″N 4°42′41″W / 52.8038°N 4.7114°W / 52.8038; -4.7114OS grid referenceSH173263LocationAberdaron, GwyneddCountryWalesDenominationChurch in WalesWebsiteThe Church of St Hywyn websiteHistoryStatusParish churchFounded5th–7th centuryArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationGrade IDesignated19 October 1971Architectural typeChurchAdministrationDioceseBangorParishBro Enlli Ministry AreaClergyVicar(s)Ven. Andrew Jones
The Church of St Hywyn, Aberdaron, Gwynedd, Wales, is a parish church dating from the 12th century. Its origins are earlier, as a clas church from the 5th to the 7th centuries. Further building, including the construction of the second nave, took place in the late 15th or early 16th centuries. Its importance was as an embarkation point for the abbey on Bardsey Island which became a significant site of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. The Reformation saw the church's decline, and by the 19th century it was a ruin. In the 1850s a new church, Eglwys Newydd, was constructed inland, but proved so unpopular that St Hywyn's was restored. The Welsh poet R. S. Thomas was minister at the church, which is a Grade I listed building.
History
The origins of the church are as a clas settlement from the Dark Ages of the 5th to the 7th centuries. The clas was founded by St Hywyn, an early Welsh Saint originally from Brittany. The settlement rose in importance after 1190 when Bardsey Island, the "Island of 20,000 Saints", and St Davids in Pembrokeshire were declared places of pilgrimage by the Papacy. The writer Simon Jenkins notes that visits to both sites equated to a single pilgrimage to Rome. St Hywyn's expanded greatly to accommodate the very large numbers of pilgrims sailing to Bardsey Abbey, who were fed and watered in the Great Kitchen (Y Gegin Fawr) next to the church. The present building is first recorded in 1115 and further building took place in the 14th and 15th centuries.
Following the Reformation, the church declined, experiencing a long history of non-resident clergy. By the 1840s, it had become ruinous and a new church was built further inland. The new church proved to be unpopular, however, and by 1868 the original church had been restored and brought back into use. Further restorations took place in the 19th and 20th centuries. The church, known as "The Cathedral of Llyn", remains an active church in the Bro Enlli Ministry Area.
The poet R. S. Thomas was minister at the church from 1967 to 1978.
Architecture and description
The church comprises two naves, of equal length but of differing dates; the Northern is largely 12th century while the Southern dates from the 14th century. The building is constructed of rubble with slate roofs and a bellcote. The interior, which was refurbished in 2006 has a hammerbeam roof. The internal arcade is of the 15th century and is described as "distinguished" in the Gwynedd volume of The Buildings of Wales. Two carved boulders within the church commemorate a pair of 5th or 6th century priests, Veracius and Senacus. The church is a Grade I listed building, its listing recording the church as "one of the major churches of the Lleyn".
Notable burials
The local herbalist Alice Griffith was buried here in 1821.
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h "Listed Buildings – Full Report – HeritageBill Cadw Assets – Reports". Cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ Cotter, J. and Eglwys Sant Hywyn, "Sauntering around St Hywyn's: a brief guide to our church"
^ a b c d Jenkins 2008, pp. 221–22.
^ "Bring history to life in Llŷn". National Trust. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ Bro Enlli Ministry Area (21 October 2015). "St. Hywyn, Aberdaron – Bro Enlli Ministry Area". Parish.churchinwales.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ "St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron: Contact Us". St-hywyn.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ a b c Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009, p. 225.
^ a b "St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron". Coflein. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
^ "Griffith, Anne (1734–1821), practitioner of folk medicine | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70541. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Hywyn (Aberdaron).
Haslam, Richard; Orbach, Julian; Voelcker, Adam (2009). Gwynedd: Angelsey, Caernarvonshire and Merioneth. The Buildings Of Wales. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14169-6.
Jenkins, Simon (2008). Wales: Churches, Houses, Castles. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-713-99893-1.
vteChurch in WalesDioceses
Bangor
Llandaff
Monmouth
Saint Asaph
Saint Davids
Swansea and Brecon
Hierarchy
Archbishop of Wales
Bangor
Llandaff
Monmouth
Saint Asaph
Saint Davids
Swansea and Brecon
Archdeacons
Governance
Governing Body of the Church in Wales
Representative Body of the Church in Wales
Legislation
Welsh Church Act 1914 (Welsh Church Commissioners • Border polls)
Welsh Church (Temporalities) Act 1919
Welsh Church (Amendment) Act 1938
Welsh Church (Burial Grounds) Act 1945
Marriage (Wales) Act 2010
Symbols
Flag
Armorial
Other
Book of Common Prayer (1984)
Wales portal
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
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Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._S._Thomas"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"}],"text":"Church in Gwynedd, WalesThe Church of St Hywyn, Aberdaron, Gwynedd, Wales, is a parish church dating from the 12th century. Its origins are earlier, as a clas church from the 5th to the 7th centuries. Further building, including the construction of the second nave, took place in the late 15th or early 16th centuries. Its importance was as an embarkation point for the abbey on Bardsey Island which became a significant site of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. The Reformation saw the church's decline, and by the 19th century it was a ruin. In the 1850s a new church, Eglwys Newydd, was constructed inland, but proved so unpopular that St Hywyn's was restored. The Welsh poet R. S. Thomas was minister at the church, which is a Grade I listed building.","title":"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"},{"link_name":"Hywyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hywyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Welsh Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Welsh_saints"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bardsey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardsey_Island"},{"link_name":"St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Davids"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008221%E2%80%9322-3"},{"link_name":"Simon Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008221%E2%80%9322-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008221%E2%80%9322-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"R. 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The church, known as \"The Cathedral of Llyn\",[4] remains an active church[5] in the Bro Enlli Ministry Area.[6]The poet R. S. Thomas was minister at the church from 1967 to 1978.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naves"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslamOrbachVoelcker2009225-7"},{"link_name":"rubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"bellcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellcote"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"},{"link_name":"hammerbeam roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coflein1-8"},{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coflein1-8"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslamOrbachVoelcker2009225-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslamOrbachVoelcker2009225-7"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Lleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleyn_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azurewebsites1-1"}],"text":"The church comprises two naves, of equal length but of differing dates; the Northern is largely 12th century while the Southern dates from the 14th century.[7] The building is constructed of rubble with slate roofs and a bellcote.[1] The interior, which was refurbished in 2006 has a hammerbeam roof.[8] The internal arcade is of the 15th century[8] and is described as \"distinguished\" in the Gwynedd volume of The Buildings of Wales.[7] Two carved boulders within the church commemorate a pair of 5th or 6th century priests, Veracius and Senacus.[7] The church is a Grade I listed building, its listing recording the church as \"one of the major churches of the Lleyn\".[1]","title":"Architecture and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The local herbalist Alice Griffith was buried here in 1821.[9]","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-azurewebsites1_1-7"},{"link_name":"\"Listed Buildings – Full Report – HeritageBill Cadw Assets – Reports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=4225"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008221%E2%80%9322_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008221%E2%80%9322_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008221%E2%80%9322_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008221%E2%80%9322_3-3"},{"link_name":"Jenkins 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJenkins2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Bring history to life in Llŷn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/bring-history-to-life-in-lln"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"St. Hywyn, Aberdaron – Bro Enlli Ministry Area\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//parish.churchinwales.org.uk/b215/churches/st-hywyn-aberdaron/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron: Contact Us\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.st-hywyn.org.uk/contactus.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslamOrbachVoelcker2009225_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslamOrbachVoelcker2009225_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslamOrbachVoelcker2009225_7-2"},{"link_name":"Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHaslamOrbachVoelcker2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-coflein1_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-coflein1_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/422206/details/st-hywyns-church-aberdaron"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/70541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F70541"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h \"Listed Buildings – Full Report – HeritageBill Cadw Assets – Reports\". Cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 14 August 2017.\n\n^ Cotter, J. and Eglwys Sant Hywyn, \"Sauntering around St Hywyn's: a brief guide to our church\"\n\n^ a b c d Jenkins 2008, pp. 221–22.\n\n^ \"Bring history to life in Llŷn\". National Trust. Retrieved 14 August 2017.\n\n^ Bro Enlli Ministry Area (21 October 2015). \"St. Hywyn, Aberdaron – Bro Enlli Ministry Area\". Parish.churchinwales.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2017.\n\n^ \"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron: Contact Us\". St-hywyn.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2017.\n\n^ a b c Haslam, Orbach & Voelcker 2009, p. 225.\n\n^ a b \"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron\". Coflein. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.\n\n^ \"Griffith, Anne (1734–1821), practitioner of folk medicine | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70541. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Listed Buildings – Full Report – HeritageBill Cadw Assets – Reports\". Cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=4225","url_text":"\"Listed Buildings – Full Report – HeritageBill Cadw Assets – Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bring history to life in Llŷn\". National Trust. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/bring-history-to-life-in-lln","url_text":"\"Bring history to life in Llŷn\""}]},{"reference":"Bro Enlli Ministry Area (21 October 2015). \"St. Hywyn, Aberdaron – Bro Enlli Ministry Area\". Parish.churchinwales.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://parish.churchinwales.org.uk/b215/churches/st-hywyn-aberdaron/","url_text":"\"St. Hywyn, Aberdaron – Bro Enlli Ministry Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron: Contact Us\". St-hywyn.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.st-hywyn.org.uk/contactus.html","url_text":"\"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron: Contact Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron\". Coflein. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/422206/details/st-hywyns-church-aberdaron","url_text":"\"St Hywyn's Church, Aberdaron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Griffith, Anne (1734–1821), practitioner of folk medicine | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F70541","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/70541"}]},{"reference":"Haslam, Richard; Orbach, Julian; Voelcker, Adam (2009). Gwynedd: Angelsey, Caernarvonshire and Merioneth. The Buildings Of Wales. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14169-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zTAKPAAACAAJ&q=Gwynedd+Haslam+Orbach+Voelcker","url_text":"Gwynedd: Angelsey, Caernarvonshire and Merioneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14169-6","url_text":"978-0-300-14169-6"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Simon (2008). Wales: Churches, Houses, Castles. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-713-99893-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jenkins","url_text":"Jenkins, Simon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NFk3AQAAIAAJ&q=Powys+Scourfield+Haslam","url_text":"Wales: Churches, Houses, Castles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99893-1","url_text":"978-0-713-99893-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risan,_Iran
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Risan, Iran
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 36°45′59″N 50°12′11″E / 36.76639°N 50.20306°E / 36.76639; 50.20306For the town in Montenegro, see Risan.
Village in Gilan, IranRisan
ريسنvillageRisanCoordinates: 36°45′59″N 50°12′11″E / 36.76639°N 50.20306°E / 36.76639; 50.20306Country IranProvinceGilanCountyRudsarBakhshRahimabadRural DistrictShuilPopulation (2006) • Total152Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Risan (Persian: ريسن, also Romanized as Rīsan) is a village in Shuil Rural District, Rahimabad District, Rudsar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 152, in 39 families.
References
^ Risan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10978380" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Rudsar CountyCapital
Rudsar
DistrictsCentralCities
Rudsar
Rural Districts and villagesChini Jan
Ahmadabad
Aliabad
Allah Rud
Bala Gava Sara
Chafjir
Chini Jan
Div Darreh
Gava Sara-ye Olya
Hoseynabad
Khalifeh Mahalleh
Kishakajan
Kolka Sara
Lehdarbon
Mazandaran Mahalleh
Mian Poshteh
Naser Sara
Pain Gava Sara
Sahneh Sara
Tamijan
Valiseh
Reza Mahalleh
Afermejan-e Olya
Afermejan-e Sofla
Ali Kalayeh
Arus Mahalleh
Bahador Mahalleh
Balalam
Bazargan Mahalleh
Bazokol
Chalak Sara
Chavar Kalayeh
Chavar Kalayeh
Darugar Mahalleh
Davi Sara
Dustkuh
Ganjarud
Garmejan
Gilakajan
Gol Mahalleh
Hasan Sara
Jow Poshtan
Kaldarreh-ye Olya
Kaldarreh-ye Sofla
Keyvan Poshteh
Khomeyr Mahalleh
Khvor Gardan
Kurcheh Posht
Kuyeh-ye Olya
Kuyeh-ye Sofla
Lakalayeh
Lasbu Mahalleh
Lashkajan-e Olya
Lashkajan-e Sofla
Mahsayeh
Mirag Mahalleh
Mordab Bon
Mordab Sar
Pas Chavar
Pijan
Pir Mahalleh
Reza Mahalleh
Rowshanabsar-e Bala
Rowshanabsar-e Pain
Salu Mahalleh
Saraydasht
Sarmastan
Selakjan
Shirayeh
Siavan Mahalleh
Surchan Mahalleh
Torshayeh
Tut Kaleh-ye Olya
Tut Kaleh-ye Sofla
Zarkolam
Ziaz Mahalleh
ChaboksarCities
Chaboksar
Rural Districts and villagesOwshiyan
Bala Mahalleh-ye Qasemabad
Bandbon-e Qasemabad
Do Gol Sar
Fekejur
Halu Kaleh
Harat Bar
Jong Sara
Kabutar Abkesh
Kand Sar
Khaneh Sar
Lih Kolam
Limeh Sara
Mazikaleh Poshteh
Miandeh
Molk-e Mian
Owshiyan
Pain Mahalleh-ye Qasemabad
Qasemabad-e Sofla
Sarvelat
Shemshad Poshteh
Sheykh Zahed Mahalleh
Sorkhani
Tuska Mahalleh-ye Qasemabad
Siahkalrud
Baji Gavaber
Chayjan
Chaykhansar
Gol Mahalleh
Javaher Dasht
Jowr Mahalleh
Khanollah
Khayyat Mahalleh
Khoshk Lat
Merseh
Nahar-e Khurlat
Pelt-e Kalleh Sar
Sajidan
Sara Gavabar
Shad Morad Mahalleh
Siah Kesh
Siahkalrud
Taleh Mian
KelachayCities
Kelachay
Vajargah
Rural Districts and villagesBibalan
Aliabad
Asgarabad
Baghdasht
Bala Gazaf Rud
Bala Lamin Jub
Bala Now Deh
Bandbon-e Ujargah
Bibalan
Bijar Poshteh
Boz Kuyeh
Chomaqestan
Dehkadeh Qods
Dugol-e Sara
Fashkol Poshteh
Gav Mast
Gilamolk
Jowr Sara
Kandsar-e Bibalan
Khana Poshtan
Lateh
Marim Dasht
Mazukaleh Poshteh
Nemat Sara
Pain Lamin Jub
Reza Mahalleh
Salim Sara
Sarsar
Selakjan
Siah Koleh
Tazehabad
Machian
Ali Owsat Mahalleh
Arbeh Langeh
Bijargah-e Olya
Bijargah-e Sofla
Bozastan
Chenar Bon
Dada Mahalleh
Darzi Mahalleh
Hadi Gavaber
Hadi Kiashar
Hajjiabad
Janbaz Mahalleh
Kalan Kalayeh
Kaljar
Kand-e Bon
Kandsar
Kaveh Langeh
Khasadan-e Olya
Khasadan-e Sofla
Khomeyr Mahalleh
Kia Sara
Kiasaj Mahalleh
Kudakan
Kugah
Kureh Tasheh
Machian
Miran Mahalleh
Mirza Hasan Lengeh
Narenj Kola-ye Olya
Narenj Kola-ye Sofla
Pain Kola Mahalleh
Qazi Mahalleh
Rud Mianeh
Sar Sar
Sayyad Mahalleh
Sejubsar
Shad Morad Mahalleh
Shahi Sara
Shir Ali Beyk Mahalleh
Shir Mahalleh
Siah Lat
Soltan Sara
Zangulbareh
RahimabadCities
Rahimabad
Rural Districts and villagesEshkevar-e Sofla
Abdu Chal
Aghuzbon Kand Sar
Asiab Darreh
Bala Lam Beshkest
Chalman Rud
Chamtu Kesh
Choshan
Div Rud
Ezzatabad
Ezzatabad-e Sharm Dasht
Faksh
Garmab Dasht
Gereh Govabar
Halu Bon Darreh
Jir Kal
Kakerud
Kalayeh Pahlu
Khorasan Poshteh
Kiaramesh
Lam Beshkest-e Pain
Lima
Lima Chal
Lima Gavabar
Mazi Bon
Mian Lengeh
Milash
Narki
Nilu Pardeh Sar
Nilu
Parch Kuh
Peram Kuh
Razeh Gardan
Riab
Rudbarak
Sajiran
Sang Bonag
Seljeh
Shuk
Siah Keshan
Soleyman Chapar
Tarpu
Tavasankesh
Tulay-e Bala
Tulay-e Pain
Ziaz
Zurzemeh
Rahimabad
Akhund Melk
Amir Gavabor
Arbu Sara
Azar Key
Baldeh Sara
Balengah
Bandbon-e Beneksar
Bazneshin-e Olya
Bazneshin-e Sofla
Benek Sar
Deraz Lat-e Bala
Dezli
Dimabon
Dula Gavabar
Fabil Sara
Gugah
Gusfand Guyeh
Guzalbon
Guzeh Lengeh
Harat Bar
Kaj-e Mohammad Gavabor
Karbas Saray-e Olya
Karbas Saray-e Sofla
Kashkuh
Khan Kasaray-e Olya
Khompateh Arbu Sara
Khurtab Sara
Kushkuh
Latak
Lat-e Parshu
Lerdarabon
Lerudbon
Lu Sara
Mazi Gavabar
Narmash
Pain Derazlat
Palam
Palatdasht
Parshu
Qaleh Gardan
Rejah Sara
Shemshad Sara
Si Sara
Siah Chal
Siah Gol Chal
Su Gavabor
Tabtus
Torshkuh
Tul Lat
Vapar Sar
Shuil
Akbarabad
Ayzdin
Balkut
Bargam
Berm Kuh
Chamtu
Dashtak
Datvarsar
Do Ab
Gilayeh
Hasni Kuh
Ini
Ir Mahalleh
Kalkamus
Khaneh Sarek
Khorasan Sar
Khursand Kalayeh
Kiaseh
Kuji
Lardeh
Lasbu
Lat Rud
Lilaki
Mazgah
Mazu Darreh
Mowmen Zamin
Piaghuzbon
Risan
Rum Dasht
Samadabad
Saravarsu
Shafiabad
Sheram Dasht
Shuil
Soluk Bon-e Olya
Soluk Bon-e Sofla
Soluk Bon-e Vosta
Sorkh Taleh
Sukhteh Kosh
Talabonak
Taleh Sar
Talikan
Talisin
Tazehabad
Tukas
Tuseh Chaleh
Vagalkhani
Varbon
Zaraki
Siyarastaq Yeylaq
Aghuz Kalleh
Areh Chak
Bal Tark
Bazar Mahalleh
Chakal
Chakanak
Chakrud
Dargah
Darsanak
Delijan
Dowgal
Giri
Gugah
Jir Deh
Jur Deh
Kalayeh
Kalrud
Keshayeh
Lashkan
Lat Mahalleh
Liasi
Mayestan-e Bala
Mayestan-e Pain
Mianrud
Niasan
Orkom
Parandan
Parviz Khani
Patanak
Pudeh
Qazi Chak
Sangsarud
Sardeh
Sarem
Sezarud
Shadraj-e Olya
Siarastaq
Talabon
Tukamjan
Valani
Vishki
Yasur
Zeydi
Iran portal
This Rudsar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_of_Churches_in_Indonesia
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Communion of Churches in Indonesia
|
["1 History","2 DGI formation manifesto","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Christian church in Indonesia
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Communion of Churches in IndonesiaPersekutuan Gereja-Gereja di IndonesiaAbbreviationCCI / PGITypeFellowship of Protestant churchesClassificationProtestantOrientationEvangelicalismChairmanRev. Gomar Gultom General SecretaryRev. Jacklevyn Frits ManuputtyRegionIndonesiaHeadquartersJalan Salemba Raya 10 , Central Jakarta 10430Origin25 May 1950; 74 years ago (1950-05-25)Places of worship95 synodOther name(s)Council of Churches in IndonesiaOfficial websitePGI.or.idSloganCreating One Protestant Church in Indonesia
The Communion of Churches in Indonesia (CCI), Indonesian: Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia (PGI), is a fellowship organisation of Protestant churches in Indonesia. This fellowship was founded on 25 May 1950; 74 years ago (1950-05-25), in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, under the name Council of Churches in Indonesia (Dewan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia – DGI) as a manifestation of the desire of Protestants in Indonesia to reunite the Protestant Church as the fragmented Body of Christ. Therefore, PGI stated that the aim of its formation was to create one Protestant Church in Indonesia. It is a member of the World Council of Churches.
The Communion is the largest organisation of Christian Churches in Indonesia. In 2023, it had 70 member churches, and its chairman is the Reverend Gomar Gultom. Its slogan is 'Creating One Protestant Church in Indonesia'.
History
On 6 to 13 November 1949, a Preparatory Conference for the Council of Churches in Indonesia was held. As is known, before World War II, efforts had been made to establish a Council to oversee the work of Zending; however, due to the outbreak of World War II, this intention was postponed. After World War II, three Regional Councils were established, namely the Consultative Council of Churches in Indonesia based in Yogyakarta (May 1946), the Joint Business Council of Churches in Eastern Indonesia based in Makasar (9 March 1947), and the Council of Churches in Eastern Indonesia. Sumatran part of the church (early 1949) based in Medan.
These three regional councils were established with the aim of forming one Council of Churches in Indonesia, which encompasses the three councils. On 21 to 28 May 1950, the Conference for the Formation of the Council of Churches in Indonesia (DGI) was held, at the High Theological School (now the Jakarta Theological College). Some of those attending the conference were:
Batak Christian Protestant Church
Batak Karo Protestant Church
Sumatra Methodist Church
Banua Niha Keriso Protestant
Kalimantan Evangelical Church
Protestant Church in Western Indonesia
Gereformeerde Kerken in Indonesia
Pasundan Christian Church
Christian Church Around Muria
Central Java Christian Church
East Java Christian Church
Chinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee West Java
Chinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee Central Java
Chinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee East Java
Chinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee Jakarta
Protestant Christian Church in Bali
Christian Church of Sumba
Christian Evangelical Church in Timor
Christian Evangelical Church in Sangihe-Talaud
Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa
Christian Evangelical Church in Bolaang Mongondow
Central Sulawesi Christian Church
GKTR
GKTM
Protestant Church in Southeast Sulawesi
South Sulawesi Christian Church
Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera
Protestant Church of Maluku
Irian Evangelical Church
Protestant Church in Indonesia
DGI formation manifesto
One of the agendas for the conference was a discussion of the DGI Articles of Association. On 25 May 1950, the DGI Articles of Association were approved by the conference participants, and this date was determined as the founding date of the Council of Churches in Indonesia (Indonesian: Dewan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia) (DGI) in a text 'DGI Formation Manifesto':
Original version of the text:
"Kami anggota-anggota Konferensi Pembentoekan Dewan Geredja-geredja di Indonesia, mengoemoemkan dengan ini, bahwa sekarang Dewan geredja-geredja di Indonesia telah diperdirikan, sebagai tempat permoesjawaratan dan oesaha bersama dari Geredja-geredja di Indonesia, seperti termaktoeb dalam Anggaran Dasar Dewan geredja-geredja di Indonesia, yang soedah ditetapkan oleh Sidang pada tanggal 25 Mei 1950. Kami pertjaja, bahwa dewan Geredja-geredja di Indonesia adalah karoenia Allah bagi kami di Indonesia sebagai soeatoe tanda keesaan Kristen jang benar menoedjoe pada pembentoekan satoe Geredja di Indonesia menoeroet amanat Jesoes Kristoes, Toehan dan Kepala Geredja, kepada oematNja, oentoek kemoeliaan nama Toehan dalam doenia ini."
in English:
"We, members of the Conference for the Establishment of the Council of Churches in Indonesia, hereby announce that the Council of Churches in Indonesia has now been established, as a place for deliberation and joint efforts of the Churches in Indonesia, as stated in the Articles of Association of the Council of Churches in Indonesia, which was established by the Assembly on 25 May 1950. We believe that the Council of Churches in Indonesia is God's gift to us in Indonesia as a sign of true Christian unity towards on the formation of one Church in Indonesia according to the mandate of Jesus Christ, God and Head of the Church, to His people, for the glory of God's name in this world."
Thus, DGI has become a forum for churches in Indonesia to gather. Its members are increasing over time. As the number of members continues to grow, it will increasingly show the spirit of togetherness to unite in the ecumenical movement in Indonesia. Within the PGI platform, churches in Indonesia which have diverse theological backgrounds, denominations, ethnicities, races, cultural traditions, and ecclesiastical traditions; are no longer seen in terms of differences that separate them, but are accepted as valuable assets in enriching the life of churches as Christ body. Along with this development and spirit of togetherness, this is also what underlies the change of name 'Council of Churches in Indonesia' to 'Fellowship of Churches in Indonesia' as decided at the Xth General Assembly in Ambon in 1984. The name change occurred based on the consideration: "that Communion is more ecclesiastical than the word council, because the council is more indicative of diversity in togetherness between member churches, while communion is more indicative of inner and outer bonds between churches in the process towards unity."
Thus, the name change contains a change in meaning. Fellowship is a Biblical term that touches on the existential, internal and spiritual aspects of the togetherness of one Christian community. In accordance with PGI's confession that Jesus Christ is Lord and Saviour of the world and Head of the Church, the source of Truth and Life, who gathers and grows the church according to the Word of God, since the founding of PGI, the churches have been committed to declaring one and one church in Indonesia. This unity is demonstrated through togetherness in testimony and service, fellowship, mutual aid and assistance. Therefore, PGI does not intend to homogenise the churches in Indonesia, and PGI also does not want to become a 'super church' that dominates the member churches, but the unity in question is unity in action, meaning oneness that increasingly grows and develops when carrying out joint activities in a shared vision and mission.
Until 2009, PGI had gathered 88 member churches and more than 15 million congregation members spread from Merauke to Sabang and from Rote to Talaud. PGI membership represents 80 percent of Christians in Indonesia. With the symbol of 'oikoumene', PGI member churches are optimistic about working and serving in Indonesia and the world. In addition to strengthening relationships between its member churches, PGI is also called to collaborate and build partnerships with churches and other ecumenical institutions, and between religions, both at national and international levels. This partnership relationship is intended to create religious harmony and human welfare in Indonesia in particular and the world in general.
See also
Bishops' Conference of Indonesia
References
^ a b c "Sejarah PGI" . PGI.or.id (in Indonesian). Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia. n.d. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^ "Communion of Churches in Indonesia". Oikoumene.org. Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland: World Council of Churches. 2021. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
^ "Communion of Churches in Indonesia (PGI)". GlobalMinistries.org. Global Ministries. n.d. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^ "Communion of Churches in Indonesia". PresbyterianIreland.org. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Presbyterian Church in Ireland. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
External links
PGI.or.id — official website
World Council of Churches listing — at oikoumene.org
vte Christianity in Indonesia ProtestantdenominationsProtestantChurch inIndonesia
Indonesian Protestant Church in Buol Toli-Toli
Indonesian Protestant Church in Donggala
Indonesian Protestant Church in Gorontalo
Luwu Indonesian Protestant Church
Christian Church in Luwuk Banggai
Protestant Church of Maluku
Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa
Christian Evangelical Church in Timor
Protestant Church in Western Indonesia
otherProtestantdenominationsnational
Indonesian Christian Church Synod
Gereja-Gereja Reformasi Calvinis
Gereja-Gereja Reformasi di Indonesia
Gereja Jemaat Protestan di Indonesia
Methodist Church in Indonesia
The Pilgrim's Churches
Indonesian Reformed Evangelical Church
regional
Protestant Christian Church in Bali
Christian Evangelical Church in Bolaang Mongondow
Central Sulawesi Christian Church
Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera
East Java Christian Church
Javanese Christian Church
Karo Batak Protestant Church
Evangelical Church in Kalimantan
Indonesian Christian Church of North Sumatera
Pasundan Christian Church
The Nusantara Evangelical Reformed Church
Evangelical Christian Church of the Land of Papua
Christian Evangelical Church in Sangihe-Talaud
Protestant Church in Southeast Sulawesi
Christian Church of Southern Sumatra
Christian Church of Sumba
Toraja Church
Toraja Mamasa Church
Protestant Church of West Kalimantan
Evangelicaldenominations
Assemblies of God in Indonesia
Union of Indonesian Baptist Churches
West Kalimantan Christian Church
Javanese Mennonite Church
Muria Christian Church in Indonesia
Pentecostal Church in Indonesia
Bethany Indonesian Church
Indonesian Bethel Church
Anglicanism
Church of the Province of South East Asia
Anglican Diocese of Singapore
Lutheranism
Angkola Protestant Christian Church
Batak Christian Protestant Church
Protestant Christian Church of Nias
Simalungun Protestant Christian Church
Catholic Church
Catholic Church in Indonesia
EasternOrthodoxCanonical Eastern Orthodox
Metropolitanate of Singapore and South Asia (diocese of Ecumenical Patriarchate)
Old Calendarist
Indonesia Orthodox Church (diocese for Indonesia of the Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece)
Oriental Orthodox
Syrian Orthodox Church in Indonesia
non-trinitarian
True Jesus Church in Indonesia
interdenominationalorganisations
Communion of Churches in Indonesia
The Fellowship of Indonesia Evangelical Churches and Institutions
Indonesia portal
Christianity portal
Portals: Christianity Indonesia
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Protestant churches in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend"}],"text":"The Communion of Churches in Indonesia (CCI), Indonesian: Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia (PGI), is a fellowship organisation of Protestant churches in Indonesia. This fellowship was founded on 25 May 1950; 74 years ago (1950-05-25), in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, under the name Council of Churches in Indonesia (Dewan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia – DGI) as a manifestation of the desire of Protestants in Indonesia to reunite the Protestant Church as the fragmented Body of Christ. Therefore, PGI stated that the aim of its formation was to create one Protestant Church in Indonesia. It is a member of the World Council of Churches.[2]The Communion is the largest organisation of Christian Churches in Indonesia.[3] In 2023, it had 70 member churches,[4] and its chairman is the Reverend Gomar Gultom. Its slogan is 'Creating One Protestant Church in Indonesia'.","title":"Communion of Churches in Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Zending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zending&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Makasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasar"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sumatran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGI-about-1"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Theological College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGI-about-1"},{"link_name":"Batak Christian Protestant Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_Christian_Protestant_Church"},{"link_name":"Batak Karo Protestant Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karo_Batak_Protestant_Church"},{"link_name":"Sumatra Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumatra_Methodist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Banua Niha Keriso Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banua_Niha_Keriso_Protestant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan Evangelical Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Western Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Western_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Gereformeerde Kerken in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gereformeerde_Kerken_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pasundan Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasundan_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"Christian Church Around Muria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Church_Around_Muria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Central Java Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Java_Christian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Java Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestant Christian Church in Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Christian_Church_in_Bali"},{"link_name":"Christian Church of Sumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church_of_Sumba"},{"link_name":"Christian Evangelical Church in Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Evangelical_Church_in_Timor"},{"link_name":"Christian Evangelical Church in Sangihe-Talaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Evangelical_Church_in_Sangihe-Talaud"},{"link_name":"Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Evangelical_Church_in_Minahasa"},{"link_name":"Christian Evangelical Church in Bolaang Mongondow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Evangelical_Church_in_Bolaang_Mongondow"},{"link_name":"Central Sulawesi Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sulawesi_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"GKTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GKTR&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GKTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GKTM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Southeast Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Southeast_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sulawesi_Christian_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Christian_Church_in_Halmahera"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church of Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Maluku"},{"link_name":"Irian Evangelical Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irian_Evangelical_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Protestant Church in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Indonesia"}],"text":"On 6 to 13 November 1949, a Preparatory Conference for the Council of Churches in Indonesia was held. As is known, before World War II, efforts had been made to establish a Council to oversee the work of Zending; however, due to the outbreak of World War II, this intention was postponed. After World War II, three Regional Councils were established, namely the Consultative Council of Churches in Indonesia based in Yogyakarta (May 1946), the Joint Business Council of Churches in Eastern Indonesia based in Makasar (9 March 1947), and the Council of Churches in Eastern Indonesia. Sumatran part of the church (early 1949) based in Medan.[1]These three regional councils were established with the aim of forming one Council of Churches in Indonesia, which encompasses the three councils. On 21 to 28 May 1950, the Conference for the Formation of the Council of Churches in Indonesia (DGI) was held, at the High Theological School (now the Jakarta Theological College). Some of those attending the conference were:[1]Batak Christian Protestant Church\nBatak Karo Protestant Church\nSumatra Methodist Church\nBanua Niha Keriso Protestant\nKalimantan Evangelical Church\nProtestant Church in Western Indonesia\nGereformeerde Kerken in Indonesia\nPasundan Christian Church\nChristian Church Around Muria\nCentral Java Christian Church\nEast Java Christian Church\nChinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee West Java\nChinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee Central Java\nChinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee East Java\nChinese Kie Tok Kauw Hwee / Khoe Hwee Jakarta\nProtestant Christian Church in Bali\nChristian Church of Sumba\nChristian Evangelical Church in Timor\nChristian Evangelical Church in Sangihe-Talaud\nChristian Evangelical Church in Minahasa\nChristian Evangelical Church in Bolaang Mongondow\nCentral Sulawesi Christian Church\nGKTR\nGKTM\nProtestant Church in Southeast Sulawesi\nSouth Sulawesi Christian Church\nEvangelical Christian Church in Halmahera\nProtestant Church of Maluku\nIrian Evangelical Church\nProtestant Church in Indonesia","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agendas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"25 May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_May"},{"link_name":"Ambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"homogenise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogenise"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Merauke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merauke"},{"link_name":"Sabang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabang,_Aceh"},{"link_name":"Rote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote_Island"},{"link_name":"Talaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaud"},{"link_name":"Christians in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia"}],"text":"One of the agendas for the conference was a discussion of the DGI Articles of Association. On 25 May 1950, the DGI Articles of Association were approved by the conference participants, and this date was determined as the founding date of the Council of Churches in Indonesia (Indonesian: Dewan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia) (DGI) in a text 'DGI Formation Manifesto':Original version of the text:\"Kami anggota-anggota Konferensi Pembentoekan Dewan Geredja-geredja di Indonesia, mengoemoemkan dengan ini, bahwa sekarang Dewan geredja-geredja di Indonesia telah diperdirikan, sebagai tempat permoesjawaratan dan oesaha bersama dari Geredja-geredja di Indonesia, seperti termaktoeb dalam Anggaran Dasar Dewan geredja-geredja di Indonesia, yang soedah ditetapkan oleh Sidang pada tanggal 25 Mei 1950. Kami pertjaja, bahwa dewan Geredja-geredja di Indonesia adalah karoenia Allah bagi kami di Indonesia sebagai soeatoe tanda keesaan Kristen jang benar menoedjoe pada pembentoekan satoe Geredja di Indonesia menoeroet amanat Jesoes Kristoes, Toehan dan Kepala Geredja, kepada oematNja, oentoek kemoeliaan nama Toehan dalam doenia ini.\"in English:\"We, members of the Conference for the Establishment of the Council of Churches in Indonesia, hereby announce that the Council of Churches in Indonesia has now been established, as a place for deliberation and joint efforts of the Churches in Indonesia, as stated in the Articles of Association of the Council of Churches in Indonesia, which was established by the Assembly on 25 May 1950. We believe that the Council of Churches in Indonesia is God's gift to us in Indonesia as a sign of true Christian unity towards on the formation of one Church in Indonesia according to the mandate of Jesus Christ, God and Head of the Church, to His people, for the glory of God's name in this world.\"Thus, DGI has become a forum for churches in Indonesia to gather. Its members are increasing over time. As the number of members continues to grow, it will increasingly show the spirit of togetherness to unite in the ecumenical movement in Indonesia. Within the PGI platform, churches in Indonesia which have diverse theological backgrounds, denominations, ethnicities, races, cultural traditions, and ecclesiastical traditions; are no longer seen in terms of differences that separate them, but are accepted as valuable assets in enriching the life of churches as Christ body. Along with this development and spirit of togetherness, this is also what underlies the change of name 'Council of Churches in Indonesia' to 'Fellowship of Churches in Indonesia' as decided at the Xth General Assembly in Ambon in 1984. The name change occurred based on the consideration: \"that Communion is more ecclesiastical than the word council, because the council is more indicative of diversity in togetherness between member churches, while communion is more indicative of inner and outer bonds between churches in the process towards unity.\"Thus, the name change contains a change in meaning. Fellowship is a Biblical term that touches on the existential, internal and spiritual aspects of the togetherness of one Christian community. In accordance with PGI's confession that Jesus Christ is Lord and Saviour of the world and Head of the Church, the source of Truth and Life, who gathers and grows the church according to the Word of God, since the founding of PGI, the churches have been committed to declaring one and one church in Indonesia. This unity is demonstrated through togetherness in testimony and service, fellowship, mutual aid and assistance. Therefore, PGI does not intend to homogenise the churches in Indonesia, and PGI also does not want to become a 'super church' that dominates the member churches, but the unity in question is unity in action, meaning oneness that increasingly grows and develops when carrying out joint activities in a shared vision and mission.Until 2009, PGI had gathered 88 member churches and more than 15 million congregation members spread from Merauke to Sabang and from Rote to Talaud. PGI membership represents 80 percent of Christians in Indonesia. With the symbol of 'oikoumene', PGI member churches are optimistic about working and serving in Indonesia and the world. In addition to strengthening relationships between its member churches, PGI is also called to collaborate and build partnerships with churches and other ecumenical institutions, and between religions, both at national and international levels. This partnership relationship is intended to create religious harmony and human welfare in Indonesia in particular and the world in general.","title":"DGI formation manifesto"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Bishops' Conference of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_Indonesia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sejarah PGI\" [History of PGI]. PGI.or.id (in Indonesian). Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia. n.d. Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pgi.or.id/about-us/","url_text":"\"Sejarah PGI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Communion of Churches in Indonesia\". Oikoumene.org. Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland: World Council of Churches. 2021. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717093850/https://www.oikoumene.org/fr/organization/communion-of-churches-in-indonesia","url_text":"\"Communion of Churches in Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Grand-Saconnex","url_text":"Le Grand-Saconnex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches","url_text":"World Council of Churches"},{"url":"https://www.oikoumene.org/fr/organization/communion-of-churches-in-indonesia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Communion of Churches in Indonesia (PGI)\". GlobalMinistries.org. Global Ministries. n.d. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalministries.org/partner/communion_of_churches_in_indonesia/","url_text":"\"Communion of Churches in Indonesia (PGI)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Ministries&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Global Ministries"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411182053/https://www.globalministries.org/partner/communion_of_churches_in_indonesia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Communion of Churches in Indonesia\". PresbyterianIreland.org. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Presbyterian Church in Ireland. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presbyterianireland.org/Mission/Mission-Partners/Communion-of-Churches-in-Indonesia.aspx","url_text":"\"Communion of Churches in Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast","url_text":"Belfast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland","url_text":"Presbyterian Church in Ireland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222193005/https://www.presbyterianireland.org/Mission/Mission-Partners/Communion-of-Churches-in-Indonesia.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Razumovsky
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Razumovsky
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["1 History","2 Notable members","3 See also","4 References","5 Literature","6 External links"]
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For other uses, see Razumovsky (disambiguation).
This article is about the Russian noble family. For the Russian surgeon, see Vasili Razumovsky.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Razumovsky" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Coat of arms of the Razumovsky family (1914)
The House of Razumovsky or Rozumovsky (Russian: Разумовский, Ukrainian: Розумовський, German: Razumofsky) is the name of a powerful Russian noble family of Zaporozhian Cossack origin from Siveria. The main family line became extinct in the 19th century, while its Austrian branch exists to this day. The Austrian branch was started by Grigory Razumovsky, who was forced to relocate to the Austrian Empire in 1816, after he received the hereditary title of Prince in 1815 from Francis I, Emperor of Austria and became part of the Austrian nobility.
History
The family traces its origin to a khutir called Lemeshi (today a village in Chernihiv Raion, Chernihiv Oblast).
Yakiv Rozum and his son Hryhoriy were registered Cossacks of the Kiev Regiment. Hryhoriy's son, Oleksiy (Alexei), was the first to use the name Rozumovsky.
Ivan Yakovlevich Rozum was raised to the rank of Imperial Count by Emperor Charles VII, but died without children. His brother, Grigoriy Yakovlevich Rozum, had two children — Kirill and Alexey. After Alexey became a favorite of the Russian Empress Elizabeth of Russia, the family name was changed to Razumovsky for all Rozums.
Notable members
Aleksey Grigorievich Razumovsky (1709–1771) - the favorite and possible morganatic husband of Empress Elizabeth. He was made Count of the Holy Roman Empire in Frankfurt in 1742 and Count of the Russian Empire in 1745.
Kirill Grigorievich Razumovsky (1728–1803) - officially his younger brother, rumored to be a son from an earlier marriage, the last hetman of Left (1750–1764) and Right (1754–1764) Bank Ukraine, last Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (1754–1769), created Count of the Russian Empire in 1745.
Aleksey Kirillovich Razumovsky (1748–1822) - the latter's first son, minister of education of the Russian Empire from 1806 to 1816, highly criticised by Pushkin for his reactionary stance;
Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky (1752–1836) - Kirill's second son, was the Ambassador from the Russian Empire to the Congress of Vienna. Andrey was created HSH Prince in 1815 and settled there in the end, converting to Catholicism. It was alleged that he had a role in the murders of Gustav III of Sweden and Paul I of Russia. He was architect of the Second Partition of Poland. He is remembered for his patronage of the arts, especially of the composer Ludwig van Beethoven: Beethoven both wrote the Razumovsky Quartets (Op. 59 Nos. 1, 2, and 3) for Andrey, and dedicated the 5th and 6th Symphonies to him.
Razumovsky residences
Gorenki Palace, Balashikha.
Hetman's Palace, Baturyn.
Palais Rasumofsky, Vienna.
Grigory Kirillovich Razumovsky (1759–1837) - the fifth son of Kirill, known from his writings in the West as Gregor or Grégoire, he was a geologist, botanist and zoologist, as well as prominent political dissenter with Imperial Russia, who lost his Russian allegiance in 1811 and was subsequently incorporated into the Bohemian nobility and accorded the rank of Count in the Austrian Empire. Gregor was the first to describe and classify the Lissotrion helveticus. His branch of the family survives to this day.
Leon (Lev) Grigorievich Razumovsky von Wigstein (1816–1868), grandson of Kirill, son of aforementioned Count Grigory and his wife, Baroness Theresa Elisabeth Schenk von Castell (1785-1818), envoy of Saxe-Coburg to the court of Napoleon III. Father of Camillo Lvovich Razumovsky.
Kamillo Lvovich Razumovsky von Wigstein (1853–1917), son of aforementioned Count Leon and his wife, Maria Rosa Albrecht, Baroness von Löwenstern (1814-1889), philanthropist in Czech Silesia; built numerous churches, schools and hospitals around Opava (today Czech Republic) and in Western Ukraine; caused a commotion by flouting the social conventions of the 19th century Vienna when he married a woman of the Jewish faith, Marie Wiener von Welten (1856-196), daughter of Eduard, Ritter Wiener von Welten (1822-1886) and his wife, Henriette Goldschmidt (b. 1829).
Andreas Andreievich Razumovsky von Wigstein (1929–2002), grandson of the latter, elder son of Count Andreas Wolfgang Razumovsky von Wigstein (1892-1981) and his wife, Princess Katharina zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (1895-1983), well-known political analyst and media figure in Germany and Austria; expelled from Czechoslovakia, where he had been posted as a correspondent for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, in 1967 for warning of an imminent invasion by Warsaw Pact troops; analysed and published a book in 1981 on the forces leading to the dismembering of Yugoslavia.
Dorothea Razumovsky von Wigstein (*1935-2014), née Princess zu Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, wife of aforementioned Count Andreas Andreievich, well-known media-figure and political analyst, widely criticised for adopting a stance during conflicts arising from the dismemberment of Yugoslavia that was interpreted as being too pro-Serb.
Katharina Razumovsky von Wigstein (*1961), daughter of the aforementioned, artist living in Vienna, Austria and Moscow, Russia.
Gregor (Grigoriy) Razumovsky von Wigstein (*1965), son of the aforementioned, President of the Razumovsky Society for Art and Culture, which supports artistic exchange and co-operation between East and West; also the honorary president of the European Institute for the Furtherance of Democracy, an Austrian-based think-tank.
See also
Razumovsky (disambiguation)
References
^ a b Rozumovsky at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Literature
Maria Razumovsky. Die Rasumovskys: eine Familie am Zarenhof. Köln 1998. — 300 S.
Разумовская М. А. Разумовские при царском дворе: Главы из российской истории, 1740-1815 гг. СПб., 2004. — 272 с.
Розанов С. С. Родственные связи семейства Разумовских: Книга 1: Род и потомство К.Г. Разумовского. Родословная роспись: Справочное генеалогическое издание. — М.: Ирисъ, 2007. — 120 с.
External links
Rozumovsky at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
National
Germany
Czech Republic
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Razumovsky (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumovsky_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Vasili Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Razumovsky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Rozumovsky_family_(1914).png"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Russian noble family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Zaporozhian Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Siveria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siveria"},{"link_name":"Grigory Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Razumovsky"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrst"},{"link_name":"Francis I, Emperor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Austrian nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_nobility"}],"text":"For other uses, see Razumovsky (disambiguation).This article is about the Russian noble family. For the Russian surgeon, see Vasili Razumovsky.Coat of arms of the Razumovsky family (1914)The House of Razumovsky or Rozumovsky (Russian: Разумовский, Ukrainian: Розумовський, German: Razumofsky) is the name of a powerful Russian noble family of Zaporozhian Cossack origin from Siveria. The main family line became extinct in the 19th century, while its Austrian branch exists to this day. The Austrian branch was started by Grigory Razumovsky, who was forced to relocate to the Austrian Empire in 1816, after he received the hereditary title of Prince in 1815 from Francis I, Emperor of Austria and became part of the Austrian nobility.","title":"Razumovsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"khutir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khutir"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Raion"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kiev Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiev_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eou-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eou-1"},{"link_name":"Imperial Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Charles_VII"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia"}],"text":"The family traces its origin to a khutir called Lemeshi (today a village in Chernihiv Raion, Chernihiv Oblast).Yakiv Rozum and his son Hryhoriy were registered Cossacks of the Kiev Regiment.[1] Hryhoriy's son, Oleksiy (Alexei), was the first to use the name Rozumovsky.[1]Ivan Yakovlevich Rozum was raised to the rank of Imperial Count by Emperor Charles VII, but died without children. His brother, Grigoriy Yakovlevich Rozum, had two children — Kirill and Alexey. After Alexey became a favorite of the Russian Empress Elizabeth of Russia, the family name was changed to Razumovsky for all Rozums.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksey Grigorievich Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Grigorievich_Razumovsky"},{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic"},{"link_name":"Empress Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Kirill Grigorievich Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill_Grigorievich_Razumovsky"},{"link_name":"hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Hetman of Zaporizhian Host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman_of_Zaporizhian_Host"},{"link_name":"minister of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_education"},{"link_name":"Pushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin"},{"link_name":"reactionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary"},{"link_name":"Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Kirillovich_Razumovsky"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Gustav III of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Paul I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Second Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Razumovsky Quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartets_Nos._7%E2%80%939,_Op._59_%E2%80%93_Rasumovsky_(Beethoven)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorenki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balashikha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balashikha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baturyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baturyn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_Rasumofsky.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grigory Kirillovich Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Kirillovich_Razumovsky"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lissotrion helveticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmate_Newt"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Coburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Czech Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Opava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opava"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jewish faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_faith"},{"link_name":"Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritter"},{"link_name":"Goldschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldschmidt_family"},{"link_name":"Sayn-Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayn-Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Solms-Hohensolms-Lich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solms-Hohensolms-Lich"},{"link_name":"Katharina Razumovsky von Wigstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katharina_Razumovsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European Institute for the Furtherance of Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Institute_for_the_Furtherance_of_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"think-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think-tank"}],"text":"Aleksey Grigorievich Razumovsky (1709–1771) - the favorite and possible morganatic husband of Empress Elizabeth. He was made Count of the Holy Roman Empire in Frankfurt in 1742 and Count of the Russian Empire in 1745.\nKirill Grigorievich Razumovsky (1728–1803) - officially his younger brother, rumored to be a son from an earlier marriage, the last hetman of Left (1750–1764) and Right (1754–1764) Bank Ukraine, last Hetman of Zaporizhian Host (1754–1769), created Count of the Russian Empire in 1745.\nAleksey Kirillovich Razumovsky (1748–1822) - the latter's first son, minister of education of the Russian Empire from 1806 to 1816, highly criticised by Pushkin for his reactionary stance;\nAndrey Kirillovich Razumovsky (1752–1836) - Kirill's second son, was the Ambassador from the Russian Empire to the Congress of Vienna. Andrey was created HSH Prince in 1815 and settled there in the end, converting to Catholicism. It was alleged that he had a role in the murders of Gustav III of Sweden and Paul I of Russia. He was architect of the Second Partition of Poland. He is remembered for his patronage of the arts, especially of the composer Ludwig van Beethoven: Beethoven both wrote the Razumovsky Quartets (Op. 59 Nos. 1, 2, and 3) for Andrey, and dedicated the 5th and 6th Symphonies to him.Razumovsky residences\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorenki Palace, Balashikha.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHetman's Palace, Baturyn.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalais Rasumofsky, Vienna.Grigory Kirillovich Razumovsky (1759–1837) - the fifth son of Kirill, known from his writings in the West as Gregor or Grégoire, he was a geologist, botanist and zoologist, as well as prominent political dissenter with Imperial Russia, who lost his Russian allegiance in 1811 and was subsequently incorporated into the Bohemian nobility and accorded the rank of Count in the Austrian Empire. Gregor was the first to describe and classify the Lissotrion helveticus. His branch of the family survives to this day.\nLeon (Lev) Grigorievich Razumovsky von Wigstein (1816–1868), grandson of Kirill, son of aforementioned Count Grigory and his wife, Baroness Theresa Elisabeth Schenk von Castell (1785-1818), envoy of Saxe-Coburg to the court of Napoleon III. Father of Camillo Lvovich Razumovsky.\nKamillo Lvovich Razumovsky von Wigstein (1853–1917), son of aforementioned Count Leon and his wife, Maria Rosa Albrecht, Baroness von Löwenstern (1814-1889), philanthropist in Czech Silesia; built numerous churches, schools and hospitals around Opava (today Czech Republic) and in Western Ukraine; caused a commotion by flouting the social conventions of the 19th century Vienna when he married a woman of the Jewish faith, Marie Wiener von Welten (1856-196), daughter of Eduard, Ritter Wiener von Welten (1822-1886) and his wife, Henriette Goldschmidt (b. 1829).\nAndreas Andreievich Razumovsky von Wigstein (1929–2002), grandson of the latter, elder son of Count Andreas Wolfgang Razumovsky von Wigstein (1892-1981) and his wife, Princess Katharina zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (1895-1983), well-known political analyst and media figure in Germany and Austria; expelled from Czechoslovakia, where he had been posted as a correspondent for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, in 1967 for warning of an imminent invasion by Warsaw Pact troops; analysed and published a book in 1981 on the forces leading to the dismembering of Yugoslavia.\nDorothea Razumovsky von Wigstein (*1935-2014), née Princess zu Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, wife of aforementioned Count Andreas Andreievich, well-known media-figure and political analyst, widely criticised for adopting a stance during conflicts arising from the dismemberment of Yugoslavia that was interpreted as being too pro-Serb.\nKatharina Razumovsky von Wigstein (*1961), daughter of the aforementioned, artist living in Vienna, Austria and Moscow, Russia.\nGregor (Grigoriy) Razumovsky von Wigstein (*1965), son of the aforementioned, President of the Razumovsky Society for Art and Culture, which supports artistic exchange and co-operation between East and West; also the honorary president of the European Institute for the Furtherance of Democracy, an Austrian-based think-tank.","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Maria Razumovsky. Die Rasumovskys: eine Familie am Zarenhof. Köln 1998. — 300 S.\nРазумовская М. А. Разумовские при царском дворе: Главы из российской истории, 1740-1815 гг. СПб., 2004. — 272 с.\nРозанов С. С. Родственные связи семейства Разумовских: Книга 1: Род и потомство К.Г. Разумовского. Родословная роспись: Справочное генеалогическое издание. — М.: Ирисъ, 2007. — 120 с.","title":"Literature"}]
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[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the Razumovsky family (1914)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coat_of_Arms_of_Rozumovsky_family_%281914%29.png/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Rozumovsky_family_%281914%29.png"}]
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[{"title":"Razumovsky (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razumovsky_(disambiguation)"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til_Ungdommen
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Til Ungdommen
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["1 History","2 Text of the poem","3 Song recordings","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 Other sources"]
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Til ungdommen (English: "To the Youth"), also known by the words of the first line Kringsatt av fiender ("Surrounded by Enemies"), is a poem from 1936 by Norwegian poet and writer Nordahl Grieg (1902–1943) . It was set to music in 1952 by the Danish composer Otto Mortensen (1907–1986). The song has been recorded by various artists and has been sung at meetings held by various organizations. After the terror attacks of 22 July 2011, it was used in many memorial gatherings and services.
History
The poem was written in 1936 by Nordahl Grieg at Ny-Hellesund in Søgne for use by the Norwegian Students' Society after a request by Trond Hegna (1898–1992) who was a Member of Parliament. The poem is directly inspired by the Spanish civil war, which had broken out the same summer. It was set to music by composer Otto Mortensen in 1952, some nine years after Grieg's death.
In 1988 it was recorded by Grex Vocalis. In 2000 it was orchestrated by Tormod Tvete Vik and sung by Norwegian actress and singer Herborg Kråkevik in her CD titled Kråkeviks Songbok. Kråkevik's version excludes verses 7-10.
The song has also been recorded by Danish rock musician Kim Larsen, first on his album 231045-0637 from 1979. However, on this album it was called 682 A rather than Til Ungdommen, a reference to the song's listing in the Danish folk high school songbook. Kim Larsen also included the song on his live album Kim i Cirkus (1985), and on the live CD and DVD En Lille Pose Støj on YouTube (2007), on these two occasions titling it by the first line in the Danish version of the poem, Kringsat af Fjender.
The song has also been recorded by Norwegian experimental band The Soundbyte. Til Ungdommen was sung by Norwegian singer Torhild Ostad on 23 November 2003 in Kleinmachnow near Berlin, Germany, as the memorial stone was unveiled at the site where the poet Nordahl Grieg died when the Lancaster bomber in which he was flying as a war correspondent hit the ground on 2 December 1943.
On 24 July 2011, under enormous worldwide media coverage, the song was sung by the congregation of the Oslo Cathedral memorial service in relation to the 2011 Norway attacks. It was also sung at Denmark's official Memorial Service at Vor Frue Kirke in Copenhagen on 27 July 2011.
Herborg Kråkevik's 2000 version of the song was re-released in 2011 immediately after the attacks, reaching #1 on VG-lista, the official Norwegian Singles Chart, in its first week of release.
Sissel Kyrkjebø sang the song as the concluding performer during the Norwegian National Memorial Ceremony on 21 August 2011 in the Oslo Spektrum arena, which was held to remember those killed in the 2011 Norway attacks. The program was broadcast on all TV channels across Norway. Ingebjørg Bratland sang the song on 30 July 2011 in the Oslo Cathedral.
Text of the poem
Til ungdommen by Nordahl Grieg.
Original Norwegian
English translation
Kringsatt av fiender, gå
inn i din tid!
Under en blodig storm –
vi deg til strid!
Kanskje du spør i angst,
udekket, åpen:
hva skal jeg kjempe med,
hva er mitt våpen?
Her er ditt vern mot vold,
her er ditt sverd:
troen på livet vårt,
menneskets verd.
For all vår fremtids skyld,
søk det og dyrk det,
dø om du må – men:
øk det og styrk det!
Stilt går granatenes
glidende bånd.
Stans deres drift mot død,
stans dem med ånd!
Krig er forakt for liv.
Fred er å skape.
Kast dine krefter inn:
døden skal tape!
Elsk – og berik med drøm –
alt stort som var!
Gå mot det ukjente,
fravrist det svar.
Ubygde kraftverker,
ukjente stjerner –
skap dem, med skånet livs
dristige hjerner!
Edelt er mennesket,
jorden er rik!
Finnes her nød og sult,
skyldes det svik.
Knus det! I livets navn
skal urett falle.
Solskinn og brød og ånd
eies av alle.
Da synker våpnene
maktesløs ned!
Skaper vi menneskeverd,
skaper vi fred.
Den som med høyre arm
bærer en byrde,
dyr og umistelig,
kan ikke myrde.
Dette er løftet vårt
fra bror til bror:
vi vil bli gode mot
menskenes jord.
Vi vil ta vare på
skjønnheten, varmen –
som om vi bar et barn
varsomt på armen!
Encircled by enemies,
enter your time.
Under a bloody storm -
devote yourself to battle.
Perhaps you ask in fear,
uncovered, open:
What shall i fight with,
what is my weapon?
Here is your shield from violence,
here is your sword:
the faith in our life,
the worth of mankind.
For all our future’s sake,
seek it and tend it.
Die if you must - but:
Increase it and strengthen it!
Silently goes the grenades'
gliding band.
Stop their drift towards death,
stop them with spirit!
War is contempt for life,
Peace is creating.
Throw your forces in,
death shall be beaten!
Love - and enrich with dreams -
all that was great!
Go towards the unknown,
wring answers from it.
Unbuilt powerplants,
unknown stars –
Create them with spared lives'
bold minds!
Noble is mankind,
the earth is rich.
is here poverty and hunger,
it is by deceit.
Crush it! In the name of life
injustice shall fall.
Sunshine and bread and mind,
belongs to all.
Then the weapons drop
powerlessly down!
If we create human worth,
we create peace.
Those who with their right arms
carry a burden,
precious and inalienable,
can not murder.
This is our promise,
from brother to brother:
We will be good towards
mankind's earth.
We will preserve
the beauty, the warmth,
As if we were carrying a child
tenderly in our arms.
^ Line breaks, punctuation and spelling as per ISBN 82-05-18666-9 – Nordahl Grieg's published poem book.
^ Nordahl Grieg wrote "menskenes" due to poetic metre, however proper Norwegian riksmål spelling is "menneskenes".
Song recordings
Kim Larsen's version (in 1979) of the song is titled "682A" — a reference to its place in Højskolesangbogen, the Danish Folk High School songbook
The song was performed live in July 1988 by Kim Larsen, Björn Afzelius, Åge Aleksandersen and Jahn Teigen, with verses alternating between Danish and Norwegian. The song was recorded and shown live on television, but never released on CD or vinyl.
Anders Buaas has recorded his non-vocal version of a song called Til Ungdommen on his musical work "The Witches of Finnmark" (2017).
In popular culture
The instrumental song Closing the Circle by Danish progressive metal band Beyond Twilight (on their 2001 album The Devil's Hall of Fame) contains melody snippets taken from Til Ungdommen.
The song Songen Åt Fangen by Norwegian black metal band Vreid (on their debut album Kraft) uses Til Ungdommen as its primary melody.
References
^ "Nordahl Grieg - Til Ungdommen". Nortabs.net. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ To The Youth - English Version, Translated by Rod Sinclair (in English)
^ "Memorial stone to War Correspondent Grieg (Loss of Lancaster Lm316)". Home.modemss.brisnet.org.au. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ "SULA - the Music". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
^ "Torhild Ostad | Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos". Myspace.com. October 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ "Kongen og dronningen gråt av sang i domkirken". Nrk.no. Retrieved 25 July 2011. (Contains video from the service)
^ "YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
Other sources
Andreassen, Jostein (1992) Nordahl Grieg på Sørlandet: Et studieheft om forfatterskap og miljø (J. Andreassen) ISBN 978-82-91188-01-0
Nag, Martin (1989) Ung må Nordahl Grieg ennå være (Solum) ISBN 978-82-560-0655-7
Hoem, Edvard (1989) Til ungdommen : Nordahl Griegs liv (Oslo: Gyldendal) ISBN 82-05-29946-3
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
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The poem is directly inspired by the Spanish civil war, which had broken out the same summer. It was set to music by composer Otto Mortensen in 1952, some nine years after Grieg's death.[1][2]In 1988 it was recorded by Grex Vocalis. In 2000 it was orchestrated by Tormod Tvete Vik and sung by Norwegian actress and singer Herborg Kråkevik in her CD titled Kråkeviks Songbok. Kråkevik's version excludes verses 7-10.The song has also been recorded by Danish rock musician Kim Larsen, first on his album 231045-0637 from 1979. However, on this album it was called 682 A rather than Til Ungdommen, a reference to the song's listing in the Danish folk high school songbook. Kim Larsen also included the song on his live album Kim i Cirkus (1985), and on the live CD and DVD En Lille Pose Støj on YouTube (2007), on these two occasions titling it by the first line in the Danish version of the poem, Kringsat af Fjender.The song has also been recorded by Norwegian experimental band The Soundbyte. Til Ungdommen was sung by Norwegian singer Torhild Ostad on 23 November 2003 in Kleinmachnow near Berlin, Germany, as the memorial stone was unveiled at the site where the poet Nordahl Grieg died when the Lancaster bomber in which he was flying as a war correspondent hit the ground on 2 December 1943.[3][4][5]On 24 July 2011, under enormous worldwide media coverage, the song was sung by the congregation of the Oslo Cathedral memorial service in relation to the 2011 Norway attacks.[6] It was also sung at Denmark's official Memorial Service at Vor Frue Kirke in Copenhagen on 27 July 2011.Herborg Kråkevik's 2000 version of the song was re-released in 2011 immediately after the attacks, reaching #1 on VG-lista, the official Norwegian Singles Chart, in its first week of release.Sissel Kyrkjebø sang the song as the concluding performer during the Norwegian National Memorial Ceremony on 21 August 2011 in the Oslo Spektrum arena, which was held to remember those killed in the 2011 Norway attacks. The program was broadcast on all TV channels across Norway. Ingebjørg Bratland sang the song on 30 July 2011 in the Oslo Cathedral.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"82-05-18666-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-05-18666-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Norwegian riksmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"}],"text":"Til ungdommen by Nordahl Grieg.^ Line breaks, punctuation and spelling as per ISBN 82-05-18666-9 – Nordahl Grieg's published poem book.\n\n^ Nordahl Grieg wrote \"menskenes\" due to poetic metre, however proper Norwegian riksmål spelling is \"menneskenes\".","title":"Text of the poem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Kim Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Björn Afzelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Afzelius"},{"link_name":"Åge Aleksandersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ge_Aleksandersen"},{"link_name":"Jahn Teigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahn_Teigen"}],"text":"Kim Larsen's version (in 1979) of the song is titled \"682A\" — a reference to its place in Højskolesangbogen, the Danish Folk High School songbook\nThe song was performed live in July 1988 by Kim Larsen, Björn Afzelius, Åge Aleksandersen and Jahn Teigen, with verses alternating between Danish and Norwegian. The song was recorded and shown live on television, but never released on CD or vinyl.\nAnders Buaas has recorded his non-vocal version of a song called Til Ungdommen on his musical work \"The Witches of Finnmark\" (2017).","title":"Song recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progressive metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"Beyond Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Twilight"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Vreid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreid"},{"link_name":"Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_(album)"}],"text":"The instrumental song Closing the Circle by Danish progressive metal band Beyond Twilight (on their 2001 album The Devil's Hall of Fame) contains melody snippets taken from Til Ungdommen.\nThe song Songen Åt Fangen by Norwegian black metal band Vreid (on their debut album Kraft) uses Til Ungdommen as its primary melody.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-82-91188-01-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-91188-01-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-82-560-0655-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-560-0655-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"82-05-29946-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-05-29946-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932317#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/48786c4b-25ec-457f-beb0-8e5b3ba4bc68"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/9b8d33ff-848c-41df-a358-19d87e382311"}],"text":"Andreassen, Jostein (1992) Nordahl Grieg på Sørlandet: Et studieheft om forfatterskap og miljø (J. Andreassen) ISBN 978-82-91188-01-0\nNag, Martin (1989) Ung må Nordahl Grieg ennå være (Solum) ISBN 978-82-560-0655-7\nHoem, Edvard (1989) Til ungdommen : Nordahl Griegs liv (Oslo: Gyldendal) ISBN 82-05-29946-3Authority control databases \nMusicBrainz work\n2","title":"Other sources"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Pastor
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Banco Pastor
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["1 History","2 Notes","3 External links"]
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Banco Popular Pastor, S.A.Company typeSociedad AnónimaTraded asBMAD: PASIndustryFinancial servicesPredecessorJaime Dalmau y CíaFounded1776 (1776) A Coruña, Spain (1776 (1776))FounderJaime Dalmau BatistaDefunct2011 (2011)FateTaken over by Banco Popular EspañolHeadquartersA Coruña, SpainNumber of locations558 branchesArea servedNationwideKey peopleJosé María Arias Mosquera (CEO)ProductsBanking, insurance, asset managementServicesCommercial banking, Corporate bankingNumber of employees4,035 (2005)ParentSantander GroupWebsitewww.bancopastor.es
Main branch of the bank in Vigo.
Banco Popular Pastor, S.A. was a Spanish bank. It was the second oldest banking institution in the country, after Banco Etcheverría. It failed the European stress test in 2011 as a result of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and was taken over by Banco Popular Español, which would later become Santander Bank.
The bank's main business activity was commercial banking, corporate banking, Internet and telephone banking, and treasury and capital markets. The bank had 4,035 employees as of 2005, 555 branches in Spain and 3 abroad.
History
Founded in 1776 by Jaime Dalmau Batista as Jaime Dalmau y Cía (Jaime Dalmau and Company), who had a shipping company operating between the port of A Coruña and several American ports. Galician emigrants used to send their savings back to Galicia through the shipping company, hence the need to manage all that capital.
In 1819 José Pastor Taxonera became a partner in the company, and soon took control of the business. He bought it in 1845 and changed its name to José Pastor. The business was passed down through generations of his descendants, changing its name to Pastor Hermanos, José Pastor y Cía. and Sobrinos de José Pastor successively until 1925, when it became Banco Pastor and became a Sociedad Anónima.
In 1939, Pedro Barrié de la Maza (one of the principal economic backers of General Franco's coup d'état received an economic tzar position in Galicia in exchange for his support) took full control of the bank and use it as a supporter of Galician business network control. At a national level it cooperated with Astano, Renfe and Fenosa, founded in 1943 by Barrié de la Maza. In 1971, following Barrié de la Maza's death, his widow Carmela Arias y Díaz de Rábago was appointed executive president of the bank, being the first woman to become president of a bank in Spain. In September 2001 she was succeeded by José María Arias Mosquera.
In 2011, with the global financial crisis fully in effect, Banco Pastor was one of the few banks that failed the European stress test. On October 10, an agreement was reached for a takeover by Banco Popular, but to be continued to be run as a separate entity.
Notes
^ "Fundacion Pedro Barrie de la Maza". Archived from the original on 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banco Pastor.
Banco Pastor's commercial web site Archived 2008-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
Banco Pastor's corporate web site
Source of some financial data
Banco Pastor profile (in English)
The Convertible bonds of Banco Pastor
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pastorvigo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigo"},{"link_name":"Banco Etcheverría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Etcheverr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"2007–2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Banco Popular Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Popular_Espa%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"Santander Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Bank"},{"link_name":"branches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_(banking)"}],"text":"Main branch of the bank in Vigo.Banco Popular Pastor, S.A. was a Spanish bank. It was the second oldest banking institution in the country, after Banco Etcheverría. It failed the European stress test in 2011 as a result of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and was taken over by Banco Popular Español, which would later become Santander Bank.The bank's main business activity was commercial banking, corporate banking, Internet and telephone banking, and treasury and capital markets. The bank had 4,035 employees as of 2005, 555 branches in Spain and 3 abroad.","title":"Banco Pastor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"emigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrants"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capital"},{"link_name":"Sociedad Anónima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.A._(corporation)"},{"link_name":"Pedro Barrié de la Maza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Barri%C3%A9_de_la_Maza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Renfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfe"},{"link_name":"Fenosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenosa"},{"link_name":"Carmela Arias y Díaz de Rábago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmela_Arias_y_D%C3%ADaz_de_R%C3%A1bago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Banco Popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Popular_Espa%C3%B1ol"}],"text":"Founded in 1776 by Jaime Dalmau Batista as Jaime Dalmau y Cía (Jaime Dalmau and Company), who had a shipping company operating between the port of A Coruña and several American ports. Galician emigrants used to send their savings back to Galicia through the shipping company, hence the need to manage all that capital.In 1819 José Pastor Taxonera became a partner in the company, and soon took control of the business. He bought it in 1845 and changed its name to José Pastor. The business was passed down through generations of his descendants, changing its name to Pastor Hermanos, José Pastor y Cía. and Sobrinos de José Pastor successively until 1925, when it became Banco Pastor and became a Sociedad Anónima.In 1939, Pedro Barrié de la Maza (one of the principal economic backers of General Franco's coup d'état received an economic tzar position in Galicia in exchange for his support) took full control of the bank and use it as a supporter of Galician business network control. At a national level it cooperated with Astano, Renfe and Fenosa, founded in 1943 by Barrié de la Maza. In 1971, following Barrié de la Maza's death, his widow Carmela Arias y Díaz de Rábago was appointed executive president of the bank, being the first woman to become president of a bank in Spain. In September 2001 she was succeeded by José María Arias Mosquera.[1]In 2011, with the global financial crisis fully in effect, Banco Pastor was one of the few banks that failed the European stress test. On October 10, an agreement was reached for a takeover by Banco Popular, but to be continued to be run as a separate entity.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Fundacion Pedro Barrie de la Maza\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050524090345/http://www.fbarrie.org/fundacion/ingles/BiografiaPBM.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fbarrie.org/fundacion/ingles/BiografiaPBM.htm"}],"text":"^ \"Fundacion Pedro Barrie de la Maza\". Archived from the original on 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2006-07-19.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Main branch of the bank in Vigo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pastorvigo.jpg/220px-Pastorvigo.jpg"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Tuszy%C5%84ski
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Bogdan Tuszyński
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["1 References"]
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Polish sports journalist, reporter and historian
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (January 2017) Click for important translation instructions.
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Bogdan TuszyńskiTuszyński in August 2007BornBogdan Romuald Tuszyński(1932-07-04)4 July 1932Łódź, PolandDied1 January 2017(2017-01-01) (aged 84)Warsaw, PolandNationalityPolishOccupation(s)Journalist, reporter, historianYears active1951–2017Children3; including Agata Tuszyńska
Bogdan Romuald Tuszyński (4 July 1932 – 1 January 2017) was a Polish sports journalist, reporter and historian. He was best known for his sports report Studio S-13 of the Polskie Radio, beginning in 1970. Born in Łódź, he began his career as an editor of Przegląd Sportowy (1951–1952), before moving to Polskie Radio in 1953, departing from the radio broadcaster in 1981. He also reported on the Peace Race annually. He published approximately thirty books between 1975 and 2009.
For his services to Polish sports journalist, Tuszyński was awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta and the Cross of Merit.
Tuszyński died following a long illness on 1 January 2017 in Warsaw at the age of 84.
References
^ a b Kuczmera, Dariusz (1 January 2017). "Zmarł Bogdan Tuszyński". Dziennik Łódzk (in Polish). Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Authority control databases International
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This article about a Polish journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Kuczmera, Dariusz (1 January 2017). \"Zmarł Bogdan Tuszyński\". Dziennik Łódzk (in Polish). Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dzienniklodzki.pl/wiadomosci/a/zmarl-bogdan-tuszynski,11645285/","url_text":"\"Zmarł Bogdan Tuszyński\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(composer)
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David Sampson (composer)
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["1 Biography","2 Selected commissioned works","3 Discography","4 Recordings featuring compositions by David Sampson","5 Compositions by instrumentation","5.1 Orchestral","5.2 Mixed ensemble","5.3 Choral","5.4 Choral with orchestra","5.5 Songs and song cycles","5.6 Piano","5.7 Trumpet(s)/flügelhorn","5.8 Tuba","5.9 Wind ensemble","5.10 Brass ensemble","5.11 Brass quintet","5.12 Brass trio","5.13 Chamber winds","5.14 String orchestra","5.15 Single instrument","5.16 String quartet","5.17 Concerto","6 References"]
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American contemporary classical composer (born 1951)
This article is about the American composer. For articles on other people named David Sampson or Dave Sampson, see David Sampson (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "David Sampson" composer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
David C. Sampson (born January 26, 1951) is an American contemporary classical composer.
Biography
Sampson earned a B.A. in music from the Curtis Institute of Music, where he studied trumpet with Gilbert Johnson. He continued his studies with Donald Lybbert in composition at Hunter College, earning an M.F.A. in composition, followed by a D.M.A. at the Manhattan School of Music, where he studied composition with John Corigliano and trumpet with Robert Nagel and Raymond Mase. He also attended the Ecole d’Art Americaines at Fontainebleau as a composition student of Robert Levin. Additionally, he has studied with Karel Husa and Henri Dutilleux in composition and Gerard Schwarz on trumpet.
Sampson has received major grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, American Academy of Arts and Letters, Chamber Music America, Barlow Endowment, New Jersey State Council on the Arts, Jerome Foundation, Mary Flagler Cary Charitable Trust, and the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation.
Selected commissioned works
The War Prayer (1984–85) for soloists, chorus, and orchestra. Commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and premiered by Princeton Pro Musica.
Hommage JFK (1995) for 14 brass and three percussion. Commissioned by the National Symphony Orchestra.
Monument (1996–97). Commissioned by the Barlow Foundation for the Akron and Memphis Symphony Orchestras.
Turns (1994) for violoncello and orchestra. Commissioned by the Bergen Foundation and cellist Paul Tobias and premiered by the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra.
Triptych (1991) for trumpet and orchestra. Commissioned by the International Trumpet Guild. Premiered by Raymond Mase at the Aspen Music Festival and with the American Composers Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.
Dectet (1998). Commissioned by the Chicago Chamber Musicians.
Strata (1999). Commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and the American Brass Quintet.
Jersey Rain (2001). Commissioned by the NEA and the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation and premiered by Harmonium and Masterworks Choruses and the Colonial Symphony.
Breathing Lessons (2006) for saxophone quartet. Commissioned by Chamber Music America for the Amherst Saxophone Quartet.
Short Stories (1994). Commissioned by Chamber Music America and the Pew Charitable Trust.
Elements (2002) for string quartet. Commissioned by the Elements String Quartet.
Double Back (2015) for trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble. Premiered by Rex Richardson, Joseph Alessi, and the VCU Symphonic Wind Ensemble, Terry Austin, director.
Simple Lives (1990). Commissioned by the Colonial Symphony.
Duncan Trio (2002) for brass trio. Commissioned by Dorothy Duncan.
Breakaway (2004) for two trumpets and electronics. Commissioned by Raymond Mase and Kevin Cobb.
Smoky Mountain Fanfare (2010) for brass quintet. Commissioned by the Smoky Mountain Brass Quintet.
Like the Risen Grain (2011) for mixed chorus, brass quintet, timpani, and organ. Commissioned by Bucknell University.
Legend (2011) for wind ensemble. Commissioned by Texas A&M Commerce University.
Still (2013) for brass quintet. Commissioned by the Gaudete Brass Quintet.
Mock Attack! (2014) for clarinet. Commissioned by the Montclair Art Museum.
Memories To Keep Awhile (2014) for trumpet/flugelhorn, violin, violoncello, and piano. Commissioned by David Elton and the Australian Festival of Chamber Music.
Random Acts (2018) for trumpet and piano. Commissioned by a consortium of 15 trumpets players organized by Kevin Cobb.
Discography
Monument (Summit Records DCD237), 1999.Triptych, Simple Lives, Hommage JFK, Three Portraits, Monument. Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, Alan Balter, conductor; Raymond Mase, trumpet;Scott Mendoker, tuba.
Dectet (Troy 780), 2005. Serenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, Raymond Mase, flügelhorn; Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra. Sonata Forty for horn and piano, Scott Brubaker, horn; Ron Levy, piano. Strata for brass quintet, The American Brass Quintet. Dectet for string quartet, wind quintet, and piano, Paul Polivnick, conductor, Wihan Quartet; Afflatus Wind Quintet; Richard Ormrod, piano.
Chesapeake (Summit Records DCD639), 2014. Breakaway for two trumpets and electronics, Raymond Mase, Kevin Cobb, trumpets; Powell Trio for trombone, marimba, and piano, Michael Powell, trombone; She-e Wu, marimba; Steven Beck, piano. Three Sides for trumpet/flügelhorn, vibraphone and piano, Raymond Mase, trumpet/flügelhorn; James Baker, vibraphone; Steven Beck, piano. Just Keep Moving for horn, bass trombone, marimba and piano, David Wakefield, horn;John D. Rojak, bass trombone; She-e Wu, marimba; Martha Locker, piano. Chesapeake for brass quintet, American Brass Quintet.
Notes from Faraway Places (Summit Records DCD681), 2016. Fanfare for Canterbury Cathedral for double brass quintet, American Brass Quintet; Quo Vadis Brass Quintet. Tenebrae for trumpet and organ, Raymond Mase, trumpet; Trent Johnson, organ. Without Warning for piano, Steven Beck, piano. Mock Attack for solo clarinet, Andy Lamy, clarinet. A Family Portrait for brass quintet, Philadelphia Brass. Evensong for tuba and electronics, Scott Mendoker, tuba. The Death of Macbeth for solo timpani and percussion quartet, James Musto, Tom Murphy, Nancy Pontius, David Stockton, Jeff Willet, percussion. Notes from Faraway Places, Suite 3 for two trumpets, Donald Batchelder, Raymond Mase, trumpets. Smoky Mountain Fanfare for brass quintet, Philadelphia Brass. Changewater for eight trombones, Richard Clark, Richard Harris, Tom Hutchinson, Chris Olness, Michael Powell, Tim Albright, Kenneth Finn, tenor trombones; John Rojak, bass trombone. Inamere for twelve trumpets.
Recordings featuring compositions by David Sampson
American Tribute (Summit Records (DCD 127), 1991. Reflections On A Dance,Summit Brass.
Divertimento - Music For Winds (Bay Cities BCD1030), 1991. In Memoriam: W.E.S.,Aspen Wind Quintet.
New American Brass (Summit Records, DCD133), 1992. Morning Music, American Brass Quintet.
Trumpet in Our Time (Summit Records, DCD-148), 1995.The Mysteries Remain, Solo, Raymond Mase.
Five (Channel Classics CCS 9496), 1995. Morning Music, Meridian Arts Ensemble.
Premier! (Summit Records DCD 187),1996. Distant Voices, American Brass Quintet.
Atemwege - Breath Paths (Bayer-Records, CAD800876), 1999. Solo, Lutz Mandler, flügelhorn.
A Choral Bouquet (Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey), 1999. Shout For Joy!, Rutgers University Chorus, John Floreen, conductor.
First Glimpses of Sunlight (Summit Records DCD233), 1999. Short Stories, Dorian Wind Quintet.
Sing We Merrily (Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey), 2001. Of The Father’s Love Begotten (arr.), Rutgers University Chorus, John Floreen, conductor.
Raritonality (Mark Masters MCD6199), 2006. Moving Parts, Rutgers Wind Ensemble, William Berz, conductor.
Stargazer (Equilibrium EQL 83), 2007. Passage, Alan Siebert, trumpet.
Jewels (Summit Records DCD 484), 2007. Entrance, American Brass Quintet.
Outberzt (Mark Masters MCD8652), 2009. Outburst, Rutgers Wind Ensemble, William Berz, conductor.
WASABE 2009 (Mark Records MCD8471), 2009. Outburst, North Texas Wind Symphony.
Archetypes (GIA WindWorks CD-820), 2009. Moving Parts, North Texas Wind Symphony, Eugene Corporon, conductor.
Brass Trios (Albany Records, Troy 1222), 2010. Duncan Trio, University of Maryland Brass Trio.
State of the Art: The ABQ at 50 (Summit Records, DCD 553), 2010. Chants and Flourishes, American Brass Quintet.
Breathing Lessons: Music for Saxophone Quartet (Naxos 8.559627), 2011. Breathing Lessons, New Hudson Saxophone Quartet.
Chicago Moves (Cedille Records, CDR 90000), 2012. Chicago Moves.Gaudete Brass. Hi-Fi News album choice, June 2013.
New American Masters, Volume 5 (Albany Records Troy1481), 2014. Undercurrents Redux,Palisades Virtuosi.
Sevenfive: The Corigliano Effect (Cedille Records CDR 90000 169), 2017. Entrance, Still,Gaudete Brass.
Compositions by instrumentation
Orchestral
The Notes Fit To Print for orchestra, 1980
Three Portraits for tuba and chamber orchestra, 1990
Simple Lives for orchestra, 1990
Triptych for trumpet and orchestra, 1991
Turns for violoncello and orchestra, 1994
Monument for orchestra, 1996–97
Serenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998
Jersey Rain for baritone, chorus and orchestra, 2001
Concerto for oboe and string orchestra, 2003
New Providence Overture for orchestra, 2003
Concerto for soprano saxophone and string orchestra, 2004
Black River Concerto for violin, percussion and orchestra, 2007
Mixed ensemble
Permit Me Voyage for viola and piano, 1978
Passage for viola and flügelhorn, 1979
Flashback for percussion quartet, 1980
Sonata Forty for horn and piano, 1991
Three Arguments for unaccompanied violoncello, 1993
Dectet for oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, piano, two violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass, 1998
Sketches for violin and marimba, 2007
The Powell Trio for tenor trombone, marimba, and piano, 2009
Three Sides for trumpet, vibraphone, and piano, 2009
Just Keep Moving for horn, bass trombone, marimba, and piano, 2010
Undercurrents Redux for flute, clarinet, and piano, 2010
Counterwork for trumpet, marimba, and piano, 2010
Flare for violoncello, marimba and string orchestra, 2012
Death of Macbeth for percussion quintet, 2013
Memories to Keep Awhile for trumpet/flügelhorn, violin, violoncello, and piano, 2014
Skeleton at the Feast for flute, viola, and guitar, 2017
Choral
O Blessed Face for flute, harp, organ, and mixed choir, 1978
Peace for mixed choir a cappella, 1981
Behold How Good and Lovely It Is for mixed choir and organ, 1984
Shout for Joy! for brass quartet, organ, and mixed choir, 1992
Of the Father’s Love Begotten for mixed choir and organ, 1993
Praise! for mixed choir and organ, 1994
Replogle "Amens" for mixed choir, 2010
For the Last Time for viola, piano, and mixed choir, 2016
Choral with orchestra
The War Prayer for six vocal soloists, mixed choir, and chamber orchestra, 1984-5
Jersey Rain for baritone solo, mixed choir, and orchestra, 2001
Songs and song cycles
The Skein for soprano and piano, 1973
The Birthday for soprano, oboe, violoncello, and harp, 1982
Four Scenes and an Epilogue for soprano, string quartet, and harp, 1984
Three Christmas Scenes for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, violoncello, piano, and mixed choir, 1987
The Song My Paddle Sings for mixed choir a cappella, 1987
The Figured Wheel for soprano, oboe/English horn, bassoon, and piano, 1988
"Our Father's Road", A Cantata for New Sweden for narrator, soprano, oboe/English horn, violoncello, piano, and percussion, 1989
Voices of Our Youth for flute, viola, violoncello, harp, and mixed choir, 1997
Two Settings of the Serenity Prayer for mixed choir and organ, 2007
To Hold Us for mixed choir and piano, 2008
Like the Risen Grain for mixed choir, brass quintet, timpani, and organ, 2011
Piano
Cuttings, 1980
Without Warning, 1992
Trumpet(s)/flügelhorn
The Mysteries Remain for trumpet and organ, 1978
Passage for viola and flügelhorn, 1979
Litany of Breath for trumpet, 1980
Trumpet Descants on Festive Hymns for trumpet, 1981
Flight for three trumpets, 1982
Winter Ceremony for two trumpets and percussion, 198.
Trumpet Descants on Christmas Hymns for trumpet, 1983
Triptych for trumpet and orchestra, 1991
Solo for unaccompanied flügelhorn, 1991
Serenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998
Notes from Faraway Places - three suites of concert etudes for one or two trumpets, 2001
Breakaway for two trumpets and digital audio, 2004
Serenade for trumpet and wind ensemble, 2006
Morning Pages for unaccompanied trumpet, 2007
Three Sides for trumpet, vibraphone and piano, 2009
Inamere for 12 trumpets, 2011
Memories to Keep Awhile for trumpet/flügelhorn, violin, violoncello, and piano, 2014
The Wind Came In Red for trumpet and piano, 2015
Double Back for solo trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble, 2015
Random Acts for trumpet and piano, 2018
Tuba
Three Portraits for tuba and chamber orchestra, 1990
Emma’s Dance for tuba and piano, 1994
Evensong for tuba and digital audio, 1995
Serenata for tuba and wind ensemble, 2005
Sightline for tuba and piano, 2017
Wind ensemble
Moving Parts for wind ensemble, 2003
Serenata for tuba and wind ensemble, 2005
Serenade for trumpet and wind ensemble, 2006
Outburst for wind ensemble, 2006
Millbrook Suite for wind ensemble, 2008
Legend for wind ensemble, 2011
Future Relics for baritone saxophone, marimba/xylophone, and wind ensemble, 2013
Double Back for solo trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble, 2015
Brass ensemble
Fanfare for Canterbury Cathedral for double brass quintet, 1978
Points for brass octet and percussion, 1983; rev. 1987
Reflections On a Dance for 14 brass and two percussion, 1988
Westfield Fanfare for 13 brass and three percussion, 1993
Hommage JFK for 14 brass and three percussion, 1995
Edge for 13 brass, snare drum, and timpani, 2008
Changewater Suite for eight trombones, 2008
Crosscurrents for 15 brass and two percussion, 2009
Chants and Flourishes for double brass quintet, 2009
Inamere for twelve trumpets, 2011
Brass quintet
Echoes and Other Ghosts, 1986
Morning Music, 1986
Distant Voices, 1990
Strata, 1999
Entrance/Exit, 2003
A Family Portrait, 2008
Chesapeake, 2010
Smoky Mountain Fanfare, 2010
Still, 2013
Brass trio
Duncan Trio, 1980
Chamber winds
The Endless Instant for clarinet and percussion, 1980
In Memoriam: W.E.S. for woodwind quintet, 1981
Nine Times Mime for oboe, harp, and percussion, 1983
Four Winds for wind quartet, 1991
Short Stories for woodwind quintet, 1994
String orchestra
Serenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998
Concerto for Dancers and String Orchestra for dancers and string orchestra, 2000
Concerto for soprano saxophone and string orchestra, 2004
Single instrument
Litany of Breath for unaccompanied trumpet, 1980
Solo for unaccompanied flugelhorn, 1991
Notes From Faraway Places for unaccompanied trumpet(s), 2001
Undercurrents for unaccompanied flute, 2007
Morning Pages for unaccompanied trumpet, 2007
String quartet
Elements, 2002
Breathing Lessons, 2006
Concerto
Triptych for trumpet and orchestra, 1991
Turns for violoncello and orchestras, 1994
Serenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998
Concerto for Dancers and String Orchestra for dancers and string orchestra, 2000
Concerto for oboe and string orchestra, 2003
Concerto for soprano saxophone and string orchestra, 2004
Black River Concerto for violin, percussion, and orchestra, 2007
Future Relics for baritone saxophone, marimba/xylophone, and wind ensemble, 2013
Double Back for trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble, 2015
References
^ Wise, Brian (November 18, 2013). "WQXR Timeline: JFK's Legacy to Classical Music". Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ "Artist's Bio, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts". Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
^ a b Flynn, Michael Patrick (May 2010). "Trumpet Music of David Sampson: A Performer's Guide to "Breakaway," "Passage," and "Triptych"". Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ "Review by Mel Martin, Audiophile Audition". June 27, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ "Discography, American Brass Quintet". Retrieved April 2, 2020.
^ Kandell, Leslie (October 20, 1996). "Transcending a Painful Moment in History". The New York Times archives. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
^ "Program notes, Morning Music". Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Sampson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sampson_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"American contemporary classical composer (born 1951)This article is about the American composer. For articles on other people named David Sampson or Dave Sampson, see David Sampson (disambiguation).David C. Sampson (born January 26, 1951) is an American contemporary classical composer.","title":"David Sampson (composer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtis Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Hunter College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_College"},{"link_name":"Manhattan School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"John Corigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corigliano"},{"link_name":"Robert Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nagel"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontainebleau_Schools"},{"link_name":"Robert Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Levin"},{"link_name":"Karel Husa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Husa"},{"link_name":"Henri Dutilleux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters_Gold_Medals"},{"link_name":"Chamber Music America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_Music_America"},{"link_name":"Barlow Endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow_Endowment"},{"link_name":"New Jersey State Council on the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Council_on_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_R._Dodge_Foundation"}],"text":"Sampson earned a B.A. in music from the Curtis Institute of Music, where he studied trumpet with Gilbert Johnson. He continued his studies with Donald Lybbert in composition at Hunter College, earning an M.F.A. in composition, followed by a D.M.A. at the Manhattan School of Music, where he studied composition with John Corigliano and trumpet with Robert Nagel and Raymond Mase. He also attended the Ecole d’Art Americaines at Fontainebleau as a composition student of Robert Levin. Additionally, he has studied with Karel Husa and Henri Dutilleux in composition and Gerard Schwarz on trumpet.Sampson has received major grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, American Academy of Arts and Letters, Chamber Music America, Barlow Endowment, New Jersey State Council on the Arts, Jerome Foundation, Mary Flagler Cary Charitable Trust, and the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Memphis Symphony Orchestras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"International Trumpet Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trumpet_Guild"},{"link_name":"Aspen Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Music_Festival_and_School"},{"link_name":"American Composers Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Composers_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"NEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_R._Dodge_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Chamber Music America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_Music_America"},{"link_name":"Chamber Music America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_Music_America"},{"link_name":"Pew Charitable Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts"},{"link_name":"Joseph Alessi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Alessi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Smoky Mountain Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Mountain_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Bucknell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucknell_University"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M Commerce University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Commerce"},{"link_name":"Montclair Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Australian Festival of Chamber Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Festival_of_Chamber_Music"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cobb"}],"text":"The War Prayer (1984–85) for soloists, chorus, and orchestra. Commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and premiered by Princeton Pro Musica.\nHommage JFK[1] (1995) for 14 brass and three percussion. Commissioned by the National Symphony Orchestra.[2]\nMonument (1996–97). Commissioned by the Barlow Foundation for the Akron and Memphis Symphony Orchestras.\nTurns (1994) for violoncello and orchestra. Commissioned by the Bergen Foundation and cellist Paul Tobias and premiered by the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra.\nTriptych[3] (1991) for trumpet and orchestra. Commissioned by the International Trumpet Guild. Premiered by Raymond Mase at the Aspen Music Festival and with the American Composers Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.\nDectet (1998). Commissioned by the Chicago Chamber Musicians.\nStrata (1999). Commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and the American Brass Quintet.\nJersey Rain (2001). Commissioned by the NEA and the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation and premiered by Harmonium and Masterworks Choruses and the Colonial Symphony.\nBreathing Lessons (2006) for saxophone quartet. Commissioned by Chamber Music America for the Amherst Saxophone Quartet.\nShort Stories (1994). Commissioned by Chamber Music America and the Pew Charitable Trust.\nElements (2002) for string quartet. Commissioned by the Elements String Quartet.\nDouble Back (2015) for trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble. Premiered by Rex Richardson, Joseph Alessi, and the VCU Symphonic Wind Ensemble, Terry Austin, director.\nSimple Lives (1990). Commissioned by the Colonial Symphony.\nDuncan Trio (2002) for brass trio. Commissioned by Dorothy Duncan.\nBreakaway[3] (2004) for two trumpets and electronics. Commissioned by Raymond Mase and Kevin Cobb.\nSmoky Mountain Fanfare (2010) for brass quintet. Commissioned by the Smoky Mountain Brass Quintet.\nLike the Risen Grain (2011) for mixed chorus, brass quintet, timpani, and organ. Commissioned by Bucknell University.\nLegend (2011) for wind ensemble. Commissioned by Texas A&M Commerce University.\nStill (2013) for brass quintet. Commissioned by the Gaudete Brass Quintet.\nMock Attack! (2014) for clarinet. Commissioned by the Montclair Art Museum.\nMemories To Keep Awhile (2014) for trumpet/flugelhorn, violin, violoncello, and piano. Commissioned by David Elton and the Australian Festival of Chamber Music.\nRandom Acts (2018) for trumpet and piano. Commissioned by a consortium of 15 trumpets players organized by Kevin Cobb.","title":"Selected commissioned works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"American Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Wihan Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wihan_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"Kevin Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Cobb"},{"link_name":"American Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"American Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Brass"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Brass"}],"text":"Monument (Summit Records DCD237), 1999.Triptych, Simple Lives, Hommage JFK, Three Portraits, Monument. Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, Alan Balter, conductor; Raymond Mase, trumpet;Scott Mendoker, tuba.\nDectet (Troy 780), 2005. Serenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, Raymond Mase, flügelhorn; Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra.[4] Sonata Forty for horn and piano, Scott Brubaker, horn; Ron Levy, piano. Strata for brass quintet, The American Brass Quintet. Dectet for string quartet, wind quintet, and piano, Paul Polivnick, conductor, Wihan Quartet; Afflatus Wind Quintet; Richard Ormrod, piano.\nChesapeake[5] (Summit Records DCD639), 2014. Breakaway for two trumpets and electronics, Raymond Mase, Kevin Cobb, trumpets; Powell Trio for trombone, marimba, and piano, Michael Powell, trombone; She-e Wu, marimba; Steven Beck, piano. Three Sides for trumpet/flügelhorn, vibraphone and piano, Raymond Mase, trumpet/flügelhorn; James Baker, vibraphone; Steven Beck, piano. Just Keep Moving for horn, bass trombone, marimba and piano, David Wakefield, horn;John D. Rojak, bass trombone; She-e Wu, marimba; Martha Locker, piano. Chesapeake for brass quintet, American Brass Quintet.\nNotes from Faraway Places (Summit Records DCD681), 2016. Fanfare for Canterbury Cathedral for double brass quintet, American Brass Quintet; Quo Vadis Brass Quintet. Tenebrae for trumpet and organ, Raymond Mase, trumpet; Trent Johnson, organ. Without Warning for piano, Steven Beck, piano. Mock Attack for solo clarinet, Andy Lamy, clarinet. A Family Portrait for brass quintet, Philadelphia Brass. Evensong for tuba and electronics, Scott Mendoker, tuba. The Death of Macbeth for solo timpani and percussion quartet, James Musto, Tom Murphy, Nancy Pontius, David Stockton, Jeff Willet, percussion. Notes from Faraway Places, Suite 3 for two trumpets, Donald Batchelder, Raymond Mase, trumpets. Smoky Mountain Fanfare for brass quintet, Philadelphia Brass. Changewater for eight trombones, Richard Clark, Richard Harris, Tom Hutchinson, Chris Olness, Michael Powell, Tim Albright, Kenneth Finn, tenor trombones; John Rojak, bass trombone. Inamere for twelve trumpets.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"American Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"The Mysteries Remain, Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteries:_Renaissance_Choros"},{"link_name":"Channel Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Classics_Records"},{"link_name":"Meridian Arts Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Arts_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"American Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"Dorian Wind Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Wind_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"American Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Eugene Corporon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Migliaro_Corporon"},{"link_name":"Albany Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Records"},{"link_name":"Summit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Records"},{"link_name":"American Brass Quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Brass_Quintet"},{"link_name":"Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Records"},{"link_name":"Cedille Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedille_Records"},{"link_name":"Cedille Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedille_Records"}],"text":"American Tribute (Summit Records (DCD 127), 1991. Reflections On A Dance,Summit Brass.\nDivertimento - Music For Winds (Bay Cities BCD1030), 1991. In Memoriam: W.E.S.[6],Aspen Wind Quintet.\nNew American Brass (Summit Records, DCD133), 1992. Morning Music, American Brass Quintet.\nTrumpet in Our Time (Summit Records, DCD-148), 1995.The Mysteries Remain, Solo, Raymond Mase.\nFive (Channel Classics CCS 9496), 1995. Morning Music, Meridian Arts Ensemble.\nPremier! (Summit Records DCD 187),1996. Distant Voices, American Brass Quintet.\nAtemwege - Breath Paths (Bayer-Records, CAD800876), 1999. Solo, Lutz Mandler, flügelhorn.\nA Choral Bouquet (Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey), 1999. Shout For Joy!, Rutgers University Chorus, John Floreen, conductor.\nFirst Glimpses of Sunlight (Summit Records DCD233), 1999. Short Stories, Dorian Wind Quintet.\nSing We Merrily (Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey), 2001. Of The Father’s Love Begotten (arr.), Rutgers University Chorus, John Floreen, conductor.\nRaritonality (Mark Masters MCD6199), 2006. Moving Parts, Rutgers Wind Ensemble, William Berz, conductor.\nStargazer (Equilibrium EQL 83), 2007. Passage, Alan Siebert, trumpet.\nJewels (Summit Records DCD 484), 2007. Entrance, American Brass Quintet.\nOutberzt (Mark Masters MCD8652), 2009. Outburst, Rutgers Wind Ensemble, William Berz, conductor.\nWASABE 2009 (Mark Records MCD8471), 2009. Outburst, North Texas Wind Symphony.\nArchetypes (GIA WindWorks CD-820), 2009. Moving Parts, North Texas Wind Symphony, Eugene Corporon, conductor.\nBrass Trios (Albany Records, Troy 1222), 2010. Duncan Trio, University of Maryland Brass Trio.\nState of the Art: The ABQ at 50 (Summit Records, DCD 553), 2010. Chants and Flourishes, American Brass Quintet.\nBreathing Lessons: Music for Saxophone Quartet (Naxos 8.559627), 2011. Breathing Lessons, New Hudson Saxophone Quartet.\nChicago Moves (Cedille Records, CDR 90000), 2012. Chicago Moves.Gaudete Brass. Hi-Fi News album choice, June 2013.\nNew American Masters, Volume 5 (Albany Records Troy1481), 2014. Undercurrents Redux,Palisades Virtuosi.\nSevenfive: The Corigliano Effect (Cedille Records CDR 90000 169), 2017. Entrance, Still,Gaudete Brass.","title":"Recordings featuring compositions by David Sampson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Orchestral","text":"The Notes Fit To Print for orchestra, 1980\nThree Portraits for tuba and chamber orchestra, 1990\nSimple Lives for orchestra, 1990\nTriptych for trumpet and orchestra, 1991\nTurns for violoncello and orchestra, 1994\nMonument for orchestra, 1996–97\nSerenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998\nJersey Rain for baritone, chorus and orchestra, 2001\nConcerto for oboe and string orchestra, 2003\nNew Providence Overture for orchestra, 2003\nConcerto for soprano saxophone and string orchestra, 2004\nBlack River Concerto for violin, percussion and orchestra, 2007","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed ensemble","text":"Permit Me Voyage for viola and piano, 1978\nPassage for viola and flügelhorn, 1979\nFlashback for percussion quartet, 1980\nSonata Forty for horn and piano, 1991\nThree Arguments for unaccompanied violoncello, 1993\nDectet for oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon, piano, two violins, viola, violoncello, and double bass, 1998\nSketches for violin and marimba, 2007\nThe Powell Trio for tenor trombone, marimba, and piano, 2009\nThree Sides for trumpet, vibraphone, and piano, 2009\nJust Keep Moving for horn, bass trombone, marimba, and piano, 2010\nUndercurrents Redux for flute, clarinet, and piano, 2010\nCounterwork for trumpet, marimba, and piano, 2010\nFlare for violoncello, marimba and string orchestra, 2012\nDeath of Macbeth for percussion quintet, 2013\nMemories to Keep Awhile for trumpet/flügelhorn, violin, violoncello, and piano, 2014\nSkeleton at the Feast for flute, viola, and guitar, 2017","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Choral","text":"O Blessed Face for flute, harp, organ, and mixed choir, 1978\nPeace for mixed choir a cappella, 1981\nBehold How Good and Lovely It Is for mixed choir and organ, 1984\nShout for Joy! for brass quartet, organ, and mixed choir, 1992\nOf the Father’s Love Begotten for mixed choir and organ, 1993\nPraise! for mixed choir and organ, 1994\nReplogle \"Amens\" for mixed choir, 2010\nFor the Last Time for viola, piano, and mixed choir, 2016","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Choral with orchestra","text":"The War Prayer for six vocal soloists, mixed choir, and chamber orchestra, 1984-5\nJersey Rain for baritone solo, mixed choir, and orchestra, 2001","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Songs and song cycles","text":"The Skein for soprano and piano, 1973\nThe Birthday for soprano, oboe, violoncello, and harp, 1982\nFour Scenes and an Epilogue for soprano, string quartet, and harp, 1984\nThree Christmas Scenes for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, violoncello, piano, and mixed choir, 1987\nThe Song My Paddle Sings for mixed choir a cappella, 1987\nThe Figured Wheel for soprano, oboe/English horn, bassoon, and piano, 1988\n\"Our Father's Road\", A Cantata for New Sweden for narrator, soprano, oboe/English horn, violoncello, piano, and percussion, 1989\nVoices of Our Youth for flute, viola, violoncello, harp, and mixed choir, 1997\nTwo Settings of the Serenity Prayer for mixed choir and organ, 2007\nTo Hold Us for mixed choir and piano, 2008\nLike the Risen Grain for mixed choir, brass quintet, timpani, and organ, 2011","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Piano","text":"Cuttings, 1980\nWithout Warning, 1992","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mysteries Remain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysteries:_Renaissance_Choros"}],"sub_title":"Trumpet(s)/flügelhorn","text":"The Mysteries Remain for trumpet and organ, 1978\nPassage for viola and flügelhorn, 1979\nLitany of Breath for trumpet, 1980\nTrumpet Descants on Festive Hymns for trumpet, 1981\nFlight for three trumpets, 1982\nWinter Ceremony for two trumpets and percussion, 198.\nTrumpet Descants on Christmas Hymns for trumpet, 1983\nTriptych for trumpet and orchestra, 1991\nSolo for unaccompanied flügelhorn, 1991\nSerenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998\nNotes from Faraway Places - three suites of concert etudes for one or two trumpets, 2001\nBreakaway for two trumpets and digital audio, 2004\nSerenade for trumpet and wind ensemble, 2006\nMorning Pages for unaccompanied trumpet, 2007\nThree Sides for trumpet, vibraphone and piano, 2009\nInamere for 12 trumpets, 2011\nMemories to Keep Awhile for trumpet/flügelhorn, violin, violoncello, and piano, 2014\nThe Wind Came In Red for trumpet and piano, 2015\nDouble Back for solo trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble, 2015\nRandom Acts for trumpet and piano, 2018","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tuba","text":"Three Portraits for tuba and chamber orchestra, 1990\nEmma’s Dance for tuba and piano, 1994\nEvensong for tuba and digital audio, 1995\nSerenata for tuba and wind ensemble, 2005\nSightline for tuba and piano, 2017","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wind ensemble","text":"Moving Parts for wind ensemble, 2003\nSerenata for tuba and wind ensemble, 2005\nSerenade for trumpet and wind ensemble, 2006\nOutburst for wind ensemble, 2006\nMillbrook Suite for wind ensemble, 2008\nLegend for wind ensemble, 2011\nFuture Relics for baritone saxophone, marimba/xylophone, and wind ensemble, 2013\nDouble Back for solo trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble, 2015","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brass ensemble","text":"Fanfare for Canterbury Cathedral for double brass quintet, 1978\nPoints for brass octet and percussion, 1983; rev. 1987\nReflections On a Dance for 14 brass and two percussion, 1988\nWestfield Fanfare for 13 brass and three percussion, 1993\nHommage JFK for 14 brass and three percussion, 1995\nEdge for 13 brass, snare drum, and timpani, 2008\nChangewater Suite for eight trombones, 2008\nCrosscurrents for 15 brass and two percussion, 2009\nChants and Flourishes for double brass quintet, 2009\nInamere for twelve trumpets, 2011","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Brass quintet","text":"Echoes and Other Ghosts, 1986\nMorning Music,[7] 1986\nDistant Voices, 1990\nStrata, 1999\nEntrance/Exit, 2003\nA Family Portrait, 2008\nChesapeake, 2010\nSmoky Mountain Fanfare, 2010\nStill, 2013","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brass trio","text":"Duncan Trio, 1980","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chamber winds","text":"The Endless Instant for clarinet and percussion, 1980\nIn Memoriam: W.E.S. for woodwind quintet, 1981\nNine Times Mime for oboe, harp, and percussion, 1983\nFour Winds for wind quartet, 1991\nShort Stories for woodwind quintet, 1994","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"String orchestra","text":"Serenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998\nConcerto for Dancers and String Orchestra for dancers and string orchestra, 2000\nConcerto for soprano saxophone and string orchestra, 2004","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Single instrument","text":"Litany of Breath for unaccompanied trumpet, 1980\nSolo for unaccompanied flugelhorn, 1991\nNotes From Faraway Places for unaccompanied trumpet(s), 2001\nUndercurrents for unaccompanied flute, 2007\nMorning Pages for unaccompanied trumpet, 2007","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"String quartet","text":"Elements, 2002\nBreathing Lessons, 2006","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Concerto","text":"Triptych for trumpet and orchestra, 1991\nTurns for violoncello and orchestras, 1994\nSerenade for flügelhorn and string orchestra, 1998\nConcerto for Dancers and String Orchestra for dancers and string orchestra, 2000\nConcerto for oboe and string orchestra, 2003\nConcerto for soprano saxophone and string orchestra, 2004\nBlack River Concerto for violin, percussion, and orchestra, 2007\nFuture Relics for baritone saxophone, marimba/xylophone, and wind ensemble, 2013\nDouble Back for trumpet, trombone, and wind ensemble, 2015","title":"Compositions by instrumentation"}]
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[{"reference":"Wise, Brian (November 18, 2013). \"WQXR Timeline: JFK's Legacy to Classical Music\". Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wqxr.org/story/timeline-jfk-legacy-classical-music/","url_text":"\"WQXR Timeline: JFK's Legacy to Classical Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist's Bio, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts\". Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070121/http://www.kennedy-center.org/Artist/C14129","url_text":"\"Artist's Bio, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts\""},{"url":"http://www.kennedy-center.org/Artist/C14129","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Michael Patrick (May 2010). \"Trumpet Music of David Sampson: A Performer's Guide to \"Breakaway,\" \"Passage,\" and \"Triptych\"\". Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?client=firefox-b-1-ab&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=16095644265118967311","url_text":"\"Trumpet Music of David Sampson: A Performer's Guide to \"Breakaway,\" \"Passage,\" and \"Triptych\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review by Mel Martin, Audiophile Audition\". June 27, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audaud.com/dectet-music-of-david-sampson-czech-philharmonic-orchestra-paul-polivnick-american-brass-quintet-albany-records/","url_text":"\"Review by Mel Martin, Audiophile Audition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography, American Brass Quintet\". Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanbrassquintet.org/discography/view/Chesapeake-The-Music-of-David-Sampson/","url_text":"\"Discography, American Brass Quintet\""}]},{"reference":"Kandell, Leslie (October 20, 1996). \"Transcending a Painful Moment in History\". The New York Times archives. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/20/nyregion/transcending-a-painful-moment-in-history.html","url_text":"\"Transcending a Painful Moment in History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Program notes, Morning Music\". Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414034011/http://www.davidsampsoncomposer.com/program-notes-Morning.html","url_text":"\"Program notes, Morning Music\""},{"url":"http://www.davidsampsoncomposer.com/program-notes-Morning.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turners_Station
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Dundalk, Maryland
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Transportation","4.1 Roads","4.2 Public transit","5 Education","6 Emergency services","7 Support organizations","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°15′57″N 76°30′19″W / 39.26583°N 76.50528°W / 39.26583; -76.50528Unincorporated community in Maryland, United States
For other uses, see Dundalk (disambiguation).
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Census-designated place in Maryland, United StatesDundalkCensus-designated placeThe Dundalk Shopping Center, in May 2006.
FlagLocation in the U.S. state of MarylandCoordinates: 39°15′57″N 76°30′19″W / 39.26583°N 76.50528°W / 39.26583; -76.50528Country United StatesState MarylandCounty BaltimoreFounded1856Area • Total17.41 sq mi (45.10 km2) • Land13.09 sq mi (33.90 km2) • Water4.33 sq mi (11.20 km2)Elevation16 ft (5 m)Population (2020) • Total67,796 • Density5,180.01/sq mi (2,000.08/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code21222Area code(s)410, 443, 667FIPS code24-23975GNIS feature ID0590117
Dundalk (/ˈdʌndɔːk/ DUN-dawk or /ˈdʌndɒk/ DUN-dok) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 67,796 at the 2020 census. In 1960 and 1970, Dundalk was the largest unincorporated community in Maryland. It was named after the town of Dundalk (Irish: Dún Dealgan) in County Louth, Ireland. Dundalk is considered one of the first inner-ring suburbs of Baltimore.
History
A 1920 advertisement in the Baltimore Sun for racially restricted houses in Dundalk sold by Harry E. Gilbert.
The area now known as Dundalk was explored by John Smith in 1608. Up until this time, the area was home to the tribes of the Susquehanna.
In 1856, Henry McShane, an immigrant from Ireland, established the McShane Bell Foundry on the banks of the Patapsco River in the then far southeastern outskirts of Baltimore. The foundry later relocated to the Patterson Park area of Baltimore until a fire during the 1940s caused it to move to 201 East Federal Street. In addition to bronze bells, the foundry once manufactured cast iron pipes and furnace fittings. When asked by the Baltimore and Sparrows Point Railroad for the name of a depot for the foundry on their rail line, McShane wrote Dundalk, after the town of his birth, Dundalk (Irish: Dún Dealgan), in County Louth in Ireland. In 1977, the foundry moved to its current location in Glen Burnie.
In 1916, the Bethlehem Steel purchased 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of farmland near the McShane foundry to develop housing for its shipyard workers. The Dundalk Company was formed to plan a town in the new style, similar to that of the Roland Park area of Baltimore, excluding businesses except at specific spots and leaving land for future development of schools, playing fields, and parks. By 1917, Dundalk proper was founded, at which point it had 62 houses, two stores, a post office, and a telephone exchange. Streets were laid out in a pedestrian-friendly open grid, with monikers like "Shipway", "Northship", "Flagship", and "Admiral". The two-story houses had steeply pitched roofs and stucco exteriors. As steel demand increased rapidly during World War I, white workers streamed into Dundalk, pushing black workers into a small community nearby named Turner Station. Turner Station expanded even more during World War II as steel demand increased.
Dundalk was once known as a "Little Appalachia" or a "hillbilly ghetto." Before, during, and after World War II, many Appalachian migrants settled in the Baltimore area, including Dundalk. Appalachian people who migrated to Dundalk were largely economic migrants who came looking for work.
Prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, racial covenants were used in Maryland to exclude African-Americans and other minorities. A 1920 advertisement in the Baltimore Sun advertised houses in Dundalk as racially "restricted".
The Dundalk Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 17.4 square miles (45.0 km2), of which 13.1 square miles (33.8 km2) is land and 4.3 square miles (11.2 km2), or 24.84%, is water.
Most of Dundalk is flat and very near sea level, with a few small hills close to the city of Baltimore to the west. Dundalk is part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Elevations range from sea level on the shore of the Chesapeake Bay to approximately 40 feet (12 m) above sea level along the northern reaches of Dundalk Avenue and North Point Boulevard.
Bread and Cheese Creek is a tributary of the Back River in Dundalk. The creek is 8.5 miles (13.7 km) long, with headwaters in Baltimore City. It flows through Dundalk before emptying into the Back River, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed area of the creek is 1.85 square miles (4.8 km2).
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
196082,248—197085,3773.8%198071,293−16.5%199065,800−7.7%200062,306−5.3%201063,5972.1%202067,7966.6%source:
As of the census of 2010, there were about 63,597 people. The racial makeup of Dundalk was about 79.9% white, 13.0% African American, 3.0% Hispanic, 1.0% Asian, and 3.1% all other.
There were 24,772 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,789, and the median income for a family was $46,035. Males had a median income of $36,512 versus $25,964 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,543. About 6.6% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Roads
Interstate 695, the Baltimore Beltway, passes through the district, crossing the Patapsco River on the Francis Scott Key Bridge until its collapse in March 2024.
Some of the other major roads in the Dundalk area are:
Dundalk Avenue
Eastern Avenue
Holabird Avenue
Merritt Boulevard
North Point Boulevard
Sollers Point Road
Wise Avenue
Public transit
Public transportation between Sparrows Point, Dundalk, and Baltimore City was operated by the United Railways and Electric Company's (later the Baltimore Transit Company) #26 streetcar line which ran down the middle of Dundalk Avenue until August 1958. Until the early 1950s, the line carried the famous "Red Rocket" streetcars, two and three-car trains of wooden trolleys. During World War II's rush hours on the line, trains operated on a 30-second headway.
Between 1940 and 1972, bus service in the Dundalk area was provided by Dundalk Bus Lines.
Today, public transportation is provided by the Maryland Transit Administration. MTA lines that serve the area are CityLink Blue, CityLink Navy, CityLink Orange, LocalLink 59, LocalLink 62, LocalLink 63, Express BusLink 163, and LocalLink 65.
Education
Dundalk Elementary School
Dundalk contains a campus of the Community College of Baltimore County, known as CCBC-Dundalk. It was formerly known as Dundalk Community College.
Dundalk is served by the Baltimore County Public Schools system for primary and secondary education, with Dundalk High School, Patapsco High School, and Sparrows Point High School being the major high schools in the area. Dundalk is also home to Sollers Point Technical High School, one of the few high schools in the country to hold an ISO 9001 certification.
Emergency services
The Baltimore County Police Department, Dundalk (Precinct 12), is located at 428 Westham Way and has jurisdiction over the town.
Multiple fire stations serve the Dundalk area:
Dundalk Station 6
Eastview Station 15
Edgemere Station 9
Sparrows Point Station 57
North Point-Edgemere Vol. Station 26
Wise Avenue Vol. Station 27
Support organizations
Dundalk Renaissance Corporation: (nonprofit community development corporation)
Living With Grace (nonprofit that helps senior women on fixed income to obtain needed medical supplies)
Notable people
"Nasty" Nestor Aparicio, sports writer and radio talk show host, radio station owner
Joshua Barney, United States Navy commodore during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812
Mike Bielecki, former Major League Baseball pitcher
Kevin Clash, native and resident of Dundalk's Turner Station neighborhood; performs Elmo and other Muppet characters
Robert Curbeam, native of Turner Station neighborhood, NASA astronaut
Ron Franklin, jockey who won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes aboard Spectacular Bid in 1979
Rudy Gay, resident of Turner Station neighborhood; NBA player, former UConn and Archbishop Spaulding star
Wild Bill Hagy, notable Baltimore Orioles fan
Calvin Hill, resident of Turner Station neighborhood; NFL running back, father of NBA star Grant Hill
Jim Jagielski, open-source founder and software engineer
Dave Johnson, former Major League Baseball pitcher
Henrietta Lacks, resident of Turner Station neighborhood; source of the HeLa cell line
Bucky Lasek, professional skateboarder and race car driver
Tom Maxwell, guitarist/songwriter for rock band Hellyeah
Douglas Purviance, Turner Station native, Grammy-winning jazz trombonist
Gina Schock, drummer for The Go-Go's
Scott Seiss, comedian, actor and TikToker
Tony Sweet, nature photographer, jazz musician
John Thanos, spree killer
Jessica Williams, jazz pianist.
Danny Wiseman, professional bowler with 12 PBA titles, including the 2004 USBC Masters
Bernie Wrightson, illustrator known for his horror illustrations and comic books
See also
The Dundalk Eagle newspaper
References
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ a b "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Dundalk CDP, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
^ McShane Bell Foundry Business Ledger Vol I (1856)
^ "Turner Station". Unexpected Dundalk. Dundalk Renaissance Corporation. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Newby, Tim (2015). Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and Its Legacy. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 19. ISBN 9781476619521.
^ "Baltimore Sun". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Helton, Gary (April 3, 2018). Baltimore's Streetcars and Buses. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738553696. Retrieved April 3, 2018 – via Google Books.
^ "la84foundation.org" (PDF). Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Behind the Music: Turner Station's Douglas Purviance is a Part of History, Makes History | Dundalk, MD Patch Retrieved 2014-10-23.
^ Dundalk remembers during Women’s History Month Archived 2014-10-23 at archive.today Dundalk Eagle, Retrieved 2014-10-23.
^ "Kevin Cowherd: Dundalk's Danny Wiseman bowls his way into Hall of Fame". Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Bernie Wrightson, illustrator - Baltimore Sun Archived October 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2014-10-23.
Bibliography
Neidt, C. (2006). "Gentrification and grassroots: Popular support in the revanchist suburb". Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol. 28, No. 2, 99–120.
Reutter, M. (2004). Making Steel: Sparrows Point and the Rise and Ruin of American Industrial Might. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Rudacille, Deborah (2010). Roots of Steel: Boom and Bust in an American Mill Town. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42368-0
Vicino, Thomas, J. (2008). Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dundalk, Maryland.
http://dundalk.patch.com/
Dundalk Chamber of Commerce
Dundalk Renaissance Corporation
Places adjacent to Dundalk, Maryland
Baltimore City
Rosedale
Middle River
Baltimore City
Dundalk
Essex
Patapsco River
Sparrows Point
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vteMunicipalities and communities of Baltimore County, Maryland, United StatesCounty seat: TowsonCDPs
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The population was 67,796 at the 2020 census.[2] In 1960 and 1970, Dundalk was the largest unincorporated community in Maryland. It was named after the town of Dundalk (Irish: Dún Dealgan) in County Louth, Ireland. Dundalk is considered one of the first inner-ring suburbs of Baltimore.","title":"Dundalk, Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dundalk_restricted.png"},{"link_name":"racially restricted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_covenants"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"tribes of the Susquehanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehannock"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"McShane Bell Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Patapsco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapsco_River"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Patterson Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson_Park"},{"link_name":"Federal Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Street_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"County Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louth"},{"link_name":"Glen Burnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Burnie,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel"},{"link_name":"Roland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Park,_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Appalachian migrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_Highway"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Appalachian_people_in_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"economic migrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_migrant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fair Housing Act of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dundalk Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-7"}],"text":"A 1920 advertisement in the Baltimore Sun for racially restricted houses in Dundalk sold by Harry E. Gilbert.The area now known as Dundalk was explored by John Smith in 1608. Up until this time, the area was home to the tribes of the Susquehanna.In 1856, Henry McShane, an immigrant from Ireland, established the McShane Bell Foundry on the banks of the Patapsco River in the then far southeastern outskirts of Baltimore.[3] The foundry later relocated to the Patterson Park area of Baltimore until a fire during the 1940s caused it to move to 201 East Federal Street. In addition to bronze bells, the foundry once manufactured cast iron pipes and furnace fittings. When asked by the Baltimore and Sparrows Point Railroad for the name of a depot for the foundry on their rail line, McShane wrote Dundalk, after the town of his birth, Dundalk (Irish: Dún Dealgan), in County Louth in Ireland. In 1977, the foundry moved to its current location in Glen Burnie.In 1916, the Bethlehem Steel purchased 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of farmland near the McShane foundry to develop housing for its shipyard workers. The Dundalk Company was formed to plan a town in the new style, similar to that of the Roland Park area of Baltimore, excluding businesses except at specific spots and leaving land for future development of schools, playing fields, and parks. By 1917, Dundalk proper was founded, at which point it had 62 houses, two stores, a post office, and a telephone exchange. Streets were laid out in a pedestrian-friendly open grid, with monikers like \"Shipway\", \"Northship\", \"Flagship\", and \"Admiral\". The two-story houses had steeply pitched roofs and stucco exteriors. As steel demand increased rapidly during World War I, white workers streamed into Dundalk, pushing black workers into a small community nearby named Turner Station. Turner Station expanded even more during World War II as steel demand increased.[4]Dundalk was once known as a \"Little Appalachia\" or a \"hillbilly ghetto.\" Before, during, and after World War II, many Appalachian migrants settled in the Baltimore area, including Dundalk. Appalachian people who migrated to Dundalk were largely economic migrants who came looking for work.[5]Prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, racial covenants were used in Maryland to exclude African-Americans and other minorities. A 1920 advertisement in the Baltimore Sun advertised houses in Dundalk as racially \"restricted\".[6]The Dundalk Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coastal_Plain"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Dundalk Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Bread and Cheese Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_and_Cheese_Creek"},{"link_name":"Back River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_River_(Maryland)"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 17.4 square miles (45.0 km2), of which 13.1 square miles (33.8 km2) is land and 4.3 square miles (11.2 km2), or 24.84%, is water.Most of Dundalk is flat and very near sea level, with a few small hills close to the city of Baltimore to the west. Dundalk is part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Elevations range from sea level on the shore of the Chesapeake Bay to approximately 40 feet (12 m) above sea level along the northern reaches of Dundalk Avenue and North Point Boulevard.Bread and Cheese Creek is a tributary of the Back River in Dundalk. The creek is 8.5 miles (13.7 km) long, with headwaters in Baltimore City. It flows through Dundalk before emptying into the Back River, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed area of the creek is 1.85 square miles (4.8 km2).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[9] of 2010, there were about 63,597 people. The racial makeup of Dundalk was about 79.9% white, 13.0% African American, 3.0% Hispanic, 1.0% Asian, and 3.1% all other.There were 24,772 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.98.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,789, and the median income for a family was $46,035. Males had a median income of $36,512 versus $25,964 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,543. About 6.6% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_695_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Beltway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltway"},{"link_name":"Patapsco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapsco_River"},{"link_name":"Francis Scott Key Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"collapse in March 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse"},{"link_name":"Dundalk Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Eastern Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_150"},{"link_name":"Holabird Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holabird_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Merritt Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merritt_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"North Point Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_151"},{"link_name":"Sollers Point Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollers_Point_Road"},{"link_name":"Wise Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Avenue"}],"sub_title":"Roads","text":"Interstate 695, the Baltimore Beltway, passes through the district, crossing the Patapsco River on the Francis Scott Key Bridge until its collapse in March 2024.Some of the other major roads in the Dundalk area are:Dundalk Avenue\nEastern Avenue\nHolabird Avenue\nMerritt Boulevard\nNorth Point Boulevard\nSollers Point Road\nWise Avenue","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparrows Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrows_Point,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"United Railways and Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Railways_and_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"Dundalk Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_Avenue"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dundalk Bus Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_Bus_Lines"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Maryland Transit Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Transit_Administration"}],"sub_title":"Public transit","text":"Public transportation between Sparrows Point, Dundalk, and Baltimore City was operated by the United Railways and Electric Company's (later the Baltimore Transit Company) #26 streetcar line which ran down the middle of Dundalk Avenue until August 1958. Until the early 1950s, the line carried the famous \"Red Rocket\" streetcars, two and three-car trains of wooden trolleys. During World War II's rush hours on the line, trains operated on a 30-second headway.Between 1940 and 1972, bus service in the Dundalk area was provided by Dundalk Bus Lines.[10]Today, public transportation is provided by the Maryland Transit Administration. MTA lines that serve the area are CityLink Blue, CityLink Navy, CityLink Orange, LocalLink 59, LocalLink 62, LocalLink 63, Express BusLink 163, and LocalLink 65.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DundalkElementary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Community College of Baltimore County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_College_of_Baltimore_County"},{"link_name":"CCBC-Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCBC-Dundalk"},{"link_name":"Baltimore County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Dundalk High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_High_School"},{"link_name":"Patapsco High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapsco_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sparrows Point High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrows_Point_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sollers Point Technical High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sollers_Point_Technical_High_School"},{"link_name":"ISO 9001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9001"}],"text":"Dundalk Elementary SchoolDundalk contains a campus of the Community College of Baltimore County, known as CCBC-Dundalk. It was formerly known as Dundalk Community College.Dundalk is served by the Baltimore County Public Schools system for primary and secondary education, with Dundalk High School, Patapsco High School, and Sparrows Point High School being the major high schools in the area. Dundalk is also home to Sollers Point Technical High School, one of the few high schools in the country to hold an ISO 9001 certification.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Baltimore County Police Department, Dundalk (Precinct 12), is located at 428 Westham Way and has jurisdiction over the town.Multiple fire stations serve the Dundalk area:Dundalk Station 6\nEastview Station 15\nEdgemere Station 9\nSparrows Point Station 57\nNorth Point-Edgemere Vol. Station 26\nWise Avenue Vol. Station 27","title":"Emergency services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundalk Renaissance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//DundalkUSA.org"},{"link_name":"Living With Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfl-livingwithgrace.org/"}],"text":"Dundalk Renaissance Corporation: (nonprofit community development corporation)\nLiving With Grace (nonprofit that helps senior women on fixed income to obtain needed medical supplies)","title":"Support organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nestor Aparicio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Aparicio"},{"link_name":"Joshua Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Barney"},{"link_name":"Mike Bielecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bielecki"},{"link_name":"Kevin Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Clash"},{"link_name":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo"},{"link_name":"Muppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets"},{"link_name":"Robert Curbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curbeam"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Ron Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Franklin_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Spectacular Bid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacular_Bid"},{"link_name":"Rudy Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Gay"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"UConn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Spaulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Spalding_High_School"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill Hagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hagy"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Calvin Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Hill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Grant Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Hill"},{"link_name":"Jim Jagielski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jagielski"},{"link_name":"Dave Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Johnson_(1987%E2%80%931993_pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Lacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks"},{"link_name":"HeLa cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa_cell"},{"link_name":"Bucky Lasek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Lasek"},{"link_name":"skateboarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarder"},{"link_name":"Tom Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Maxwell_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Hellyeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellyeah"},{"link_name":"Douglas Purviance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Purviance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gina Schock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Schock"},{"link_name":"The Go-Go's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go-Go%27s"},{"link_name":"Scott Seiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Seiss"},{"link_name":"Tony Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sweet"},{"link_name":"John Thanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thanos"},{"link_name":"Jessica Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Williams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Danny Wiseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Wiseman"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bernie Wrightson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"\"Nasty\" Nestor Aparicio, sports writer and radio talk show host, radio station owner\nJoshua Barney, United States Navy commodore during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812\nMike Bielecki, former Major League Baseball pitcher\nKevin Clash, native and resident of Dundalk's Turner Station neighborhood; performs Elmo and other Muppet characters\nRobert Curbeam, native of Turner Station neighborhood, NASA astronaut\nRon Franklin, jockey who won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes aboard Spectacular Bid in 1979\nRudy Gay, resident of Turner Station neighborhood; NBA player, former UConn and Archbishop Spaulding star\nWild Bill Hagy, notable Baltimore Orioles fan\nCalvin Hill, resident of Turner Station neighborhood;[11] NFL running back, father of NBA star Grant Hill\nJim Jagielski, open-source founder and software engineer\nDave Johnson, former Major League Baseball pitcher\nHenrietta Lacks, resident of Turner Station neighborhood; source of the HeLa cell line\nBucky Lasek, professional skateboarder and race car driver\nTom Maxwell, guitarist/songwriter for rock band Hellyeah\nDouglas Purviance, Turner Station native, Grammy-winning jazz trombonist[12]\nGina Schock, drummer for The Go-Go's\nScott Seiss, comedian, actor and TikToker\nTony Sweet, nature photographer, jazz musician\nJohn Thanos, spree killer\nJessica Williams, jazz pianist.[13]\nDanny Wiseman, professional bowler with 12 PBA titles, including the 2004 USBC Masters[14]\nBernie Wrightson, illustrator known for his horror illustrations and comic books[15]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Illinois Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press"},{"link_name":"Rudacille, Deborah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Rudacille"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-375-42368-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42368-0"},{"link_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan"}],"text":"Neidt, C. (2006). \"Gentrification and grassroots: Popular support in the revanchist suburb\". Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol. 28, No. 2, 99–120.\nReutter, M. (2004). Making Steel: Sparrows Point and the Rise and Ruin of American Industrial Might. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.\nRudacille, Deborah (2010). Roots of Steel: Boom and Bust in an American Mill Town. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42368-0\nVicino, Thomas, J. (2008). Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"A 1920 advertisement in the Baltimore Sun for racially restricted houses in Dundalk sold by Harry E. Gilbert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dundalk_restricted.png/200px-Dundalk_restricted.png"},{"image_text":"Dundalk Elementary School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/DundalkElementary.jpg/220px-DundalkElementary.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Baltimore_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Baltimore_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Dundalk Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk_Eagle"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_24.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Dundalk CDP, Maryland\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Dundalk CDP, Maryland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Turner Station\". Unexpected Dundalk. Dundalk Renaissance Corporation. Retrieved March 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unexpecteddundalk.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood-profiles/turner-station/","url_text":"\"Turner Station\""}]},{"reference":"Newby, Tim (2015). Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and Its Legacy. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 19. ISBN 9781476619521.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CcHeCQAAQBAJ&q=Bluegrass+in+Baltimore","url_text":"Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and Its Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476619521","url_text":"9781476619521"}]},{"reference":"\"Baltimore Sun\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved June 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/image/372766216/","url_text":"\"Baltimore Sun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Helton, Gary (April 3, 2018). Baltimore's Streetcars and Buses. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738553696. Retrieved April 3, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9xPrw5uekC&pg=PA103","url_text":"Baltimore's Streetcars and Buses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738553696","url_text":"9780738553696"}]},{"reference":"\"la84foundation.org\" (PDF). Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH1988/JSH1503/jsh1503g.pdf","url_text":"\"la84foundation.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Cowherd: Dundalk's Danny Wiseman bowls his way into Hall of Fame\". Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-29/sports/bs-sp-cowherd-wiseman-column-0330-20130329_1_pba-sport-fair-lanes-open","url_text":"\"Kevin Cowherd: Dundalk's Danny Wiseman bowls his way into Hall of Fame\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dundalk,_Maryland¶ms=39_15_57_N_76_30_19_W_region:US-MD_type:city(67796)","external_links_name":"39°15′57″N 76°30′19″W / 39.26583°N 76.50528°W / 39.26583; -76.50528"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dundalk%2C+Maryland%22","external_links_name":"\"Dundalk, Maryland\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dundalk%2C+Maryland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dundalk%2C+Maryland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dundalk%2C+Maryland%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dundalk%2C+Maryland%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dundalk%2C+Maryland%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dundalk,_Maryland¶ms=39_15_57_N_76_30_19_W_region:US-MD_type:city(67796)","external_links_name":"39°15′57″N 76°30′19″W / 39.26583°N 76.50528°W / 39.26583; -76.50528"},{"Link":"https://dundalkusa.org/","external_links_name":"Dundalk Renaissance Corporation"},{"Link":"http://www.sfl-livingwithgrace.org/","external_links_name":"Living With Grace"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_24.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Dundalk CDP, Maryland\""},{"Link":"http://www.unexpecteddundalk.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood-profiles/turner-station/","external_links_name":"\"Turner Station\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CcHeCQAAQBAJ&q=Bluegrass+in+Baltimore","external_links_name":"Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and Its Legacy"},{"Link":"https://baltimoresun.newspapers.com/image/372766216/","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore Sun\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9xPrw5uekC&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"Baltimore's Streetcars and Buses"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JSH/JSH1988/JSH1503/jsh1503g.pdf","external_links_name":"\"la84foundation.org\""},{"Link":"http://patch.com/maryland/dundalk/behind-the-music-turner-stations-douglas-purviance-a-76f2d1f287","external_links_name":"Behind the Music: Turner Station's Douglas Purviance is a Part of History, Makes History | Dundalk, MD Patch"},{"Link":"http://www.dundalkeagle.com/component/content/article/40035-dundalk-remembers-during-womens-history-month","external_links_name":"Dundalk remembers during Women’s History Month"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141023182031/http://www.dundalkeagle.com/component/content/article/40035-dundalk-remembers-during-womens-history-month","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-29/sports/bs-sp-cowherd-wiseman-column-0330-20130329_1_pba-sport-fair-lanes-open","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Cowherd: Dundalk's Danny Wiseman bowls his way into Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal-east.wrightson-20080926-photo.html","external_links_name":"Bernie Wrightson, illustrator - Baltimore Sun"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141023200708/http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal-east.wrightson-20080926-photo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dundalk.patch.com/","external_links_name":"http://dundalk.patch.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.dundalkchamberofcommerce.org/","external_links_name":"Dundalk Chamber of Commerce"},{"Link":"http://www.dundalkusa.org/","external_links_name":"Dundalk Renaissance Corporation"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137223408","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552843205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82010895","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Wheeler
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Harvey Wheeler
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["1 Biography","2 Books","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
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American writer and scholar
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Harvey WheelerBorn(1918-10-17)October 17, 1918Waco, TexasDiedSeptember 6, 2004(2004-09-06) (aged 85)Carpinteria, CaliforniaNationalityAmericanEducationSubiaco AcademyAlma materIndiana University (B.A., M.A.)Harvard University (Ph.D.)Notable workFail-Safe (1962)Spouse!-- Noreen Wheeler (Burleigh) -->Children3
John Harvey Wheeler (October 17, 1918 – September 6, 2004) was an American author, political scientist, and scholar. He was best known as co-author with Eugene Burdick of Fail-Safe (1962), an early Cold War novel that depicted what could easily go wrong in an age on the verge of nuclear war. The novel was made into a movie, directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Henry Fonda, in 1964. In later years, Wheeler was a founding editor of the Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 1982, and an early advocate of online education and the Internet as a democratizing tool. He taught a course in "OnLine Publishing" for Connected Education in the mid-to-late 1980s.
Biography
Wheeler was born on October 17, 1918, in Waco, Texas. He attended Subiaco Academy, earned his bachelor's and master's degree from Indiana University, and his PhD from Harvard University. He taught at Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University; became full professor of political science at Washington and Lee University, where he wrote Fail-Safe. In 1960, he became a longtime fellow at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, California. While at CSDI he wrote, edited or contributed to a dozen books, including Democracy in a Revolutionary Era (1968) and The Virtual Library (1987). Wheeler was an authority on Francis Bacon (1561–1626). He died on September 6, 2004, in Carpinteria, California.
Books
Lattimore the Scholar, (1953), co-author with George Boas; Baltimore.
The Conservative Crisis, (1956), Public Affairs Press, Washington.
Fail-Safe, (1962) Eugene Burdick & Harvey Wheeler, McGraw Hill; Re-published, 1999, by Ecco Press, now part of Harper-Collins.
Democracy in a Revolutionary Era, (1968) Harvey Wheeler, Encyclopædia Britannica Bicentennial Perspectives; Published separately by Praeger. New York.
Democracy in a Revolutionary Era, (1970) Praeger, New York.
Beyond the Punitive Society, (1973) editor and contributor, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
The Structure of Human Reflexion, (1990) Ed and contributor, Peter Lang, New York.
Filmography
Fail Safe (1964)
Fail Safe (2000)
References
^ Encyclopedia Britannica
External links
Harvey Wheeler at IMDb
Works by or about Harvey Wheeler at Internet Archive
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Your_Love_is_Gone
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When Your Love is Gone
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["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 Certifications","4 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "When Your Love is Gone" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1991 single by Jimmy Barnes"When Your Love is Gone"Single by Jimmy Barnesfrom the album Two Fires ReleasedMarch 1991GenrePop, Rock SoulLength5:12LabelMushroom RecordsSongwriter(s)Jimmy Barnes, Brock, SavigarProducer(s)Don GehmanJimmy Barnes singles chronology
"Little Darling" (1990)
"When Your Love is Gone" (1991)
"Love is Enough" (1991)
"When Your Love is Gone" is a song by Australian rock musician, Jimmy Barnes. It was released in March 1991 as the fourth single from his fourth studio album, Two Fires. The song peaked at number 7 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. The music video consists of a live concert performance of the song by Barnes, accompanied by adult and children backup singers (including his own children).
Track listing
CD single (K 10321)
"When Your Love Is Gone" - 5:12
"I'm Still On Your Side" (Live) - 4:40
"One of a Kind" (Live) - 4:43
Charts
Chart (1991)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
7
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
17
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
Gold
35,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ "Jimmy Barnes – When Your Love is Gone". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ "Jimmy Barnes – When Your Love is Gone". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
vteJimmy BarnesStudio albums
Bodyswerve
For the Working Class Man/Jimmy Barnes
Freight Train Heart
Two Fires
Soul Deep
Heat
Flesh and Wood
Psyclone
Love and Fear
Soul Deeper... Songs from the Deep South
Double Happiness
Out in the Blue
The Rhythm and the Blues
Rage and Ruin
30:30 Hindsight
Soul Searchin'
Och Aye the G'nu
My Criminal Record
Flesh and Blood
Blue Christmas
Live albums
Barnestorming
Raw
Modus Operandi
Compilations
Barnes Hits Anthology
Best of the Soul Years
Memoirs
Working Class Boy
Working Class Man
Films
Working Class Boy
Working Class Boy (soundtrack)
Singles
"No Second Prize"
"Promise Me You'll Call"
"Daylight"
"I'd Die to Be with You Tonight"
"Working Class Man"
"Ride the Night Away"
"Good Times"
"Too Much Ain't Enough Love"
"Driving Wheels"
"I'm Still on Your Side"
"Waitin' for the Heartache"
"When a Man Loves a Woman"
"Last Frontier"
"Lay Down Your Guns"
"Let's Make It Last All Night"
"Little Darling"
"When Your Love is Gone"
"I Gotcha"
"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"(Simply) The Best"
"Sweat It Out"
"Stand Up"
"Stone Cold"
"Right by Your Side"
"The Weight"
"Still Got a Long Way to Go"
"Change of Heart"
"Lover Lover"
"Sit on My Knee"
"Gonna Take Some Time"
"Bird on the Wire"
"Shutting Down Our Town"
Related articles
Discography
Cold Chisel
INXS
Fraternity
Living Loud (Living Loud)
Jonathan Cain
Swanee
Diesel
The Tin Lids
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1145_road
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B1145 road
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["1 History","2 Coaching route","3 Destinations","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°44′43″N 1°00′37″E / 52.7454°N 1.0102°E / 52.7454; 1.0102 (B1145 road)Road in England
B1145B1145 between Swafield and KnaptonRoute informationLength52.2 mi (84.0 km)Major junctionsWest-south-west endKing's Lynn52°45′15″N 0°26′55″E / 52.7541°N 0.4485°E / 52.7541; 0.4485 (B1145 road (western end))Major intersectionsA149B1153A1065B1146B1110A1067B1149A140A149B1159East-north-east endMundesley52°52′44″N 1°26′07″E / 52.8788°N 1.4354°E / 52.8788; 1.4354 (B1145 road (eastern end))
LocationCountryUnited Kingdom
Road network
Roads in the United Kingdom
Motorways
A and B road zones
The B1145 runs for about 52 miles (84 km) through the county of Norfolk, England, between King's Lynn and Mundesley. The road is an alternative route to the A47 between King's Lynn and Norwich by way of the A1067 from Bawdeswell onwards.
History
This ancient route predates the Norman Conquest and remained the main east–west route through the county until the 17th century. It can be seen quite clearly on William Faden's map of Norfolk, which was surveyed between 1790 and 1794. This map, the first large-scale map (at one inch to the mile) of the whole county, is a record of the landscape and transport system of the county of Norfolk in late 18th century and shows that despite the Parliamentary Enclosure of the early 19th century the route has changed very little. Much of the route on the map is highlighted in a pale pink, which marks it out as an important artery of the time.
Part of the roads route lies directly on the line of a Roman road between a point 0.8 miles (1.3 km) west of North Elmham for the distance of 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to where the road reaches the village of Bawdeswell. The route is dissected by several Roman roads, including the Peddars Way in the North West of Norfolk.
Road schemes at Bawdeswell, Aylsham and North Walsham have created interruptions to the original route, although the vast majority of it remains intact.
Coaching route
The B1145 also was part of the King's Lynn–to–Great Yarmouth coaching route. On the route at Litcham stands The Bull Inn, a 17th-century coaching inn of which some parts date further back to the 14th century. The Bull provided the first change of horses on this coaching route out of King's Lynn.
Destinations
From west to east the road passes through:
Bawsey
Ashwicken
Gayton
Litcham
Mileham
Brisley
North Elmham
Billingford
Bawdeswell
Pettywell
Reepham
Cawston
Aylsham
Felmingham
North Walsham
Swafield
Knapton
Mundesley
References
^ County A to Z Atlas, Street & Road maps Norfolk, ISBN 978-1-84348-614-5
^ Website dedicated to the B1145
^ The Normans in Norfolk, by Sue Margeson, Fabienne Seillier and Andrew Rogerson, Pub: 1994, Link between Norman Castles in Norfolk, ISBN 0-903101-62-9
^ Faden’s Map of Norfolk 1797, Digitally redrawn in 2005 by Andrew Macnair. North Central Map ISBN 978-0-9550398-2-9
^ OS Explorer Map 238 – Dereham & Aylsham, Castle Acre & Reepham. ISBN 0-319-23810-5
^ The Bull Inn Archived 24 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
vteRoads in the United KingdomArticles
Road numbering schemes: Great Britain
Motoring taxation
Driving
Odonymy
Road signs
Wales
Gaelic-speaking Scotland
ZonesA-road lists
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Northern Ireland
B-road lists
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Northern Ireland
Other lists
Anomalously numbered roads
Junctions
Motorways
Primary destinations
52°44′43″N 1°00′37″E / 52.7454°N 1.0102°E / 52.7454; 1.0102 (B1145 road)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"King's Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Mundesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundesley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"A47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A47_road"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"A1067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1067_road"},{"link_name":"Bawdeswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawdeswell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Road in EnglandThe B1145 runs for about 52 miles (84 km) through the county of Norfolk, England, between King's Lynn and Mundesley.[1] The road is an alternative route to the A47 between King's Lynn and Norwich by way of the A1067 from Bawdeswell onwards.[2]","title":"B1145 road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclosure_Act"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"North Elmham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Elmham"},{"link_name":"Bawdeswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawdeswell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peddars Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peddars_Way"},{"link_name":"North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Norfolk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"This ancient route predates the Norman Conquest[3] and remained the main east–west route through the county until the 17th century. It can be seen quite clearly on William Faden's map of Norfolk,[4] which was surveyed between 1790 and 1794. This map, the first large-scale map (at one inch to the mile) of the whole county, is a record of the landscape and transport system of the county of Norfolk in late 18th century and shows that despite the Parliamentary Enclosure of the early 19th century the route has changed very little. Much of the route on the map is highlighted in a pale pink, which marks it out as an important artery of the time.Part of the roads route lies directly on the line of a Roman road between a point 0.8 miles (1.3 km) west of North Elmham for the distance of 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to where the road reaches the village of Bawdeswell.[5] The route is dissected by several Roman roads, including the Peddars Way in the North West of Norfolk.Road schemes at Bawdeswell, Aylsham and North Walsham have created interruptions to the original route, although the vast majority of it remains intact.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Litcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litcham"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"}],"text":"The B1145 also was part of the King's Lynn–to–Great Yarmouth coaching route.[6] On the route at Litcham stands The Bull Inn, a 17th-century coaching inn of which some parts date further back to the 14th century. The Bull provided the first change of horses on this coaching route out of King's Lynn.","title":"Coaching route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bawsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawsey"},{"link_name":"Ashwicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwicken"},{"link_name":"Gayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayton,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Litcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litcham"},{"link_name":"Mileham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileham"},{"link_name":"Brisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisley"},{"link_name":"North Elmham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Elmham"},{"link_name":"Billingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billingford,_Breckland"},{"link_name":"Bawdeswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawdeswell"},{"link_name":"Pettywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pettywell"},{"link_name":"Reepham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reepham,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Cawston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawston,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Aylsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylsham"},{"link_name":"Felmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felmingham"},{"link_name":"North Walsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Walsham"},{"link_name":"Swafield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swafield"},{"link_name":"Knapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapton"},{"link_name":"Mundesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundesley"}],"text":"From west to east the road passes through:Bawsey\nAshwicken\nGayton\nLitcham\nMileham\nBrisley\nNorth Elmham\nBillingford\nBawdeswell\nPettywell\nReepham\nCawston\nAylsham\nFelmingham\nNorth Walsham\nSwafield\nKnapton\nMundesley","title":"Destinations"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B1145_road¶ms=52.7454_N_1.0102_E_dim:50000_region:GB&title=B1145+road","external_links_name":"52°44′43″N 1°00′37″E / 52.7454°N 1.0102°E / 52.7454; 1.0102 (B1145 road)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B1145_road¶ms=52.7541_N_0.4485_E_type:landmark_region:GB&title=B1145+road+%28western+end%29","external_links_name":"52°45′15″N 0°26′55″E / 52.7541°N 0.4485°E / 52.7541; 0.4485 (B1145 road (western end))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B1145_road¶ms=52.8788_N_1.4354_E_type:landmark_region:GB&title=B1145+road+%28eastern+end%29","external_links_name":"52°52′44″N 1°26′07″E / 52.8788°N 1.4354°E / 52.8788; 1.4354 (B1145 road (eastern end))"},{"Link":"http://www.dervman.com/theb1145.htm","external_links_name":"Website dedicated to the B1145"},{"Link":"http://www.northnorfolkinns.co.uk/inns/bull.shtml","external_links_name":"The Bull Inn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080924122702/http://www.northnorfolkinns.co.uk/inns/bull.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=B1145_road","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=B1145_road","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=B1145_road","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=B1145_road","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=B1145_road","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B1145_road¶ms=52.7454_N_1.0102_E_dim:50000_region:GB&title=B1145+road","external_links_name":"52°44′43″N 1°00′37″E / 52.7454°N 1.0102°E / 52.7454; 1.0102 (B1145 road)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Martin
|
Edward L. Martin
|
["1 Early life and family","2 Professional and political career","3 Death and legacy","4 Almanac","5 References","6 External links","7 Places with more information"]
|
American politician
This article is about the agriculturalist and politician from late nineteenth century Delaware. For other people, see Edward Martin (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Edward L. MartinMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Delaware's At-large districtIn officeMarch 4, 1879 – March 3, 1883Preceded byJames WilliamsSucceeded byCharles B. Lore
Personal detailsBorn(1837-03-29)March 29, 1837Seaford, DelawareDiedJanuary 22, 1897(1897-01-22) (aged 59)Seaford, DelawarePolitical partyDemocraticResidence(s)Seaford, DelawareAlma materUniversity of VirginiaProfessionBusinessman
Edward Livingston Martin (March 29, 1837 – January 22, 1897) was an American lawyer and politician from Seaford, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as U. S. Representative from Delaware.
Early life and family
Martin was born in Seaford, Delaware and attended private schools, Newark Academy, Bolmar's Academy in West Chester, Pennsylvania and Delaware College in Newark, Delaware. He graduated from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1859.
Professional and political career
Martin served as clerk of the Delaware Senate from 1863 to 1865. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1864, 1872, 1876, 1880, and 1884. He studied law at the University of Virginia in 1866, was admitted to the Delaware Bar the same year and practiced in Dover until 1867. He then returned to Seaford and engaged in agricultural and horticultural pursuits, and served as director of the Delaware Board of Agriculture, president of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, and lecturer of the Delaware State Grange.
He was a commissioner to settle the disputed boundary line between the states of Delaware and New Jersey between 1873 and 1875. He was elected as a Democrat to the 46th and 47th Congress, serving from March 4, 1879, to March 4, 1883. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1882 and resumed horticultural and agricultural pursuits. He was twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate.
Death and legacy
Martin died at Seaford and is buried there in the St. Luke's Episcopal Churchyard.
Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. U.S. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year term.
Public Offices
Office
Type
Location
Began office
Ended office
notes
U.S. Representative
Legislature
Washington
March 4, 1879
March 3, 1881
U.S. Representative
Legislature
Washington
March 4, 1881
March 3, 1883
United States Congressional service
Dates
Congress
Chamber
Majority
President
Committees
Class/District
1879–1881
46th
U.S. House
Democratic
Rutherford B. Hayes
at-large
1881–1883
47th
U.S. House
Republican
James A. GarfieldChester A. Arthur
at-large
Election results
Year
Office
Subject
Party
Votes
%
Opponent
Party
Votes
%
1878
U.S. Representative
Edward L. Martin
Democratic
10,576
78%
John G. Jackson
Greenback
2,966
22%
1880
U.S. Representative
Edward L. Martin
Democratic
14,966
51%
John W. Houston
Republican
14,336
49%
References
Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.
External links
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Delaware's Members of Congress
Find a Grave
The Political Graveyard
Places with more information
Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJames Williams
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Delaware's at-large congressional district 1879–1883
Succeeded byCharles B. Lore
vteMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware
Vining
Patten
Latimer
Bayard
C. A. Rodney
Broom
Van Dyke
Ridgely
Cooper
Clayton
McLane
Hall
D. Rodney
Johns
Milligan
Robinson
G. B. Rodney
J. W. Houston
Riddle
Cullen
Whiteley
Fisher
Temple
Smithers
Nicholson
Biggs
Lofland
J. Williams
Martin
Lore
Penington
Causey
Willis
Handy
J. H. Hoffecker
W. O. Hoffecker
Ball
H. A. Houston
Burton
Heald
Brockson
Miller
Polk
Layton
Boyce
R. G. Houston
Adams
Stewart
Allen
G. S. Williams
Traynor
Willey
Boggs
Warburton
McDowell
Haskell
Roth
du Pont
Evans
Carper
Castle
Carney
Blunt Rochester
vteGovernment of Delaware
U.S. senators
U.S. representatives
delegations
Governors
Lt. governors
Attorneys general
State senators
State representatives
Judges
Mayors
General Assembly
Counties
Hundreds
Politics
Elections
Politicians
Lawyers
History
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
US Congress
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Martin (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Martin_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"This article is about the agriculturalist and politician from late nineteenth century Delaware. For other people, see Edward Martin (disambiguation).Edward Livingston Martin (March 29, 1837 – January 22, 1897) was an American lawyer and politician from Seaford, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as U. S. Representative from Delaware.","title":"Edward L. Martin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newark Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Academy"},{"link_name":"Delaware College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_College"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"}],"text":"Martin was born in Seaford, Delaware and attended private schools, Newark Academy, Bolmar's Academy in West Chester, Pennsylvania and Delaware College in Newark, Delaware. He graduated from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1859.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Senate"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Conventions"},{"link_name":"Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate"}],"text":"Martin served as clerk of the Delaware Senate from 1863 to 1865. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1864, 1872, 1876, 1880, and 1884. He studied law at the University of Virginia in 1866, was admitted to the Delaware Bar the same year and practiced in Dover until 1867. He then returned to Seaford and engaged in agricultural and horticultural pursuits, and served as director of the Delaware Board of Agriculture, president of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, and lecturer of the Delaware State Grange.He was a commissioner to settle the disputed boundary line between the states of Delaware and New Jersey between 1873 and 1875. He was elected as a Democrat to the 46th and 47th Congress, serving from March 4, 1879, to March 4, 1883. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1882 and resumed horticultural and agricultural pursuits. He was twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate.","title":"Professional and political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Martin died at Seaford and is buried there in the St. Luke's Episcopal Churchyard.","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. U.S. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year term.","title":"Almanac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/19961231010053/http://hsd.org/"},{"link_name":"University of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Library website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lib.udel.edu/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Members of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Vining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vining"},{"link_name":"Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patten_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Latimer_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Bayard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bayard_(politician,_born_1767)"},{"link_name":"C. A. Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Broom"},{"link_name":"Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Van_Dyke_(politician,_born_1769)"},{"link_name":"Ridgely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Ridgely"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_(American_politician,_born_1764)"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clayton"},{"link_name":"McLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_McLane"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Hall"},{"link_name":"D. Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensey_Johns_Jr."},{"link_name":"Milligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Milligan"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robinson_Jr."},{"link_name":"G. B. Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Rodney"},{"link_name":"J. W. Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Houston"},{"link_name":"Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Riddle"},{"link_name":"Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_D._Cullen"},{"link_name":"Whiteley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Whiteley"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Fisher"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Temple_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Smithers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Smithers"},{"link_name":"Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_T._Biggs"},{"link_name":"Lofland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Lofland"},{"link_name":"J. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Williams_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Lore"},{"link_name":"Penington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Penington"},{"link_name":"Causey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Causey"},{"link_name":"Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_S._Willis"},{"link_name":"Handy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Irving_Handy"},{"link_name":"J. H. Hoffecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Hoffecker"},{"link_name":"W. O. Hoffecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_O._Hoffecker"},{"link_name":"Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Heisler_Ball"},{"link_name":"H. A. Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Houston"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_R._Burton"},{"link_name":"Heald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Heald"},{"link_name":"Brockson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Brockson"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Miller"},{"link_name":"Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_F._Polk"},{"link_name":"Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_R._Layton"},{"link_name":"Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Boyce"},{"link_name":"R. G. Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Houston"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_L._Adams"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._George_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Allen_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"G. S. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Williams"},{"link_name":"Traynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_A._Traynor"},{"link_name":"Willey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_D._Willey"},{"link_name":"Boggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Caleb_Boggs"},{"link_name":"Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Warburton"},{"link_name":"McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_McDowell"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Haskell"},{"link_name":"Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roth"},{"link_name":"du Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_du_Pont"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Evans_Jr."},{"link_name":"Carper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper"},{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Castle"},{"link_name":"Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carney_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"Blunt Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Blunt_Rochester"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Delaware_Government"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Delaware_Government"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Delaware_Government"},{"link_name":"Government of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"U.S. senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"U.S. representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"delegations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Lt. governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Delaware#List"},{"link_name":"Attorneys general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Delaware#Officeholders"},{"link_name":"State senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delaware_state_senators"},{"link_name":"State representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Delaware_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Delaware_state_court_judges"},{"link_name":"Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_places_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Delaware_counties"},{"link_name":"Hundreds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hundreds_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Delaware_elections"},{"link_name":"Politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Delaware_politicians"},{"link_name":"Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Delaware_lawyers"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292831#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/56440306"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRDfwXJYXXMd7r9hx4bd"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008173587"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000178"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m406t1"}],"text":"Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161\nUniversity of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965vteMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware\nVining\nPatten\nLatimer\nBayard\nC. A. Rodney\nBroom\nVan Dyke\nRidgely\nCooper\nClayton\nMcLane\nHall\nD. Rodney\nJohns\nMilligan\nRobinson\nG. B. Rodney\nJ. W. Houston\nRiddle\nCullen\nWhiteley\nFisher\nTemple\nSmithers\nNicholson\nBiggs\nLofland\nJ. Williams\nMartin\nLore\nPenington\nCausey\nWillis\nHandy\nJ. H. Hoffecker\nW. O. Hoffecker\nBall\nH. A. Houston\nBurton\nHeald\nBrockson\nMiller\nPolk\nLayton\nBoyce\nR. G. Houston\nAdams\nStewart\nAllen\nG. S. Williams\nTraynor\nWilley\nBoggs\nWarburton\nMcDowell\nHaskell\nRoth\ndu Pont\nEvans\nCarper\nCastle\nCarney\nBlunt RochestervteGovernment of Delaware\nU.S. senators\nU.S. representatives\ndelegations\nGovernors\nLt. governors\nAttorneys general\nState senators\nState representatives\nJudges\nMayors\n\nGeneral Assembly\nCounties\nHundreds\nPolitics\nElections\nPoliticians\nLawyers\nHistoryAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Places with more information"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.","urls":[]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Probability_Trust
|
Applied Probability Trust
|
["1 Publications","2 Board of Trustees, Past and Present","3 Past and Current Editors","4 Applied Probability Trust Prizes","5 References"]
|
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Applied Probability Trust" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Applied Probability TrustParent institutionUniversity of SheffieldFounder(s)Joseph Mark (Joe) GaniEstablished1964FocusApplied probability researchChairRemco van der HofstadKey peopleMark Yarrow, Executive EditorAddressHicks Building, K27
Hounsfield Road
Sheffield
S3 7RHLocationUnited KingdomWebsitehttp://www.appliedprobability.org
The Applied Probability Trust is a UK-based non-profit foundation for study and research in the mathematical sciences, founded in 1964 and based in the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Sheffield, which it has been affiliated with since 1964.
Publications
The Applied Probability Trust (APT) published two world leading research journals, the Journal of Applied Probability and Advances in Applied Probability, until 2016. Joe Gani, founding editor for the two journals, intended to create outlets for researchers in applied probability, as they increasingly had difficulty in getting published in the few journals in probability and statistics that existed at that time. The Journal of Applied Probability appeared first, in 1964, and with a prominent editorial board from the beginning, it secured contributions from renowned probabilists. The Advances in Applied Probability started in 1969. In 2016, Cambridge University Press took over the publication of the two journals.
In addition to these two journals, two further magazine style publications have been published, The Mathematical Scientist and Mathematical Spectrum.
Journal of Applied Probability (1964 – present)
Advances in Applied Probability (1972 – present)
The Mathematical Scientist (1976 – 2018)
Mathematical Spectrum (1968 – 2016)
To mark special occasions, the Applied Probability Trust commissions special issues of the journal. These include:
Perspectives in Probability and Statistics (1975)
Essays in Statistical Science (1982)
Essays in Time Series and Allied Processes (1986)
A Celebration of Applied Probability (1988)
Studies in Applied Probability (1994)
Probability, Statistics and Seismology (2001)
Stochastic Methods and Their Applications (2004)
New Frontiers in Applied Probability (2011)
Celebrating 50 Years of the Applied Probability Trust (2014)
Probability, Analysis and Number Theory (2016)
Branching and Applied Probability (2018)
Board of Trustees, Past and Present
The Applied Probability Trust was set up by Joe Gani in 1964 along with Norma McArthur, Edward Hannan and support from the London Mathematical Society. Over the history of the APT, many world renowned probabilists have accepted the invitation to join the APT board of trustees. A complete list of trustees, past and present can be found below:
Joe Gani (1964 – 2016)
Norma McArthur (1964 – 1984)
Edward J. Hannan (1964 – 1994)
London Mathematical Society (1964 – 2008)
Chris Heyde (1984 – 2008)
Daryl Daley, Australian National University (1997 – present)
Søren Asmussen (2008 – 2020)
Peter Taylor, University of Melbourne (2008 – present)
Frank Kelly (2008 – 2021)
Peter Glynn, Stanford University (2014 – present)
Ilya Molchanov, University of Bern (2019 – present)
Jiangang (Jim) Dai, Cornell University (2019 – present)
Remco van der Hofstad, Eindhoven University of Technology (2019 – present)
Christina Goldschmidt, Oxford University (2021 – present)
Nigel Bean, University of Adelaide (2021 – present)
Past and Current Editors
Joe Gani, Founding Editor-in-Chief (1964 – 1989)
Chris Heyde, Editor-in-Chief (1990 – 2007)
Søren Asmussen, Editor-in-Chief (2005 – 2015)
Peter Glynn, Editor-in-Chief (2016 – 2018)
Peter Taylor, Editor-in-Chief (2019 – present)
Nicole Bäuerle, Deputy Editor-in-Chief (2022 – present)
The APT board of trustees decided who holds the position of Editor-in-Chief.
Applied Probability Trust Prizes
The Applied Probability Trust as a long history of donating funds to institutions around the world to support the awarding of prizes. The form a prize takes is at the discretion of the host institution, however the award title often comes with small cash sum or funds to purchase books. Current prizes include:
Australian National University: Applied Probability Trust Prize
CWI, Amsterdam: Applied Probability Trust Prize
Imperial College, London: Hyman Levy Prize
The Open University: George Barnard Prize
University of Adelaide: Applied Probability Trust Prize
University of California, Santa Barbara: Abraham Wald Prize and Ruth and Joe Gani Prize
University of Cambridge: Bartlett Prize and Rollo Davidson Trust
University of Kentucky: R. L. Anderson Prize
Université Libre de Bruxelles: Ruth and Joe Gani prize
University of Manchester: M. S. Bartlett Prize
University of Melbourne: Norma McArthur Prize
University of Newcastle, New South Wales: Applied Probability Trust Statistics Prize
University of Sheffield: Sir Edward Collingwood Prize
University of Sydney: Applied Probability Trust Prize
University of Waterloo: George Barnard Prize
University of Western Australia: Richard Tweedie Memorial Applied Probability Trust Prize and Abraham Wald Prize
University of Wollongong: William Sealy Gosset Prize and Applied Probability Trust Prize
References
^ "Applied Probability Trust | About Us". www.appliedprobability.org. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Applied Probability Trust | Study and Research in the Mathematical Sciences". www.appliedprobability.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2001. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Applied Probability Trust". Project Euclid. n.d. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Prabhu, N.U. (1986). "Probability Modelling Across the Continents". In Gani, Joe (ed.). The Craft of Probabilistic Modelling: A Collection of Personal Accounts. Applied Probability. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 126–138. ISBN 978-1-4613-8631-5.
^ a b c Heyde, Chris (1995). "A Conversation with Joe Gani" (PDF). Statistical Science. 10 (2): 214–230. doi:10.1214/ss/1177010039.
^ "Professor Joe Gani (1924-2016), mathematical statistician (interview with Eugene Seneta, 2008)". Australian Academy of Science. n.d. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Journal of Applied Probability – Applied Probability Trust". Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ "Advances in Applied Probability – Applied Probability Trust". Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ "The Mathematical Scientist – Applied Probability Trust". Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^ "Mathematical Spectrum – Applied Probability Trust". Retrieved 14 April 2022.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Applied Probability Trust is a UK-based non-profit foundation for study and research in the mathematical sciences, founded in 1964 and based in the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Sheffield, which it has been affiliated with since 1964.[1][2]","title":"Applied Probability Trust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of Applied Probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Probability"},{"link_name":"Advances in Applied Probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Applied_Probability"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"applied probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_probability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsci_1995-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsci_1995-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsci_1995-5"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Applied Probability Trust (APT) published two world leading research journals, the Journal of Applied Probability and Advances in Applied Probability, until 2016.[3] Joe Gani, founding editor for the two journals, intended to create outlets for researchers in applied probability, as they increasingly had difficulty in getting published in the few journals in probability and statistics that existed at that time.[4][5] The Journal of Applied Probability appeared first, in 1964,[5] and with a prominent editorial board from the beginning, it secured contributions from renowned probabilists.[6] The Advances in Applied Probability started in 1969.[5] In 2016, Cambridge University Press took over the publication of the two journals.In addition to these two journals, two further magazine style publications have been published, The Mathematical Scientist and Mathematical Spectrum.Journal of Applied Probability (1964 – present)[7]\nAdvances in Applied Probability (1972 – present)[8]\nThe Mathematical Scientist (1976 – 2018)[9]\nMathematical Spectrum (1968 – 2016)[10]To mark special occasions, the Applied Probability Trust commissions special issues of the journal. These include:Perspectives in Probability and Statistics (1975)\nEssays in Statistical Science (1982)\nEssays in Time Series and Allied Processes (1986)\nA Celebration of Applied Probability (1988)\nStudies in Applied Probability (1994)\nProbability, Statistics and Seismology (2001)\nStochastic Methods and Their Applications (2004)\nNew Frontiers in Applied Probability (2011)\nCelebrating 50 Years of the Applied Probability Trust (2014)\nProbability, Analysis and Number Theory (2016)\nBranching and Applied Probability (2018)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"Edward J. Hannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Hannan"},{"link_name":"Chris Heyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Heyde"},{"link_name":"Frank Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Christina Goldschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Goldschmidt"}],"text":"The Applied Probability Trust was set up by Joe Gani in 1964 along with Norma McArthur, Edward Hannan and support from the London Mathematical Society. Over the history of the APT, many world renowned probabilists have accepted the invitation to join the APT board of trustees. A complete list of trustees, past and present can be found below:Joe Gani (1964 – 2016)\nNorma McArthur (1964 – 1984)\nEdward J. Hannan (1964 – 1994)\nLondon Mathematical Society (1964 – 2008)\nChris Heyde (1984 – 2008)\nDaryl Daley, Australian National University (1997 – present)\nSøren Asmussen (2008 – 2020)\nPeter Taylor, University of Melbourne (2008 – present)\nFrank Kelly (2008 – 2021)\nPeter Glynn, Stanford University (2014 – present)\nIlya Molchanov, University of Bern (2019 – present)\nJiangang (Jim) Dai, Cornell University (2019 – present)\nRemco van der Hofstad, Eindhoven University of Technology (2019 – present)\nChristina Goldschmidt, Oxford University (2021 – present)\nNigel Bean, University of Adelaide (2021 – present)","title":"Board of Trustees, Past and Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Heyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Heyde"}],"text":"Joe Gani, Founding Editor-in-Chief (1964 – 1989)\nChris Heyde, Editor-in-Chief (1990 – 2007)\nSøren Asmussen, Editor-in-Chief (2005 – 2015)\nPeter Glynn, Editor-in-Chief (2016 – 2018)\nPeter Taylor, Editor-in-Chief (2019 – present)\nNicole Bäuerle, Deputy Editor-in-Chief (2022 – present)The APT board of trustees decided who holds the position of Editor-in-Chief.","title":"Past and Current Editors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Applied Probability Trust as a long history of donating funds to institutions around the world to support the awarding of prizes. The form a prize takes is at the discretion of the host institution, however the award title often comes with small cash sum or funds to purchase books. Current prizes include:Australian National University: Applied Probability Trust Prize\nCWI, Amsterdam: Applied Probability Trust Prize\nImperial College, London: Hyman Levy Prize\nThe Open University: George Barnard Prize\nUniversity of Adelaide: Applied Probability Trust Prize\nUniversity of California, Santa Barbara: Abraham Wald Prize and Ruth and Joe Gani Prize\nUniversity of Cambridge: Bartlett Prize and Rollo Davidson Trust\nUniversity of Kentucky: R. L. Anderson Prize\nUniversité Libre de Bruxelles: Ruth and Joe Gani prize\nUniversity of Manchester: M. S. Bartlett Prize\nUniversity of Melbourne: Norma McArthur Prize\nUniversity of Newcastle, New South Wales: Applied Probability Trust Statistics Prize\nUniversity of Sheffield: Sir Edward Collingwood Prize\nUniversity of Sydney: Applied Probability Trust Prize\nUniversity of Waterloo: George Barnard Prize\nUniversity of Western Australia: Richard Tweedie Memorial Applied Probability Trust Prize and Abraham Wald Prize\nUniversity of Wollongong: William Sealy Gosset Prize and Applied Probability Trust Prize","title":"Applied Probability Trust Prizes"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Hooks
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Corpus Christi Hooks
|
["1 History","1.1 The move to Corpus Christi","1.2 2006 championship team","1.3 Post-championship","2 Notable Hooks who played in the major leagues","3 Roster","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Minor league baseball teamCorpus Christi HooksFounded in 1968 in Memphis, TennesseeBased in Corpus Christi, Texas since 2005
Team logo
Cap insignia
Minor league affiliationsClassDouble-A (2005–present)LeagueTexas League (2022–present)DivisionSouth DivisionPrevious leagues
Double-A Central (2021)
Texas League (2005–2020)
Major league affiliationsTeamHouston Astros (1991–present)Previous teamsNew York Mets (1968–1990)Minor league titlesLeague titles (1)2006Division titles (1)2006First-half titles (5)20062013201520162018Second-half titles (3)201220132018Team dataNameCorpus Christi Hooks (2005–present)Previous names
Round Rock Express (2000–2004)
Jackson Generals (1991–1999)
Jackson Mets (1975–1990)
Victoria Toros (1974)
Memphis Blues (1968–1973)
BallparkWhataburger Field (2005–present)Previous parks
Dell Diamond (2000–2004)
Smith–Wills Stadium (1975–1999)
Toro Stadium (1974)
Blues Stadium (1968–1973)
Owner(s)/Operator(s)Houston AstrosGeneral managerBrady BallardManagerDickie Joe Thon
The Corpus Christi Hooks are a Minor League Baseball team of the Texas League and the Double-A affiliate of the Houston Astros. They are located in Corpus Christi, Texas, and are named for the city's association with fishing. The team is owned by the Houston Astros. The Hooks play their home games at Whataburger Field, which opened in 2005 and is located on Corpus Christi's waterfront.
History
The history of the Hooks' franchise dates back to 1968, when it got its start in the Texas League as the Memphis Blues. That club won the league crown twice, in 1969 and 1973. In 1974, the franchise moved to Victoria, Texas and played in Toro Stadium, where it captured the league title in its lone season as the Toros. The following year, the club moved to Jackson, Mississippi where it would remain for the next 25 seasons, first as the Mets (1975–1990), then as the Generals (1991–1999). The franchise qualified for the playoffs 13 times and won the TL championship on five occasions (1981, 1984, 1985, 1993 and 1996). During the years 1980–1987, Jackson dominated the league, making it to eight consecutive post-seasons.
Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan and his group acquired the franchise following the 1998 season and moved it from Jackson to Round Rock in time for the 2000 season. The Round Rock Express, led by Morgan Ensberg and Roy Oswalt, powered their way to the Texas League title in that first season at The Dell Diamond. The Express, which shattered league attendance records throughout their five-year run, also qualified for post-season play in four of those five seasons.
The move to Corpus Christi
The move of the franchise from Round Rock to Corpus Christi following the 2004 season was made possible when the owners of the Express, Ryan Sanders Baseball, acquired the Triple-A franchise in Edmonton, Canada and announced their intention to move the club to Round Rock. That paved the way for the Double-A franchise to relocate to the Gulf Coast of Texas.
In 2004 the organization held a "Name the Team" contest that sought suggestions from the community for a new name for the team. The contest was won by Corpus Christi resident, Michael Braly. The team's new name, Corpus Christi Hooks was born. The team's colors are white, red, and light blue, representing the ocean and sky of the popular South Texas fishing area. The team mascots are Sammy the Seagull and Rusty the Fish Hook.
2006 championship team
One of the most exciting moments in the team's history was an appearance by Roger Clemens on June 11, 2006, as he prepared for his return to the Astros. Clemens' start attracted nationwide attention and a record crowd of 9,022. Clemens struck out 11 batters in 6 innings on his way to the victory. Tickets were being sold on eBay for up to $230.
On September 14, 2006, in a wild 5 hour, 14 inning marathon, the Corpus Christi Hooks eclipsed the Wichita Wranglers, 8–7, clinching the third and decisive game to defeat Wichita 3 games to 1 in the best of five series to win the 2006 Texas League Championship. This marked the first time a Corpus Christi franchise has won the TL Championship since the 1958 Corpus Christi Giants. Manager Dave Clark was named 2006 Texas League Manager of the Year and pitcher Matt Albers was named 2006 Texas League Pitcher of the Year.
Post-championship
On June 25, 2007, Whataburger Field played host to the 2007 installment of the Texas League All-Star Game. Seven Hooks players were invited to play on the squad. From 2005 to 2010, the Hooks graduated 29 players to the major leagues and had another 31 players with big-league experience wear the Corpus Christi uniform. From 2005 to 2010, a total of 163 men played for the Hooks.
In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Hooks were organized into the Double-A Central. For the 2021 season, the Hooks played every Wednesday game as the "Corpus Christi Honey Butter Chicken Biscuits". Whataburger, which sponsors the team's ballpark, sells the Honey Butter Chicken Biscuit, and was founded in Corpus Christi. The uniforms resembled Whataburger's table tents. In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.
Notable Hooks who played in the major leagues
Alex Bregman
A number of Hooks players have been called up to the major leagues since the team has been in Corpus Christi. These include Charlton Jimerson, Héctor Giménez, J. R. House, Matt Albers, Fernando Nieve, Chris Sampson, Jason Hirsh, Hunter Pence, Jason Castro, Chris Johnson, José Altuve, Fernando Abad, Arcenio León, J. D. Martinez, Dallas Keuchel, Josh Zeid, Carlos Correa, Philip Barzilla, Alex Bregman, J. D. Davis, George Springer, and Yordan Alvarez.
Roster
Corpus Christi Hooks rostervte
Players
Coaches/Other
Pitchers
41 Carlos Betancourt
37 Jake Bloss
53 Walker Brockhouse
20 Aaron Brown
31 Brayan De Paula
8 Jacob DeLabio
51 Jose Fleury
40 Kasey Ford
24 Cesar Gomez
11 Tyler Guilfoil
26 Michael Knorr
16 Jaime Melendez ~
18 Julio Robaina
52 Luis Angel Rodriguez
21 Alex Santos II
36 Drew Strotman
13 Alejandro Torres
43 Miguel Ullola
Catchers
44 Miguel Palma
14 Collin Price
7 Ryan Wrobleski
Infielders
11 Bryan Arias
2 Jeremy Arocho
22 Jordan Brewer
10 J.C. Correa
84 Zach Dezenzo
5 Rolando Espinosa
3 Pascanel Ferreras
4 Tommy Sacco Jr.
Outfielders
9 Colin Barber
23 Kenedy Corona *
1 Zach Daniels
17 Chas McCormick #*
29 Jacob Melton
Manager
15 Dickie Joe Thon
Coaches
45 Bobby Bell (hitting)
54 Vincent Blue (development)
28 Sean Buchanan (pitching)
60-day injured list
94 Adrian Chaidez
7-day injured list
* On Houston Astros 40-man roster
~ Development list
# Rehab assignment
∞ Reserve list
‡ Restricted list
§ Suspended list
† Temporarily inactive list
Roster updated May 16, 2024
Transactions
→ More rosters: MiLB • Texas League
→ Houston Astros minor league players
References
^ "The Official Site of Minor League Baseball".
^ "The Official Site of Minor League Baseball".
^ "The Official Site of Minor League Baseball".
^ "The Official Site of Minor League Baseball".
^ Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). "MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
^ "Introducing the Honey Butter Chicken Biscuits! 🟠⚪️ Each Wednesday during the 2021 season, the Hooks will wear this eye-catching, mouth-watering look inspired by @Whataburger's famed orange-and-white stripes". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
^ "Historical League Names to Return in 2022". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
External links
Texas portal
Official website
vteCity of Corpus Christi
Government
History
Timeline
Mass media
EducationSchools
Corpus Christi ISD
Mary Carroll HS
Richard King HS
Roy Miller HS
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vteTexas LeagueNorth Division
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Whataburger Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whataburger_Field"}],"text":"The Corpus Christi Hooks are a Minor League Baseball team of the Texas League and the Double-A affiliate of the Houston Astros. They are located in Corpus Christi, Texas, and are named for the city's association with fishing. The team is owned by the Houston Astros. The Hooks play their home games at Whataburger Field, which opened in 2005 and is located on Corpus Christi's waterfront.","title":"Corpus Christi Hooks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Blues_(minor_league)"},{"link_name":"Victoria, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Toro Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Stadium_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Morgan Ensberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Ensberg"},{"link_name":"Roy Oswalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Oswalt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The history of the Hooks' franchise dates back to 1968, when it got its start in the Texas League as the Memphis Blues. That club won the league crown twice, in 1969 and 1973. In 1974, the franchise moved to Victoria, Texas and played in Toro Stadium, where it captured the league title in its lone season as the Toros. The following year, the club moved to Jackson, Mississippi where it would remain for the next 25 seasons, first as the Mets (1975–1990), then as the Generals (1991–1999). The franchise qualified for the playoffs 13 times and won the TL championship on five occasions (1981, 1984, 1985, 1993 and 1996). During the years 1980–1987, Jackson dominated the league, making it to eight consecutive post-seasons.[1]Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan and his group acquired the franchise following the 1998 season and moved it from Jackson to Round Rock in time for the 2000 season. The Round Rock Express, led by Morgan Ensberg and Roy Oswalt, powered their way to the Texas League title in that first season at The Dell Diamond. The Express, which shattered league attendance records throughout their five-year run, also qualified for post-season play in four of those five seasons.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"The move to Corpus Christi","text":"The move of the franchise from Round Rock to Corpus Christi following the 2004 season was made possible when the owners of the Express, Ryan Sanders Baseball, acquired the Triple-A franchise in Edmonton, Canada and announced their intention to move the club to Round Rock. That paved the way for the Double-A franchise to relocate to the Gulf Coast of Texas.[3]\nIn 2004 the organization held a \"Name the Team\" contest that sought suggestions from the community for a new name for the team. The contest was won by Corpus Christi resident, Michael Braly. The team's new name, Corpus Christi Hooks was born. The team's colors are white, red, and light blue, representing the ocean and sky of the popular South Texas fishing area. The team mascots are Sammy the Seagull and Rusty the Fish Hook.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Clemens"},{"link_name":"struck out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"$230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Wichita Wranglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Wranglers"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Dave Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Clark_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Texas League Manager of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League_Manager_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Matt Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Albers"},{"link_name":"Texas League Pitcher of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League_Pitcher_of_the_Year"}],"sub_title":"2006 championship team","text":"One of the most exciting moments in the team's history was an appearance by Roger Clemens on June 11, 2006, as he prepared for his return to the Astros. Clemens' start attracted nationwide attention and a record crowd of 9,022. Clemens struck out 11 batters in 6 innings on his way to the victory. Tickets were being sold on eBay for up to $230.On September 14, 2006, in a wild 5 hour, 14 inning marathon, the Corpus Christi Hooks eclipsed the Wichita Wranglers, 8–7, clinching the third and decisive game to defeat Wichita 3 games to 1 in the best of five series to win the 2006 Texas League Championship. This marked the first time a Corpus Christi franchise has won the TL Championship since the 1958 Corpus Christi Giants. Manager Dave Clark was named 2006 Texas League Manager of the Year and pitcher Matt Albers was named 2006 Texas League Pitcher of the Year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Double-A Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_Central"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMayo2-12-2021-5"},{"link_name":"Whataburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whataburger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILrename-7"}],"sub_title":"Post-championship","text":"On June 25, 2007, Whataburger Field played host to the 2007 installment of the Texas League All-Star Game. Seven Hooks players were invited to play on the squad. From 2005 to 2010, the Hooks graduated 29 players to the major leagues and had another 31 players with big-league experience wear the Corpus Christi uniform. From 2005 to 2010, a total of 163 men played for the Hooks.[4]In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Hooks were organized into the Double-A Central.[5] For the 2021 season, the Hooks played every Wednesday game as the \"Corpus Christi Honey Butter Chicken Biscuits\". Whataburger, which sponsors the team's ballpark, sells the Honey Butter Chicken Biscuit, and was founded in Corpus Christi. The uniforms resembled Whataburger's table tents.[6] In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alex_Bregman_on_August_21,_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alex Bregman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bregman"},{"link_name":"Charlton Jimerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Jimerson"},{"link_name":"Héctor Giménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Gim%C3%A9nez_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"J. R. House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._House"},{"link_name":"Matt Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Albers"},{"link_name":"Fernando Nieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Nieve"},{"link_name":"Chris Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Sampson"},{"link_name":"Jason Hirsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Hirsh"},{"link_name":"Hunter Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Pence"},{"link_name":"Jason Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Castro_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Johnson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"José Altuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Altuve"},{"link_name":"Fernando Abad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Abad"},{"link_name":"Arcenio León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcenio_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"J. D. Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Martinez"},{"link_name":"Dallas Keuchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Keuchel"},{"link_name":"Josh Zeid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Zeid"},{"link_name":"Carlos Correa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Correa"},{"link_name":"Philip Barzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Barzilla"},{"link_name":"Alex Bregman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bregman"},{"link_name":"J. D. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Davis"},{"link_name":"George Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Springer"},{"link_name":"Yordan Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordan_Alvarez"}],"text":"Alex BregmanA number of Hooks players have been called up to the major leagues since the team has been in Corpus Christi. These include Charlton Jimerson, Héctor Giménez, J. R. House, Matt Albers, Fernando Nieve, Chris Sampson, Jason Hirsh, Hunter Pence, Jason Castro, Chris Johnson, José Altuve, Fernando Abad, Arcenio León, J. D. Martinez, Dallas Keuchel, Josh Zeid, Carlos Correa, Philip Barzilla, Alex Bregman, J. D. Davis, George Springer, and Yordan Alvarez.","title":"Notable Hooks who played in the major leagues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"}]
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[{"image_text":"Alex Bregman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alex_Bregman_on_August_21%2C_2016.jpg/180px-Alex_Bregman_on_August_21%2C_2016.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/corpus-christi/roster","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/corpus-christi/roster/transactions","external_links_name":"Transactions"},{"Link":"http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/team3/page.jsp?ymd=20100121&content_id=7947608&vkey=team3_t482&fext=.jsp&sid=t482","external_links_name":"\"The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\""},{"Link":"http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/team3/page.jsp?ymd=20100121&content_id=7947608&vkey=team3_t482&fext=.jsp&sid=t482","external_links_name":"\"The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\""},{"Link":"http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/team3/page.jsp?ymd=20100121&content_id=7947608&vkey=team3_t482&fext=.jsp&sid=t482","external_links_name":"\"The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\""},{"Link":"http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/team3/page.jsp?ymd=20100121&content_id=7947608&vkey=team3_t482&fext=.jsp&sid=t482","external_links_name":"\"The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure","external_links_name":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/cchooks/status/1384918862454431753","external_links_name":"\"Introducing the Honey Butter Chicken Biscuits! 🟠⚪️ Each Wednesday during the 2021 season, the Hooks will wear this eye-catching, mouth-watering look inspired by @Whataburger's famed orange-and-white stripes\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/news/minor-league-baseball-historical-league-names-to-return-in-2022","external_links_name":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/corpus-christi","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_ducat
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Ducat
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["1 Predecessors","2 Gold ducat of Venice","3 Adoption, 14th century","4 Hungarian ducats","5 Adoption, 15th and 16th centuries","6 Ducats of the Netherlands","7 Silver ducaton","8 Decline","9 Ducat mints","10 Footnotes","11 Notes","12 References","13 See also"]
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For other uses, see Ducat (disambiguation).
Gold or silver coin used as a trade coin in Europe
Austrian gold ducat depicting Kaiser Franz-Josef, c. 1910
The ducat (/ˈdʌkət/) coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around 3.5 grams (0.11 troy ounces) of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries. Similarly named silver ducatons also existed. The gold ducat circulated along with the Florentine florin and preceded both the modern British pound sterling and the United States dollar.
Predecessors
Silver ducat of Roger II of Sicily
+IC XC RC IN ÆTRN, nimbate bust of Christ facing, holding Gospels
R•R SLS, King Roger and, R•DX•AP, Duke Roger (son of Roger) standing facing, holding long cross between them; AN R X along staff of cross.
AG: scyphate ducalis or ducatum
The word ducat is from Medieval Latin ducalis = "relating to a duke (or dukedom)", and initially meant "duke's coin" or a "duchy's coin".
The first issue of scyphate billon coins modelled on Byzantine trachea was made by King Roger II of Sicily as part of the Assizes of Ariano (1140). It was to be a valid issue for the whole kingdom. The first issue bears the figure of Christ and the Latin inscription Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus (meaning "O Christ, let this duchy, which you rule, be dedicated to you") on the obverse. On the reverse, Roger II is depicted in the style of a Byzantine emperor and his eldest son, Duke Roger III of Apulia, is depicted in battle dress. The coin took its common name from the Duchy of Apulia, which the younger Roger had been given by his father.
Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice introduced a silver ducat which was related to the ducats of Roger II. Later gold ducats of Venice, however, became so important that the name ducat was associated exclusively with them and the silver coins came to be called grossi.
Gold ducat of Venice
In the 13th century, the Venetians imported goods from the East and sold them at a profit north of the Alps. They paid for these goods with Byzantine gold hyperpyra, but when the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos backed the revolt of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, he debased the hyperpyron. This was just one more in a series of debasements of the hyperpyron, and the Great Council of Venice responded with its own coin of pure gold in 1284.
In 1252 Florence and Genoa introduced the gold florin and genovino, respectively, both of 3.5 grams of 98.6% fine gold; the florin preceded the ducat as Western Europe's first standard gold coin. Venice modeled the size and weight of their ducat on the florin, with a slight increase in weight due to differences in the two cities′ weight systems. The Venetian ducat contained 3.545 grams of 99.47% fine gold, the highest purity medieval metallurgy could produce.
Gold ducat of doge Michele Steno of Venice
Saint Mark standing giving gonfalone to the kneeling doge. S(anctus) M(arcus) VENET(I) DVX MICAEL STEN
Christ standing among stars in oval frame. SIT T XPE (Christe) DAT Q T REGIS ISTE DVCAT
AV, 21 mm; 3.50 g
Venetian ducat designs followed those of the silver grossi, which were ultimately of Byzantine origin. The obverse shows the Doge of Venice kneeling before St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice. Saint Mark holds the gospel, which is his usual attribute, and presents a gonfalone to the doge. The legend on the left identifies the saint as S M VENET, i.e. Saint Mark of Venice, and the legend on the right identifies the doge, with his title DVX in the field. On the reverse, Christ stands among a field of stars in an oval frame. The reverse legend is the same as on Roger II’s ducats.
Succeeding doges of Venice continued striking ducats, changing only their name on the obverse. The ducat had a variable price versus the silver Venetian lira, reaching 6.2 lire or 124 soldi (shillings) by 1470. At that point a ducat worth 124 soldi emerged as a new silver-based unit of account for quoting salaries and costs. Continued depreciation in the silver currency during the 16th century, however, made the gold ducat worth more than 124 soldi. At this point, the currency ducat of 124 soldi had to be distinguished from the higher-valued gold ducat, and the latter was eventually called the ducato de zecca, i.e. ducat of the mint, which was shortened to zecchino and corrupted to sequin.
Leonardo Loredan extended the coinage with a half ducat and subsequent doges added a quarter, and various multiples up to 105 ducats. All of these coins continued to use the designs and weight standards of the original 1284 ducat. Even after dates became a common feature of western coinage, Venice struck ducats without them until Napoleon ended the Venetian Republic in 1797.
Adoption, 14th century
When the Roman Senate introduced gold coinage either the florin or the ducat could have provided an advantageous model to imitate, but the Florentines who controlled the Senate’s finances ensured that their city’s coin was not copied. Instead, the Roman coin showed a senator kneeling before St. Peter on the obverse and Christ amid stars in oval frame on the reverse in direct imitation of the Venetian ducat. The Popes subsequently changed these designs, but continued to strike ducats of the same weight and size into the 16th century.
Most imitations of the Venetian ducat were made in the Levant, where Venice spent more money than it received. The Knights of Saint John struck ducats with grand master Dieudonné de Gozon, 1346-1353, kneeling before Saint John on the obverse and an angel seated on the Sepulcher of Christ on the reverse. Subsequent grand masters, however, found it expedient to copy the Venetian types more exactly, first at Rhodes and then on Malta. Genoese traders went further; they struck ducats at Chios that could be distinguished from the Venetian originals only by their workmanship. These debased ducats were problematic for Venice, which valued its money's reputation for purity. The rarity of ducats that Genoese traders struck at Mytilene, Phocaea, and Pera suggests that Venetians melted those they encountered.
Hungarian ducats
Ferdinand III depicted on a 100 Hungarian Ducat (1629)
In Western Europe, Venice was an active trader but they sold more than they bought, thus giving the Florentine florin an early foothold in the Rhine river valley in 1354. However, this Rhenish florin or gulden was debased over the centuries, from 3.43 g fine gold in 1354, to 2.76 g fine gold by 1419, and to 2.503 g fine gold by 1559.
After Henckels assassinated Amadeus Aba in 1311, Charles I of Hungary began a gold coinage exploiting ores of Aba's ancient gold mines. His son, Louis I of Hungary changed the designs by replacing the standing figure of Saint John from the florin with a standing figure of Saint Ladislaus and later changing the lily of Florence to his coat of arms, but he maintained the purity of the gold.
In light of the 15th century debasement of the Rhenish florin or goldgulden versus the original ducat, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V recognized this distinction in 1524 when he made ducats of the Venetian standard valid money in the Empire with a value 39% higher than the gulden. His younger brother and eventual successor, Ferdinand I, brought this system to Hungary in 1526, when he inherited its throne. The still-pure gold coins of Hungary were henceforth called ducats. Their purity made the Hungarian ducat acceptable throughout Europe. Even the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland left records of the ones his king used for gambling.
Hungary continued to strike ducats with 3.53133 grams of 98.6% fine gold. Unlike the unchanging designs of the ducats in Venice, the coat of arms on the reverse of the ducats of Hungary was frequently modified to reflect changed circumstances. In 1470, Matthias Corvinus replaced the coat of arms by a Madonna. Hungary struck ducats until 1915, even under Austrian rule. These were used as trade coins and several of the later dates have been restruck.
Adoption, 15th and 16th centuries
Austrian four ducats, c. 1915 (official restrike)
In the 15th and 16th centuries, international traders in Western Europe shifted from the florin to the ducat as their preferred currency, with ducats often co-circulating with locally minted gold coins like the Rhenish guilder, French écu and Spanish escudo.
As rulers reformed their currencies, they frequently used the ducat as a model. The Mamluk ashrafi and the Ottoman sultani are examples.
In 1497, Spain reformed its gold excelente into a copy of the ducat which was known as the ducado from 1504. 23¾ carats fine and slightly smaller than the Venetian ducat, each had about 3.484 g of pure gold and was reckoned as 375 maravedís, the typical unit of account at the time. The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian—I initiated his own currency reform, minting gold ducats in Austria from 1511. Gold ducats and florins were established through the rest of the Holy Roman Empire by minting ordinances (Reichsmünzordnung) in 1524, 1559, and later. The ducat weighed 3.49 grams and was 23⅔ carats fine (3.442 g of pure gold) and exchanged at a ratio of 8 ducats for 11 Rhenish florins, which weighed 3.25 grams and were 18½ carats fine (2.503 g of pure gold). The German territories retained these standards until the 19th century.
Ducats of the Netherlands
The Dutch Revolt gave its seven northern provinces control of their coinage. The collapse of the government of Francis of Anjou in 1583, however, left them without a constitutional ruler to name on those coins. They fell back on the longstanding regional tradition of imitating well accepted foreign coins. In this case they avoided political complications by copying obsolete coins. The gold coins Ferdinand and Isabella issued to the standards of the ducat were widely copied and called ducats. They also imitated the Hungarian ducat and those coins had more influence on the subsequent coinage of the United Provinces. Since the Netherlands became a dominant international trader, the influence of these ducats was global.
Netherlands, 1724 Gold ducat, Utrecht
At first, ducats of Hungarian type struck in the Netherlands had a standing figure on the obverse with the crown and battle axe that St. Ladislaus carried on the Hungarian prototype, but naming him with a different legend. Like the original, but not contemporary, Hungarian ducats, the reverse had a shield, which now showed the coat of arms of the issuing province These types evolved into a standing knight holding a sword and seven arrows representing the seven provinces in the union. The legend, CONCORDIA RES PARVÆ CRESCUNT, shortened in a variation of ways, says "by concord small things increase". It also names—or shows a symbol representing—the province that issued the coin. The reverse had a tablet inscribed and always shortened in the same way: MOneta ORDInum PROVINciarum FOEDERatorum BELGicarum AD LEGem IMPerii, gold money of the federated provinces of Belgium in accordance with the law of the realm. In the Napoleonic period, the Batavian Republic and Louis Bonaparte continued to strike ducats with these designs. These coins were not issued during the annexation of the Netherlands into the French Empire. Since Napoleon’s defeat, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has continued to issue them as trade and bullion coins. The text in the table on the reverse now says MOneta AURea REGni BELGII AD LEGEM IMPERII.
Silver ducaton
See also: ducaton and Dutch guilder
The silver ducaton commenced in the Italian states in the mid-16th century as a large coin of approximately 30 grams fine silver, worth slightly less than the gold ducat or sequin.
Similarly-named coins were also minted in the Low Countries in the 17th and 18th centuries, which became popular negotiepenningen (trade coins) along with gold ducats: the Spanish Netherlands ducaton in 1618 of 30.7 g fine silver, the Dutch Republic's silver rider ducaton in 1659 of 30.45 g fine silver, and (confusingly) the Dutch Republic's smaller zilveren dukaat (silver ducat) in 1659 of 24.36 g fine silver.
Decline
Use of the ducat waned from the 17th century with the minting of freshly-mined Latin American gold to Iberian standards like the Spanish doubloon and the Portuguese moidore. In the 19th century ducats were progressively dropped as standard coin of several nations, most significantly the Latin Monetary Union of 1865 (France, Italy, Switzerland) and the Vienna Monetary Treaty of 1857 (German Confederation, Austria-Hungary). By the 20th century ducats have transitioned from trade coin used in daily commerce to bullion coin for collectors and investors.
Austria continued to strike ducats until 1915, and has continued to restrike the last of them, including some four ducat coins illustrated here. Nevertheless, bullion for Spain's American colonies allowed the Spanish dollar to supersede the ducat as the dominant currency of world trade.
Around 1913, the gold ducat was worth the equivalent of "nine shillings and four pence sterling, or somewhat more than two dollars. The silver ducat is of about half this value." Even now some national mints produce batches of ducats made after old patterns as bullion gold and banks sell these coins to private investors or collectors.
Ducat mints
The 1934 Czechoslovakia 10 Ducat gold coin (on average) contains 34.9000 grams of gold (0.9860 fine) and weighs 1.1063 ounces. This issue is extremely rare as only 68 coins were struck.
Christina, Queen of Sweden, depicted on a 1645 Erfurt 10 ducat coin.
Sigismund III depicted as King of Poland on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1614).
Sigismund III depicted as Grand Duke of Lithuania on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1616).
Austria. The Austrian Mint still mints single and four-ducats, both dated 1915.
Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines minted their own version of the Venetian silver ducat, called the basilikon.
Croatia
Republic of Ragusa
Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic still mints gold replicas (1,4,40 and one hundred ducats)
Denmark
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire; many cities, states and principalities before 1871.
Augsburg
Hamburg many Hanseatic cities issued their own ducats.
Saxony
Hungary. The Hungarian mint still mints commemorative coins with 2, 3, 4 and 6-ducats quality.
Italy
Duchy of Milan
Papal States
Duchy of Savoy
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Duchy of Urbino
Republic of Venice
Republic of Genoa
Netherlands still issues golden and silver ducats having the same weight, composite and design when they were first minted in 1586.
Poland (the historical Red złoty)
Romania
Transylvania
Wallachia
Russia imitated Dutch ducats due to their popularity. Also issued small quantities of Russian design.
Scotland
Kingdom of Serbia
Spain, all through its domains, including Flanders, the Kingdom of Napoli and the Americas.
Sweden
Switzerland. Before the Swiss unification, the Swiss also minted ducats, the most well known of which are the Zürich ducats.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Footnotes
^ Between 1631 and 1648, during the Thirty Years’ War, Erfurt was occupied by Swedish forces, thus the effigy of Queen Christina appears on the 1645 Erfurt 10 Ducat (Portugaloser). There are seven gold coins known to exist bearing the effigy of Queen Christina: a unique 1649 five ducat, and six 1645 10 ducat specimen.
Notes
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ducat". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 628–629.
^ The two concepts of money: implications for the analysis of optimal currency areas, Charles A. E. Goodhart, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol 14 (1986) page 407
^ Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ducat
^ Grierson 1991, p. 12.
^ American Journal of Numismatics, Volumes 50, page 72
^ M. F. Hendy, "Michael IV and Harold Hardrada", The Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh Series, Vol. 10 (1970), p. 197.
^ Porteous 1969, pp. 84, 86.
^ a b Porteous 1969, p. 86.
^ Grierson 1991, p. 110.
^ Byzantine Coins, P. D. Whiting, page 232
^ a b The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, page 112
^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 39.
^ Porteous 1969, p. 174.
^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Italy-Venice
^ a b Porteous 1969, p. 106.
^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Vatican City-The Roman Senate
^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Rhodes and Malta
^ Porteous 1969, pp. 108, 109.
^ Discussed in Guilder#gold guilder
^ Porteous 1969, p. 126.
^ Porteous 1969, p. 132.
^ The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 99
^ Gold Coins of the World, Friedberg, section on Hungary-Habsburg Rulers
^ Grierson 1991, p. 213.
^ Grierson 1991, p. 212.
^ Standard Catalog of World Coins, Chester Krause and Clifford Mishler, Trade Coinage section of the listings for Hungary
^ Global Financial System 1750-2000, Larry Allen, page 128.
^ Cf. Currency of Spanish America#1497 Medina del Campo and Dobla.
^ The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 88.
^ Shaw (1896), p. 391. Ducats: 67 to a Cologne mark (233.856 g), 71/72 fine. Florins: 72 to a Cologne mark, 18½ carats fine.
^ Porteous 1969, p. 184.
^ A Companion to the Global Renaissance, G. Singh ed., page 265
^ Porteous 1969, p. 187 and illustration 213.
^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 88 and illustration 104.
^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 187 and illustration 243.
^ Seyd, Ernest (1868). Bullion and Foreign Exchanges Theoretically and Practically Considered: Followed by a Defence of the Double Valuation, with Special Reference to the Proposed System of Universal Coinage. E. Wilson.
^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Austria
^ "Austria 4 Ducat 1867 to 1915". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
^ A companion to the Global Renissance, Juotsna G. Singh ed., page 265.
^ Webster, Noah (1913). Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. G. & C. Merriam Co. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ Cuhaj 2009, p. 309.
^ Cuhaj 2009, pp. 490–491.
^ Friedberg, Arthur; Friedberg, Ira (2009). Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present (8 ed.). The Coin & Currency Institute. pp. 688–89. ISBN 978-0-87184-308-1.
^ Kunker Rarities Auction, retrieved 1 March 2015
^ Cuhaj 2009, p. 314.
^ Cuhaj 2009, p. 996.
References
Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2009). Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 1601–Present (6 ed.). Krause. ISBN 978-1-4402-0424-1.
Grierson, Philip (1991). The Coins of Medieval Europe. Seaby. ISBN 978-1-85264-058-3.
Porteous, John (1969). Coins in History.
Shaw, William Arthur (1896). The History of Currency, 1252 to 1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being. Putnam.
See also
Money portalNumismatics portal
Look up ducat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ducat.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ducat (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold-Dukaten-KFJ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franz-Josef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"/ˈdʌkət/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"trade coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_coin"},{"link_name":"later Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"sequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequin_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"ducatons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducaton"},{"link_name":"Florentine florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin"},{"link_name":"pound sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"United States dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Ducat (disambiguation).Gold or silver coin used as a trade coin in EuropeAustrian gold ducat depicting Kaiser Franz-Josef, c. 1910The ducat (/ˈdʌkət/) coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around 3.5 grams (0.11 troy ounces) of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries. Similarly named silver ducatons also existed. The gold ducat circulated along with the Florentine florin and preceded both the modern British pound sterling and the United States dollar.[1]","title":"Ducat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dukedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"scyphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scyphate"},{"link_name":"billon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billon_(alloy)"},{"link_name":"trachea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachy_(currency)"},{"link_name":"Roger II of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Assizes of Ariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assizes_of_Ariano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson199112-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roger III of Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_III,_Duke_of_Apulia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Apulia"},{"link_name":"Enrico Dandolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo"},{"link_name":"grossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_grosso"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous196984,_86-6"}],"text":"The word ducat is from Medieval Latin ducalis = \"relating to a duke (or dukedom)\", and initially meant \"duke's coin\" or a \"duchy's coin\".[2]The first issue of scyphate billon coins modelled on Byzantine trachea was made by King Roger II of Sicily as part of the Assizes of Ariano (1140). It was to be a valid issue for the whole kingdom. The first issue bears the figure of Christ[3] and the Latin inscription Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus (meaning \"O Christ, let this duchy, which you rule, be dedicated to you\") on the obverse.[4] On the reverse, Roger II is depicted in the style of a Byzantine emperor and his eldest son, Duke Roger III of Apulia, is depicted in battle dress.[5] The coin took its common name from the Duchy of Apulia, which the younger Roger had been given by his father.Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice introduced a silver ducat which was related to the ducats of Roger II. Later gold ducats of Venice, however, became so important that the name ducat was associated exclusively with them and the silver coins came to be called grossi.[6]","title":"Predecessors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous196986-7"},{"link_name":"hyperpyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyra"},{"link_name":"Michael VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Vespers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1991110-8"},{"link_name":"Great Council of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Council_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous196986-7"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin"},{"link_name":"genovino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genovino"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-10"},{"link_name":"silver grossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_grosso"},{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"St. Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark"},{"link_name":"gonfalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfalone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Venetian lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_lira"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969174-12"},{"link_name":"sequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequin_(coin)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-10"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Loredan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Loredan"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the 13th century, the Venetians imported goods from the East and sold them at a profit north of the Alps.[7] They paid for these goods with Byzantine gold hyperpyra, but when the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos backed the revolt of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, he debased the hyperpyron.[8] This was just one more in a series of debasements of the hyperpyron, and the Great Council of Venice responded with its own coin of pure gold in 1284.[9][7]In 1252 Florence and Genoa introduced the gold florin and genovino, respectively, both of 3.5 grams of 98.6% fine gold; the florin preceded the ducat as Western Europe's first standard gold coin. Venice modeled the size and weight of their ducat on the florin, with a slight increase in weight due to differences in the two cities′ weight systems. The Venetian ducat contained 3.545 grams of 99.47% fine gold, the highest purity medieval metallurgy could produce.[10]Venetian ducat designs followed those of the silver grossi, which were ultimately of Byzantine origin. The obverse shows the Doge of Venice kneeling before St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice. Saint Mark holds the gospel, which is his usual attribute, and presents a gonfalone to the doge. The legend on the left identifies the saint as S M VENET, i.e. Saint Mark of Venice, and the legend on the right identifies the doge, with his title DVX in the field. On the reverse, Christ stands among a field of stars in an oval frame. The reverse legend is the same as on Roger II’s ducats.[11]Succeeding doges of Venice continued striking ducats, changing only their name on the obverse. The ducat had a variable price versus the silver Venetian lira, reaching 6.2 lire or 124 soldi (shillings) by 1470. At that point a ducat worth 124 soldi emerged as a new silver-based unit of account for quoting salaries and costs. Continued depreciation in the silver currency during the 16th century, however, made the gold ducat worth more than 124 soldi.[12] At this point, the currency ducat of 124 soldi had to be distinguished from the higher-valued gold ducat, and the latter was eventually called the ducato de zecca, i.e. ducat of the mint, which was shortened to zecchino and corrupted to sequin.[10]Leonardo Loredan extended the coinage with a half ducat and subsequent doges added a quarter, and various multiples up to 105 ducats. All of these coins continued to use the designs and weight standards of the original 1284 ducat. Even after dates became a common feature of western coinage, Venice struck ducats without them until Napoleon ended the Venetian Republic in 1797.[13]","title":"Gold ducat of Venice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969106-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Dieudonné de Gozon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieudonn%C3%A9_de_Gozon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969108,_109-17"}],"text":"When the Roman Senate introduced gold coinage either the florin or the ducat could have provided an advantageous model to imitate[when?], but the Florentines who controlled the Senate’s finances ensured that their city’s coin was not copied.[14] Instead, the Roman coin showed a senator kneeling before St. Peter on the obverse and Christ amid stars in oval frame on the reverse in direct imitation of the Venetian ducat. The Popes subsequently changed these designs, but continued to strike ducats of the same weight and size into the 16th century.[15]Most imitations of the Venetian ducat were made in the Levant, where Venice spent more money than it received. The Knights of Saint John struck ducats with grand master Dieudonné de Gozon, 1346-1353, kneeling before Saint John on the obverse and an angel seated on the Sepulcher of Christ on the reverse. Subsequent grand masters, however, found it expedient to copy the Venetian types more exactly, first at Rhodes and then on Malta.[16] Genoese traders went further; they struck ducats at Chios that could be distinguished from the Venetian originals only by their workmanship. These debased ducats were problematic for Venice, which valued its money's reputation for purity. The rarity of ducats that Genoese traders struck at Mytilene, Phocaea, and Pera suggests that Venetians melted those they encountered.[17]","title":"Adoption, 14th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hungary_1629_100_Ducats.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969106-14"},{"link_name":"gulden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilder"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Henckels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henckel_von_Donnersmarck"},{"link_name":"Amadeus Aba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_Aba"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Louis I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Saint Ladislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969126-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969132-20"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1991213-23"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrierson1991212-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Ferdinand III depicted on a 100 Hungarian Ducat (1629)In Western Europe, Venice was an active trader but they sold more than they bought, thus giving the Florentine florin an early foothold in the Rhine river valley in 1354.[14] However, this Rhenish florin or gulden was debased over the centuries, from 3.43 g fine gold in 1354, to 2.76 g fine gold by 1419, and to 2.503 g fine gold by 1559.[18]After Henckels assassinated Amadeus Aba in 1311, Charles I of Hungary began a gold coinage exploiting ores of Aba's ancient gold mines. His son, Louis I of Hungary changed the designs by replacing the standing figure of Saint John from the florin with a standing figure of Saint Ladislaus and later changing the lily of Florence to his coat of arms, but he maintained the purity of the gold.[19]In light of the 15th century debasement of the Rhenish florin or goldgulden versus the original ducat,[20] the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V recognized this distinction in 1524 when he made ducats of the Venetian standard valid money in the Empire with a value 39% higher than the gulden.[21] His younger brother and eventual successor, Ferdinand I, brought this system to Hungary in 1526, when he inherited its throne. The still-pure gold coins of Hungary were henceforth called ducats.[22] Their purity made the Hungarian ducat acceptable throughout Europe. Even the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland left records of the ones his king used for gambling.[23]Hungary continued to strike ducats with 3.53133 grams of 98.6% fine gold. Unlike the unchanging designs of the ducats in Venice, the coat of arms on the reverse of the ducats of Hungary was frequently modified to reflect changed circumstances. In 1470, Matthias Corvinus replaced the coat of arms by a Madonna.[24] Hungary struck ducats until 1915, even under Austrian rule. These were used as trade coins and several of the later dates have been restruck.[25]","title":"Hungarian ducats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%96sterreich_-_Dukat_(vierfach),_1915_(Nachpr%C3%A4gung).JPG"},{"link_name":"guilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilder"},{"link_name":"écu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cu"},{"link_name":"escudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudo"},{"link_name":"ashrafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Ashrafi"},{"link_name":"sultani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultani"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"maravedís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"unit of account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_account"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Maximilian—I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"minting ordinances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsm%C3%BCnzordnung"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Austrian four ducats, c. 1915 (official restrike)In the 15th and 16th centuries, international traders in Western Europe shifted from the florin to the ducat as their preferred currency, with ducats often co-circulating with locally minted gold coins like the Rhenish guilder, French écu and Spanish escudo.As rulers reformed their currencies, they frequently used the ducat as a model. The Mamluk ashrafi and the Ottoman sultani are examples.[26]\nIn 1497, Spain reformed its gold excelente into a copy of the ducat which was known as the ducado from 1504. 23¾ carats fine and slightly smaller than the Venetian ducat, each had about 3.484 g of pure gold and was reckoned as 375 maravedís, the typical unit of account at the time.[27] The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian—I initiated his own currency reform, minting gold ducats in Austria from 1511.[28] Gold ducats and florins were established through the rest of the Holy Roman Empire by minting ordinances (Reichsmünzordnung) in 1524, 1559, and later. The ducat weighed 3.49 grams and was 23⅔ carats fine (3.442 g of pure gold) and exchanged at a ratio of 8 ducats for 11 Rhenish florins, which weighed 3.25 grams and were 18½ carats fine (2.503 g of pure gold).[29] The German territories retained these standards until the 19th century.","title":"Adoption, 15th and 16th centuries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Francis of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand and Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969184-30"},{"link_name":"United Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nederland_gouden_dukaat_1724_VOC_scheepswrak_Akerendam.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969p._187_and_illustration_213-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Batavian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Louis Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The Dutch Revolt gave its seven northern provinces control of their coinage. The collapse of the government of Francis of Anjou in 1583, however, left them without a constitutional ruler to name on those coins. They fell back on the longstanding regional tradition of imitating well accepted foreign coins. In this case they avoided political complications by copying obsolete coins. The gold coins Ferdinand and Isabella issued to the standards of the ducat were widely copied and called ducats.[30] They also imitated the Hungarian ducat and those coins had more influence on the subsequent coinage of the United Provinces. Since the Netherlands became a dominant international trader, the influence of these ducats was global.[31]Netherlands, 1724 Gold ducat, UtrechtAt first, ducats of Hungarian type struck in the Netherlands had a standing figure on the obverse with the crown and battle axe that St. Ladislaus carried on the Hungarian prototype, but naming him with a different legend. Like the original, but not contemporary, Hungarian ducats, the reverse had a shield, which now showed the coat of arms of the issuing province[32] These types evolved into a standing knight holding a sword and seven arrows representing the seven provinces in the union. The legend, CONCORDIA RES PARVÆ CRESCUNT, shortened in a variation of ways, says \"by concord small things increase\". It also names—or shows a symbol representing—the province that issued the coin. The reverse had a tablet inscribed and always shortened in the same way: MOneta ORDInum PROVINciarum FOEDERatorum BELGicarum AD LEGem IMPerii, gold money of the federated provinces of Belgium in accordance with the law of the realm.[33] In the Napoleonic period, the Batavian Republic and Louis Bonaparte continued to strike ducats with these designs. These coins were not issued during the annexation of the Netherlands into the French Empire. Since Napoleon’s defeat, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has continued to issue them as trade and bullion coins. The text in the table on the reverse now says MOneta AURea REGni BELGII AD LEGEM IMPERII.[34]","title":"Ducats of the Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ducaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducaton"},{"link_name":"Dutch guilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_guilder"},{"link_name":"ducaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducaton"},{"link_name":"sequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequin_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"}],"text":"See also: ducaton and Dutch guilderThe silver ducaton commenced in the Italian states in the mid-16th century as a large coin of approximately 30 grams fine silver, worth slightly less than the gold ducat or sequin.Similarly-named coins were also minted in the Low Countries in the 17th and 18th centuries, which became popular negotiepenningen (trade coins) along with gold ducats: the Spanish Netherlands ducaton in 1618 of 30.7 g fine silver, the Dutch Republic's silver rider ducaton in 1659 of 30.45 g fine silver, and (confusingly) the Dutch Republic's smaller zilveren dukaat (silver ducat) in 1659 of 24.36 g fine silver.","title":"Silver ducaton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"doubloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubloon"},{"link_name":"moidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moidore"},{"link_name":"Latin Monetary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union"},{"link_name":"Vienna Monetary Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Monetary_Treaty"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"trade coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_coin"},{"link_name":"bullion coin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion_coin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Spanish dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_dollar"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webster-39"},{"link_name":"bullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion"}],"text":"Use of the ducat waned from the 17th century with the minting of freshly-mined Latin American gold to Iberian standards like the Spanish doubloon and the Portuguese moidore. In the 19th century ducats were progressively dropped as standard coin of several nations, most significantly the Latin Monetary Union of 1865 (France, Italy, Switzerland) and the Vienna Monetary Treaty of 1857 (German Confederation, Austria-Hungary).[35] By the 20th century ducats have transitioned from trade coin used in daily commerce to bullion coin for collectors and investors.Austria continued to strike ducats until 1915, and has continued to restrike the last of them,[36] including some four ducat coins illustrated here.[37] Nevertheless, bullion for Spain's American colonies allowed the Spanish dollar to supersede the ducat as the dominant currency of world trade.[38]Around 1913, the gold ducat was worth the equivalent of \"nine shillings and four pence sterling, or somewhat more than two dollars. The silver ducat is of about half this value.\"[39] Even now some national mints produce batches of ducats made after old patterns as bullion gold and banks sell these coins to private investors or collectors.","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_1934_10_Ducats.jpg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009309-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erfurt_(German_States)_1645_10_Ducat_(Portugaloser).jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poland-Danzig_1614_10_Ducats.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sigismund III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009314-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithuania_1616_10_Ducats.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sigismund III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009996-46"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Mint"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"basilikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilikon"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Red złoty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_z%C5%82oty"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Napoli"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"The 1934 Czechoslovakia 10 Ducat gold coin (on average) contains 34.9000 grams of gold (0.9860 fine) and weighs 1.1063 ounces. This issue is extremely rare as only 68 coins were struck.[40]Christina, Queen of Sweden, depicted on a 1645 Erfurt 10 ducat coin. [note 1]Sigismund III depicted as King of Poland on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1614).[44]Sigismund III depicted as Grand Duke of Lithuania on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1616).[45]Austria. The Austrian Mint still mints single and four-ducats, both dated 1915.\nByzantine Empire. The Byzantines minted their own version of the Venetian silver ducat, called the basilikon.\nCroatia\nRepublic of Ragusa\nCzechoslovakia\nCzech Republic still mints gold replicas (1,4,40 and one hundred ducats)\nDenmark\nGermany and the Holy Roman Empire; many cities, states and principalities before 1871.\nAugsburg\nHamburg many Hanseatic cities issued their own ducats.\nSaxony\nHungary. The Hungarian mint still mints commemorative coins with 2, 3, 4 and 6-ducats quality.\nItaly\nDuchy of Milan\nPapal States\nDuchy of Savoy\nKingdom of the Two Sicilies\nDuchy of Urbino\nRepublic of Venice\nRepublic of Genoa\nNetherlands still issues golden and silver ducats having the same weight, composite and design when they were first minted in 1586.\nPoland (the historical Red złoty)\nRomania\nTransylvania\nWallachia\nRussia imitated Dutch ducats due to their popularity. Also issued small quantities of Russian design.\nScotland\nKingdom of Serbia\nSpain, all through its domains, including Flanders, the Kingdom of Napoli and the Americas.\nSweden\nSwitzerland. Before the Swiss unification, the Swiss also minted ducats, the most well known of which are the Zürich ducats.\nKingdom of Yugoslavia","title":"Ducat mints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009490%E2%80%93491-41"},{"link_name":"effigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"^ Between 1631 and 1648, during the Thirty Years’ War, Erfurt was occupied by Swedish forces,[41] thus the effigy of Queen Christina appears on the 1645 Erfurt 10 Ducat (Portugaloser). There are seven gold coins known to exist bearing the effigy of Queen Christina: a unique 1649 five ducat,[42] and six 1645 10 ducat specimen.[43]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Ducat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ducat"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ducat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ducat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson199112_3-0"},{"link_name":"Grierson 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrierson1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous196984,_86_6-0"},{"link_name":"Porteous 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPorteous1969"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous196986_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous196986_7-1"},{"link_name":"Porteous 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPorteous1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrierson1991110_8-0"},{"link_name":"Grierson 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrierson1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oxford_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oxford_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969174_12-0"},{"link_name":"Porteous 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPorteous1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969106_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969106_14-1"},{"link_name":"Porteous 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPorteous1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969108,_109_17-0"},{"link_name":"Porteous 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPorteous1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Guilder#gold guilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilder#gold_guilder"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969126_19-0"},{"link_name":"Porteous 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPorteous1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorteous1969132_20-0"},{"link_name":"Porteous 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//coinquest.com/cgi-bin/cq/coins?main_coin=1510"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-webster_39-0"},{"link_name":"Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140819084335/http://dictionary.x10host.com/?w=ducat"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dictionary.x10host.com/?w=ducat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009309_40-0"},{"link_name":"Cuhaj 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCuhaj2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009490%E2%80%93491_41-0"},{"link_name":"Cuhaj 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCuhaj2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TlnoMdZu40UC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87184-308-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87184-308-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Kunker Rarities Auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.coinupdate.com/kunker-auctions-preview-1573"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009314_45-0"},{"link_name":"Cuhaj 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCuhaj2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuhaj2009996_46-0"},{"link_name":"Cuhaj 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCuhaj2009"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ducat\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 628–629.^ The two concepts of money: implications for the analysis of optimal currency areas, Charles A. E. Goodhart, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol 14 (1986) page 407\n\n^ Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ducat\n\n^ Grierson 1991, p. 12.\n\n^ American Journal of Numismatics, Volumes 50, page 72\n\n^ M. F. Hendy, \"Michael IV and Harold Hardrada\", The Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh Series, Vol. 10 (1970), p. 197.\n\n^ Porteous 1969, pp. 84, 86.\n\n^ a b Porteous 1969, p. 86.\n\n^ Grierson 1991, p. 110.\n\n^ Byzantine Coins, P. D. Whiting, page 232\n\n^ a b The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, page 112\n\n^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 39.\n\n^ Porteous 1969, p. 174.\n\n^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Italy-Venice\n\n^ a b Porteous 1969, p. 106.\n\n^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Vatican City-The Roman Senate\n\n^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Rhodes and Malta\n\n^ Porteous 1969, pp. 108, 109.\n\n^ Discussed in Guilder#gold guilder\n\n^ Porteous 1969, p. 126.\n\n^ Porteous 1969, p. 132.\n\n^ The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 99\n\n^ Gold Coins of the World, Friedberg, section on Hungary-Habsburg Rulers\n\n^ Grierson 1991, p. 213.\n\n^ Grierson 1991, p. 212.\n\n^ Standard Catalog of World Coins, Chester Krause and Clifford Mishler, Trade Coinage section of the listings for Hungary\n\n^ Global Financial System 1750-2000, Larry Allen, page 128.\n\n^ Cf. Currency of Spanish America#1497 Medina del Campo and Dobla.\n\n^ The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 88.\n\n^ Shaw (1896), p. 391. Ducats: 67 to a Cologne mark (233.856 g), 71/72 fine. Florins: 72 to a Cologne mark, 18½ carats fine.\n\n^ Porteous 1969, p. 184.\n\n^ A Companion to the Global Renaissance, G. Singh ed., page 265\n\n^ Porteous 1969, p. 187 and illustration 213.\n\n^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 88 and illustration 104.\n\n^ Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 187 and illustration 243.\n\n^ Seyd, Ernest (1868). Bullion and Foreign Exchanges Theoretically and Practically Considered: Followed by a Defence of the Double Valuation, with Special Reference to the Proposed System of Universal Coinage. E. Wilson.\n\n^ Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Austria\n\n^ \"Austria 4 Ducat 1867 to 1915\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-10.\n\n^ A companion to the Global Renissance, Juotsna G. Singh ed., page 265.\n\n^ Webster, Noah (1913). Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. G. & C. Merriam Co. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2013-10-03.\n\n^ Cuhaj 2009, p. 309.\n\n^ Cuhaj 2009, pp. 490–491.\n\n^ Friedberg, Arthur; Friedberg, Ira (2009). Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present (8 ed.). The Coin & Currency Institute. pp. 688–89. ISBN 978-0-87184-308-1.\n\n^ Kunker Rarities Auction, retrieved 1 March 2015\n\n^ Cuhaj 2009, p. 314.\n\n^ Cuhaj 2009, p. 996.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Austrian gold ducat depicting Kaiser Franz-Josef, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold-Dukaten-KFJ.jpg/220px-Gold-Dukaten-KFJ.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferdinand III depicted on a 100 Hungarian Ducat (1629)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hungary_1629_100_Ducats.jpg/300px-Hungary_1629_100_Ducats.jpg"},{"image_text":"Austrian four ducats, c. 1915 (official restrike)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%C3%96sterreich_-_Dukat_%28vierfach%29%2C_1915_%28Nachpr%C3%A4gung%29.JPG/220px-%C3%96sterreich_-_Dukat_%28vierfach%29%2C_1915_%28Nachpr%C3%A4gung%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Netherlands, 1724 Gold ducat, Utrecht","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nederland_gouden_dukaat_1724_VOC_scheepswrak_Akerendam.jpg/220px-Nederland_gouden_dukaat_1724_VOC_scheepswrak_Akerendam.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1934 Czechoslovakia 10 Ducat gold coin (on average) contains 34.9000 grams of gold (0.9860 fine) and weighs 1.1063 ounces. This issue is extremely rare as only 68 coins were struck.[40]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Czechoslovakia_1934_10_Ducats.jpg/220px-Czechoslovakia_1934_10_Ducats.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christina, Queen of Sweden, depicted on a 1645 Erfurt 10 ducat coin. [note 1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg/220px-Erfurt_%28German_States%29_1645_10_Ducat_%28Portugaloser%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sigismund III depicted as King of Poland on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1614).[44]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Poland-Danzig_1614_10_Ducats.jpg/220px-Poland-Danzig_1614_10_Ducats.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sigismund III depicted as Grand Duke of Lithuania on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1616).[45]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lithuania_1616_10_Ducats.jpg/220px-Lithuania_1616_10_Ducats.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Arnold
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Christoph Arnold
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["1 Life","2 Honors","3 References","4 External links"]
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German astronomer
Christoph Arnold (1650–1695)
Christoph Arnold (17 December 1650 – 15 April 1695) was a German farmer and amateur astronomer.
Life
Born in Sommerfeld near Leipzig, Arnold was a farmer by profession. Interested in astronomy, he spotted the great comet of 1683, eight days before Hevelius did. He also observed the great comet of 1686. In 1686, Kirch went to Leipzig. There, he observed the great comet of 1686, together with Gottfried Kirch. There, Kirch met his second wife, Maria Margarethe Winckelmann (1670–1720), who had actually learned astronomy from Arnold.
Arnold observed the transit of Mercury in front of the sun on 13 October 1690. For this work, he received some money and a tax exemption from the town of Leipzig. He was the author of Göttliche Gnadenzeichen, in einem Sonnenwunder vor Augen gestellt (Leipzig, 1692) which contains an account of the transit of Mercury in 1690. He died at Leipzig.
Honors
Lunar crater Arnold and asteroid 121016 Christopharnold were named in his honor. The asteroid's official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 29 October 2012 (M.P.C. 81070).
References
^ "Arnold, Christoph (1650–1695)". Red Hill Observatory – Christof A. Plicht. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 121016 Christopharnold (1999 BW3)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ "Arnold Crater". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
External links
Chris Plicht, Biographies Archived 15 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Messier Catalog: Online Biography of Gottfried Kirch
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This article about a German astronomer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Christoph Arnold (1650–1695)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ChristophArnold.jpg/240px-ChristophArnold.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Arnold, Christoph (1650–1695)\". Red Hill Observatory – Christof A. Plicht. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215180519/http://www.plicht.de/chris/a01.htm#Arnold,","url_text":"\"Arnold, Christoph (1650–1695)\""},{"url":"http://www.plicht.de/chris/a01.htm#Arnold,","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 121016 Christopharnold (1999 BW3)\". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 11 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2121016","url_text":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 121016 Christopharnold (1999 BW3)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Arnold Crater\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/387","url_text":"\"Arnold Crater\""}]},{"reference":"\"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 11 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html","url_text":"\"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215180519/http://www.plicht.de/chris/a01.htm#Arnold,","external_links_name":"\"Arnold, Christoph (1650–1695)\""},{"Link":"http://www.plicht.de/chris/a01.htm#Arnold,","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2121016","external_links_name":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 121016 Christopharnold (1999 BW3)\""},{"Link":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/387","external_links_name":"\"Arnold Crater\""},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html","external_links_name":"\"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.plicht.de/chris/a01.htm#Arnold","external_links_name":"Chris Plicht, Biographies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215180519/http://www.plicht.de/chris/a01.htm#Arnold","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/kirch.html","external_links_name":"Messier Catalog: Online Biography of Gottfried Kirch"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/10594949","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCCrMXfYCxBxRKgkmfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116349883","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116349883.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/241537495","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Arnold&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrika-Bremer-f%C3%B6rbundet
|
Fredrika Bremer Association
|
["1 Activity","2 History","3 Publications","4 Presidents","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Agda Montelius and Gertrud Adelborg presents the petition for women’s suffrage to prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström in 1899.
The Fredrika Bremer Association (Swedish: Fredrika Bremer Förbundet, abbreviated FBF) is the oldest women's rights organisation in Sweden. The association stands for an inclusive, intersectional and progressive liberal feminism, and advocates for women's rights and LGBT rights.
It is traditionally the foremost organisation of the bourgeois-liberal women's movement in Sweden. It has always been open to both women and men. It is a member of the International Alliance of Women, and is a sister association of the Danish Women's Society, the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights and the Icelandic Women's Rights Association.
Activity
The FBF works with forming public opinion in favor of gender equality by information and activities, and by handing out money from various funds and scholarships. It collaborates with other organisations with similar goals both nationally and internationally. The FBF had a representative in the governmental council of equality.
It is a member of the International Alliance of Women, which has general consultative status with the United Nations ECOSOC. It was also a member of the Joint Organization of Nordic Women's Rights Associations.
History
The organisation was founded in 1884 by a group largely consisting of the board of the women's magazine Home Review. It consisted of the feminist Sophie Adlersparre, Ellen Anckarsvärd,
Fredrika Limnell, Ellen Fries, Hans Hildebrand and G. Sjöberg. It was named in honor of the Swedish novelist Fredrika Bremer, whose novel Hertha was responsible for the legislation emancipating unmarried women from wardship of their male relatives. It also led to the foundation of Gothenburg's Women's Association in Sweden's second city of Gothenburg, which was founded as a local answer to the FBF.
The purpose of the organisation was to support women's rights, to inform women of their rights and to encourage them to use them. At the time of its foundation, for example, the focus was to inform women of their rights to serve in the boards of public institutions, and of the rights of women of a certain income to vote in municipal elections and to use those rights. By 1890, the office of the organisation in Stockholm functioned as an employment agency for women of the middle classes, and offered juridical, economic and medical information and advice to women. It was also noted at that time that many women came there to be informed of the movement for women suffrage. In 1899, a delegation from the FBF presented a suggestion of woman suffrage to prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström. The delegation was headed by Agda Montelius, accompanied by Gertrud Adelborg, who had written the demand. This was the first time the Swedish women's movement themselves had officially presented a demand for suffrage.
In 1890, the Svenska drägtreformföreningen became a part of the FBA, and in 1896, the Married Woman Property Association was merged in the association.
In 1937, the FBF founded the Kommittén för ökad kvinnorepresentation (Literary: 'The committee for increased women's represenation') to lobby for more women in political office and particularly more women in parliament.
Publications
The FBF published the women's magazine Dagny, which succeeded Adlersparre's Home Review in 1886. This publication was renamed Hertha in 1914 and was the oldest women's magazine in the world when it was discontinued in 1999 (it was revived in 2001).
Presidents
1884–1903: Hans Hildebrand
1903–1920: Agda Montelius
1920–1937: Lizinka Dyrssen
1937–1949: Hanna Rydh
1949–1958: Elsa Ewerlöf
1958–1959: Elin Lauritzen
1959–1961: Inger Leijonhufvud
1961–1967: Anna-Greta Hybbinette
1967–1970: Astrid Schönberg
1970–1976: Karin Ahrland
1976–1982: Birgitta Wistrand
1982–1985: Monica Påhlsson
1985–1989: Gerd Forssell
1989–1990: Ann Egefalk
1990–1991: Eivor Lilja
1991–1997: Inge Garstedt
1997–2000: Anna-Karin Sjöstrand
2000–2004: Irene Rundberg
2004–2008: Ann Falkinger
2008–2013: Birgitta Wistrand
2013–2018: Louise Lindfors
2018–2019: Ulrika Kärnborg (Christina Knight, acting)
2020–: Camilla Wagner
References
^ "Historia". fredrikabremer.se (in Swedish). Fredrika Bremer Association. Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
^ Warme, Lars G., ed. (1996). A History of Swedish Literature. A History of Scandinavian Literatures. Vol. 3. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 481. ISBN 0-8032-4750-8. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ a b c d Lundin, Claës (1890). "XXIX. Kvinlig verksamhet". Nya Stockholm (in Swedish). p. 624. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
^ Rönnbäck, Josefin, '"Utan kvinnor inget folkstyre": en historisk exposé över kampen för ökad kvinnorepresentation i Sverige', Tidskrift för genusvetenskap., 2010:3, s. 61-89, 2010
Stig Hadenius, Torbjörn Nilsson & Gunnar Åselius (in Swedish): Sveriges historia. Vad varje svensk bör veta (History of Sweden. What every Swede should know)
External links
Official website
vteLiberal feminismIssues
Gender equality
Women's suffrage
Female education
Right to work
Violence against women
Anti-discrimination law
Sexism
Gender pay gap and equal pay for equal work
Glass ceiling
Women in development
Feminist foreign policy
LGBT+ rights
Variants
Liberal state feminism
Equality feminism
Social feminism
Equity feminism
Difference feminism
Individualist feminism
GroupsPresent
German Association of Female Citizens (1865)
Danish Women's Society (1871)
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (1884)
Fredrika Bremer Association (1884)
International Council of Women (1888)
National Council of Women of the United States (1888)
Naisasialiitto Unioni (1892)
International Alliance of Women (1904)
Icelandic Women's Rights Association (1907)
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1915)
League of Women Voters (1920)
All India Women's Conference (1927)
League of Women Voters of Japan (1946)
Deutscher Frauenring (1949)
All Pakistan Women's Association (1949)
German Women's Council (1951)
Fawcett Society (1953)
National Organization for Women (1966)
National Women's Political Caucus (1971)
UN Women (2010)
Former
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
National Women's Rights Convention (1850)
National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867)
London National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867)
National Woman Suffrage Association (1869)
American Woman Suffrage Association (1869)
National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)
Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (1894)
National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1897)
People
Mary Wollstonecraft
Judith Sargent Murray
John Stuart Mill
Harriet Taylor Mill
Susan B. Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Millicent Fawcett
Na Hye-sok
Gina Krog
Hagbart Berner
Fredrikke Marie Qvam
Carrie Chapman Catt
Margery Corbett Ashby
Hanna Rydh
Margarete Bonnevie
Eva Kolstad
Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
Betty Friedan
Hillary Clinton
SymbolismSunflower
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"intersectional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality"},{"link_name":"liberal feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_feminism"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights"},{"link_name":"International Alliance of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women"},{"link_name":"Danish Women's Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Women%27s_Society"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Association for Women's Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Association_for_Women%27s_Rights"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Women's Rights Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Women%27s_Rights_Association"}],"text":"The Fredrika Bremer Association (Swedish: Fredrika Bremer Förbundet, abbreviated FBF) is the oldest women's rights organisation in Sweden. The association stands for an inclusive, intersectional and progressive liberal feminism, and advocates for women's rights and LGBT rights.It is traditionally the foremost organisation of the bourgeois-liberal women's movement in Sweden. It has always been open to both women and men. It is a member of the International Alliance of Women, and is a sister association of the Danish Women's Society, the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights and the Icelandic Women's Rights Association.","title":"Fredrika Bremer Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Alliance of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women"},{"link_name":"general consultative status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_consultative_status"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"ECOSOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOSOC"},{"link_name":"Joint Organization of Nordic Women's Rights Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Organization_of_Nordic_Women%27s_Rights_Associations"}],"text":"The FBF works with forming public opinion in favor of gender equality by information and activities, and by handing out money from various funds and scholarships. It collaborates with other organisations with similar goals both nationally and internationally. The FBF had a representative in the governmental council of equality.It is a member of the International Alliance of Women, which has general consultative status with the United Nations ECOSOC. It was also a member of the Joint Organization of Nordic Women's Rights Associations.","title":"Activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_magazine"},{"link_name":"Home Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Review"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-1"},{"link_name":"Sophie Adlersparre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Adlersparre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ellen Anckarsvärd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Anckarsv%C3%A4rd"},{"link_name":"Fredrika Limnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrika_Limnell"},{"link_name":"Ellen Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Fries"},{"link_name":"Hans Hildebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hildebrand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundin-3"},{"link_name":"Fredrika Bremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer"},{"link_name":"Hertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_(novel)"},{"link_name":"emancipating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_majority"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg's Women's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg%27s_Women%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundin-3"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundin-3"},{"link_name":"women suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundin-3"},{"link_name":"Erik Gustaf Boström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Bostr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Agda Montelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agda_Montelius"},{"link_name":"Gertrud Adelborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrud_Adelborg"},{"link_name":"Svenska drägtreformföreningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_dr%C3%A4gtreformf%C3%B6reningen"},{"link_name":"Married Woman Property Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_Woman_Property_Association"},{"link_name":"Kommittén för ökad kvinnorepresentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommitt%C3%A9n_f%C3%B6r_%C3%B6kad_kvinnorepresentation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The organisation was founded in 1884 by a group largely consisting of the board of the women's magazine Home Review.[1] It consisted of the feminist Sophie Adlersparre,[2] Ellen Anckarsvärd, \nFredrika Limnell, Ellen Fries, Hans Hildebrand and G. Sjöberg.[3] It was named in honor of the Swedish novelist Fredrika Bremer, whose novel Hertha was responsible for the legislation emancipating unmarried women from wardship of their male relatives. It also led to the foundation of Gothenburg's Women's Association in Sweden's second city of Gothenburg, which was founded as a local answer to the FBF.The purpose of the organisation was to support women's rights, to inform women of their rights and to encourage them to use them. At the time of its foundation, for example, the focus was to inform women of their rights to serve in the boards of public institutions, and of the rights of women of a certain income to vote in municipal elections and to use those rights.[3] By 1890, the office of the organisation in Stockholm functioned as an employment agency for women of the middle classes, and offered juridical, economic and medical information and advice to women.[3] It was also noted at that time that many women came there to be informed of the movement for women suffrage.[3] In 1899, a delegation from the FBF presented a suggestion of woman suffrage to prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström. The delegation was headed by Agda Montelius, accompanied by Gertrud Adelborg, who had written the demand. This was the first time the Swedish women's movement themselves had officially presented a demand for suffrage.In 1890, the Svenska drägtreformföreningen became a part of the FBA, and in 1896, the Married Woman Property Association was merged in the association.In 1937, the FBF founded the Kommittén för ökad kvinnorepresentation (Literary: 'The committee for increased women's represenation') to lobby for more women in political office and particularly more women in parliament.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_magazine"},{"link_name":"Dagny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagny_(Swedish_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Home Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Review"},{"link_name":"Hertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_(magazine)"}],"text":"The FBF published the women's magazine Dagny, which succeeded Adlersparre's Home Review in 1886. This publication was renamed Hertha in 1914 and was the oldest women's magazine in the world when it was discontinued in 1999 (it was revived in 2001).","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Hildebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hildebrand"},{"link_name":"Agda Montelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agda_Montelius"},{"link_name":"Lizinka Dyrssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizinka_Dyrssen"},{"link_name":"Hanna Rydh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Rydh"},{"link_name":"Elsa Ewerlöf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Ewerl%C3%B6f"},{"link_name":"Elin Lauritzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Lauritzen"},{"link_name":"Inger Leijonhufvud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inger_Leijonhufvud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna-Greta Hybbinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna-Greta_Hybbinette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Astrid Schönberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrid_Sch%C3%B6nberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karin Ahrland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Ahrland"},{"link_name":"Birgitta Wistrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birgitta_Wistrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monica Påhlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monica_P%C3%A5hlsson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerd Forssell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Forssell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ann Egefalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Egefalk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eivor Lilja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eivor_Lilja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inge Garstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Garstedt"},{"link_name":"Anna-Karin Sjöstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna-Karin_Sj%C3%B6strand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irene Rundberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irene_Rundberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ann Falkinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Falkinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birgitta Wistrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birgitta_Wistrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louise Lindfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Lindfors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camilla Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camilla_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1884–1903: Hans Hildebrand\n1903–1920: Agda Montelius\n1920–1937: Lizinka Dyrssen\n1937–1949: Hanna Rydh\n1949–1958: Elsa Ewerlöf\n1958–1959: Elin Lauritzen\n1959–1961: Inger Leijonhufvud\n1961–1967: Anna-Greta Hybbinette\n1967–1970: Astrid Schönberg\n1970–1976: Karin Ahrland\n1976–1982: Birgitta Wistrand\n1982–1985: Monica Påhlsson\n1985–1989: Gerd Forssell\n1989–1990: Ann Egefalk\n1990–1991: Eivor Lilja\n1991–1997: Inge Garstedt\n1997–2000: Anna-Karin Sjöstrand\n2000–2004: Irene Rundberg\n2004–2008: Ann Falkinger\n2008–2013: Birgitta Wistrand\n2013–2018: Louise Lindfors\n2018–2019: Ulrika Kärnborg (Christina Knight, acting)\n2020–: Camilla Wagner","title":"Presidents"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Agda Montelius and Gertrud Adelborg presents the petition for women’s suffrage to prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström in 1899.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/R%C3%B6str%C3%A4ttspetitionen.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6str%C3%A4ttspetitionen.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Historia\". fredrikabremer.se (in Swedish). Fredrika Bremer Association. Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. Retrieved 2019-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322112950/http://www.fredrikabremer.se/om-fbf/historia/","url_text":"\"Historia\""},{"url":"http://www.fredrikabremer.se/om-fbf/historia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Warme, Lars G., ed. (1996). A History of Swedish Literature. A History of Scandinavian Literatures. Vol. 3. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 481. ISBN 0-8032-4750-8. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JjeZz-OiwC&pg=PA481","url_text":"A History of Swedish Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4750-8","url_text":"0-8032-4750-8"}]},{"reference":"Lundin, Claës [in Swedish] (1890). \"XXIX. Kvinlig verksamhet\". Nya Stockholm (in Swedish). p. 624. Retrieved 2019-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cla%C3%ABs_Lundin","url_text":"Lundin, Claës"},{"url":"https://runeberg.org/nyasthlm/0642.html","url_text":"\"XXIX. Kvinlig verksamhet\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterkaifeck_murders
|
Hinterkaifeck murders
|
["1 Location","2 Murders","2.1 Prelude","2.2 31 March to 1 April 1922","2.3 Discovery","3 Investigation","3.1 Inconsistencies","4 Suspects","4.1 Karl Gabriel","4.2 Lorenz Schlittenbauer","4.3 Gump brothers","4.4 Karl S. and Andreas S.","4.5 Peter Weber","4.6 Bichler brothers and Georg Siegl","4.7 Thaler brothers","4.8 Paul Mueller","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 48°35′40″N 11°19′20″E / 48.59444°N 11.32222°E / 48.59444; 11.32222Unsolved 1922 killings in Germany
HinterkaifeckHinterkaifeck five days after the attackLocationWaidhofen, Bavaria, GermanyDate31 March 1922TargetGruber familyAttack typeHome invasion, mass murderWeaponsMattockDeaths6PerpetratorsUnknown
The Hinterkaifeck murders occurred on the evening of 31 March 1922, when six inhabitants of a small Bavarian farmstead, located approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Munich, Germany, were murdered by an unknown assailant. The six victims were Andreas Gruber (aged 63), his wife Cäzilia Gruber (aged 72), their widowed daughter Viktoria Gabriel (aged 35), Viktoria's children, Cäzilia (aged 7) and Josef (aged 2), and the maid, Maria Baumgartner (aged 44). They were all found struck dead with a mattock, also known as a "grub axe". The perpetrator(s) lived with the six corpses of their victims for three days. During this time, they would eat the food in the house, feed the animals on the property, and start fires in the home's fireplace. The murders are considered one of the most gruesome and puzzling unsolved crimes in German history.
Four of the dead bodies were found stacked up in the barn, the victims having been lured there, one by one. Prior to the incident, the family and their former maid reported hearing strange noises coming from the attic, which led to that maid leaving. The case remains unsolved to this day.
Location
The farm at Hinterkaifeck was built around 1863.
Less than a year after the murders, and the murder investigation, the farm was completely demolished. Additional evidence was revealed, including a mattock hidden in the attic and a pen-knife found in the hay in the barn.
Murders
Prelude
Six victims of murder. From left to right: Andreas Gruber, Cäzilia Gruber, Viktoria Gabriel, Cäzilia Gabriel, Josef Gabriel and Maria Baumgartner.
There were some strange occurrences in and around Hinterkaifeck sometime shortly before the attack. Six months prior to the attack, the family maid had quit. It has been widely claimed that her reason for leaving was that she had heard strange sounds in the attic and believed the house to be haunted. Andreas Gruber found a strange newspaper from Munich on the property in March 1922. He could not remember buying it and initially believed that the postman had lost the newspaper. This was not the case, however, as no one in the vicinity subscribed to the paper. Just days before the murders, Gruber told neighbours he had discovered tracks in the fresh snow that led from the forest to a broken door lock in the farm's machine room.
Later, during the night, they heard footsteps in the attic, but Gruber found no one when he searched the building. Although he told several people about these alleged observations, he refused offers of help and the details went unreported to the police. According to a school friend of the seven-year-old Cäzilia Gabriel, the young girl reported that her mother Viktoria had fled the farm the night before the act after a violent quarrel and only hours later had been found in the forest.
31 March to 1 April 1922
On the afternoon of Friday 31 March 1922, the new maid, Maria Baumgartner, arrived at the farm. Maria's sister had escorted her there and left the farm after a short stay. She was most likely the last person to see the inhabitants alive. It appears that in the late evening, Viktoria Gabriel, her seven-year-old daughter Cäzilia, and her parents Andreas and Cäzilia, were lured to the family barn through the stable, where they were murdered, one at a time. The perpetrator(s) used a mattock belonging to the family farm and killed the family with blows to the head. The perpetrator(s) then moved into the living quarters, where—with the same murder weapon—they killed Josef, sleeping in his bassinet, and Baumgartner, in her bedchamber.
Discovery
Four days passed between the murders and the discovery of the bodies. On 1 April, coffee sellers Hans Schirovsky and Eduard Schirovsky arrived in Hinterkaifeck to take an order. When no one responded to the knocks on the door and the window, they walked around the yard but found no one. They noticed that the gate to the machine house was open, then decided to leave. Cäzilia Gabriel was absent from school without excuse for the next few days, and the family failed to show up for Sunday worship.
Local mechanic Albert Hofner went to Hinterkaifeck on 4 April to repair an engine. He stated that he had not seen any of the family and had heard nothing but the sounds of the farm animals and the dog inside the barn. After waiting for an hour, he decided to start his repair, which he completed in roughly four and a half hours.
Around 3:30 p.m., Lorenz Schlittenbauer sent his son Johann (16) and stepson Josef (9) to Hinterkaifeck to see if they could make contact with the family. When they reported that they had not seen anyone, Schlittenbauer headed to the farm the same day with Michael Pöll and Jakob Sigl. Entering the barn, they found the bodies of Andreas Gruber, his wife Cäzilia Gruber, his daughter Viktoria Gabriel, and his granddaughter Cäzilia. Shortly afterwards, they found the chambermaid, Maria Baumgartner, and the youngest family member, Josef, murdered in the homestead.
Investigation
Inspector Georg Reingruber and his department investigated the killings. Initial investigations were hampered by the number of people who had interacted with the crime scene, moved bodies and items around, and even cooked and eaten meals in the kitchen. The day after the discovery of the bodies, court physician Johann Baptist Aumüller performed autopsies in the barn. It was established that a mattock was the most likely murder weapon, although the weapon itself was not found at the scene. Evidence showed that the younger Cäzilia had been alive for several hours after the assault—she had torn her hair out in tufts while lying in the straw. The skulls of the victims were removed and sent to Munich for further examination.
First suspecting the motive to be robbery, the police interrogated travelling craftsmen, vagrants, and several inhabitants from the surrounding villages, but they abandoned this theory when a large amount of money was found in the house. It was clear that the perpetrator(s) had remained at the farm for several days; someone had fed the cattle, consumed the entire supply of bread from the kitchen, and had recently cut meat from the pantry.
With no clear motive to be gleaned from the crime scene, the police began to formulate a list of suspects. Despite repeated arrests, no murderer has ever been found and the files were closed in 1955. The last interrogations took place in 1986, before detective chief superintendent Konrad Müller retired.
Inconsistencies
In the inspection record of the court commission, it was noted that the victims were probably drawn to the barn by restlessness in the stable resulting in noises from the animals. A later attempt, however, revealed that at least human screams from the barn could not be heard in the living area.
On the night after the crime, three days before the bodies were discovered, the artisan Michael Plöckl happened to pass by Hinterkaifeck. He observed that the oven had been heated by someone. That person had approached him with a lantern and blinded him, whereupon he hastily continued on his way. Plöckl also noticed that the smoke from the fireplace had a revolting smell. This incident was not followed up and no investigation was conducted to determine what had been burned that night in the oven.
On 1 April at 3:00 a.m., the farmer and butcher, Simon Reißländer, on his way home near Brunnen, saw two mysterious figures at the edge of the forest. When the strangers saw him, they turned around so that their faces could not be seen. Later, when he heard of the murders in Hinterkaifeck, he thought it possible that the strangers might be involved.
In the middle of May 1927, a stranger was said to have stopped a resident of Waidhofen at midnight, asking him questions about the murder before shouting that he was the murderer and then running into the woods. The stranger was never identified.
Suspects
Karl Gabriel
Karl Gabriel was the husband of widowed Viktoria Gabriel. He had reportedly been killed in December 1914, during the First World War, by a shell attack in Arras, France, but his body had never been recovered. After the murders, people began to speculate about whether he had in fact died in the war. Viktoria had conceived and given birth to her son Josef in her husband's absence. The boy was rumoured to have been the product of an incestuous "relationship" between Viktoria and her father Andreas, which was documented in court and known in the village. Andreas was found to be raping his daughter and the town convicted them both of incest.
After the end of the Second World War, war captives from the Schrobenhausen region who were released prematurely from Soviet captivity claimed that they had been sent home by a German-speaking Soviet officer who claimed to be the Hinterkaifeck murderer. However, some of the men later revised their statements, which diminishes their credibility. Many theorized that the Soviet officer in question might have been Karl Gabriel, because those who claimed to have seen Gabriel after his reported death testified that he had wanted to go to Russia.
Lorenz Schlittenbauer
Shortly after the death of his first wife in 1918, Lorenz Schlittenbauer was believed to have had a relationship with Viktoria Gabriel and fathered Josef. Schlittenbauer came under suspicion by locals early in the investigation because of his several suspicious actions immediately after the discovery of the bodies. When Schlittenbauer and his friends arrived to investigate, they had to break a gate to enter the barn because all of the doors were locked. However, immediately after finding the four bodies in the barn, Schlittenbauer apparently unlocked the front door with a key and (suspiciously) entered the house alone. A key to the house had gone missing several days before the murders, though it is also possible that Schlittenbauer, as a neighbor or as Viktoria's potential lover, might have been given a key. When asked by his companions why he had gone into the house alone when it was unclear if the murderer might still be there, Schlittenbauer allegedly stated that he went to look for his son Josef. It is known that Schlittenbauer had disturbed the bodies at the scene, thus potentially compromising the investigation.
For many years after, local suspicion remained on Schlittenbauer because of his strange comments, which were seen as indicating knowledge of details that only the killer would recall. According to his information in the files for the case, local teacher Hans Yblagger discovered Schlittenbauer visiting the remains of the demolished Hinterkaifeck in 1925. Upon being asked why he was there, Schlittenbauer stated that the perpetrator's attempt to bury the family's remains in the barn had been hindered by the frozen ground. This was seen as evidence that Schlittenbauer had intimate knowledge of the conditions of the ground at the time of the murders, although being a neighbor and familiar with the local land, he may have been making an educated guess. Another speculation was that Schlittenbauer murdered the family after Viktoria demanded financial support for young Josef. Before his death in 1941, Schlittenbauer conducted and won several civil claims for slander against persons who described him as the "murderer of Hinterkaifeck".
Gump brothers
Adolf Gump was listed as a suspect as early as 9 April due to his connections to the Freikorps Oberland. As a Freikorps member, Gump was said to have participated in the murder of nine farmers in Upper Silesia during the fight against the 1921 Polish uprising in the region. He had a warrant for his arrest issued by the district court of Opole.
In 1951, prosecutor Andreas Popp investigated brothers Adolf and Anton Gump in relation to the murders at Hinterkaifeck. Their sister, Kreszentia Mayer, claimed on her deathbed that Adolf and Anton had committed the murders. As a result, Anton Gump was remanded to police custody, but Adolf had already died in 1944. After a short time, however, Anton was dismissed again, and in 1954, the case against him was finally discontinued because he could not be proven to have participated in the crime.
Karl S. and Andreas S.
In 1971, a woman named Therese T. wrote a letter citing an event in her youth: At the age of 12, she witnessed her mother receiving a visit from the mother of the brothers Karl and Andreas S. The woman claimed that her sons from Sattelberg were the two murderers of Hinterkaifeck. The mother said, "Andreas regretted that he lost his penknife" in the course of the conversation. In fact, when the farm was demolished in 1923, a pocket knife was found that could not be clearly assigned to anyone. However, the knife could have easily belonged to one of the murder victims. This track was followed without result. Kreszenz Rieger, the former maid of Hinterkaifeck, was certain she had already seen the penknife in the yard during her service.
Peter Weber
Peter Weber was named a suspect by Josef Betz. The two worked together in the winter of 1919–1920 as labourers and they shared a room. According to Betz, Weber spoke of a remote farm, Hinterkaifeck. Weber knew that only one old couple lived there with their daughter and her two children. It is likely he knew about the incest between Gruber and his daughter. Betz testified in a hearing that Weber had suggested killing the old man to get the family's money. When Betz did not respond to the offer, Weber stopped talking about it.
Bichler brothers and Georg Siegl
The former maid, Kreszenz Rieger, worked from November 1920 to about September 1921 at Hinterkaifeck. She suspected the brothers Anton and Karl Bichler to have committed the murders. Anton Bichler had helped with the potato harvest at Hinterkaifeck and therefore knew the premises. Rieger said Bichler talked to her often about the Gruber and Gabriel family. Anton reportedly suggested that the family ought to be dead. The maid also emphasised in her interrogation that the farm dog, who barked at everyone, never barked at Anton. In addition, she reported speaking with a stranger through her window at night. The maid believed that it was Karl Bichler, the brother of Anton. She thought that Anton and Karl Bichler could have committed the murder together with Georg Siegl, who had worked at Hinterkaifeck and knew of the family fortune. Supposedly, Siegl had broken into the home in November 1920 and stolen a number of items, though he denied it. He did state that he had carved the handle of the murder weapon when he was working at Hinterkaifeck and knew that the tool would have been kept in the barn passage.
Thaler brothers
The Thaler brothers were also suspected, according to a statement by the former maid, Kreszenz Rieger. The brothers had already committed several minor burglaries in the area before the crime. Rieger said that Josef Thaler stood at her window at night and asked her questions about the family, but she gave no answer. In conversation, Josef Thaler claimed to know which family member was sleeping in which room and stated that they had a lot of money. During their conversation, Rieger noted that there was another person nearby. According to her statement, Josef Thaler and the stranger had looked at the machine house and turned their eyes upwards.
Paul Mueller
Author Bill James, in his book, The Man from the Train, alleges that a man known as Paul Mueller, a German migrant, may have been responsible for the murders. Mueller was the only suspect in the 1898 murder of a Massachusetts family, and James believes Mueller killed dozens of victims based on research in American newspaper archives. The Hinterkaifeck murders bear some similarities to Mueller's suspected crimes in the United States, including the slaughter of an entire family in their isolated home, use of the blunt edge of a farm tool as a weapon (a pickaxe), moving and stacking bodies of the victims, and the apparent absence of robbery as a motive. James suspects that Mueller, described as a German immigrant in contemporary media, might have departed the US for his homeland by 1912 after private investigators and journalists began to notice and publicize patterns in family murders across state lines.
Legacy
Shrine near site of former farmstead
Many books and newspaper articles have been devoted to the murders. A series of articles by Josef Ludwig Hecker in the Schrobenhausener Zeitung revived interest in the murders.
A documentary film, Hinterkaifeck – Symbol des Unheimlichen (1981), is based on the Leuschner book; Hans Fegert adapted the book, directed the film (shot on Super 8, with sound), and was the cameraman. The film was shown regularly in Ingolstadt. Ten years later, Reinhard Keilich's play Hinterkaifeck – Deutschlands geheimnisvollster Mordfall (1991) was produced, and at the same time Kurt K. Hieber produced another documentary, shot on location, and shown on television and in local cinemas. Also in 1991, radio station Funkhaus Ingolstadt aired a documentary, Hinterkaifeck – auf den Spuren eines Mörders, and the Abendzeitung (München) ran a series of articles called Die sechs Toten vom Einödhof – Bayerns rätselhaftestes Verbrechen.
In 2007, 15 students of the Polizeifachhochschule (police academy) in Fürstenfeldbruck examined the case using modern criminal investigation techniques. In their final report (in German), they confirmed the meticulousness of the investigation at the time, but criticized the lack of professional forensics. In particular, the failure to take fingerprints was criticized, as this was already common practice at the time. Although it is almost certain that the murderer(s) can no longer be identified, all authors of the report independently agreed on who the main suspect in the case was. However, his name was not mentioned out of consideration for his descendants.
In 2017, the last chapter of The Man from the Train, by Bill James and his daughter Rachel McCarthy James, briefly discusses the murders at Hinterkaifeck. The authors explain the possibility that the German crimes might have been committed by Paul Mueller, the titular serial killer the authors believe killed several families in the United States under similar circumstances between 1898 and 1912. The murders attributed to Mueller, including the Villisca axe murders, were apparently random nighttime home invasions in or near small railroad towns that left entire families bludgeoned to death with the blunt end of an axe, and were probably motivated by a sadistic and necrophilic attraction to prepubescent girls. The authors rate the chances of Mueller as the Hinterkaifeck killer as "more or less a toss-up" but conclude "there's no real reason to believe that it's not him".
See also
Axe murder
List of unsolved murders
References
^ "Sonstiges: Der Hof Hinterkaifeck – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
^ Olfen, Sabine (27 March 2012). "90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Fortgang des Hofes". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Case 124: Hinterkaifeck". Casefile: True Crime Podcast. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
^ "Aussagen: 1952-01-10 Mayer Josef – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Der Mythos Hinterkaifeck • Hinterkaifeck". Hinterkaifeck.
^ a b c d Olfen, Sabine (27 March 2012). "90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck - Der Fall". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "Aussagen: 1922-04-05 Schirovsky Hans u. Eduard – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ Leuschner, Peter (1997): Hinterkaifeck. Spuren eines mysteriösen Verbrechens. p. 76 ff.
^ Manuela, Mayr (21 March 2012). "Hinterkaifeck oder der Reiz des Ungewissen". Augsburger Allgemeine (in German). Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "Berichte: 1922-04-06 Wiessner Konrad, Oberamtsrichter – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
^ "Sachverhalte: Die Begegnung am Backofen – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Aussagen: 1922-04-10 Reisländer Simon – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Zeitungsartikel: 1931-04-01 Schrobenhausener Zeitung – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Inzestuöse Beziehung Viktoria Gabriel / Andreas Gruber". Der Mordfall Hinterkaifeck. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
^ Olfen, Sabine (27 March 2012). "90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Der Verdächtige Karl Gabriel". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "Aussagen: 1952-01-10 Sigl Jakob – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Berichte: 1922-04-06 Wiessner Konrad, Oberamtsrichter – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ Olfen, Sabine (23 March 2012). "90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Der Verdächtige Lorenz Schlittenbauer". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ Mayr, Stefan (17 May 2010). "Geheimnis um eine siebte Leiche". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ The Mysterious Murders of Hinterkaifeck on Youtube
^ "Verdächtige". waldpilze.de.tl (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
^ Walter, Dirk (27 March 2022). "Hinterkaifeck: Wilde Theorien um den Täter". OVB Heimatzeitungen (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
^ "Personen: Gump Adolf – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
^ Olfen (27 March 2012). "90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Die Verdächtigen Gump". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "hinterkaifeck-mord". www.hinterkaifeck-mord.de.
^ "Sachverhalte: Taschenmesser – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Aussagen: 1922-04-07 Betz Josef – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Aussagen: 1922-04-24 Rieger Kreszenz – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Aussagen: 1922-04-27 Siegl Georg – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Personen: Siegl Georg – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ "Aussagen: 1952-07-09 Rieger Kreszenz I – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki". www.hinterkaifeck.net.
^ Bill James, Rachel McCarthy James (2017). The Man from the Train: The Solving of a Century-Old Serial Killer Mystery. New York: Scribner ISBN 978-1-4767-9625-3
^ a b c Rödig, Bernhard (22 April 2008). "Bleibendes Rätsel um den sechsfachen Mord". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ Brandl, Michael (16 August 2017). "Mehrfachmord und Wiedersehensfreude". Donaukurier (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ "Hinterkaifeck – Ein Mordfall und kein Ende". www.hinterkaifeck.net. Fachhochschule für Verwaltung und Recht in Fürstenfeldbruck bei München. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ James, Bill; James, Rachel McCarthy (2017). The man from the train: the solving of a century-old serial killer mystery. New York: Scribner. ISBN 9781476796253. OCLC 962016034.
Bibliography
Guido Golla (2016). Hinterkaifeck: Autopsie eines Sechsfachmordes. Norderstedt, ISBN 978-3-741239-53-3.
External links
Interviews, pictures, maps and theories (German)
48°35′40″N 11°19′20″E / 48.59444°N 11.32222°E / 48.59444; 11.32222
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"farmstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmstead"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"mattock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattock"}],"text":"Unsolved 1922 killings in GermanyThe Hinterkaifeck murders occurred on the evening of 31 March 1922, when six inhabitants of a small Bavarian farmstead, located approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Munich, Germany, were murdered by an unknown assailant. The six victims were Andreas Gruber (aged 63), his wife Cäzilia Gruber (aged 72), their widowed daughter Viktoria Gabriel (aged 35), Viktoria's children, Cäzilia (aged 7) and Josef (aged 2), and the maid, Maria Baumgartner (aged 44). They were all found struck dead with a mattock, also known as a \"grub axe\". The perpetrator(s) lived with the six corpses of their victims for three days. During this time, they would eat the food in the house, feed the animals on the property, and start fires in the home's fireplace. The murders are considered one of the most gruesome and puzzling unsolved crimes in German history.Four of the dead bodies were found stacked up in the barn, the victims having been lured there, one by one. Prior to the incident, the family and their former maid reported hearing strange noises coming from the attic, which led to that maid leaving. The case remains unsolved to this day.","title":"Hinterkaifeck murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mattock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The farm at Hinterkaifeck was built around 1863.[1]Less than a year after the murders, and the murder investigation, the farm was completely demolished. Additional evidence was revealed, including a mattock hidden in the attic and a pen-knife found in the hay in the barn.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victim_Andreas_Gruber.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victim_C%C3%A4zilia_Gruber.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victim_Viktoria_Gabriel.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victim_C%C3%A4zilia_Gabriel.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victim_Josef_Gabriel.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victim_Maria_Baumgartner.png"},{"link_name":"haunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_house"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Prelude","text":"Six victims of murder. From left to right: Andreas Gruber, Cäzilia Gruber, Viktoria Gabriel, Cäzilia Gabriel, Josef Gabriel and Maria Baumgartner.There were some strange occurrences in and around Hinterkaifeck sometime shortly before the attack. Six months prior to the attack, the family maid had quit. It has been widely claimed that her reason for leaving was that she had heard strange sounds in the attic and believed the house to be haunted. Andreas Gruber found a strange newspaper from Munich on the property in March 1922. He could not remember buying it and initially believed that the postman had lost the newspaper.[3] This was not the case, however, as no one in the vicinity subscribed to the paper.[4] Just days before the murders, Gruber told neighbours he had discovered tracks in the fresh snow that led from the forest to a broken door lock in the farm's machine room.[3]Later, during the night, they heard footsteps in the attic, but Gruber found no one when he searched the building. Although he told several people about these alleged observations, he refused offers of help and the details went unreported to the police.[3] According to a school friend of the seven-year-old Cäzilia Gabriel, the young girl reported that her mother Viktoria had fled the farm the night before the act after a violent quarrel and only hours later had been found in the forest.[5]","title":"Murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olfen-6"}],"sub_title":"31 March to 1 April 1922","text":"On the afternoon of Friday 31 March 1922, the new maid, Maria Baumgartner, arrived at the farm. Maria's sister had escorted her there and left the farm after a short stay.[3] She was most likely the last person to see the inhabitants alive. It appears that in the late evening, Viktoria Gabriel, her seven-year-old daughter Cäzilia, and her parents Andreas and Cäzilia, were lured to the family barn through the stable, where they were murdered, one at a time.[3] The perpetrator(s) used a mattock belonging to the family farm and killed the family with blows to the head. The perpetrator(s) then moved into the living quarters, where—with the same murder weapon—they killed Josef, sleeping in his bassinet, and Baumgartner, in her bedchamber.[6]","title":"Murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_in_German_law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olfen-6"},{"link_name":"mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olfen-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olfen-6"}],"sub_title":"Discovery","text":"Four days passed between the murders and the discovery of the bodies. On 1 April, coffee sellers Hans Schirovsky and Eduard Schirovsky arrived in Hinterkaifeck to take an order. When no one responded to the knocks on the door and the window, they walked around the yard but found no one. They noticed that the gate to the machine house was open, then decided to leave.[7] Cäzilia Gabriel was absent from school without excuse for the next few days, and the family failed to show up for Sunday worship.[6]Local mechanic Albert Hofner went to Hinterkaifeck on 4 April to repair an engine. He stated that he had not seen any of the family and had heard nothing but the sounds of the farm animals and the dog inside the barn. After waiting for an hour, he decided to start his repair, which he completed in roughly four and a half hours.[3]Around 3:30 p.m., Lorenz Schlittenbauer sent his son Johann (16) and stepson Josef (9) to Hinterkaifeck to see if they could make contact with the family. When they reported that they had not seen anyone, Schlittenbauer headed to the farm the same day with Michael Pöll and Jakob Sigl.[6] Entering the barn, they found the bodies of Andreas Gruber, his wife Cäzilia Gruber, his daughter Viktoria Gabriel, and his granddaughter Cäzilia. Shortly afterwards, they found the chambermaid, Maria Baumgartner, and the youngest family member, Josef, murdered in the homestead.[6]","title":"Murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autopsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsies"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"vagrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrants"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Inspector Georg Reingruber and his department investigated the killings. Initial investigations were hampered by the number of people who had interacted with the crime scene, moved bodies and items around, and even cooked and eaten meals in the kitchen. The day after the discovery of the bodies, court physician Johann Baptist Aumüller performed autopsies in the barn. It was established that a mattock was the most likely murder weapon, although the weapon itself was not found at the scene. Evidence showed that the younger Cäzilia had been alive for several hours after the assault—she had torn her hair out in tufts while lying in the straw. The skulls of the victims were removed and sent to Munich for further examination.[8]First suspecting the motive to be robbery, the police interrogated travelling craftsmen, vagrants, and several inhabitants from the surrounding villages, but they abandoned this theory when a large amount of money was found in the house.[3] It was clear that the perpetrator(s) had remained at the farm for several days; someone had fed the cattle, consumed the entire supply of bread from the kitchen, and had recently cut meat from the pantry.[3]With no clear motive to be gleaned from the crime scene, the police began to formulate a list of suspects. Despite repeated arrests, no murderer has ever been found and the files were closed in 1955. The last interrogations took place in 1986, before detective chief superintendent Konrad Müller retired.[9]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"artisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Inconsistencies","text":"In the inspection record of the court commission, it was noted that the victims were probably drawn to the barn by restlessness in the stable resulting in noises from the animals. A later attempt, however, revealed that at least human screams from the barn could not be heard in the living area.[3][10]On the night after the crime, three days before the bodies were discovered, the artisan Michael Plöckl happened to pass by Hinterkaifeck. He observed that the oven had been heated by someone. That person had approached him with a lantern and blinded him, whereupon he hastily continued on his way. Plöckl also noticed that the smoke from the fireplace had a revolting smell. This incident was not followed up and no investigation was conducted to determine what had been burned that night in the oven.[11]On 1 April at 3:00 a.m., the farmer and butcher, Simon Reißländer, on his way home near Brunnen, saw two mysterious figures at the edge of the forest. When the strangers saw him, they turned around so that their faces could not be seen. Later, when he heard of the murders in Hinterkaifeck, he thought it possible that the strangers might be involved.[12]In the middle of May 1927, a stranger was said to have stopped a resident of Waidhofen at midnight, asking him questions about the murder before shouting that he was the murderer and then running into the woods. The stranger was never identified.[13]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"incestuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Schrobenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrobenhausen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Karl Gabriel","text":"Karl Gabriel was the husband of widowed Viktoria Gabriel. He had reportedly been killed in December 1914, during the First World War, by a shell attack in Arras, France, but his body had never been recovered. After the murders, people began to speculate about whether he had in fact died in the war. Viktoria had conceived and given birth to her son Josef in her husband's absence. The boy was rumoured to have been the product of an incestuous \"relationship\" between Viktoria and her father Andreas, which was documented in court and known in the village. Andreas was found to be raping his daughter and the town convicted them both of incest.[14]After the end of the Second World War, war captives from the Schrobenhausen region who were released prematurely from Soviet captivity claimed that they had been sent home by a German-speaking Soviet officer who claimed to be the Hinterkaifeck murderer.[3] However, some of the men later revised their statements, which diminishes their credibility. Many theorized that the Soviet officer in question might have been Karl Gabriel, because those who claimed to have seen Gabriel after his reported death testified that he had wanted to go to Russia.[15]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Lorenz Schlittenbauer","text":"Shortly after the death of his first wife in 1918, Lorenz Schlittenbauer was believed to have had a relationship with Viktoria Gabriel and fathered Josef.[3] Schlittenbauer came under suspicion by locals early in the investigation because of his several suspicious actions immediately after the discovery of the bodies. When Schlittenbauer and his friends arrived to investigate, they had to break a gate to enter the barn because all of the doors were locked. However, immediately after finding the four bodies in the barn, Schlittenbauer apparently unlocked the front door with a key and (suspiciously) entered the house alone.[3] A key to the house had gone missing several days before the murders, though it is also possible that Schlittenbauer, as a neighbor or as Viktoria's potential lover, might have been given a key. When asked by his companions why he had gone into the house alone when it was unclear if the murderer might still be there, Schlittenbauer allegedly stated that he went to look for his son Josef. It is known that Schlittenbauer had disturbed the bodies at the scene, thus potentially compromising the investigation.[3][16][17]For many years after, local suspicion remained on Schlittenbauer because of his strange comments, which were seen as indicating knowledge of details that only the killer would recall. According to his information in the files for the case, local teacher Hans Yblagger discovered Schlittenbauer visiting the remains of the demolished Hinterkaifeck in 1925. Upon being asked why he was there, Schlittenbauer stated that the perpetrator's attempt to bury the family's remains in the barn had been hindered by the frozen ground. This was seen as evidence that Schlittenbauer had intimate knowledge of the conditions of the ground at the time of the murders, although being a neighbor and familiar with the local land, he may have been making an educated guess. Another speculation was that Schlittenbauer murdered the family after Viktoria demanded financial support for young Josef. Before his death in 1941, Schlittenbauer conducted and won several civil claims for slander against persons who described him as the \"murderer of Hinterkaifeck\".[18][19]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freikorps Oberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps_Oberland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Polish uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Gump brothers","text":"Adolf Gump was listed as a suspect as early as 9 April due to his connections to the Freikorps Oberland.[20] As a Freikorps member, Gump was said to have participated in the murder of nine farmers in Upper Silesia during the fight against the 1921 Polish uprising in the region.[21][22] He had a warrant for his arrest issued by the district court of Opole.[23]In 1951, prosecutor Andreas Popp investigated brothers Adolf and Anton Gump in relation to the murders at Hinterkaifeck. Their sister, Kreszentia Mayer, claimed on her deathbed that Adolf and Anton had committed the murders. As a result, Anton Gump was remanded to police custody, but Adolf had already died in 1944. After a short time, however, Anton was dismissed again, and in 1954, the case against him was finally discontinued because he could not be proven to have participated in the crime.[24]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Karl S. and Andreas S.","text":"In 1971, a woman named Therese T. wrote a letter citing an event in her youth: At the age of 12, she witnessed her mother receiving a visit from the mother of the brothers Karl and Andreas S. The woman claimed that her sons from Sattelberg were the two murderers of Hinterkaifeck. The mother said, \"Andreas regretted that he lost his penknife\" in the course of the conversation. In fact, when the farm was demolished in 1923, a pocket knife was found that could not be clearly assigned to anyone. However, the knife could have easily belonged to one of the murder victims. This track was followed without result.[25] Kreszenz Rieger, the former maid of Hinterkaifeck, was certain she had already seen the penknife in the yard during her service.[26]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Peter Weber","text":"Peter Weber was named a suspect by Josef Betz. The two worked together in the winter of 1919–1920 as labourers and they shared a room. According to Betz, Weber spoke of a remote farm, Hinterkaifeck. Weber knew that only one old couple lived there with their daughter and her two children. It is likely he knew about the incest between Gruber and his daughter. Betz testified in a hearing that Weber had suggested killing the old man to get the family's money. When Betz did not respond to the offer, Weber stopped talking about it.[27]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Bichler brothers and Georg Siegl","text":"The former maid, Kreszenz Rieger, worked from November 1920 to about September 1921 at Hinterkaifeck. She suspected the brothers Anton and Karl Bichler to have committed the murders. Anton Bichler had helped with the potato harvest at Hinterkaifeck and therefore knew the premises. Rieger said Bichler talked to her often about the Gruber and Gabriel family. Anton reportedly suggested that the family ought to be dead. The maid also emphasised in her interrogation that the farm dog, who barked at everyone, never barked at Anton.[3] In addition, she reported speaking with a stranger through her window at night. The maid believed that it was Karl Bichler, the brother of Anton. She thought that Anton and Karl Bichler could have committed the murder together with Georg Siegl, who had worked at Hinterkaifeck and knew of the family fortune. Supposedly, Siegl had broken into the home in November 1920 and stolen a number of items, though he denied it.[28][29] He did state that he had carved the handle of the murder weapon when he was working at Hinterkaifeck and knew that the tool would have been kept in the barn passage.[30]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Thaler brothers","text":"The Thaler brothers were also suspected, according to a statement by the former maid, Kreszenz Rieger. The brothers had already committed several minor burglaries in the area before the crime. Rieger said that Josef Thaler stood at her window at night and asked her questions about the family, but she gave no answer. In conversation, Josef Thaler claimed to know which family member was sleeping in which room and stated that they had a lot of money. During their conversation, Rieger noted that there was another person nearby. According to her statement, Josef Thaler and the stranger had looked at the machine house and turned their eyes upwards.[31]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"The Man from the Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_the_Train"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"pickaxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickaxe"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Paul Mueller","text":"Author Bill James, in his book, The Man from the Train, alleges that a man known as Paul Mueller, a German migrant, may have been responsible for the murders. Mueller was the only suspect in the 1898 murder of a Massachusetts family, and James believes Mueller killed dozens of victims based on research in American newspaper archives. The Hinterkaifeck murders bear some similarities to Mueller's suspected crimes in the United States, including the slaughter of an entire family in their isolated home, use of the blunt edge of a farm tool as a weapon (a pickaxe), moving and stacking bodies of the victims, and the apparent absence of robbery as a motive. James suspects that Mueller, described as a German immigrant in contemporary media, might have departed the US for his homeland by 1912 after private investigators and journalists began to notice and publicize patterns in family murders across state lines.[32]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hinterkaifeck-Marterl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schrobenhausener Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schrobenhausener_Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleibendes-33"},{"link_name":"Super 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_film"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleibendes-33"},{"link_name":"Ingolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingolstadt"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Funkhaus Ingolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkhaus_Ingolstadt"},{"link_name":"Abendzeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abendzeitung"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bleibendes-33"},{"link_name":"Fürstenfeldbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenfeldbruck"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casefile-2019-3"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Man from the Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_the_Train"},{"link_name":"Bill James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Villisca axe murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villisca_axe_murders"},{"link_name":"necrophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Shrine near site of former farmsteadMany books and newspaper articles have been devoted to the murders. A series of articles by Josef Ludwig Hecker in the Schrobenhausener Zeitung revived interest in the murders.[33]A documentary film, Hinterkaifeck – Symbol des Unheimlichen (1981), is based on the Leuschner book; Hans Fegert adapted the book, directed the film (shot on Super 8, with sound), and was the cameraman.[33] The film was shown regularly in Ingolstadt.[34] Ten years later, Reinhard Keilich's play Hinterkaifeck – Deutschlands geheimnisvollster Mordfall (1991) was produced, and at the same time Kurt K. Hieber produced another documentary, shot on location, and shown on television and in local cinemas. Also in 1991, radio station Funkhaus Ingolstadt aired a documentary, Hinterkaifeck – auf den Spuren eines Mörders, and the Abendzeitung (München) ran a series of articles called Die sechs Toten vom Einödhof – Bayerns rätselhaftestes Verbrechen.[33]In 2007, 15 students of the Polizeifachhochschule (police academy) in Fürstenfeldbruck examined the case using modern criminal investigation techniques.[3] In their final report (in German), they confirmed the meticulousness of the investigation at the time, but criticized the lack of professional forensics. In particular, the failure to take fingerprints was criticized, as this was already common practice at the time. Although it is almost certain that the murderer(s) can no longer be identified, all authors of the report independently agreed on who the main suspect in the case was. However, his name was not mentioned out of consideration for his descendants.[35]In 2017, the last chapter of The Man from the Train, by Bill James and his daughter Rachel McCarthy James, briefly discusses the murders at Hinterkaifeck. The authors explain the possibility that the German crimes might have been committed by Paul Mueller, the titular serial killer the authors believe killed several families in the United States under similar circumstances between 1898 and 1912. The murders attributed to Mueller, including the Villisca axe murders, were apparently random nighttime home invasions in or near small railroad towns that left entire families bludgeoned to death with the blunt end of an axe, and were probably motivated by a sadistic and necrophilic attraction to prepubescent girls. The authors rate the chances of Mueller as the Hinterkaifeck killer as \"more or less a toss-up\" but conclude \"there's no real reason to believe that it's not him\".[36]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-741239-53-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-741239-53-3"}],"text":"Guido Golla (2016). Hinterkaifeck: Autopsie eines Sechsfachmordes. Norderstedt, ISBN 978-3-741239-53-3.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Shrine near site of former farmstead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hinterkaifeck-Marterl.jpg/220px-Hinterkaifeck-Marterl.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Axe murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe_murder"},{"title":"List of unsolved murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_murders_(1900%E2%80%931979)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Sonstiges: Der Hof Hinterkaifeck – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Sonstiges:_Der_Hof_Hinterkaifeck#Erbauung","url_text":"\"Sonstiges: Der Hof Hinterkaifeck – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"Olfen, Sabine (27 March 2012). \"90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Fortgang des Hofes\". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190512215357/https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Fortgang-des-Hofes;art199186,2582809","url_text":"\"90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Fortgang des Hofes\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukurier","url_text":"Donaukurier"},{"url":"https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Fortgang-des-Hofes;art199186,2582809","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Case 124: Hinterkaifeck\". Casefile: True Crime Podcast. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://casefilepodcast.com/case-124-hinterkaifeck/","url_text":"\"Case 124: Hinterkaifeck\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussagen: 1952-01-10 Mayer Josef – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1952-01-10_Mayer_Josef","url_text":"\"Aussagen: 1952-01-10 Mayer Josef – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Der Mythos Hinterkaifeck • Hinterkaifeck\". Hinterkaifeck.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/","url_text":"\"Der Mythos Hinterkaifeck • Hinterkaifeck\""}]},{"reference":"Olfen, Sabine (27 March 2012). \"90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck - Der Fall\". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190831032235/https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Fall;art199186,2565983","url_text":"\"90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck - Der Fall\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukurier","url_text":"Donaukurier"},{"url":"https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Fall;art199186,2565983","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-05 Schirovsky Hans u. Eduard – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-05_Schirovsky_Hans_u._Eduard","url_text":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-05 Schirovsky Hans u. Eduard – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"Manuela, Mayr (21 March 2012). \"Hinterkaifeck oder der Reiz des Ungewissen\". Augsburger Allgemeine (in German). Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Hinterkaifeck-oder-der-Reiz-des-Ungewissen-id19433916.html","url_text":"\"Hinterkaifeck oder der Reiz des Ungewissen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburger_Allgemeine","url_text":"Augsburger Allgemeine"}]},{"reference":"\"Berichte: 1922-04-06 Wiessner Konrad, Oberamtsrichter – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net. Retrieved 25 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Berichte:_1922-04-06_Wiessner_Konrad,_Oberamtsrichter","url_text":"\"Berichte: 1922-04-06 Wiessner Konrad, Oberamtsrichter – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sachverhalte: Die Begegnung am Backofen – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Sachverhalte:_Die_Begegnung_am_Backofen","url_text":"\"Sachverhalte: Die Begegnung am Backofen – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-10 Reisländer Simon – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-10_Reisl%C3%A4nder_Simon","url_text":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-10 Reisländer Simon – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeitungsartikel: 1931-04-01 Schrobenhausener Zeitung – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Zeitungsartikel:_1931-04-01_Schrobenhausener_Zeitung","url_text":"\"Zeitungsartikel: 1931-04-01 Schrobenhausener Zeitung – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inzestuöse Beziehung Viktoria Gabriel / Andreas Gruber\". Der Mordfall Hinterkaifeck. Retrieved 4 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hinterkaifeck.net/index.php?menuid=23#1","url_text":"\"Inzestuöse Beziehung Viktoria Gabriel / Andreas Gruber\""}]},{"reference":"Olfen, Sabine (27 March 2012). \"90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Der Verdächtige Karl Gabriel\". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. 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Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190831032240/https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Verdaechtige-Lorenz-Schlittenbauer;art199186,2580235","url_text":"\"90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Der Verdächtige Lorenz Schlittenbauer\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukurier","url_text":"Donaukurier"},{"url":"http://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Verdaechtige-Lorenz-Schlittenbauer;art199186,2580235","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Stefan (17 May 2010). \"Geheimnis um eine siebte Leiche\". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 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Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190831032245/https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Die-Verdaechtigen-die-Brueder-Gump;art199186,2582798","url_text":"\"90 Jahre Hinterkaifeck – Die Verdächtigen Gump\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukurier","url_text":"Donaukurier"},{"url":"https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Die-Verdaechtigen-die-Brueder-Gump;art199186,2582798","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"hinterkaifeck-mord\". www.hinterkaifeck-mord.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hinterkaifeck-mord.de/homepage/html/Navilinks/Verdaechtige.html","url_text":"\"hinterkaifeck-mord\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sachverhalte: Taschenmesser – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Sachverhalte:_Taschenmesser","url_text":"\"Sachverhalte: Taschenmesser – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-07 Betz Josef – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-07_Betz_Josef","url_text":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-07 Betz Josef – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-24 Rieger Kreszenz – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-24_Rieger_Kreszenz","url_text":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-24 Rieger Kreszenz – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-27 Siegl Georg – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-27_Siegl_Georg","url_text":"\"Aussagen: 1922-04-27 Siegl Georg – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personen: Siegl Georg – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Personen:_Siegl_Georg","url_text":"\"Personen: Siegl Georg – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussagen: 1952-07-09 Rieger Kreszenz I – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\". www.hinterkaifeck.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1952-07-09_Rieger_Kreszenz_I","url_text":"\"Aussagen: 1952-07-09 Rieger Kreszenz I – Das Hinterkaifeck-Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"Rödig, Bernhard (22 April 2008). \"Bleibendes Rätsel um den sechsfachen Mord\". Donaukurier (in German). Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052529/https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/Bleibendes-Raetsel-um-den-sechsfachen-Mord;art199186,1864579","url_text":"\"Bleibendes Rätsel um den sechsfachen Mord\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukurier","url_text":"Donaukurier"},{"url":"https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/Bleibendes-Raetsel-um-den-sechsfachen-Mord;art199186,1864579","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brandl, Michael (16 August 2017). \"Mehrfachmord und Wiedersehensfreude\". Donaukurier (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.donaukurier.de/lokales/ingolstadt/Ingolstadt-Mehrfachmord-und-Wiedersehensfreude;art599,3496254","url_text":"\"Mehrfachmord und Wiedersehensfreude\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaukurier","url_text":"Donaukurier"}]},{"reference":"\"Hinterkaifeck – Ein Mordfall und kein Ende\". www.hinterkaifeck.net. Fachhochschule für Verwaltung und Recht in Fürstenfeldbruck bei München. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/reader-ffb-bericht/","url_text":"\"Hinterkaifeck – Ein Mordfall und kein Ende\""}]},{"reference":"James, Bill; James, Rachel McCarthy (2017). The man from the train: the solving of a century-old serial killer mystery. New York: Scribner. ISBN 9781476796253. OCLC 962016034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476796253","url_text":"9781476796253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962016034","url_text":"962016034"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainulabedin_Gulamhusain_Rangoonwala
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Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala
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["1 Early life and career","2 Philanthropy","3 Padma shri","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Indian activist
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PadmashriZainulabedin Gulamhusain RangoonwalaBorn(1913-07-01)July 1, 1913Rangoon, BurmaDied(1994-05-28)May 28, 1994 (age 80)Peterborough, United KingdomNationalityIndianKnown forCooperative Banking and Social workBoard member ofBombay Mercantile Cooperative Bank Ltd
Air IndiaAwardsPadmashri 1984,
Rajiv Gandhi Medal of Merit 1992
Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (July 1, 1913 – May 28, 1994) was the co-founder and managing director of the Bombay Mercantile Cooperative Bank. This became one of the largest cooperative banks in India and also in Asia.
Early life and career
Born on 1 July 1913 in Rangoon, Burma and orphaned at the age of twelve, Rangoonwala had his early education at a boarding school and after matriculation joined Davar's College for acquiring necessary knowledge in banking, co-operation and accountancy. He started his career with the Central Bank of India - under the guidance of Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala who trained and mentored him in practical banking.
The experience of seven years with Central Bank of India brought him closer to the operations and functioning of various banks. He was convinced that though the commercial banks mobilised deposits from all, including the hard-earned savings of the poor masses, they served the interest of a few business houses. He observed that the banks neglected their socio-economic obligations towards the common man and only catered to the financial needs of the elite. Moved with the exploitation of the masses by the then capitalist society, he determined to establish a bank "of the people, for the people, by the people".
Way back in 1939, the country was passing through major disruptions with the struggle for Independence and the "Quit India movement" gaining momentum. The end of British rule appeared almost certain. With this background he realised that establishing a Commercial Bank would not achieve his objective of Gandhian "Swaraj", but rather aggravate the imbalances between the "haves" and the "have-nots". Rangoonwala felt that the real solution to the problem of freedom from slavery did not depend on the exit of the British alone, but in the economic emancipation of the masses at large. Thus he pledged to serve the poor taxiwalas, small shopkeepers, petty traders and artisans who had no tangible securities to offer except their sincere and dedicated zeal to uplift their present lot. Finding his strength in the neglected masses he made a humble beginning by establishing a Cooperative Credit Society on 2 June 1939 with a meagre paid-up Share Capital of Rs. 10,600/- and with the patronage and help of Khan Bahadur Shaikh Mohamedally Allahu the founder Chairman of the Bank.
Initially, Rangoonwala was a one-man band, having to perform many different functions from cleaner, negotiator and clerk to accountant and scribe, for in the infant stage of the Society it did not have resources to employ paid workers. By the end of the second year, Rangoonwala's efforts bore results and the society showed promises of growth. The share capital of the bank gradually increased, encouraging Rangoonwala to convert the credit society into an Urban Cooperative Bank and on 14 February 1941, Bombay Muslim Cooperative Bank was formed. The bank functioned based on the principles of Islamic economics, being less dependent on interest and having more of a vested interest in the business models of the ventures it supported.
After independence, India adopted a secular and socialist pattern of society. Rangoonwala, a firm follower of Gandhian principles and a true patriot was the first to open the doors of the Cooperative bank to all citizens of the country, irrespective of caste, creed and religion. Accordingly, the Bombay Muslim Cooperative Bank was renamed as Bombay Mercantile Cooperative Bank on 11 November 1949, to establish a secular character. Since then the bank grew rapidly, and now has 52 branches all over India. The bank was the first urban cooperative bank in Mumbai and now has over a million patrons and 190,000 share holders, the vast majority of which belong to the lower middle class. The bank continues its focus of socioeconomic development in the marginalized communities where it gained credibility, promoting artisans, women entrepreneurs, self-employment schemes and micro-financing.
Philanthropy
Rangoonwala, both privately and through the bank, was a regular contributor to many charitable organisations. He coordinated efforts with the Prime Ministers relief funds whenever calamities had befallen different parts of India and brought healthcare to villages where it was previously unheard of. The bank was able to establish a medical centre equipped with X-ray machines and gave free medicines and treatments to the local population through the collaboration with the government medical colleges. The head office was also named the Zain G Rangoonwala building in recognition of his dedication to the field of cooperative banking.
As a banker, Rangoonwala came into contact with a broad cross-section of society but his efforts were mainly directed to help the poor. This was reflected in the many schemes and programs he established to improve the lot of the common man.
Padma shri
His Excellency Giani Zail Singh, President of India, presenting the award of Padma Shri to Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala
Rangoonwala was the first banker to be honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in the republic of India, in recognition of his services to the Cooperative Banking Movement. The title of Padma Shri was conferred upon him in the field of social work, in acknowledgement of his contribution to the progress of socio-economic development.
See also
Rafiq Zakaria
List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–89)
References
^ "history". www.bmcbankltd.com. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
^ "Zaroori.org Bombay Mercantile Co Op Bank Ltd - Biz Info".
^ a b "A Glorious Career". The Architect of Cooperative Banking. 15 September 1984.
^ a b "Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Limited : Rupee Times". www.rupeetimes.com. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
^ "history". www.bmcbankltd.com. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
^ "Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd: Company Profile". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
^ Zakaria, Rafiq (10 August 1984). "Message in recognition of the award of Padmashri".
^ "Padma Awards List" (PDF). Padma Awards Directory. Ministry of Home Affairs. 1984. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
External links
http://www.bmcbankltd.com
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Social Work1950s
Mary Clubwala Jadhav (1955)
R. S. Subbalakshmi (1958)
Sailabala Das (1959)
Lakshman Singh Jangpangi (1959)
1960s
Nanabhai Bhatt (1960)
Bina Das (1960)
Sophia Wadia (1960)
Kamalabai Hospet (1961)
Mithuben Petit (1961)
N. Ramaswami Ayyar (1962)
Mother Teresa (1962)
Brij Krishna Chandiwala (1963)
Leela Sumant Moolgaokar (1963)
Leela Sumant Moolgaokar (1963)
Ambujammal (1964)
Mona Chandravati Gupta (1965)
Lakshmi Mazumdar (1965)
Gordhandas Bhagwandas Narottamdas (1965)
John Richardson (1965)
Manibhai Desai (1968)
Bhaurao Gaikwad (1968)
Shalini Moghe (1968)
Sis Ram Ola (1968)
Kalyan Singh Gupta (1969)
Mangru Ganu Uikey (1969)
1970s
Indumati Chimanlal Sheth (1970)
Maniben Kara (1970)
Baba Amte (1971)
Robin Banerjee (1971)
Lila Ramkumar Bhargava (1971)
Savita Behen (1971)
Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav (1971)
Yudhvir Singh (1971)
Avabai Bomanji Wadia (1971)
Badri Prasad Bajoria (1972)
Kanta Saroop Krishen (1972)
Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya (1972)
Chandraprabha Saikiani (1972)
Sarojini Varadappan (1973)
Queenie H. C. Captain (1974)
L. Kijungluba Ao (1976)
Bishambhar Nath Pande (1976)
Ismail Ahmed Cachalia (1977)
Dhani Prem (1977)
1980s
Kunwar Singh Negi (1981)
Bhagat Puran Singh (1981)
Claire Vellut (1981)
Swami Kalyandev (1982)
Shiv Dutt Upadhyaya (1982)
M. P. Nachimuthu (1983)
Omem Moyong Deori (1984)
Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (1984)
Ela Bhatt (1985)
Ratnappa Kumbhar (1985)
Anutai Wagh (1985)
Chandi Prasad Bhatt (1986)
Mahasweta Devi (1986)
Krishan Dev Dewan (1986)
Tushar Kanjilal (1986)
Avdhash Kaushal (1986)
Narayan Singh Manaklao (1986)
Bunker Roy (1986)
Begum Zaffar Ali (1987)
Jaya Arunachalam (1987)
Darshan Singh Vohra (1988)
Mithu Alur (1989)
Vedaratnam Appakutti (1989)
Rajmohini Devi (1989)
Krishnammal Jagannathan (1989)
Mag Raj Jain (1989)
Edward Kutchat (1989)
1990s
Anna Hazare (1990)
Renana Jhabvala (1990)
Silverine Swer (1990)
Silverine Swer (1991)
Vimla Dang (1991)
T. G. K. Menon (1991)
Jagdish Kashibhai Patel (1991)
D. Y. Patil (1991)
Sundaram Ramakrishnan (1991)
Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti (1991)
Shanthi Ranganathan (1992)
Vidyaben Shah (1992)
Leonarda Angela Casiraghi (1998)
Antony Padiyara (1998)
Shantha Sinha (1998)
Kanta Tyagi (1998)
Acharya Ramamurti (1999)
T. Sailo (1999)
Natwar Thakkar (1999)
2000s
Neidonuo Angami (2000)
Jagan Nath Kaul (2000)
Patricia Mukhim (2000)
Janaky Athi Nahappan (2000)
Hanumappa Sudarshan (2000)
Rabindra Nath Upadhyay (2000)
Tulasi Munda (2001)
Norma Alvares (2002)
Prakash Amte (2002)
Kiran Martin (2002)
Prema Narendra Purao (2002)
Sivananda Rajaram (2002)
Verna Elizabeth Watre Ingty (2003)
Queenie Rynjah (2004)
Hema Bharali (2005)
Nana Chudasama (2005)
Lalsawma (2005)
Theilin Phanbuh (2005)
Gladys Staines (2005)
Suwalal Bafna (2006)
Anil Prakash Joshi (2006)
Sudha Murty (2006)
Sudha Varghese (2006)
Melhupra Vero (2006)
Runa Banerjee (2007)
S. M. Cyril (2007)
M. A. Yusuff Ali (2008)
Sheela Borthakur (2008)
Karuna Mary Braganza (2008)
V. R. Gowrishankar (2008)
Kshama Metre (2008)
Kutikuppala Surya Rao (2008)
Madan Mohan Sabharwal (2008)
Vikramjit Singh Sahney (2008)
Bilkees Latif (2009)
Keepu Tsering Lepcha (2009)
C. K. Menon (2009)
Joseph H. Pereira (2009)
Sunil Kanti Roy (2009)
Mitraniketan Viswanathan (2009)
2010s
Anu Aga (2010)
J. R. Gangaramani (2010)
Deep Joshi (2010)
Sudha Kaul (2010)
Ayekpam Tomba Meetei (2010)
Kurian John Melamparambil (2010)
Sudhir M. Parikh (2010)
Kranti Shah (2010)
Baba Sewa Singh (2010)
Mamraj Agrawal (2011)
Jockin Arputham (2011)
Nomita Chandy (2011)
Martha Chen (2011)
Azad Moopen (2011)
Sheela Patel (2011)
Anita Reddy (2011)
Kanubhai Hasmukhbhai Tailor (2011)
Shamshad Begum (2012)
Reeta Devi (2012)
P. K. Gopal (2012)
G. Muniratnam (2012)
Niranjan Pranshankar Pandya (2012)
Uma Tuli (2012)
S. P. Varma (2012)
Phoolbasan Bai Yadav (2012)
Binny Yanga (2012)
Jharna Dhara Chowdhury (2013)
S. K. M. Maeilanandhan (2013)
Nileema Mishra (2013)
Reema Nanavati (2013)
Manju Bharat Ram (2013)
Narendra Dabholkar (2014)
Mukul Chandra Goswami (2014)
Durga Jain (2014)
J. L. Kaul (2014)
Mathur Savani (2014)
Ashok Bhagat (2015)
Janak Palta McGilligan (2015)
Meetha Lal Mehta (2015)
Veerendra Raj Mehta (2015)
Bimla Poddar (2015)
Madeleine Herman de Blic (2016)
Madhu Pandit Dasa (2016)
Ajoy Kumar Dutta (2016)
Damal Kandalai Srinivasan (2016)
Sunitha Krishnan (2016)
Sundar Menon (2016)
Arunachalam Muruganantham (2016)
P. Gopinathan Nair (2016)
Sudharak Olwe (2016)
Girish Bharadwaj (2017)
Appasaheb Dharmadhikari (2017)
Bipin Ganatra (2017)
Karimul Haque (2017)
Anuradha Koirala (2017)
Suhas Vitthal Mapuskar (2017)
Daripalli Ramaiah (2017)
Balbir Singh Seechewal (2017)
Damodar Ganesh Bapat (2018)
Sitavva Joddati (2018)
Subhasini Mistry (2018)
Sulagitti Narasamma (2018)
Abdullah Bin Othman (2018)
Sampat Ramteke (2018)
Draupadi Ghimiray (2019)
Bulu Imam (2019)
Friederike Irina Bruning (2019)
Chinna Pillai (2019)
Shabbir Sayyad (2019)
Jyoti Kumar Sinha (2019)
Saalumarada Thimmakka (2019)
Jamuna Tudu (2019)
Muktaben Pankajkumar Dagli (2019)
2020s
Jagdish Lal Ahuja (2020)
Popatrao Baguji Pawar (2020)
Usha Chaumar (2020)
Lia Diskin (2020)
Sangkhumi Bualchhuak (2020
Tulsi Gowda (2020)
Harekala Hajabba (2020)
Tetsu Nakamura (2020)
S. Ramakrishnan (2020)
Sayed Mehboob Shah Qadri (2020)
Mohammed Sharif (2020)
Ramjee Singh (2020)
Agus Indra Udayana (2020)
Sundaram Verma (2020)
Sindhutai Sapkal (2021)
Girish Prabhune (2021)
Prabhaben Shah (2022)
Savaji Bhai Dholakia (2022)
Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai (2022)
Om Prakash Gandhi (2022)
K V Rabiya (2022)
Srimad Baba Balia (2022)
Prem Singh (2022)
Baba Iqbal Singh Ji (2022)
S Damodaran (2022)
Basanti Devi (2022)
Bhiku Ramji Idate (2023)
Bikram Bahadur Jamatia (2023)
Ramkuiwangbe Jeme Newme (2023)
Hirabai Lobi (2023)
Moolchand Lodha (2023)
Gajanan Jagannath Mane (2023)
Uma Shankar Pandey (2023)
V. P. Appukutta Poduval (2023)
Vadivel Gopal and Masi Sadaiyan (2023)
Sankurathri Chandra Sekhar (2023)
Laxman Singh (2023)
Palam Kalyana Sundaram (2023)
Karma Wangchu (Posthumous) (2023)
Sangthankima (2024)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (July 1, 1913 – May 28, 1994) was the co-founder and managing director of the Bombay Mercantile Cooperative Bank. This became one of the largest cooperative banks in India and also in Asia.[1][2]","title":"Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sorabji Pochkhanawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorabji_Pochkhanawala"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Quit India movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_movement"},{"link_name":"Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Born on 1 July 1913 in Rangoon, Burma and orphaned at the age of twelve, Rangoonwala had his early education at a boarding school and after matriculation joined Davar's College for acquiring necessary knowledge in banking, co-operation and accountancy. He started his career with the Central Bank of India - under the guidance of Sir Sorabji Pochkhanawala who trained and mentored him in practical banking.The experience of seven years with Central Bank of India brought him closer to the operations and functioning of various banks. He was convinced that though the commercial banks mobilised deposits from all, including the hard-earned savings of the poor masses, they served the interest of a few business houses. He observed that the banks neglected their socio-economic obligations towards the common man and only catered to the financial needs of the elite. Moved with the exploitation of the masses by the then capitalist society, he determined to establish a bank \"of the people, for the people, by the people\".[3]Way back in 1939, the country was passing through major disruptions with the struggle for Independence and the \"Quit India movement\" gaining momentum. The end of British rule appeared almost certain. With this background he realised that establishing a Commercial Bank would not achieve his objective of Gandhian \"Swaraj\", but rather aggravate the imbalances between the \"haves\" and the \"have-nots\". Rangoonwala felt that the real solution to the problem of freedom from slavery did not depend on the exit of the British alone, but in the economic emancipation of the masses at large. Thus he pledged to serve the poor taxiwalas, small shopkeepers, petty traders and artisans who had no tangible securities to offer except their sincere and dedicated zeal to uplift their present lot. Finding his strength in the neglected masses he made a humble beginning by establishing a Cooperative Credit Society on 2 June 1939 with a meagre paid-up Share Capital of Rs. 10,600/- and with the patronage and help of Khan Bahadur Shaikh Mohamedally Allahu the founder Chairman of the Bank.[4]Initially, Rangoonwala was a one-man band, having to perform many different functions from cleaner, negotiator and clerk to accountant and scribe, for in the infant stage of the Society it did not have resources to employ paid workers. By the end of the second year, Rangoonwala's efforts bore results and the society showed promises of growth. The share capital of the bank gradually increased, encouraging Rangoonwala to convert the credit society into an Urban Cooperative Bank and on 14 February 1941, Bombay Muslim Cooperative Bank was formed. The bank functioned based on the principles of Islamic economics, being less dependent on interest and having more of a vested interest in the business models of the ventures it supported.After independence, India adopted a secular and socialist pattern of society. Rangoonwala, a firm follower of Gandhian principles and a true patriot was the first to open the doors of the Cooperative bank to all citizens of the country, irrespective of caste, creed and religion.[3] Accordingly, the Bombay Muslim Cooperative Bank was renamed as Bombay Mercantile Cooperative Bank on 11 November 1949, to establish a secular character. Since then the bank grew rapidly, and now[when?] has 52 branches all over India. The bank was the first urban cooperative bank in Mumbai and now has over a million patrons and 190,000 share holders, the vast majority of which belong to the lower middle class.[citation needed] The bank continues its focus of socioeconomic development in the marginalized communities where it gained credibility,[according to whom?] promoting artisans, women entrepreneurs, self-employment schemes and micro-financing.[4][5]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rangoonwala, both privately and through the bank, was a regular contributor to many charitable organisations. He coordinated efforts with the Prime Ministers relief funds whenever calamities had befallen different parts of India and brought healthcare to villages where it was previously unheard of. The bank was able to establish a medical centre equipped with X-ray machines and gave free medicines and treatments to the local population through the collaboration with the government medical colleges. The head office was also named the Zain G Rangoonwala building in recognition of his dedication to the field of cooperative banking.[6]As a banker, Rangoonwala came into contact with a broad cross-section of society but his efforts were mainly directed to help the poor. This was reflected in the many schemes and programs he established to improve the lot of the common man.[7]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padmashri_award.jpg"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"}],"text":"His Excellency Giani Zail Singh, President of India, presenting the award of Padma Shri to Zainulabedin Gulamhusain RangoonwalaRangoonwala was the first banker to be honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in the republic of India, in recognition of his services to the Cooperative Banking Movement.[8] The title of Padma Shri was conferred upon him in the field of social work, in acknowledgement of his contribution to the progress of socio-economic development.","title":"Padma shri"}]
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[{"image_text":"His Excellency Giani Zail Singh, President of India, presenting the award of Padma Shri to Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Padmashri_award.jpg/220px-Padmashri_award.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Rafiq Zakaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Zakaria"},{"title":"List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–89)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1980%E2%80%9389)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"history\". www.bmcbankltd.com. Retrieved 2016-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bmcbankltd.com/history.asp","url_text":"\"history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zaroori.org Bombay Mercantile Co Op Bank Ltd - Biz Info\".","urls":[{"url":"http://zaroori.org/searchBusiness/Ahmedabad/Bombay%20Mercantile%20Co%20Op%20Bank%20Ltd%20-%20Bmc%20near%20Gandhi%20Road/7","url_text":"\"Zaroori.org Bombay Mercantile Co Op Bank Ltd - Biz Info\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Glorious Career\". The Architect of Cooperative Banking. 15 September 1984.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Limited : Rupee Times\". www.rupeetimes.com. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rupeetimes.com/banks/bombay_mercantile_cooperative_bank_limited.html","url_text":"\"Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Limited : Rupee Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"history\". www.bmcbankltd.com. Retrieved 2016-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bmcbankltd.com/history2.asp","url_text":"\"history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd: Company Profile\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/companies/8155702Z:IN-bombay-mercantile-co-operative-bank-ltd","url_text":"\"Bombay Mercantile Co-operative Bank Ltd: Company Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Zakaria, Rafiq (10 August 1984). \"Message in recognition of the award of Padmashri\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards List\" (PDF). Padma Awards Directory. Ministry of Home Affairs. 1984. Retrieved July 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Padma Awards List\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Crook
|
Andrew Crook
|
["1 Cricketing career","2 Sports administration","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Andrew CrookPersonal informationFull nameAndrew Richard CrookBorn (1980-10-14) 14 October 1980 (age 43)Adelaide, South AustraliaHeight6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off spinRoleAll-rounderRelationsSteven Crook (brother)Martyn Crook (father)Career statistics
Competition
FC
LA
T20
Matches
11
21
10
Runs scored
493
444
51
Batting average
30.81
27.75
12.75
100s/50s
0/5
1/0
0/0
Top score
88
162*
15
Balls bowled
896
423
126
Wickets
8
12
7
Bowling average
71.75
34.33
28.71
5 wickets in innings
0
0
0
10 wickets in match
0
0
0
Best bowling
3/71
3/32
2/25
Catches/stumpings
8/–
4/–
3/–Source: , 11 February 2011
Andrew Richard Crook (born 14 October 1980) is an Australian cricketer and sports administrator. He played first-class cricket for South Australia, Lancashire and Northamptonshire as an all-rounder, bowling off spin. He is the brother of English county player Steven Crook, who played alongside him at both Lancashire and Northants.
Cricketing career
Crook made his first-class debut for South Australia in November 1998, against a touring England side, taking the wicket of Nasser Hussain. He played no further first team matches for South Australia, but played in England for Lancashire between 2004 and 2006, and during that time set their record One Day score of 162* against Buckinghamshire at Wormsley. He was qualified to play in England as a non-overseas player because he had a British passport, having been born to British parents.
He moved to Northamptonshire for the 2007 season and played six first-class matches for the county.
Sports administration
Crook found opportunities to play for the first team at Northants hard to come by, and began to combine playing with working on the commercial side of the club. He subsequently worked as General Manager of the Netball Superleague in England, before moving to the equivalent job in the ANZ Championship, a netball league covering Australia and New Zealand.
He has since become the Chief Operating Officer of the Australian National Basketball League
References
^ "Andrew Crook: Australia". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
^ "One-Day Cup: Alex Davies hits first one-day century as Lancashire hammer Durham". BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
^ Jolly, Laura. "'Aussie' Steve hits the right note again". Cricket.com.au. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
^ "Dawson signs for Northants". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
^ "Northants terminate player's contract". Northampton Chronicle & Echo. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
^ "Ex-cricketer new trans-Tasman netball boss". Newshub. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
^ Hinton, Marc (8 April 2016). "Breakers ponder, rivals pounce". Stuff. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
External links
Andrew Crook at ESPNcricinfo
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Redbacks"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"all-rounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-rounder"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"off spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_spin"},{"link_name":"Steven Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Crook"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Andrew Richard Crook (born 14 October 1980) is an Australian cricketer and sports administrator. He played first-class cricket for South Australia, Lancashire and Northamptonshire as an all-rounder, bowling off spin. He is the brother of English county player Steven Crook,[1] who played alongside him at both Lancashire and Northants.","title":"Andrew Crook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Nasser Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_Hussain"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Crook made his first-class debut for South Australia in November 1998, against a touring England side, taking the wicket of Nasser Hussain. He played no further first team matches for South Australia, but played in England for Lancashire between 2004 and 2006, and during that time set their record One Day score of 162* against Buckinghamshire at Wormsley.[2] He was qualified to play in England as a non-overseas player because he had a British passport, having been born to British parents.[3]He moved to Northamptonshire for the 2007 season and played six first-class matches for the county.[4]","title":"Cricketing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Netball Superleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball_Superleague"},{"link_name":"ANZ Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZ_Championship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Crook found opportunities to play for the first team at Northants hard to come by, and began to combine playing with working on the commercial side of the club.[5] He subsequently worked as General Manager of the Netball Superleague in England, before moving to the equivalent job in the ANZ Championship, a netball league covering Australia and New Zealand.[6]\nHe has since become the Chief Operating Officer of the Australian National Basketball League[7]","title":"Sports administration"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Andrew Crook: Australia\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 11 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/player/4661.html","url_text":"\"Andrew Crook: Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"One-Day Cup: Alex Davies hits first one-day century as Lancashire hammer Durham\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/44160813","url_text":"\"One-Day Cup: Alex Davies hits first one-day century as Lancashire hammer Durham\""}]},{"reference":"Jolly, Laura. \"'Aussie' Steve hits the right note again\". Cricket.com.au. Retrieved 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/steven-crook-feature-after-he-made-14-not-out-against-australia-at-northampton-highlights/2015-08-16","url_text":"\"'Aussie' Steve hits the right note again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dawson signs for Northants\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/263901.html","url_text":"\"Dawson signs for Northants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northants terminate player's contract\". Northampton Chronicle & Echo. Retrieved 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/northants-terminate-player-s-contract-1-929375","url_text":"\"Northants terminate player's contract\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-cricketer new trans-Tasman netball boss\". Newshub. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newshub.co.nz/sport/excricketer-new-transtasman-netball-boss-2011122114","url_text":"\"Ex-cricketer new trans-Tasman netball boss\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (8 April 2016). \"Breakers ponder, rivals pounce\". Stuff. Retrieved 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/78727689/nz-breakers-anbl-rivals-unveil-key-signings-for-201617-season","url_text":"\"Breakers ponder, rivals pounce\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/player/4661.html#notes","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/player/4661.html","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Crook: Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/44160813","external_links_name":"\"One-Day Cup: Alex Davies hits first one-day century as Lancashire hammer Durham\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/steven-crook-feature-after-he-made-14-not-out-against-australia-at-northampton-highlights/2015-08-16","external_links_name":"\"'Aussie' Steve hits the right note again\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/263901.html","external_links_name":"\"Dawson signs for Northants\""},{"Link":"http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/northants-terminate-player-s-contract-1-929375","external_links_name":"\"Northants terminate player's contract\""},{"Link":"http://www.newshub.co.nz/sport/excricketer-new-transtasman-netball-boss-2011122114","external_links_name":"\"Ex-cricketer new trans-Tasman netball boss\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/78727689/nz-breakers-anbl-rivals-unveil-key-signings-for-201617-season","external_links_name":"\"Breakers ponder, rivals pounce\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/4661.html","external_links_name":"Andrew Crook"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Time_(Paris_Hilton_song)
|
Good Time (Paris Hilton song)
|
["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Music video","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2013 single by Paris Hilton featuring Lil Wayne"Good Time"Single by Paris Hilton featuring Lil WayneReleasedOctober 8, 2013GenreRaveLength3:36Label
Cash Money
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Paris Hilton
Dwayne Carter
Nick van de Wall
Producer(s)AfrojackParis Hilton singles chronology
"Nothing in This World" (2006)
"Good Time" (2013)
"Come Alive" (2014)
Lil Wayne singles chronology
"Beware"(2013)
"Good Time"(2013)
"Thank You"(2013)
Music video"Good Time (Explicit)" on YouTube
"Good Time" is a 2013 single by Paris Hilton from her unreleased second studio album. It was released on October 8, 2013, by Cash Money as the lead single from the record. The song was written and produced by her and Afrojack, with additional songwriting provided by Hilton and Lil Wayne. A single release party was held at SBE's Create Nightclub in Hollywood on October 8. It's her third top 20 hit on the US Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs.
Background
Hilton told Rolling Stone, "For me this song is so catchy and fun the way it moves from pop to a true dance number."
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingThe Music NetworkRolling Stone
Upon its release, "Good Time" received negative reviews from music critics. Natasha Shankar of She Knows gave the music video, though not the song, a positive review, saying "So from a dance standpoint it's not half bad. But Hilton has some talent. She's not a Heidi Montag, folks. But I've been kind enough to include the music video, and not the single alone. Why? Because, at the very least, you get to watch Hilton's glorious figure and perfect pout for the next five minutes".
Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times gave a negative review, saying "Yet with its succession of sonic and lyrical cliches -- "haters," "sexy girls," laser-light synth squiggles—the song never summons anything approaching a recreational vibe; it's purely an exercise in brand maintenance, a working holiday that even Lil Wayne can't lighten with an amazingly perfunctory guest verse in which he admits, I can't tell you what's what". Sam Lansky of Idolator gave a very positive review, saying "The Afrojack-produced track hits solid marks with chilly synths that evoke Gina G's 1996 hit "Ooh Aah… Just A Little Bit" and lyrics that feel quintessentially Paris". Marc Hogan of Spin gave a negative review calling it "unapologetically dumb".
Mike Powell of Rolling Stone gave the song 1.5 out of 5 stars, saying "No needless disrespect to Hilton, who has put out listenable and even enjoyable music in the past, but rave-by-numbers tracks like this are often the reason pop music gets a bad rap to begin with. Worst off, sadly, is Wayne, a rapper who once had everything to lose". Nathan Jolly of The Music Network gave the song 3 out of 5 stars, saying "Truthfully if this single was released by any other artist, it would be a hit, but Hilton has proven so polarising that nothing short of an Adele-style smash will really suffice, and as you listen you can't help but sense those in the wings with their claws out, waiting to pounce".
Music video
The music video for "Good Time" was recorded in a mansion in Hollywood Hills, and was directed by Hannah Lux Davis. It was released on October 8, 2013. and visual effects were created by GloriaFX. The music video finds Hilton beguiling a party and cooing suggestively over a juiced-up dance beat. In the clip, Hilton rolls around poolside, fist-pumps some glowsticks and poses luxuriously, while Lil Wayne raps lines like, "I walked up to a big butt/And asked her ass, 'But what?'" Hilton wears a swimsuit studded with Swarovski crystals. The video premiered on RollingStone.com on October 7, 2013.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2013)
Peakposition
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)
18
References
^ a b c Powell, Mike (October 23, 2013). Paris Hilton feat. Lil Wayne "Good Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
^ Markman, Rob (September 26, 2013). "Paris Hilton And Birdman Getting Married?". MTV. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
^ Wood, Mikael (8 October 2013). Listen to Paris Hilton's grim new single 'Good Time', Los Angeles Times
^ Lipshutz, Jason (8 October 2013). Paris Hilton Returns With 'Good Time': Watch Lil Wayne-Assisted Video, Billboard (magazine)
^ (2 October 2013). Paris Hilton vuelve a la música, ABC (newspaper) (in Spanish)
^ Trinh, Jean (9 October 2013). Paris Hilton's Trippy Los Angeles Release Party For Her Single With Lil Wayne, The Daily Beast'
^ Hyman, Dan (7 October 2013). "Paris Hilton Parties With Lil Wayne in 'Good Time'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ a b Jolly, Nathan (October 14, 2013). Paris Hilton ft. Lil Wayne: Good Time. The Music Network. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
^ Shankar, Natasha (10 October 2013). "Music review: Paris Hilton feat. Lil' Wayne "Good Time"". SheKnows. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Wood, Mikael (8 October 2013). "Listen to Paris Hilton's grim new single 'Good Time'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Lansky, Sam (7 October 2013). "Paris Hilton's "Good Time": Hear The Heiress' Dance Cut With Lil Wayne". Idolator. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Hogan, Marc (8 October 2013). "'Good Time' Video Party: Cash Money duo collides (in spirit) in visual for DJ Afrojack-produced rave-pop bauble". Spin. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Stern, Doug (July 24, 2013). "Paris Hilton "Good Time" (Hannah Lux Davis, dir.)". VideoStatic.com. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
^ Lipshutz, Jason (8 October 2013). "Paris Hilton Returns With 'Good Time': Watch Lil Wayne-Assisted Video". Billboard. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ Rollingstone
^ "Diplo, Paris Hilton, Lady Gaga Debut on Dance Charts". Billboard. 17 October 2013.
External links
Hampp, Andrew, "Paris Hilton Video Interview: On 'Good Time' Single & Upcoming Album", Billboard, October 7, 2013
Walker, Jodi, "Paris Hilton's 'Good Time': A thorough lyrical analysis", Entertainment Week, Oct 8, 2013
vteParis Hilton
Discography
List of screen appearances
Studio albums
Paris
Infinite Icon
Singles
"Stars Are Blind"
"Nothing in This World"
"Turn It Up"
"Good Time"
"Come Alive"
"High Off My Love"
"I Need You"
"B.F.A. (Best Friend's Ass)"
"I'm Free"
Books
Confessions of an Heiress
Your Heiress Diary: Confess It All to Me
Film
Nine Lives
The Hillz
1 Night in Paris
House of Wax
Bottoms Up
National Lampoon's Pledge This!
The Hottie and the Nottie
America the Beautiful
Repo! The Genetic Opera
Paris, Not France
Teenage Paparazzo
The Dog Who Saved Christmas Vacation
The American Meme
This Is Paris
Television
The Simple Life
Biography: The Hiltons
Paris Hilton's My New BFF
Paris Hilton's British Best Friend
Paris Hilton's Dubai BFF
episodes
The World According to Paris
Hollywood Love Story
Cooking with Paris
Paris in Love
Cultural depictions
Britney Ever After
"I'm Not a Vampire"
London Tipton
"Reality Stars: The Musical"
"Stupid Girls"
"Stupid Spoiled Whore Video Playset"
Related
"I Don't Want It at All"
Provo Canyon School
Category
vteLil Wayne singles
Discography
Tha Block Is Hot
"Tha Block Is Hot"
500 Degreez
"Way of Life"
Tha Carter
"Go D.J."
Tha Carter II
"Fireman"
"Hustler Musik"
"Shooter"
Like Father, Like Son
"Stuntin' Like My Daddy"
"Leather So Soft"
The Leak
"Gossip"
"I'm Me"
Tha Carter III
"Lollipop"
"A Milli"
"Got Money"
"Mrs. Officer"
"You Ain't Got Nuthin"
"Mr. Carter"
We Are Young Money
"Every Girl"
"BedRock"
"Roger That"
Rebirth
"Prom Queen"
"On Fire"
"Drop the World"
"Knockout"
I Am Not a Human Being
"I'm Single"
"Right Above It"
"Gonorrhea"
Tha Carter IV
"6 Foot 7 Foot"
"John"
"How to Love"
"She Will"
"It's Good"
"Mirror"
"Blunt Blowin"
"MegaMan"
I Am Not a Human Being II
"My Homies Still"
"No Worries"
"Love Me"
"Rich As Fuck"
Rich Gang
"Tapout"
Tha Carter V
"Uproar"
"Don't Cry"
Funeral
"I Do It"
Featured singles1999
"Back That Azz Up"
"Bling Bling"
2000
"#1 Stunna"
2002
"Neva Get Enuf"
2004
"Hot Boys, Hot Girls"
2005
"Soldier"
2006
"Gimme That"
"Holla at Me"
"You Know What"
"Make It Rain"
"Hollywood Divorce"
"You"
2007
"We Takin' Over"
"Lock U Down"
"Pop Bottles"
"Duffle Bag Boy"
"Uh-Ohhh!"
"Sweetest Girl (Dollar Bill)"
"100 Million"
2008
"Push"
"Love in This Club Part II"
"Girls Around the World"
"I Run This"
"My Life"
"Can't Believe It"
"Let It Rock"
"Shawty Say"
"Swagga Like Us"
"Cuddy Buddy"
"Official Girl"
"I'm So Paid"
"Lost"
"All My Life (In the Ghetto)"
"Turnin Me On"
"Make a Toast"
2009
"Unstoppable"
"Always Strapped"
"Respect My Conglomerate"
"So Good"
"Maybach Music 2"
"Down"
"Successful"
"I'm Goin' In"
"Money to Blow"
"Heard 'em All"
"I Can Transform Ya"
"Give It Up to Me"
"4 My Town (Play Ball)"
"Revolver"
"Women Lie, Men Lie"
2010
"I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)"
"Miss Me"
"Loyalty"
"No Love"
"Fire Flame"
2011
"Welcome to My Hood"
"Look at Me Now"
"Bow Chicka Wow Wow"
"Hit the Lights"
"Someone to Love Me (Naked)"
"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like"
"Motivation"
"Red Nation"
"9 Piece"
"I'm on One"
"I'm Into You"
"Dirty Dancer"
"Ballin'"
"Dedication to My Ex (Miss That)"
"Y.U. Mad"
"Strange Clouds"
"Sweat"
"The Motto"
2012
"Faded"
"All Aboard"
"Take It to the Head"
"HYFR (Hell Ya Fucking Right)"
"I Can Only Imagine"
"Pop That"
"Enough of No Love"
"Ice"
"Bandz a Make Her Dance"
"Celebration"
"She Don't Put It Down"
"Ball"
"Hello"
2013
"Karate Chop"
"All That (Lady)"
"Ready to Go"
"High School"
"No New Friends"
"Wit' Me"
"We Outchea"
"Beware"
"Good Time"
"Thank You"
"Loyal"
2014
"We Alright"
"Thug Cry"
"Only"
2015
"Truffle Butter"
"How Many Times"
"Just Right for Me"
"Bottom of the Bottle"
"Switch Up"
2016
"Pillowtalk" (Remix)
"Order More" (Remix)
"No Problem"
"Gold" (Remix)
2017
"Running Back"
"Light My Body Up"
"I'm the One"
"The Way I Are (Dance with Somebody)"
"Love U Better"
"Like a Man"
"Codeine Dreaming"
2018
"Good Form"
2019
"Genius" (Lil Wayne Remix)
"Be Like Me"
2020
"Whats Poppin" (Remix)
"Iced Out Audemars" (Remix)
Other singles
"Hot Revolver"
"Forever"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
"Roman's Revenge"
"Sleazy Remix 2.0: Get Sleazier"
"Roman Reloaded"
"Scream & Shout" (Remix)
"Believe Me"
"Start a Fire"
"Nothing but Trouble"
"Let Me Love You"
"Sucker for Pain"
"No Frauds"
"Changed It"
"Rich Sex"
"Gang Gang"
"Lose"
"Lonely"
"Feelin' Like Tunechi"
"Ay!"
"Sunshine"
"Kant Nobody"
"Ain't Gonna Answer"
"Kat Food"
"Brand New"
"Presha"
"Long Story Short"
"Wassam Baby"
Other songs
"See You in My Nightmares"
"Martians vs. Goblins"
"I Do It"
"M's"
"Smuckers"
"My Window"
"I Heard You're Married"
"God Did"
"Annihilate"
"Transparency"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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It was released on October 8, 2013, by Cash Money as the lead single from the record. The song was written and produced by her and Afrojack, with additional songwriting provided by Hilton and Lil Wayne.[2][3][4][5] A single release party was held at SBE's Create Nightclub in Hollywood on October 8.[6] It's her third top 20 hit on the US Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs.","title":"Good Time (Paris Hilton song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Hilton told Rolling Stone, \"For me this song is so catchy and fun the way it moves from pop to a true dance number.\"[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heidi Montag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Montag"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Idolator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mike Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Powell_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"rave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave_music"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollingStone-1"},{"link_name":"The Music Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Network"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicNetwork-8"}],"text":"Upon its release, \"Good Time\" received negative reviews from music critics. Natasha Shankar of She Knows gave the music video, though not the song, a positive review, saying \"So from a dance standpoint it's not half bad. But Hilton has some talent. She's not a Heidi Montag, folks. But I've been kind enough to include the music video, and not the single alone. Why? Because, at the very least, you get to watch Hilton's glorious figure and perfect pout for the next five minutes\".[9]Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times gave a negative review, saying \"Yet with its succession of sonic and lyrical cliches -- \"haters,\" \"sexy girls,\" laser-light synth squiggles—the song never summons anything approaching a recreational vibe; it's purely an exercise in brand maintenance, a working holiday that even Lil Wayne can't lighten with an amazingly perfunctory guest verse in which he admits, I can't tell you what's what\".[10] Sam Lansky of Idolator gave a very positive review, saying \"The Afrojack-produced track hits solid marks with chilly synths that evoke Gina G's 1996 hit \"Ooh Aah… Just A Little Bit\" and lyrics that feel quintessentially Paris\".[11] Marc Hogan of Spin gave a negative review calling it \"unapologetically dumb\".[12]Mike Powell of Rolling Stone gave the song 1.5 out of 5 stars, saying \"No needless disrespect to Hilton, who has put out listenable and even enjoyable music in the past, but rave-by-numbers tracks like this are often the reason pop music gets a bad rap to begin with. Worst off, sadly, is Wayne, a rapper who once had everything to lose\".[1] Nathan Jolly of The Music Network gave the song 3 out of 5 stars, saying \"Truthfully if this single was released by any other artist, it would be a hit, but Hilton has proven so polarising that nothing short of an Adele-style smash will really suffice, and as you listen you can't help but sense those in the wings with their claws out, waiting to pounce\".[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Hannah Lux Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Lux_Davis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-videostatic-13"},{"link_name":"Lil Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Swarovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarovski"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The music video for \"Good Time\" was recorded in a mansion in Hollywood Hills, and was directed by Hannah Lux Davis. It was released on October 8, 2013.[13] and visual effects were created by GloriaFX. The music video finds Hilton beguiling a party and cooing suggestively over a juiced-up dance beat. In the clip, Hilton rolls around poolside, fist-pumps some glowsticks and poses luxuriously, while Lil Wayne raps lines like, \"I walked up to a big butt/And asked her ass, 'But what?'\" Hilton wears a swimsuit studded with Swarovski crystals.[14] The video premiered on RollingStone.com on October 7, 2013.[15]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Markman, Rob (September 26, 2013). \"Paris Hilton And Birdman Getting Married?\". MTV. Retrieved October 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1714647/paris-hilton-birdman-married.jhtml","url_text":"\"Paris Hilton And Birdman Getting Married?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"Hyman, Dan (7 October 2013). \"Paris Hilton Parties With Lil Wayne in 'Good Time'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/paris-hilton-parties-with-lil-wayne-in-good-time-video-premiere-20131007","url_text":"\"Paris Hilton Parties With Lil Wayne in 'Good Time'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Shankar, Natasha (10 October 2013). \"Music review: Paris Hilton feat. Lil' Wayne \"Good Time\"\". SheKnows. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1019841/music-review-paris-hilton-feat-lil-wayne-good-time","url_text":"\"Music review: Paris Hilton feat. Lil' Wayne \"Good Time\"\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Mikael (8 October 2013). \"Listen to Paris Hilton's grim new single 'Good Time'\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-paris-hilton-new-single-good-time-20131008,0,3225605.story#axzz2zkkY0Kwi","url_text":"\"Listen to Paris Hilton's grim new single 'Good Time'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Lansky, Sam (7 October 2013). \"Paris Hilton's \"Good Time\": Hear The Heiress' Dance Cut With Lil Wayne\". Idolator. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idolator.com/7487880/paris-hilton-good-time-lil-wayne","url_text":"\"Paris Hilton's \"Good Time\": Hear The Heiress' Dance Cut With Lil Wayne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Marc (8 October 2013). \"'Good Time' Video Party: Cash Money duo collides (in spirit) in visual for DJ Afrojack-produced rave-pop bauble\". Spin. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2013/10/paris-hilton-lil-wayne-good-time-video/","url_text":"\"'Good Time' Video Party: Cash Money duo collides (in spirit) in visual for DJ Afrojack-produced rave-pop bauble\""}]},{"reference":"Stern, Doug (July 24, 2013). \"Paris Hilton \"Good Time\" (Hannah Lux Davis, dir.)\". VideoStatic.com. Retrieved July 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.videostatic.com/production/2013/07/24/paris-hilton-good-time-hannah-lux-davis-dir","url_text":"\"Paris Hilton \"Good Time\" (Hannah Lux Davis, dir.)\""}]},{"reference":"Lipshutz, Jason (8 October 2013). \"Paris Hilton Returns With 'Good Time': Watch Lil Wayne-Assisted Video\". Billboard. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5748160/paris-hilton-returns-with-good-time-watch-lil-wayne-assisted-video","url_text":"\"Paris Hilton Returns With 'Good Time': Watch Lil Wayne-Assisted Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Diplo, Paris Hilton, Lady Gaga Debut on Dance Charts\". Billboard. 17 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/5762990/diplo-paris-hilton-lady-gaga-debut-on-dance-charts","url_text":"\"Diplo, Paris Hilton, Lady Gaga Debut on Dance Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1JMjwJG2UM","external_links_name":"\"Good Time (Explicit)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231004714/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/songreviews/good-time-20131023","external_links_name":"Paris Hilton feat. Lil Wayne \"Good Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1714647/paris-hilton-birdman-married.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Paris Hilton And Birdman Getting Married?\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-paris-hilton-new-single-good-time-20131008,0,3225605.story","external_links_name":"Listen to Paris Hilton's grim new single 'Good Time'"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5748160/paris-hilton-returns-with-good-time-watch-lil-wayne-assisted-video","external_links_name":"Paris Hilton Returns With 'Good Time': Watch Lil Wayne-Assisted Video"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/20131003/abci-paris-hilton-vuelve-musica-201310022043.html","external_links_name":"Paris Hilton vuelve a la música"},{"Link":"http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/10/09/paris-hilton-s-trippy-los-angeles-release-party-for-her-rap-single-with-lil-wayne.html","external_links_name":"Paris Hilton's Trippy Los Angeles Release Party For Her Single With Lil Wayne"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/paris-hilton-parties-with-lil-wayne-in-good-time-video-premiere-20131007","external_links_name":"\"Paris Hilton Parties With Lil Wayne in 'Good Time'\""},{"Link":"http://www.themusicnetwork.com/paris-hilton-ft-lil-wayne-good-time/","external_links_name":"Paris Hilton ft. Lil Wayne: Good Time"},{"Link":"http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1019841/music-review-paris-hilton-feat-lil-wayne-good-time","external_links_name":"\"Music review: Paris Hilton feat. Lil' Wayne \"Good Time\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-paris-hilton-new-single-good-time-20131008,0,3225605.story#axzz2zkkY0Kwi","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Paris Hilton's grim new single 'Good Time'\""},{"Link":"http://www.idolator.com/7487880/paris-hilton-good-time-lil-wayne","external_links_name":"\"Paris Hilton's \"Good Time\": Hear The Heiress' Dance Cut With Lil Wayne\""},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2013/10/paris-hilton-lil-wayne-good-time-video/","external_links_name":"\"'Good Time' Video Party: Cash Money duo collides (in spirit) in visual for DJ Afrojack-produced rave-pop bauble\""},{"Link":"http://www.videostatic.com/production/2013/07/24/paris-hilton-good-time-hannah-lux-davis-dir","external_links_name":"\"Paris Hilton \"Good Time\" (Hannah Lux Davis, dir.)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5748160/paris-hilton-returns-with-good-time-watch-lil-wayne-assisted-video","external_links_name":"\"Paris Hilton Returns With 'Good Time': Watch Lil Wayne-Assisted Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/paris-hilton-parties-with-lil-wayne-in-good-time-video-premiere-20131007","external_links_name":"Rollingstone"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/5762990/diplo-paris-hilton-lady-gaga-debut-on-dance-charts","external_links_name":"\"Diplo, Paris Hilton, Lady Gaga Debut on Dance Charts\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5748124/paris-hilton-video-interview-on-good-time-single-upcoming-album","external_links_name":"Paris Hilton Video Interview: On 'Good Time' Single & Upcoming Album"},{"Link":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2013/10/08/paris-hilton-good-time-lyrics/","external_links_name":"Paris Hilton's 'Good Time': A thorough lyrical analysis"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/1dee1e21-a656-4774-9fc4-1c7d4634c021","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthe_Weill
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Berthe Weill
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["1 Life and career","2 Artists","3 Collectors","4 References","5 External links"]
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French art dealer
Berthe Weill, 1865–1951), pioneering art gallery owner
Leaflet for Modigliani's only one-man exhibition, held at Galerie Berthe Weill in 1917. The exhibition was closed by the police on grounds of nudity
Berthe Weill (Paris 1865 – 1951): 11 was a French art dealer who played a vital role in the creation of the market for twentieth-century art with the manifestation of the Parisian Avant-Garde. Although she is much less known than her well-established competitors like Ambroise Vollard, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and Paul Rosenberg, she may be credited with producing the first sales in Paris for Pablo Picasso: 26 and Henri Matisse: 26 and with providing Amedeo Modigliani with the only solo exhibition in his lifetime (see poster advertising the exhibition).
The impressive list of artists who made their way through her gallery and into the canon of modern art continues with names such as Raoul Dufy, André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Diego Rivera, Georges Braque, Kees van Dongen, Maurice Utrillo, Pablo Picasso and Jean Metzinger. Her role was also important in the early exposure and sales of women painters such as Suzanne Valadon, Emilie Charmy and Jacqueline Marval.
In 1933, Weill published her memoirs, an account of thirty years as an art dealer, from which many historical renditions quote. Her gallery lasted until 1939, and notwithstanding the number of luminary artists that passed through her gallery, she remained poor and destitute her whole life and after her death was almost forgotten.
Recently, interest in Berthe Weill has become more significant. In 2007, Picasso's portrait of Berthe Weill (1920) was designated a French national treasure.: 11 In 2009, her memoirs (1933) were republished and a compilation of her gallery exhibitions; in 2011, the first study dedicated to her life and dealership was published by leading Weill scholar Marianne Le Morvan. In February 2012, the City of Paris decided to place a memorial plaque at 25 rue Victor Massé (Paris), where Berthe Weill opened her first gallery in 1900.
Life and career
Esther Berthe Weill was born in Paris into an Alsatian Jewish lower middle class family, one of seven children. As her parents were of modest means, Weill was placed as an apprentice in Mayer's antique shop where she learned the business of the trade and acquired considerable knowledge, in particular, of eighteenth century engravings. This experience would serve her well as she also met collectors, writers and other dealers.
Upon Mayer's death, she opened a little shop in association with one of her brothers, but it did not last long (1897-1900). Under the influence of Roger Marx, a renowned art critic, she became interested in the art of the new young painters.: 31 She bought, exhibited, and sold work by Picasso before the artist moved to Paris, becoming his first dealer in 1900.
On December 1, 1901, Weill used part of her dowry to open "Galerie B. Weill" at 25 rue Victor Massé, calling it a place for the young. There she bought and sold modernist works of art, largely Fauvist and Cubist. She did not amass a large collection, nor focus in on a particular style or set of artists, causing many artists to switch to more financially stable dealers as their careers progressed. In 1908 and 1909, she exhibited works by Fauves including Braque, Derain, Manguin, Marquet, Marval and Matisse. In 1913, she curated a show with works by Gleizes, Léger and Metzinger. She hosted a group exhibition with works by and Gleizes, Léger, and Picasso.
Galerie Berthe Weill changed locations in 1917, from 25 rue Victor-Massé to 50 rue Taitbout, then again in 1919 to 46 rue Laffitte, in the former gallery of Clovis Sagot. At the same time, Weill inaugurated her "librairie artistique" and launched her publication titled Bulletin.
In 1941, rising antisemitism and the outbreak of World War II forced her to close her gallery.
In 1946, many painters who she had championed over the years came together and held an auction of their donated art work, the proceeds went to support the dealer, so she could live in some comfort for the last years of her life.: 11
In 1948, the Republic of France recognized her as a Chevalier de Légion d'Honneur, for her contribution to Modern Art.: 11
In 1951, Weill died at the age of 86. Although she was recognized at some level during her lifetime, she was left with a legacy of being either misunderstood or relegated to the footnotes of historical accounts of the period, until recent renewed interest emerged.
Artists
Picasso, Matisse, Jeanne (Jane) Rosoy, Derain, Vlaminck, Marquet, Manguin, Camoin, Raoul Dufy, Diego Rivera, Braque, Friesz, van Dongen, Utrillo, Puy, Metzinger, Odette Des Garets, Modigliani, Rouault, Marie Laurencin, Suzanne Valadon, Emilie Charmy, Kisling, Flandrin, Léger, Pascin, Georges Kars.
Collectors
Early 1900s Poster depicting a nude artist and a man in top hat for a Berthe Weill exhibition
Adolphe Brisson, Literary Critic for Temps
Picasso's first sales in Paris were three pastels on canvas depicting bullfighting scenes, which Weill sold to him in 1900.
Arthur Huc, Director of La Dépêche de Toulouse. Weill sold Le Moulin de la Galette (1900) to Arthur Huc. According to John Richardson, Huc was "one of the most progressive collectors of the day". Later this painting was bought by Justin Thannhauser who donated it to the Guggenheim Museum (NY).: 168
Franz Jourdain, Architect of the Samaritaine Department Store, first president of the Salon d'Automne ; in 1902, Weill sold a Marquet to him.: 31
André Level, Head of the consortium of investors who, in 1904, began forming the Peau de l'Ours art collection of twentieth-century art. In 1914, it was sold at auction and was notable for its "phenomenal financial success". "Weill claimed that three-quarters of the items in the collection were purchased from her gallery. Even if she exaggerated, there is no doubt that Level bought from her on a regular basis.: 26–27 : 194
Gertrude and Leo Stein, American expatriates living in Paris who played a pivotal role in promoting and collecting avant-garde art
Olivier Saincère, Counsellor of State and future secretary general of the Élysée under Raymond Poincaré, one of Weill's first collectors.
Gustave Coquiot, French writer and art critic, collector of Maurice Utrillo.
Sergei Shchukin, Russian collector from Moscow.: 389–393
References
^ a b Weill, Berthe, "Pan ! Dans L'œil ! Ou trente ans dans les coulisses de la peinture contemporaine 1900-1930", L'Échelle de Jacob, 2009 (Préface by François Roussier de la Tronche)
^ a b c d FitzGerald Michael, "Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art", Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York", 1995, ""
^ Perry Gill. "Women Artists and the Parisian avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine' art, 1900 to the late 1920s", Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York", 1995
^ a b Weill, Berthe. "Pan ! Dans L'œil! Ou trente ans dans les coulisses de la peinture contemporaine 1900-1930", Lipschutz, Paris 1933
^ a b c d Sanchez, Pierre, "Les expositions de la Galerie Berthe Weill (1901-1942) et de la Galerie Devambez (1907-1926) Repertoire des artistes et liste de leurs œuvres", II, L'Échelle de Jacob, Dijon, 2009
^ Le Morvan, Marianne, "Berthe Weill 1865-1951 La petite galeriste des grands artistes", L'Écarlate, Orléans, 2011
^ "Decision by the Council of Paris to install a "plaque commémorative" at 25, rue Victor Massé". Archived from the original on 2016-01-06. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
^ a b Elderfield, John, "Fauvism: The "Wild Beasts" and Its Affinities", Exh. cat., The Museum of Modern Art, 1976
^ a b c Chernick, Karen (2020-02-07). "The Forgotten Female Art Dealer Who Championed Picasso and Modigliani". Artsy. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
^ a b c Tasseau, Vérane (January 2015). "Weill, Berthe". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
^ Marie Perennes. Éditer, exposer : nouvelles médiations artistiques à Paris dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Histoire. 2014. ffdumas-01071653
^ Le Morvan, Marianne. "List of exhibited artists at the B.Weill Gallery". bertheweill.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-10.
^ a b Richardson John, "A Life of Picasso: The Early Years, Vol. I, 1886-1906", Random House, 1991
External links
Visual Arts portal
Berthe Weill Archives"
Berthe Weill: Galériste à Montmartre. Biography by Françoise Job, 2005
Decision by the Council of Paris to install a "plaque commémorative" at 25, rue Victor Massé Archived 2016-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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The exhibition was closed by the police on grounds of nudityBerthe Weill (Paris 1865 – 1951)[1]: 11 was a French art dealer who played a vital role in the creation of the market for twentieth-century art with the manifestation of the Parisian Avant-Garde. Although she is much less known than her well-established competitors like Ambroise Vollard, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and Paul Rosenberg, she may be credited with producing the first sales in Paris for Pablo Picasso[2]: 26 and Henri Matisse[2]: 26 and with providing Amedeo Modigliani with the only solo exhibition in his lifetime (see poster advertising the exhibition).The impressive list of artists who made their way through her gallery and into the canon of modern art continues with names such as Raoul Dufy, André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Diego Rivera, Georges Braque, Kees van Dongen, Maurice Utrillo, Pablo Picasso and Jean Metzinger. Her role was also important in the early exposure and sales of women painters such as Suzanne Valadon, Emilie Charmy and Jacqueline Marval.[3]In 1933, Weill published her memoirs, an account of thirty years as an art dealer, from which many historical renditions quote.[4] Her gallery lasted until 1939, and notwithstanding the number of luminary artists that passed through her gallery, she remained poor and destitute her whole life and after her death was almost forgotten.Recently, interest in Berthe Weill has become more significant.[2] In 2007, Picasso's portrait of Berthe Weill (1920) was designated a French national treasure.[5]: 11 In 2009, her memoirs (1933) were republished[1] and a compilation of her gallery exhibitions;[5] in 2011, the first study dedicated to her life and dealership was published by leading Weill scholar Marianne Le Morvan.[6] In February 2012, the City of Paris decided to place a memorial plaque at 25 rue Victor Massé (Paris), where Berthe Weill opened her first gallery in 1900.[7]","title":"Berthe Weill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alsatian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alsace"},{"link_name":"lower middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_middle_class"},{"link_name":"engravings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engravings"},{"link_name":"collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Roger Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Roger-Marx"},{"link_name":"art critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_critic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elder-8"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chernick-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chernick-9"},{"link_name":"Fauvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Cubist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Fauves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Braque"},{"link_name":"Derain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain"},{"link_name":"Manguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Manguin"},{"link_name":"Marquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Marquet"},{"link_name":"Marval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Marval"},{"link_name":"Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Gleizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gleizes"},{"link_name":"Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Metzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger"},{"link_name":"Gleizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gleizes"},{"link_name":"Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chernick-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanch-5"},{"link_name":"Légion d'Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanch-5"}],"text":"Esther Berthe Weill was born in Paris into an Alsatian Jewish lower middle class family, one of seven children. As her parents were of modest means, Weill was placed as an apprentice in Mayer's antique shop where she learned the business of the trade and acquired considerable knowledge, in particular, of eighteenth century engravings. This experience would serve her well as she also met collectors, writers and other dealers.Upon Mayer's death, she opened a little shop in association with one of her brothers, but it did not last long (1897-1900). Under the influence of Roger Marx, a renowned art critic, she became interested in the art of the new young painters.[8]: 31 She bought, exhibited, and sold work by Picasso before the artist moved to Paris, becoming his first dealer in 1900.[9][10]On December 1, 1901, Weill used part of her dowry to open \"Galerie B. Weill\" at 25 rue Victor Massé, calling it a place for the young.[9] There she bought and sold modernist works of art, largely Fauvist and Cubist. She did not amass a large collection, nor focus in on a particular style or set of artists, causing many artists to switch to more financially stable dealers as their careers progressed. In 1908 and 1909, she exhibited works by Fauves including Braque, Derain, Manguin, Marquet, Marval and Matisse.[10] In 1913, she curated a show with works by Gleizes, Léger and Metzinger. She hosted a group exhibition with works by and Gleizes, Léger, and Picasso.[10]Galerie Berthe Weill changed locations in 1917, from 25 rue Victor-Massé to 50 rue Taitbout, then again in 1919 to 46 rue Laffitte, in the former gallery of Clovis Sagot. At the same time, Weill inaugurated her \"librairie artistique\" and launched her publication titled Bulletin.[11]In 1941, rising antisemitism and the outbreak of World War II forced her to close her gallery.[9]In 1946, many painters who she had championed over the years came together and held an auction of their donated art work, the proceeds went to support the dealer, so she could live in some comfort for the last years of her life.[5]: 11In 1948, the Republic of France recognized her as a Chevalier de Légion d'Honneur, for her contribution to Modern Art.[5]: 11In 1951, Weill died at the age of 86. Although she was recognized at some level during her lifetime, she was left with a legacy of being either misunderstood or relegated to the footnotes of historical accounts of the period, until recent renewed interest emerged.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matisse"},{"link_name":"Jeanne (Jane) Rosoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Rosoy"},{"link_name":"Derain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derain"},{"link_name":"Vlaminck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaminck"},{"link_name":"Marquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Marquet"},{"link_name":"Manguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manguin"},{"link_name":"Camoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Camoin"},{"link_name":"Raoul Dufy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Dufy"},{"link_name":"Diego Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Braque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braque"},{"link_name":"Friesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othon_Friesz"},{"link_name":"van Dongen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_van_Dongen"},{"link_name":"Utrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Utrillo"},{"link_name":"Metzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger"},{"link_name":"Odette Des Garets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odette_Des_Garets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Modigliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani"},{"link_name":"Rouault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Rouault"},{"link_name":"Marie Laurencin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Laurencin"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Valadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Valadon"},{"link_name":"Emilie Charmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Charmy"},{"link_name":"Kisling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Kisling"},{"link_name":"Flandrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandrin"},{"link_name":"Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Pascin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascin"},{"link_name":"Georges Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Kars"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Picasso, Matisse, Jeanne (Jane) Rosoy, Derain, Vlaminck, Marquet, Manguin, Camoin, Raoul Dufy, Diego Rivera, Braque, Friesz, van Dongen, Utrillo, Puy, Metzinger, Odette Des Garets, Modigliani, Rouault, Marie Laurencin, Suzanne Valadon, Emilie Charmy, Kisling, Flandrin, Léger, Pascin, Georges Kars.[12]","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AfficheLobelRicheGalerieB.Weill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Le Moulin de la Galette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin_de_la_Galette"},{"link_name":"John Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Museum (NY)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rich-13"},{"link_name":"Samaritaine Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Samaritaine"},{"link_name":"Salon d'Automne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elder-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitz-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pan-4"},{"link_name":"Gertrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein"},{"link_name":"Leo Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Stein"},{"link_name":"Counsellor of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor_of_State_(France)"},{"link_name":"Élysée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace"},{"link_name":"Raymond Poincaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Gustave Coquiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Coquiot"},{"link_name":"Maurice Utrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Utrillo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rich-13"}],"text":"Early 1900s Poster depicting a nude artist and a man in top hat for a Berthe Weill exhibitionAdolphe Brisson, Literary Critic for TempsPicasso's first sales in Paris were three pastels on canvas depicting bullfighting scenes, which Weill sold to him in 1900.Arthur Huc, Director of La Dépêche de Toulouse. Weill sold Le Moulin de la Galette (1900) to Arthur Huc. According to John Richardson, Huc was \"one of the most progressive collectors of the day\". Later this painting was bought by Justin Thannhauser who donated it to the Guggenheim Museum (NY).[13]: 168 \nFranz Jourdain, Architect of the Samaritaine Department Store, first president of the Salon d'Automne ; in 1902, Weill sold a Marquet to him.[8]: 31 \nAndré Level, Head of the consortium of investors who, in 1904, began forming the Peau de l'Ours art collection of twentieth-century art. In 1914, it was sold at auction and was notable for its \"phenomenal financial success\". \"Weill claimed that three-quarters of the items in the collection were purchased from her gallery. Even if she exaggerated, there is no doubt that Level bought from her on a regular basis.[2]: 26–27 [4]: 194 \nGertrude and Leo Stein, American expatriates living in Paris who played a pivotal role in promoting and collecting avant-garde art\nOlivier Saincère, Counsellor of State and future secretary general of the Élysée under Raymond Poincaré, one of Weill's first collectors.\nGustave Coquiot, French writer and art critic, collector of Maurice Utrillo.\nSergei Shchukin, Russian collector from Moscow.[13]: 389–393","title":"Collectors"}]
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[{"image_text":"Berthe Weill, 1865–1951), pioneering art gallery owner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Berthe_Weill_1865-1951.jpg/220px-Berthe_Weill_1865-1951.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leaflet for Modigliani's only one-man exhibition, held at Galerie Berthe Weill in 1917. The exhibition was closed by the police on grounds of nudity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Amedeo-Modigliani-berthe-weill-first-oneman-exhibition-nudes-1917-paris.jpg/220px-Amedeo-Modigliani-berthe-weill-first-oneman-exhibition-nudes-1917-paris.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early 1900s Poster depicting a nude artist and a man in top hat for a Berthe Weill exhibition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AfficheLobelRicheGalerieB.Weill.jpg/220px-AfficheLobelRicheGalerieB.Weill.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Decision by the Council of Paris to install a \"plaque commémorative\" at 25, rue Victor Massé\". Archived from the original on 2016-01-06. Retrieved 2012-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160106114423/http://a06.apps.paris.fr/a06/jsp/site/plugins/solr/modules/ods/DoDownload.jsp?id_document=102809","url_text":"\"Decision by the Council of Paris to install a \"plaque commémorative\" at 25, rue Victor Massé\""},{"url":"http://a06.apps.paris.fr/a06/jsp/site/plugins/solr/modules/ods/DoDownload.jsp?id_document=102809","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chernick, Karen (2020-02-07). \"The Forgotten Female Art Dealer Who Championed Picasso and Modigliani\". Artsy. Retrieved 2020-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-forgotten-female-art-dealer-championed-picasso-modigliani","url_text":"\"The Forgotten Female Art Dealer Who Championed Picasso and Modigliani\""}]},{"reference":"Tasseau, Vérane (January 2015). \"Weill, Berthe\". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2020-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/libraries-and-research-centers/leonard-lauder-research-center/research/index-of-cubist-art-collectors/weill","url_text":"\"Weill, Berthe\""}]},{"reference":"Le Morvan, Marianne. \"List of exhibited artists at the B.Weill Gallery\". bertheweill.com. Archived from the original on 2019-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190310020529/http://www.bertheweill.com/artists","url_text":"\"List of exhibited artists at the B.Weill Gallery\""},{"url":"http://www.bertheweill.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fj2wtVCWkMoC","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160106114423/http://a06.apps.paris.fr/a06/jsp/site/plugins/solr/modules/ods/DoDownload.jsp?id_document=102809","external_links_name":"\"Decision by the Council of Paris to install a \"plaque commémorative\" at 25, rue Victor Massé\""},{"Link":"http://a06.apps.paris.fr/a06/jsp/site/plugins/solr/modules/ods/DoDownload.jsp?id_document=102809","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-forgotten-female-art-dealer-championed-picasso-modigliani","external_links_name":"\"The Forgotten Female Art Dealer Who Championed Picasso and Modigliani\""},{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/libraries-and-research-centers/leonard-lauder-research-center/research/index-of-cubist-art-collectors/weill","external_links_name":"\"Weill, Berthe\""},{"Link":"https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01071653/document","external_links_name":"Marie Perennes. Éditer, exposer : nouvelles médiations artistiques à Paris dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Histoire. 2014. ffdumas-01071653"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190310020529/http://www.bertheweill.com/artists","external_links_name":"\"List of exhibited artists at the B.Weill Gallery\""},{"Link":"http://www.bertheweill.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bertheweill.com/","external_links_name":"Berthe Weill Archives\""},{"Link":"http://judaisme.sdv.fr/perso/berthew/berthew.htm","external_links_name":"Berthe Weill: Galériste à Montmartre. Biography by Françoise Job, 2005"},{"Link":"http://a06.apps.paris.fr/a06/jsp/site/plugins/solr/modules/ods/DoDownload.jsp?id_document=102809","external_links_name":"Decision by the Council of Paris to install a \"plaque commémorative\" at 25, rue Victor Massé"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160106114423/http://a06.apps.paris.fr/a06/jsp/site/plugins/solr/modules/ods/DoDownload.jsp?id_document=102809","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1946992/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000072522909","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95360109","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM7YFJ8c74RghPH4KmVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16117008t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16117008t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/139902112","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292174105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14206102","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009149409","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500327991","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61g3ktw","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/139158502","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Playlist
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Love Playlist
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["1 Synopsis","2 Main cast","3 Episodes","3.1 Series overview","3.2 Pilot (2017)","3.3 Season 1 (2017)","3.4 Season 2 (2017)","3.5 Season 3 (2018)","3.6 Season 4 (2019)","4 Original soundtrack","4.1 Season 2","4.2 Season 3","4.3 Season 4","5 Viewership","6 References","7 External links"]
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South Korean web series
Love PlaylistSeason 4 promotional posterHangul연애 플레이리스트
GenreRomanceYouthWritten byLee SeulChoi Yo-jiKim Jae-hyukDirected byShin Jae-rimJung Eun-haKim Seo-yoonYoo Hee-onStarringSee listCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of seasons4No. of episodes48 (+ 7 specials)ProductionProducersPark Jin-hoYang So-youngHan A-reumCamera setupSingle cameraRunning time5–27 minutesProduction companyPlayList GlobalOriginal releaseNetworkV LiveNaver TV CastYouTubeFacebookInstagramReleaseMarch 9, 2017 (2017-03-09) –August 14, 2019 (2019-08-14)RelatedDear. M (2022)
Love Playlist (Korean: 연애 플레이리스트; RR: Yeonae Peulleliseuteu) is a South Korean web series. Spanning over four seasons, its episodes were released through PlayList Global's V Live, Naver TV Cast, YouTube, Facebook and Instagram official channels from March 9, 2017 to August 8, 2019. As of March 2020, the series has earned 630 million views.
Its television spin-off Dear.M was scheduled to air on KBS2 in 2021, but postponed to 2022 due to school bullying allegations against actress Park Hye-su.
Synopsis
Love Playlist revolves around a group of college students as they learn about the joys and sorrows of relationships and breakups.
Main cast
Character
Portrayed by
Season
Season 1(2017)
Season 2(2017)
Season 3(2018)
Season 4(2019)
Lee Hyun-seung
Kim Hyung-seok
Main
Jung Ji-won
Jung Shin-hye
Main
Han Jae-in
Lee Yoo-jin
Main
Kim Min-woo
Choi Hee-seung
Main
Guest
Kwak Jun-mo
Lim Hwi-win
Main
Guest
Kang Yoon
Park Jung-woo
Recurring
Main
Guest
Main
Kim Do-young
Min Hyo-won
Main
Guest
Choi Seung-hyuk
Kim Woo-seok
Recurring
Main
Jung Pu-reum
Park Shi-an
Recurring
Main
Park Ha-neul
Bae Hyun-sung
Recurring
Main
Seo Ji-min
Kim Sae-ron
Main
Episodes
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilot2January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)January 28, 2017 (2017-01-28)18March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)212June 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)August 12, 2017 (2017-08-12)312September 20, 2018 (2018-09-20)October 27, 2018 (2018-10-27)416June 22, 2019 (2019-06-22)August 14, 2019 (2019-08-14)
Pilot (2017)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release datePilot1"My Boyfriend Is Drinking With Another Girl"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJanuary 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
Pilot2"My Guy Friend Has a Girlfriend"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJanuary 28, 2017 (2017-01-28)
Season 1 (2017)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"I Have Three Male Friends"Shin Jae-rimLee SolMarch 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
22"What Freshmen Have to Be Most Careful of"Shin Jae-rimLee SolMarch 11, 2017 (2017-03-11)
33"The Real Reason Why My Boyfriend Likes Me"Shin Jae-rimLee SolMarch 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
44"What Happens When Men and Women are Just Friends"Shin Jae-rimLee SolMarch 18, 2017 (2017-03-18)
55"My Boyfriend's Female Friend Gets on My Nerves"Shin Jae-rimLee SolMarch 23, 2017 (2017-03-23)
66"Reasons Why Women Say They Want to Break Up"Shin Jae-rimLee SolMarch 25, 2017 (2017-03-25)
77"The Advantage of Drunken Confessions"Shin Jae-rimLee SolMarch 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
88"The Process of Men Falling in Love"Shin Jae-rimLee SolApril 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
Special
XX"The Way of a Lovely Couple’s Chatting"Shin Jae-rimLee SolApril 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
Season 2 (2017)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date91"I Asked My Friend Who's a Boy to Do Consultations on Love For Me"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJune 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)
102"The Reason Why Men Become Jealous"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 1, 2017 (2017-07-01)
113"Unexpected Starting of a Relationship"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 6, 2017 (2017-07-06)
124"How to Figure Out Whether It's Flirting or Not"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 8, 2017 (2017-07-08)
135"Thoughts of Men and Women on Anniversaries"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 13, 2017 (2017-07-13)
146"The Moment of the Ending of Flirting"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 15, 2017 (2017-07-15)
157"What a Guy Who's Having a First Date Thinks"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 20, 2017 (2017-07-20)
168"Process of Giving Up Unrequited Love"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 22, 2017 (2017-07-22)
179"Reasons of Breaking Up"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 27, 2017 (2017-07-27)
1810"The Reason Why We Date"Shin Jae-rimLee SolJuly 29, 2017 (2017-07-29)
1911"The Steps For a Couple's First Night"Shin Jae-rimLee SolAugust 10, 2017 (2017-08-10)
2012"Could a Broken Couple Get Together Again"Shin Jae-rimLee SolAugust 12, 2017 (2017-08-12)
Special
XX"Unexpected Moments of Missing Ex-Boyfriend"Shin Jae-rimLee SolAugust 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)
Season 3 (2018)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date211"Depressing Moment After a Breakup"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolSeptember 20, 2018 (2018-09-20)
222"Psych of a Guy Who Doesn't Ask Out"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolSeptember 22, 2018 (2018-09-22)
233"The Fastest Way to Recover From a Breakup"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolSeptember 27, 2018 (2018-09-27)
244"Characteristics of a Girl Who Can't Stay in a Relationship"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolSeptember 29, 2018 (2018-09-29)
255"A Woman That Men Can't Resist"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 4, 2018 (2018-10-04)
266"Advantages of Having a Guy Friend"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 6, 2018 (2018-10-06)
277"Moment You Want Your Ex Back"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 11, 2018 (2018-10-11)
288"A Guy You Shouldn't Let Go of"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 18, 2018 (2018-10-18)
299"What Happens When You Drink With Your Ex"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 20, 2018 (2018-10-20)
3010"When Your First Love Is Unrequited"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 25, 2018 (2018-10-25)
3111"Stages of Falling in Love with Your Close Friend"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 27, 2018 (2018-10-27)
3212"Is It Okay To Get Back With My Ex?"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 27, 2018 (2018-10-27)
Specials
XX"Stages of a Couple's First Kiss"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolOctober 29, 2018 (2018-10-29)
XX"I Think My Close Friend Has a Crush On Me"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolNovember 1, 2018 (2018-11-01)
XX"Why You Shouldn't Drink With Your Crush"Jung Eun-ha & Kim Seo-yoonLee SolNovember 2, 2018 (2018-11-02)
Season 4 (2019)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date331"The Worst Situation to Run Into Your Ex-Boyfriend"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJune 22, 2019 (2019-06-22)
342"How to Have a Crush on Someone Without Showing My Feelings"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJune 26, 2019 (2019-06-26)
353"How to Check If You Still Have Feelings for Your Ex"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJune 29, 2019 (2019-06-29)
364"When a Guy You Like Turns Up at a Group Date"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 3, 2019 (2019-07-03)
375"How an Ideal Boyfriend Reacts to His Girlfriend's Belly Fat"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 6, 2019 (2019-07-06)
386"Hopeless Romantics Have a Reason Too"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 10, 2019 (2019-07-10)
397"I Went on a Double Date with My Ex-Boyfriend"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 13, 2019 (2019-07-13)
408"The Reason Why I Keep Having Crapy Crushes"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 17, 2019 (2019-07-17)
419"Reason Why Exam Week Is a F**ked Week"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 20, 2019 (2019-07-20)
4210"A Friend I Trusted Stabbed Me In the Back"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 24, 2019 (2019-07-24)
4311"Getting Drunk and Causing a Scene In Front of the Person You Like"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 27, 2019 (2019-07-27)
4412"How a College Student Decides to Drop Out"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 31, 2019 (2019-07-31)
4513"I Spent the Day with My Ex-Boyfriend"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukAugust 3, 2019 (2019-08-03)
4614"What Couples Go Through Before the Guy Goes to the Military"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukAugust 7, 2019 (2019-08-07)
4715"Why You Have to Be Honest with the Person You Like"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukAugust 10, 2019 (2019-08-10)
4816"A Perfect Example of a Straightforward Love Confession"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukAugust 14, 2019 (2019-08-14)
Specials
XX"What Guys Can Say to Get a Reaction From Their Girlfriends"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukJuly 1, 2019 (2019-07-01)
XX"Things That Makes Someone Living Apart From Family Angry"Yoo Hee-onLee Sol, Choi Yo-ji & Kim Jae-hyukAugust 1, 2019 (2019-08-01)
Original soundtrack
Season 2
Album + Bonus Track
Album
Released on August 19, 2017 (2017-08-19)No.TitleArtistLength1."Never Ending"Project Loveplay3:362."Toy"Brother Su, Yoo Yeon-jung (Cosmic Girls)3:373."Hey"Paul Kim3:284."If Only"Kim Na-young4:315."Never Ending" (Inst.) 3:366."Toy" (Inst.) 3:377."Hey" (Inst.) 3:288."If Only" (Inst.) 4:31
Bonus Track
Released on September 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)No.TitleArtistLength1."Breeze"Sugarbowl3:332."Breeze" (Inst.) 3:33Total length:7:06
Season 3
Part 1-2
Part 1
Released on September 23, 2018 (2018-09-23)No.TitleArtistLength1."Perfect"10cm3:572."Perfect" (Inst.) 3:57Total length:7:54
Part 2
Released on October 11, 2018 (2018-10-11)No.TitleArtistLength1."To You"Kim Min-seok (MeloMance)3:312."Hey" (Acoustic Ver.)Kim Woo-seok4:093."Hey"Paul Kim3:284."To You"Kim Min-seok (MeloMance)3:045."To You" (Inst.) 3:316."Hey" (Acoustic Ver. Inst.) 4:09
Season 4
Part 1-2
Part 1
Released on July 17, 2019 (2019-07-17)No.TitleArtistLength1."Be My Love"Exo-CBX3:352."Be My Love" (Inst.) 3:35Total length:7:10
Part 2
Released on August 3, 2020 (2020-08-03)No.TitleArtistLength1."Hibye"Suran3:192."Hibye" (Inst.) 3:19Total length:6:38
Viewership
By the conclusion of the second season, the series had earned 100 million views.
The fourth season earned 30 million views after its last episode was released in the summer of 2019.
References
^ Yonhap (August 28, 2019). "Short, flashy web-based dramas appeal to binge watch-loving new generation". The Korea Herald. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Cho, Hae-min (September 24, 2019). "Will there be a season five of 'Love Playlist?'". The Korea Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Schwartz, William (March 9, 2020). "Playlist Studio Breaks 2.5 Million YouTube Subscribers". HanCinema. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Yim, Seung-hye (January 13, 2021). "KBS announces Feb. 26 as premiere date of new drama 'Dear. M.'". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^ Lee Kyung-ho. "KBS, 박혜수 '학폭 의혹'에 결국 '디어엠' 첫방송 연기 결정" . Star News (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
^ Kim, Na-hee (June 12, 2019). ""Love Playlist 4" continues the campus stories with new face Kim Sae Ron". Osen. V Live. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Yeo, Ye-rim (December 11, 2018). "Kim Min-seok to release solo work". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Park, Jin-hai (August 27, 2017). "JTBC makes first web drama 'Somehow 18'". The Korea Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
^ Schwartz, William (August 22, 2019). ""Love Playlist - Season 4" Closes Out With Over Thirty Million Views". HanCinema. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
External links
Love Playlist at HanCinema (season 4)
vtePlaylist StudioExecutives
Park Tae-won (CEO)
Baek Kwang-hyeon (COO)
As production company
Love Playlist (2017-2019)
A-Teen (2018)
A-Teen 2 (2019)
XX (2020)
Live On (2020)
Blue Birthday (2021)
Dear.M (2021)
Weak Hero Class 1 (2022)
The Deal (2023)
Related
Naver Corporation
List of Playlist Studio works
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"web series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_series"},{"link_name":"PlayList Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist_Studio"},{"link_name":"V Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Live_(website)"},{"link_name":"Naver TV Cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver#Naver_NOW"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dear.M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear.M"},{"link_name":"KBS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Park Hye-su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hye-su"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Love Playlist (Korean: 연애 플레이리스트; RR: Yeonae Peulleliseuteu) is a South Korean web series. Spanning over four seasons, its episodes were released through PlayList Global's V Live, Naver TV Cast, YouTube, Facebook and Instagram official channels from March 9, 2017 to August 8, 2019.[1][2] As of March 2020, the series has earned 630 million views.[3]Its television spin-off Dear.M was scheduled to air on KBS2 in 2021,[4] but postponed to 2022 due to school bullying allegations against actress Park Hye-su.[5]","title":"Love Playlist"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Love Playlist revolves around a group of college students as they learn about the joys and sorrows of relationships and breakups.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pilot_(2017)"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2017)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2017)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2018)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(2019)"}],"sub_title":"Series overview","text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilot2January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)January 28, 2017 (2017-01-28)18March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)212June 29, 2017 (2017-06-29)August 12, 2017 (2017-08-12)312September 20, 2018 (2018-09-20)October 27, 2018 (2018-10-27)416June 22, 2019 (2019-06-22)August 14, 2019 (2019-08-14)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pilot (2017)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2017)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2017)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2018)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (2019)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brother Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Su"},{"link_name":"Yoo Yeon-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Yeon-jung"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Girls"},{"link_name":"Paul Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kim_(musician,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Kim Na-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Na-young_(singer)"}],"sub_title":"Season 2","text":"Album + Bonus Track\nAlbum\n\nReleased on August 19, 2017 (2017-08-19)No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Never Ending\"Project Loveplay3:362.\"Toy\"Brother Su, Yoo Yeon-jung (Cosmic Girls)3:373.\"Hey\"Paul Kim3:284.\"If Only\"Kim Na-young4:315.\"Never Ending\" (Inst.) 3:366.\"Toy\" (Inst.) 3:377.\"Hey\" (Inst.) 3:288.\"If Only\" (Inst.) 4:31\nBonus Track\n\nReleased on September 7, 2017 (2017-09-07)No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Breeze\"Sugarbowl3:332.\"Breeze\" (Inst.) 3:33Total length:7:06","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10cm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cm_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kim Min-seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Min-seok_(singer,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"MeloMance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeloMance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Paul Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kim_(musician,_born_1988)"}],"sub_title":"Season 3","text":"Part 1-2\nPart 1\n\nReleased on September 23, 2018 (2018-09-23)No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Perfect\"10cm3:572.\"Perfect\" (Inst.) 3:57Total length:7:54\nPart 2\n\nReleased on October 11, 2018 (2018-10-11)No.TitleArtistLength1.\"To You\"Kim Min-seok (MeloMance)[7]3:312.\"Hey\" (Acoustic Ver.)Kim Woo-seok4:093.\"Hey\"Paul Kim3:284.\"To You\"Kim Min-seok (MeloMance)3:045.\"To You\" (Inst.) 3:316.\"Hey\" (Acoustic Ver. Inst.) 4:09","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exo-CBX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exo-CBX"},{"link_name":"Suran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suran_(singer)"}],"sub_title":"Season 4","text":"Part 1-2\nPart 1\n\nReleased on July 17, 2019 (2019-07-17)No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Be My Love\"Exo-CBX3:352.\"Be My Love\" (Inst.) 3:35Total length:7:10\nPart 2\n\nReleased on August 3, 2020 (2020-08-03)No.TitleArtistLength1.\"Hibye\"Suran3:192.\"Hibye\" (Inst.) 3:19Total length:6:38","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"By the conclusion of the second season, the series had earned 100 million views.[8]The fourth season earned 30 million views after its last episode was released in the summer of 2019.[9]","title":"Viewership"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Yonhap (August 28, 2019). \"Short, flashy web-based dramas appeal to binge watch-loving new generation\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190828000737","url_text":"\"Short, flashy web-based dramas appeal to binge watch-loving new generation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"}]},{"reference":"Cho, Hae-min (September 24, 2019). \"Will there be a season five of 'Love Playlist?'\". The Korea Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2020/12/688_276085.html","url_text":"\"Will there be a season five of 'Love Playlist?'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, William (March 9, 2020). \"Playlist Studio Breaks 2.5 Million YouTube Subscribers\". HanCinema. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hancinema.net/hancinema-s-news-playlist-studio-breaks-2-5-million-youtube-subscribers-139420.html","url_text":"\"Playlist Studio Breaks 2.5 Million YouTube Subscribers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HanCinema","url_text":"HanCinema"}]},{"reference":"Yim, Seung-hye (January 13, 2021). \"KBS announces Feb. 26 as premiere date of new drama 'Dear. M.'\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/01/13/entertainment/television/jaehyun-nct-dear-M/20210113154400624.html","url_text":"\"KBS announces Feb. 26 as premiere date of new drama 'Dear. M.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"Lee Kyung-ho. \"KBS, 박혜수 '학폭 의혹'에 결국 '디어엠' 첫방송 연기 결정\" [KBS decides to postpone the first broadcast of'DOM' after Park Hye-soo's'abusive suspicion']. Star News (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0002935033","url_text":"\"KBS, 박혜수 '학폭 의혹'에 결국 '디어엠' 첫방송 연기 결정\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531163554/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/108/0002935033","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Na-hee (June 12, 2019). \"\"Love Playlist 4\" continues the campus stories with new face Kim Sae Ron\". Osen. V Live. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vlive.tv/post/0-11219347","url_text":"\"\"Love Playlist 4\" continues the campus stories with new face Kim Sae Ron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Live_(website)","url_text":"V Live"}]},{"reference":"Yeo, Ye-rim (December 11, 2018). \"Kim Min-seok to release solo work\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3056781","url_text":"\"Kim Min-seok to release solo work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]},{"reference":"Park, Jin-hai (August 27, 2017). \"JTBC makes first web drama 'Somehow 18'\". The Korea Times. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2018/09/688_235460.html","url_text":"\"JTBC makes first web drama 'Somehow 18'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, William (August 22, 2019). \"\"Love Playlist - Season 4\" Closes Out With Over Thirty Million Views\". HanCinema. Retrieved January 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hancinema.net/hancinema-s-news-love-playlist--season-4-closes-out-with-over-thirty-million-views-132825.html","url_text":"\"\"Love Playlist - Season 4\" Closes Out With Over Thirty Million Views\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HanCinema","url_text":"HanCinema"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio_Okamoto
|
Yoshio Okamoto
|
["1 Education and career","2 References"]
|
Japanese chemist (born 1941)
Yoshio OkamotoBorn (1941-01-10) 10 January 1941 (age 83)CitizenshipJapaneseKnown forasymmetric polymerizationAwardsJapan Prize 2019Scientific careerInstitutionsNagoya University, Harbin Engineering University
Yoshio Okamoto (岡本佳男, born 10 January 1941) is a Japanese chemist, who was awarded the 2019 Japan Prize for his groundbreaking work in asymmetric polymerization and its practical applications in drug discovery.
Okamoto was the first to prove that synthetic polymer conformations could be controllable, publishing work on asymmetric polymerization from 1979 onwards.
This led to the development by Okamoto and others of helical polymers for use in high performance liquid chromatography columns (HPLC), enabling easy separation of chiral drug molecules.
Education and career
Okamoto received his B.S. (1964), M.S. (1966), and Ph.D. (1969) degrees from Osaka University, and served as assistant professor and associate professor at the university from 1969 to 1990. In 1990 he became a professor at Nagoya University. After retiring in 2004, he was appointed Guest Professor of EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University. He was appointed as Chair Professor of Harbin Engineering University in 2007.
Awards for his work include the Award of Society of Polymer Science, Japan (1982), The Chemical Society of Japan Award for 1999, Chirality Medal (2001), Medal with Purple Ribbon (Japanese Government) (2002), Fujiwara Prize (2005), and the Japan Prize (2019).
References
^ "Japan Prize News Vol 61" (PDF). Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ Nguyen, Tien (2019-01-16). "Yoshio Okamoto awarded 2019 Japan Prize for the discovery of asymmetric polymerization". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
^ Okamoto, Yoshio; Suzuki, Koichi; Ohta, Koji; Hatada, Koichi; Yuki, Heimei (1979). "Optically active poly(triphenylmethyl methacrylate) with one-handed helical conformation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101 (16): 4763–4765. doi:10.1021/ja00510a072.
^ Okamoto, Yoshio; Ikai, Tomoyuki (2008). "Chiral HPLC for efficient resolution of enantiomers". Chemical Society Reviews. 37 (12). Royal Society of Chemistry: 2593–3108. doi:10.1039/B808881K. PMID 19020674.
^ a b "Yoshio Okamoto Ph.D." The Japan Prize Foundation. 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Prize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"high performance liquid chromatography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_performance_liquid_chromatography"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yoshio Okamoto (岡本佳男, born 10 January 1941) is a Japanese chemist, who was awarded the 2019 Japan Prize for his groundbreaking work in asymmetric polymerization and its practical applications in drug discovery.[1]Okamoto was the first to prove that synthetic polymer conformations could be controllable, publishing work on asymmetric polymerization from 1979 onwards.[2][3]This led to the development by Okamoto and others of helical polymers for use in high performance liquid chromatography columns (HPLC), enabling easy separation of chiral drug molecules.[4]","title":"Yoshio Okamoto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_University"},{"link_name":"Nagoya University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Okamoto received his B.S. (1964), M.S. (1966), and Ph.D. (1969) degrees from Osaka University, and served as assistant professor and associate professor at the university from 1969 to 1990. In 1990 he became a professor at Nagoya University. After retiring in 2004, he was appointed Guest Professor of EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University. He was appointed as Chair Professor of Harbin Engineering University in 2007.[5]Awards for his work include the Award of Society of Polymer Science, Japan (1982), The Chemical Society of Japan Award for 1999, Chirality Medal (2001), Medal with Purple Ribbon (Japanese Government) (2002), Fujiwara Prize (2005), and the Japan Prize (2019).[5]","title":"Education and career"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Artime
|
Manuel Artime
|
["1 Biography","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Leader of the Bay of Pigs invasion (1932–1977)
Manuel ArtimeArtime c. 1962Personal detailsBornManuel Francisco Artime Buesa(1932-01-29)29 January 1932CubaDied18 November 1977(1977-11-18) (aged 45)Miami, Florida, U.S.Resting placeCaballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum, MiamiMilitary serviceAllegiance 26th of July Movement Republic of Cuba United States of AmericaBranch/service Revolutionary Armed ForcesYears of service1953–1959 (26JM)1959 (Cuba)1959–1965 (USA)Unit Brigade 2506Battles/warsCuban RevolutionBay of Pigs Invasion
Manuel Francisco Artime Buesa, M.D. (29 January 1932 – 18 November 1977) was a Cuban-American who at one time was a member of the rebel army of Fidel Castro but later was the political leader of Brigade 2506 land forces in the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in April 1961.
Biography
Manuel Artime was the nephew of popular Cuban poet José Ángel Bueza, and was raised as a devout Catholic by Jesuits. In 1957 he became a member of the Radical Liberation Party (PLR), a Christian democratic group. He graduated as a doctor and planned to become a psychiatrist.
In December 1958 he joined the rebel army of Fidel Castro and took part in offensives against the forces of the Batista regime at Guisa, Maffo and Palma Soriano.
In January 1959, after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, Artime was appointed second in command of Zone 0–22 in the Ciro Redondo district in the Manzanillo region at INRA (Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria). In that post, under Major Humberto Sorí Marin, Minister of Agriculture, and Rogelio Gonzalez Corzo (alias "Francisco Gutierrez"), Director of Agriculture, Artime promoted the work of the Comandos Rurales (Rural Commandos), a kind of Peace Corps composed of young people, most of whom belonged to the University Catholic Group (ACU) in Havana. Both Sorí Marin and Rogelio Gonzalez were captured on the eve of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and executed on 20 April 1961. Artime was also a professor at the Havana Military Academy. During 1959, Artime formed the Movimiento de Recuperación Revolucionaria (MRR) (in English - Movement to Recover the Revolution) that included Rogelio Gonzalez Corzo, Higinio "Nino" Diaz, Jorge Sotus, Sergio Sanjenis, Rafael Rivas Vazquez, Carlos Rodriguez Santana, some of whom were already exiled in Mexico.
In October 1959, after the arrest and trial of Commander Huber Matos of the Cuban revolutionary army, the Cuban intelligence unit G-2 began searching for other counter-revolutionaries. Artime took asylum with the Jesuits in Havana, and on 7 November 1959 his resignation letter from INRA and the revolutionary army was published on the front page of Avance newspaper. Artime then contacted the American embassy in Havana, and on 14 December 1959, the CIA arranged for him to travel to the US on a Honduran freighter ship. He became closely involved with Gerry Droller (alias Frank Bender, alias "Mr B") of the CIA in recruiting and organizing Cuban exiles in Miami for future actions against the Cuban government. Artime's organization MRR thus grew to become the principal counter-revolutionary movement inside Cuba, with supporting members in Miami, Mexico, Venezuela etc. Involved were Tony Varona, José Miró Cardona, Rafael Quintero, Aureliano Sánchez Arango. Infiltration into Cuba, arms drops, etc. were arranged by the CIA.
In May 1960 he was one of a group of ten former Cuban officers in Miami planning a campaign against the Cuban government. They were all graduates of Cuba's military academy, the Cadet School. On 2 June 1960, Artime and nine fellow 'recruits' were transported by CIA agents to Useppa Island off Fort Myers, Florida, for physical and psychological assessments. On 22 June 1960 Artime and 27 others were taken by land and air to Fort Gulick in Panama for paramilitary training. On 22 August 1960 he flew via CIA C-54 transport aircraft to San Jose, Guatemala. On 15 April 1961, José Miró Cardona, chairman of the New York-based Cuban Revolutionary Council confirmed Manuel Artime as its Economic Administrator and "Delegate in the Invading Army". On 17 April 1961 he went ashore with Brigade 2506, the assault brigade of Cuban exiles, at Playa Larga in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. After the Brigade had ceased fighting on 19 April 1961, he and others scattered into the woods and swamps near Playa Girón. On 2 May 1961, he was captured by Cuban forces near the Covadonga sugar mill with 21 other members of the Brigade. Artime, along with everyone else captured in the failed invasion, was sentenced to 30 years in a prison during a mass treason trial. He was finally released from prison and flown to Miami on 24 December 1962. On 29 December 1962, Manuel Artime was on stage next to US President John F. Kennedy at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, during the 'welcome back' ceremony for captured Brigade 2506 veterans.
At the initiative of US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, he became involved in the Cuban project AMWORLD, a White House-sponsored and CIA-organized counter-revolutionary unit with bases in Costa Rica and Nicaragua that staged commando raids on Cuban shore installations. However, in 1964 the Cuban Project was cancelled by US President Lyndon B. Johnson. Artime participated in a failed assassination attempt against Fidel Castro in 1965. In the 1970s Artime organized the Miami Watergate Defense Relief Fund, collecting $21,000 for the convicted Watergate burglars, a number of whom were American or Cuban veterans of the Bay of Pigs operation. Artime was very close to E. Howard Hunt and was godfather to Hunt's youngest son David.
Manuel Artime died of cancer on 18 November 1977. The circumstances of his premature death are considered unusual on both sides of the Florida Straits, but such comments are commonly considered speculative (i.e. conspiracy theory).
He is buried at Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum, now Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum, in Miami.
In the 2023 HBO Max miniseries White House Plumbers, as a friend of E. Howard Hunt, is portrayed by Steven Bauer.
Gallery
Manuel Artime Theater in the Little Havana Neighborhood during reconstruction of SW 1st Street
View west from SW 1st Street
See also
Pedro Luis Díaz Lanz
Humberto Sori Marin
Notes
^ a b Rodriguez (1999)
^ Hunt (1973), p. 47
^ Corzo (2003), p. 92
^ Ros (1994), pp. 181–85
^ Bay of Pigs, 40 Years After: Chronology. The National Security Archive. The George Washington University http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html
^ a b c Johnson (1964)
^ Wyden (1979)
^ Kornbluh (1998)
^ Fernandez (2001)
^ CBS Obit http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=249519 Vanderbilt Television News Archive
^ Time Obit
^ Martin 2002-05-07 http://afrocubaweb.com/news/bioterrorcuba.htm
^ Stride 1997-12-30 "Castro Said to be Using Cancer Instigating Weapons of Warfare". Archived from the original on 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
References
Chapelle, Dickey. 1962. What's a Woman Doing Here?: A reporter's report on herself. Morrow. New York ASIN B0006AXN80
Corzo, Pedro. 2003. Cuba Cronología de la Lucha Contra el Totalitarismo. Ediciones Memorias, Miami. ISBN 1-890829-24-2
Fernandez, Jose Ramon. 2001. Playa Giron/Bay of Pigs: Washington's First Military Defeat in the Americas. Pathfinder ISBN 0-87348-925-X ISBN 9780873489256
Hunt, E. Howard. 1973. Give Us This Day. Arlington House, New Rochelle, NY. ISBN 0-87000-228-7 ISBN 978-0870002281
Johnson, Haynes. 1964. The Bay of Pigs: The Leaders' Story of Brigade 2506. W.W. Norton & Co Inc. New York. ISBN 0-393-04263-4
Kornbluh, Peter. 1998. Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba. The New Press. New York. ISBN 1-56584-494-7 ISBN 978-1565844940
Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. 1999. Bay of Pigs and the CIA. Ocean Press Melbourne. ISBN 1-875284-98-2
Ros, Enrique. 1994,1998. Giron la Verdadera Historia. Ediciones Universales (Colección Cuba y sus jueces) 3rd edition Miami ISBN 0-89729-738-5
Wyden, Peter. 1979. Bay of Pigs - The Untold Story. Simon and Schuster. New York. ISBN 0-671-24006-4 ISBN 0224017543 ISBN 978-0-671-24006-6
External links
Manuel Artime at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Netherlands
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuban-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban-American"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Brigade 2506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_2506"},{"link_name":"Bay of Pigs invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"}],"text":"Manuel Francisco Artime Buesa, M.D. (29 January 1932 – 18 November 1977) was a Cuban-American who at one time was a member of the rebel army of Fidel Castro but later was the political leader of Brigade 2506 land forces in the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in April 1961.","title":"Manuel Artime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"},{"link_name":"Guisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guisa"},{"link_name":"Palma Soriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_Soriano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Ciro Redondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro_Redondo"},{"link_name":"Manzanillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanillo,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"INRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRA_(Cuba)"},{"link_name":"Humberto Sorí Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Sor%C3%AD_Marin"},{"link_name":"Rogelio Gonzalez Corzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rogelio_Gonzalez_Corzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bay of Pigs Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Movimiento de Recuperación Revolucionaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movimiento_de_Recuperaci%C3%B3n_Revolucionaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsa_chronology-5"},{"link_name":"Huber Matos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huber_Matos"},{"link_name":"Gerry Droller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Droller"},{"link_name":"Tony Varona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Varona"},{"link_name":"José Miró Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mir%C3%B3_Cardona"},{"link_name":"Rafael Quintero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Quintero"},{"link_name":"Aureliano Sánchez Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureliano_S%C3%A1nchez_Arango"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"Useppa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useppa_Island"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers"},{"link_name":"Fort Gulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Gulick"},{"link_name":"C-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolutionary Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Council"},{"link_name":"Cuban exiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_exile"},{"link_name":"Playa Girón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_Gir%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Covadonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguada_de_Pasajeros"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Bowl_(game)"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-6"},{"link_name":"US Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Watergate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"E. Howard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballero_Rivero_Woodlawn_North_Park_Cemetery_and_Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"White House Plumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Steven Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Bauer"}],"text":"Manuel Artime was the nephew of popular Cuban poet José Ángel Bueza, and was raised as a devout Catholic by Jesuits. In 1957 he became a member of the Radical Liberation Party (PLR), a Christian democratic group. He graduated as a doctor and planned to become a psychiatrist.In December 1958 he joined the rebel army of Fidel Castro and took part in offensives against the forces of the Batista regime at Guisa, Maffo and Palma Soriano.[1][2]\nIn January 1959, after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, Artime was appointed second in command of Zone 0–22 in the Ciro Redondo district in the Manzanillo region at INRA (Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria). In that post, under Major Humberto Sorí Marin, Minister of Agriculture, and Rogelio Gonzalez Corzo (alias \"Francisco Gutierrez\"), Director of Agriculture, Artime promoted the work of the Comandos Rurales (Rural Commandos), a kind of Peace Corps composed of young people, most of whom belonged to the University Catholic Group (ACU) in Havana. Both Sorí Marin and Rogelio Gonzalez were captured on the eve of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and executed on 20 April 1961.[3][4] Artime was also a professor at the Havana Military Academy. During 1959, Artime formed the Movimiento de Recuperación Revolucionaria (MRR) (in English - Movement to Recover the Revolution) that included Rogelio Gonzalez Corzo, Higinio \"Nino\" Diaz, Jorge Sotus, Sergio Sanjenis, Rafael Rivas Vazquez, Carlos Rodriguez Santana, some of whom were already exiled in Mexico.[5]In October 1959, after the arrest and trial of Commander Huber Matos of the Cuban revolutionary army, the Cuban intelligence unit G-2 began searching for other counter-revolutionaries. Artime took asylum with the Jesuits in Havana, and on 7 November 1959 his resignation letter from INRA and the revolutionary army was published on the front page of Avance newspaper. Artime then contacted the American embassy in Havana, and on 14 December 1959, the CIA arranged for him to travel to the US on a Honduran freighter ship. He became closely involved with Gerry Droller (alias Frank Bender, alias \"Mr B\") of the CIA in recruiting and organizing Cuban exiles in Miami for future actions against the Cuban government. Artime's organization MRR thus grew to become the principal counter-revolutionary movement inside Cuba, with supporting members in Miami, Mexico, Venezuela etc. Involved were Tony Varona, José Miró Cardona, Rafael Quintero, Aureliano Sánchez Arango. Infiltration into Cuba, arms drops, etc. were arranged by the CIA.[1][6]In May 1960 he was one of a group of ten former Cuban officers in Miami planning a campaign against the Cuban government. They were all graduates of Cuba's military academy, the Cadet School. On 2 June 1960, Artime and nine fellow 'recruits' were transported by CIA agents to Useppa Island off Fort Myers, Florida, for physical and psychological assessments. On 22 June 1960 Artime and 27 others were taken by land and air to Fort Gulick in Panama for paramilitary training. On 22 August 1960 he flew via CIA C-54 transport aircraft to San Jose, Guatemala.[6] On 15 April 1961, José Miró Cardona, chairman of the New York-based Cuban Revolutionary Council confirmed Manuel Artime as its Economic Administrator and \"Delegate in the Invading Army\". On 17 April 1961 he went ashore with Brigade 2506, the assault brigade of Cuban exiles, at Playa Larga in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. After the Brigade had ceased fighting on 19 April 1961, he and others scattered into the woods and swamps near Playa Girón.[7] On 2 May 1961, he was captured by Cuban forces near the Covadonga sugar mill with 21 other members of the Brigade. Artime, along with everyone else captured in the failed invasion, was sentenced to 30 years in a prison during a mass treason trial.[8] He was finally released from prison and flown to Miami on 24 December 1962. On 29 December 1962, Manuel Artime was on stage next to US President John F. Kennedy at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, during the 'welcome back' ceremony for captured Brigade 2506 veterans.[6]At the initiative of US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, he became involved in the Cuban project AMWORLD, a White House-sponsored and CIA-organized counter-revolutionary unit with bases in Costa Rica and Nicaragua that staged commando raids on Cuban shore installations. However, in 1964 the Cuban Project was cancelled by US President Lyndon B. Johnson. Artime participated in a failed assassination attempt against Fidel Castro in 1965. In the 1970s Artime organized the Miami Watergate Defense Relief Fund, collecting $21,000 for the convicted Watergate burglars, a number of whom were American or Cuban veterans of the Bay of Pigs operation.[9] Artime was very close to E. Howard Hunt and was godfather to Hunt's youngest son David. \nManuel Artime died of cancer on 18 November 1977.[10][11] The circumstances of his premature death are considered unusual on both sides of the Florida Straits, but such comments are commonly considered speculative (i.e. conspiracy theory).[12][13]He is buried at Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum, now Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum, in Miami.In the 2023 HBO Max miniseries White House Plumbers, as a friend of E. Howard Hunt, is portrayed by Steven Bauer.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Artime_Theater_-_Miami_-_Little_Havana_Neighborhood_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Artime_Theater_-_Miami_-_Little_Havana_Neighborhood_02.jpg"}],"text":"Manuel Artime Theater in the Little Havana Neighborhood during reconstruction of SW 1st Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView west from SW 1st Street","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rodriguez_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rodriguez_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nsa_chronology_5-0"},{"link_name":"http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Johnson_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Johnson_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Johnson_6-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=249519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=249519"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070930084732/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919189,00.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"http://afrocubaweb.com/news/bioterrorcuba.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//afrocubaweb.com/news/bioterrorcuba.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Castro Said to be Using Cancer Instigating Weapons of Warfare\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060918073336/http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html"}],"text":"^ a b Rodriguez (1999)\n\n^ Hunt (1973), p. 47\n\n^ Corzo (2003), p. 92\n\n^ Ros (1994), pp. 181–85\n\n^ Bay of Pigs, 40 Years After: Chronology. The National Security Archive. The George Washington University http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html\n\n^ a b c Johnson (1964)\n\n^ Wyden (1979)\n\n^ Kornbluh (1998)\n\n^ Fernandez (2001)\n\n^ CBS Obit http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=249519 Vanderbilt Television News Archive\n\n^ Time Obit [1]\n\n^ Martin 2002-05-07 http://afrocubaweb.com/news/bioterrorcuba.htm\n\n^ Stride 1997-12-30 \"Castro Said to be Using Cancer Instigating Weapons of Warfare\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2006-12-07.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Pedro Luis Díaz Lanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Luis_D%C3%ADaz_Lanz"},{"title":"Humberto Sori Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Sori_Marin"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Castro Said to be Using Cancer Instigating Weapons of Warfare\". Archived from the original on 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2006-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060918073336/http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html","url_text":"\"Castro Said to be Using Cancer Instigating Weapons of Warfare\""},{"url":"http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html","external_links_name":"http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html"},{"Link":"http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=249519","external_links_name":"http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=249519"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930084732/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919189,00.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://afrocubaweb.com/news/bioterrorcuba.htm","external_links_name":"http://afrocubaweb.com/news/bioterrorcuba.htm"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060918073336/http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html","external_links_name":"\"Castro Said to be Using Cancer Instigating Weapons of Warfare\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/22568","external_links_name":"Manuel Artime"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000048811137","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/34170263","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMx4dFhHrd4HRdMY4Qbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004069782","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p180969404","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laznica_(Brani%C4%8Devo)
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Laznica
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["1 Geography","2 History & Culture","3 Ethnic groups (2002 census)","4 Ethnic groups (2011 census)","5 Ethnic groups (2022 census)","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 44°14′N 21°49′E / 44.233°N 21.817°E / 44.233; 21.817Place in SerbiaLaznica
Laznica / Лазница (Serbian)Laznița (Romanian)Panoramic view of LaznicaLaznicaCoordinates: 44°14′N 21°49′E / 44.233°N 21.817°E / 44.233; 21.817Country SerbiaTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Laznica (Serbian Cyrillic: Лазница; Romanian: Laznița) is a large highland village in Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Žagubica, Braničevo District. The village has an ethnic Timok Romanian ("Vlach") majority and its population numbering 2,063 people (2002 census). Laznica is settled in the north of mountain range of Homolje mountains.
Geography
Latitude (DMS) of the village is 44° 14' 25N and longitude (DMS) is 21° 48' 36E. The altitude is 433 meters.
History & Culture
A little is known about this village in the old ages - the only fact remains that it has been constantly populated by people from the Roman conquer of Triballian and Dacian lands that have become Dacia Superior and Dacia Minor.
In the stone hill above Laznica the `Krsia cu Albineli`, the archaeologists have found prehistorical axes, knives and everyday dishes and also, on the same spot, remnants of an old border Roman fortress.
The village was first time mentioned in Ottoman census (Braničevski tefter) in 1433 (est.) with 7 households.
Ethnic groups (2002 census)
Laznica
"Vlachs" = 1,308
Serbs = 581
Romanians (self-declared) = 7
Yugoslavs = 4
Croats = 1
undeclared = 151
unknown = 11
Ethnic groups (2011 census)
Total population: 2351 of which 630 abroad - 1721
"Vlachs" = 1,338
Serbs = 150
Romanians (self-declared) = 158
undeclared = 25
unknown = 50
Ethnic groups (2022 census)
See also
List of places in Serbia
References
^ Laznica Map | Serbia and Montenegro Google Satellite Maps
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laznica.
How to reach Laznica?
Laznica, great gallery, among first sites
Maintained as great news portal
Main online beautiful Homolje portal
44°14′N 21°49′E / 44.233°N 21.817°E / 44.233; 21.817
vte Municipality of ŽagubicaCapital: ŽagubicaVillages
Bliznak (361)
Breznica (211)
Izvarica (376)
Jošanica (671)
Krepoljin (1696)
Krupaja (649)
Laznica (2063)
Lipe (15)
Medveđica (44)
Milanovac (445)
Milatovac (828)
Osanica (1187)
Ribare (485)
Selište (453)
Sige (704)
Suvi Do (1320)
Vukovac (492)
Žagubica (2823)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Žagubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDagubica"},{"link_name":"Braničevo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_District"},{"link_name":"Timok Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Homolje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homolje"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Place in SerbiaLaznica (Serbian Cyrillic: Лазница; Romanian: Laznița) is a large highland village in Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Žagubica, Braničevo District. The village has an ethnic Timok Romanian (\"Vlach\") majority and its population numbering 2,063 people (2002 census). Laznica is settled in the north of mountain range of Homolje mountains.[1]","title":"Laznica"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Latitude (DMS) of the village is 44° 14' 25N and longitude (DMS) is 21° 48' 36E. The altitude is 433 meters.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Triballian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triballi"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians"},{"link_name":"Dacia Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Dacia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Roman fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Braničevski tefter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defter"}],"text":"A little is known about this village in the old ages - the only fact remains that it has been constantly populated by people from the Roman conquer of Triballian and Dacian lands that have become Dacia Superior and Dacia Minor.In the stone hill above Laznica the `Krsia cu Albineli`, the archaeologists have found prehistorical axes, knives and everyday dishes and also, on the same spot, remnants of an old border Roman fortress.The village was first time mentioned in Ottoman census (Braničevski tefter) in 1433 (est.) with 7 households.","title":"History & Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laznica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavs"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"}],"text":"Laznica\"Vlachs\" = 1,308\nSerbs = 581\nRomanians (self-declared) = 7\nYugoslavs = 4\nCroats = 1\nundeclared = 151\nunknown = 11","title":"Ethnic groups (2002 census)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2351 of which 630 abroad - 1721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf"},{"link_name":"Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"}],"text":"Total population: 2351 of which 630 abroad - 1721\"Vlachs\" = 1,338\nSerbs = 150\nRomanians (self-declared) = 158\nundeclared = 25\nunknown = 50","title":"Ethnic groups (2011 census)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ethnic groups (2022 census)"}]
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[{"image_text":"Laznica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Laznica.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of places in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Serbia"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laznica¶ms=44_14_N_21_49_E_region:RS_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"44°14′N 21°49′E / 44.233°N 21.817°E / 44.233; 21.817"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laznica¶ms=44_14_N_21_49_E_type:city_region:RS","external_links_name":"44°14′N 21°49′E / 44.233°N 21.817°E / 44.233; 21.817"},{"Link":"http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf","external_links_name":"2351 of which 630 abroad - 1721"},{"Link":"http://www.maplandia.com/serbia-and-montenegro/srbija/laznica/","external_links_name":"Laznica Map | Serbia and Montenegro Google Satellite Maps"},{"Link":"http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Republic_of_Serbia/Laznica-721589/TravelGuide-Laznica.html","external_links_name":"How to reach Laznica?"},{"Link":"http://www.laznica.com/","external_links_name":"Laznica, great gallery, among first sites"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202092916/http://www.laznica.co.rs/","external_links_name":"Maintained as great news portal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316083532/http://homolje.co.rs/","external_links_name":"Main online beautiful Homolje portal"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laznica¶ms=44_14_N_21_49_E_region:RS_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"44°14′N 21°49′E / 44.233°N 21.817°E / 44.233; 21.817"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_d%27outre-tombe
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Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe
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["1 Genesis of the work","2 Publication","3 English translations","4 References","5 External links"]
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Autobiography of François-René de Chateaubriand
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Memoirs from Beyond the Grave AuthorFrançois-René de ChateaubriandOriginal titleMémoires d'Outre-TombeLanguageFrenchPublished1849 (Vol. 1)1850 (Vol. 2)Publication placeFranceMedia typePrintOCLC829269852LC ClassDC255.C4 A4 1849
Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe (English: Memoirs from Beyond the Grave) is the memoir of François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848), collected and published posthumously in two volumes in 1849 and 1850, respectively. Chateaubriand, a writer, politician, diplomat and historian, remains widely regarded as the founder of French Romanticism.
Although the work shares characteristics with earlier French "memoirs" (like the Memoirs of Saint-Simon), the Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe are also inspired by the Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: in addition to providing a record of political and historical events, Chateaubriand includes details of his private life and his personal aspirations.
The work abounds in instances of the poetic prose at which Chateaubriand excelled. On the other hand, the melancholy of the autobiography helped establish Chateaubriand as the idol of the young French Romantics; a young Victor Hugo wrote: "I will be Chateaubriand or nothing."
Genesis of the work
Chateaubriand Meditating on the Ruins of Rome (c. 1810s) by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson. Oil on canvas.
It was while in Rome at the close of 1803 that Chateaubriand decided to write his memoirs; however, he did not begin writing them until 1809, and even then demands from other projects slowed his progress. In 1817 he returned to the memoirs. The first manuscript, probably written while he was serving as ambassador to London, did not reach completion until 1826. At this point, he intended to entitle the book Memories of My Life.
In 1830, however, Chateaubriand decided to change the scope of the work, revising the title to Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe, making a thorough revision of the original text, and writing several new volumes. He divided his life before 1830 into three periods: soldier and traveler, novelist, and statesman. The project had by now become more ambitious; indeed, he tried to reproduce not only his personal exploits, but the epic historical and political events of the era.
Publication
After fragmented public readings of his work in salons, in 1836 Chateaubriand yielded the rights to his work to a society that published it until his death, paying him accordingly. Having obtained this economic stability, he completed the work with a fourth set of volumes. In 1841 he wrote an ample conclusion and kept revising parts of the work until 1847, as evidenced by the revision dates in the manuscript.
Chateaubriand originally intended for the work to be published at least fifty years after his death, but his financial troubles forced him, in his words, "to mortgage tomb".
English translations
There have been a number of English translations. British author Anthony Kline published a complete translation in 2005 that is freely available for non-commercial use. An abridged translation by Robert Baldick was first published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1961, and later, in paperback, by Penguin books in 1972. A New York Review Books edition translated by Alex Andriesse was published in 2018, covering the years 1768–1800 (first 12 of 42 books), with a second volume, covering 1800–1815, released on September 27, 2022.
References
^ François de Chateaubriand (2005). Memoires D'Outre Tombe. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
^ Anthony Kline (2005). "Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe". Poetry in Translation. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
External links
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Mémoires d’outre-tombe
Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe at Project Gutenberg (in French)
Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe at the Internet Archive
Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe at Le Bac de Français. Retrieved 24 December 2014. (in French)
Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe at Poetry in Translation. A Complete English Translation of the Memoirs by A. S. Kline, with a hyper-linked in-depth index and over 600 illustrations of the people, places and events of Chateaubriand's life. Retrieved 27 August 2015. (in English)
Memoirs of Chateaubriand public domain audiobook at LibriVox
vteFrançois-René de ChateaubriandFiction
Atala (1801)
René (1802)
Les Natchez (1825–1826)
Non-fiction
The Genius of Christianity (1802)
Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe (1849–1850)
Miscellaneous
Chateaubriand (dish)
Conservatism
Prix Combourg-Chateaubriand
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College%E2%80%93UMass_football_rivalry
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Boston College–UMass football rivalry
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["1 Early history","2 Recent history","2.1 2014","2.2 2016","3 Game results","4 See also","5 References"]
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American college football rivalry
Boston College–UMass football rivalry
Boston College Eagles
UMass Minutemen
First meetingNovember 28, 1901Massachusetts, 11–0Latest meetingSeptember 11, 2021Boston College, 45–28Next meetingSeptember 6, 2025StatisticsMeetings total27All-time seriesBoston College leads, 22–5Largest victoryBoston College, 70–8 (1974)Longest win streakBoston College, 11 (1979–present)Current win streakBoston College, 11
50km30miles
UMass
Boston College Locations of Boston College and UMass
The Boston College–UMass football rivalry is a college football rivalry between the Eagles of Boston College and Minutemen of the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
The rivalry was most active during the 1960s and 1970s, when the teams met on an annual basis. Because of changes to the NCAA's division structure, the teams did not meet for 30 years, but UMass' promotion to the top-tier NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision enabled them to resume the rivalry, with a three-game series starting in 2014. The latest series has been dubbed The Battle of the Bay State. As of 2021, Boston College has won the past 11 meetings, including all of the 21st century matchups.
Early history
The first game played between the two schools took place in Amherst, on November 28, 1901, with Massachusetts winning, 11–0. BC and Massachusetts met again 1902 and 1912, with Massachusetts winning all three contests before the series was halted. The two schools did not meet again on the football field until 1966, when BC and UMass—which by then had adopted its present name—began a 17-year series in which the teams would play each other in the last week of UMass' football season. Though both programs were in NCAA Division I, the highest level of competition at the time, they were facing an increasingly different level of opponents. BC, as an independent, played many of its games against large schools from outside New England. UMass was part of the Yankee Conference and played most of its games against regional rivals. Boston College dominated the stretch of the rivalry, winning 15 of the 17 games, routinely blowing out the overmatched Minutemen.
The NCAA split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978: the premier Division I-A (now known as the Football Bowl Subdivision) and the second-tier Division I-AA (now known as the Football Championship Subdivision). Boston College was placed in I-A; UMass, along with the rest of the Yankee Conference, in I-AA.
With BC's schedule increasingly filled with powerhouse I-A teams from outside New England, the annual rivalry entered a long hiatus after the 1982 game, and would not be played again for 30 years.
Recent history
Starting in the 1990s, UMass administrators began talking about moving the football team to what was then still called Division I-A. Though the school trustees voted to hold off on an immediate move in 2003, the school did start to schedule games against Division I-A opponents—including trips to Chestnut Hill to play the Eagles.
In April 2011, UMass announced plans to join the Mid-American Conference and play the next year as the second Massachusetts member of the FBS. This prompted speculation that the two schools might renew their rivalry on a more regular basis. This was confirmed when it was reported in September 2011 that they had agreed to play a three-game biannual series beginning in 2014.
The first two games would be played in 2014 and 2016 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, a Boston suburb, about 30 miles south of Chestnut Hill. The games counted as UMass home dates, however, as the New England Patriots stadium had been UMass' regular home field in 2012 and 2013, and the team continued to play half its home schedule there for several years. A rematch in 2018 would be played at BC's Alumni Stadium.
For UMass, the games were a chance to test their mettle against the only other FBS team in the state and prove that they belong at the top level of NCAA football. For Boston College, the "rivalry" was not as keenly felt, as the Eagles have had four decades to establish a long history of competition with top-tier programs outside New England.
2014
The first-ever all-FBS BC-UMass game was both teams' season opener in September 2014. BC won the game by a score of 30–7.
The weeks preceding the game were met by a moderate amount of local media coverage and hype, mostly from the UMass side, which billed the game as the "Battle of the Bay State". One UMass fan even went as far as to outfit the Doug Flutie statue outside BC's Alumni Stadium with a Minuteman jersey. The famous 1980s BC quarterback tweeted: "Ew."
2016
The contest was again called the Battle of the Bay State. A UMass pep rally in the city of Boston was held the day before the game. BC defeated UMass 26–7.
Game results
Rankings for BC from the Division I-A/FBS-level AP Poll. Rankings for UMass from Division I-AA/FCS-level Sports Network Poll 2011 or earlier, or AP Poll 2012 or later.
Boston College victoriesMassachusetts victoriesNo.DateLocationWinnerScore1 November 28, 1901 Boston Massachusetts 11–02 October 4, 1902 Amherst Massachusetts 30–03 October 12, 1912 Amherst Massachusetts 42–04 November 19, 1966 Hadley Boston College 14–75 November 25, 1967 Chestnut Hill Boston College 25–06 November 23, 1968 Hadley Boston College 21–67 November 22, 1969 Chestnut Hill Boston College 35–308 November 21, 1970 Hadley Boston College 21–109 November 20, 1971 Chestnut Hill Boston College 35–010 November 25, 1972 Hadley Massachusetts 28–711 November 24, 1973 Chestnut Hill Boston College 59–1412 November 23, 1974 Hadley Boston College 70–813 November 22, 1975 Chestnut Hill Boston College 24–1414 November 20, 1976 Hadley Boston College 35–0No.DateLocationWinnerScore15 November 19, 1977 Chestnut Hill Boston College 34–716 November 25, 1978 Hadley Massachusetts 27–017 November 24, 1979 Chestnut Hill Boston College 41–318 November 22, 1980 Hadley Boston College 13–1219 November 7, 1981 Chestnut Hill Boston College 52–2220 November 6, 1982 Hadley Boston College 34–2121 October 2, 2004 Chestnut Hill Boston College 29–722 September 29, 2007 Chestnut Hill #14 Boston College 24–1423 September 24, 2011 Chestnut Hill Boston College 45–1724 August 30, 2014 Foxborough Boston College 30–725 September 10, 2016 Foxborough Boston College 26–726 September 1, 2018 Chestnut Hill Boston College 55–2127 September 11, 2021 Hadley Boston College45–28Series: Boston College leads 22–5
See also
List of NCAA college football rivalry games
References
^ Ainsworth, Chip (August 31, 2018). "Bragging Rights on the Line for UM, BC". The Recorder. Greenfield, Mass. Retrieved June 12, 2020. The Eagles are an 18-point favorite to vanquish the Minutemen for the 10th straight time since 1978 in a rivalry that dates back to 1901 when Mass. Aggie beat BC, 11–0.
^ a b "UMass Head Coach Mark Whipple Talks 'Battle of the Bay State' On Gresh & Zo". 98.5 The Sports Hub (WBZ-FM). August 27, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
^ Monahan, Bob (July 17, 1981). "HC Not Interested in YC". The Boston Globe. Boston, Mass.
^ Thomas, Jeff (December 11, 2003). "Minutemen Delay Move to I-A Level; Time Isn't Right for Jump". The Republican. Springfield, Mass. p. C1.
^ Vautour, Matt (September 26, 2011). "UMass, Boston College Agree on Three-Game Football Series". Daily Hampshire Gazette. Northampton, Mass.
^ a b Golen, Jimmy (August 29, 2014). "UMass, Boston College Renew Bay State Rivalry". The Associated Press. KSL-TV. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
^ Black, A.J. (March 22, 2020). "Ranking Potential Rivals for Boston College Football". BCBulletin, Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
^ "Battle of the Bay State". umassathletics.com.
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2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold
vteUMass Minutemen footballVenues
Alumni Field (1879–1964)
Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium (1965–2011, 2014–)
Gillette Stadium (alternate) (2012–2016)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Boston College
New Hampshire
UConn
Culture & lore
Sam the Minuteman
"Fight Mass"
University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917–1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943–1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold
vteAtlantic Coast Conference rivalriesConference
O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy (Boston College–Clemson)
Boston College–Syracuse
Boston College–Virginia Tech
Big Game (California–Stanford, from 2024–25)
Clemson–Florida State
Clemson–Georgia Tech
Textile Bowl (Clemson–NC State)
Tobacco Road (Duke–North Carolina–NC State–Wake Forest)
Duke–North Carolina basketball/overall (lacrosse)
Victory Bell (Duke–North Carolina football)
Duke–NC State
Duke–Wake Forest
Florida State–Miami
Jefferson-Eppes Trophy (Florida State–Virginia)
Georgia Tech–Virginia Tech
Miami–Virginia Tech
North Carolina–NC State overall (football)
South's Oldest Rivalry (North Carolina–Virginia)
North Carolina–Wake Forest
NC State–Wake Forest
Pittsburgh–Syracuse
Syracuse–Virginia
Virginia–Virginia Tech (overall, football, and men's basketball)
Non-conference
Alabama–Clemson
Alabama–Georgia Tech
Auburn–Clemson
Auburn–Georgia Tech
Boston College–Holy Cross
Green Line Rivalry (Boston College–Boston U)
Commonwealth Classic (Boston College–UMass basketball)
Boston College–UMass
California–UCLA (from 2024–25)
Cincinnati–Louisville (overall)
The Keg of Nails (Cincinnati–Louisville football)
Clemson–Georgia
Clemson–South Carolina
Colgate–Syracuse
Cornell–Syracuse (lacrosse)
Duke–Maryland (men's basketball)
City Game (Duquesne–Pittsburgh)
East Carolina–NC State
Florida–Florida State (football)
Florida–Florida State (men's basketball)
Florida–Florida State (baseball)
Florida–Miami (football)
Florida–Miami (baseball)
Florida Cup (Florida–Florida State–Miami)
Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate (Georgia–Georgia Tech)
Georgia Tech–Tennessee
Georgia Tech–Vanderbilt
Hobart–Syracuse (lacrosse)
Houston–SMU (men's basketball, from 2024–25)
Indiana–Notre Dame (men's soccer)
Johns Hopkins–Syracuse (lacrosse)
Johns Hopkins–Virginia (lacrosse)
Kentucky–Louisville overall
Governor's Cup (Kentucky–Louisville football)
Kentucky–North Carolina (men's basketball)
Louisville–Memphis
Maryland–Virginia (football)
Maryland–Virginia (lacrosse)
Maryland–Virginia (men's soccer)
Miami–Nebraska
Gansz Trophy (Navy–SMU football, from 2024–25)
North Carolina–South Carolina
Safeway Bowl (North Texas–SMU, from 2024–25)
Notre Dame–UCLA (men's basketball)
Notre Dame–UConn (women's basketball)
Penn State–Pittsburgh
Penn State–Syracuse
Old Ironsides (Penn State–Pittsburgh–West Virginia)
Backyard Brawl (Pittsburgh–West Virginia)
Mayor's Cup (Rice–SMU, from 2024–25)
Bill Walsh Legacy Game (San Jose State–Stanford, from 2024–25)
SMU–TCU (from 2024–25)
Syracuse–UConn (overall)
Syracuse–West Virginia
VMI–Virginia Tech
Virginia Tech–West Virginia
Notre Dame football rivalries
Boston College–Notre Dame
Florida State–Notre Dame
Georgia Tech–Notre Dame
North Carolina–Notre Dame
Miami–Notre Dame
Notre Dame–Pittsburgh
Notre Dame–Stanford (from 2024–25)
vteNCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries
Army–Notre Dame
Holy War (Boston College–Notre Dame)
Boston College–UMass
Michigan–Notre Dame
Michigan State–Notre Dame
Navy–Notre Dame
Colonial Clash (New Hampshire–UMass)
Northwestern–Notre Dame
Notre Dame–Pittsburgh
Notre Dame–Purdue
Notre Dame–Stanford
Notre Dame–USC
Rhode Island–UConn
Syracuse–UConn
UConn–UMass
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/7/42.3554/-71.8714/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/8/42.3554/-71.8714/en"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_football"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College"},{"link_name":"Minutemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMass_Minutemen_football"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whipple-2"}],"text":"50km30miles\nUMass\n\nBoston College Locations of Boston College and UMassThe Boston College–UMass football rivalry is a college football rivalry between the Eagles of Boston College and Minutemen of the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[1]The rivalry was most active during the 1960s and 1970s, when the teams met on an annual basis. Because of changes to the NCAA's division structure, the teams did not meet for 30 years, but UMass' promotion to the top-tier NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision enabled them to resume the rivalry, with a three-game series starting in 2014. The latest series has been dubbed The Battle of the Bay State.[2] As of 2021, Boston College has won the past 11 meetings, including all of the 21st century matchups.","title":"Boston College–UMass football rivalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"Yankee Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Conference"},{"link_name":"Football Championship Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_programs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yankee-3"}],"text":"The first game played between the two schools took place in Amherst, on November 28, 1901, with Massachusetts winning, 11–0. BC and Massachusetts met again 1902 and 1912, with Massachusetts winning all three contests before the series was halted. The two schools did not meet again on the football field until 1966, when BC and UMass—which by then had adopted its present name—began a 17-year series in which the teams would play each other in the last week of UMass' football season. Though both programs were in NCAA Division I, the highest level of competition at the time, they were facing an increasingly different level of opponents. BC, as an independent, played many of its games against large schools from outside New England. UMass was part of the Yankee Conference and played most of its games against regional rivals. Boston College dominated the stretch of the rivalry, winning 15 of the 17 games, routinely blowing out the overmatched Minutemen.The NCAA split Division I into two subdivisions in 1978: the premier Division I-A (now known as the Football Bowl Subdivision) and the second-tier Division I-AA (now known as the Football Championship Subdivision). Boston College was placed in I-A; UMass, along with the rest of the Yankee Conference, in I-AA.[3]With BC's schedule increasingly filled with powerhouse I-A teams from outside New England, the annual rivalry entered a long hiatus after the 1982 game, and would not be played again for 30 years.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mid-American Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-American_Conference"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gillette Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Foxborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renew-6"},{"link_name":"Alumni Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Starting in the 1990s, UMass administrators began talking about moving the football team to what was then still called Division I-A. Though the school trustees voted to hold off on an immediate move in 2003, the school did start to schedule games against Division I-A opponents—including trips to Chestnut Hill to play the Eagles.[4]In April 2011, UMass announced plans to join the Mid-American Conference and play the next year as the second Massachusetts member of the FBS. This prompted speculation that the two schools might renew their rivalry on a more regular basis. This was confirmed when it was reported in September 2011 that they had agreed to play a three-game biannual series beginning in 2014.[5]The first two games would be played in 2014 and 2016 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, a Boston suburb, about 30 miles south of Chestnut Hill. The games counted as UMass home dates, however, as the New England Patriots stadium had been UMass' regular home field in 2012 and 2013,[6] and the team continued to play half its home schedule there for several years. A rematch in 2018 would be played at BC's Alumni Stadium.For UMass, the games were a chance to test their mettle against the only other FBS team in the state and prove that they belong at the top level of NCAA football. For Boston College, the \"rivalry\" was not as keenly felt, as the Eagles have had four decades to establish a long history of competition with top-tier programs outside New England.[7]","title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whipple-2"},{"link_name":"Doug Flutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Flutie"},{"link_name":"Alumni Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renew-6"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"The first-ever all-FBS BC-UMass game was both teams' season opener in September 2014. BC won the game by a score of 30–7.The weeks preceding the game were met by a moderate amount of local media coverage and hype, mostly from the UMass side, which billed the game as the \"Battle of the Bay State\".[2] One UMass fan even went as far as to outfit the Doug Flutie statue outside BC's Alumni Stadium with a Minuteman jersey. The famous 1980s BC quarterback tweeted: \"Ew.\"[6]","title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"The contest was again called the Battle of the Bay State. A UMass pep rally in the city of Boston was held the day before the game.[8] BC defeated UMass 26–7.","title":"Recent history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division I-A/FBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"AP Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Poll"},{"link_name":"Division I-AA/FCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sports_Network_(wire_service)"}],"text":"Rankings for BC from the Division I-A/FBS-level AP Poll. Rankings for UMass from Division I-AA/FCS-level Sports Network Poll 2011 or earlier, or AP Poll 2012 or later.","title":"Game results"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of NCAA college football rivalry games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_college_football_rivalry_games"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ainsworth, Chip (August 31, 2018). \"Bragging Rights on the Line for UM, BC\". The Recorder. Greenfield, Mass. Retrieved June 12, 2020. The Eagles are an 18-point favorite to vanquish the Minutemen for the 10th straight time since 1978 in a rivalry that dates back to 1901 when Mass. Aggie beat BC, 11–0.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recorder.com/Notes-from-the-sideline-19857649","url_text":"\"Bragging Rights on the Line for UM, BC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recorder_(Greenfield)","url_text":"The Recorder"}]},{"reference":"\"UMass Head Coach Mark Whipple Talks 'Battle of the Bay State' On Gresh & Zo\". 98.5 The Sports Hub (WBZ-FM). August 27, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/08/27/umass-head-coach-mark-whipple-talks-battle-of-the-bay-state-on-gresh-zo/","url_text":"\"UMass Head Coach Mark Whipple Talks 'Battle of the Bay State' On Gresh & Zo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ-FM","url_text":"WBZ-FM"}]},{"reference":"Monahan, Bob (July 17, 1981). \"HC Not Interested in YC\". The Boston Globe. Boston, Mass.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jeff (December 11, 2003). \"Minutemen Delay Move to I-A Level; Time Isn't Right for Jump\". The Republican. Springfield, Mass. p. C1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republican_(Springfield)","url_text":"The Republican"}]},{"reference":"Vautour, Matt (September 26, 2011). \"UMass, Boston College Agree on Three-Game Football Series\". Daily Hampshire Gazette. Northampton, Mass.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Hampshire_Gazette","url_text":"Daily Hampshire Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Golen, Jimmy (August 29, 2014). \"UMass, Boston College Renew Bay State Rivalry\". The Associated Press. KSL-TV. Retrieved June 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksl.com/article/31338786/umass-boston-college-renew-bay-state-rivalry","url_text":"\"UMass, Boston College Renew Bay State Rivalry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Associated_Press","url_text":"The Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-TV","url_text":"KSL-TV"}]},{"reference":"Black, A.J. (March 22, 2020). \"Ranking Potential Rivals for Boston College Football\". BCBulletin, Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/bostoncollege/football/boston-college-football-rivalry-clemson-wake-forest-notre-dame","url_text":"\"Ranking Potential Rivals for Boston College Football\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of the Bay State\". umassathletics.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umassathletics.com/news/2016/8/20/football-battle-of-the-bay-state-pep-rally-set-for-sept-9.aspx","url_text":"\"Battle of the Bay State\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.recorder.com/Notes-from-the-sideline-19857649","external_links_name":"\"Bragging Rights on the Line for UM, BC\""},{"Link":"http://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/08/27/umass-head-coach-mark-whipple-talks-battle-of-the-bay-state-on-gresh-zo/","external_links_name":"\"UMass Head Coach Mark Whipple Talks 'Battle of the Bay State' On Gresh & Zo\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksl.com/article/31338786/umass-boston-college-renew-bay-state-rivalry","external_links_name":"\"UMass, Boston College Renew Bay State Rivalry\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/college/bostoncollege/football/boston-college-football-rivalry-clemson-wake-forest-notre-dame","external_links_name":"\"Ranking Potential Rivals for Boston College Football\""},{"Link":"http://www.umassathletics.com/news/2016/8/20/football-battle-of-the-bay-state-pep-rally-set-for-sept-9.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Battle of the Bay State\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIOZ-FM
|
WIOZ-FM
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Radio station in Southern Pines, North CarolinaWIOZ-FMSouthern Pines, North CarolinaFrequency102.5 MHzBrandingSoft Rock Star 102.5ProgrammingFormatAdult contemporaryAffiliationsPremiere Radio NetworksOwnershipOwnerMeridian Communications. L.L.C.HistoryFirst air date1995Former call signsWAHP (1994–1995)Former frequencies107.1 MHz (1973–1987)106.9 MHz (1987–1995)Technical informationFacility ID25204ClassAERP3,400 wattsHAAT133 metersTransmitter coordinates35°9′4.00″N 79°28′40.00″W / 35.1511111°N 79.4777778°W / 35.1511111; -79.4777778LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitestar1025fm.com
WIOZ-FM (102.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format. Licensed to Southern Pines, North Carolina, United States, the station is currently owned by Meridian Communications. L.L.C. and features programming from Premiere Radio Networks.
History
WIOZ-FM started out at 107.1 MHz in 1973, with a 3,000-watt signal. It was originally owned by Bill Gaston, and was, at that time, the first FM Station in Moore County. One of the first morning men was Ned Champion, who had worked at WPTF in Raleigh and was the voice of NC Department of Agriculture Farm News, distributed to various stations in NC. Music format was top 40 in morning drive time and easy listening the rest of the broadcast day. Somewhere around 1987, the station changed frequency to 106.9 MHz and the format became more easy listening. Some of the professional radio broadcasters were Rich Rushforth and Robin Duff. In 1995, WIOZ moved to 102.5 FM, which had been WAHP. The move to 102.5 meant a decrease in power from 50,000 to 6,000 watts. The switch to the current name and format came in 1999.
References
^ "WIOZ-FM Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.
^ "Station Information Profile". Arbitron.
^ Dr. Anthony Ross Harrington, graduate of CCTI Radio TV Program in 1977 and recently retired History Instructor at CCCC in Sanford.
^ "Call Sign History".
^ Michael Futch, "New Radio Station WKQB Singles Out the '70s," The Fayetteville Observer, November 3, 1995.
^ Michael Futch, "WIOZ-FM Changes Format to Soft Rock," The Fayetteville Observer, April 4, 1999.
External links
WIOZ in the FCC FM station database
WIOZ in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteAdult Contemporary radio stations in the state of North CarolinaStations
WAYN – Rockingham
WCNG – Murphy
WECR - Newland
WGNI - Wilmington
WIFM - Elkin
WIID – Rodanthe
WILT - Wrightsville Beach/Wilmington
WIOZ-FM – Southern Pines
WJRI - Lenoir
WKBC-FM - North Wilkesboro
WKQC – Charlotte
WLNC – Laurinburg
WLNK - Charlotte
WMAG – High Point
WMGV – Newport
WMJV - Grifton
WNCT-FM - Greenville
WOXL – Biltmore Forest
WPNC-FM – Plymouth
WRAL-FM – Raleigh
WRGC – Sylva
WZPR – Mags Head
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in North Carolina
This article about a radio station in North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Pines, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pines,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Premiere Radio Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere_Radio_Networks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"WIOZ-FM (102.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format.[1] Licensed to Southern Pines, North Carolina, United States, the station is currently owned by Meridian Communications. L.L.C. and features programming from Premiere Radio Networks.[2]","title":"WIOZ-FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"106.9 MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMGU"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"WIOZ-FM started out at 107.1 MHz in 1973, with a 3,000-watt signal. It was originally owned by Bill Gaston, and was, at that time, the first FM Station in Moore County. One of the first morning men was Ned Champion, who had worked at WPTF in Raleigh and was the voice of NC Department of Agriculture Farm News, distributed to various stations in NC. Music format was top 40 in morning drive time and easy listening the rest of the broadcast day. Somewhere around 1987, the station changed frequency to 106.9 MHz and the format became more easy listening. Some of the professional radio broadcasters were Rich Rushforth and Robin Duff.[3] In 1995, WIOZ moved to 102.5 FM, which had been WAHP.[4] The move to 102.5 meant a decrease in power from 50,000 to 6,000 watts.[5] The switch to the current name and format came in 1999.[6]","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"WIOZ-FM Facility Record\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WIOZ-FM","url_text":"\"WIOZ-FM Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Information Profile\". Arbitron.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arbitron.com/","url_text":"\"Station Information Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call Sign History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=25204&Callsign=WIOZ-FM","url_text":"\"Call Sign History\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WIOZ-FM¶ms=35_9_4.00_N_79_28_40.00_W_region:US-NC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°9′4.00″N 79°28′40.00″W / 35.1511111°N 79.4777778°W / 35.1511111; -79.4777778"},{"Link":"https://www.lightningstream.com/Player.aspx?call=WIOZ-FM","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"http://www.star1025fm.com/","external_links_name":"star1025fm.com"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WIOZ-FM","external_links_name":"\"WIOZ-FM Facility Record\""},{"Link":"http://www.arbitron.com/","external_links_name":"\"Station Information Profile\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=25204&Callsign=WIOZ-FM","external_links_name":"\"Call Sign History\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WIOZ","external_links_name":"WIOZ"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=WIOZ","external_links_name":"WIOZ"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WIOZ-FM&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Naji_al-Otari
|
Muhammad Naji al-Otari
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Prime Minister","4 References"]
|
Prime minister of Syria (2003–2011)
Muhammad Naji al-Otariمحمد ناجي عطريPrime Minister of SyriaIn office10 September 2003 – 14 April 2011PresidentBashar al-AssadDeputyAbdullah DardariPreceded byMuhammad Mustafa MeroSucceeded byAdel SafarSpeaker of the People's Assembly of SyriaIn office9 March 2003 – 18 September 2003Preceded byAbdel Kader KaddouraSucceeded byMahmoud al-AbrashMember of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional BranchIn office21 June 2000 – 8 July 2013Governor of HomsIn office1993–2000Preceded byYahya Abu AsliSucceeded byHossam al-Din al-Hakim
Personal detailsBorn (1944-01-01) 1 January 1944 (age 80)Aleppo, First Syrian RepublicPolitical partyBa'ath PartyOther politicalaffiliationsNational Progressive FrontCabinetAl-Otari
Muhammad Naji al-Otari (Arabic: محمد ناجي عطري, romanized: Muḥammad Nājī al-'Uṭrī, also Etri, Itri and Otri; born 1 January 1944) is a Syrian politician who was Prime Minister of Syria from 2003 to 2011.
Early life and education
Born in Aleppo in 1944, Otari studied architecture and has a diploma in urban planning from the Netherlands. He is fluent in French, English, and Spanish.
Career
Otari headed the city council in Aleppo from 1983 to 1987 and is a former governor of Homs. He was president of Aleppo's engineering syndicate from 1989 to 1993. He is a long-serving member of the ruling Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. In March 2000, he became a member of the Ba'ath Party's Central Committee and in June 2000 of the party's influential Regional Command. In March 2000, he was also appointed deputy prime minister for services affairs and he served in this post until 2003. He was elected speaker of the Syrian parliament, or People's Assembly, in March 2003.
Prime Minister
He was first appointed Prime Minister on 10 September 2003. His nomination has been said to combine both "technocratic and Ba'athist trends" in Syrian politics. On 29 March 2011, the entire cabinet resigned out of protest against the regime. On 3 April 2011, President Assad appointed Adel Safar to succeed Otari.
References
^ Profile of Muhammad Naji al-Otari
^ a b Syrian cabinet resigns amid unrest, says state TV, BBC News, 29 March 2011
^ a b "Profile: Mohammed Naji al-Otari". BBC News. 11 September 2003.
^ a b Mabardi, Roueida (10 September 2003). "Assad asks Otri to form new government". Middle East Online. Damascus. Archived from the original on 20 September 2003. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Political offices
Preceded byAbdel Kader Kaddoura
Speaker of Parliament of Syria 2003
Succeeded byMahmoud al-Abrash
Preceded byMuhammad Mustafa Mero
Prime Minister of Syria 2003–2011
Succeeded byAdel Safar
vtePrime ministers of Syria (List)Arab Kingdom of Syria(1920)Arab Kingdom of Syria
al-Rikabi
H. al-Atassi*
Al-Droubi
al-UlshiState of Syria(1925–1930)State of Syria
Barakat
al-Hasani*
Nami
al-HasaniFirst Syrian Republic(1930–1950)First Syrian Republic
al-Hasani
H. al-Azm
al-Hasani
A. al-Ayyubi
Mardam
al-Haffar
al-Bukhari
post vacant, 1939–41
K. al-Azm
al-Hakim
H. al-Barazi
al-Ulshi
al-Jabiri
al-Khoury
al-Jabiri
K. al-Azm*
Mardam
K. al-Azm
al-Za'im
M. al-Barazi
H. al-Atassi
al-Qudsi
K. al-Azm
al-QudsiSecond Syrian Republic(1950–1958)First Syrian Republic
al-Qudsi
K. al-Azm
al-Hakim
al-Khatib
al-Dawalibi
Selu
Shishakli
al-Asali
al-Ghazzi
al-Khoury
al-Asali
al-Ghazzi
al-AsaliUnited Arab Republic(1958–1961)United Arab Republic
Kahala
SarrajSyrian Arab Republic(1961–present)Syrian Arab Republic
al-Kuzbari
al-Nuss
al-Dawalibi
al-Azma
K. al-Azm
al-Bitar
al-Hafiz
al-Bitar
al-Hafiz
Zuayyin
al-Bitar
Zuayyin
N. al-Atassi
al-Assad
Khleifawi
M. al-Ayyubi
Khleifawi
al-Halabi
al-Kasm
Al-Zoubi
Mero
al-Otari
Safar
Hijab
Ghalawanji*
al-Halqi
Khamis
Arnous* acting
vteSpeakers of the Parliament of Syria since 1919
al-Atassi*
Rida*
Muayyad
al-Atassi
al-Khoury
al-Jabiri
al-Khoury
Kikhya
al-Dawalibi
al-Kudsi
al-Kuzbari
al-Kudsi
al-Hawrani
Sadat†
al-Kuzbari
Ghazzi
al-Atrash
al-Khatib
al-Yusufi
al-Halabi
Hadid
Zuabi
Kaddoura
al-Otari
al-Abrash
al-Laham
Abbas
Sabbagh
*president of the Syrian National Congress
†within the UAR
vteDeputy prime ministers of Syria
Lutfi al-Haffar
Rashad Barmada
Bashir al-Azma
Abdul Halim Khaddam
Mustafa Tlass
Muhammad Naji al-Otari
Farouk al-Sharaa
Salim Yasin
Abd al-Qadir Qaddura
Khalid Raad
Mohammad al-Hussein
Abdullah Dardari
Walid Muallem
Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
vteArab Socialist Ba'ath Party
Iraqi-dominated faction
Syrian-dominated faction
HistoryPredecessors
Arab Ba'ath
Arab Ba'ath Movement
Arab Socialist Movement
Syrian Committee to Help Iraq
Founders
Michel Aflaq
Salah al-Din al-Bitar
Pre-split
1954 Syrian coup d'état
14 July Revolution
1959 Mosul uprising
Ramadan Revolution
1963 Syrian coup d'état
National Council for the Revolutionary Command
Ar-Rashid revolt
November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
1964 Hama riot
1966 Syrian coup d'état
Post-split
17 July Revolution
Ba'athist Iraq
Revolutionary Command Council
Members
Arab Belt
Corrective Movement
Union of Arab Republics
Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
Faith Campaign
Iraqi conflict
De-Ba'athification
Syrian civil war
LeadershipGeneral SecretariesPre-split
Michel Aflaq
Munif Razzaz
Iraqi-dominated faction
Michel Aflaq
Saddam Hussein
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Salah Al-Mukhtar*
Syrian-dominated faction
Nureddin al-Atassi
Hafiz al-Assad
Abdullah al-Ahmar (de facto)
Bashar al-Assad*
Regional SecretariesIraq
Fuad al-Rikabi
Talib El-Shibib
Ali Salih al-Sa'di
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Saddam Hussein
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed*
Jordan
Abdullah Rimawi
Munif Razzaz
Akram al-Homsi*
Lebanon
Assem Qanso
Abd al-Majid al-Rafei
Palestine
Isam al-Qadi
Rakad Salem*
Syria
Hammud al-Shufi
Shibli al-Aysami
Amin al-Hafiz
Nureddin al-Atassi
Hafiz al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad*
Members of the National Command
Michel Aflaq
Abdullah al-Ahmar
Zaki al-Arsuzi
Bashar al-Assad
Hafiz al-Assad
Nureddin al-Atassi
Mansur al-Atrash
Shibli al-Aysami
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Salah al-Din al-Bitar
Elias Farah
Wahib al-Ghanim
Amin al-Hafiz
Akram al-Hawrani
Salah Jadid
Zuheir Mohsen
Munif Razzaz
Fuad al-Rikabi
Abdullah Rimawi
Ali Salih al-Sa'di
Talib El-Shibib
Khaled Yashruti
Members of the Regional CommandsIraq
Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur
Muhammad Zimam Abd Al-Razzaq
Ghanim Abdul-Jalil
Saad Abdul-Majid
Jamal Mustafa Abdullah
Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed
Salah Omar al-Ali
Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
Salih Mahdi Ammash
Hussein Al-Awadi
Tariq Aziz
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Saadoun Ghaidan
Sa'dun Hammadi
Qusay Hussein
Saddam Hussein
Latif Nassif Jassim
Rashid Taan Kazim
Adnan Khairallah
Ali Hassan al-Majid
Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi
Aziz Saleh Al-Numan
Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi
Taha Yassin Ramadan
Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
Fuad al-Rikabi
Ali Salih al-Sa'di
Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i
Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i
Talib El-Shibib
Nayef Shindakh Thamir
Khamis Sirhan
Hardan al-Tikriti
Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi
Tahir Yahya
Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
Syria
Abdullah al-Ahmar
Hussein Arnous
Bashar al-Assad
Hafiz al-Assad
Nureddin al-Atassi
Shibli al-Aysami
Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan
Muhsen Bilal
Mahdi Dakhlallah
Ahmad Diyab
Fahd Jassem al-Freij
Marwan Habash
Amin al-Hafiz
Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
Wael Nader al-Halqi
Salim Hatum
Hilal Hilal
Mohammad al-Hussein
Hisham Ikhtiyar
Salah Jadid
Abd al-Karim al-Jundi
Sami al-Jundi
Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
Abdul Halim Khaddam
Imad Khamis
Ahmad al-Khatib
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
Mohammad Jihad al-Laham
Ibrahim Makhous
Zuhair Masharqa
Muhammad Mustafa Mero
Muhammad Naji al-Otari
Abd al-Qadir Qaddura
Hammouda Sabbagh
Farouk al-Sharaa
Hikmat al-Shihabi
Hammud al-Shufi
Mustafa Tlass
Hasan Turkmani
Muhammad Umran
Salim Yasin
Yusuf Zuayyin
YemenAli Ahmad Nasser al-DhahabHeads of stateIraq
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Saddam Hussein
Syria
Amin al-Hafiz
Nureddin al-Atassi
Ahmad al-Khatib
Hafiz al-Assad
Abdul Halim Khaddam (interim)
Bashar al-Assad*
Heads of governmentIraq
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Saddam Hussein
Sa'dun Hammadi
Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi
Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
Syria
Salah al-Din al-Bitar
Amin al-Hafiz
Yusuf Zuayyin
Nureddin al-Atassi
Hafiz al-Assad
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi
Mahmoud al-Ayyubi
Muhammad Ali al-Halabi
Abdul Rauf al-Kasm
Mahmoud Al-Zoubi
Muhammad Mustafa Mero
Muhammad Naji al-Otari
Adel Safar
Riyad Farid Hijab
Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji
Wael Nader al-Halqi
Imad Khamis
Hussein Arnous*
* = incumbentOrganizationRegional branchesIraqi-dominated faction
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Regional Command
Jordan
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Palestine
Sudan
Tunisia
Yemen
Syrian-dominated faction
Jordan
Lebanon
Mauritania
Palestine
South Yemen
Sudan
Syria
Central Command
History
National Security Bureau
Yemen
Newspapers
Al-Ba'ath
Sawt al-Jamahir
Al-Thawra
Popular fronts
National Progressive Front (Iraq)
National Progressive Front (Syria)
WingsParamilitary
Ba'ath Brigades
Fedayeen Saddam
National Defense Battalions
Popular Army
Youth
Revolutionary Youth Union
Associated organizationsArmed groups
Al-Abud Network
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
Free Iraqi Army
General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries
Jeish Muhammad
Rejectionists
Snake Party
Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
Breakaway groups
Arab Revolutionary Workers Party
Arab Socialist Movement
Damascus branch
Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party
Arabic Toilers' Movement
Al-Awda
Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party
Palestinian Arab Front
Socialist Lebanon
Sudanese Ba'ath Party
Political alliancesCurrent
Alliance of Palestinian Forces
Forces of Freedom and Change
March 8 Alliance
National Consensus Forces
National Democratic Alliance
Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestinian National and Islamic Forces
Former
Ahd Bloc
Front of Patriotic and National Parties
Lebanese National Movement
Lebanese National Resistance Front
National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria
National Union Front
Palestinian National Alliance
Palestinian National Salvation Front
Rejectionist Front
Political parties
Arab Socialist Union Party
Arab Democratic Union Party
Democratic Socialist Unionist Party
Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
Libyan National Movement
National Covenant Party
Popular Unity Party
Sawab
Social Democratic Unionists
Socialist Democratic Unionist Party
Socialist Unionist Party
Syrian Communist Party
Bakdash
Unified
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
in Lebanon
Other organizations
General Federation of Trade Unions
General Union of Peasants
General Union of Syrian Women
MiscellaneousIdeology
Anti-imperialism
Anti-Zionism
Arab nationalism
Arab socialism
Ba'athism
Pan-Arabism
Progressivism
Republicanism
Secularism
Vanguardism
Literature
The Battle for One Destiny
On the Way of Resurrection
Symbolism
Arḍ ul-Furātayn
Pan-Arab colors
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"}],"text":"Muhammad Naji al-Otari (Arabic: محمد ناجي عطري, romanized: Muḥammad Nājī al-'Uṭrī, also Etri, Itri and Otri; born 1 January 1944)[1] is a Syrian politician who was Prime Minister of Syria from 2003 to 2011.[2]","title":"Muhammad Naji al-Otari"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-3"}],"text":"Born in Aleppo in 1944, Otari studied architecture and has a diploma in urban planning from the Netherlands. He is fluent in French, English, and Spanish.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-led_faction)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mabardi03-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mabardi03-4"}],"text":"Otari headed the city council in Aleppo from 1983 to 1987 and is a former governor of Homs. He was president of Aleppo's engineering syndicate from 1989 to 1993. He is a long-serving member of the ruling Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. In March 2000, he became a member of the Ba'ath Party's Central Committee and in June 2000 of the party's influential Regional Command. In March 2000, he was also appointed deputy prime minister for services affairs and he served in this post until 2003.[4] He was elected speaker of the Syrian parliament, or People's Assembly, in March 2003.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-3"},{"link_name":"the entire cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari_government"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-2"},{"link_name":"Adel Safar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel_Safar"}],"text":"He was first appointed Prime Minister on 10 September 2003. His nomination has been said to combine both \"technocratic and Ba'athist trends\" in Syrian politics.[3] On 29 March 2011, the entire cabinet resigned out of protest against the regime.[2] On 3 April 2011, President Assad appointed Adel Safar to succeed Otari.","title":"Prime Minister"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Arab Kingdom of Syria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"State of Syria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_French_mandate.svg.png"},{"image_text":"First Syrian Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"First Syrian Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"United Arab Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Syrian Arab Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Profile: Mohammed Naji al-Otari\". BBC News. 11 September 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3098026.stm","url_text":"\"Profile: Mohammed Naji al-Otari\""}]},{"reference":"Mabardi, Roueida (10 September 2003). \"Assad asks Otri to form new government\". Middle East Online. Damascus. Archived from the original on 20 September 2003. Retrieved 10 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030920061937/https://middle-east-online.com/english/?id=6963","url_text":"\"Assad asks Otri to form new government\""},{"url":"http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=6963","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=syvx3CJcSl8C&dq=Muhammad+Naji+al-Otari+1+Januari+1944&pg=RA1-PA436","external_links_name":"Profile of Muhammad Naji al-Otari"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12897223","external_links_name":"Syrian cabinet resigns amid unrest, says state TV"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3098026.stm","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Mohammed Naji al-Otari\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030920061937/https://middle-east-online.com/english/?id=6963","external_links_name":"\"Assad asks Otri to form new government\""},{"Link":"http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=6963","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sheldrake
|
Supermarine Sheldrake
|
["1 Specifications (Sheldrake N180)","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
|
1920s British flying boat
Sheldrake
Role
Amphibian biplane flying boatType of aircraft
National origin
United Kingdom
Manufacturer
Supermarine
Designer
R.J. Mitchell
First flight
1927
Produced
1923
Number built
1
Developed from
Supermarine Seagull
The Supermarine Sheldrake was a British amphibian biplane flying boat developed by Supermarine from the Supermarine Seagull with a revised hull. It was powered by a Napier Lion engine mounted between the wings driving a four-bladed propeller. Only one Sheldrake, serial number N180, was built.
Specifications (Sheldrake N180)
Data from Supermarine Aircraft Since 1914.General characteristics
Crew: 3
Length: 37 ft 4.5 in (11.392 m)
Wingspan: 46 ft (14 m)
Height: 16 ft 2.5 in (4.940 m)
Wing area: 593 sq ft (55.1 m2)
Empty weight: 4,125 lb (1,871 kg)
Gross weight: 6,100 lb (2,767 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Napier Lion V W-12 water-cooled piston engine, 450 hp (340 kW)
Propellers: 4-bladed fixed pitch pusher propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 103 mph (166 km/h, 90 kn) at sea level
Landing speed: 55 mph (48 kn; 89 km/h)
Cruise speed: 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)
Range: 250 mi (400 km, 220 nmi)
Armament
Guns: * 1x fixed forward-firing 0.303 in (7.70 mm) Vickers machine-gun
1x flexibly mounted 0.303 in (7.70 mm) Lewis machine-gun in the rear cockpit aft of the mainplanes
Bombs: Up to 1,000 lb (450 kg) of bombs
See also
Related development
Supermarine Seagull
Supermarine Scarab
Related lists
Seaplanes and flying boats
References
^ a b "Sires of the Swift". Flight. 2 October 1953. p. 473.
^ Robertson, Bruce (1987). British Military Aircraft Serials 1878-1987. Letchworth, England: Midland Counties Publications. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-904597-61-5.
^ Andrews, C.F.; Morgan, Eric B. (2003). Supermarine Aircraft Since 1914 (2nd Revised ed.). London: Putnam Aeronautical. pp. 82–87.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supermarine Sheldrake.
"Hampshire Air Pageant". Flight. London: Royal Aero Club. 19 May 1927. pp. 305–308. Retrieved 1 March 2023 – via Internet Archive.
vteSupermarine aircraftTypenumbers
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599
S.1
S.2
S.3
S.4
S.5
S.6
S.6A
S.6B
By roleRacers
S.4
S.5
S.6
S.6B
Sea Lion I
Sea Lion II
Sea Lion III
Sea Urchin
Fighters
Attacker
Baby
Nighthawk
Scimitar
Seafang
Seafire
Sea King
Spiteful
Spitfire
Swift
Type 224 (F.7/30)
Type 312 & 313 (F.37/35)
Type 545
Type 559
Bombers
Type 322 (Dumbo)
B.12/36
Reconnaissance and patrol
Channel
Nanok
Scapa
Scarab
Scylla
Seal II
Seagull (1921)
Seagull ASR-1
Seamew
Sea Otter
Sheldrake
Solent
Southampton
Stranraer
Walrus
Civil
Air Yacht
Channel
Commercial Amphibian
Giant
Sea Eagle
Sparrow (I & II)
Swan
Under contract
AD Flying Boat
Baby
AD Navyplane
PersonnelDesigners
R. J. Mitchell
Joe Smith
Pilots
Henry Biard
Basil Deacon Hobbs
Jeffrey Quill
Joseph "Mutt" Summers
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amphibian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"flying boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_boat"},{"link_name":"Supermarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Seagull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1921)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flight-1"},{"link_name":"Napier Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_Lion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flight-1"},{"link_name":"serial number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_military_aircraft_serials"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robertson-2"}],"text":"The Supermarine Sheldrake was a British amphibian biplane flying boat developed by Supermarine from the Supermarine Seagull with a revised hull.[1] It was powered by a Napier Lion engine mounted between the wings driving a four-bladed propeller.[1] Only one Sheldrake, serial number N180, was built.[2]","title":"Supermarine Sheldrake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews-3"},{"link_name":"Napier Lion V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_Lion_V"},{"link_name":"Vickers machine-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_machine-gun"},{"link_name":"Lewis machine-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_machine-gun"}],"text":"Data from Supermarine Aircraft Since 1914.[3]General characteristicsCrew: 3\nLength: 37 ft 4.5 in (11.392 m)\nWingspan: 46 ft (14 m)\nHeight: 16 ft 2.5 in (4.940 m)\nWing area: 593 sq ft (55.1 m2)\nEmpty weight: 4,125 lb (1,871 kg)\nGross weight: 6,100 lb (2,767 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Napier Lion V W-12 water-cooled piston engine, 450 hp (340 kW)\nPropellers: 4-bladed fixed pitch pusher propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 103 mph (166 km/h, 90 kn) at sea level\nLanding speed: 55 mph (48 kn; 89 km/h)\nCruise speed: 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)\nRange: 250 mi (400 km, 220 nmi)ArmamentGuns: * 1x fixed forward-firing 0.303 in (7.70 mm) Vickers machine-gun\n1x flexibly mounted 0.303 in (7.70 mm) Lewis machine-gun in the rear cockpit aft of the mainplanes\nBombs: Up to 1,000 lb (450 kg) of bombs","title":"Specifications (Sheldrake N180)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supermarine Sheldrake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supermarine_Sheldrake"},{"link_name":"\"Hampshire Air 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Lion I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Lion_I"},{"link_name":"Sea Lion II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Lion_II"},{"link_name":"Sea Lion III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Lion_III"},{"link_name":"Sea Urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Urchin"},{"link_name":"Attacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Attacker"},{"link_name":"Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Baby"},{"link_name":"Nighthawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Nighthawk"},{"link_name":"Scimitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Scimitar"},{"link_name":"Seafang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seafang"},{"link_name":"Seafire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire"},{"link_name":"Sea King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_King"},{"link_name":"Spiteful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spiteful"},{"link_name":"Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Swift"},{"link_name":"Type 224 (F.7/30)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Type_224"},{"link_name":"Type 312 & 313 (F.37/35)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermarine_F.37/35&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Type 545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_545"},{"link_name":"Type 559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Type_559"},{"link_name":"Type 322 (Dumbo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Type_322"},{"link_name":"B.12/36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_B.12/36"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Channel"},{"link_name":"Nanok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Nanok"},{"link_name":"Scapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Scapa"},{"link_name":"Scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Scylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Scylla"},{"link_name":"Seal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seal_II"},{"link_name":"Seagull (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1921)"},{"link_name":"Seagull ASR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1948)"},{"link_name":"Seamew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seamew"},{"link_name":"Sea Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Otter"},{"link_name":"Sheldrake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Nanok"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Southampton"},{"link_name":"Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Stranraer"},{"link_name":"Walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus"},{"link_name":"Air Yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Air_Yacht"},{"link_name":"Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Channel"},{"link_name":"Commercial Amphibian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Commercial_Amphibian"},{"link_name":"Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_%22Giant%22"},{"link_name":"Sea Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sea_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Sparrow (I & II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Swan"},{"link_name":"AD Flying Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Flying_Boat"},{"link_name":"Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Baby"},{"link_name":"AD Navyplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_Navyplane"},{"link_name":"R. J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Joe Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(aircraft_designer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Biard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Biard"},{"link_name":"Basil Deacon Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Deacon_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Quill"},{"link_name":"Joseph \"Mutt\" Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Summers"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supermarine Sheldrake.\"Hampshire Air Pageant\". Flight. London: Royal Aero Club. 19 May 1927. pp. 305–308. Retrieved 1 March 2023 – via Internet Archive.vteSupermarine aircraftTypenumbers\n171\n179\n184\n185\n186\n187\n188\n189\n190\n221\n223\n224\n226\n228\n229\n230\n231\n232\n233\n234\n235\n236\n237\n238\n239\n240\n300\n301\n302\n303\n304\n305\n306\n307\n308\n309\n310\n311\n312\n313\n314\n315\n316\n317\n318\n319\n320\n321\n322\n323\n324\n325\n326\n327\n328\n329\n330\n331\n332\n333\n334\n335\n336\n337\n338\n339\n340\n341\n342\n343\n344\n345\n346\n347\n348\n349\n350\n351\n352\n353\n354\n355\n356\n357\n358\n359\n360\n361\n362\n363\n364\n365\n366\n367\n368\n369\n370\n371\n372\n373\n374\n375\n376\n377\n378\n379\n380\n381\n382\n383\n384\n385\n386\n387\n388\n389\n390\n391\n392\n393\n394\n395\n396\n397\n398\n399\n500\n501\n502\n503\n504\n505\n506\n507\n508\n509\n510\n511\n\n513\n514\n515\n516\n517\n518\n519\n520\n521\n522\n523\n524\n525\n526\n527\n528\n529\n530\n531\n532\n533\n535\n537\n538\n539\n541\n542\n543\n544\n545\n546\n547\n548\n549\n550\n551\n552\n553\n554\n555\n556\n557\n558\n559\n560\n561\n562\n563\n564\n565\n566\n567\n569\n571\n572\n573\n574\n575\n576\n577\n581\n582\n583\n584\n585\n586\n587\n588\n589\n590\n591\n592\n593\n594\n595\n599\nS.1\nS.2\nS.3\nS.4\nS.5\nS.6\nS.6A\nS.6B\nBy roleRacers\nS.4\nS.5\nS.6\nS.6B\nSea Lion I\nSea Lion II\nSea Lion III\nSea Urchin\nFighters\nAttacker\nBaby\nNighthawk\nScimitar\nSeafang\nSeafire\nSea King\nSpiteful\nSpitfire\nSwift\nType 224 (F.7/30)\nType 312 & 313 (F.37/35)\nType 545\nType 559\nBombers\nType 322 (Dumbo)\nB.12/36\nReconnaissance and patrol\nChannel\nNanok\nScapa\nScarab\nScylla\nSeal II\nSeagull (1921)\nSeagull ASR-1\nSeamew\nSea Otter\nSheldrake\nSolent\nSouthampton\nStranraer\nWalrus\nCivil\nAir Yacht\nChannel\nCommercial Amphibian\nGiant\nSea Eagle\nSparrow (I & II)\nSwan\nUnder contract\nAD Flying Boat\nBaby\nAD Navyplane\nPersonnelDesigners\nR. J. Mitchell\nJoe Smith\nPilots\nHenry Biard\nBasil Deacon Hobbs\nJeffrey Quill\nJoseph \"Mutt\" Summers","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Supermarine Seagull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Seagull_(1921)"},{"title":"Supermarine Scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Scarab"},{"title":"Seaplanes and flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_seaplanes_and_flying_boats"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sires of the Swift\". Flight. 2 October 1953. p. 473.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%201317.html","url_text":"\"Sires of the Swift\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Bruce (1987). British Military Aircraft Serials 1878-1987. Letchworth, England: Midland Counties Publications. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-904597-61-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904597-61-5","url_text":"978-0-904597-61-5"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, C.F.; Morgan, Eric B. (2003). Supermarine Aircraft Since 1914 (2nd Revised ed.). London: Putnam Aeronautical. pp. 82–87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hampshire Air Pageant\". Flight. London: Royal Aero Club. 19 May 1927. pp. 305–308. Retrieved 1 March 2023 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Flight_International_Magazine_1927-05-19-pdf/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Hampshire Air Pageant\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1953/1953%20-%201317.html","external_links_name":"\"Sires of the Swift\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Flight_International_Magazine_1927-05-19-pdf/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Hampshire Air Pageant\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnie_Weinmeister
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Arnie Weinmeister
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["1 Early life","2 Professional career","3 References","4 External links"]
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Canadian gridiron football player (1923–2000)
American football player
Arnie WeinmeisterWeinmeister in 1954No. 73Position:Defensive tacklePersonal informationBorn:(1923-03-23)March 23, 1923Rhein, Saskatchewan, CanadaDied:June 28, 2000(2000-06-28) (aged 77)Seattle, Washington, U.S.Career informationHigh school:Portland (OR) JeffersonCollege:WashingtonNFL draft:1945 / Round: 17 / Pick: 166Career history
New York/Brooklyn-New York Yankees (1948–1949)
New York Giants (1950–1953)
BC Lions (1954–1955)
Career highlights and awards
4× First-team All-Pro (1950–1953)
4× Pro Bowl (1950–1953)
Career NFL statisticsGames played:71Fumble recoveries:8Player stats at PFRPro Football Hall of Fame
Arnold George Weinmeister (March 23, 1923 – June 28, 2000) was a Canadian professional football player who was a defensive tackle. He went to four Pro Bowls, but with only a six-year tenure in the All-America Football Conference and National Football League combined, his career is one of the shortest of any Pro Football Hall of Fame member. He also played in the Canadian Football League. He was born in Rhein, Saskatchewan.
Early life
Weinmeister was a two-time All-City tackle in high school, and played end, fullback and tackle during a 4-year tenure at the University of Washington which was interrupted by four years of army service. He was scouted by New York Yankees (AAFC) head coach Ray Flaherty while playing fullback.
Professional career
Weinmeister turned professional in 1948 and played defensive tackle for the New York Yankees in the All-America Football Conference until 1949, and for the New York Giants from 1950 to 1953. During his final season in New York, he served as the team captain. In 1949, Weinmeister won second-team All-AAFC as a rookie followed by first-team All-AAFC honors, was voted All-NFL Choice for four consecutive years (1950–1953), and was selected to play in the NFL's Pro Bowl every year from 1950 to 1953.
He was on the inaugural roster for the BC Lions in 1954, and played for the team for two seasons. He is one of five Saskatchewan natives to make it to the NFL (the other four being Jon Ryan, Rueben Mayes, Ben Heenan, and Brett Jones).
References
^ Goldstein, Richard (2000-07-07). "Arnie Weinmeister, 77, a Giants Star in the 50s, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
External links
Biography portal
Pro Football Hall of Fame: member biography
Professional Football Researchers Association article
vteBC Lions 1954 inaugural season roster
40 Gil Steer
50 John Cvitanovich
51 Bobo Sikorski
54 Bob Levenhagen
55 George Brown
58 Leo Sweeney
60 Chuck Quilter
61 Lorne Reid
62 Laurie Niemi
63 Arnie Weinmeister
70 Dick Christiansen
71 Don Knowles
72 Don Lord
74 Bill Currie
75 Gerry Palmer
76 Norm Fieldgate
80 George Klein
81 Jack Hutchinson
83 Doug Reid
83 Jim Chambers
84 Ray Enright
85 Don Hollingsworth
86 Jerry Tuttle
87 Pete Thodos
88 By Bailey
89 Keith Bennett
90 Bill Hortie
91 John Mazur
92 Al Pollard
Head coach: Annis Stukus
General manager: Phil Webb
vtePro Football Hall of Fame Class of 1984
Willie Brown
Mike McCormack
Charley Taylor
Arnie Weinmeister
vteMembers of the Pro Football Hall of FameQuarterbacks
Aikman
Baugh
Blanda
Bradshaw
Clark
Conzelman
L. Dawson
Driscoll
Elway
Favre
Fouts
Friedman
Graham
Griese
Herber
Jurgensen
J. Kelly
Layne
Luckman
Manning
Marino
Montana
Moon
Namath
A. Parker
Stabler
Starr
Staubach
Tarkenton
Tittle
Unitas
Van Brocklin
Warner
Waterfield
S. Young
Running backs
M. Allen
Battles
Bettis
J. Brown
Campbell
Canadeo
Csonka
T. Davis
Dickerson
Dorsett
Dudley
Faulk
Gifford
Grange
Guyon
F. Harris
Hinkle
Hornung
James
J. H. Johnson
L. Kelly
Lambeau
Leemans
F. Little
Martin
Matson
McAfee
McElhenny
J. McNally
Moore
Motley
Nagurski
Nevers
Payton
Perry
Pollard
Riggins
B. Sanders
Sayers
Simpson
E. Smith
Strong
Ji. Taylor
T. Thomas
Thorpe
Tomlinson
Trippi
Van Buren
Walker
Wide receivers /ends
Alworth
Badgro
Berry
Biletnikoff
Branch
T. Brown
Bruce
Carmichael
Carter
Chamberlin
Fears
Flaherty
Halas
Harrison
Hayes
Hewitt
Hirsch
Hutson
Irvin
A. Johnson
C. Johnson
Joiner
Largent
Lavelli
Lofton
Maynard
McDonald
Millner
Mitchell
Monk
Moss
Owens
Pearson
Pihos
A. Reed
Rice
Speedie
Stallworth
Swann
C. Taylor
Warfield
Tight ends
Casper
Ditka
Gonzalez
Mackey
Newsome
C. Sanders
Sharpe
J. Smith
Winslow
Offensivelinemen
L. Allen
Boselli
B. Brown
R. Brown
Covert
Creekmur
D. Dawson
DeLamielleure
Dierdorf
Faneca
Gatski
Gregg
Grimm
Hannah
Hickerson
Hill
Hutchinson
S. Jones
W. Jones
Kramer
Langer
L. Little
Mack
Matthews
Mawae
McCormack
McDaniel
Mix
Munchak
Muñoz
Ogden
Otto
Pace
J. Parker
Ringo
Roaf
Shaw
A. Shell
Shields
J. Slater
St. Clair
Stanfel
Stephenson
J. Thomas
Tingelhoff
Upshaw
Webster
Wright
Yary
Zimmerman
Pre-modern eratwo-way players
Edwards
Fortmann
Healey
Hein
Henry
Hubbard
Kiesling
Kinard
Lyman
Michalske
Musso
Owen
D. Slater
Stydahar
Trafton
Turner
Wojciechowicz
Defensivelinemen
Atkins
Bethea
Buchanan
Culp
W. Davis
Dean
Dent
Doleman
Donovan
Eller
Ford
Freeney
J. Greene
Haley
Hampton
Humphrey
D. Jones
Jordan
Karras
Kennedy
Klecko
Lilly
Long
Marchetti
McMichael
Nomellini
Olsen
Page
Peppers
Randle
Robustelli
Sapp
Selmon
Seymour
B. Smith
Sprinkle
Stautner
Strahan
Ja. Taylor
Weinmeister
Ra. White
Re. White
B. Willis
B. Young
Youngblood
Linebackers
Bednarik
Bo. Bell
Brazile
Brooks
Buoniconti
Butkus
Carson
Connor
George
Gradishar
K. Greene
Ham
Hanburger
Hendricks
Howley
Huff
Jackson
Lambert
Lanier
Lewis
Mills
Nitschke
Richter
D. Robinson
Schmidt
Seau
Singletary
L. Taylor
D. Thomas
Z. Thomas
Tippett
Urlacher
Ware
Wilcox
P. Willis
Defensive backs
Adderley
Atwater
Bailey
Barber
Barney
Blount
W. Brown
J. Butler
L. Butler
Christiansen
Dawkins
Dillon
Easley
Green
C. Harris
Haynes
Houston
J. Johnson
Krause
Lane
Lary
Law
LeBeau
Lott
Lynch
Polamalu
E. Reed
Renfro
Revis
Riley
J. Robinson
D. Sanders
D. Shell
E. Thomas
Tunnell
Wehrli
Williams
L. Wilson
Wood
C. Woodson
R. Woodson
Special teams
Andersen
Groza
Guy
Hester
Stenerud
Coaches
G. Allen
P. Brown
Chamberlin
Conzelman
Coryell
Cowher
Dungy
Ewbank
Flaherty
Flores
Gibbs
Gillman
Grant
Halas
J. Johnson
Lambeau
Landry
Levy
Lombardi
Madden
Neale
Noll
Owen
Parcells
Shula
Stram
Vermeil
Walsh
Contributors
Beathard
Be. Bell
Bidwill
Bowlen
Brandt
Carr
A. Davis
DeBartolo
Finks
Halas
Hunt
J. Jones
Lambeau
T. Mara
W. Mara
Marshall
A. McNally
Nunn
Polian
Ray
Reeves
A. Rooney
D. Rooney
Rozelle
E. Sabol
S. Sabol
Schramm
Tagliabue
R. Wilson
Wolf
G. Young
Italics denotes members who have been elected, but not yet inducted.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"All-America Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Rhein, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"American football playerArnold George Weinmeister (March 23, 1923 – June 28, 2000) was a Canadian professional football player who was a defensive tackle. He went to four Pro Bowls, but with only a six-year tenure in the All-America Football Conference and National Football League combined, his career is one of the shortest of any Pro Football Hall of Fame member. He also played in the Canadian Football League. He was born in Rhein, Saskatchewan.[1]","title":"Arnie Weinmeister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees_(AAFC)"},{"link_name":"Ray Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Flaherty"}],"text":"Weinmeister was a two-time All-City tackle in high school, and played end, fullback and tackle during a 4-year tenure at the University of Washington which was interrupted by four years of army service. He was scouted by New York Yankees (AAFC) head coach Ray Flaherty while playing fullback.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees in the All-America Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees_(AAFC)"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_BC_Lions_season"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Jon Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Rueben Mayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueben_Mayes"},{"link_name":"Ben Heenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Heenan"},{"link_name":"Brett Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Jones_(gridiron_football)"}],"text":"Weinmeister turned professional in 1948 and played defensive tackle for the New York Yankees in the All-America Football Conference until 1949, and for the New York Giants from 1950 to 1953. During his final season in New York, he served as the team captain. In 1949, Weinmeister won second-team All-AAFC as a rookie followed by first-team All-AAFC honors, was voted All-NFL Choice for four consecutive years (1950–1953), and was selected to play in the NFL's Pro Bowl every year from 1950 to 1953.He was on the inaugural roster for the BC Lions in 1954, and played for the team for two seasons. He is one of five Saskatchewan natives to make it to the NFL (the other four being Jon Ryan, Rueben Mayes, Ben Heenan, and Brett Jones).","title":"Professional career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (2000-07-07). \"Arnie Weinmeister, 77, a Giants Star in the 50s, Is Dead\". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/07/sports/arnie-weinmeister-77-a-giants-star-in-the-50-s-is-dead.html","url_text":"\"Arnie Weinmeister, 77, a Giants Star in the 50s, Is Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WeinAr00.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"http://www.profootballhof.com/players/arnie-weinmeister","external_links_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/07/sports/arnie-weinmeister-77-a-giants-star-in-the-50-s-is-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Arnie Weinmeister, 77, a Giants Star in the 50s, Is Dead\""},{"Link":"http://www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.jsp?player_id=228","external_links_name":"member biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061024153248/http://www.footballresearch.com/articles/frpage.cfm?topic=weinmeis","external_links_name":"article"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Newman
|
Karen Newman
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American musician
For the British sculptor, see Karen Newman (artist).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Karen Newman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Karen NewmanNewman singing "The Star-Spangled Banner" before a Detroit Red Wings game at Joe Louis Arena on November 11, 2010Background informationBornDetroit, Michigan, U.S.A.GenresRock musicYears active1980s–presentLabelsHigh Heel RecordsMusical artist
Karen Newman is a professional singer based in Detroit, Michigan and was the anthem singer of the Detroit Red Wings for more than 30 years.
Biography
Newman was raised in the Michigan towns of Rochester and Grand Blanc, and was a 1978 graduate of Grand Blanc High School. From there, she studied music at Oakland University. She is best known for being "the voice" of the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings, regularly performing the national anthem before the team's home games, dating back to when they played at Joe Louis Arena. She has been uniquely known as "The Red Wings' Own". She has toured with Bob Seger and Kid Rock.
Newman has released five CDs, including the patriotic EP How Far We've Come, which includes the American and Canadian national anthems. Her single "Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue" has become a traditional favorite for many Detroit radio stations, and has been included for many years as part of the Detroit Thanksgiving Parade.
Newman is also known for her annual Christmas concerts, which began with the regional hit "Christmas Eve on Woodward Avenue", a tribute to her hometown Detroit.
She has done numerous television commercials for local and national companies, and has served as celebrity spokesperson for John Bowman Chevrolet, Evola Music, Discount Tire Company, Sargent Appliance, Hanson Windows, Diabetes Care Education Association, and St. John Providence Health Systems' "Because We Care" campaign. She works with and supports numerous local children's and animal charities in and around Michigan.
Newman and her family live in a suburb of Detroit.
References
^ "Karen Newman: From Grand Blanc High School to anthem voice of the Detroit Red Wings". MLive.com. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
^ "OU alumna joins Kid Rock's national tour – News at OU – Oakland University". oakland.edu. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
External links
Karen Newman discography at Discogs
Karen Newman's official website
vteDetroit Red Wings
Founded in 1926
Based in Detroit, Michigan
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Team
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Players
Captains
Draft picks
Seasons
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History
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Owner(s)
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General manager
Steve Yzerman
Head coach
Derek Lalonde
Team captain
Dylan Larkin
Current roster
Arenas
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Olympia Stadium
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Rivalries
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Hakan Andersson
"Stanley's Cup" (South Park)
Russian Five
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Budd Lynch
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London Lions
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Category
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This article about a United States singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Frances_Tjaden
|
Olive Frances Tjaden
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life and legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American architect
Olive TjadenBorn(1904-11-24)November 24, 1904New Utrecht, New YorkDiedMarch 15, 1997(1997-03-15) (aged 92)Fort Lauderdale, FloridaNationalityAmericanAlma materCornell UniversityOccupationArchitectSpouses
Carl G. Johnson
Roswell Van Sickle
PracticeGustav Erda, Thomas W. Lamb, & Harrison G. Weisman (1925-28)
Olive Tjaden, Architect (principal)
Olive Frances Tjaden (/ˈtʃɑːdən/; November 24, 1904 – March 15, 1997) was a pioneering woman architect, one of the first female architects of her generation.
Early life and education
Born November 24, 1904 in New Utrecht, New York. Her father was John G. Tjaden, a structural engineer.
Tjaden graduated from Jamaica High School at the age of 15. Rejected from Columbia University's architectural program because she was too young, Tjaden waited a year to meet the age requirements for Cornell University's School of Architecture. Tjaden completed the five-year course in four years and graduated from Cornell University in 1925 with a bachelor's degree in architecture at the age of 19. She was the only woman architect in her graduating class.
Career
In 1929, at the age of 24, Tjaden became the youngest registered architect in New York State. In 1938, she became the first woman admitted to the Brooklyn Chapter of the American Institute of Architects and for many years was the only female member of the organization. She specialized in residential architecture, and was chosen to design a home for the 1939 World's Fair. She designed more than two thousand buildings in her career.
On the recommendation of a Cornell dean, Tjaden was hired by a Mineola, New York, architecture firm and began designing “distinctive homes for people of moderate means.” From the 1920s to 1940s, Tjaden supervised the design of more than 400 homes in the Garden City area of Long Island, New York. Tjaden's designs included flourishes such as formal breakfast rooms and sweeping staircases. One of her most admired elements was her use of stained glass windows, particularly a colorful peacock door designed by her and constructed in England. The homes were meant to sell for around $12,000. According to Nassau County Historical Society member Millicent Vollono “She would sometimes do a whole block of homes using five or six kinds of styles. When you go through those neighborhoods now, the homes look different, but they all fit together.”
A Tudor mansion Tjaden designed in Woodmere, New York, for a distiller was featured in a 1935 edition of “Good Housekeeping” magazine.
Tjaden's former home on 11th Street in Garden City is marked with a weather vane representing her career- a young woman holding a caliper and sitting astride a T-square. Tjaden often hosted social events for women at her home and the house served as an advertisement for her work.
In 1943, she moved to Florida to capitalize on the building boom of the era. Once in Florida she ceased working on individual homes, but wrote a column for an architectural journal and designed garden apartments. She also served as program director and member of the board for the Museum of Fine Arts in Fort Lauderdale.
Personal life and legacy
Olive Tjaden Hall, part of the Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning
Tjaden married Carl G. Johnson of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1945. At the time, Tjaden was reported to live in Garden City, New York.
Tjaden died at the age of 92 and left most of her $12 million estate to Cornell. A building housing part of Cornell's College of Architecture, Art and Planning was named in her honor in 1981.
References
^ a b "Olive Tjaden, pioneering architect who designed more than 400 Garden City, L.I., homes, dies at 92 | Cornell Chronicle". news.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
^ a b "OLIVE J. TJADEN MARRIED". The New York Times. 28 May 1945. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "A woman who shaped Garden City style". Newsday. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
^ a b c d "Brooklyn Body of Architects Admits Woman: Olive Tjaden is First to Be Elected by Chapter of American Institute". Washington Post. February 27, 1938.
^ "Girl Architect, 24, Designs Long Island Homes to Suit Women Rather Than Men". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 29, 1929.
^ Obituary of Olive Tjaden Van Sickle. Sun Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, FL) (Published as Sun-Sentinel) - March 18, 1997Edition: FINALSection: LOCALPage: 7B
^ a b Allaback, Sarah (2008-01-01). The first American women architects. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252033216. OCLC 167518574.
^ "Olive Tjaden Hall". Cornell University. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
External links
Tjaden's entry in the International Archive of Women in Architecture Biographical Database at Virginia Tech
Finding guide to the Olive Tjaden Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
Obituary in the Cornell Chronicle
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
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Her father was John G. Tjaden, a structural engineer.[2]Tjaden graduated from Jamaica High School at the age of 15.[3] Rejected from Columbia University's architectural program because she was too young, Tjaden waited a year to meet the age requirements for Cornell University's School of Architecture.[3] Tjaden completed the five-year course in four years and graduated from Cornell University in 1925 with a bachelor's degree in architecture at the age of 19.[3] She was the only woman architect in her graduating class.[4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"1939 World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Mineola, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineola,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Woodmere, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodmere,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Good Housekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Housekeeping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.cornell.edu-1"}],"text":"In 1929, at the age of 24, Tjaden became the youngest registered architect in New York State.[5] In 1938, she became the first woman admitted to the Brooklyn Chapter of the American Institute of Architects[4] and for many years was the only female member of the organization.[6] She specialized in residential architecture,[4] and was chosen to design a home for the 1939 World's Fair.[4] She designed more than two thousand buildings in her career.[7]On the recommendation of a Cornell dean, Tjaden was hired by a Mineola, New York, architecture firm and began designing “distinctive homes for people of moderate means.”[3] From the 1920s to 1940s, Tjaden supervised the design of more than 400 homes in the Garden City area of Long Island, New York.[3] Tjaden's designs included flourishes such as formal breakfast rooms and sweeping staircases.[3] One of her most admired elements was her use of stained glass windows, particularly a colorful peacock door designed by her and constructed in England.[3] The homes were meant to sell for around $12,000.[3] According to Nassau County Historical Society member Millicent Vollono “She would sometimes do a whole block of homes using five or six kinds of styles. When you go through those neighborhoods now, the homes look different, but they all fit together.”[3]A Tudor mansion Tjaden designed in Woodmere, New York, for a distiller was featured in a 1935 edition of “Good Housekeeping” magazine.[3]Tjaden's former home on 11th Street in Garden City is marked with a weather vane representing her career- a young woman holding a caliper and sitting astride a T-square.[3] Tjaden often hosted social events for women at her home and the house served as an advertisement for her work.[3]In 1943, she moved to Florida to capitalize on the building boom of the era.[7] Once in Florida she ceased working on individual homes, but wrote a column for an architectural journal and designed garden apartments.[3] She also served as program director and member of the board for the Museum of Fine Arts in Fort Lauderdale.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olive_Tjaden_Hall,_Cornell_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_College_of_Architecture,_Art,_and_Planning"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weddingNYT-2"},{"link_name":"Garden City, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Olive Tjaden Hall, part of the Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and PlanningTjaden married Carl G. Johnson of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 1945.[2] At the time, Tjaden was reported to live in Garden City, New York.Tjaden died at the age of 92 and left most of her $12 million estate to Cornell.[3] A building housing part of Cornell's College of Architecture, Art and Planning was named in her honor in 1981.[3][8]","title":"Personal life and legacy"}]
|
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| null |
[{"reference":"\"Olive Tjaden, pioneering architect who designed more than 400 Garden City, L.I., homes, dies at 92 | Cornell Chronicle\". news.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2022-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180309120223/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/1997/04/olive-tjaden-pioneering-architect-who-designed-more-400-garden-city-li-homes-dies-92","url_text":"\"Olive Tjaden, pioneering architect who designed more than 400 Garden City, L.I., homes, dies at 92 | Cornell Chronicle\""},{"url":"http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/1997/04/olive-tjaden-pioneering-architect-who-designed-more-400-garden-city-li-homes-dies-92","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OLIVE J. TJADEN MARRIED\". The New York Times. 28 May 1945. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1945/05/28/305338152.html?pageNumber=23","url_text":"\"OLIVE J. TJADEN MARRIED\""}]},{"reference":"\"A woman who shaped Garden City style\". Newsday. Retrieved 2018-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/she-shaped-garden-city-style-architect-olive-tjaden-1.13307588","url_text":"\"A woman who shaped Garden City style\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn Body of Architects Admits Woman: Olive Tjaden is First to Be Elected by Chapter of American Institute\". Washington Post. February 27, 1938.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Girl Architect, 24, Designs Long Island Homes to Suit Women Rather Than Men\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 29, 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Allaback, Sarah (2008-01-01). The first American women architects. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252033216. OCLC 167518574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252033216","url_text":"9780252033216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/167518574","url_text":"167518574"}]},{"reference":"\"Olive Tjaden Hall\". Cornell University. Retrieved 2018-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://registrar.cornell.edu/spaces/olive-tjaden-hall","url_text":"\"Olive Tjaden Hall\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Anzac_(FFH_150)
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HMAS Anzac (FFH 150)
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["1 Design and construction","2 Operational history","3 Citations","4 References","5 External links"]
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Anzac-class frigate of Royal Australian Navy
For other ships with the same name, see HMAS Anzac.
HMAS Anzac arriving at Naval Station Pearl Harbor, prior to participating in RIMPAC 2008.
History
Australia
NamesakeThe Australia and New Zealand Army Corps
BuilderTenix Defence
Laid down5 November 1993
Launched16 September 1994
Commissioned18 May 1996
Decommissioned18 May 2024
HomeportFleet Base West, Perth
Identification
MMSI number: 503109000
Callsign: VKNG
Motto"United We Stand"
Honours andawards
Battle honours:
East Timor 1999
Persian Gulf 2001–03
Iraq 2003
Two inherited battle honours
Awards:
Meritorious Unit Citation
StatusRetired
General characteristics
Class and typeAnzac-class frigate
Displacement3,810 tonnes full load
Length118 m (387 ft)
Beam15 m (49 ft)
Draught4 m (13 ft)
Propulsion
1 × General Electric LM 2500 gas turbine providing 30,000 hp (22.5 MW)
2 × MTU 12V 1163 TB83 diesels providing 8,840 hp (6.5 MW)
Speed27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph)
Range6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Complementapproximately 170 sailors
Sensors and processing systems
Sonars: Thomson Sintra Spherion B Mod 5; hull-mounted; active search and attack; medium frequency. Provision for towed array
Air search radar: CEA Technologies CEAFAR2-L long range Active Phased Array Radar (L Band)
Search radar: CEA Technologies CEAFAR Active Phased Array Radar (S Band)
Navigation: Kelvin Hughes Sharpeye (I-band)
Passive Detection: Sagem Vampir NG Infrared Search/track
Target Illumination Radar: CEA Technologies CEAMOUNT Active Phased Array Illuminator (X Band)
Combat data systems: Saab 9LV 453 Mk 3E.Link 11& Link16
Weapons control: Saab 9LV 453 radar/optronic director with CEA Solid State Continuous Wave Illuminator
Electronic warfare & decoys
ESM: Racal modified Sceptre A (radar intercept), Telefunken PST-1720 Telegon 10 (comms intercept)
Countermeasures: Decoys: G & D Aircraft SRBOC Mk 36 Mod 1 decoy launchers for SRBOC, BAE Systems Nulka active missile decoy
Armament
Guns and missiles: 1 × 5 in/54 (127 mm) Mk 45 Mod 2 gun, 2 × Rafael Mini Typhoon 12.7mm (.50 cal) CIWS, small arms, 2 × 4 Harpoon Block II anti-ship missiles, Mk 41 Mod 5 VLS for Sea Sparrow and Evolved Sea Sparrow
Torpedoes: 2 × triple 324 mm Mk 32 Mod 5 tubes with MU 90 Torpedo
Aircraft carried1 × Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk
NotesPost-Anti-Ship Missile Defence Project upgrade. See class article for original configuration.
HMAS Anzac (FFH 150) was the lead ship of the Anzac-class frigates in use with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) and the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN). Entering Australian service in 1996, the frigate operated as part of the INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce in 1999. In 2003, she was involved in the Battle of Al Faw, and became the first RAN ship to fire in anger since the Vietnam War.
In February 2024 it was announced by the Australian Government that HMAS Anzac would not sail again and be the first ship of her class to be decommissioned in the near future, followed by her sister ship Arunta in 2026. HMAS Anzac was decommissioned on 18 May 2024 after 28 years of service.
Design and construction
Main article: Anzac-class frigate
The Anzac class originated from RAN plans to replace the six River-class destroyer escorts with a mid-capability patrol frigate. The Australian shipbuilding industry was thought to be incapable of warship design, so the RAN decided to take a proven foreign design and modify it. Around the same time, the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) was looking to replace four Leander-class frigates; a deterioration in New Zealand-United States relations, the need to improve alliances with nearby nations, and the commonalities between the RAN and RNZN ships' requirements led the two nations to begin collaborating on the acquisition in 1987. Tenders were requested by the Anzac Ship Project at the end of 1986, with 12 ship designs (including an airship) submitted. By August 1987, the tenders were narrowed down in October to Blohm + Voss's MEKO 200 design, the M class (later Karel Doorman class) offered by Royal Schelde, and a scaled-down Type 23 frigate proposed by Yarrow Shipbuilders. In 1989, the Australian government announced that Melbourne-based shipbuilder AMECON (which became Tenix Defence) would build the modified MEKO 200 design. The Australians ordered eight ships, while New Zealand ordered two, with an unexercised option for two more.
The Anzacs are based on Blohm + Voss' MEKO 200 PN (or Vasco da Gama-class) frigates, modified to meet Australian and New Zealand specifications and maximise the use of locally built equipment. Each frigate has a 3,600-tonne (3,500-long-ton; 4,000-short-ton) full load displacement. The ships are 109 metres (358 ft) long at the waterline, and 118 metres (387 ft) long overall, with a beam of 14.8 metres (49 ft), and a full load draught of 4.35 metres (14.3 ft). A Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) propulsion machinery layout is used, with a single, 30,172-horsepower (22,499 kW) General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbine and two 8,840-horsepower (6,590 kW) MTU 12V1163 TB83 diesel engines driving the ship's two controllable-pitch propellers. Maximum speed is 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph), and maximum range is over 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph); about 50% greater than other MEKO 200 designs. The standard ship's company of an Anzac consists of 22 officers and 141 sailors.
Sailors man the rails around Anzac's 5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun
As designed, the main armament for the frigate is a 5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun, supplemented by an eight-cell Mark 41 vertical launch system (for RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles), two 12.7-millimetre (0.50 in) machine guns, and two Mark 32 triple torpedo tube sets (initially firing Mark 46 torpedoes, but later upgraded to use the MU90 Impact torpedo). They were also designed for but not with a close-in weapons system (two Mini Typhoons fitted when required from 2005 onwards), two quad-canister Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers (which were installed across the RAN vessels from 2005 onwards), and a second Mark 41 launcher (which has not been added). The Australian Anzacs use a Sikorsky S-70B-2 Seahawk helicopter; plans to replace them with Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprites were cancelled in 2008 due to ongoing problems.
Anzac was laid down at Williamstown, Victoria on 5 November 1993. The ship was assembled from six hull modules and six superstructure modules, but unlike later ships in the class, which had modules fabricated at three sites, Anzac was built entirely at Williamstown. The frigate was launched on 16 September 1994 by Army nurse Vivian Statham. Anzac was commissioned into the RAN at Station Pier in Melbourne on 18 May 1996. The ship's name is in recognition of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) and their service during World War I.
Operational history
In October 1997, Anzac conducted Operation Dirk supported by HMAS Westralia targeting illegal fishing vessels in the Southern Ocean catching the Patagonian toothfish around Heard Island and McDonald Islands in the Australian Fisheries Zone with the Salvora and the Aliza Glacial apprehended boarded by Clearance divers.
Anzac was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce from 19 to 29 September 1999. The ship was later awarded the battle honour "East Timor 1999" in recognition of this deployment.
29 October 2000 HMAS Anzac rendezvoused with CSIRO Research Vessel RV Franklin 300 nm west of Fremantle after answering a Mayday call during a port visit to Albany. In treacherous weather including, a six metre swell,40 knot winds and fading light HMAS Anzac launched a RHIB (Rigid Hulled Inflatable Boat) and transferred a medical team to RV Franklin to stabilise the patient and transfer back to the Anzac. The patient was transferred by helicopter the next day back to Perth when Anzac reached aircraft range. Anzac had embarked a news crew from GWN at Albany and Anzac crew were able to film some of the rescue. The medical team and Boat crew received a Maritime Commanders Commendation. The Boat crew also received a CN commendation.<refhttps://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/Estimates/Live/fadt_ctte/estimates/add_0001/def/ans-def-q39b-tables-feb01.ashx/>
Between 2001 and 2003, Anzac was deployed to the Persian Gulf on three occasions.
Anzac was deployed to the Persian Gulf for the third time from February until May 2003, as part of Operation Falconer. On 21 March 2003, Anzac provided naval gunfire support during the Battle of Al Faw. The intent of the assault was to capture the Al Faw Peninsula before Iraqi forces could sabotage the two major oil terminals in the area. The frigate began her first fire support mission at 06:04 on 21 March (the first time a RAN ship had fired in anger in 31 years) and completed seven fire missions over a three-day period. The frigate received the Meritorious Unit Citation on 27 November 2003 for her service during this deployment. In March 2010, Anzac was awarded the battle honours "Persian Gulf 2001–03" and "Iraq 2003".
Anzac underway alongside a dhow in the Gulf of Aden
In 2005, Anzac participated in a Northern Trident deployment: a round-the-world voyage intended as a flag-showing cruise to the northern hemisphere. As part of this deployment, Anzac was involved in ceremonies for the 90th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings, and participated in the fleet review for the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar.
On the morning of 13 March 2009, Anzac was one of seventeen warships involved in a ceremonial fleet entry and fleet review in Sydney Harbour, the largest collection of RAN ships since the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. The frigate was one of the thirteen ships involved in the ceremonial entry through Sydney Heads, and anchored in the harbour for the review.
Anzac was assigned to Rotation 29 of Operation Slipper from July 2012 to January 2013 as part of the International Coalition Against Terrorism (ICAT), and which included counter-piracy in the Arabian Sea region and elsewhere.
HMAS Anzac at the Australian Marine Complex in February 2024
During 2014, Anzac was the third ship of the class to undergo the Anti-Ship Missile Defence (ASMD) upgrade. The upgrade occurred across 2014 and early 2015, the upgrade included the fitting of CEA Technologies' CEAFAR and CEAMOUNT phased array radars, on new masts, a Vampir NG Infrared Search and Track system, and Sharpeye Navigational Radar Systems, along with improvements to the operations room equipment and layout.
Between March and October 2015, Anzac sailed on a second Northern Trident deployment. The 27,000-nautical-mile (50,000 km; 31,000 mi) circumnavigation included port visits to 11 countries and participation in commemorative services for the Gallipoli and Normandy landings.
Anzac has received freedom of entry to the city of Albany, Western Australia: Albany was the port the first convoy of the ANZACs departed Australia from.
In February 2024 it was announced that Anzac was due to decommission in 2024, the first of her class, to free up funding for a future enlargement of the RAN. Her sister ship, Arunta, is scheduled to be decommissioned in 2026 while the remainder of the class would not receive any more major upgrades. On 18 May 2024, a decommissioning ceremony was held for Anzac at HMAS Stirling.
Citations
^ "HMAS Anzac (III) farewelled after 28 years of service".
^ a b c Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 244
^ Fairall-Lee, Miller, & Murphy, in Forbes, Sea Power, p. 336
^ a b c d e f g h i j Grazebrook, Anzac frigates sail diverging courses
^ Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 23–9
^ a b c Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 245
^ Greener, Timing is everything, p. 30
^ a b Greener, Timing is everything, p. 31
^ a b Wertheim (ed.), The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, p. 20
^ Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 43–4
^ Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 20–1
^ a b c d e f Sharpe (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships 1998–99, pgs. 25, 470
^ Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 21
^ Fish & Grevatt, Australia's HMAS Toowoomba test fires MU90 torpedo
^ Scott, Updating ANZACs to meet changed strategic posture
^ Scott, Enhanced small-calibre systems offer shipborne stopping power
^ Grevatt, Australia cancels troubled Super Seasprite programme
^ Forbes, How a helicopter deal flew into trouble
^ a b c d e f g h i j Perryman & Djokovic, Ships Named Anzac
^ Linton & Donohue 2015, pp. 297–299.
^ Stevens, Strength Through Diversity, p. 15
^ a b Royal Australian Navy, Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours
^ a b Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours
^ a b Operation Falconer (Iraq), HMAS Anzac, in It's an Honour
^ a b c Wheeler, Five inch Friday
^ Brooke, Marching into History
^ ASMD Upgrade commences on Perth, in The Navy
^ a b Staples & Paroz, Anzac sets sail for Gallipoli
^ a b Paroz, HMAS Anzac returns from NORTHERN TRIDENT 2015
^ Ben Felton (20 February 2024). "Australia To Double Fleet Size With Small Warships". Naval News. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
^ "Surface Fleet Review". Australian Government. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
^ Andrew McLaughlin (20 May 2024). "End of an era as first Anzac-class frigate is decommissioned after 28 years of service". PS News.
^ Boyko Nikolov (18 May 2024). "Australia retires a leading air defense and undersea warfare frigate". Bulgarianmilitary.com – via Google News.
References
Books
Fairall-Lee, Sam; Miller, Kate; Murphy, David (2007). "The Royal Australian Navy in 2030". In Andrew Forbes (ed.). Sea Power: Challenges Old and New. Ultimo, NSW: Halstead Press. ISBN 978-1-920831-44-8.
Greener, Peter (2009). Timing is everything: the politics and processes of New Zealand defence acquisition decision making. Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence. Vol. 173. Canberra, ACT: ANU E Press. ISBN 978-1-921536-65-6. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jones, Peter (2001). "A Period of Change and Uncertainty". In Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence (vol III). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555542-2. OCLC 50418095.
Linton, Commander E.W. (Jake); Donohue, Commodore H.J (Hec) (2015). United and Undaunted: The First 100 Years: A History of Diving in the Royal Australian Navy 1911–2011. Queanbeyan, New South Wales: Grinkle Press. ISBN 9780980282153.
Sharpe, Richard, ed. (1998). Jane's Fighting Ships 1998–99 (101st ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-1795-X. OCLC 39372676.
Stevens, David (2007). Strength Through Diversity: The combined naval role in Operation Stabilise (PDF). Working Papers. Vol. 20. Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-29676-4. ISSN 1834-7231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems (15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-955-2. OCLC 140283156.
Journal articles
Fish, Tim; Grevatt, Jon (24 June 2008). "Australia's HMAS Toowoomba test fires MU90 torpedo". Jane's Navy International. Jane's Information Group.
Grazebrook, A.W. (1 November 1996). "Anzac frigates sail diverging courses". Jane's Navy International. 101 (9). Jane's Information Group.
Jon, Grevatt (5 March 2008). "Australia cancels troubled Super Seasprite programme". Jane's Defence Industry. Jane's Information Group.
Perryman, John; Djokovic, Petar (February 2015). "Ships Named Anzac". Semaphore. 2015 (2). Sea Power Centre Australia. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
Scott, Richard (16 December 2005). "Updating ANZACs to meet changed strategic posture". Jane's Navy International. Jane's Information Group.
Scott, Richard (12 December 2007). "Enhanced small-calibre systems offer shipborne stopping power". International Defence Review. Jane's Information Group.
News articles
Brooke, Michael (2 April 2009). "Marching into History". Navy News. Department of Defence.
Forbes, Mark (17 June 2002). "How a helicopter deal flew into trouble". The Age. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
Paroz, Des (8 August 2015). "HMAS Anzac returns from NORTHERN TRIDENT 2015". Navy Daily. Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Royal Australian Navy (1 March 2010). "Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
Staples, Natalie; Paroz, Des (26 March 2015). "Anzac sets sail for Gallipoli". Navy News. p. 8. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
Wheeler, Stu (10 April 2003). "Five Inch Friday: Defining moment for Anzac". Navy News. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
"ASMD Upgrade commences on Perth". The Navy. 72 (2). The Navy League of Australia: 16–17. April 2010.
Websites and other sources
"Operation Falconer (Iraq), HMAS Anzac". It's an Honour. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours" (PDF). Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMAS Anzac (FFH 150).
Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS Anzac
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Entering Australian service in 1996, the frigate operated as part of the INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce in 1999. In 2003, she was involved in the Battle of Al Faw, and became the first RAN ship to fire in anger since the Vietnam War.In February 2024 it was announced by the Australian Government that HMAS Anzac would not sail again and be the first ship of her class to be decommissioned in the near future, followed by her sister ship Arunta in 2026. HMAS Anzac was decommissioned on 18 May 2024 after 28 years of service. [1]","title":"HMAS Anzac (FFH 150)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River-class destroyer escorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones244-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones244-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy"},{"link_name":"Leander-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"New Zealand-United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand-United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones245-6"},{"link_name":"airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones244-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greener30-7"},{"link_name":"Blohm + Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%2B_Voss"},{"link_name":"MEKO 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEKO_200"},{"link_name":"Karel Doorman class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Doorman-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Royal Schelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Schelde"},{"link_name":"Type 23 frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_23_frigate"},{"link_name":"Yarrow Shipbuilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_Shipbuilders"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones245-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greener31-8"},{"link_name":"Tenix Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenix_Defence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones245-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greener31-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wertheim20-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vasco da Gama-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"full load 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propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(marine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharpe25.470-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharpe25.470-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wertheim21-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharpe25.470-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMAS_Anzac_gun_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"man the rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_the_rails"},{"link_name":"5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/54_caliber_Mark_45_gun"},{"link_name":"5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/54_caliber_Mark_45_gun"},{"link_name":"Mark 41 vertical launch system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_41_Vertical_Launch_System"},{"link_name":"RIM-7 Sea Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-7_Sea_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-162_Evolved_Sea_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"Mark 32 triple torpedo tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_32_Surface_Vessel_Torpedo_Tubes"},{"link_name":"Mark 46 torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_46_torpedo"},{"link_name":"MU90 Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MU90_Impact"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharpe25.470-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FishGrevatt-14"},{"link_name":"for but not with","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_but_not_with"},{"link_name":"close-in weapons system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapons_system"},{"link_name":"Mini Typhoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Weapon_System#Mini_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"Harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott05-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScottEnhanced-16"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky S-70B-2 Seahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_S-70B-2_Seahawk"},{"link_name":"Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaman_SH-2G_Super_Seasprite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grevatt-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-18"},{"link_name":"Williamstown, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wertheim20-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrazebrookSail-4"},{"link_name":"Vivian Statham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Bullwinkel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"Station Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Pier"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"Australian and New Zealand Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"}],"text":"The Anzac class originated from RAN plans to replace the six River-class destroyer escorts with a mid-capability patrol frigate.[2][3][4] The Australian shipbuilding industry was thought to be incapable of warship design, so the RAN decided to take a proven foreign design and modify it.[2][4] Around the same time, the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) was looking to replace four Leander-class frigates; a deterioration in New Zealand-United States relations, the need to improve alliances with nearby nations, and the commonalities between the RAN and RNZN ships' requirements led the two nations to begin collaborating on the acquisition in 1987.[5][6] Tenders were requested by the Anzac Ship Project at the end of 1986, with 12 ship designs (including an airship) submitted.[2][7] By August 1987, the tenders were narrowed down in October to Blohm + Voss's MEKO 200 design, the M class (later Karel Doorman class) offered by Royal Schelde, and a scaled-down Type 23 frigate proposed by Yarrow Shipbuilders.[6][8] In 1989, the Australian government announced that Melbourne-based shipbuilder AMECON (which became Tenix Defence) would build the modified MEKO 200 design.[4][6][8] The Australians ordered eight ships, while New Zealand ordered two, with an unexercised option for two more.[9][10]The Anzacs are based on Blohm + Voss' MEKO 200 PN (or Vasco da Gama-class) frigates, modified to meet Australian and New Zealand specifications and maximise the use of locally built equipment.[11][4] Each frigate has a 3,600-tonne (3,500-long-ton; 4,000-short-ton) full load displacement.[12] The ships are 109 metres (358 ft) long at the waterline, and 118 metres (387 ft) long overall, with a beam of 14.8 metres (49 ft), and a full load draught of 4.35 metres (14.3 ft).[12] A Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) propulsion machinery layout is used, with a single, 30,172-horsepower (22,499 kW) General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbine and two 8,840-horsepower (6,590 kW) MTU 12V1163 TB83 diesel engines driving the ship's two controllable-pitch propellers.[12][4] Maximum speed is 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph), and maximum range is over 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph); about 50% greater than other MEKO 200 designs.[12][4][13] The standard ship's company of an Anzac consists of 22 officers and 141 sailors.[12]Sailors man the rails around Anzac's 5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gunAs designed, the main armament for the frigate is a 5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun, supplemented by an eight-cell Mark 41 vertical launch system (for RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles), two 12.7-millimetre (0.50 in) machine guns, and two Mark 32 triple torpedo tube sets (initially firing Mark 46 torpedoes, but later upgraded to use the MU90 Impact torpedo).[12][4][14] They were also designed for but not with a close-in weapons system (two Mini Typhoons fitted when required from 2005 onwards), two quad-canister Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers (which were installed across the RAN vessels from 2005 onwards), and a second Mark 41 launcher (which has not been added).[4][15][16] The Australian Anzacs use a Sikorsky S-70B-2 Seahawk helicopter; plans to replace them with Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprites were cancelled in 2008 due to ongoing problems.[4][17][18]Anzac was laid down at Williamstown, Victoria on 5 November 1993.[9] The ship was assembled from six hull modules and six superstructure modules, but unlike later ships in the class, which had modules fabricated at three sites, Anzac was built entirely at Williamstown.[4] The frigate was launched on 16 September 1994 by Army nurse Vivian Statham.[19] Anzac was commissioned into the RAN at Station Pier in Melbourne on 18 May 1996.[19] The ship's name is in recognition of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) and their service during World War I.[19]","title":"Design and construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMAS Westralia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Westralia_(O_195)"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Patagonian toothfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish"},{"link_name":"Heard Island and McDonald Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands"},{"link_name":"Clearance divers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintonDonohue2015297%E2%80%93299-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"INTERFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERFET"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"battle honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newhonours-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honourslist-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"Operation Falconer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Falconer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unitcitation-24"},{"link_name":"naval gunfire support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_gunfire_support"},{"link_name":"Battle of Al Faw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Faw_(2003)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheeler-25"},{"link_name":"Al Faw Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Faw_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheeler-25"},{"link_name":"fired in anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fired_in_anger"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheeler-25"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unitcitation-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newhonours-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honourslist-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMAS_Anzac_(FFH_150)_is_underway_alongside_a_dhow_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden..jpg"},{"link_name":"flag-showing cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag-showing_cruise"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove"},{"link_name":"fleet review for the bicentenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar#200th_anniversary"},{"link_name":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"Australian Bicentenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bicentenary"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Operation Slipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Slipper"},{"link_name":"International Coalition Against Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Coalition_Against_Terrorism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMAS_Anzac_(FFH_150)_at_Australian_Marine_Complex,_Henderson,_February_2024_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-Ship Missile Defence (ASMD) upgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac-class_frigate#Australian_modifications"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"CEA Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEA_Technologies"},{"link_name":"phased array radars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array_radar"},{"link_name":"Infrared Search and Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Search_and_Track"},{"link_name":"operations room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_room"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenavy16.17-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StaplesParoz-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParozReturn-29"},{"link_name":"Normandy landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StaplesParoz-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParozReturn-29"},{"link_name":"freedom of entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_entry"},{"link_name":"Albany, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerrymanDjokovic-19"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"HMAS Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Stirling"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In October 1997, Anzac conducted Operation Dirk supported by HMAS Westralia targeting illegal fishing vessels in the Southern Ocean catching the Patagonian toothfish around Heard Island and McDonald Islands in the Australian Fisheries Zone with the Salvora and the Aliza Glacial apprehended boarded by Clearance divers.[20][19]Anzac was deployed to East Timor as part of the Australian-led INTERFET peacekeeping taskforce from 19 to 29 September 1999.[21] The ship was later awarded the battle honour \"East Timor 1999\" in recognition of this deployment.[22][23]29 October 2000 HMAS Anzac rendezvoused with CSIRO Research Vessel RV Franklin 300 nm west of Fremantle after answering a Mayday call during a port visit to Albany. In treacherous weather including, a six metre swell,40 knot winds and fading light HMAS Anzac launched a RHIB (Rigid Hulled Inflatable Boat) and transferred a medical team to RV Franklin to stabilise the patient and transfer back to the Anzac. The patient was transferred by helicopter the next day back to Perth when Anzac reached aircraft range. Anzac had embarked a news crew from GWN at Albany and Anzac crew were able to film some of the rescue. The medical team and Boat crew received a Maritime Commanders Commendation. The Boat crew also received a CN commendation.<refhttps://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/Estimates/Live/fadt_ctte/estimates/add_0001/def/ans-def-q39b-tables-feb01.ashx/>Between 2001 and 2003, Anzac was deployed to the Persian Gulf on three occasions.[19]Anzac was deployed to the Persian Gulf for the third time from February until May 2003, as part of Operation Falconer.[24] On 21 March 2003, Anzac provided naval gunfire support during the Battle of Al Faw.[25] The intent of the assault was to capture the Al Faw Peninsula before Iraqi forces could sabotage the two major oil terminals in the area.[25] The frigate began her first fire support mission at 06:04 on 21 March (the first time a RAN ship had fired in anger in 31 years) and completed seven fire missions over a three-day period.[25] The frigate received the Meritorious Unit Citation on 27 November 2003 for her service during this deployment.[24] In March 2010, Anzac was awarded the battle honours \"Persian Gulf 2001–03\" and \"Iraq 2003\".[22][23]Anzac underway alongside a dhow in the Gulf of AdenIn 2005, Anzac participated in a Northern Trident deployment: a round-the-world voyage intended as a flag-showing cruise to the northern hemisphere.[19] As part of this deployment, Anzac was involved in ceremonies for the 90th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings, and participated in the fleet review for the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar.[19]On the morning of 13 March 2009, Anzac was one of seventeen warships involved in a ceremonial fleet entry and fleet review in Sydney Harbour, the largest collection of RAN ships since the Australian Bicentenary in 1988.[26] The frigate was one of the thirteen ships involved in the ceremonial entry through Sydney Heads, and anchored in the harbour for the review.Anzac was assigned to Rotation 29 of Operation Slipper from July 2012 to January 2013 as part of the International Coalition Against Terrorism (ICAT), and which included counter-piracy in the Arabian Sea region and elsewhere.[citation needed]HMAS Anzac at the Australian Marine Complex in February 2024During 2014, Anzac was the third ship of the class to undergo the Anti-Ship Missile Defence (ASMD) upgrade.[19] The upgrade occurred across 2014 and early 2015, the upgrade included the fitting of CEA Technologies' CEAFAR and CEAMOUNT phased array radars, on new masts, a Vampir NG Infrared Search and Track system, and Sharpeye Navigational Radar Systems, along with improvements to the operations room equipment and layout.[27]Between March and October 2015, Anzac sailed on a second Northern Trident deployment.[19][28][29] The 27,000-nautical-mile (50,000 km; 31,000 mi) circumnavigation included port visits to 11 countries and participation in commemorative services for the Gallipoli and Normandy landings.[28][29]Anzac has received freedom of entry to the city of Albany, Western Australia:[when?] Albany was the port the first convoy of the ANZACs departed Australia from.[19]In February 2024 it was announced that Anzac was due to decommission in 2024, the first of her class, to free up funding for a future enlargement of the RAN. Her sister ship, Arunta, is scheduled to be decommissioned in 2026 while the remainder of the class would not receive any more major upgrades.[30][31] On 18 May 2024, a decommissioning ceremony was held for Anzac at HMAS Stirling.[32][33]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"HMAS Anzac (III) farewelled after 28 years of service\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2024-05-18/hmas-anzac-iii-farewelled-after-28-years-service"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jones244_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jones244_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jones244_2-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GrazebrookSail_4-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jones245_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jones245_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jones245_6-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Greener30_7-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Greener31_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Greener31_8-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wertheim20_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wertheim20_9-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharpe25.470_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharpe25.470_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharpe25.470_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharpe25.470_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharpe25.470_12-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sharpe25.470_12-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wertheim21_13-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FishGrevatt_14-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scott05_15-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ScottEnhanced_16-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Grevatt_17-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Forbes_18-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PerrymanDjokovic_19-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintonDonohue2015297%E2%80%93299_20-0"},{"link_name":"Linton & Donohue 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLintonDonohue2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newhonours_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newhonours_22-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-honourslist_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-honourslist_23-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unitcitation_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unitcitation_24-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wheeler_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wheeler_25-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wheeler_25-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-thenavy16.17_27-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-StaplesParoz_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-StaplesParoz_28-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ParozReturn_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ParozReturn_29-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Australia To Double Fleet Size With Small Warships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/02/australia-to-double-fleet-size-with-small-warships/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Surface Fleet Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.minister.defence.gov.au/transcripts/2024-02-20/press-conference-sydney"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"End of an era as first Anzac-class frigate is decommissioned after 28 years of service\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//psnews.com.au/end-of-an-era-as-first-anzac-class-frigate-is-decommissioned-after-28-years-of-service/134782/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Australia retires a leading air defense and undersea warfare frigate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bulgarianmilitary.com/amp/2024/05/18/australia-retires-a-leading-air-defense-and-undersea-warfare-frigate/"}],"text":"^ \"HMAS Anzac (III) farewelled after 28 years of service\".\n\n^ a b c Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 244\n\n^ Fairall-Lee, Miller, & Murphy, in Forbes, Sea Power, p. 336\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Grazebrook, Anzac frigates sail diverging courses\n\n^ Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 23–9\n\n^ a b c Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 245\n\n^ Greener, Timing is everything, p. 30\n\n^ a b Greener, Timing is everything, p. 31\n\n^ a b Wertheim (ed.), The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, p. 20\n\n^ Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 43–4\n\n^ Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 20–1\n\n^ a b c d e f Sharpe (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships 1998–99, pgs. 25, 470\n\n^ Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 21\n\n^ Fish & Grevatt, Australia's HMAS Toowoomba test fires MU90 torpedo\n\n^ Scott, Updating ANZACs to meet changed strategic posture\n\n^ Scott, Enhanced small-calibre systems offer shipborne stopping power\n\n^ Grevatt, Australia cancels troubled Super Seasprite programme\n\n^ Forbes, How a helicopter deal flew into trouble\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Perryman & Djokovic, Ships Named Anzac\n\n^ Linton & Donohue 2015, pp. 297–299.\n\n^ Stevens, Strength Through Diversity, p. 15\n\n^ a b Royal Australian Navy, Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\n\n^ a b Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\n\n^ a b Operation Falconer (Iraq), HMAS Anzac, in It's an Honour\n\n^ a b c Wheeler, Five inch Friday\n\n^ Brooke, Marching into History\n\n^ ASMD Upgrade commences on Perth, in The Navy\n\n^ a b Staples & Paroz, Anzac sets sail for Gallipoli\n\n^ a b Paroz, HMAS Anzac returns from NORTHERN TRIDENT 2015\n\n^ Ben Felton (20 February 2024). \"Australia To Double Fleet Size With Small Warships\". Naval News. Retrieved 24 February 2024.\n\n^ \"Surface Fleet Review\". Australian Government. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.\n\n^ Andrew McLaughlin (20 May 2024). \"End of an era as first Anzac-class frigate is decommissioned after 28 years of service\". PS News.\n\n^ Boyko Nikolov (18 May 2024). \"Australia retires a leading air defense and undersea warfare frigate\". Bulgarianmilitary.com – via Google News.","title":"Citations"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sailors man the rails around Anzac's 5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HMAS_Anzac_gun_2008.jpg/220px-HMAS_Anzac_gun_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anzac underway alongside a dhow in the Gulf of Aden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/HMAS_Anzac_%28FFH_150%29_is_underway_alongside_a_dhow_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden..jpg/220px-HMAS_Anzac_%28FFH_150%29_is_underway_alongside_a_dhow_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden..jpg"},{"image_text":"HMAS Anzac at the Australian Marine Complex in February 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/HMAS_Anzac_%28FFH_150%29_at_Australian_Marine_Complex%2C_Henderson%2C_February_2024_03.jpg/240px-HMAS_Anzac_%28FFH_150%29_at_Australian_Marine_Complex%2C_Henderson%2C_February_2024_03.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"HMAS Anzac (III) farewelled after 28 years of service\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2024-05-18/hmas-anzac-iii-farewelled-after-28-years-service","url_text":"\"HMAS Anzac (III) farewelled after 28 years of service\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Felton (20 February 2024). \"Australia To Double Fleet Size With Small Warships\". Naval News. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/02/australia-to-double-fleet-size-with-small-warships/","url_text":"\"Australia To Double Fleet Size With Small Warships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surface Fleet Review\". Australian Government. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/transcripts/2024-02-20/press-conference-sydney","url_text":"\"Surface Fleet Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"}]},{"reference":"Andrew McLaughlin (20 May 2024). \"End of an era as first Anzac-class frigate is decommissioned after 28 years of service\". PS News.","urls":[{"url":"https://psnews.com.au/end-of-an-era-as-first-anzac-class-frigate-is-decommissioned-after-28-years-of-service/134782/","url_text":"\"End of an era as first Anzac-class frigate is decommissioned after 28 years of service\""}]},{"reference":"Boyko Nikolov (18 May 2024). \"Australia retires a leading air defense and undersea warfare frigate\". Bulgarianmilitary.com – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://bulgarianmilitary.com/amp/2024/05/18/australia-retires-a-leading-air-defense-and-undersea-warfare-frigate/","url_text":"\"Australia retires a leading air defense and undersea warfare frigate\""}]},{"reference":"Fairall-Lee, Sam; Miller, Kate; Murphy, David (2007). \"The Royal Australian Navy in 2030\". In Andrew Forbes (ed.). Sea Power: Challenges Old and New. Ultimo, NSW: Halstead Press. ISBN 978-1-920831-44-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920831-44-8","url_text":"978-1-920831-44-8"}]},{"reference":"Greener, Peter (2009). Timing is everything: the politics and processes of New Zealand defence acquisition decision making. Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence. Vol. 173. Canberra, ACT: ANU E Press. ISBN 978-1-921536-65-6. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110407100508/http://epress.anu.edu.au/timing_citation.html","url_text":"Timing is everything: the politics and processes of New Zealand defence acquisition decision making"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921536-65-6","url_text":"978-1-921536-65-6"},{"url":"http://epress.anu.edu.au/timing_citation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Peter (2001). \"A Period of Change and Uncertainty\". In Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence (vol III). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-555542-2. OCLC 50418095.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-555542-2","url_text":"0-19-555542-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50418095","url_text":"50418095"}]},{"reference":"Linton, Commander E.W. (Jake); Donohue, Commodore H.J (Hec) (2015). United and Undaunted: The First 100 Years: A History of Diving in the Royal Australian Navy 1911–2011. Queanbeyan, New South Wales: Grinkle Press. ISBN 9780980282153.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980282153","url_text":"9780980282153"}]},{"reference":"Sharpe, Richard, ed. (1998). Jane's Fighting Ships 1998–99 (101st ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0-7106-1795-X. OCLC 39372676.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-1795-X","url_text":"0-7106-1795-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39372676","url_text":"39372676"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, David (2007). Strength Through Diversity: The combined naval role in Operation Stabilise (PDF). Working Papers. Vol. 20. Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia. ISBN 978-0-642-29676-4. ISSN 1834-7231. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910150114/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Working_Paper_20.pdf","url_text":"Strength Through Diversity: The combined naval role in Operation Stabilise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-29676-4","url_text":"978-0-642-29676-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1834-7231","url_text":"1834-7231"},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Working_Paper_20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wertheim, Eric, ed. (2007). The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems (15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-955-2. OCLC 140283156.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C","url_text":"The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-955-2","url_text":"978-1-59114-955-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/140283156","url_text":"140283156"}]},{"reference":"Fish, Tim; Grevatt, Jon (24 June 2008). \"Australia's HMAS Toowoomba test fires MU90 torpedo\". Jane's Navy International. Jane's Information Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grazebrook, A.W. (1 November 1996). \"Anzac frigates sail diverging courses\". Jane's Navy International. 101 (9). Jane's Information Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jon, Grevatt (5 March 2008). \"Australia cancels troubled Super Seasprite programme\". Jane's Defence Industry. Jane's Information Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Perryman, John; Djokovic, Petar (February 2015). \"Ships Named Anzac\". Semaphore. 2015 (2). Sea Power Centre Australia. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-february-2015","url_text":"\"Ships Named Anzac\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Richard (16 December 2005). \"Updating ANZACs to meet changed strategic posture\". Jane's Navy International. Jane's Information Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Scott, Richard (12 December 2007). \"Enhanced small-calibre systems offer shipborne stopping power\". International Defence Review. Jane's Information Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brooke, Michael (2 April 2009). \"Marching into History\". Navy News. Department of Defence.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.realviewtechnologies.com/default.aspx?xml=defencenews_navy.xml&iid=23701","url_text":"\"Marching into History\""}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Mark (17 June 2002). \"How a helicopter deal flew into trouble\". The Age. Retrieved 20 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/06/16/1023864378971.html","url_text":"\"How a helicopter deal flew into trouble\""}]},{"reference":"Paroz, Des (8 August 2015). \"HMAS Anzac returns from NORTHERN TRIDENT 2015\". Navy Daily. Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711021742/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/201508/Fleet/2237/HMAS-Anzac-returns-from-NORTHERN-TRIDENT-2015.htm","url_text":"\"HMAS Anzac returns from NORTHERN TRIDENT 2015\""},{"url":"http://news.navy.gov.au/en/201508/Fleet/2237/HMAS-Anzac-returns-from-NORTHERN-TRIDENT-2015.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Royal Australian Navy (1 March 2010). \"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","url_text":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staples, Natalie; Paroz, Des (26 March 2015). \"Anzac sets sail for Gallipoli\". Navy News. p. 8. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://navynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=115553#folio=8","url_text":"\"Anzac sets sail for Gallipoli\""}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Stu (10 April 2003). \"Five Inch Friday: Defining moment for Anzac\". Navy News. Retrieved 29 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defence.gov.au/news/navynews/editions/4605/topstories/story06.htm","url_text":"\"Five Inch Friday: Defining moment for Anzac\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASMD Upgrade commences on Perth\". The Navy. 72 (2). The Navy League of Australia: 16–17. April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_League_of_Australia","url_text":"Navy League of Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Falconer (Iraq), HMAS Anzac\". It's an Honour. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1055898","url_text":"\"Operation Falconer (Iraq), HMAS Anzac\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001630/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1055898&search_type=simple&showInd=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\" (PDF). Royal Australian Navy. 1 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","url_text":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/mmsi:503109000","external_links_name":"503109000"},{"Link":"https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2024-05-18/hmas-anzac-iii-farewelled-after-28-years-service","external_links_name":"\"HMAS Anzac (III) farewelled after 28 years of service\""},{"Link":"https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/02/australia-to-double-fleet-size-with-small-warships/","external_links_name":"\"Australia To Double Fleet Size With Small Warships\""},{"Link":"https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/transcripts/2024-02-20/press-conference-sydney","external_links_name":"\"Surface Fleet Review\""},{"Link":"https://psnews.com.au/end-of-an-era-as-first-anzac-class-frigate-is-decommissioned-after-28-years-of-service/134782/","external_links_name":"\"End of an era as first Anzac-class frigate is decommissioned after 28 years of service\""},{"Link":"https://bulgarianmilitary.com/amp/2024/05/18/australia-retires-a-leading-air-defense-and-undersea-warfare-frigate/","external_links_name":"\"Australia retires a leading air defense and undersea warfare frigate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110407100508/http://epress.anu.edu.au/timing_citation.html","external_links_name":"Timing is everything: the politics and processes of New Zealand defence acquisition decision making"},{"Link":"http://epress.anu.edu.au/timing_citation.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50418095","external_links_name":"50418095"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39372676","external_links_name":"39372676"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910150114/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Working_Paper_20.pdf","external_links_name":"Strength Through Diversity: The combined naval role in Operation Stabilise"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1834-7231","external_links_name":"1834-7231"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Working_Paper_20.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C","external_links_name":"The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/140283156","external_links_name":"140283156"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-february-2015","external_links_name":"\"Ships Named Anzac\""},{"Link":"http://digital.realviewtechnologies.com/default.aspx?xml=defencenews_navy.xml&iid=23701","external_links_name":"\"Marching into History\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/06/16/1023864378971.html","external_links_name":"\"How a helicopter deal flew into trouble\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711021742/http://news.navy.gov.au/en/201508/Fleet/2237/HMAS-Anzac-returns-from-NORTHERN-TRIDENT-2015.htm","external_links_name":"\"HMAS Anzac returns from NORTHERN TRIDENT 2015\""},{"Link":"http://news.navy.gov.au/en/201508/Fleet/2237/HMAS-Anzac-returns-from-NORTHERN-TRIDENT-2015.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184920/http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","external_links_name":"\"Navy Marks 109th Birthday With Historic Changes To Battle Honours\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/Navy_Marks_109th_Birthday_With_Historic_Changes_To_Battle_Honours","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://navynews.realviewdigital.com/?iid=115553#folio=8","external_links_name":"\"Anzac sets sail for Gallipoli\""},{"Link":"http://www.defence.gov.au/news/navynews/editions/4605/topstories/story06.htm","external_links_name":"\"Five Inch Friday: Defining moment for Anzac\""},{"Link":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1055898","external_links_name":"\"Operation Falconer (Iraq), HMAS Anzac\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001630/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1055898&search_type=simple&showInd=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614064156/http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Royal Australian Navy Ship/Unit Battle Honours\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/w/images/Units_entitlement_list.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.gov.au/hmas-anzac-iii","external_links_name":"Royal Australian Navy webpage for HMAS Anzac"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Meskinta_Chaldean_Church
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Mart Meskinta Chaldean Church
|
["1 History of the Church","2 Post-2003 Developments","3 References"]
|
Chaldean Catholic church in Iraq
Mart MeskintaReligionAffiliationChaldean Catholic ChurchRiteEast SyriacLeadershipChaldean Catholic Patriarchate of BaghdadStatusActiveLocationLocationMosul, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
Mart Meskinta ChurchMart Meskinta Church (Mosul)Geographic coordinates36°20’18.91″N 43° 7’32.30″E
Mart Meskinta Church, also known as Mart Meskanta, Mart Miskinta, Mart Meskanta, and Saint Meskinta Chaldean Church, is a historic Chaldean Catholic church located in Mosul, Iraq. The church dates originally from the twelfth century but underwent a significant renovation in 1851. It experienced damage in 2008 due to the Iraq War and in 2014-2017 due to the war against the Islamic State (ISIS).
The church takes its name from a martyred woman named Meskinta, who reportedly defied the shah of the Sassanian Empire, Yazdegerd II (ruled 438-457 CE), by teaching local children Christianity in a period when Sassanian authorities were trying to impose Zoroastrianism. It is the only church in Iraq named after this saint. Following a schism within the Church of the East (a church grounded in Nestorian theology) that began in the sixteenth century, Mart Meskinta became an Eastern Catholic church in a country where an estimated two-thirds of Iraqi Christians are Chaldeans. Since then it has functioned in full communion with the Holy See (the Catholic Church in Rome) while using its own liturgy, the East Syriac Rite, in the Syriac dialect of the Aramaic language.
History of the Church
The first reference to Mart Meskinta appeared in a manuscript written in 1199 or 1212. By the fourteenth century, it was one of at least ten Nestorian (Church of the East) churches in Mosul. Many manuscripts mention it thereafter; references to the church appear in texts dating from 1667, 1681, 1708, 1766, and 1827.
Prior to renovations carried out in 1851, Mart Meskinta was a 10-meters-long by 3-meters-wide single-aisle church. The entrance to Mart Meskinta faced northwest while the altar and baptismal font occupy an alcove on the southeastern wall. After renovations in 1851, Mart Meskinta expanded to encompass a three-aisled basilica measuring 30 meters long by 14.5 meters wide. It ran from northwest to southeast, where the sanctuary was located. This part of the building was also well below street level. In the northeast, separate entrance doors for men and women faced the left aisle. The vault of the main nave with a barrel roof was supported by four pairs of massive, four-edge pillars. Above the sanctuary there was a dome with semi-circular troops. Two Chaldean patriarchs were buried inside the building: Pierre Eliyya Abulyonan (1840–1894) and Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas (1852–1947). The church also kept relics of the martyr Meskinta.
By the nineteenth century, the church was serving as the cathedral of the Chaldean diocese of Mosul, although scholars do not know for certain when it achieved this status. By some accounts, the first patriarch of the church interred on its grounds was Eliya V, who died in 1504, although the location of the tomb is not known.
In 1950, the Church transferred the Chaldean Patriarchate from Mosul to Baghdad. Meskinta remained the Chaldean cathedral in the city of Mosul until Monsignor Georges Garmou, Chaldean Archbishop of Mosul (1980–1999) decided to transfer the regional seat of the church to al-Tahira.
Post-2003 Developments
After the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, political conditions deteriorated in Mosul prompting many Christians to leave the city, and affecting all churches, including Mart Meskinta.
In October 2008, a bomb exploded at Mart Meskinta, making it one of several Mosul churches bombed that year. Around the same time, insurgents kidnapped and murdered the leader of the Chaldean community of Mosul, Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho, prompting more than two thousand families to flee the city. Those who stayed included nuns from a convent adjacent to Mart Meskinta, who cared for orphaned girls.
The situation deteriorated markedly in June 2014 when the Islamic State seized control of the city and held it until June 2017. ISIL forces killed many priests and destroyed many churches and monasteries in and near Mosul, creating conditions of fear and insecurity that prompted Christians to flee or to stay at home and to avoid churches. By 2023, only 50 families out of an estimated 50,000 Christians who had lived there returned. Mart Meskinta suffered extensive structural damage during the period of ISIL control, along with dozens of other historically significant structures ranging from mosques and shrines to historic houses. In 2021, one architect catalogued the repairs that Mart Meskinta would need for conservation: these included everything from repair and replacement of the exterior stone walls and floors – basic structural elements – to restoration of damaged decorative carvings.
References
^ "The Mart Meskinta Chaldean church in Mosul". Mesopotamia. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ "Mart-Meskinta-Kirche", Wikipedia (in German), 2023-12-11, retrieved 2023-12-16
^ a b "ماذا حل بـ "مسكنتة" في الموصل القديمة!". Iraq Media Platform (in Arabic). July 2, 2018.
^ a b c d e Fiey, J.M. (1959). Mossoul Chrétienne: Essai sur l'histoire, l'archéologie et l'état actuel des monuments chrétiens de la ville de Mossoul (in French). Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique. pp. 54–55, 76, 103, 106, 120–23.
^ Mesopotamia Heritage. "The Mart Meskinta Chaldean church in Mosul". Mesopotamia. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ a b U.S. Department of State (2008). "International Religious Freedom Report: Iraq". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
^ Habbi, Joseph (1980). The Churches of Mosul. Baghdad: Matba'at Wawfsit al-Mashriq. p. 25.
^ Carlson, Thomas A. (2018). King, Daniel (ed.). "From the Mongol Ilkhanate to Ottoman dominance, 1286–1517" in Syriac in a Diverse Middle East. London: Routledge. p. 721. ISBN 9781138899018.
^ "Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004". www.aina.org. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
^ Dagher, Sam (2008-12-26). "Iraqi Christians brave violence to celebrate Christmas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
^ "Mosul monastery holds mass 20 years after Iraq War". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
^ de Beaurepaire, Guillaume (2021). Mosul Heart-to-Heart: An Architect's Appeal to Revive the City's Endangered Heritage. Lyon, France: Mesopotamia. p. 589. ISBN 978-2-493250-00-1.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Sassanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yazdegerd II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdegerd_II"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"}],"text":"Mart Meskinta Church, also known as Mart Meskanta, Mart Miskinta, Mart Meskanta, and Saint Meskinta Chaldean Church, is a historic Chaldean Catholic church located in Mosul, Iraq. The church dates originally from the twelfth century but underwent a significant renovation in 1851.[1][2] It experienced damage in 2008 due to the Iraq War and in 2014-2017 due to the war against the Islamic State (ISIS).[3]The church takes its name from a martyred woman named Meskinta, who reportedly defied the shah of the Sassanian Empire, Yazdegerd II (ruled 438-457 CE), by teaching local children Christianity in a period when Sassanian authorities were trying to impose Zoroastrianism.[4][5] It is the only church in Iraq named after this saint.[3] Following a schism within the Church of the East (a church grounded in Nestorian theology) that began in the sixteenth century, Mart Meskinta became an Eastern Catholic church in a country where an estimated two-thirds of Iraqi Christians are Chaldeans.[6] Since then it has functioned in full communion with the Holy See (the Catholic Church in Rome) while using its own liturgy, the East Syriac Rite, in the Syriac dialect of the Aramaic language.","title":"Mart Meskinta Chaldean Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Nestorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Eliyya Abulyonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliya_Abulyonan"},{"link_name":"Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousef_VI_Emmanuel_II_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Eliya V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliya_V"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"al-Tahira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tahera_Church,_Mosul"}],"text":"The first reference to Mart Meskinta appeared in a manuscript written in 1199 or 1212.[7][4] By the fourteenth century, it was one of at least ten Nestorian (Church of the East) churches in Mosul.[4] Many manuscripts mention it thereafter; references to the church appear in texts dating from 1667, 1681, 1708, 1766, and 1827.[4]Prior to renovations carried out in 1851, Mart Meskinta was a 10-meters-long by 3-meters-wide single-aisle church. The entrance to Mart Meskinta faced northwest while the altar and baptismal font occupy an alcove on the southeastern wall. After renovations in 1851, Mart Meskinta expanded to encompass a three-aisled basilica measuring 30 meters long by 14.5 meters wide. It ran from northwest to southeast, where the sanctuary was located. This part of the building was also well below street level. In the northeast, separate entrance doors for men and women faced the left aisle. The vault of the main nave with a barrel roof was supported by four pairs of massive, four-edge pillars. Above the sanctuary there was a dome with semi-circular troops. Two Chaldean patriarchs were buried inside the building: Pierre Eliyya Abulyonan (1840–1894) and Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas (1852–1947). The church also kept relics of the martyr Meskinta.By the nineteenth century, the church was serving as the cathedral of the Chaldean diocese of Mosul, although scholars do not know for certain when it achieved this status. By some accounts, the first patriarch of the church interred on its grounds was Eliya V, who died in 1504, although the location of the tomb is not known.[4][8]In 1950, the Church transferred the Chaldean Patriarchate from Mosul to Baghdad. Meskinta remained the Chaldean cathedral in the city of Mosul until Monsignor Georges Garmou, Chaldean Archbishop of Mosul (1980–1999) decided to transfer the regional seat of the church to al-Tahira.","title":"History of the Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paulos Faraj Rahho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulos_Faraj_Rahho"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"After the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, political conditions deteriorated in Mosul prompting many Christians to leave the city, and affecting all churches, including Mart Meskinta.In October 2008, a bomb exploded at Mart Meskinta, making it one of several Mosul churches bombed that year.[6][9] Around the same time, insurgents kidnapped and murdered the leader of the Chaldean community of Mosul, Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho, prompting more than two thousand families to flee the city. Those who stayed included nuns from a convent adjacent to Mart Meskinta, who cared for orphaned girls.[10]The situation deteriorated markedly in June 2014 when the Islamic State seized control of the city and held it until June 2017. ISIL forces killed many priests and destroyed many churches and monasteries in and near Mosul, creating conditions of fear and insecurity that prompted Christians to flee or to stay at home and to avoid churches. By 2023, only 50 families out of an estimated 50,000 Christians who had lived there returned.[11] Mart Meskinta suffered extensive structural damage during the period of ISIL control, along with dozens of other historically significant structures ranging from mosques and shrines to historic houses. In 2021, one architect catalogued the repairs that Mart Meskinta would need for conservation: these included everything from repair and replacement of the exterior stone walls and floors – basic structural elements – to restoration of damaged decorative carvings.[12]","title":"Post-2003 Developments"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colonialist
|
John Dunmore Lang
|
["1 Background and family","2 Lang and the claims of the Church of England","3 Educational endeavours","4 Lang and journalism","5 Lang's theology","6 Attitude to Roman Catholics","7 Lang and the Presbyterian Church","8 Lang and politics","9 Legacy","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
|
Australian politician
The ReverendJohn Dunmore LangMA, DDPosthumous portrait of Lang, circa 1888.Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for West SydneyIn office14 June 1859 – 15 November 1869Preceded byElectorate establishedSucceeded byWilliam SpeerMember of the New South Wales Legislative CouncilIn office1 August 1854 – 29 February 1856Preceded byArthur HodgsonSucceeded byElectorate abolishedConstituencyCounty of StanleyIn office1 July 1850 – 1 October 1851Preceded byWilliam BlandSucceeded byRobert CampbellConstituencyCity of SydneyIn office1 June 1843 – 1 November 1847Preceded byElectorate establishedSucceeded byJohn AireyConstituencyPort Phillip
Personal detailsBorn25 August 1799Greenock, Inverclyde, ScotlandDied8 August 1878(1878-08-08) (aged 78)Sydney, Colony of New South WalesResting placeScots Church, SydneyCitizenshipGreat BritainUnited KingdomSpouse
Wilhelmina Mackie (m. 1831)Children10Alma materUniversity of GlasgowOccupationPresbyterian MinisterPolitician
Scots Church, Sydney, 1840s
John Dunmore Lang (25 August 1799 – 8 August 1878) was a Scottish-born Australian Presbyterian minister, writer, historian, politician and activist. He was the first prominent advocate of an independent Australian nation and of Australian republicanism.
Background and family
Lang was born near Greenock, Renfrewshire (now Inverclyde), Scotland, the eldest son of William Lang and Mary Dunmore. His father was a small landowner and his mother a pious Presbyterian, who dedicated her son to the Church of Scotland ministry from an early age. He grew up in nearby Largs and was educated at the school there and at the University of Glasgow, where he excelled, winning many prizes and graduating as a Master of Arts in 1820. Stevenson McGill was his most influential teacher; he also greatly admired Thomas Chalmers. His brother, George, had found employment in New South Wales and Lang decided to join him. He was ordained by the Presbytery of Irvine on 30 September 1822. Arriving in Sydney Cove on 23 May 1823, he became the first Presbyterian minister in the colony of New South Wales. (He had come out to Hobart on Andromeda, and then had sailed from Hobart to Sydney on Brixton.) On the way back from the second of his nine voyages to Britain (1830–31), he married his 18-year-old cousin, Wilhelmina Mackie, in Cape Town. They were married for 47 years and had ten children, only three of whom survived him. There were no grandchildren.
Lang and the claims of the Church of England
Lang found the Presbyterian Scots in New South Wales to be a small minority, dominated by an Anglican administration and outnumbered by Irish Roman Catholics. There was no Presbyterian church in the colony and he commenced building one before he had applied to the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane, to provide public funds for it. Governor Brisbane refused. Lang had laid the foundation stone for the Scots Church on 1 July 1824 and it was completed with significant debt by William and Andrew Lang and opened on 16 July 1826, with a trust deed that tied it to the Church of Scotland. Lang visited Britain during 1824–25, where he successfully lobbied the Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Bathurst, to recognise the legal status of the Church of Scotland to the extent that he was allowed a stipend of £300 per annum (current equivalent: £31,100). During this visit, he was made a Doctor of Divinity by Glasgow University and recruited the John McGarvie for ministry at Portland Head.
Lang resisted the claim to exclusive state recognition and support by the Church of England involved in the establishment of the Clergy and School Lands Corporation in 1826. It was suspended in 1829 and abolished in 1833. Also in 1826, he claimed the right to perform marriages by virtue of a British act of 1818 relating to the Diocese of Calcutta which protected Church of Scotland ministers there and thus broke the Church of England monopoly, with New South Wales then being part of that diocese. The Church Act of 1836 gave state-aid to the Church of England, the Church of Scotland and the Roman Catholic Church on the same basis. The Methodists were added in 1839.
Lang's views on the Church of England were evident when he published his opinions in "On the Character and Influence of the Present European Population of New Zealand, as Regards the Aborigines" in four Letters To the Right Hon. Earl Durham that were published in England. Lord Durham was a supporter of the New Zealand Company. The second letter was a virulent attack on the Church Missionary Society in New Zealand, which opposed the colonial aspirations of the New Zealand Company. The Church Missionary Society in New Zealand was led by Archdeacon Henry Williams.
Educational endeavours
Lang founded the Caledonian Academy in 1826, but it soon folded. He made a second visit to Britain in 1830–31 and recruited several teachers, as well as acquiring a library and equipment for a school he was to call the Australian College. It opened at the beginning of 1832 on land adjoining the Scots Church. It had considerable promise which was not realised due to Lang's lack of administrative ability and his failure to achieve more general support because of his own flaws of character and ability, particularly financial mismanagement. By 1840 it had only about 30 students. In 1842 the college became simply a day school for boys meeting elsewhere and was no more by 1852. Lang dreamed of heading an educational institution of standing. He was a supporter of the Presbyterian Theological College and of St Andrew's College within the University of Sydney, although he used his political influence to try and change the legislation and hoped in 1872 to be appointed its first principal. He was not appointed and in anger stated that St Andrew's College was "conceived in sin and brought forth in iniquity and certain to become a notorious failure". His portrait does, however, continue to hang in the college's Senior Common Room.
Lang and journalism
Lang returned from his third visit to Britain (1833–34) with more ministers and teachers, as well as a printing press and tradesmen to operate it. He commenced The Colonist in January 1835, which he used to promote his schemes, and attack those with whom he disagreed. While he was absent in Britain 1839–41, until it ceased in 1840, Rev William McIntyre edited the paper and it reported impartially on matters then agitating the Presbyterian Church. Lang commenced a new paper, The Colonial Observer, in October 1841, which ran until 1844. He also conducted The Press for a period in 1851.
Lang's theology
Lang was certainly a turbulent Scot but was not quite the fiery fundamentalist who hated all other denominations that some have claimed. Examination of his sermon manuscripts indicate they were orthodox by the standard of the Westminster Confession of Faith as adhered to by the Church of Scotland. He was influenced by Rev Dr Thomas Chalmers and held a form of the premillennial view of the future. He related quite positively to other denominations of evangelical Protestants, particularly Congregationalists, Lutherans and Methodists. He admitted Congregationalists and Baptists to the Synod which he operated 1850–64, and in 1856 ordained two Lutherans, regarding the Lutheran questions and Confession, which he used on the occasion, as the same in substance with those of the British Presbyterians. His ecclesiastical fights were with exclusivist Anglicans, other Presbyterians and the Catholics.
Attitude to Roman Catholics
The traditional evangelical Protestant belief concerning the predicted Antichrist, or Man of Sin in 2 Thessalonians 2, was that: the Man of Sin was not an individual as such but a movement of error in history under the guise of friendship to Christ. Lang shared this belief and saw the Man of Sin as illustrated in the Papacy. When the immigration of poor Irish Catholics was running at a massive level, he campaigned against Irish migration. His fear was that the colony would be swamped by such persons and that Protestant and British liberties would be lost. In 1841 he published The Question of Questions! or, Is this Colony to be transformed into a Province of Popedom? A Letter to the Protestant Landholders of New South Wales, and in 1847 he followed up with, Popery in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere: and How to Check it Effectually: An Address to Evangelical and Influential Protestants of all Denominations in Great Britain and Ireland. He strongly opposed Caroline Chisholm's campaign to sponsor the immigration of single Irish Catholic women to Australia. But, as Bridges states: "Lang considered opposition to harmful errors of Catholicism part of his duty as a minister but he consistently championed the cause of Irish and Catholic civil liberties and deprecated any incitement to Protestant-Catholic or Anglo-Celtic disturbances." He visited Archbishop Polding when the Roman Catholic leader was dying in 1877.
Despite his bitter anti-Catholicism, his political ideas won him wide support among the Irish Catholic population, who shared his dislike of English and Anglican dominance. In return, he supported Home Rule for Ireland – partly because he thought this would reduce the Irish Catholic influence in British government.
Lang and the Presbyterian Church
The Presbytery of New South Wales (which then included what is now Victoria and Queensland) was formed on 14 December 1832, despite the intemperate habits of two of the ministers, and the opposition of John McGarvie, who had turned out to be a Scottish Moderate. This Presbytery ordained a minister for Launceston and in turn the Presbytery of Van Diemen's Land was constituted on 6 November 1835 by Lang and two others.
The Presbytery in New South Wales had a number of unsuitable ministers. Lang determined on a further visit to Britain in 1836, securing about 20 men from the Church of Scotland and from the Synod of Ulster. Lang had a pre-arranged plan to set up a rival church court to the Presbytery. When he returned in 1837 he found that an Act to regulate the temporal affairs of the Presbytery had been secured from the Government, the terms of which made the Presbytery the only legal representative of the Church of Scotland in the colony. The Presbytery Moderator's certificate was necessary for payment of stipends under the Church Act. Lang thereupon represented the Temporalities Act as 'monstrous and disgraceful in the highest degree' and having the effect of forcing him and his supporters out. This was complete fabrication, but Lang and five of the new recruits joined in constituting a Synod on 11 December 1837. Lang placed men in the same localities as Presbytery ministers to draw off adherents and drive out the drunkards. A full-blown schism operated until union was effected in 1840.
The Presbytery expelled Lang for schism on 18 January 1838. Lang used The Colonist to spread contention. As James Forbes put it, 'week after week he poured forth vollies of abuse against the Presbytery, unequalled for satanic bitterness and vulgar scurrility, by the worst of the London Sunday papers.' Lang was on a further trip to Britain and America 1839–41, and in his absence terms of union were agreed and the union consummated on 5 October 1840 under the name 'Synod of Australia in connection with the Established Church of Scotland.' The Basis did not give the Church of Scotland any legislative or judicial jurisdiction, but the Synod was committed to the same doctrinal basis as the Church of Scotland. Presbyteries were created subject to the Synod. Lang was admitted on his return in March 1841.
In 1840 Lang published a substantial volume entitled Religion and Education in America in which he advocated support of churches by voluntary givings rather than the State, and went so far as to advocate no connection between Church and State. This conflicted with the official views of the Church of Scotland as set out in the Confession of Faith, which can be summarised thus: (1) Church and State are distinct and separate institutions, both being accountable to the Lord Jesus Christ who has received all authority in heaven and earth from the Father; (2) the mutually helpful relationship between Church and State does not imply subordination of one to the other in its own sphere; and, in particular, the civil authorities have no jurisdiction or authoritative control in the spiritual affairs of Christ's Church. (3) In maintaining these Scriptural principles, and the ideal of a united Christian Church in a Christian nation, the Church does not regard the involvement of the State in matters concerning religion as ipso facto contrary to liberty of conscience. Rather, she rejects intolerance or persecution as methods of advancing the kingdom of God, and recognises the individual's liberty of conscience and the right of private judgement.
Lang's views brought opposition from many including some who had previously supported him. Lang's repute had already declined in Scotland. When he was censured for allowing to preach in Scot's Church a Congregational minister who had been rejected by the Synod, he reacted negatively. On 6 February 1842 he told his congregation that he would go to New Zealand and be supported by voluntary givings. In an extraordinary blast of invective, and alluding to the narrative of Joshua 6:20ff, he said that the Australian church could not prosper until she renounced with indignant scorn the Babylonish garment of an infidel establishment of religion and abandoned the wedge of gold that corrupted all who touched it. At length he consented to remain when the bulk of the 500 adults in his congregation agreed to sever all connection with the Synod and with the State. On 8 October 1842 the Synod deposed Lang for slander – calling the Synod a synagogue of Satan particularly displeased the brethren – divisive courses and contumacy by an 8–4 vote. Ultimately, on 9 September 1851, the Presbytery of Irvine in Scotland declared Lang no longer a minister of the Church of Scotland, but did not tell Lang what was afoot nor give him an opportunity to defend himself.
Lang tried with minimal success to start a new body. In July 1846 he set off again for Britain returning in March 1850. He and two other ministers set up the Synod of New South Wales (the second of this name) on 3 April 1850, although the minutes term it The Australian Presbyterian Church. During its life of some 14 years, 31 ministers were connected with it at one time or another, including 8 of the 20 brought out by Lang in 1850. It was very loose in approach. Some have regarded it as an attempt to establish a comprehensive evangelical Protestant body, but it appears more an attempt by Lang to maintain a useful power base and maintain his own ego. In 1858, Lang recruited John Reid (the father of future prime minister George Reid) from a Melbourne congregation to serve as his associate. They shared the preaching duties and divided the pastoral duties between them, although Lang remained the church's sole leader. They eventually fell out and Reid moved on to another congregation. By November 1864, there were four ministers (including Lang) connected with the church.
Lang was out of the mainstream from 1842, but his political influence was such that he had to be accommodated if union of the three Presbyterian streams was to be achieved. The original Synod of Australia did not wish to recognise Lang, despite having to recall the deposition in 1863 (which was done by a majority of one vote), following Lang securing the reversal of the Presbytery of Irvine's sentence in 1861. Lang's Synod lost its identity by being merged on 15 November 1864 with the majority of the Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia, to form a General Synod which then merged with the original Synod of Australia to form the Presbyterian Church of New South Wales on 8 September 1865 with 47 ministers. In 1872 he was chosen Moderator of the Assembly but used his speech to seriously criticise his brethren for not choosing him earlier. There wasn't too much mellowing as he grew older.
As a churchman Lang was wilful, egotistical, not respectable (twice jailed for libel). He 'preached more of the Gospel than he practised', someone quipped. From the Presbyterian viewpoint Lang is therefore something of an ambiguous figure. James Forbes, writing in 1846 about the 1837 period, stated: '...it has ever appeared to us one of the most mysterious permissions of Divine Providence, that the founding of an infant church in an infant colony should have fallen into such hands.'
Lang and politics
In The Colonist Lang agitated for the end of transportation, for the separation of the Moreton Bay Colony (which he proposed to be called Cooksland, but was eventually called Queensland) and the Port Phillip District (which he proposed to be called Phillipsland, but was eventually called Victoria) from New South Wales, and for the establishment of representative government and the reduction in the powers of the British-appointed Governors.
In 1843 Lang was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council as one of five representatives of the Electoral district of Port Phillip, holding his seat until 1847. From July 1850 to October 1851 Lang was one of the Council members for City of Sydney, and in 1854 he was elected to the Council for County of Stanley.
"Legislative Council". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW. 30 August 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 5 September 2014 – via Trove.</ref> Lang was MLA for West Sydney from 1859 to 1869. Lang was not suited to parliamentary life, since he was temperamentally opposed to parliamentary procedure. He frequently used parliamentary privilege to pursue personal vendettas against his many enemies in the Presbyterian Church and the press.
In 1851, in any case, he was unable to take his seat in Parliament, since he was heavily in debt from his various failed migration schemes and was being pressed by creditors. He was sued for debt, and when he attacked his creditors in the press he was prosecuted for libel, and sentenced to a 100-pound fine and four months imprisonment in Parramatta Gaol. He was imprisoned again in 1855, when his son George, manager of the Ballarat branch of the Bank of New South Wales, was convicted of embezzlement. Lang attacked the judge in print and was sentenced to six months imprisonment for criminal libel. Ten thousand people signed a petition for his release, but he served the full sentence.
By 1850 Lang, inspired by the Chartist movement in Britain and by the 1848 revolution in France, had become a radical democrat and a republican. With Henry Parkes and James Wilshire he founded the Australian League political party, although he soon quarrelled with his fellow-founders. He put forward ideas which were both visionary and radical – the federation of the Australian colonies, the establishment of a fully democratic government (at a time when both in Britain and Australia the franchise was restricted to owners of property) and an Australian republic. These ideas reflected both the Presbyterian ideal of congregational self-government (despite the fact that in church affairs he was an autocrat) and his Scottish nationalist dislike of English and Anglican supremacy.
In 1850 Lang published The Coming Event! Or, the United Provinces of Australia in which he predicted an independent Australian federal republic. He followed this in 1852 with Freedom and Independence for the Golden Lands of Australia, his best-known work. The title of this work has become an established slogan of political radicalism and republicanism in Australia. His relation to the political union of 1901 is, however, ambiguous. By 1875 Lang had rejected his earlier 'continental' vision of a federated, self-governing Australia, in favour of confining the claim of 'freedom and independence' to New South Wales, Queensland, 'Capricornia' (northern Queensland) and 'Carpentaria'.
Lang was an enthusiastic promoter of the development of the Australian colonies. In 1834 he published in Britain the first edition of An Historical and Statistical Account of New South Wales, both as a Penal Colony and as a British Colony, which ran through a series of editions until his death, to promote immigration and investment in Australia. The Westminster Review commented that the book should have been called A History of Dr. Lang to which is added a History of New South Wales'. He also published Port-Phillip, or the colony of Victoria in 1853, and Queensland, Australia in 1861 to promote the northern colony. In 1849, three immigrant ships (Fortitude, Chaseley, Lima) sponsored by Lang arrived in Moreton Bay with approximately 600 immigrants all personally selected by Lang. Lang Park in Brisbane is named after him in recognition of his work promoting the colony.
Despite their eccentricity, Lang's works were influential in promoting Australia, but his practical schemes for immigration were usually fiascos owing to his lack of business sense. After 1851, in any case, immigration to Australia boomed due to the Gold Rush and had no need of promotion.
Lang's influence should not be underestimated but was marred by his wilful personality. As well, the wave of radicalism in Britain and Australia of the mid-19th century soon passed and was succeeded by an era of enthusiasm for the British Empire. But he has become an iconic figure in Australian history for his advocacy of Australian nationalism, federation, full political democracy and republicanism. Lang is the namesake of Dunmore Lang College, at Macquarie University in Sydney.
Lang's writings are voluminous, his activities multifarious. His power of description is remarkable, his assessments of individuals generally perceptive if tinged with his own prejudices. His egotism defies belief but his achievements are quite astonishing and overshadow his religious contribution. Excluding his newspaper articles his published work runs to some 10,000 pages.
Lang died on 8 August 1878 in Sydney following a stroke. His funeral, on 10 August, was "one of the largest that has taken place in the Australian colonies" – a funeral procession over a mile in length, led by 500 Chinese, with perhaps 70,000 people lining the streets. His wife died in 1888, and the last of his children in 1934. There were no grandchildren.
Legacy
Lang's name is remembered in
John Dunmore Lang Place in Canberra
Lang Park in Brisbane
Lang Park in Sydney
Dunmore Lang College at Macquarie University
John Dunmore Lang Statue in Wynyard Park, Sydney
National Library of Australia holds his private papers
Notes
^ a b c d e "The Reverend John Dunmore Lang, MA, DD (1799–1878)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
^ a b c d Baker, D. W. A. (1967). "Lang, John Dunmore (1799–1878)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
^ Boase, George Clement (1892). "Lang, John Dunmore". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Baker 1967.
^ Scott, Hew (1928). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 591-592. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 May 1823, Page 2, "THURSDAY MAY 29 1823"". Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ "'Four Letters To the Right Hon. Earl Durham'". The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 29 Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). June 1839. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ "John Dunmore Lang – On the Character and Influence of the Missions Hitherto Established in New Zealand, as Regards the Aborigines". Letter II, The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 29 Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). June 1839. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. II". The Life of Henry Williams: Letter: Turanga, April 14, 184, Henry Williams to the Reverend E. G. Marsh. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 24–25. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
^ Huang, William (4 April 2019). "The curse of St Andrew's College". Honi Soit. Honi Soit. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
^ Malcolm D. Prentis (June 1993). "Scottish Seceder in the Australian Colonies: The Eccentric Pilgrimage of John Reid". The Journal of Religious History. 17 (3).
^
"REVIEW". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW. 26 July 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 6 March 2011 – via Trove.
^ William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 170.
^ "A Super Six Hundred". The Brisbane Courier. 21 July 1928. p. 21. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via Trove.
^ a b "Suncorp Stadium History". Suncorp Stadium. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
^ a b "Who was John Dunmore Lang?". Dunmore Lang College. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
^ a b "Public Funeral of the Rev. John Dunmore Lang". Evening News. Sydney. 12 August 1878. p. 3. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2014 – via Trove.
^ "John Dunmore Lang Place". National Capital Authority. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
^ "Lang Park". dictionaryofsydney.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ "John Dunmore Lang | City Art Sydney". www.cityartsydney.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ "Papers of John Dunmore Lang". nla.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
References
John Dunmore Lang, Reminiscences of My Life and Times, Both in Church and State in Australia, for Upwards of Fifty Years, Donald Baker, ed., Heineman, Melbourne, 1972 – an autobiographical manuscript, uncompleted at the time of Lang's death and unpublished until 1972, telling the story of his boyhood, university life in Scotland and his early career in Australia up to the time of his first election to the Legislative Council.
Donald Baker, Preacher, politician, Patriot: a Life of John Dunmore Lang, Melbourne University Press, 1998
Barry J. Bridges in Presbyterian Leaders in Nineteenth Century Australia (edited by Rowland S. Ward), Ward, Wantirna,1993, pp. 1–36
Benno A. Zuiddam, "Trouble in the Colonies, John Dunmore Lang: Troublemaker or Troubleshooter", Acta Theologica, Bloemfontein, South Africa 2006]
Serle, Percival (1949). "Lang, John Dunmore". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
Prentis, Malcolm. "Great Australian Presbyterians: The Game". Uniting Church in Australia. Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
Note: In his introduction Baker acknowledges Bridges' informed criticism of his earlier volume on Lang, Days of Wrath, but strangely Baker does not incorporate Bridges' corrections, which relate mainly to the ecclesiastical side, into his later work.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Dunmore Lang.
John Dunmore Lang Bicentenary website
Photograph of John Dunmore Lang in the National Library of Australia catalogue
Mennell, Philip (1892). "Lang, Rev. John Dunmore" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.
Colonial Secretary's papers 1822–1877, State Library of Queensland- includes digitised correspondence and letters written by Long to the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales
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Te Papa (New Zealand)
New South Wales Legislative Council
New creation
Member for Port Phillip June 1843 – November 1847 With: Charles Nicholson 1843–47Thomas Walker 1843–45Maurice O'Connell 1845–47Charles Ebden 1843–44Adolphus Young 1844–45Thomas Boyd 1845Edward Brewster 1846–47Alexander Thomson 1843–44Thomas Mitchell 1844Benjamin Boyd 1844–45Edward Curr 1845–46John Foster 1846–47
Succeeded byJohn Airey
Preceded byWilliam Bland
Member for City of Sydney July 1850 – October 1851 With: William Wentworth
Succeeded byRobert Campbell
Preceded byArthur Hodgson
Member for County of Stanley August 1854 – February 1856
Original Council abolished
New South Wales Legislative Assembly
New district
Member for West Sydney June 1859 – November 1869 With: James Pemell 1859–60John Plunkett 1859–60Thomas Broughton 1859–60William Windeyer 1860–62, 1866–69Daniel Dalgleish 1860–64Geoffrey Eagar 1863–64, 1865–69John Robertson 1864–66
Succeeded byJohn RobertsonWilliam Speer
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He was the first prominent advocate of an independent Australian nation and of Australian republicanism.","title":"John Dunmore Lang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"Inverclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverclyde"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Largs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-3"},{"link_name":"Stevenson McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson_McGill"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1967-4"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti-5"},{"link_name":"Andromeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_(1819)"},{"link_name":"Brixton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_(1805_ship)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"}],"text":"Lang was born near Greenock, Renfrewshire[2] (now Inverclyde), Scotland, the eldest son of William Lang and Mary Dunmore. His father was a small landowner and his mother a pious Presbyterian, who dedicated her son to the Church of Scotland ministry from an early age. He grew up in nearby Largs and was educated at the school there and at the University of Glasgow, where he excelled, winning many prizes and graduating as a Master of Arts in 1820.[2][3] Stevenson McGill was his most influential teacher; he also greatly admired Thomas Chalmers.[4] His brother, George, had found employment in New South Wales and Lang decided to join him. He was ordained by the Presbytery of Irvine on 30 September 1822.[5] Arriving in Sydney Cove on 23 May 1823, he became the first Presbyterian minister in the colony of New South Wales. (He had come out to Hobart on Andromeda, and then had sailed from Hobart to Sydney on Brixton.[6]) On the way back from the second of his nine voyages to Britain (1830–31), he married his 18-year-old cousin, Wilhelmina Mackie, in Cape Town. They were married for 47 years and had ten children, only three of whom survived him. There were no grandchildren.","title":"Background and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Scots Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Church,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Lord Bathurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University"},{"link_name":"John McGarvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGarvie"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Church Act of 1836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Act_of_1836"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JDLIV-7"},{"link_name":"Lord Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Church Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JDLII-8"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon"},{"link_name":"Henry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Williams_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CARv2-5-9"}],"text":"Lang found the Presbyterian Scots in New South Wales to be a small minority, dominated by an Anglican administration and outnumbered by Irish Roman Catholics. There was no Presbyterian church in the colony and he commenced building one before he had applied to the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane, to provide public funds for it. Governor Brisbane refused. Lang had laid the foundation stone for the Scots Church on 1 July 1824 and it was completed with significant debt by William and Andrew Lang and opened on 16 July 1826, with a trust deed that tied it to the Church of Scotland. Lang visited Britain during 1824–25, where he successfully lobbied the Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Bathurst, to recognise the legal status of the Church of Scotland to the extent that he was allowed a stipend of £300 per annum (current equivalent: £31,100). During this visit, he was made a Doctor of Divinity by Glasgow University and recruited the John McGarvie for ministry at Portland Head.Lang resisted the claim to exclusive state recognition and support by the Church of England involved in the establishment of the Clergy and School Lands Corporation in 1826. It was suspended in 1829 and abolished in 1833. Also in 1826, he claimed the right to perform marriages by virtue of a British act of 1818 relating to the Diocese of Calcutta which protected Church of Scotland ministers there and thus broke the Church of England monopoly, with New South Wales then being part of that diocese. The Church Act of 1836 gave state-aid to the Church of England, the Church of Scotland and the Roman Catholic Church on the same basis. The Methodists were added in 1839.Lang's views on the Church of England were evident when he published his opinions in \"On the Character and Influence of the Present European Population of New Zealand, as Regards the Aborigines\" in four Letters To the Right Hon. Earl Durham that were published in England.[7] Lord Durham was a supporter of the New Zealand Company. The second letter was a virulent attack on the Church Missionary Society in New Zealand, which opposed the colonial aspirations of the New Zealand Company.[8] The Church Missionary Society in New Zealand was led by Archdeacon Henry Williams.[9]","title":"Lang and the claims of the Church of England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Lang founded the Caledonian Academy in 1826, but it soon folded. He made a second visit to Britain in 1830–31 and recruited several teachers, as well as acquiring a library and equipment for a school he was to call the Australian College.[2] It opened at the beginning of 1832 on land adjoining the Scots Church. It had considerable promise which was not realised due to Lang's lack of administrative ability and his failure to achieve more general support because of his own flaws of character and ability, particularly financial mismanagement. By 1840 it had only about 30 students. In 1842 the college became simply a day school for boys meeting elsewhere and was no more by 1852. Lang dreamed of heading an educational institution of standing. He was a supporter of the Presbyterian Theological College and of St Andrew's College within the University of Sydney, although he used his political influence to try and change the legislation and hoped in 1872 to be appointed its first principal. He was not appointed and in anger stated that St Andrew's College was \"conceived in sin and brought forth in iniquity and certain to become a notorious failure\".[10] His portrait does, however, continue to hang in the college's Senior Common Room.","title":"Educational endeavours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Colonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colonist_(Australian_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"William McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McIntyre_(minister)"},{"link_name":"The Colonial Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colonial_Observer"},{"link_name":"The Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press"}],"text":"Lang returned from his third visit to Britain (1833–34) with more ministers and teachers, as well as a printing press and tradesmen to operate it. He commenced The Colonist in January 1835, which he used to promote his schemes, and attack those with whom he disagreed. While he was absent in Britain 1839–41, until it ceased in 1840, Rev William McIntyre edited the paper and it reported impartially on matters then agitating the Presbyterian Church. Lang commenced a new paper, The Colonial Observer, in October 1841, which ran until 1844. He also conducted The Press for a period in 1851.","title":"Lang and journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westminster Confession of Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"},{"link_name":"Thomas Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers"},{"link_name":"premillennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premillennial"},{"link_name":"Congregationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Anglicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"}],"text":"Lang was certainly a turbulent Scot but was not quite the fiery fundamentalist who hated all other denominations that some have claimed. Examination of his sermon manuscripts indicate they were orthodox by the standard of the Westminster Confession of Faith as adhered to by the Church of Scotland. He was influenced by Rev Dr Thomas Chalmers and held a form of the premillennial view of the future. He related quite positively to other denominations of evangelical Protestants, particularly Congregationalists, Lutherans and Methodists. He admitted Congregationalists and Baptists to the Synod which he operated 1850–64, and in 1856 ordained two Lutherans, regarding the Lutheran questions and Confession, which he used on the occasion, as the same in substance with those of the British Presbyterians. His ecclesiastical fights were with exclusivist Anglicans, other Presbyterians and the Catholics.","title":"Lang's theology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"2 Thessalonians 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"Caroline Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Polding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bede_Polding"},{"link_name":"Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution"}],"text":"The traditional evangelical Protestant belief concerning the predicted Antichrist, or Man of Sin in 2 Thessalonians 2, was that: the Man of Sin was not an individual as such but a movement of error in history under the guise of friendship to Christ. Lang shared this belief and saw the Man of Sin as illustrated in the Papacy. When the immigration of poor Irish Catholics was running at a massive level, he campaigned against Irish migration. His fear was that the colony would be swamped by such persons and that Protestant and British liberties would be lost. In 1841 he published The Question of Questions! or, Is this Colony to be transformed into a Province of Popedom? A Letter to the Protestant Landholders of New South Wales, and in 1847 he followed up with, Popery in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere: and How to Check it Effectually: An Address to Evangelical and Influential Protestants of all Denominations in Great Britain and Ireland. He strongly opposed Caroline Chisholm's campaign to sponsor the immigration of single Irish Catholic women to Australia. But, as Bridges states: \"Lang considered opposition to harmful errors of Catholicism part of his duty as a minister but he consistently championed the cause of Irish and Catholic civil liberties and deprecated any incitement to Protestant-Catholic or Anglo-Celtic disturbances.\" He visited Archbishop Polding when the Roman Catholic leader was dying in 1877.Despite his bitter anti-Catholicism, his political ideas won him wide support among the Irish Catholic population, who shared his dislike of English and Anglican dominance. In return, he supported Home Rule for Ireland – partly because he thought this would reduce the Irish Catholic influence in British government.","title":"Attitude to Roman Catholics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Van Diemen's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"James Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forbes_(minister)"},{"link_name":"synagogue of Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue_of_Satan"},{"link_name":"John Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reid_(minister)"},{"link_name":"George Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Eastern_Australia"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Moderator of the Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"James Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forbes_(minister)"}],"text":"The Presbytery of New South Wales (which then included what is now Victoria and Queensland) was formed on 14 December 1832, despite the intemperate habits of two of the ministers, and the opposition of John McGarvie, who had turned out to be a Scottish Moderate. This Presbytery ordained a minister for Launceston and in turn the Presbytery of Van Diemen's Land was constituted on 6 November 1835 by Lang and two others.The Presbytery in New South Wales had a number of unsuitable ministers. Lang determined on a further visit to Britain in 1836, securing about 20 men from the Church of Scotland and from the Synod of Ulster. Lang had a pre-arranged plan to set up a rival church court to the Presbytery. When he returned in 1837 he found that an Act to regulate the temporal affairs of the Presbytery had been secured from the Government, the terms of which made the Presbytery the only legal representative of the Church of Scotland in the colony. The Presbytery Moderator's certificate was necessary for payment of stipends under the Church Act. Lang thereupon represented the Temporalities Act as 'monstrous and disgraceful in the highest degree' and having the effect of forcing him and his supporters out. This was complete fabrication, but Lang and five of the new recruits joined in constituting a Synod on 11 December 1837. Lang placed men in the same localities as Presbytery ministers to draw off adherents and drive out the drunkards. A full-blown schism operated until union was effected in 1840.The Presbytery expelled Lang for schism on 18 January 1838. Lang used The Colonist to spread contention. As James Forbes put it, 'week after week he poured forth vollies of abuse against the Presbytery, unequalled for satanic bitterness and vulgar scurrility, by the worst of the London Sunday papers.' Lang was on a further trip to Britain and America 1839–41, and in his absence terms of union were agreed and the union consummated on 5 October 1840 under the name 'Synod of Australia in connection with the Established Church of Scotland.' The Basis did not give the Church of Scotland any legislative or judicial jurisdiction, but the Synod was committed to the same doctrinal basis as the Church of Scotland. Presbyteries were created subject to the Synod. Lang was admitted on his return in March 1841.In 1840 Lang published a substantial volume entitled Religion and Education in America in which he advocated support of churches by voluntary givings rather than the State, and went so far as to advocate no connection between Church and State. This conflicted with the official views of the Church of Scotland as set out in the Confession of Faith, which can be summarised thus: (1) Church and State are distinct and separate institutions, both being accountable to the Lord Jesus Christ who has received all authority in heaven and earth from the Father; (2) the mutually helpful relationship between Church and State does not imply subordination of one to the other in its own sphere; and, in particular, the civil authorities have no jurisdiction or authoritative control in the spiritual affairs of Christ's Church. (3) In maintaining these Scriptural principles, and the ideal of a united Christian Church in a Christian nation, the Church does not regard the involvement of the State in matters concerning religion as ipso facto contrary to liberty of conscience. Rather, she rejects intolerance or persecution as methods of advancing the kingdom of God, and recognises the individual's liberty of conscience and the right of private judgement.Lang's views brought opposition from many including some who had previously supported him. Lang's repute had already declined in Scotland. When he was censured for allowing to preach in Scot's Church a Congregational minister who had been rejected by the Synod, he reacted negatively. On 6 February 1842 he told his congregation that he would go to New Zealand and be supported by voluntary givings. In an extraordinary blast of invective, and alluding to the narrative of Joshua 6:20ff, he said that the Australian church could not prosper until she renounced with indignant scorn the Babylonish garment of an infidel establishment of religion and abandoned the wedge of gold that corrupted all who touched it. At length he consented to remain when the bulk of the 500 adults in his congregation agreed to sever all connection with the Synod and with the State. On 8 October 1842 the Synod deposed Lang for slander – calling the Synod a synagogue of Satan particularly displeased the brethren – divisive courses and contumacy by an 8–4 vote. Ultimately, on 9 September 1851, the Presbytery of Irvine in Scotland declared Lang no longer a minister of the Church of Scotland, but did not tell Lang what was afoot nor give him an opportunity to defend himself.Lang tried with minimal success to start a new body. In July 1846 he set off again for Britain returning in March 1850. He and two other ministers set up the Synod of New South Wales (the second of this name) on 3 April 1850, although the minutes term it The Australian Presbyterian Church. During its life of some 14 years, 31 ministers were connected with it at one time or another, including 8 of the 20 brought out by Lang in 1850. It was very loose in approach. Some have regarded it as an attempt to establish a comprehensive evangelical Protestant body, but it appears more an attempt by Lang to maintain a useful power base and maintain his own ego. In 1858, Lang recruited John Reid (the father of future prime minister George Reid) from a Melbourne congregation to serve as his associate. They shared the preaching duties and divided the pastoral duties between them, although Lang remained the church's sole leader. They eventually fell out and Reid moved on to another congregation.[11] By November 1864, there were four ministers (including Lang) connected with the church.Lang was out of the mainstream from 1842, but his political influence was such that he had to be accommodated if union of the three Presbyterian streams was to be achieved. The original Synod of Australia did not wish to recognise Lang, despite having to recall the deposition in 1863 (which was done by a majority of one vote), following Lang securing the reversal of the Presbytery of Irvine's sentence in 1861. Lang's Synod lost its identity by being merged on 15 November 1864 with the majority of the Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia, to form a General Synod which then merged with the original Synod of Australia to form the Presbyterian Church of New South Wales on 8 September 1865 with 47 ministers. In 1872 he was chosen Moderator of the Assembly but used his speech to seriously criticise his brethren for not choosing him earlier. There wasn't too much mellowing as he grew older.As a churchman Lang was wilful, egotistical, not respectable (twice jailed for libel). He 'preached more of the Gospel than he practised', someone quipped. From the Presbyterian viewpoint Lang is therefore something of an ambiguous figure. James Forbes, writing in 1846 about the 1837 period, stated: '...it has ever appeared to us one of the most mysterious permissions of Divine Providence, that the founding of an infant church in an infant colony should have fallen into such hands.'","title":"Lang and the Presbyterian Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportation"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_District"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Electoral district of Port Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Port_Phillip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Parl_Lang-1"},{"link_name":"City of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_City_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Parl_Lang-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Parl_Lang-1"},{"link_name":"\"Legislative Council\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12957707"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"West Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_West_Sydney"},{"link_name":"parliamentary privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege"},{"link_name":"Parramatta Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta_Gaol"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dunmore_Lang"},{"link_name":"Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat"},{"link_name":"Bank of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Chartist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism"},{"link_name":"Henry Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Parkes"},{"link_name":"James Wilshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Wilshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fortitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortitude_(1842_ship)"},{"link_name":"Chaseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaseley_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lang Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Park"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"immigration to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dunmore Lang College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore_Lang_College"},{"link_name":"Macquarie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Parl_Lang-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvNews-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EvNews-17"}],"text":"In The Colonist Lang agitated for the end of transportation, for the separation of the Moreton Bay Colony (which he proposed to be called Cooksland, but was eventually called Queensland) and the Port Phillip District (which he proposed to be called Phillipsland, but was eventually called Victoria) from New South Wales, and for the establishment of representative government and the reduction in the powers of the British-appointed Governors.[12]In 1843 Lang was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council as one of five representatives of the Electoral district of Port Phillip, holding his seat until 1847.[1] From July 1850 to October 1851 Lang was one of the Council members for City of Sydney,[1] and in 1854 he was elected to the Council for County of Stanley.[1]\n\"Legislative Council\". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW. 30 August 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 5 September 2014 – via Trove.</ref> Lang was MLA for West Sydney from 1859 to 1869. Lang was not suited to parliamentary life, since he was temperamentally opposed to parliamentary procedure. He frequently used parliamentary privilege to pursue personal vendettas against his many enemies in the Presbyterian Church and the press.In 1851, in any case, he was unable to take his seat in Parliament, since he was heavily in debt from his various failed migration schemes and was being pressed by creditors. He was sued for debt, and when he attacked his creditors in the press he was prosecuted for libel, and sentenced to a 100-pound fine and four months imprisonment in Parramatta Gaol. He was imprisoned again in 1855, when his son George, manager of the Ballarat branch of the Bank of New South Wales, was convicted of embezzlement. Lang attacked the judge in print and was sentenced to six months imprisonment for criminal libel. Ten thousand people signed a petition for his release, but he served the full sentence.By 1850 Lang, inspired by the Chartist movement in Britain and by the 1848 revolution in France, had become a radical democrat and a republican. With Henry Parkes and James Wilshire he founded the Australian League political party, although he soon quarrelled with his fellow-founders. He put forward ideas which were both visionary and radical – the federation of the Australian colonies, the establishment of a fully democratic government (at a time when both in Britain and Australia the franchise was restricted to owners of property) and an Australian republic. These ideas reflected both the Presbyterian ideal of congregational self-government (despite the fact that in church affairs he was an autocrat) and his Scottish nationalist dislike of English and Anglican supremacy.In 1850 Lang published The Coming Event! Or, the United Provinces of Australia in which he predicted an independent Australian federal republic. He followed this in 1852 with Freedom and Independence for the Golden Lands of Australia, his best-known work. The title of this work has become an established slogan of political radicalism and republicanism in Australia. His relation to the political union of 1901 is, however, ambiguous. By 1875 Lang had rejected his earlier 'continental' vision of a federated, self-governing Australia, in favour of confining the claim of 'freedom and independence' to New South Wales, Queensland, 'Capricornia' (northern Queensland) and 'Carpentaria'.[13]Lang was an enthusiastic promoter of the development of the Australian colonies. In 1834 he published in Britain the first edition of An Historical and Statistical Account of New South Wales, both as a Penal Colony and as a British Colony, which ran through a series of editions until his death, to promote immigration and investment in Australia. The Westminster Review commented that the book should have been called A History of Dr. Lang to which is added a History of New South Wales'. He also published Port-Phillip, or the colony of Victoria in 1853, and Queensland, Australia in 1861 to promote the northern colony. In 1849, three immigrant ships (Fortitude, Chaseley, Lima) sponsored by Lang arrived in Moreton Bay with approximately 600 immigrants all personally selected by Lang.[14] Lang Park in Brisbane is named after him in recognition of his work promoting the colony.[15]Despite their eccentricity, Lang's works were influential in promoting Australia, but his practical schemes for immigration were usually fiascos owing to his lack of business sense. After 1851, in any case, immigration to Australia boomed due to the Gold Rush and had no need of promotion.Lang's influence should not be underestimated but was marred by his wilful personality. As well, the wave of radicalism in Britain and Australia of the mid-19th century soon passed and was succeeded by an era of enthusiasm for the British Empire. But he has become an iconic figure in Australian history for his advocacy of Australian nationalism, federation, full political democracy and republicanism. Lang is the namesake of Dunmore Lang College, at Macquarie University in Sydney.[16]Lang's writings are voluminous, his activities multifarious. His power of description is remarkable, his assessments of individuals generally perceptive if tinged with his own prejudices. His egotism defies belief but his achievements are quite astonishing and overshadow his religious contribution. Excluding his newspaper articles his published work runs to some 10,000 pages.Lang died on 8 August 1878 in Sydney[1] following a stroke. His funeral, on 10 August, was \"one of the largest that has taken place in the Australian colonies\"[17] – a funeral procession over a mile in length, led by 500 Chinese, with perhaps 70,000 people lining the streets.[17] His wife died in 1888, and the last of his children in 1934. There were no grandchildren.","title":"Lang and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lang Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dunmore Lang College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmore_Lang_College"},{"link_name":"Macquarie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Lang's name is remembered inJohn Dunmore Lang Place in Canberra[18]\nLang Park in Brisbane[15]\nLang Park in Sydney[19]\nDunmore Lang College at Macquarie University[16]\nJohn Dunmore Lang Statue in Wynyard Park, Sydney[20]\nNational Library of Australia holds his private papers[21]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSW_Parl_Lang_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSW_Parl_Lang_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSW_Parl_Lang_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSW_Parl_Lang_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSW_Parl_Lang_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Reverend John Dunmore Lang, MA, DD (1799–1878)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=273"},{"link_name":"Parliament of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ADB_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Lang, John Dunmore (1799–1878)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-dunmore-2326"},{"link_name":"Australian Dictionary of Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-522-84459-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1833-7538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"70677943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_3-0"},{"link_name":"Boase, George Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clement_Boase"},{"link_name":"Lang, John Dunmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Lang,_John_Dunmore"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1967_4-0"},{"link_name":"Baker 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaker1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fasti_5-0"},{"link_name":"Scott, Hew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Scott"},{"link_name":"Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc07scot"},{"link_name":"591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc07scot/page/590/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 May 1823, Page 2, \"THURSDAY MAY 29 1823\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2181897"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221023194530/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2181897"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JDLIV_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"'Four Letters To the Right Hon. Earl Durham'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27.html"},{"link_name":"Early New Zealand Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131019135841/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JDLII_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"John Dunmore Lang – On the Character and Influence of the Missions Hitherto Established in New Zealand, as Regards the Aborigines\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27-body-d2.html"},{"link_name":"Early New Zealand Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131019135852/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27-body-d2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CARv2-5_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"Vol. II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1048&page=1&action=null"},{"link_name":"Early New Zealand Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210227221740/http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1048&page=1&action=null"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"The curse of St Andrew's College\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//honisoit.com/2019/04/the-curse-of-st-andrews-college/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211216064758/http://honisoit.com/2019/04/the-curse-of-st-andrews-college/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"REVIEW\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12899088"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"A Super Six Hundred\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21309139"},{"link_name":"The Brisbane Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_15-1"},{"link_name":"\"Suncorp Stadium History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.suncorpstadium.com.au/About-Us/About-The-Stadium/Stadium-History.aspx"},{"link_name":"Suncorp Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncorp_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231210195227/https://www.suncorpstadium.com.au/About-Us/About-The-Stadium/Stadium-History.aspx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_16-1"},{"link_name":"\"Who was John Dunmore Lang?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dunmorelangcollege.nsw.edu.au/who-was-john-dunmore-lang"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231027092641/https://www.dunmorelangcollege.nsw.edu.au/who-was-john-dunmore-lang"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EvNews_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EvNews_17-1"},{"link_name":"\"Public Funeral of the Rev. John Dunmore Lang\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107935452"},{"link_name":"Evening News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_News_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240306234004/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/107935452"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"John Dunmore Lang Place\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nca.gov.au/attractions/john-dunmore-lang-place"},{"link_name":"National Capital Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Authority"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240306234023/https://www.nca.gov.au/attractions/john-dunmore-lang-place"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Lang Park\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dictionaryofsydney.org/place/lang_park"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150320193939/http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/place/lang_park"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"John Dunmore Lang | City Art Sydney\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cityartsydney.com.au/artwork/john-dunmore-lang/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190415134911/https://www.cityartsydney.com.au/artwork/john-dunmore-lang/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Papers of John Dunmore Lang\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/nla.obj-244257766"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240306233842/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-244257766/findingaid"}],"text":"^ a b c d e \"The Reverend John Dunmore Lang, MA, DD (1799–1878)\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2019.\n\n^ a b c d Baker, D. W. A. (1967). \"Lang, John Dunmore (1799–1878)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 5 September 2014.\n\n^ Boase, George Clement (1892). \"Lang, John Dunmore\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\n^ Baker 1967.\n\n^ Scott, Hew (1928). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 591-592. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\n^ \"Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 May 1823, Page 2, \"THURSDAY MAY 29 1823\"\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.\n\n^ \"'Four Letters To the Right Hon. Earl Durham'\". The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 29 Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). June 1839. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.\n\n^ \"John Dunmore Lang – On the Character and Influence of the Missions Hitherto Established in New Zealand, as Regards the Aborigines\". Letter II, The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 29 Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). June 1839. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.\n\n^ Carleton, Hugh (1874). \"Vol. II\". The Life of Henry Williams: Letter: Turanga, April 14, 184, Henry Williams to the Reverend E. G. Marsh. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 24–25. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2013.\n\n^ Huang, William (4 April 2019). \"The curse of St Andrew's College\". Honi Soit. Honi Soit. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.\n\n^ Malcolm D. Prentis (June 1993). \"Scottish Seceder in the Australian Colonies: The Eccentric Pilgrimage of John Reid\". The Journal of Religious History. 17 (3).\n\n^ \n\"REVIEW\". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW. 26 July 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 6 March 2011 – via Trove.\n\n^ William Coleman,Their Fiery Cross of Union. A Retelling of the Creation of the Australian Federation, 1889–1914, Connor Court, Queensland, 2021, p. 170.\n\n^ \"A Super Six Hundred\". The Brisbane Courier. 21 July 1928. p. 21. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via Trove.\n\n^ a b \"Suncorp Stadium History\". Suncorp Stadium. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.\n\n^ a b \"Who was John Dunmore Lang?\". Dunmore Lang College. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.\n\n^ a b \"Public Funeral of the Rev. John Dunmore Lang\". Evening News. Sydney. 12 August 1878. p. 3. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2014 – via Trove.\n\n^ \"John Dunmore Lang Place\". National Capital Authority. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.\n\n^ \"Lang Park\". dictionaryofsydney.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2020.\n\n^ \"John Dunmore Lang | City Art Sydney\". www.cityartsydney.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.\n\n^ \"Papers of John Dunmore Lang\". nla.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Scots Church, Sydney, 1840s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Scots_church%2C_Sydney.jpg/220px-Scots_church%2C_Sydney.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Reverend John Dunmore Lang, MA, DD (1799–1878)\". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx?pk=273","url_text":"\"The Reverend John Dunmore Lang, MA, DD (1799–1878)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"Parliament of New South Wales"}]},{"reference":"Baker, D. W. A. (1967). \"Lang, John Dunmore (1799–1878)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 5 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-dunmore-2326","url_text":"\"Lang, John Dunmore (1799–1878)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"Boase, George Clement (1892). \"Lang, John Dunmore\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clement_Boase","url_text":"Boase, George Clement"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Lang,_John_Dunmore","url_text":"Lang, John Dunmore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Hew (1928). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 591-592.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew_Scott","url_text":"Scott, Hew"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc07scot","url_text":"Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc07scot/page/590/mode/2up","url_text":"591"}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 May 1823, Page 2, \"THURSDAY MAY 29 1823\"\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2181897","url_text":"\"Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, 29 May 1823, Page 2, \"THURSDAY MAY 29 1823\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221023194530/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2181897","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Four Letters To the Right Hon. Earl Durham'\". The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 29 Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). June 1839. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27.html","url_text":"\"'Four Letters To the Right Hon. Earl Durham'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books","url_text":"Early New Zealand Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019135841/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Dunmore Lang – On the Character and Influence of the Missions Hitherto Established in New Zealand, as Regards the Aborigines\". Letter II, The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout: Volume 29 Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). June 1839. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27-body-d2.html","url_text":"\"John Dunmore Lang – On the Character and Influence of the Missions Hitherto Established in New Zealand, as Regards the Aborigines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books","url_text":"Early New Zealand Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019135852/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout29-t27-body-d2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carleton, Hugh (1874). \"Vol. II\". The Life of Henry Williams: Letter: Turanga, April 14, 184, Henry Williams to the Reverend E. G. Marsh. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. pp. 24–25. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1048&page=1&action=null","url_text":"\"Vol. II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_New_Zealand_Books","url_text":"Early New Zealand Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210227221740/http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1048&page=1&action=null","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Huang, William (4 April 2019). \"The curse of St Andrew's College\". Honi Soit. Honi Soit. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://honisoit.com/2019/04/the-curse-of-st-andrews-college/","url_text":"\"The curse of St Andrew's College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211216064758/http://honisoit.com/2019/04/the-curse-of-st-andrews-college/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm D. Prentis (June 1993). \"Scottish Seceder in the Australian Colonies: The Eccentric Pilgrimage of John Reid\". The Journal of Religious History. 17 (3).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"REVIEW\". The Sydney Morning Herald. NSW. 26 July 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 6 March 2011 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12899088","url_text":"\"REVIEW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"A Super Six Hundred\". The Brisbane Courier. 21 July 1928. p. 21. Retrieved 15 February 2015 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article21309139","url_text":"\"A Super Six Hundred\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier","url_text":"The Brisbane Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Suncorp Stadium History\". Suncorp Stadium. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.suncorpstadium.com.au/About-Us/About-The-Stadium/Stadium-History.aspx","url_text":"\"Suncorp Stadium History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncorp_Stadium","url_text":"Suncorp Stadium"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231210195227/https://www.suncorpstadium.com.au/About-Us/About-The-Stadium/Stadium-History.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who was John Dunmore Lang?\". Dunmore Lang College. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dunmorelangcollege.nsw.edu.au/who-was-john-dunmore-lang","url_text":"\"Who was John Dunmore Lang?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231027092641/https://www.dunmorelangcollege.nsw.edu.au/who-was-john-dunmore-lang","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Funeral of the Rev. John Dunmore Lang\". Evening News. Sydney. 12 August 1878. p. 3. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2014 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107935452","url_text":"\"Public Funeral of the Rev. John Dunmore Lang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_News_(Sydney)","url_text":"Evening News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240306234004/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/107935452","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Dunmore Lang Place\". National Capital Authority. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nca.gov.au/attractions/john-dunmore-lang-place","url_text":"\"John Dunmore Lang Place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Authority","url_text":"National Capital Authority"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240306234023/https://www.nca.gov.au/attractions/john-dunmore-lang-place","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lang Park\". dictionaryofsydney.org. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionaryofsydney.org/place/lang_park","url_text":"\"Lang Park\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150320193939/http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/place/lang_park","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Dunmore Lang | City Art Sydney\". www.cityartsydney.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityartsydney.com.au/artwork/john-dunmore-lang/","url_text":"\"John Dunmore Lang | City Art Sydney\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415134911/https://www.cityartsydney.com.au/artwork/john-dunmore-lang/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Papers of John Dunmore Lang\". nla.gov.au. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-244257766","url_text":"\"Papers of John Dunmore Lang\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240306233842/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-244257766/findingaid","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Serle, Percival (1949). \"Lang, John Dunmore\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 2 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Serle","url_text":"Serle, Percival"},{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogL.html#lang2","url_text":"\"Lang, John Dunmore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"}]},{"reference":"Prentis, Malcolm. \"Great Australian Presbyterians: The Game\". Uniting Church in Australia. Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211164227/http://nsw.uca.org.au/presbyterian100/greataussies.htm","url_text":"\"Great Australian Presbyterians: The Game\""},{"url":"http://nsw.uca.org.au/presbyterian100/greataussies.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mennell, Philip (1892). \"Lang, Rev. John Dunmore\" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mennell","url_text":"Mennell, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Australasian_Biography/Lang,_Rev._John_Dunmore","url_text":"\"Lang, Rev. John Dunmore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Books_of_Sentences
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Sentences
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["1 Origin and characteristics","2 Influence","3 See also","4 Editions","4.1 Standard modern translation into English","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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c. 1150 text by Peter Lombard
This article is about the medieval work. For other uses, see Sentences (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The opening of the Book of Sentences in a 14th-century manuscript (Free Library of Philadelphia, Lewis E 170, fol. 1r)
The Four Books of Sentences (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a compendium of theology written by Peter Lombard around 1150.
Origin and characteristics
Part of a series onScholasticism
Schools
Thomism
Scotism
Occamism
Major works
Summa Theologica
Cur Deus Homo
Summa Grammatica
Summa logicae
Opus Oxoniense
Libri Quattuor Sententiarum
Precursors
Augustine of Hippo
Boethius
Pope Gregory I
Alcuin of York
John Scotus Eriugena
Philosophers
Thomas Aquinas ("Doctor Angelicus")
Duns Scotus ("Doctor Subtilis")
William of Ockham ("Doctor Invincibilis")
Francisco Suárez ("Doctor Eximius")
Averroes ("The Commentator")
Albertus Magnus ("Doctor Universalis")
Peter Lombard ("The Master")
Bonaventure ("Doctor Seraphicus")
Anselm of Canterbury ("Doctor Marianus")
Peter Abelard ("Doctor Scholasticus")
Related
Philosophy
Aristotelianism
Dominican Order
Franciscan Order
Catholic theology
Islamic philosophy
Empiricism
Neoplatonism
Neo-scholasticism
Protestant scholasticism
Problem of universals
Protoscholastic writing
Philosophy portal
Catholicism portalvte
An 1841 Latin edition of the Sentences bound together with Aquinas' Summa Theologica.
The Book of Sentences had its precursor in the glosses (an explanation or interpretation of a text, such as, e.g. the Corpus Iuris Civilis or biblical) by the masters who lectured using Saint Jerome's Latin translation of the Bible (the Vulgate). A gloss might concern syntax or grammar, or it might be on some difficult point of doctrine. These glosses, however, were not continuous, rather being placed between the lines or in the margins of the biblical text itself. Lombard went a step further, collecting texts from various sources (such as scripture, Augustine of Hippo, and other Church Fathers) and compiling them into one coherent whole. In order to accomplish this, he had to address two tasks: first, that of devising an order for his material, because systematic theology had not yet been constituted as a discipline, and secondly, finding ways to reconcile doctrinal differences among his sources. Peter Abelard's Sic et Non provided crucial inspiration for the latter tasks.
Lombard arranged his material from the Bible and the Church Fathers in four books, then subdivided this material further into chapters. Probably between 1223 and 1227, Alexander of Hales grouped the many chapters of the four books into a smaller number of "distinctions". In this form, the book was widely adopted as a theological textbook in the high and late Middle Ages (the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries). A commentary on the Sentences was required of every master of theology, and was part of the examination system. At the end of lectures on Lombard's work, a student could apply for bachelor status within the theology faculty.
Influence
The importance of the Sentences to medieval theology and philosophy lies to a significant extent in the overall framework they provide for theological and philosophical discussion. All the great scholastic thinkers, such as Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, Petrus Aureolus, Robert Holcot, and Duns Scotus, wrote commentaries on the Sentences. But these works were not exactly commentaries, for the Sentences was really a compilation of sources, and Lombard left many questions open, giving later scholars an opportunity to provide their own answers.
See also
Minuscule 714 – the manuscript of the New Testament and of sententiae
Editions
Standard modern translation into English
Peter Lombard, The Sentences, Books 1–4. translator, Giulio Silano, 4 vols. (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2007–2010).
Book 1: The Mystery of the Trinity
Book 2: On Creation
Book 3: On the Incarnation of the Word
Book 4: On the Doctrine of Signs
References
^ St. Bonaventure, Commentaries on the Four Books of Sentences, Opera Omnia of St. Bonaventure, published by the Franciscan Archive, 2014, accessed 23 May 2024
Further reading
Elizabeth Frances Rogers, Peter Lombard and the Sacramental System (Merrick, NY: Richwood Pub. Co., 1976).
Philipp W. Rosemann, Peter Lombard (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Philipp W. Rosemann, The Story of a Great Medieval Book: Peter Lombard's "Sentences" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007).
External links
Les Sentences - Pierre LOMBARD - Magister Sententiarum
Various commentaries, and a partial English translation of The Four Books of the Sentences itself
(in Latin) Textus Sententiarum (Patrologie Latine, 192, col. 519-964)
(in Latin) Textus Sententiarum: cum conclusionibus magistri Henrici Gorichem (1502 Edition, by Bavarian State Library digital)
(in Latin) Libri Quattuor Sententiarum
Page from the Logic Museum about the Book of Sentences.
(in Latin) Scriptum super Sententiis by St. Thomas Aquinas (complete)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
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For other uses, see Sentences (disambiguation).The opening of the Book of Sentences in a 14th-century manuscript (Free Library of Philadelphia, Lewis E 170, fol. 1r)The Four Books of Sentences (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a compendium of theology written by Peter Lombard around 1150.","title":"Sentences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petrus_Lombardus_Sententiarum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Summa Theologica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica"},{"link_name":"glosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)"},{"link_name":"Corpus Iuris Civilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Iuris_Civilis"},{"link_name":"Saint Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard"},{"link_name":"Sic et Non","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic_et_Non"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Alexander of Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales"}],"text":"An 1841 Latin edition of the Sentences bound together with Aquinas' Summa Theologica.The Book of Sentences had its precursor in the glosses (an explanation or interpretation of a text, such as, e.g. the Corpus Iuris Civilis or biblical) by the masters who lectured using Saint Jerome's Latin translation of the Bible (the Vulgate). A gloss might concern syntax or grammar, or it might be on some difficult point of doctrine. These glosses, however, were not continuous, rather being placed between the lines or in the margins of the biblical text itself. Lombard went a step further, collecting texts from various sources (such as scripture, Augustine of Hippo, and other Church Fathers) and compiling them into one coherent whole. In order to accomplish this, he had to address two tasks: first, that of devising an order for his material, because systematic theology had not yet been constituted as a discipline, and secondly, finding ways to reconcile doctrinal differences among his sources. Peter Abelard's Sic et Non provided crucial inspiration for the latter tasks.Lombard arranged his material from the Bible and the Church Fathers in four books, then subdivided this material further into chapters. Probably between 1223 and 1227, Alexander of Hales grouped the many chapters of the four books into a smaller number of \"distinctions\". In this form, the book was widely adopted as a theological textbook in the high and late Middle Ages (the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries). A commentary on the Sentences was required of every master of theology, and was part of the examination system. At the end of lectures on Lombard's work, a student could apply for bachelor status within the theology faculty.","title":"Origin and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"William of Ockham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham"},{"link_name":"Bonaventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Petrus Aureolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus"},{"link_name":"Robert Holcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Holcot"},{"link_name":"Duns Scotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus"}],"text":"The importance of the Sentences to medieval theology and philosophy lies to a significant extent in the overall framework they provide for theological and philosophical discussion. All the great scholastic thinkers, such as Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Bonaventure,[1] Petrus Aureolus, Robert Holcot, and Duns Scotus, wrote commentaries on the Sentences. But these works were not exactly commentaries, for the Sentences was really a compilation of sources, and Lombard left many questions open, giving later scholars an opportunity to provide their own answers.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Mediaeval_Studies"}],"sub_title":"Standard modern translation into English","text":"Peter Lombard, The Sentences, Books 1–4. translator, Giulio Silano, 4 vols. (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2007–2010).\nBook 1: The Mystery of the Trinity\nBook 2: On Creation\nBook 3: On the Incarnation of the Word\nBook 4: On the Doctrine of Signs","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elizabeth Frances Rogers, Peter Lombard and the Sacramental System (Merrick, NY: Richwood Pub. Co., 1976).\nPhilipp W. Rosemann, Peter Lombard (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).\nPhilipp W. Rosemann, The Story of a Great Medieval Book: Peter Lombard's \"Sentences\" (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007).","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"Minuscule 714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuscule_714"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Serbs
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History of the Serbs
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["1 Middle Ages","2 Early modern period","3 Modern period","3.1 19th century","3.2 20th century","4 Cultural history","4.1 Serbian Revival","5 Maps","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
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This article is about the history of Serbs in general, including the history of Serbs in Serbia and other historical Serbian Lands, as well as history of Serbian regional migrations and modern Serb diaspora. For history of Serbia itself, see History of Serbia.
Part of a series onSerbs
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Church Slavonic
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9th
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Prehistory
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Early Middle Ages White Serbia around 600 AD Principality of Serbia
Duklja, Travunia, Zachlumia, Narentines, Raška, Bosnia 7th–10th century Catepanate of Ras around 969–976
High Middle Ages Duklja (Zeta) 11th–12th century Theme of Sirmium 1018–1071 Grand Principality 1071–1217 Kingdom of Serbia 1217–1346 King Dragutin's realm 1282–1325 EmpireFall 1346–1371 Lordship of Prilep 1371–1395 Prince Lazar's Serbia 1371–1402 Vuk's Land 1371–1412 Despotate of Serbia 1402–1537
Early Modern Ottoman-ruled Serbia 1459–1804 Jovan Nenad / Radoslav Čelnik 1526–1530 Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș 16th–17th Habsburg occupation 1686–1699 Great Serb Migrations 1690 and1737–1739 Military Frontier 1702–1882 Habsburg-ruled Serbia 1718–1739 Koča's frontier 1788–1791
Serbia 1804–1918 Serbian Revolution 1804–1815 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Serbian Vojvodina 1848–1849 Serbia and Banat 1849–1860 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918
Serbia since 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Axis occupation 1941–1944 Federal unit of Socialist Yugoslavia 1944–1992 Constituent state with Montenegro 1992–2006 Republic of Serbia 2006–present
Serbia portalvte
The History of the Serbs spans from the Early Middle Ages to present. Serbs, a South Slavic people, traditionally live mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and North Macedonia. A Serbian diaspora dispersed people of Serb descent to Western Europe, North America and Australia.
Middle Ages
Seal of prince Strojimir of Serbia, from the late 9th century
Basil I with a delegation of Serbs.
The 1389 Battle of Kosovo is considered as one of the most influential events in the history of the Serbs.
See also: Serbia in the Middle Ages, Montenegro in the Middle Ages, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages
Slavs settled in the Balkans during the 6th and 7th centuries, where they encountered and partially absorbed the remaining local population (Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Celts, Scythians). One of those early Slavic peoples were Serbs. According to De Administrando Imperio, a historiographical work compiled by the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (d. 959), migration of Serbs from White Serbia to Balkans occurred sometime during the reign of emperor Heraclius I (610-641) when they arrived in an area near Thessaloniki, but shortly afterwards they left that area and settled lands between the Sava and the Dinaric Alps. By the time of the first reign of emperor Justinian II (685-695), who resettled several South Slavic groups from Balkans to Asia Minor, a group of Serbian settlers in the region of Bithynia were already christianized. Their settlement, the city of Gordoserba (Greek: Γορδόσερβα), had its bishop, who participated at the Council of Trullo (691-691). In contemporary historiography and archaeology, the narratives of De Administrando Imperio have been reassessed as they contain anachronisms and factual mistakes. The account in DAI about the Serbs mentions that they requested from the Byzantine commander of present-day Belgrade to settle in the theme of Thessalonica, which was formed ca. 150 years after the reign of Heraclius which was in the 7th century. For the purposes of its narrative, the DAI formulates a mistaken etymology of the Serbian ethnonym which it derives from Latin servi (serfs).
As the Byzantine Empire sought to establish its hegemony towards the Serbs, the narrative of the DAI sought to establish a historical hegemony over the Serbs by claiming that their arrival, settlement and conversion to Christianity was the direct result of the Byzantine interference in the centuries which preceded the writing of DAI. Historian Danijel Dzino considers that the story of the migration from White Serbia after the invitation of Heraclius as a means of explanation of the settlement of the Serbs is a form of rationalization of the social and cultural change which the Balkans had undergone via the misinterpretation of historical events placed in late antiquity.
After their initial settlement in the western regions of the Balkans, Serbs created their first state, the early medieval Principality of Serbia, that was ruled by the first Serbian dynasty, known in historiography as the Vlastimirović dynasty. During their reigh, christianization of the Serbs was undergoing, as a gradual process, that was finalized by the middle of the 9th century. Serbs also created local states in regions of Neretvanija, Zahumlje, Travunija and Duklja. Some scholars, like Tibor Živković and Neven Budak, doubt their Serbian identity in 7th century and suppose that sources like De Administrando Imperio are based on data related to Serbian rule and identity in 10th century when Serbian ethnogenesis was finalized.
Early medieval Serbian areal was also attested by the Royal Frankish Annals, that note, under the entry for 822, that prince Ljudevit left his seat at Sisak and went to the Serbs. According to Živković, the usage of the term Dalmatia in the document to refer both to the land where Serbs ruled as well as to the lands under the rule of Croat duke, was likely a reflection of the Franks' territorial aspirations towards the entire area of the former Roman Province of Dalmatia. The same entry mentions "the Serbs, who are said to hold a great/large part of Dalmatia" (ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur), but according to John (Jr.) Fine, it was hard to find Serbs in this area since the Byzantine sources were limited to the southern coast, also it is possible that among other tribes exists tribe or group of small tribes of Serbs. However, the mentioning of "Dalmatia" in 822 and 833 as an old geographical term by the authors of Frankish Annals was Pars pro toto with a vague perception of what this geographical term actually referred to.
During the 11th and 12th centuries, Grand Principality of Serbia was ruled by the Vukanović dynasty. During that period, Serbs frequently fought against the neighbouring Byzantine Empire.
Between 1166 and 1371, Serbs were ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty, founded by grand prince Stefan Nemanja (1166-1196), who conquered several neighbouring territories, including Kosovo, Duklja, Travunija and Zahumlje. Serbian state was elevated to a kingdom in 1217, during the reign of Nemanja's son, Stefan Nemanjić. In the same time, Serbian Orthodox Church was organized as an autocephalous archbishopric in 1219, through the efforts of Sava, who became the patron saint of Serbs.
Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders. Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against the empire. The medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan, who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. and an empire In 1346, he was crowned as emperor, thus creating the Serbian Empire. In the same time, Serbian Orthodox Church was raised to the Patriarchate (1346). Territory of the Empire included Macedonia, northern Greece, Montenegro, and almost all of Albania. When Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor. With Turkish invaders beginning their conquest of the Balkans in the 1350s, a major conflict ensued between them and the Serbs, the first major battle was the Battle of Maritsa (1371), in which the Serbs were defeated. With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, the Serbian Empire broke up into several small Serbian domains. These states were ruled by feudal lords, with Zeta controlled by the Balšić family, Raška, Kosovo and northern Macedonia held by the Branković family and Lazar Hrebeljanović holding today's Central Serbia and a portion of Kosovo. Hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje, near the town of Pristina. Both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting. The battle most likely ended in a stalemate, and Serbia did not fall to the Turks until 1459. There exists c. 30 Serbian chronicles from the period between 1390 and 1526.
Early modern period
Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III
See also: Early modern history of Serbia, Early modern history of Montenegro, Early modern history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Military Frontier
The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings. Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated. Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued. The period of Ottoman rule in Serbia lasted from the second half of the 15th century to the beginning of the 19th century, interrupted by three periods of Habsburg occupation during later Habsburg-Ottoman wars.
In early 1594, the Serbs in Banat rose up against the Ottomans. The rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava. After suppressing the uprising, the Ottomans publicly incinerated the relics of Saint Sava at the Vračar plateau on April 27, 1595. The incineration of Sava's relics provoked the Serbs, and empowered the Serb liberation movement. From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje. An uprising broke out in 1596, but the rebels were defeated at the field of Gacko in 1597, and were forced to capitulate due to the lack of foreign support.
After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War, Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary, Slavonia region in present-day Croatia, Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia) joined the troops of the Habsburg Monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia. Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side. In 1688, the Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present-day Central Serbia. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević to raise arms against the Turks; the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Peć. As Serbia fell under Habsburg control, Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke. In early November, Arsenije III met with Habsburg commander-in-chief, General Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Prizren; after this talk he sent a note to all Serb bishops to come to him and collaborate only with Habsburg forces.
A large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III. The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants. Smaller groups of Serbs also migrated to the Russian Empire, where they occupied high positions in the military circles. Serbia remained under Ottoman control until the early 19th century, with the eruption of the Serbian Revolution in 1804.
Modern period
Main articles: History of modern Serbia, History of modern Montenegro, Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Military Frontier
19th century
The uprising ended in the early 1830s, with Serbia's autonomy and borders being recognized, and with Miloš Obrenović being recognized as its ruler. The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's independence was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878. When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity, instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs (Croats and Muslims).
20th century
Serbian Army during its retreat towards Albania; more than one hundred thousand Serbs died during World War I.
Serbia fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the Kingdom of Serbia. In 1914, a young Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, which directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In the fighting that ensued, Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary. Despite being outnumbered, the Serbs subsequently defeated the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer, which marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the war. Further victories at the battles of Kolubara and the Drina meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year. However, an invasion by the forces of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915, and a subsequent withdrawal by the Serbian Army through Albania took the lives of more than 240,000 Serbs. Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the Salonika front in Greece, before liberating Serbia from Austro-Hungarian occupation in November 1918.
Serbs subsequently formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with other South Slavic peoples. The country was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King Alexander I of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty. In the period of 1920–31, Serb and other South Slavic families of the Kingdom of Hungary (and Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic) were given the option to leave Hungary for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and thereby change citizenship (these were called optanti).
Serbian civilians interned in Jasenovac concentration camp, 1942
During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in April 1941. The country was subsequently divided into many pieces, with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans. Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) experienced persecution at the hands of the Croatian ultra-nationalist, fascist Ustaše, who attempted to exterminate the Serb population in death camps. More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of the Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans, a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war, later, after the fall of Italy, September 1943. other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers. At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by the Croat Josip Broz Tito, emerged victorious. Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state. Tito died in 1980, and his death saw Yugoslavia plunge into economic turmoil.
Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, and a series of wars resulted in the creation of five new states. The heaviest fighting occurred in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose Serb populations rebelled and sought unification with Serbia, which was then still part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The war in Croatia ended in August 1995, with a Croatian military offensive known as Operation Storm crushing the Croatian Serb rebellion and causing as many as 200,000 Serbs to flee the country. The Bosnian War ended that same year, with the Dayton Agreement dividing the country along ethnic lines. In 1998–99, a conflict in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full-out war, resulting in a 78-day-long NATO bombing campaign which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo. Subsequently, more than 200,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled the province. On 5 October 2000, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosević was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the 2000 Yugoslav general election.
Cultural history
Serbian Revival
Main article: Serbian Revival
The Serbian Revival refers to a period in the history of the Serbs between the 18th century and the de jure establishment of the Principality of Serbia (1878). It began in Habsburg territory, in Sremski Karlovci. The "Serbian renaissance" is said to have begun in 17th-century Banat. The Serbian Revival began earlier than the Bulgarian National Revival. The first revolt in the Ottoman Empire to acquire a national character was the Serbian Revolution (1804–1817), which was the culmination of the Serbian renaissance. According to Jelena Milojković-Djurić: "The first literary and learned society among the Slavs was Matica srpska, founded by the leaders of Serbian revival in Pest in 1826." Vojvodina became the cradle of the Serbian renaissance during the 19th century. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864) was the most instrumental in this period.
Maps
Serbs in Serbia as per 2002 census data for Central Serbia and Vojvodina, and 1991 census data for Kosovo
Serbs in Montenegro as per 2003 census data
Serbs (blue) in Bosnia and Herzegovina as per 2013 census
See also
Serbs
History of Montenegro
History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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External links
Byzantine Illiricum - The Slavs Settlement (History of Balkan, part 1, Official channel)
Byzantine Illiricum - The Slavs Settlement (History of Balkan, part 2, Official channel)
Byzantine Illiricum - The Slavs Settlement (History of Balkan, part 3, Official channel)
Byzantine Dalmatia - The Arrival of Serbs (History of Balkan, part 1, Official channel)
Byzantine Dalmatia - The Arrival of Serbs (History of Balkan, part 2, Official channel)
Byzantine Dalmatia - The Arrival of Serbs (History of Balkan, part 3, Official channel)
Ćorović, Vladimir (2001). "Istorija srpskog naroda".
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Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200027-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200223%E2%80%9324-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Polje"},{"link_name":"Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah20025-30"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Murad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah20027%E2%80%938-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah20027%E2%80%938-32"},{"link_name":"Serbian chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_chronicles"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962174-33"}],"text":"Seal of prince Strojimir of Serbia, from the late 9th centuryBasil I with a delegation of Serbs.The 1389 Battle of Kosovo is considered as one of the most influential events in the history of the Serbs.See also: Serbia in the Middle Ages, Montenegro in the Middle Ages, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle AgesSlavs settled in the Balkans during the 6th and 7th centuries, where they encountered and partially absorbed the remaining local population (Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, Celts, Scythians).[2] One of those early Slavic peoples were Serbs.[3] According to De Administrando Imperio, a historiographical work compiled by the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (d. 959), migration of Serbs from White Serbia to Balkans occurred sometime during the reign of emperor Heraclius I (610-641) when they arrived in an area near Thessaloniki, but shortly afterwards they left that area and settled lands between the Sava and the Dinaric Alps.[4][5][6] By the time of the first reign of emperor Justinian II (685-695), who resettled several South Slavic groups from Balkans to Asia Minor, a group of Serbian settlers in the region of Bithynia were already christianized. Their settlement, the city of Gordoserba (Greek: Γορδόσερβα), had its bishop, who participated at the Council of Trullo (691-691).[7] In contemporary historiography and archaeology, the narratives of De Administrando Imperio have been reassessed as they contain anachronisms and factual mistakes. The account in DAI about the Serbs mentions that they requested from the Byzantine commander of present-day Belgrade to settle in the theme of Thessalonica, which was formed ca. 150 years after the reign of Heraclius which was in the 7th century. For the purposes of its narrative, the DAI formulates a mistaken etymology of the Serbian ethnonym which it derives from Latin servi (serfs).[8]As the Byzantine Empire sought to establish its hegemony towards the Serbs, the narrative of the DAI sought to establish a historical hegemony over the Serbs by claiming that their arrival, settlement and conversion to Christianity was the direct result of the Byzantine interference in the centuries which preceded the writing of DAI.[9] Historian Danijel Dzino considers that the story of the migration from White Serbia after the invitation of Heraclius as a means of explanation of the settlement of the Serbs is a form of rationalization of the social and cultural change which the Balkans had undergone via the misinterpretation of historical events placed in late antiquity.[10]After their initial settlement in the western regions of the Balkans, Serbs created their first state, the early medieval Principality of Serbia, that was ruled by the first Serbian dynasty, known in historiography as the Vlastimirović dynasty.[4] During their reigh, christianization of the Serbs was undergoing, as a gradual process, that was finalized by the middle of the 9th century.[11] Serbs also created local states in regions of Neretvanija, Zahumlje, Travunija and Duklja. Some scholars, like Tibor Živković and Neven Budak, doubt their Serbian identity in 7th century and suppose that sources like De Administrando Imperio are based on data related to Serbian rule and identity in 10th century when Serbian ethnogenesis was finalized.[12][13]Early medieval Serbian areal was also attested by the Royal Frankish Annals, that note, under the entry for 822, that prince Ljudevit left his seat at Sisak and went to the Serbs.[14] According to Živković, the usage of the term Dalmatia in the document to refer both to the land where Serbs ruled as well as to the lands under the rule of Croat duke, was likely a reflection of the Franks' territorial aspirations towards the entire area of the former Roman Province of Dalmatia.[15] The same entry mentions \"the Serbs, who are said to hold a great/large part of Dalmatia\" (ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur),[16][17][18] but according to John (Jr.) Fine, it was hard to find Serbs in this area since the Byzantine sources were limited to the southern coast, also it is possible that among other tribes exists tribe or group of small tribes of Serbs.[19][20] However, the mentioning of \"Dalmatia\" in 822 and 833 as an old geographical term by the authors of Frankish Annals was Pars pro toto with a vague perception of what this geographical term actually referred to.[21]During the 11th and 12th centuries, Grand Principality of Serbia was ruled by the Vukanović dynasty. During that period, Serbs frequently fought against the neighbouring Byzantine Empire.[22]Between 1166 and 1371, Serbs were ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty, founded by grand prince Stefan Nemanja (1166-1196), who conquered several neighbouring territories, including Kosovo, Duklja, Travunija and Zahumlje. Serbian state was elevated to a kingdom in 1217, during the reign of Nemanja's son, Stefan Nemanjić.[23] In the same time, Serbian Orthodox Church was organized as an autocephalous archbishopric in 1219,[24] through the efforts of Sava, who became the patron saint of Serbs.[25]Over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders. Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against the empire. The medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan, who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. and an empire In 1346, he was crowned as emperor, thus creating the Serbian Empire.[26] In the same time, Serbian Orthodox Church was raised to the Patriarchate (1346). Territory of the Empire included Macedonia, northern Greece, Montenegro, and almost all of Albania.[27] When Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor.[28] With Turkish invaders beginning their conquest of the Balkans in the 1350s, a major conflict ensued between them and the Serbs, the first major battle was the Battle of Maritsa (1371),[29] in which the Serbs were defeated.[30] With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, the Serbian Empire broke up into several small Serbian domains.[29] These states were ruled by feudal lords, with Zeta controlled by the Balšić family, Raška, Kosovo and northern Macedonia held by the Branković family and Lazar Hrebeljanović holding today's Central Serbia and a portion of Kosovo.[31] Hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty.[29] In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje, near the town of Pristina.[30] Both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting.[32] The battle most likely ended in a stalemate, and Serbia did not fall to the Turks until 1459.[32] There exists c. 30 Serbian chronicles from the period between 1390 and 1526.[33]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arsenije_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arsenije III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenije_III_Carnojevic"},{"link_name":"Early modern history of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_history_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Early modern history of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_history_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Early modern history of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Military Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Frontier"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%CC%81Masters2009-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%CC%81Masters2009-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%CC%81Masters2009-34"},{"link_name":"Ottoman rule in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Habsburg occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg-occupied_Serbia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Serbs in Banat rose up against the Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veselinovi%C4%871966-35"},{"link_name":"holy war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_war"},{"link_name":"war flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_flag"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Velimirovi%C4%871989-36"},{"link_name":"Vračar plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vra%C4%8Dar_plateau"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Velimirovi%C4%871989-36"},{"link_name":"Tvrdoš Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrdo%C5%A1_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinje"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corovic-Preokret-37"},{"link_name":"An uprising broke out in 1596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_Uprising_of_1596%E2%80%9397"},{"link_name":"Gacko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gacko"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corovic-Preokret-37"},{"link_name":"had captured Buda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buda_(1686)"},{"link_name":"Great Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plain"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slavonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bačka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Militia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gavrilovic-7-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJani%C4%87ijevi%C4%87199870-39"},{"link_name":"the Habsburg army took Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)"},{"link_name":"Central Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_William,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden"},{"link_name":"Arsenije III Čarnojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenije_III_%C4%8Carnojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"General Enea Silvio Piccolomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Enea_Silvio_Piccolomini"},{"link_name":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"link_name":"large migration of Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migrations_of_the_Serbs"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich1983a145-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich1983a145-40"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Serbian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IIISee also: Early modern history of Serbia, Early modern history of Montenegro, Early modern history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Military FrontierThe Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings.[34] Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated.[34] Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.[34] The period of Ottoman rule in Serbia lasted from the second half of the 15th century to the beginning of the 19th century, interrupted by three periods of Habsburg occupation during later Habsburg-Ottoman wars.In early 1594, the Serbs in Banat rose up against the Ottomans.[35] The rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava.[36] After suppressing the uprising, the Ottomans publicly incinerated the relics of Saint Sava at the Vračar plateau on April 27, 1595.[36] The incineration of Sava's relics provoked the Serbs, and empowered the Serb liberation movement. From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje.[37] An uprising broke out in 1596, but the rebels were defeated at the field of Gacko in 1597, and were forced to capitulate due to the lack of foreign support.[37]After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War, Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary, Slavonia region in present-day Croatia, Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia) joined the troops of the Habsburg Monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia.[38] Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side.[39] In 1688, the Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present-day Central Serbia. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević to raise arms against the Turks; the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Peć. As Serbia fell under Habsburg control, Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke. In early November, Arsenije III met with Habsburg commander-in-chief, General Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Prizren; after this talk he sent a note to all Serb bishops to come to him and collaborate only with Habsburg forces.A large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III.[40] The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants.[40] Smaller groups of Serbs also migrated to the Russian Empire, where they occupied high positions in the military circles.[41][42] Serbia remained under Ottoman control until the early 19th century, with the eruption of the Serbian Revolution in 1804. [citation needed]","title":"Early modern period"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miloš Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87_I,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Congress of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C3%81gostonMasters2009518%E2%80%93519-43"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catherwood2002-44"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"The uprising ended in the early 1830s, with Serbia's autonomy and borders being recognized, and with Miloš Obrenović being recognized as its ruler. The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's independence was not recognized internationally until the Congress of Berlin in 1878.[43] When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity, instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs (Croats and Muslims).[44]","title":"Modern period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serbian_retreat_WWI.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Gavrilo Princip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005542-45"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cer"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200294-46"},{"link_name":"Kolubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara"},{"link_name":"Drina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Drina"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Serbian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Army"},{"link_name":"Salonika front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonika_front"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005542%E2%80%93543-47"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes"},{"link_name":"South Slavic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Karađorđević dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005544-48"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)"},{"link_name":"Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian-Hungarian_Baranya-Baja_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serb_prisoners_in_Jasenovac,_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jasenovac concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005545-49"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ustaše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Army in the Homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005545-49"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005546%E2%80%93553-51"},{"link_name":"disintegrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"series of wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1990-2006)"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Operation Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm"},{"link_name":"Croatian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Dayton Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Agreement"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"},{"link_name":"NATO bombing campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2005558%E2%80%93562-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Milosević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"2000 Yugoslav general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavian_general_election,_2000"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch2002225-54"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Serbian Army during its retreat towards Albania; more than one hundred thousand Serbs died during World War I.Serbia fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the Kingdom of Serbia. In 1914, a young Bosnian Serb student named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, which directly contributed to the outbreak of World War I.[45] In the fighting that ensued, Serbia was invaded by Austria-Hungary. Despite being outnumbered, the Serbs subsequently defeated the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer, which marked the first Allied victory over the Central Powers in the war.[46] Further victories at the battles of Kolubara and the Drina meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year. However, an invasion by the forces of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915, and a subsequent withdrawal by the Serbian Army through Albania took the lives of more than 240,000 Serbs. Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the Salonika front in Greece, before liberating Serbia from Austro-Hungarian occupation in November 1918.[47]Serbs subsequently formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with other South Slavic peoples. The country was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King Alexander I of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty.[48] In the period of 1920–31, Serb and other South Slavic families of the Kingdom of Hungary (and Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic) were given the option to leave Hungary for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and thereby change citizenship (these were called optanti).Serbian civilians interned in Jasenovac concentration camp, 1942During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in April 1941. The country was subsequently divided into many pieces, with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans.[49] Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) experienced persecution at the hands of the Croatian ultra-nationalist, fascist Ustaše, who attempted to exterminate the Serb population in death camps. More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II.[50] Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of the Allies until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist Yugoslav Partisans, a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war, later, after the fall of Italy, September 1943. other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers.[49] At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by the Croat Josip Broz Tito, emerged victorious. Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state. Tito died in 1980, and his death saw Yugoslavia plunge into economic turmoil.[51]Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, and a series of wars resulted in the creation of five new states. The heaviest fighting occurred in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose Serb populations rebelled and sought unification with Serbia, which was then still part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The war in Croatia ended in August 1995, with a Croatian military offensive known as Operation Storm crushing the Croatian Serb rebellion and causing as many as 200,000 Serbs to flee the country. The Bosnian War ended that same year, with the Dayton Agreement dividing the country along ethnic lines. In 1998–99, a conflict in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full-out war, resulting in a 78-day-long NATO bombing campaign which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo.[52] Subsequently, more than 200,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled the province.[53] On 5 October 2000, Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosević was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the 2000 Yugoslav general election.[54]","title":"Modern period"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cultural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revival"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Sremski Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremski_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanio%C4%9Flu2010-55"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De%C3%A1k1942-56"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian National Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Novak1980-57"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Serbian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanio%C4%9Flu2010-55"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singleton1985-58"},{"link_name":"Matica srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_srpska"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milojkovi%C4%87-Djuri%C4%871994-59"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magocsi2002-60"},{"link_name":"Vuk Stefanović Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Stefanovi%C4%87_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merchiers2007-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Serbian Revival","text":"The Serbian Revival refers to a period in the history of the Serbs between the 18th century and the de jure establishment of the Principality of Serbia (1878). It began in Habsburg territory, in Sremski Karlovci.[55] The \"Serbian renaissance\" is said to have begun in 17th-century Banat.[56] The Serbian Revival began earlier than the Bulgarian National Revival.[57] The first revolt in the Ottoman Empire to acquire a national character was the Serbian Revolution (1804–1817),[55] which was the culmination of the Serbian renaissance.[58] According to Jelena Milojković-Djurić: \"The first literary and learned society among the Slavs was Matica srpska, founded by the leaders of Serbian revival in Pest in 1826.\"[59] Vojvodina became the cradle of the Serbian renaissance during the 19th century.[60] Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864) was the most instrumental in this period.[61][62]","title":"Cultural history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serbia_ethnic02.png"},{"link_name":"Central Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montenegro_ethnic_map_2003.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosnia_Herzegovina_Ethnic_2013.png"}],"text":"Serbs in Serbia as per 2002 census data for Central Serbia and Vojvodina, and 1991 census data for Kosovo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSerbs in Montenegro as per 2003 census data\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSerbs (blue) in Bosnia and Herzegovina as per 2013 census","title":"Maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moravcsik, Gyula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Moravcsik"},{"link_name":"Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando 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(867–886)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//slavica-petropolitana.spbu.ru/files/2013_1/Zivkovic.pdf"},{"link_name":"Živković, Tibor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788677431044","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431044"}],"text":"Primary sourcesКунчер, Драгана (2009). 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(1971). \"Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941-1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans\". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 13 (4): 344–373. doi:10.1080/00085006.1971.11091249. JSTOR 40866373.\nHupchick, Dennis P. (2002). The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 9780312299132.\nIngrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557535948.\nIsailović, Neven (2016). \"Living by the Border: South Slavic Marcher Lords in the Late Medieval Balkans (13th–15th Centuries)\". Banatica. 26 (2): 105–117.\nIsailović, Neven (2017). \"Legislation Concerning the Vlachs of the Balkans Before and After Ottoman Conquest: An Overview\". State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule. Belgrade: The Institute of History. pp. 25–42. ISBN 9788677431259.\nIsailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. 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ISBN 9780804779241.\nTrgovčević, Ljubinka (2007). \"The Enlightenment and the Beginnings of Modern Serbian Culture\" (PDF). Balcanica (2006): 103–110.\nUzelac, Aleksandar B. (2011). \"Tatars and Serbs at the end of the Thirteenth Century\". Revista de istorie Militara. 5–6: 9–20.\nUzelac, Aleksandar B. (2015). \"Foreign Soldiers in the Nemanjić State - A Critical Overview\". Belgrade Historical Review. 6: 69–89.\nUzelac, Aleksandar B. (2018). \"Prince Michael of Zahumlje – a Serbian ally of Tsar Simeon\". Emperor Symeon's Bulgaria in the History of Europe's South-East: 1100 years from the Battle of Achelous. Sofia: St Kliment Ohridski University Press. pp. 236–245.\nZens, Robert W. (2012). \"In the Name of the Sultan: Haci Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade and Ottoman Provincial Rule in the Late 18th Century\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 44 (1): 129–146. doi:10.1017/S0020743811001280. JSTOR 41474984. 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Београд: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства. ISBN 9788617137548.\nŽivković, Tibor (2007). \"The Golden Seal of Stroimir\" (PDF). Historical Review. 55. Belgrade: The Institute for History: 23–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2018-03-07.\nŽivković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732.\nŽivković, Tibor (2010). \"On the Beginnings of Bosnia in the Middle Ages\". Spomenica akademika Marka Šunjića (1927-1998). Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet. pp. 161–180.\nŽivković, Tibor (2011). \"The Origin of the Royal Frankish Annalist's Information about the Serbs in Dalmatia\". Homage to Academician Sima Ćirković. Belgrade: The Institute for History. pp. 381–398. ISBN 9788677430917.\nŽivković, Tibor (2012). De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source. Belgrade: The Institute of History.\nŽivković, Tibor (2013a). \"On the Baptism of the Serbs and Croats in the Time of Basil I (867–886)\" (PDF). Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana (1): 33–53.\nŽivković, Tibor (2013b). \"The Urban Landcape [sic] of Early Medieval Slavic Principalities in the Territories of the Former Praefectura Illyricum and in the Province of Dalmatia (ca. 610-950)\". The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD). Belgrade: The Institute for History. pp. 15–36. ISBN 9788677431044.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Seal of prince Strojimir of Serbia, from the late 9th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Seal_of_Strojimir.gif/200px-Seal_of_Strojimir.gif"},{"image_text":"Basil I with a delegation of Serbs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delegation_of_Croats_and_Serbs_to_Emperor_Basil_I%2C_Skylitzes.jpg/200px-Delegation_of_Croats_and_Serbs_to_Emperor_Basil_I%2C_Skylitzes.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1389 Battle of Kosovo is considered as one of the most influential events in the history of the Serbs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Battle_of_Kosovo%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1870.jpg/200px-Battle_of_Kosovo%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1870.jpg"},{"image_text":"Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arsenije_III.jpg/200px-Arsenije_III.jpg"},{"image_text":"Serbian Army during its retreat towards Albania; more than one hundred thousand Serbs died during World War I.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Serbian_retreat_WWI.jpg/220px-Serbian_retreat_WWI.jpg"},{"image_text":"Serbian civilians interned in Jasenovac concentration camp, 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Serb_prisoners_in_Jasenovac%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Serb_prisoners_in_Jasenovac%2C_1942.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"title":"History of Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Montenegro"},{"title":"History of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}]
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Broadview Press. p. 181. ISBN 9781551110035. ...who are said to hold a great part of Dalmatia","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tNFnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Carolingian Civilization: A Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadview_Press","url_text":"Broadview Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551110035","url_text":"9781551110035"}]},{"reference":"Djokić, Dejan (2023). A Concise History of Serbia. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9781107028388. 'a people that is said to hold a large part of Dalmatia'. This was a reference to the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia, which extended deep into the western Balkan interior, from the eastern Adriatic coast to the valleys of the Ibar and Sava Rivers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Djoki%C4%87_(historian)","url_text":"Djokić, Dejan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3k6hEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Concise History of Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107028388","url_text":"9781107028388"}]},{"reference":"Ančić, Mladen (1998). \"Od karolinškoga dužnosnika do hrvatskoga vladara. Hrvati i Karolinško Carstvo u prvoj polovici IX. stoljeća\". Zavod Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru. 40: 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=143872","url_text":"\"Od karolinškoga dužnosnika do hrvatskoga vladara. Hrvati i Karolinško Carstvo u prvoj polovici IX. stoljeća\""}]},{"reference":"Ga ́bor A ́goston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 518–. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA518","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7","url_text":"978-1-4381-1025-7"}]},{"reference":"Rajko L. Veselinović (1966). (1219-1766). Udžbenik za IV razred srpskih pravoslavnih bogoslovija. (Yu 68-1914). Sv. Arh. Sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. pp. 70–71.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QogsAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"(1219-1766). Udžbenik za IV razred srpskih pravoslavnih bogoslovija. (Yu 68-1914)"}]},{"reference":"Nikolaj Velimirović (January 1989). The Life of St. Sava. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-88141-065-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L0-Or1eDv1wC","url_text":"The Life of St. Sava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-065-5","url_text":"978-0-88141-065-5"}]},{"reference":"Gavrilović, Slavko (2006), \"Isaija Đaković\" (PDF), Zbornik Matice Srpske za Istoriju (in Serbian), vol. 74, Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, Department of Social Sciences, Proceedings i History, p. 7, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2011, retrieved 21 December 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916135844/http://www.maticasrpska.org.rs/casopisi/istorija_74.pdf","url_text":"\"Isaija Đaković\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matica_Srpska","url_text":"Matica Srpska"},{"url":"http://www.maticasrpska.org.rs/casopisi/istorija_74.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stopama Isakoviča, Karađorđa i komunista – Seobe u Rusiju – Nedeljnik Vreme\". www.vreme.com (in Serbian). 2011-11-23. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vreme.com/vreme/stopama-isakovica-karadjordja-i-komunista/","url_text":"\"Stopama Isakoviča, Karađorđa i komunista – Seobe u Rusiju – Nedeljnik Vreme\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714203755/https://www.vreme.com/vreme/stopama-isakovica-karadjordja-i-komunista/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Сеоба Срба у Русију – отишли да их нема\". Politika Online. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/199226/Seoba-Srba-u-Rusiju-otisli-da-ih-nema","url_text":"\"Сеоба Срба у Русију – отишли да их нема\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714203757/https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/199226/Seoba-Srba-u-Rusiju-otisli-da-ih-nema","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Catherwood (1 January 2002). Why the Nations Rage: Killing in the Name of God. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-7425-0090-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whynationsrageki0000cath","url_text":"Why the Nations Rage: Killing in the Name of God"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whynationsrageki0000cath/page/135","url_text":"135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0090-7","url_text":"978-0-7425-0090-7"}]},{"reference":"Gall, Carlotta (7 May 2000). \"New Support to Help Serbs Return to Homes in Kosovo\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/07/world/new-support-to-help-serbs-return-to-homes-in-kosovo.html","url_text":"\"New Support to Help Serbs Return to Homes in Kosovo\""}]},{"reference":"M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (8 March 2010). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-4008-2968-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5ZDKf3JgkC&pg=PA51","url_text":"A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2968-2","url_text":"978-1-4008-2968-2"}]},{"reference":"Francis Deák (1942). Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference: The Diplomatic History of the Treaty of Trianon. Columbia University Press. p. 370. ISBN 9780598626240.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hpLOAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference: The Diplomatic History of the Treaty of Trianon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598626240","url_text":"9780598626240"}]},{"reference":"Viktor Novak (1980). Revue historique. Иако је српски препород старији од бугар- ског, они су се надопуњивали. Књижевно „славеносрпски\" и „сла- веноблгарски\" су били блиски један другом, „нису се много разли- ковали и једнако су били доступни и за наше и за ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tJFpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Revue historique"}]},{"reference":"Fred Singleton (21 March 1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-521-27485-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing","url_text":"A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing/page/72","url_text":"72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2","url_text":"978-0-521-27485-2"}]},{"reference":"Jelena Milojković-Djurić (1994). Panslavism and national identity in Russia and in the Balkans, 1830-1880: images of the self and others. East European Monographs. p. 21. ISBN 9780880332910.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yMNmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Panslavism and national identity in Russia and in the Balkans, 1830-1880: images of the self and others"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880332910","url_text":"9780880332910"}]},{"reference":"Paul Robert Magocsi (2002). Historical Atlas of Central Europe. University of Toronto Press. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxHdcNYhiMC&pg=PA34","url_text":"Historical Atlas of Central Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8486-6","url_text":"978-0-8020-8486-6"}]},{"reference":"Ingrid Merchiers (2007). Cultural Nationalism in the South Slav Habsburg Lands in the Early Nineteenth Century: The Scholarly Network of Jernej Kopitar (1780-1844). DCL Print & Sign. ISBN 978-3-87690-985-1. The Serbian revival is especially linked with the name of Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, who has been extensively studied and the subject of numerous monographs.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sKFiAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Cultural Nationalism in the South Slav Habsburg Lands in the Early Nineteenth Century: The Scholarly Network of Jernej Kopitar (1780-1844)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87690-985-1","url_text":"978-3-87690-985-1"}]},{"reference":"Soviet Literature. Foreign Languages Publishing House. January 1956. He helped Vuk Karadzich, prominent in the Serbian Renaissance, and one of the leading figures in the educational movement of his times,","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kQ1HAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Soviet Literature"}]},{"reference":"Кунчер, Драгана (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9780884020219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Moravcsik","url_text":"Moravcsik, Gyula"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC","url_text":"Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884020219","url_text":"9780884020219"}]},{"reference":"Pertz, Georg Heinrich, ed. (1845). Einhardi Annales. Hanover.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Pertz","url_text":"Pertz, Georg Heinrich"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yBhKAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Einhardi Annales"}]},{"reference":"Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970). Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472061860.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC","url_text":"Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472061860","url_text":"0472061860"}]},{"reference":"Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973). Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110022858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=79jH-QXdf0EC","url_text":"Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110022858","url_text":"9783110022858"}]},{"reference":"Шишић, Фердо, ed. (1928). Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja). Београд-Загреб: Српска краљевска академија.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87","url_text":"Шишић, Фердо"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HXwCSCgxTlcC","url_text":"Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja)"}]},{"reference":"Thallóczy, Lajos; Áldásy, Antal, eds. (1907). Magyarország és Szerbia közti összeköttetések oklevéltára 1198-1526. Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Thall%C3%B3czy","url_text":"Thallóczy, Lajos"},{"url":"https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KozMagyOkmanytarak_Tortenelmi_emlekek_Szerbia","url_text":"Magyarország és Szerbia közti összeköttetések oklevéltára 1198-1526"}]},{"reference":"Wortley, John, ed. (2010). John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139489157.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vGE8Xq832A0C","url_text":"John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139489157","url_text":"9781139489157"}]},{"reference":"Живковић, Тибор (2009). Gesta Regum Sclavorum. Vol. 2. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Живковић, Тибор"}]},{"reference":"Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce, eds. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York, NY: Facts On File. ISBN 9780816062591.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infobasepublishing.com/Bookdetail.aspx?ISBN=0816062595&Ebooks=0","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816062591","url_text":"9780816062591"}]},{"reference":"Babac, Dušan M. (2016). The Serbian Army in the Great War, 1914-1918. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 9781910777299.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpgrgEACAAJ","url_text":"The Serbian Army in the Great War, 1914-1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910777299","url_text":"9781910777299"}]},{"reference":"Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics. Paris: Dialogue. ISBN 9782911527104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87","url_text":"Bataković, Dušan T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wB-5AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782911527104","url_text":"9782911527104"}]},{"reference":"Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87","url_text":"Bataković, Dušan T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC","url_text":"Histoire du peuple serbe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587","url_text":"9782825119587"}]},{"reference":"Bulić, Dejan (2013). \"The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation\". The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD). Istorijski institut SANU. pp. 137–234. ISBN 9788677431044.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431044","url_text":"9788677431044"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915","url_text":"9781405142915"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2014) [1964]. \"The Double Wreath: A Contribution to the History of Kingship in Bosnia\". Balcanica (45): 107–143. doi:10.2298/BALC1445107C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531445107C","url_text":"\"The Double Wreath: A Contribution to the History of Kingship in Bosnia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1445107C","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1445107C"}]},{"reference":"Cox, John K. (2002). The History of Serbia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312908.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U765FGDfbPoC","url_text":"The History of Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313312908","url_text":"9780313312908"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC","url_text":"The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428880","url_text":"9781139428880"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt","url_text":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0","url_text":"978-0-521-81539-0"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300). Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004395190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004395190","url_text":"9789004395190"}]},{"reference":"DiNardo, Richard L. (2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 9781440800931.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZeIBwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440800931","url_text":"9781440800931"}]},{"reference":"Dragnich, Alex N., ed. (1994). Serbia's Historical Heritage. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780880332446.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OW5pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Serbia's Historical Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880332446","url_text":"9780880332446"}]},{"reference":"Dragnich, Alex N. (2004). Serbia Through the Ages. Boulder: East European Monographs. ISBN 9780880335416.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d3dpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Serbia Through the Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880335416","url_text":"9780880335416"}]},{"reference":"Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dvornik","url_text":"Dvornik, Francis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor","url_text":"The Slavs in European History and Civilization"}]},{"reference":"Dzino, Danijel (2010). Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia. Brill. ISBN 9789004186460.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC","url_text":"Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004186460","url_text":"9789004186460"}]},{"reference":"Đorđević, Miloš Z. (2010). \"A Background to Serbian Culture and Education in the First Half of the 18th Century according to Serbian Historiographical Sources\". Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 125–131. ISBN 9783643106117.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC","url_text":"Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643106117","url_text":"9783643106117"}]},{"reference":"Đorđević, Života; Pejić, Svetlana, eds. (1999). Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija. Belgrade: Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Serbia. ISBN 9788680879161.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e6MtAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788680879161","url_text":"9788680879161"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John V. A. Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C","url_text":"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7","url_text":"0-472-08149-7"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John V. A. Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4","url_text":"0-472-08260-4"}]},{"reference":"Fryer, Charles (1997). The Destruction of Serbia in 1915. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780880333856.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B4NpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Destruction of Serbia in 1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880333856","url_text":"9780880333856"}]},{"reference":"Gavrilović, Zaga (2001). Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Medieval Art. London: The Pindar Press. ISBN 9781899828340.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Medieval Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781899828340","url_text":"9781899828340"}]},{"reference":"Gumz, Jonathan E. (2009). The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914-1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521896276.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_3EOOwAACAAJ","url_text":"The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914-1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521896276","url_text":"9780521896276"}]},{"reference":"Hehn, Paul N. (1971). \"Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941-1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans\". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 13 (4): 344–373. doi:10.1080/00085006.1971.11091249. JSTOR 40866373.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1971.11091249","url_text":"10.1080/00085006.1971.11091249"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40866373","url_text":"40866373"}]},{"reference":"Hupchick, Dennis P. (2002). The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 9780312299132.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sQGIDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312299132","url_text":"9780312299132"}]},{"reference":"Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557535948.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC","url_text":"The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557535948","url_text":"9781557535948"}]},{"reference":"Isailović, Neven (2016). \"Living by the Border: South Slavic Marcher Lords in the Late Medieval Balkans (13th–15th Centuries)\". Banatica. 26 (2): 105–117.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/31105878","url_text":"\"Living by the Border: South Slavic Marcher Lords in the Late Medieval Balkans (13th–15th Centuries)\""}]},{"reference":"Isailović, Neven (2017). \"Legislation Concerning the Vlachs of the Balkans Before and After Ottoman Conquest: An Overview\". State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule. Belgrade: The Institute of History. pp. 25–42. ISBN 9788677431259.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=esGHDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431259","url_text":"9788677431259"}]},{"reference":"Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). \"Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries\". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/25272837","url_text":"Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania"}]},{"reference":"Ivanović, Miloš; Isailović, Neven (2015). \"The Danube in Serbian-Hungarian Relations in the 14th and 15th Centuries\". Tibiscvm: Istorie–Arheologie. 5: 377–393.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/29083615","url_text":"\"The Danube in Serbian-Hungarian Relations in the 14th and 15th Centuries\""}]},{"reference":"Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Ivi%C4%87","url_text":"Ivić, Pavle"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The History of Serbian Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870732314","url_text":"9781870732314"}]},{"reference":"Janićijević, Jovan, ed. (1998). The Cultural Treasury of Serbia. Belgrade: Idea, Vojnoizdavački zavod, Markt system. ISBN 9788675470397.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rHYMAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Cultural Treasury of Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675470397","url_text":"9788675470397"}]},{"reference":"Jelavich, Barbara (1983a). History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521252492.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich","url_text":"Jelavich, Barbara"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C","url_text":"History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521252492","url_text":"9780521252492"}]},{"reference":"Jelavich, Barbara (1983b). History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521274593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich","url_text":"Jelavich, Barbara"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC","url_text":"History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521274593","url_text":"9780521274593"}]},{"reference":"Jireček, Constantin (1911). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 1. Gotha: Perthes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Jire%C4%8Dek","url_text":"Jireček, Constantin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XoVOAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Geschichte der Serben"}]},{"reference":"Jireček, Constantin (1918). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 2. Gotha: Perthes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Jire%C4%8Dek","url_text":"Jireček, Constantin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o85DAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Geschichte der Serben"}]},{"reference":"Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Judah","url_text":"Judah, Tim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut","url_text":"New Haven, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08507-5","url_text":"978-0-300-08507-5"}]},{"reference":"Judah, Tim (2002). Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09725-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sVf1na3FN_UC","url_text":"Kosovo: War and Revenge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09725-2","url_text":"978-0-300-09725-2"}]},{"reference":"Kalić, Jovanka (1995). \"Rascia – The Nucleus of the Medieval Serbian State\". The Serbian Question in the Balkans. Belgrade: Faculty of Geography. pp. 147–155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanka_Kali%C4%87","url_text":"Kalić, Jovanka"},{"url":"https://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/jkalic-raska.html","url_text":"The Serbian Question in the Balkans"}]},{"reference":"Kalić, Jovanka (2017). \"The First Coronation Churches of Medieval Serbia\". Balcanica (48): 7–18. doi:10.2298/BALC1748007K.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanka_Kali%C4%87","url_text":"Kalić, Jovanka"},{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531748007K","url_text":"\"The First Coronation Churches of Medieval Serbia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1748007K","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1748007K"}]},{"reference":"Kardaras, Georgios (2011). \"The Settlement of the Croats and Serbs on the Balkans in the Frame of the Byzantine-Avar Conflicts\" (PDF). Bulgaria, the Bulgarians, Europe - Mythus, History, Modernity, Veliko Turnovo, Oct. 29-31. 2009. IV. University Press \"St. Cyril and Methodius\".","urls":[{"url":"http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/bitstream/10442/13732/1/IBR_Kardaras_11_01.pdf","url_text":"\"The Settlement of the Croats and Serbs on the Balkans in the Frame of the Byzantine-Avar Conflicts\""}]},{"reference":"Komatina, Predrag (2010). \"The Slavs of the mid-Danube basin and the Bulgarian expansion in the first half of the 9th century\" (PDF). Зборник радова Византолошког института. 47: 55–82.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0584-9888/2010/0584-98881047055K.pdf","url_text":"\"The Slavs of the mid-Danube basin and the Bulgarian expansion in the first half of the 9th century\""}]},{"reference":"Komatina, Predrag (2014). \"Settlement of the Slavs in Asia Minor During the Rule of Justinian II and the Bishopric των Γορδοσερβων\" (PDF). Београдски историјски гласник: Belgrade Historical Review. 5: 33–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/6307/bitstream_19777.pdf","url_text":"\"Settlement of the Slavs in Asia Minor During the Rule of Justinian II and the Bishopric των Γορδοσερβων\""}]},{"reference":"Komatina, Predrag (2015). \"The Church in Serbia at the Time of Cyrilo-Methodian Mission in Moravia\". Cyril and Methodius: Byzantium and the World of the Slavs. Thessaloniki: Dimos. pp. 711–718.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/13442372","url_text":"\"The Church in Serbia at the Time of Cyrilo-Methodian Mission in Moravia\""}]},{"reference":"Krsmanović, Bojana (2008). The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9789603710608.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kjsjAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789603710608","url_text":"9789603710608"}]},{"reference":"Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2017). \"Which Realm will You Opt for? – The Serbian Nobility Between the Ottomans and the Hungarians in the 15th Century\". State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule. Belgrade: Institute of History, Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Turkish Cultural Centre. pp. 129–163. ISBN 9788677431259.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=esGHDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431259","url_text":"9788677431259"}]},{"reference":"Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674035195.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cUVJKJejPY8C","url_text":"The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674035195","url_text":"9780674035195"}]},{"reference":"Lyon, James B. (2015). Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781472580054.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vMkfCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Serbia and the Balkan Front, 1914: The Outbreak of the Great War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472580054","url_text":"9781472580054"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Rob (2008). \"The United States' Response to Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941–1945\". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3 (1): 75–98.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1183&context=gsp","url_text":"\"The United States' Response to Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia, 1941–1945\""}]},{"reference":"MacKenzie, David (1996). \"The Serbian Warrior Myth and Serbia's Liberation, 1804-1815\". Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 10 (2): 133–148.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4254722","url_text":"\"The Serbian Warrior Myth and Serbia's Liberation, 1804-1815\""}]},{"reference":"MacKenzie, David (2004). \"Jovan Ristić at the Berlin Congress 1878\". Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 18 (2): 321–339.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4270855","url_text":"\"Jovan Ristić at the Berlin Congress 1878\""}]},{"reference":"Meriage, Lawrence P. (1978). \"The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question\" (PDF). Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. doi:10.2307/2497684. JSTOR 2497684. S2CID 222355180.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/50460BFAFC3593FD1261D004D720474C/S0037677900125847a.pdf","url_text":"\"The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2497684","url_text":"10.2307/2497684"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497684","url_text":"2497684"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222355180","url_text":"222355180"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Nicholas (2005). \"Serbia and Montenegro\". Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 529–581. ISBN 9781576078006.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C","url_text":"Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078006","url_text":"9781576078006"}]},{"reference":"Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War 1914-1918. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557534767.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Mitrovi%C4%87","url_text":"Mitrović, Andrej"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5Wm8771EYC","url_text":"Serbia's Great War 1914-1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557534767","url_text":"9781557534767"}]},{"reference":"Obolensky, Dimitri (1974) [1971]. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. London: Cardinal. ISBN 9780351176449.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky","url_text":"Obolensky, Dimitri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449","url_text":"9780351176449"}]},{"reference":"Orbini, Mauro (1601). Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro: Apresso Girolamo Concordia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Orbini","url_text":"Orbini, Mauro"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx3OntcdUkQC","url_text":"Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni"}]},{"reference":"Орбин, Мавро (1968). Краљевство Словена. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Orbini","url_text":"Орбин, Мавро"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MduZAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Краљевство Словена"}]},{"reference":"Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky","url_text":"Ostrogorsky, George"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ","url_text":"History of the Byzantine State"}]},{"reference":"Pavlovich, Paul (1989). The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Serbian Heritage Books. ISBN 9780969133124.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1hzZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969133124","url_text":"9780969133124"}]},{"reference":"Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850654773.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch","url_text":"Pavlowitch, Stevan K."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC","url_text":"Serbia: The History behind the Name"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654773","url_text":"9781850654773"}]},{"reference":"Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's new disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231700504.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch","url_text":"Pavlowitch, Stevan K."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dI9pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Hitler's new disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231700504","url_text":"9780231700504"}]},{"reference":"Pisarri, Milovan (2013). \"Bulgarian Crimes Against Civilians in Occupied Serbia during the First World War\". Balcanica (44): 357–390. doi:10.2298/BALC1344357P.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531344357P","url_text":"\"Bulgarian Crimes Against Civilians in Occupied Serbia during the First World War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1344357P","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1344357P"}]},{"reference":"Popović, Svetlana (2001). \"The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century\". Старинар (51): 171–184.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yuAVAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century\""}]},{"reference":"Radić, Radmila (2007). \"Serbian Christianity\". The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 231–248. ISBN 9780470766392.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtSuvaVAAoC","url_text":"The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470766392","url_text":"9780470766392"}]},{"reference":"Samardžić, Radovan; Duškov, Milan, eds. (1993). Serbs in European Civilization. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 9788675830153.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87","url_text":"Samardžić, Radovan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Serbs in European Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675830153","url_text":"9788675830153"}]},{"reference":"Šćekić, Radenko; Leković, Žarko; Premović, Marijan (2015). \"Political Developments and Unrests in Stara Raška (Old Rascia) and Old Herzegovina during Ottoman Rule\". Balcanica (46): 79–106. doi:10.2298/BALC1546079S.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531546079S","url_text":"\"Political Developments and Unrests in Stara Raška (Old Rascia) and Old Herzegovina during Ottoman Rule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1546079S","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1546079S"}]},{"reference":"Stanković, Vlada, ed. (2016). The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498513265.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=avTADAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498513265","url_text":"9781498513265"}]},{"reference":"Temperley, Harold W. V. (1919) [1917]. History of Serbia (PDF) (2 ed.). London: Bell and Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Temperley","url_text":"Temperley, Harold W. V."},{"url":"https://archive.org/download/historyofserbia00temp/historyofserbia00temp.pdf","url_text":"History of Serbia"}]},{"reference":"Todić, Branislav (1999). Serbian Medieval Painting: The Age of King Milutin. Belgrade: Draganić. ISBN 9788644102717.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NqALAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Serbian Medieval Painting: The Age of King Milutin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788644102717","url_text":"9788644102717"}]},{"reference":"Todorović, Jelena (2006). An Orthodox Festival Book in the Habsburg Empire: Zaharija Orfelin's Festive Greeting to Mojsej Putnik (1757). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754656111.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QS09ShbJ-vQC","url_text":"An Orthodox Festival Book in the Habsburg Empire: Zaharija Orfelin's Festive Greeting to Mojsej Putnik (1757)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754656111","url_text":"9780754656111"}]},{"reference":"Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804779241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich","url_text":"Tomasevich, Jozo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC","url_text":"War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804779241","url_text":"9780804779241"}]},{"reference":"Trgovčević, Ljubinka (2007). \"The Enlightenment and the Beginnings of Modern Serbian Culture\" (PDF). Balcanica (2006): 103–110.","urls":[{"url":"http://balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/balcanica/Balcanica_XXXVII_2006.pdf","url_text":"\"The Enlightenment and the Beginnings of Modern Serbian Culture\""}]},{"reference":"Uzelac, Aleksandar B. (2011). \"Tatars and Serbs at the end of the Thirteenth Century\". Revista de istorie Militara. 5–6: 9–20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1771012","url_text":"\"Tatars and Serbs at the end of the Thirteenth Century\""}]},{"reference":"Uzelac, Aleksandar B. (2015). \"Foreign Soldiers in the Nemanjić State - A Critical Overview\". Belgrade Historical Review. 6: 69–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/19707068","url_text":"\"Foreign Soldiers in the Nemanjić State - A Critical Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Uzelac, Aleksandar B. (2018). \"Prince Michael of Zahumlje – a Serbian ally of Tsar Simeon\". Emperor Symeon's Bulgaria in the History of Europe's South-East: 1100 years from the Battle of Achelous. Sofia: St Kliment Ohridski University Press. pp. 236–245.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36829282","url_text":"Emperor Symeon's Bulgaria in the History of Europe's South-East: 1100 years from the Battle of Achelous"}]},{"reference":"Zens, Robert W. (2012). \"In the Name of the Sultan: Haci Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade and Ottoman Provincial Rule in the Late 18th Century\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 44 (1): 129–146. doi:10.1017/S0020743811001280. JSTOR 41474984. S2CID 162893473.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41474984","url_text":"\"In the Name of the Sultan: Haci Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade and Ottoman Provincial Rule in the Late 18th Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811001280","url_text":"10.1017/S0020743811001280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41474984","url_text":"41474984"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162893473","url_text":"162893473"}]},{"reference":"Živković, Tibor; Bojanin, Stanoje; Petrović, Vladeta, eds. (2000). Selected Charters of Serbian Rulers (XII-XV Century): Relating to the Territory of Kosovo and Metohia. Athens: Center for Studies of Byzantine Civilisation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Živković, Tibor"}]},{"reference":"Живковић, Тибор (2000). Словени и Ромеји: Славизација на простору Србије од VII до XI века (The Slavs and the Romans). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Живковић, Тибор"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lxYUAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Словени и Ромеји: Славизација на простору Србије од VII до XI века (The Slavs and the Romans)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677430221","url_text":"9788677430221"}]},{"reference":"Живковић, Тибор (2002). Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу 600-1025 (South Slavs under the Byzantine Rule 600-1025). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Живковић, Тибор"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oE-gAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу 600-1025 (South Slavs under the Byzantine Rule 600-1025)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677430276","url_text":"9788677430276"}]},{"reference":"Живковић, Тибор (2004). Црквена организација у српским земљама: Рани средњи век (Organization of the Church in Serbian Lands: Early Middle Ages). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430443.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Живковић, Тибор"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9mfAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Црквена организација у српским земљама: Рани средњи век (Organization of the Church in Serbian Lands: Early Middle Ages)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677430443","url_text":"9788677430443"}]},{"reference":"Живковић, Тибор (2006). Портрети српских владара: IX-XII век (Portraits of Serbian Rulers: IX-XII Century). Београд: Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства. ISBN 9788617137548.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Живковић, Тибор"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d-KTAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Портрети српских владара: IX-XII век (Portraits of Serbian Rulers: IX-XII Century)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788617137548","url_text":"9788617137548"}]},{"reference":"Živković, Tibor (2007). \"The Golden Seal of Stroimir\" (PDF). Historical Review. 55. Belgrade: The Institute for History: 23–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2018-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Živković, Tibor"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180324160341/http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis55(2007).pdf","url_text":"\"The Golden Seal of Stroimir\""},{"url":"http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis55%282007%29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. 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ISBN 9788677431044.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Živković, Tibor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677431044","url_text":"9788677431044"}]},{"reference":"Ćorović, Vladimir (2001). \"Istorija srpskog naroda\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_%C4%86orovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćorović, Vladimir"},{"url":"http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html","url_text":"\"Istorija srpskog naroda\""}]}]
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(867–886)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdMQHRcRhvY","external_links_name":"Byzantine Illiricum - The Slavs Settlement (History of Balkan, part 1, Official channel)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChCIN4tTzLI","external_links_name":"Byzantine Illiricum - The Slavs Settlement (History of Balkan, part 2, Official channel)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnvojJQ3jhI","external_links_name":"Byzantine Illiricum - The Slavs Settlement (History of Balkan, part 3, Official channel)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnOuQJcBvp0","external_links_name":"Byzantine Dalmatia - The Arrival of Serbs (History of Balkan, part 1, Official channel)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9z1dcFayrE","external_links_name":"Byzantine Dalmatia - The Arrival of Serbs (History of Balkan, part 2, Official channel)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ygko34H0FHQ","external_links_name":"Byzantine Dalmatia - The Arrival of Serbs (History of Balkan, part 3, Official channel)"},{"Link":"http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index_l.html","external_links_name":"\"Istorija srpskog naroda\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maico_Casella
|
Maico Casella
|
["1 Club career","2 International career","2.1 Junior national team","2.2 Senior national team","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Argentine field hockey player
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Casella and the second or maternal family name is Schuth.
Maico CasellaPersonal informationFull name
Maico Casella SchuthBorn
(1997-06-05) 5 June 1997 (age 27)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaHeight
1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight
73 kg (161 lb)Playing position
ForwardClub informationCurrent club
San FernandoYouth career
San FernandoSenior careerYears
Team0000–2019
San Fernando2019–2021
HGC2021–2022
Tilburg2022–2023
HGC2023–present
San FernandoNational teamYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2016
Argentina U21
18
(25)2018–present
Argentina
107
(31)
Medal record
Men's field hockey
Representing Argentina
Pan American Games
2019 Lima
Team
2023 Santiago
Team
Pan American Cup
2017 Lancaster
2022 Santiago
Hockey World League
2016–17 Bhubaneswar
Team
Pan American Junior Championship
2016 Toronto
Last updated on: 4 February 2023
Maico Casella Schuth (born 5 June 1997) is an Argentine field hockey player who plays as a forward for San Fernando and the Argentine national team.
Club career
Casella started playing hockey at age six in Argentina for San Fernando. In July 2019, he signed for HGC in the Netherlands. He scored 27 goals in two seasons for HGC and he left them in 2021 for another Dutch club HC Tilburg, where he signed for two seasons. In his first season at Tilburg they were relegated and he did not stay in Tilburg for his second season. On 8 July 2022 it was announced he would return to HGC. Due to personal reasons he returned to Argentina in the middle of the 2022–23 season.
International career
Junior national team
In 2014, Casella made his debut for Argentina, representing the Under 18 national team at a qualifier for the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics. At the tournament, Argentina finished in first place, with Casella scoring 18 goals. He represented the junior national team at the Pan American Junior Championship in Toronto, Canada. At the tournament he scored 18 goals, helping Argentina to a gold medal and qualification to the Junior World Cup. Casella again represented Argentina at the Junior World Cup in Lucknow, India, where the team finished 5th.
Senior national team
Casella debuted for the senior national team in 2015, in a test series against the United States, in Boston. He was selected for the 2018 World Cup, where he played in all four games. In July 2019, he was selected in the Argentina squad for the 2019 Pan American Games. They won the gold medal by defeating Canada 5-2 in the final. He was the joint-topscorer of the competition with ten goals together with Leandro Tolini. In December 2019, he was nominated for the FIH Rising Star of the Year Award. On 25 June 2021, he was chosen to represent Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Honours
Argentina U21
Pan American Junior Championship: 2016
Argentina
Pan American Games gold medal: 2019
Pan American Cup: 2017, 2022
References
^ "Maico Casella". Confederación Argentina De Hockey. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ "Hockey CASELLA SCHUTH Maico". olympics.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ "HGC strikt Argentijn Maico Casella". hoofdklassehockey.nl (in Dutch). Hoofdklasse Hockey. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
^ Fassbender, Wout (11 June 2021). "HC Tilburg trekt vierde Argentijn aan, Scheer stopt met tophockey". bd.nl (in Dutch). Brabants Dagblad. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ Fassbender, Wout (15 June 2022). "Leegloop bij HC Tilburg: ook topaanvaller Maico Casella weg". bd.nl (in Dutch). Brabants Dagblad. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ "Maico Casella keert terug naar HGC". hoofdklassehockey.nl (in Dutch). 8 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ "Maico Casella weg bij HGC". hgc.nl (in Dutch). HGC. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
^ "2016 Pan American Junior Championship (Men)". PAHF. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ "Uttar Pradesh Hockey Junior World Cup Men Lucknow 2016". FIH. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ "CASELLA Maico". FIH. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
^ "LOS 18 LEONES MUNDIALISTAS". cahockey.org.ar (in Spanish). Confederación Argentina de Hockey. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
^ "Los Leones Que Buscarán La Clasificación Olímpica en Lima". www.cahockey.org.ar (in Spanish). Confederación Argentina de Hockey. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
^ "Los Leones, medalla de oro en hockey de los Panamericanos". www.pagina12.com.ar (in Spanish). Página/12. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ "Goalscoring". www.panamhockey.org. Pan American Hockey Federation. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ "Manpreet Singh nominated for FIH Player of the Year award". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Lausanne: The Times of India. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
^ "Los Leones Citados Para Los Juegos Olímpicos De Tokio". www.cahockey.org.ar (in Spanish). Confederación Argentina de Hockey. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
External links
Maico Casella at the International Hockey Federation
Maico Casella at Olympedia
Argentina squads
vteArgentina squad – 2017 Pan American Cup – 1st place
1 Vivaldi
2 Peillat
3 Tarazona
4 Gilardi
5 Ibarra
9 Casella
10 Paredes
11 Menini
12 Vila
16 Ortiz
17 López
22 Rey
25 Ganly
26 Mazzilli
27 Rossi
28 Merino
30 Bugallo
31 Abratte
Coach: Retegui
vteArgentina squad – 2018 World Cup – 7th place
1 Vivaldi
2 Peillat
4 Gilardi
5 Ibarra (C)
9 Casella
10 Paredes
11 Menini
12 Vila
16 Ortiz
17 López
19 Bettaglio
21 Santiago
22 Rey
23 Martínez
24 Cicileo
26 Mazzilli
27 Rossi
30 Bugallo
Coach: Orozco
vteArgentina squad – 2019 Pan American Games – Gold medal
1 Vivaldi
5 Ibarra (C)
7 Keenan
9 Casella
10 Paredes
12 Vila
13 Tolini
16 Ortiz
17 López
22 Rey
23 Martínez
24 Cicileo
26 Mazzilli
28 Fernández
30 Bugallo
32 Ferreiro
Coach: Orozco
vteArgentina squad – 2020 Summer Olympics – 7th place
1 Vivaldi
5 Ibarra
6 Tarazona
7 Keenan
8 Salis
9 Casella
12 Vila
13 Tolini
15 Paz
16 Ortiz
17 López
22 Rey
23 Martínez
24 Cicileo
26 Mazzilli
27 Rossi
29 Habif
30 Bugallo
Coach: Retegui
vteArgentina squad – 2022 Pan American Cup – 1st place
1 Santiago
3 Bosso
6 Tarazona
9 Casella
13 Tolini
14 Della Torre
15 Paz
18 Monja
21 Domene
22 Rey
23 Martínez
24 Cicileo
27 Machelett
28 Fernández
29 Habif
30 Bugallo
31 Toscani
32 Ferreiro
Coach: Ronconi
vteArgentina squad – 2023 FIH Hockey World Cup – 9th place
1 Santiago
4 Catán
5 Zaráte
7 Keenan
9 Casella
10 Ferreiro
11 Toscani
12 Vila
14 Della Torre
16 Cicileo
17 Tarazona
18 Monja
21 Domene
22 Rey (C)
26 Mazzilli
29 Habif
30 Bugallo
31 Capurro
32 Bosso
Coach: Ronconi
|
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At the tournament, Argentina finished in first place, with Casella scoring 18 goals. He represented the junior national team at the Pan American Junior Championship in Toronto, Canada. At the tournament he scored 18 goals, helping Argentina to a gold medal and qualification to the Junior World Cup.[8] Casella again represented Argentina at the Junior World Cup in Lucknow, India, where the team finished 5th.[9]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2018 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Men%27s_Hockey_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2019 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Leandro Tolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_Tolini"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"FIH Rising Star of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIH_Player_of_the_Year_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Senior national team","text":"Casella debuted for the senior national team in 2015, in a test series against the United States, in Boston.[10] He was selected for the 2018 World Cup, where he played in all four games.[11] In July 2019, he was selected in the Argentina squad for the 2019 Pan American Games.[12] They won the gold medal by defeating Canada 5-2 in the final.[13] He was the joint-topscorer of the competition with ten goals together with Leandro Tolini.[14] In December 2019, he was nominated for the FIH Rising Star of the Year Award.[15] On 25 June 2021, he was chosen to represent Argentina at the 2020 Summer Olympics.[16]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan American Junior Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Pan_American_Junior_Championship"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Men%27s_Pan-Am_Junior_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pan American Games gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"Pan American Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Pan_American_Cup_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Men%27s_Pan_American_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Men%27s_Pan_American_Cup"}],"text":"Argentina U21Pan American Junior Championship: 2016ArgentinaPan American Games gold medal: 2019\nPan American Cup: 2017, 2022","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bd.nl/regiosport/leegloop-bij-hc-tilburg-ook-topaanvaller-maico-casella-weg~a08c1c11","url_text":"\"Leegloop bij HC Tilburg: ook topaanvaller Maico Casella weg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabants_Dagblad","url_text":"Brabants Dagblad"}]},{"reference":"\"Maico Casella keert terug naar HGC\". hoofdklassehockey.nl (in Dutch). 8 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hoofdklassehockey.nl/nieuws/maico-casella-keert-terug-naar-hgc/","url_text":"\"Maico Casella keert terug naar HGC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maico Casella weg bij HGC\". hgc.nl (in Dutch). HGC. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hgc.nl/site/default.asp?Option=51&Nieuws=1676","url_text":"\"Maico Casella weg bij HGC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGC_(field_hockey)","url_text":"HGC"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Pan American Junior Championship (Men)\". PAHF. 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Retrieved 6 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/manpreet-singh-nominated-for-fih-player-of-the-year-award/articleshow/72402371.cms","url_text":"\"Manpreet Singh nominated for FIH Player of the Year award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne","url_text":"Lausanne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Los Leones Citados Para Los Juegos Olímpicos De Tokio\". www.cahockey.org.ar (in Spanish). Confederación Argentina de Hockey. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cahockey.org.ar/noticia/los-leones-citados-para-los-juegos-olimpicos-de-tokio/3247","url_text":"\"Los Leones Citados Para Los Juegos Olímpicos De Tokio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Hockey_Confederation","url_text":"Confederación Argentina de Hockey"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.cahockey.org.ar/perfil-jugador/maico-casella/144","external_links_name":"\"Maico Casella\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210902073053/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/hockey/athlete-profile-n1361857-casella-schuth-maico.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hockey CASELLA SCHUTH Maico\""},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/hockey/athlete-profile-n1361857-casella-schuth-maico.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://hoofdklassehockey.nl/nieuws/hgc-strikt-argentijn-maico-casella/","external_links_name":"\"HGC strikt Argentijn Maico Casella\""},{"Link":"https://www.bd.nl/regiosport/hc-tilburg-trekt-vierde-argentijn-aan-scheer-stopt-met-tophockey~a39b286f/","external_links_name":"\"HC Tilburg trekt vierde Argentijn aan, Scheer stopt met tophockey\""},{"Link":"https://www.bd.nl/regiosport/leegloop-bij-hc-tilburg-ook-topaanvaller-maico-casella-weg~a08c1c11","external_links_name":"\"Leegloop bij HC Tilburg: ook topaanvaller Maico Casella weg\""},{"Link":"https://hoofdklassehockey.nl/nieuws/maico-casella-keert-terug-naar-hgc/","external_links_name":"\"Maico Casella keert terug naar HGC\""},{"Link":"https://www.hgc.nl/site/default.asp?Option=51&Nieuws=1676","external_links_name":"\"Maico Casella weg bij HGC\""},{"Link":"http://www.panamhockey.org/en/competitions-50-2016-pan-american-junior-championship-men-/team-307-argentina-2016-pan-american-junior-championship","external_links_name":"\"2016 Pan American Junior Championship (Men)\""},{"Link":"https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/933","external_links_name":"\"Uttar Pradesh Hockey Junior World Cup Men Lucknow 2016\""},{"Link":"https://tms.fih.ch/people/4054","external_links_name":"\"CASELLA Maico\""},{"Link":"https://www.cahockey.org.ar/noticia/los-18-leones-mundialistas/2849","external_links_name":"\"LOS 18 LEONES MUNDIALISTAS\""},{"Link":"http://www.cahockey.org.ar/noticia/los-leones-que-buscaran-la-clasificacion-olimpica-en-lima/3016","external_links_name":"\"Los Leones Que Buscarán La Clasificación Olímpica en Lima\""},{"Link":"https://www.pagina12.com.ar/211487-los-leones-medalla-de-oro-en-hockey-de-los-panamericanos","external_links_name":"\"Los Leones, medalla de oro en hockey de los Panamericanos\""},{"Link":"http://www.panamhockey.org/en/competitions-51-2019-pan-american-games-men-:statistics","external_links_name":"\"Goalscoring\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/manpreet-singh-nominated-for-fih-player-of-the-year-award/articleshow/72402371.cms","external_links_name":"\"Manpreet Singh nominated for FIH Player of the Year award\""},{"Link":"https://www.cahockey.org.ar/noticia/los-leones-citados-para-los-juegos-olimpicos-de-tokio/3247","external_links_name":"\"Los Leones Citados Para Los Juegos Olímpicos De Tokio\""},{"Link":"https://tms.fih.ch/people/4054","external_links_name":"Maico Casella"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56690567#P3742"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/140520","external_links_name":"Maico Casella"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56690567#P8286"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mali_relations
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Germany–Mali relations
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["1 History","2 Economic exchange","3 Development cooperation","4 Security relations","5 Cultural relations","6 Diplomatic locations","7 See also","8 Individual references","9 External links"]
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Bilateral relationsGermany–Mali relations
Germany
Mali
Germany–Mali relations gained depth and intensity in the 2010s as the German government stepped up its efforts to stabilize the Sahel region, and there were an increasing number of bilateral state visits. Germany is also increasingly engaged in security policy in Mali.
History
In the 19th century, German-speaking explorers such as Heinrich Barth and Oskar Lenz travelled to the legendary city of Timbuktu. In 1886, Gottlob Adolf Krause visited Bandiagara in present-day Mali. In 1931, the German pilot Elly Beinhorn had to make an emergency landing between Bamako and Timbuktu. She was then rescued by local Songhai people. In 1944, Malian anti-colonial activist Tiemoko Garan Kouyaté was murdered by the Nazis in the Mauthausen concentration camp after refusing to collaborate with them.
After Mali's independence from France in 1960, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was the first state to recognize the country's independence. After the end of the Hallstein Doctrine, Mali also established diplomatic relations with the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1977. A year later, Mali's President Moussa Traoré visited German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt on a state visit to Germany. In 1982, security cooperation began to deepen, and the FRG began to help train Mali's armed forces after a bilateral agreement to that effect was signed.
In 2000, Mali was made a priority country for German development cooperation. Federal President Johannes Rau visited the country two years later. In the 2010s, state visits occur more frequently and Germany increases its engagement in the country. In 2013, the Bundestag sent German soldiers to support the African-led International Support Mission to Mali to help the Malian government fight Islamist rebels in the conflict in northern Mali, which has been ongoing since 2012. Germany increased its participation in the successor United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali to up to 650 German soldiers in 2016. The intensification of relations was flanked by visits by Chancellor Angela Merkel to Mali in 2016 and 2019, as well as several visits by Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen. In return, several top Malian politicians visited Germany.
After the 2021 Malian coup d'état relations between the countries worsened. In November 2022, the withdrawal of German troops in Mali was announced for next year.
Economic exchange
An investment agreement between Mali and the Federal Republic of Germany has existed since 1977. However, due to the difficult framework conditions, there have hardly been any investments by German companies in Mali so far. In 2021, the bilateral trade volume was only 94 million Euro.
Development cooperation
Germany provides development aid in Mali with a focus on governance decentralization, agriculture and water/sanitation. For example, Germany supports projects to increase agricultural productivity and to improve the supply of water to the population.
Security relations
The German Armed Forces are involved in the UN stabilization mission MINUSMA and advise the Malian armed forces as part of the EU training mission EUTM Mali. Germany is also involved in the civilian training mission EUCAP Sahel Mali, which supports and trains Malian security forces. Within the framework of the EU migration partnership with the country, both countries cooperate in the field of migration.
Cultural relations
In 2005, former Malian GDR scholarship holders founded the German-Malian Cultural Circle (CCGM), which holds regular events and gives German courses with the help of the German Embassy in the country. The German Academic Exchange Service is active in the country and nearly 1000 Malians study German as a major.
In 2006, the Malian duo Amadou & Mariam recorded Zeit, dass sich was dreht (Celebrate the Day), the official song for the 2006 World Cup, together with Herbert Grönemeyer.
Diplomatic locations
Germany has an embassy in Bamako.
Mali has an embassy in Berlin.
See also
Foreign relations of Germany
Foreign relations of Mali
Individual references
^ Murphy, Theodore (2022-08-31). "Lone changer: Germany, Mali, and Russian influence in Africa's arc of instability – European Council on Foreign Relations". ECFR. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ a b c d "Malisch-deutsche Beziehungen - pangloss.de". www.pangloss.de. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ a b "Mali: Beziehungen zu Deutschland" (PDF). ZVEI. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
^ "In unstable Sahel, Germany halts troop deployment to Mali". POLITICO. 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Germany to end participation in UN peacekeeping mission in Mali". France 24. 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
^ a b c "Germany and Mali: Bilateral relations". German Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Mali". www.bundeswehr.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Deutsche Vertretungen in Mali". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
^ "Mali: Vertretungen in Deutschland". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Germany-Mali relations.
Information from the German Foreign Office on relations with Mali
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|
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Germany is also increasingly engaged in security policy in Mali.[1]","title":"Germany–Mali relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heinrich Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Barth"},{"link_name":"Oskar Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Lenz"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Adolf Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gottlob_Adolf_Krause&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bandiagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiagara"},{"link_name":"Elly Beinhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elly_Beinhorn"},{"link_name":"Songhai people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_people"},{"link_name":"Tiemoko Garan Kouyaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiemoko_Garan_Kouyat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949-1990)"},{"link_name":"Hallstein Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"German Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Moussa Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"German Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Helmut Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Mali's armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Johannes Rau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Rau"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"African-led International Support Mission to Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-led_International_Support_Mission_to_Mali"},{"link_name":"northern Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mali"},{"link_name":"United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"Ursula von der Leyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"2021 Malian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the 19th century, German-speaking explorers such as Heinrich Barth and Oskar Lenz travelled to the legendary city of Timbuktu. In 1886, Gottlob Adolf Krause visited Bandiagara in present-day Mali. In 1931, the German pilot Elly Beinhorn had to make an emergency landing between Bamako and Timbuktu. She was then rescued by local Songhai people. In 1944, Malian anti-colonial activist Tiemoko Garan Kouyaté was murdered by the Nazis in the Mauthausen concentration camp after refusing to collaborate with them.[2]After Mali's independence from France in 1960, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was the first state to recognize the country's independence. After the end of the Hallstein Doctrine, Mali also established diplomatic relations with the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1977. A year later, Mali's President Moussa Traoré visited German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt on a state visit to Germany. In 1982, security cooperation began to deepen, and the FRG began to help train Mali's armed forces after a bilateral agreement to that effect was signed.[2]In 2000, Mali was made a priority country for German development cooperation. Federal President Johannes Rau visited the country two years later.[citation needed] In the 2010s, state visits occur more frequently and Germany increases its engagement in the country. In 2013, the Bundestag sent German soldiers to support the African-led International Support Mission to Mali to help the Malian government fight Islamist rebels in the conflict in northern Mali, which has been ongoing since 2012. Germany increased its participation in the successor United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali to up to 650 German soldiers in 2016.[2] The intensification of relations was flanked by visits by Chancellor Angela Merkel to Mali in 2016 and 2019, as well as several visits by Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen. In return, several top Malian politicians visited Germany.[3]After the 2021 Malian coup d'état relations between the countries worsened.[4] In November 2022, the withdrawal of German troops in Mali was announced for next year.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"An investment agreement between Mali and the Federal Republic of Germany has existed since 1977. However, due to the difficult framework conditions, there have hardly been any investments by German companies in Mali so far. In 2021, the bilateral trade volume was only 94 million Euro.[6]","title":"Economic exchange"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Germany provides development aid in Mali with a focus on governance decentralization, agriculture and water/sanitation. 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Within the framework of the EU migration partnership with the country, both countries cooperate in the field of migration.[3][7]","title":"Security relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Academic Exchange Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academic_Exchange_Service"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Amadou & Mariam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_%26_Mariam"},{"link_name":"2006 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Herbert Grönemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gr%C3%B6nemeyer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"In 2005, former Malian GDR scholarship holders founded the German-Malian Cultural Circle (CCGM), which holds regular events and gives German courses with the help of the German Embassy in the country. The German Academic Exchange Service is active in the country and nearly 1000 Malians study German as a major.[7]In 2006, the Malian duo Amadou & Mariam recorded Zeit, dass sich was dreht (Celebrate the Day), the official song for the 2006 World Cup, together with Herbert Grönemeyer.[2]","title":"Cultural relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Germany has an embassy in Bamako.[9]\nMali has an embassy in Berlin.[10]","title":"Diplomatic locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Lone changer: Germany, Mali, and Russian influence in Africa's arc of instability – European Council on Foreign Relations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ecfr.eu/article/lone-changer-germany-mali-and-russian-influence-in-africas-arc-of-instability/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Malisch-deutsche Beziehungen - pangloss.de\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=mali"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Mali: Beziehungen zu Deutschland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Mali/Mali-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Mali-Beziehungen-zu-Deutschland-2019.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"In unstable Sahel, Germany halts troop deployment to Mali\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.politico.eu/article/germany-pulls-troops-out-of-mali-sahel-terrorism-russia/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Germany to end participation in UN peacekeeping mission in Mali\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.france24.com/en/africa/20221116-germany-to-end-participation-in-un-peacekeeping-mission-in-mali"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Aussenhandel/Tabellen/rangfolge-handelspartner.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_7-2"},{"link_name":"\"Germany and Mali: Bilateral relations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/blateral-relations/209068"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Mali\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bundeswehr.de/de/einsaetze-bundeswehr/mali-einsaetze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Deutsche Vertretungen in Mali\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/mali-node/mali/208262"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Mali: Vertretungen in Deutschland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/mali-node/vertretungenmali/208246"}],"text":"^ Murphy, Theodore (2022-08-31). \"Lone changer: Germany, Mali, and Russian influence in Africa's arc of instability – European Council on Foreign Relations\". ECFR. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ a b c d \"Malisch-deutsche Beziehungen - pangloss.de\". www.pangloss.de. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ a b \"Mali: Beziehungen zu Deutschland\" (PDF). ZVEI. Retrieved 2022-10-30.\n\n^ \"In unstable Sahel, Germany halts troop deployment to Mali\". POLITICO. 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Germany to end participation in UN peacekeeping mission in Mali\". France 24. 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel\" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt. Retrieved 2022-09-30.\n\n^ a b c \"Germany and Mali: Bilateral relations\". German Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Mali\". www.bundeswehr.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Deutsche Vertretungen in Mali\". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.\n\n^ \"Mali: Vertretungen in Deutschland\". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","title":"Individual references"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Foreign relations of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mali"}]
|
[{"reference":"Murphy, Theodore (2022-08-31). \"Lone changer: Germany, Mali, and Russian influence in Africa's arc of instability – European Council on Foreign Relations\". ECFR. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecfr.eu/article/lone-changer-germany-mali-and-russian-influence-in-africas-arc-of-instability/","url_text":"\"Lone changer: Germany, Mali, and Russian influence in Africa's arc of instability – European Council on Foreign Relations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malisch-deutsche Beziehungen - pangloss.de\". www.pangloss.de. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=mali","url_text":"\"Malisch-deutsche Beziehungen - pangloss.de\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mali: Beziehungen zu Deutschland\" (PDF). ZVEI. Retrieved 2022-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Mali/Mali-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Mali-Beziehungen-zu-Deutschland-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Mali: Beziehungen zu Deutschland\""}]},{"reference":"\"In unstable Sahel, Germany halts troop deployment to Mali\". POLITICO. 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-pulls-troops-out-of-mali-sahel-terrorism-russia/","url_text":"\"In unstable Sahel, Germany halts troop deployment to Mali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany to end participation in UN peacekeeping mission in Mali\". France 24. 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20221116-germany-to-end-participation-in-un-peacekeeping-mission-in-mali","url_text":"\"Germany to end participation in UN peacekeeping mission in Mali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel\" (PDF). Statistisches Bundesamt. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Aussenhandel/Tabellen/rangfolge-handelspartner.pdf?__blob=publicationFile","url_text":"\"Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany and Mali: Bilateral relations\". German Federal Foreign Office. Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/blateral-relations/209068","url_text":"\"Germany and Mali: Bilateral relations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mali\". www.bundeswehr.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/einsaetze-bundeswehr/mali-einsaetze","url_text":"\"Mali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deutsche Vertretungen in Mali\". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/mali-node/mali/208262","url_text":"\"Deutsche Vertretungen in Mali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mali: Vertretungen in Deutschland\". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/mali-node/vertretungenmali/208246","url_text":"\"Mali: Vertretungen in Deutschland\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://ecfr.eu/article/lone-changer-germany-mali-and-russian-influence-in-africas-arc-of-instability/","external_links_name":"\"Lone changer: Germany, Mali, and Russian influence in Africa's arc of instability – European Council on Foreign Relations\""},{"Link":"https://www.pangloss.de/cms/index.php?page=mali","external_links_name":"\"Malisch-deutsche Beziehungen - pangloss.de\""},{"Link":"https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Themen/Maerkte_Recht/Aussenwirtschaft/Afrika/Mali/Mali-Ueberblick-Politik-Recht/AA-Mali-Beziehungen-zu-Deutschland-2019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mali: Beziehungen zu Deutschland\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-pulls-troops-out-of-mali-sahel-terrorism-russia/","external_links_name":"\"In unstable Sahel, Germany halts troop deployment to Mali\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20221116-germany-to-end-participation-in-un-peacekeeping-mission-in-mali","external_links_name":"\"Germany to end participation in UN peacekeeping mission in Mali\""},{"Link":"https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Wirtschaft/Aussenhandel/Tabellen/rangfolge-handelspartner.pdf?__blob=publicationFile","external_links_name":"\"Rangfolge der Handelspartner im Außenhandel\""},{"Link":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/blateral-relations/209068","external_links_name":"\"Germany and Mali: Bilateral relations\""},{"Link":"https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/einsaetze-bundeswehr/mali-einsaetze","external_links_name":"\"Mali\""},{"Link":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/mali-node/mali/208262","external_links_name":"\"Deutsche Vertretungen in Mali\""},{"Link":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/mali-node/vertretungenmali/208246","external_links_name":"\"Mali: Vertretungen in Deutschland\""},{"Link":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/blateral-relations/209068","external_links_name":"Information from the German Foreign Office on relations with Mali"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fegan_(actor)
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John Fegan (actor)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Homicide","2.2 Division 4","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 Incidents of note","5 Political activism","6 References","7 External links"]
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Australian actor
John FeganBornJohn Joseph Fegan19 July 1908Belfast, IrelandDied9 April 1981 (aged 72)AustraliaOther namesJack FeganOccupationActorYears active1930–1975
John Joseph Fegan (19 July 1908 – 9 April 1981) was an Irish Australian film and television actor. Also known as Jack Fegan, he appeared in many Australian films and television shows in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including the long-running series Homicide as Inspector Jack Connelly, and a featured role in the international breakthrough film Picnic at Hanging Rock.
Early life
Fegan was born in Belfast, Ireland and grew up in the Falls Road area, he moved to Australia in 1929. He made his way to Sydney where he worked as a labourer, including as a harbourside worker on The Hungry Mile during the Great Depression. He became involved in the worker's theatre movement, in particular with the New Theatre League from the 1930s onwards, receiving generally positive reviews for his performances.
Fegan continued working on the docks throughout his working life, never committing fully to his acting career.
He joined the Australian Army during World War II and served in New Guinea.
Career
Homicide
Homicide was the first major television series to be produced in Australia, the domestic television market having been previously dominated by American and British imports. Homicide proved that there was a market for home-grown programming and was highly successful. For this reason, as well as for inspiring a series of popular police dramas that followed, it remains one of the most important programmes in the history of Australian television.
Fegan starred as Inspector Jack Connolly, head of the squad – a seasoned policeman in the classic dry, gruff mould that remains popular in similar shows today. The name Connolly was selected to reflect the Irish influence in Australian police forces and no doubt it helped to account for Fegan's still strong Belfast accent. The show was so popular and considered so accurate (police procedure was followed faithfully and police advisors ensured that things were done correctly) that the actors were often confused for real police officers and, at one point, Fegan was invited to a policeman's ball.
Fegan retired from Homicide in 1969.
In 2007, Homicide was chosen for a 50-cent stamp to celebrate 50 years of television in Australia. Fegan, as Inspector Connolly, is standing in the centre of the stamp, flanked by fellow original cast members Lex Mitchell and Terry McDermott.
Division 4
After leaving Homicide, John Fegan guest starred in a number of other television series. In particular, he appeared as the recently released from prison John Kelso in episode 100 of Division 4, another Australian police drama. The episode was critically lauded and Fegan received a Logie Award for 'Best Individual Acting Performance' for his efforts.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1946
The Overlanders
Police Sergeant
Feature film
1949
Eureka Stockade
Hayes
Feature film
1949
Sons of Matthew
Jack Warrington
Feature film
1952
Kangaroo
Burke (uncredited)
Feature film
1955
Captain Thunderbolt
Dalton
Feature film
1956
Smiley
Nobby
Feature film
1958
Smiley Gets a Gun
Tom Graham
Feature film
1960
The Sundowners
Drover (uncredited)
Feature film
1974
Moving On
Unemployed Grower
Feature film
1975
Picnic at Hanging Rock
Doc. McKenzie
Feature film
1975
Ride a Wild Pony
Feature film
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1964/65
The Stranger
Police Officer
TV series
1964-69
Homicide
Inspector Jack Connolly
TV series
1970
The Link Men
TV series, 1 episode
Division 4
John Kelso
TV series, episode 100
Chopper Squad
Guest actor
TV series
Incidents of note
Fegan appeared uncredited as a drover in the 1960 film The Sundowners. Robert Mitchum, who starred in the film, is quoted as having said of that production "We didn't have stuntmen, so they got an Irish expatriate off the docks, and he beat the tar out of me" (referring to filming brawl scene). Fegan was the Irish expatriate in question.
In 1970 John Fegan guest starred in an episode of The Link Men, yet another Australian police drama. It would have been a footnote in a short-lived series, but for an incident on set. Two young actors were performing or rehearsing a fight scene when Frank Packer, the owner of the Nine Network, came in. Packer, who had been a boxer in his younger days but who at the time was in his mid-sixties, declared that they were doing it wrong and demonstrated the correct technique by putting the actor playing the police officer in a headlock. Fegan, also in his sixties, had been watching from behind the camera and suggested that, since the young actor was the one who was supposed to be performing the headlock then perhaps Packer should demonstrate on him (Fegan) so the young actor could watch. Packer got Fegan in the same headlock but Fegan, who had also been a boxer in his younger days, got the better of him and Packer ended up on the ground. According to an article about the event in the Sydney Morning Herald, Packer's hearing aid came flying out and Fegan lashed out and crushed it with his foot. Packer insisted that Fegan be fired on the spot. Upon being advised that Fegan was performing a single episode guest role only, Packer's response was reportedly "Well, sack him when he's finished".
Political activism
Radicalised both by his formative years as a Belfast Catholic (having been involved with the Fianna before leaving Northern Ireland) and the Great Depression, Fegan was active in a variety of left wing movements associated with the Australian labour movement in Sydney throughout in particular his early life, including the Communist Party of Australia (CPA), the Sydney variants of the Unemployed Workers Movement/Workers Defence Committee (UWM/WDC) and a small group called the "Irish Terrorists Association" (one of the ten members of which it later turned out was an undercover policeman).
References
^ See, eg, Gould, Harry (27 April 1937). "Dead Men Who Wouldn't Lie Down". The Workers' Weekly. Sydney, Australia., Mel, J (11 March 1953). "Workers Make Theatre History in Australia". Tribune. Sydney, Australia.Powell, Geoffrey (4 September 1945). "They Came to a City". Tribune. Sydney, Australia.
^ Freese, Gene (22 November 2019). The Western Films of Robert Mitchum: Hollywood's Cowboy Rebel. McFarland. p. 115. ISBN 9781476637464., citing the "Evansville Courier and Press".
^ The Link Men at Classic Australian Television
^ Fegan, Brian. "JACK FEGAN, EDNA STACK AND THE SYDNEY LEFT IN THE 1930S: A MEMOIR". AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF LABOUR HISTORY. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
External links
John Fegan at IMDb
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Australian"},{"link_name":"Homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"international breakthrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_New_Wave"},{"link_name":"Picnic at Hanging Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(film)"}],"text":"John Joseph Fegan (19 July 1908 – 9 April 1981) was an Irish Australian film and television actor. Also known as Jack Fegan, he appeared in many Australian films and television shows in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including the long-running series Homicide as Inspector Jack Connelly, and a featured role in the international breakthrough film Picnic at Hanging Rock.","title":"John Fegan (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Falls Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Road_(Belfast)"},{"link_name":"The Hungry Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hungry_Mile"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"New Theatre League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Theatre_(Newtown)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"}],"text":"Fegan was born in Belfast, Ireland and grew up in the Falls Road area, he moved to Australia in 1929. He made his way to Sydney where he worked as a labourer, including as a harbourside worker on The Hungry Mile during the Great Depression. He became involved in the worker's theatre movement, in particular with the New Theatre League from the 1930s onwards, receiving generally positive reviews for his performances.[1]Fegan continued working on the docks throughout his working life, never committing fully to his acting career.He joined the Australian Army during World War II and served in New Guinea.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lex Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lex_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terry McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McDermott_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Homicide","text":"Homicide was the first major television series to be produced in Australia, the domestic television market having been previously dominated by American and British imports. Homicide proved that there was a market for home-grown programming and was highly successful. For this reason, as well as for inspiring a series of popular police dramas that followed, it remains one of the most important programmes in the history of Australian television.Fegan starred as Inspector Jack Connolly, head of the squad – a seasoned policeman in the classic dry, gruff mould that remains popular in similar shows today. The name Connolly was selected to reflect the Irish influence in Australian police forces and no doubt it helped to account for Fegan's still strong Belfast accent. The show was so popular and considered so accurate (police procedure was followed faithfully and police advisors ensured that things were done correctly) that the actors were often confused for real police officers and, at one point, Fegan was invited to a policeman's ball.Fegan retired from Homicide in 1969.In 2007, Homicide was chosen for a 50-cent stamp to celebrate 50 years of television in Australia. Fegan, as Inspector Connolly, is standing in the centre of the stamp, flanked by fellow original cast members Lex Mitchell and Terry McDermott.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Division 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_4"},{"link_name":"Logie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logie_Award"}],"sub_title":"Division 4","text":"After leaving Homicide, John Fegan guest starred in a number of other television series. In particular, he appeared as the recently released from prison John Kelso in episode 100 of Division 4, another Australian police drama. The episode was critically lauded and Fegan received a Logie Award for 'Best Individual Acting Performance' for his efforts.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sundowners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sundowners_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Link Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Link_Men"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linkmen-3"},{"link_name":"Frank Packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Packer"},{"link_name":"Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Fegan appeared uncredited as a drover in the 1960 film The Sundowners. Robert Mitchum, who starred in the film, is quoted as having said of that production \"We didn't have stuntmen, so they got an Irish expatriate off the docks, and he beat the tar out of me\" (referring to filming brawl scene).[2] Fegan was the Irish expatriate in question.In 1970 John Fegan guest starred in an episode of The Link Men, yet another Australian police drama. It would have been a footnote in a short-lived series, but for an incident on set.[3] Two young actors were performing or rehearsing a fight scene when Frank Packer, the owner of the Nine Network, came in. Packer, who had been a boxer in his younger days but who at the time was in his mid-sixties, declared that they were doing it wrong and demonstrated the correct technique by putting the actor playing the police officer in a headlock. Fegan, also in his sixties, had been watching from behind the camera and suggested that, since the young actor was the one who was supposed to be performing the headlock then perhaps Packer should demonstrate on him (Fegan) so the young actor could watch. Packer got Fegan in the same headlock but Fegan, who had also been a boxer in his younger days, got the better of him and Packer ended up on the ground. According to an article about the event in the Sydney Morning Herald[citation needed], Packer's hearing aid came flying out and Fegan lashed out and crushed it with his foot. Packer insisted that Fegan be fired on the spot. Upon being advised that Fegan was performing a single episode guest role only, Packer's response was reportedly \"Well, sack him when he's finished\".","title":"Incidents of note"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Australian labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_labour_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Radicalised both by his formative years as a Belfast Catholic (having been involved with the Fianna before leaving Northern Ireland) and the Great Depression, Fegan was active in a variety of left wing movements associated with the Australian labour movement in Sydney throughout in particular his early life, including the Communist Party of Australia (CPA), the Sydney variants of the Unemployed Workers Movement/Workers Defence Committee (UWM/WDC) and a small group called the \"Irish Terrorists Association\" (one of the ten members of which it later turned out was an undercover policeman).[4]","title":"Political activism"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Gould, Harry (27 April 1937). \"Dead Men Who Wouldn't Lie Down\". The Workers' Weekly. Sydney, Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/211819880","url_text":"\"Dead Men Who Wouldn't Lie Down\""}]},{"reference":"Mel, J (11 March 1953). \"Workers Make Theatre History in Australia\". Tribune. Sydney, Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/212468982","url_text":"\"Workers Make Theatre History in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Geoffrey (4 September 1945). \"They Came to a City\". Tribune. Sydney, Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/208695022","url_text":"\"They Came to a City\""}]},{"reference":"Freese, Gene (22 November 2019). The Western Films of Robert Mitchum: Hollywood's Cowboy Rebel. McFarland. p. 115. ISBN 9781476637464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476637464","url_text":"9781476637464"}]},{"reference":"\"Evansville Courier and Press\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fegan, Brian. \"JACK FEGAN, EDNA STACK AND THE SYDNEY LEFT IN THE 1930S: A MEMOIR\". AUSTRALIAN SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF LABOUR HISTORY. Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/vol-4-no-5/jack-fegan/","url_text":"\"JACK FEGAN, EDNA STACK AND THE SYDNEY LEFT IN THE 1930S: A MEMOIR\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/211819880","external_links_name":"\"Dead Men Who Wouldn't Lie Down\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/212468982","external_links_name":"\"Workers Make Theatre History in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/208695022","external_links_name":"\"They Came to a City\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicaustraliantv.com/LinkMen.htm","external_links_name":"The Link Men"},{"Link":"http://www.classicaustraliantv.com/","external_links_name":"Classic Australian Television"},{"Link":"https://www.labourhistory.org.au/hummer/vol-4-no-5/jack-fegan/","external_links_name":"\"JACK FEGAN, EDNA STACK AND THE SYDNEY LEFT IN THE 1930S: A MEMOIR\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0270388/","external_links_name":"John Fegan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Bloys_van_Treslong
|
Willem Bloys van Treslong
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
Dutch nobleman (1529–1594)
Willem van Blois van Treslong, l'admirael van Zeelandt
Willem Bloys van Treslong (1529 – 17 July 1594) was a nobleman from the Southern Netherlands and military leader during the Dutch war of Independence. He was best known as one of the leaders of the Sea Beggars who captured Den Briel on 1 April 1572.
Biography
The Bloys van Treslong family owned land in Flanders, Hainaut and Holland. They were descended from John of Beaumont.
Bloys van Treslong left Spanish service in 1558. In 1567, he joined other high nobles of the Netherlands in refusing to pledge allegiance to Margaret of Parma, the governor of the Netherlands, and he was part of the Compromise of Nobles. He fought in the battle of Heiligerlee in 1568. In 1571, William the Silent provided him with letters of marque and equipped two ships to join the Sea Beggars.
Historic parade in Den Briel to celebrate the 540th anniversary of the Capture of Brielle on April 1st, 2012. The leaders of the sea beggars, William II de La Marck, Lord Lumey (middle), Willem Bloys van Treslong (left) and Lenaert Jansz de Graeff (right).
In March 1572, Bloys van Treslong's ships were trapped by ice at Wieringen and were attacked by four Spanish companies of infantry. Bloys escaped from the Spaniards, but lost his sword which at present hangs in the Michaëlskerk church in Oosterland. In April 1572, the Sea Beggars, under the command of William van der Marck, Lord of Lumey and his captains Lenaert Jansz de Graeff and Bloys van Treslong, captured Briel, which became a rebel base. Later that year, the rebels captured Flushing.
Bloys van Treslong was appointed Admiral of Holland in 1573, followed by his appointment as Admiral of Zealand in 1576. After a dispute over the strategy for the relief of Antwerp in 1585, he fell out of favour and ended up in jail, believed to have been under the custody of Count Steijn. In his last years, he became bailiff of Voorne and grand-falconer of Holland and lived in relative peace.
Bloys van Treslong was married to Adriana van Egmond and Wilhelmina Kaarl. By Adriana van Egmond, he had a son, Jasper.
The Dutch warship HNLMS Bloys van Treslong was named after him.
References
^ De Opstand 1568-1648: De strijd in de Zuidelijke en Noordelijke Nederlanden, by Arnout van Cruyningen
Authority control databases International
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Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willem_Bloys_van_Treslong_1529-1594_Erfgoedcentrum_Rozet_300_191_d_2_A-39.jpg"},{"link_name":"Southern Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch war of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Sea Beggars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geuzen"},{"link_name":"captured Den Briel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Brielle"}],"text":"Willem van Blois van Treslong, l'admirael van ZeelandtWillem Bloys van Treslong (1529 – 17 July 1594) was a nobleman from the Southern Netherlands and military leader during the Dutch war of Independence. He was best known as one of the leaders of the Sea Beggars who captured Den Briel on 1 April 1572.","title":"Willem Bloys van Treslong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"John of Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Compromise of Nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_Nobles"},{"link_name":"battle of Heiligerlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heiligerlee_(1568)"},{"link_name":"William the Silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"letters of marque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_of_marque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Watergeuzen_leaders_William_van_der_Marck,_Willem_Bloys_van_Treslong,_Lenaert_Jansz_de_Graeff_(Capture_of_Brielle,_NL,_April_1st_1572).jpg"},{"link_name":"William II de La Marck, Lord Lumey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_de_La_Marck"},{"link_name":"Lenaert Jansz de Graeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenaert_Jansz_de_Graeff"},{"link_name":"Wieringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieringen"},{"link_name":"Oosterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosterland,_North_Holland"},{"link_name":"William van der Marck, Lord of Lumey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_van_der_Marck,_Lord_of_Lumey"},{"link_name":"Lenaert Jansz de Graeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenaert_Jansz_de_Graeff"},{"link_name":"Briel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brielle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Flushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlissingen"},{"link_name":"van Egmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Egmond"},{"link_name":"HNLMS Bloys van Treslong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNLMS_Bloys_van_Treslong_(F824)"}],"text":"The Bloys van Treslong family owned land in Flanders, Hainaut and Holland. They were descended from John of Beaumont.Bloys van Treslong left Spanish service in 1558. In 1567, he joined other high nobles of the Netherlands in refusing to pledge allegiance to Margaret of Parma, the governor of the Netherlands, and he was part of the Compromise of Nobles. He fought in the battle of Heiligerlee in 1568. In 1571, William the Silent provided him with letters of marque and equipped two ships to join the Sea Beggars.Historic parade in Den Briel to celebrate the 540th anniversary of the Capture of Brielle on April 1st, 2012. The leaders of the sea beggars, William II de La Marck, Lord Lumey (middle), Willem Bloys van Treslong (left) and Lenaert Jansz de Graeff (right).In March 1572, Bloys van Treslong's ships were trapped by ice at Wieringen and were attacked by four Spanish companies of infantry. Bloys escaped from the Spaniards, but lost his sword which at present hangs in the Michaëlskerk church in Oosterland. In April 1572, the Sea Beggars, under the command of William van der Marck, Lord of Lumey and his captains Lenaert Jansz de Graeff and Bloys van Treslong, captured Briel,[1] which became a rebel base. Later that year, the rebels captured Flushing.Bloys van Treslong was appointed Admiral of Holland in 1573, followed by his appointment as Admiral of Zealand in 1576. After a dispute over the strategy for the relief of Antwerp in 1585, he fell out of favour and ended up in jail, believed to have been under the custody of Count Steijn. In his last years, he became bailiff of Voorne and grand-falconer of Holland and lived in relative peace.Bloys van Treslong was married to Adriana van Egmond and Wilhelmina Kaarl. By Adriana van Egmond, he had a son, Jasper.The Dutch warship HNLMS Bloys van Treslong was named after him.","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Willem van Blois van Treslong, l'admirael van Zeelandt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Willem_Bloys_van_Treslong_1529-1594_Erfgoedcentrum_Rozet_300_191_d_2_A-39.jpg/220px-Willem_Bloys_van_Treslong_1529-1594_Erfgoedcentrum_Rozet_300_191_d_2_A-39.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic parade in Den Briel to celebrate the 540th anniversary of the Capture of Brielle on April 1st, 2012. The leaders of the sea beggars, William II de La Marck, Lord Lumey (middle), Willem Bloys van Treslong (left) and Lenaert Jansz de Graeff (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Watergeuzen_leaders_William_van_der_Marck%2C_Willem_Bloys_van_Treslong%2C_Lenaert_Jansz_de_Graeff_%28Capture_of_Brielle%2C_NL%2C_April_1st_1572%29.jpg/220px-The_Watergeuzen_leaders_William_van_der_Marck%2C_Willem_Bloys_van_Treslong%2C_Lenaert_Jansz_de_Graeff_%28Capture_of_Brielle%2C_NL%2C_April_1st_1572%29.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_New_York_anti-lynching_exhibitions
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1935 New York anti-lynching exhibitions
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["1 Organization and background","2 Description of exhibited material and participating artists","3 Cross-reference","4 Sources","5 Further reading"]
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The 1935 New York anti-lynching exhibitions were two separate but consecutive art exhibitions held in early 1935 by two different organizations, both in response to a 1934 bill in the United States Congress that dealt with lynching. The organizations involved were the NAACP and the Artists Union, the latter in conjunction with groups including the John Reed Club, the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, and the International Labor Defense.
Organization and background
The first exhibition was a NAACP exhibition entitled An Art Commentary on Lynching and held at the Arthur U. Newton Galleries, from February 15 through March 2. It was covered by the NAACP's magazine, The Crisis, which in particular observed the additional publicity that accrued because of a last minute change of venue, a mere four days before the exhibition was due to open. It had been originally planned to be held in the Jacques Seligmann Galleries, but the Galleries pulled out stating to the NAACP that it would be unable to go through with the exhibit because of "political, social, and economic pressure", although Seligmann did not disclose whence this pressure originated. More than 3,000 people attended the exhibition.
The second exhibition was entitled Struggle for Negro Rights and organized by Artists' Union members in conjunction with the John Reed Club and several Communist groups including the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, the Vanguard Group of Harlem (the Marxist group with Louise Thompson Patterson and Augusta Savage), and the International Labor Defense. It ran from March 3 through March 16. In part because of the Harlem Renaissance, both exhibitions received support from Harlem artists and intellectuals.
They occurred back-to-back in early of 1935, and their joint purpose was to spur people to take up the cause of the Costigan-Wagner Bill in the U.S. Congress, among other anti-lynching legislation, which sought to make it an offense under federal law for law enforcement officers to take no action during the commission of a lynching (as they had, for example, in the lynching of John Carter). Walter White, leader of the NAACP, thought the visual arts would be a successful way to attract an audience and get them to support legislation. Politically the two organizations were rivals, and publicly at odds with each other; the Artists' Union advocated legislation that held individuals in lynch mobs responsible, demanding the death penalty, while the Costigan-Wagner bill was aimed at officials who allowed the violence to take place. The Artists' Union took a more radical political stance than the NAACP, with the latter accusing the former of Communism, and the former accusing the latter of being bourgeois and ineffectual.
Description of exhibited material and participating artists
Both exhibitions excluded actual photographs of lynchings, focusing rather on drawings, paintings, sculptures, and lithographs; and, out of 39 at the first exhibition and 45 at the second, had 5 artists in common.
Works included Reginald Marsh's This Is Her First Lynching and George Bellows's The Law Is Too Slow, both used as illustrations in the NAACP exhibition catalogue, and others by John Steuart Curry and Thomas Hart Benton; with the NAACP's exhibition tending towards explicit imagery whilst the Artists' Union exhibition tending towards symbolism. In part, the exclusion of photographs was because they were not considered high art; but in other part it was also because photographs of a lynching were viewed by the exhibitors as participant actions and commercial enterprises seeking financial gain from lynchings. The exhibitors saw that latter in particular as not compatible with their goals of political action against lynching.
The five artists represented in both exhibitions were Harry Sternberg, Sam Becker, Aaron Goodelman, José Clemente Orozco, and Isamu Noguchi. The realism of some of the artwork was overwhelming for some visitors to the NAACP exhibition, and was decried as details that people could be spared from by one reviewer. Noguchi's Death was particularly singled out for its grisly realism by reviewers, criticized (for example) for "aesthetic opportunism", and for being "macabre" and "bizarre", by Art News; and in response to this and some overtly racist criticism Noguchi removed it from the NAACP exhibition on the fourth day and instead displayed it at the Artists' Union exhibition.
Orozco's Negros Colgados (Hanged Negros) lithograph was also displayed at both exhibitions, submitted by his dealer Alma Reed.
Other artworks included Sternberg's Southern Holiday, Paul Cadmus's To The Lynching!, three of Curry's works (Manhunt, and The Fugitive in oil and as a lithograph), Benton's A Lynching, E. Simms Campbell's I Passed Along This Way in charcoal,Louis Lozowick's Hold the Fort, Hyman J. Warsager's The Law, and two linocut prints by Hale Woodruff (Giddap! and By Parties Unknown).
Cross-reference
^ a b c d Wolff 2016, p. 133.
^ a b c d e f Wolff 2016, pp. 133–134.
^ Apel 2004, pp. 84, 86.
^ Crisis 1935, p. 106.
^ a b c d Apel 2004, p. 84.
^ Apel 2004, p. 156.
^ Langa 1999, p. 12.
^ Lewis 1993, pp. 168, 169.
^ Langa 1999, p. 11.
^ a b Apel 2004, p. 83.
^ Langa 1999, pp. 11, 12.
^ a b Apel 2004, p. 86.
^ a b Wolff 2016, p. 134.
^ a b Apel 2004, p. 92.
^ Apel 2004, pp. 95–97.
^ a b Apel 2004, p. 97.
^ Cullen 2009, p. 145.
^ Apel 2004, p. 90.
^ Apel 2004, p. 100.
^ Apel 2004, p. 102.
^ Apel 2004, p. 104.
^ a b Langa, Helen (2004). Radical Art: Printmaking and the Left in 1930's New York. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-52023155-4.
^ Apel 2004, p. 105.
Sources
"An Art Exhibit Against Lynching". The Crisis. April 1935. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
Wolff, R.M. (2016). "Persons Unknown: lynching photographs in the Museum". In Stylianou, Elena; Stylianou-Lambert, Theopisti (eds.). Museums and Photography: Displaying Death. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317528975.
Apel, Dora (2004). "The Anti-Lynching Exhibitions of 1935". Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813534596.
Langa, Helen (1999). "Two Antilynching Art Exhibitions: Politicized Viewpoints, Racial Perspectives, Gendered Constraints". American Art. 13 (1): 10–39. doi:10.1086/424334. JSTOR 3109305. S2CID 192126647.
Lewis, Todd E. (1993). "Mob Justice in the 'American Congo': 'Judge Lynch' in Arkansas during the Decade after World War I". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 52 (2): 156–184. doi:10.2307/40019247. JSTOR 40019247.
Cullen, Deborah, ed. (2009). Nexus New York: Latin/American Artists in the Modern Metropolis. Museo del Barrio. ISBN 9780300158960.
Further reading
Park, Marlene (2006). "Lynching and Anti-Lynching: Art and Politics in the 1930s". In Anreus, Alejandro; Linden, Diana L.; Weinberg, Jonathan (eds.). The Social and the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271026916.
Vendryes, Margaret Rose (1997). "Hanging on Their Walls: An Art Commentary on Lynching, the Forgotten 1935 Art Exhibition". In Jackson Fossett, Judith; Tucker, Jeffrey A. (eds.). Race Consciousness: African-American Studies for the New Century. New York University Press. pp. 153–176. ISBN 9780814742280. JSTOR j.ctt9qg40k.15.
vteLynching in the United StatesList of lynching victims in the United StatesBefore 1900
Francis McIntosh (1836)
Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1837)
Josefa Segovia (1851)
Pancho Daniel (1858)
Joshua Boyd (1863)
Henry Plummer (1864)
Bill Sketoe (1864)
Clubfoot George (1864)
Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868)
Wyatt Outlaw (1870)
John W. Stephens (1870)
Alexander Boyd (1870)
Jim Williams (1871)
David Jones (1872)
Jo Reed (1875)
Arthur St. Clair (1877)
Michael Green (1878)
Joseph Standing (1879)
Big Nose George Parrott (1881)
Charles Thurber (1882)
John Wesley Heath (1884)
Eliza Woods (1886)
Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson (1886)
Amos Miller (1888)
Joseph Vermillion (1889)
George Meadows (1889)
Ellen Watson (1889)
Brown Washington (1890)
Jim Taylor (1891)
Dick Lundy (1891)
Joe Coe (1891)
Robert Lewis (1892)
Ephraim Grizzard (1892)
Samuel J. Bush (1893)
John Peterson (1893)
Alfred Blount (1893)
Henry Smith (1893)
Richard Puryear (1894)
Stephen Williams (1894)
Amos Hicks (1894)
Jacob Henson (1896)
William Andrews (1897)
Joseph H. McCoy (1897)
John Anderson (1898)
John Henry James (1898)
F. W. Stewart (1898)
Sam Hose (1899)
Benjamin Thomas (1899)
1900–1940
Fred Rochelle (1901)
Ballie Crutchfield (1901)
George Ward (1901)
Walker Davis (1903)
J. D. Mayfield (1903)
George White (1903)
David Wyatt (1903)
Marie Thompson (1904)
Paul Reed and Will Cato (1904)
Bunk Richardson (1906)
Ed Johnson (1906)
Slab Pitts (1906)
William Burns (1907)
Earnest Williams (1907)
Jim Miller (1909)
James Hodges (1909)
Matthew Chase (1909)
"Mose" Creole (1909)
"Pie" Hill (1909)
William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner (1909)
Grant Richardson (1910)
King Johnson (1911)
Name unknown (TX) (1911)
Laura and L. D. Nelson (1911)
Will Porter (1911)
Zachariah Walker (1911)
Mary Jackson (1912)
Rob Edwards (1912)
George Saunders (1912)
Robert Perry (1913)
? Anderson (1913)
Charles Fisher (1914)
John Evans (1914)
Leo Frank (1915)
Name unknown (MS) (1915)
Jesse Washington (1916)
Anthony Crawford (1916)
Jeff Brown (1916)
Paulo Boleta (1916)
Frank Little (1917)
Charles Jones (1917)
Ell Persons (1917)
Robert Prager (1918)
Mary Turner and her unborn baby (1918)
Hazel "Hayes" Turner (1918)
George Taylor (1918)
Jim McIlherron (1918)
Olli Kinkkonen (1918)
Wallace Baynes (1919)
Will Brown (1919)
Wesley Everest (1919)
John Hartfield (1919)
Jay Lynch (1919)
Berry Washington (1919)
Willie Baird (1920)
Roy Belton (1920)
Dick Rowland (attempted) (1921)
Henry Lowry (1921)
James Harvey and Joe Jordan (1922)
Joe Pullen (1923)
Samuel Smith (1924)
L. Q. Ivy (1925)
Raymond Byrd (1926)
James Clark (1926)
Fred N. Selak (1926)
Tom Payne (1927)
John Carter (1927)
Dan Anderson (1927)
Will Sherod (1927)
Bernice Raspberry (1927)
Owen Flemming (1927)
Joseph Upchurch (1927)
Joe Smith (1927)
Albert Williams (1927)
Thomas Bradshaw (1927)
Winston Pounds (1927)
Thomas Williams (1927)
Leonard Woods (1927)
J. C. Collins (1928)
George Hughes (1930)
James Cameron (1930)
Lynching of Raymond Gunn (1931)
Matthew Williams (1931)
Shedrick Thompson (1932)
George Armwood (1933)
Cordie Cheek (1933)
Claude Neal (1934)
Austin Callaway (1940)
Elbert Williams (1940)
After 1940
Felix Hall (1941)
Johannes Kunze (1943)
Robert "Bobbie" Hall (1943)
Willie James Howard (1944)
Recy Taylor (1944)
John Cecil Jones (1946)
Willie Earle (1947)
Lamar Smith (1955)
George W. Lee (1955)
Emmett Till (1955)
Judge Edward Aaron (1957)
Willie Edwards (1957)
Mack Charles Parker (1959)
Louis Allen (1964)
Lemuel Penn (1964)
Frank Morris (1964)
James Reeb (1965)
Vernon Dahmer (1966)
Wharlest Jackson (1967)
Carol Jenkins (1968)
Henry Marrow (1970)
Marian Pyszko (1975)
Betty Gardner (1978)
Arthur McDuffie (1979)
Michael Donald (1981)
Yusef Hawkins (1989)
James Byrd Jr. (1998)
James Craig Anderson (2011)
Ahmaud Arbery (2020)
Multiple victims
Death of Joseph Smith (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith) (1844)
Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858)
Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862)
New York City draft riots (1863)
Detroit race riot (1863)
? Lachenais and four others (1863)
Fort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864)
Plummer Gang (1864)
Memphis massacre (1866)
Gallatin County, KY, race riot (1866)
New Orleans massacre of 1866
Reno Brothers Gang (1868)
Camilla, GA, massacre (1868)
Steve Long and two half-brothers (1868)
Pulaski, TN, riot (1868)
Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868)
Opelousas, LA, massacre (1868)
Bear River City riot (1868)
Chinese massacre of 1871
Meridian, MS, race riot (1871)
Colfax, LA, massacre (1873)
Election riot of 1874 (AL)
Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874)
Benjamin and Mollie French (1876)
Ellenton, SC, riot (1876)
Hamburg, SC, massacre (1876)
Thibodeax, LA, massacre (1878)
Mart and Tom Horrell (1878)
Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer (1879)
Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken (1879)
T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey (1880)
New Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891)
Ruggles Brothers (CA) (1892)
Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) (1892)
Porter and Spencer (MS) (1897)
Phoenix, SC, election riot (1898)
Wilmington, NC, insurrection (1898)
Julia and Frazier Baker (1898)
Pana, IL, riot (1899)
Watkinsville lynching (1905)
1906 Atlanta race massacre
Kemper County, MS (1906)
Walker family (1908)
Springfield race riot of 1908
Slocum, TX, massacre (1910)
Laura and L.D. Nelson (1911)
Harris County, GA, lynchings (1912)
Newberry, FL, lynchings (1916)
East St. Louis, IL, riots (1917)
Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918)
Jenkins County, GA, riot (1919)
Longview, TX, race riot (1919)
Elaine, AR, race riot (1919)
Omaha race riot of 1919
Knoxville riot of 1919
Red Summer (1919)
Duluth, MN, lynchings (1920)
Ocoee, FL, massacre (1920)
Tulsa race massacre (1921)
Perry, FL, race riot (1922)
Rosewood, FL, massacre (1923)
Jim and Mark Fox (1927)
Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930)
Tate County, MS (1932)
Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes (1933)
Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels (1937)
Beaumont, TX, Race Riot (1943)
O'Day Short, wife, and two children (1945)
Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings (1946)
Harry and Harriette Moore (1952)
Anniston, AL (1961)
Freedom Summer Murders (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner) (1964)
Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore (1964)
General
Lynching
Indiana White Caps
Jim Crow laws
Ku Klux Klan
Nadir of American race relations
Red Shirts
Jews
Anti-lynching movement
American anti-lynching activists
American Crusade Against Lynching
Jessie Daniel Ames
Martin C. Ansorge
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
Flossie Bailey
William O'Connell Bradley
Ella Barksdale Brown
Father Divine
"Flag Salute"
N.A.A.C.P.
National Conference on Lynching
Paul Robeson
"Strange Fruit"
Ida B. Wells
Legislation
Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
Costigan-Wagner Bill
Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
Emmett Till Antilynching Act
Defenders of lynching
Theodore G. Bilbo
Cole L. Blease
Julian S. Carr
Sidney Johnston Catts
Thomas Dixon Jr.
Rebecca Latimer Felton
John Temple Graves
John Trotwood Moore
John T. Morgan
James Rolph
Goodloe Sutton
Benjamin Tillman
James K. Vardaman
Thomas E. Watson
Memory
America's Black Holocaust Museum
Civil Rights Memorial
The Legacy Museum
National Memorial for Peace and Justice
National Museum of African American History and Culture
Southern Poverty Law Center
Related articles
James Allen (collector)
"And you are lynching Negroes"
Attack on John Shillady
Battle of Liberty Place
The Birth of a Nation
The Clansman
Deaths in police custody
Fury (1936 film)
Hang 'Em High
Lynching postcard
Mississippi Burning
Mississippi Cold Case
Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965)
The Ox-Bow Incident
Parade (musical)
Reconstruction era
Red Summer
Scottsboro Boys
Silent Parade
Stone Mountain
Summer in Mississippi
Sundown town
They Won't Forget
"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
United States v. Shipp
Vendetta (1999 film)
Wilmington insurrection of 1898
Categories
Lynching in the United States
Lynching deaths in the United States
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1935 New York anti-lynching exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200484,_86-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrisis1935106-4"},{"link_name":"The Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134-2"},{"link_name":"Jacques Seligmann Galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Seligmann_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200484-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134-2"},{"link_name":"Artists' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_Union"},{"link_name":"John Reed Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reed_Club"},{"link_name":"League of Struggle for Negro Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_Negro_Rights"},{"link_name":"Louise Thompson Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Thompson_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Augusta Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Savage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel2004156-6"},{"link_name":"International Labor Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labor_Defense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200484-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanga199912-7"},{"link_name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200484-5"},{"link_name":"Costigan-Wagner Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costigan-Wagner_Bill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200484-5"},{"link_name":"lynching of John Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_John_Carter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1993168,_169-8"},{"link_name":"Walter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Francis_White"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanga199911-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200483-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanga199911,_12-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200483-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133-1"}],"text":"The first exhibition was a NAACP exhibition entitled An Art Commentary on Lynching and held at the Arthur U. Newton Galleries,[2][3] from February 15 through March 2.[4] It was covered by the NAACP's magazine, The Crisis, which in particular observed the additional publicity that accrued because of a last minute change of venue, a mere four days before the exhibition was due to open.[2] It had been originally planned to be held in the Jacques Seligmann Galleries, but the Galleries pulled out stating to the NAACP that it would be unable to go through with the exhibit because of \"political, social, and economic pressure\", although Seligmann did not disclose whence this pressure originated.[2][5] More than 3,000 people attended the exhibition.[2]The second exhibition was entitled Struggle for Negro Rights and organized by Artists' Union members in conjunction with the John Reed Club and several Communist groups including the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, the Vanguard Group of Harlem (the Marxist group with Louise Thompson Patterson and Augusta Savage[6]), and the International Labor Defense.[1][5] It ran from March 3 through March 16.[7] In part because of the Harlem Renaissance, both exhibitions received support from Harlem artists and intellectuals.[5]They occurred back-to-back in early of 1935, and their joint purpose was to spur people to take up the cause of the Costigan-Wagner Bill in the U.S. Congress, among other anti-lynching legislation, which sought to make it an offense under federal law for law enforcement officers to take no action during the commission of a lynching[1][5] (as they had, for example, in the lynching of John Carter[8]). Walter White, leader of the NAACP, thought the visual arts would be a successful way to attract an audience and get them to support legislation.[9] Politically the two organizations were rivals, and publicly at odds with each other;[10] the Artists' Union advocated legislation that held individuals in lynch mobs responsible, demanding the death penalty, while the Costigan-Wagner bill was aimed at officials who allowed the violence to take place.[11] The Artists' Union took a more radical political stance than the NAACP, with the latter accusing the former of Communism, and the former accusing the latter of being bourgeois and ineffectual.[10][1]","title":"Organization and background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200486-12"},{"link_name":"Reginald Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_(artist)"},{"link_name":"This Is Her First Lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Her_First_Lynching"},{"link_name":"George Bellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bellows"},{"link_name":"The Law Is Too Slow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Law_Is_Too_Slow"},{"link_name":"John Steuart Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steuart_Curry"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hart Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016134-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200486-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff2016134-13"},{"link_name":"Harry Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"Sam Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aaron Goodelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Goodelman"},{"link_name":"José Clemente Orozco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco"},{"link_name":"Isamu Noguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200492-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200492-14"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(statue)"},{"link_name":"Art News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_News"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200495%E2%80%9397-15"},{"link_name":"Alma Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Reed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200497-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen2009145-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200490-18"},{"link_name":"Paul Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cadmus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel200497-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel2004100-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel2004102-20"},{"link_name":"E. Simms Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Simms_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel2004104-21"},{"link_name":"Louis Lozowick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lozowick"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Hyman J. Warsager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_J._Warsager"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Hale Woodruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Woodruff"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel2004105-23"}],"text":"Both exhibitions excluded actual photographs of lynchings, focusing rather on drawings, paintings, sculptures, and lithographs; and, out of 39 at the first exhibition and 45 at the second, had 5 artists in common.[2][12]\nWorks included Reginald Marsh's This Is Her First Lynching and George Bellows's The Law Is Too Slow, both used as illustrations in the NAACP exhibition catalogue, and others by John Steuart Curry and Thomas Hart Benton; with the NAACP's exhibition tending towards explicit imagery whilst the Artists' Union exhibition tending towards symbolism.[13][12] In part, the exclusion of photographs was because they were not considered high art; but in other part it was also because photographs of a lynching were viewed by the exhibitors as participant actions and commercial enterprises seeking financial gain from lynchings.[2] The exhibitors saw that latter in particular as not compatible with their goals of political action against lynching.[13]The five artists represented in both exhibitions were Harry Sternberg, Sam Becker, Aaron Goodelman, José Clemente Orozco, and Isamu Noguchi.[14] The realism of some of the artwork was overwhelming for some visitors to the NAACP exhibition, and was decried as details that people could be spared from by one reviewer.[14] Noguchi's Death was particularly singled out for its grisly realism by reviewers, criticized (for example) for \"aesthetic opportunism\", and for being \"macabre\" and \"bizarre\", by Art News; and in response to this and some overtly racist criticism Noguchi removed it from the NAACP exhibition on the fourth day and instead displayed it at the Artists' Union exhibition.[15]\nOrozco's Negros Colgados (Hanged Negros) lithograph was also displayed at both exhibitions, submitted by his dealer Alma Reed.[16][17]Other artworks included Sternberg's Southern Holiday,[18] Paul Cadmus's To The Lynching!,[16] three of Curry's works (Manhunt, and The Fugitive in oil and as a lithograph),[19] Benton's A Lynching,[20] E. Simms Campbell's I Passed Along This Way in charcoal,[21]Louis Lozowick's Hold the Fort,[22] Hyman J. Warsager's The Law,[22] and two linocut prints by Hale Woodruff (Giddap! and By Parties Unknown).[23]","title":"Description of exhibited material and participating artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133_1-3"},{"link_name":"Wolff 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolff2016"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016133%E2%80%93134_2-5"},{"link_name":"Wolff 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolff2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200484,_86_3-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrisis1935106_4-0"},{"link_name":"Crisis 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrisis1935"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200484_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200484_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200484_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200484_5-3"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel2004156_6-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanga199912_7-0"},{"link_name":"Langa 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLanga1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1993168,_169_8-0"},{"link_name":"Lewis 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLewis1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanga199911_9-0"},{"link_name":"Langa 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLanga1999"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200483_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200483_10-1"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanga199911,_12_11-0"},{"link_name":"Langa 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLanga1999"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200486_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200486_12-1"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016134_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff2016134_13-1"},{"link_name":"Wolff 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolff2016"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200492_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200492_14-1"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200495%E2%80%9397_15-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200497_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200497_16-1"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen2009145_17-0"},{"link_name":"Cullen 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCullen2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel200490_18-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel2004100_19-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel2004102_20-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel2004104_21-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_22-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-52023155-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52023155-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel2004105_23-0"},{"link_name":"Apel 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFApel2004"}],"text":"^ a b c d Wolff 2016, p. 133.\n\n^ a b c d e f Wolff 2016, pp. 133–134.\n\n^ Apel 2004, pp. 84, 86.\n\n^ Crisis 1935, p. 106.\n\n^ a b c d Apel 2004, p. 84.\n\n^ Apel 2004, p. 156.\n\n^ Langa 1999, p. 12.\n\n^ Lewis 1993, pp. 168, 169.\n\n^ Langa 1999, p. 11.\n\n^ a b Apel 2004, p. 83.\n\n^ Langa 1999, pp. 11, 12.\n\n^ a b Apel 2004, p. 86.\n\n^ a b Wolff 2016, p. 134.\n\n^ a b Apel 2004, p. 92.\n\n^ Apel 2004, pp. 95–97.\n\n^ a b Apel 2004, p. 97.\n\n^ Cullen 2009, p. 145.\n\n^ Apel 2004, p. 90.\n\n^ Apel 2004, p. 100.\n\n^ Apel 2004, p. 102.\n\n^ Apel 2004, p. 104.\n\n^ a b Langa, Helen (2004). Radical Art: Printmaking and the Left in 1930's New York. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-52023155-4.\n\n^ Apel 2004, p. 105.","title":"Cross-reference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"An Art Exhibit Against Lynching\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=C1gEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106"},{"link_name":"The Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crisis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781317528975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317528975"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813534596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813534596"},{"link_name":"\"Two Antilynching Art Exhibitions: Politicized Viewpoints, Racial Perspectives, Gendered Constraints\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3109305"},{"link_name":"American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/424334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F424334"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3109305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3109305"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"192126647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192126647"},{"link_name":"The Arkansas Historical Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arkansas_Historical_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/40019247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F40019247"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40019247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40019247"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300158960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300158960"}],"text":"\"An Art Exhibit Against Lynching\". The Crisis. April 1935. Retrieved May 2, 2021.\nWolff, R.M. (2016). \"Persons Unknown: lynching photographs in the Museum\". In Stylianou, Elena; Stylianou-Lambert, Theopisti (eds.). Museums and Photography: Displaying Death. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317528975.\nApel, Dora (2004). \"The Anti-Lynching Exhibitions of 1935\". Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813534596.\nLanga, Helen (1999). \"Two Antilynching Art Exhibitions: Politicized Viewpoints, Racial Perspectives, Gendered Constraints\". American Art. 13 (1): 10–39. doi:10.1086/424334. JSTOR 3109305. S2CID 192126647.\nLewis, Todd E. (1993). \"Mob Justice in the 'American Congo': 'Judge Lynch' in Arkansas during the Decade after World War I\". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 52 (2): 156–184. doi:10.2307/40019247. JSTOR 40019247.\nCullen, Deborah, ed. (2009). Nexus New York: Latin/American Artists in the Modern Metropolis. Museo del Barrio. ISBN 9780300158960.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780271026916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271026916"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780814742280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814742280"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"j.ctt9qg40k.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg40k.15"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lynching in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"List of lynching victims in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Francis McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh"},{"link_name":"Elijah Parish Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Josefa Segovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Segovia"},{"link_name":"Pancho Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Joshua Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863"},{"link_name":"Henry Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Bill Sketoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sketoe"},{"link_name":"Clubfoot George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubfoot_George"},{"link_name":"Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Long"},{"link_name":"Wyatt Outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Outlaw"},{"link_name":"John W. 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Q. Ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_L._Q._Ivy"},{"link_name":"Raymond Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Byrd"},{"link_name":"James Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_(lynching_victim)"},{"link_name":"Fred N. 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C. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondak,_Montana"},{"link_name":"George Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman,_Texas#Sherman_riot_of_1930"},{"link_name":"James Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Lynching of Raymond Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Raymond_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Matthew Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Williams_(laborer)"},{"link_name":"Shedrick Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Shedrick_Thompson"},{"link_name":"George Armwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_George_Armwood"},{"link_name":"Cordie Cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Cordie_Cheek"},{"link_name":"Claude Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Claude_Neal"},{"link_name":"Austin Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Austin_Callaway"},{"link_name":"Elbert Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbert_Williams"},{"link_name":"Felix Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Hall"},{"link_name":"Johannes Kunze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kunze"},{"link_name":"Robert \"Bobbie\" Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screws_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"Willie James Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_James_Howard"},{"link_name":"Recy Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recy_Taylor"},{"link_name":"John Cecil Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil_Jones"},{"link_name":"Willie Earle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Willie_Earle"},{"link_name":"Lamar Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Smith_(activist)"},{"link_name":"George W. 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Lachenais and four others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Signoret"},{"link_name":"Fort Pillow, TN, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow"},{"link_name":"Plummer Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Memphis massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Gallatin County, KY, race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_Gallatin_County_race_riot"},{"link_name":"New Orleans massacre of 1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866"},{"link_name":"Reno Brothers Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Gang"},{"link_name":"Camilla, GA, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_massacre"},{"link_name":"Steve Long and two half-brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Long"},{"link_name":"Pulaski, TN, riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_riot"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Samuel_Bierfield"},{"link_name":"Opelousas, LA, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelousas_massacre"},{"link_name":"Bear River City riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_River_City,_Wyoming#Bear_River_City_Riot_of_November_19,_1868"},{"link_name":"Chinese massacre of 1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871"},{"link_name":"Meridian, MS, race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871"},{"link_name":"Colfax, LA, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_massacre"},{"link_name":"Election riot of 1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874"},{"link_name":"Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Moya"},{"link_name":"Benjamin and Mollie French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Benjamin_and_Mollie_French"},{"link_name":"Ellenton, SC, riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenton_riot"},{"link_name":"Hamburg, SC, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_massacre"},{"link_name":"Thibodeax, LA, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux_massacre"},{"link_name":"Mart and Tom Horrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrell_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willits,_California##Triple_Masonic_lynching_of_1879"},{"link_name":"T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout"},{"link_name":"New Orleans 1891 lynchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_14,_1891,_lynchings"},{"link_name":"Ruggles Brothers (CA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Ruggles_brothers"},{"link_name":"Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Grocery_lynchings"},{"link_name":"Porter and Spencer (MS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Nevlin_Porter_and_Johnson_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, SC, election riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_election_riot"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, NC, insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898"},{"link_name":"Julia and Frazier Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Julia_and_Frazier_Baker"},{"link_name":"Pana, IL, riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pana_riot"},{"link_name":"Watkinsville lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkinsville_lynching"},{"link_name":"1906 Atlanta race massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Atlanta_race_massacre"},{"link_name":"Kemper County, MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_County,_Mississippi#History"},{"link_name":"Walker family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_the_Walker_family"},{"link_name":"Springfield race riot of 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_race_riot_of_1908"},{"link_name":"Slocum, TX, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slocum,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Laura and L.D. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Laura_and_L._D._Nelson"},{"link_name":"Harris County, GA, lynchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Georgia#History"},{"link_name":"Newberry, FL, lynchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newberry_Six_lynchings"},{"link_name":"East St. Louis, IL, riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots"},{"link_name":"Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jenkins County, GA, riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkins_County,_Georgia,_riot_of_1919"},{"link_name":"Longview, TX, race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview_race_riot"},{"link_name":"Elaine, AR, race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_race_riot"},{"link_name":"Omaha race riot of 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_race_riot_of_1919"},{"link_name":"Knoxville riot of 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_riot_of_1919"},{"link_name":"Red Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Summer"},{"link_name":"Duluth, MN, lynchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth_lynchings"},{"link_name":"Ocoee, FL, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocoee_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tulsa race massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre"},{"link_name":"Perry, FL, race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_race_riot"},{"link_name":"Rosewood, FL, massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood_massacre"},{"link_name":"Jim and Mark Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Jim_and_Mark_Fox"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tate County, MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_County,_Mississippi#History"},{"link_name":"Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Hart#Lynching_of_Thurmond_and_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Roosevelt_Townes_and_Robert_McDaniels"},{"link_name":"Beaumont, TX, Race Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont_race_riot_of_1943"},{"link_name":"O'Day Short, wife, and two children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Day_Short"},{"link_name":"Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_Ford_lynchings"},{"link_name":"Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_T._Moore"},{"link_name":"Harriette Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette_Moore"},{"link_name":"Anniston, AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama#The_Civil_Rights_era"},{"link_name":"Freedom Summer Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner"},{"link_name":"James Chaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chaney"},{"link_name":"Andrew Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Michael Schwerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schwerner"},{"link_name":"Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case"},{"link_name":"Lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"Indiana White Caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Nadir of American race relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations"},{"link_name":"Red Shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_American_Jews"},{"link_name":"Anti-lynching movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement"},{"link_name":"American anti-lynching activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:American_anti-lynching_activists"},{"link_name":"American Crusade Against Lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crusade_Against_Lynching"},{"link_name":"Jessie Daniel Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Daniel_Ames"},{"link_name":"Martin C. Ansorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_C._Ansorge"},{"link_name":"Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching"},{"link_name":"Flossie Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossie_Bailey"},{"link_name":"William O'Connell Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Ella Barksdale Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Barksdale_Brown"},{"link_name":"Father Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Divine"},{"link_name":"Flag Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Salute"},{"link_name":"N.A.A.C.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"National Conference on Lynching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_on_Lynching"},{"link_name":"Paul Robeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson"},{"link_name":"Strange Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Fruit"},{"link_name":"Ida B. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells"},{"link_name":"Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill"},{"link_name":"Costigan-Wagner Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_P._Costigan#Costigan%E2%80%93Wagner_Bill"},{"link_name":"Justice for Victims of Lynching Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_for_Victims_of_Lynching_Act"},{"link_name":"Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till_Unsolved_Civil_Rights_Crime_Act"},{"link_name":"Emmett Till Antilynching Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act"},{"link_name":"Theodore G. Bilbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo"},{"link_name":"Cole L. Blease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_L._Blease"},{"link_name":"Julian S. Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_S._Carr"},{"link_name":"Sidney Johnston Catts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Johnston_Catts"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dixon Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr."},{"link_name":"Rebecca Latimer Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Latimer_Felton"},{"link_name":"John Temple Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Temple_Graves"},{"link_name":"John Trotwood Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trotwood_Moore"},{"link_name":"John T. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Morgan"},{"link_name":"James Rolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rolph"},{"link_name":"Goodloe Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodloe_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman"},{"link_name":"James K. Vardaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Vardaman"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson"},{"link_name":"America's Black Holocaust Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Black_Holocaust_Museum"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial"},{"link_name":"The Legacy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legacy_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Memorial for Peace and Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice"},{"link_name":"National Museum of African American History and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"James Allen (collector)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Allen_(collector)"},{"link_name":"And you are lynching Negroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_you_are_lynching_Negroes"},{"link_name":"Attack on John Shillady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_John_Shillady"},{"link_name":"Battle of Liberty Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place"},{"link_name":"The Birth of a Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation"},{"link_name":"The Clansman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Deaths in police custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_in_police_custody_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Fury (1936 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Hang 'Em High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_%27Em_High"},{"link_name":"Lynching postcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_postcard"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burning"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Cold Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Cold_Case"},{"link_name":"Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson"},{"link_name":"The Ox-Bow Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident"},{"link_name":"Parade (musical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"Red Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Summer"},{"link_name":"Scottsboro Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys"},{"link_name":"Silent Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Parade"},{"link_name":"Stone Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountain#Confederate_Memorial_Carving"},{"link_name":"Summer in Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Sundown town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown_town"},{"link_name":"They Won't Forget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Won%27t_Forget"},{"link_name":"\"The United States of Lyncherdom\" (Twain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States_of_Lyncherdom"},{"link_name":"United States v. Shipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Shipp"},{"link_name":"Vendetta (1999 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendetta_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Wilmington insurrection of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_massacre"},{"link_name":"Lynching in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lynching deaths in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lynching_deaths_in_the_United_States_by_state"}],"text":"Park, Marlene (2006). \"Lynching and Anti-Lynching: Art and Politics in the 1930s\". In Anreus, Alejandro; Linden, Diana L.; Weinberg, Jonathan (eds.). The Social and the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271026916.\nVendryes, Margaret Rose (1997). \"Hanging on Their Walls: An Art Commentary on Lynching, the Forgotten 1935 Art Exhibition\". In Jackson Fossett, Judith; Tucker, Jeffrey A. (eds.). Race Consciousness: African-American Studies for the New Century. New York University Press. pp. 153–176. ISBN 9780814742280. JSTOR j.ctt9qg40k.15.vteLynching in the United StatesList of lynching victims in the United StatesBefore 1900\nFrancis McIntosh (1836)\nElijah Parish Lovejoy (1837)\nJosefa Segovia (1851)\nPancho Daniel (1858)\nJoshua Boyd (1863)\nHenry Plummer (1864)\nBill Sketoe (1864)\nClubfoot George (1864)\nSteve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868)\nWyatt Outlaw (1870)\nJohn W. Stephens (1870)\nAlexander Boyd (1870)\nJim Williams (1871)\nDavid Jones (1872)\nJo Reed (1875)\nArthur St. Clair (1877)\nMichael Green (1878)\nJoseph Standing (1879)\nBig Nose George Parrott (1881)\nCharles Thurber (1882)\nJohn Wesley Heath (1884)\nEliza Woods (1886)\nSamuel \"Mingo Jack\" Johnson (1886)\nAmos Miller (1888)\nJoseph Vermillion (1889)\nGeorge Meadows (1889)\nEllen Watson (1889)\nBrown Washington (1890)\nJim Taylor (1891)\nDick Lundy (1891)\nJoe Coe (1891)\nRobert Lewis (1892)\nEphraim Grizzard (1892)\nSamuel J. Bush (1893)\nJohn Peterson (1893)\nAlfred Blount (1893)\nHenry Smith (1893)\nRichard Puryear (1894)\nStephen Williams (1894)\nAmos Hicks (1894)\nJacob Henson (1896)\nWilliam Andrews (1897)\nJoseph H. McCoy (1897)\nJohn Anderson (1898)\nJohn Henry James (1898)\nF. W. Stewart (1898)\nSam Hose (1899)\nBenjamin Thomas (1899)\n1900–1940\nFred Rochelle (1901)\nBallie Crutchfield (1901)\nGeorge Ward (1901)\nWalker Davis (1903)\nJ. D. Mayfield (1903)\n George White (1903)\nDavid Wyatt (1903)\nMarie Thompson (1904)\nPaul Reed and Will Cato (1904)\nBunk Richardson (1906)\nEd Johnson (1906)\nSlab Pitts (1906)\nWilliam Burns (1907)\nEarnest Williams (1907)\nJim Miller (1909)\nJames Hodges (1909)\nMatthew Chase (1909)\n\"Mose\" Creole (1909)\n\"Pie\" Hill (1909)\nWilliam \"Froggie\" James and Henry Salzner (1909)\nGrant Richardson (1910)\nKing Johnson (1911)\nName unknown (TX) (1911)\nLaura and L. D. Nelson (1911)\nWill Porter (1911)\nZachariah Walker (1911)\nMary Jackson (1912)\nRob Edwards (1912)\nGeorge Saunders (1912)\nRobert Perry (1913)\n? Anderson (1913)\nCharles Fisher (1914)\nJohn Evans (1914)\nLeo Frank (1915)\nName unknown (MS) (1915)\nJesse Washington (1916)\nAnthony Crawford (1916)\nJeff Brown (1916)\nPaulo Boleta (1916)\nFrank Little (1917)\nCharles Jones (1917)\nEll Persons (1917)\nRobert Prager (1918)\nMary Turner and her unborn baby (1918)\nHazel \"Hayes\" Turner (1918)\nGeorge Taylor (1918)\nJim McIlherron (1918)\nOlli Kinkkonen (1918)\nWallace Baynes (1919)\nWill Brown (1919)\nWesley Everest (1919)\nJohn Hartfield (1919)\nJay Lynch (1919)\nBerry Washington (1919)\nWillie Baird (1920)\nRoy Belton (1920)\nDick Rowland (attempted) (1921)\nHenry Lowry (1921)\nJames Harvey and Joe Jordan (1922)\nJoe Pullen (1923)\nSamuel Smith (1924)\nL. Q. Ivy (1925)\nRaymond Byrd (1926)\nJames Clark (1926)\nFred N. Selak (1926)\nTom Payne (1927)\nJohn Carter (1927)\nDan Anderson (1927)\nWill Sherod (1927)\nBernice Raspberry (1927)\nOwen Flemming (1927)\nJoseph Upchurch (1927)\nJoe Smith (1927)\nAlbert Williams (1927)\nThomas Bradshaw (1927)\nWinston Pounds (1927)\nThomas Williams (1927)\nLeonard Woods (1927)\nJ. C. Collins (1928)\nGeorge Hughes (1930)\nJames Cameron (1930)\nLynching of Raymond Gunn (1931)\nMatthew Williams (1931)\nShedrick Thompson (1932)\nGeorge Armwood (1933)\nCordie Cheek (1933)\nClaude Neal (1934)\nAustin Callaway (1940)\nElbert Williams (1940)\nAfter 1940\nFelix Hall (1941)\nJohannes Kunze (1943)\nRobert \"Bobbie\" Hall (1943)\nWillie James Howard (1944)\nRecy Taylor (1944)\nJohn Cecil Jones (1946)\nWillie Earle (1947)\nLamar Smith (1955)\nGeorge W. Lee (1955)\nEmmett Till (1955)\nJudge Edward Aaron (1957)\nWillie Edwards (1957)\nMack Charles Parker (1959)\nLouis Allen (1964)\nLemuel Penn (1964)\nFrank Morris (1964)\nJames Reeb (1965)\nVernon Dahmer (1966)\nWharlest Jackson (1967)\nCarol Jenkins (1968)\nHenry Marrow (1970)\nMarian Pyszko (1975)\nBetty Gardner (1978)\nArthur McDuffie (1979)\nMichael Donald (1981)\nYusef Hawkins (1989)\nJames Byrd Jr. (1998)\nJames Craig Anderson (2011)\nAhmaud Arbery (2020)\nMultiple victims\nDeath of Joseph Smith (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith) (1844)\nMarais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858)\nGreat Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862)\nNew York City draft riots (1863)\nDetroit race riot (1863)\n? Lachenais and four others (1863)\nFort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864)\nPlummer Gang (1864)\nMemphis massacre (1866)\nGallatin County, KY, race riot (1866)\nNew Orleans massacre of 1866\nReno Brothers Gang (1868)\nCamilla, GA, massacre (1868)\nSteve Long and two half-brothers (1868)\nPulaski, TN, riot (1868)\nSamuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868)\nOpelousas, LA, massacre (1868)\nBear River City riot (1868)\nChinese massacre of 1871\nMeridian, MS, race riot (1871)\nColfax, LA, massacre (1873)\nElection riot of 1874 (AL)\nJuan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874)\nBenjamin and Mollie French (1876)\nEllenton, SC, riot (1876)\nHamburg, SC, massacre (1876)\nThibodeax, LA, massacre (1878)\nMart and Tom Horrell (1878)\nNevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer (1879)\nElijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken (1879)\nT.J. House, James West, John Dorsey (1880)\nNew Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891)\nRuggles Brothers (CA) (1892)\nThomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) (1892)\nPorter and Spencer (MS) (1897)\nPhoenix, SC, election riot (1898)\nWilmington, NC, insurrection (1898)\nJulia and Frazier Baker (1898)\nPana, IL, riot (1899)\nWatkinsville lynching (1905)\n1906 Atlanta race massacre\nKemper County, MS (1906)\nWalker family (1908)\nSpringfield race riot of 1908\nSlocum, TX, massacre (1910)\nLaura and L.D. Nelson (1911)\nHarris County, GA, lynchings (1912)\nNewberry, FL, lynchings (1916)\nEast St. Louis, IL, riots (1917)\nLynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918)\nJenkins County, GA, riot (1919)\nLongview, TX, race riot (1919)\nElaine, AR, race riot (1919)\nOmaha race riot of 1919\nKnoxville riot of 1919\nRed Summer (1919)\nDuluth, MN, lynchings (1920)\nOcoee, FL, massacre (1920)\nTulsa race massacre (1921)\nPerry, FL, race riot (1922)\nRosewood, FL, massacre (1923)\nJim and Mark Fox (1927)\nThomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930)\nTate County, MS (1932)\nThomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes (1933)\nRoosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels (1937)\nBeaumont, TX, Race Riot (1943)\nO'Day Short, wife, and two children (1945)\nMoore's Ford, GA, lynchings (1946)\nHarry and Harriette Moore (1952)\nAnniston, AL (1961)\nFreedom Summer Murders (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner) (1964)\nHenry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore (1964)\nGeneral\nLynching\nIndiana White Caps\nJim Crow laws\nKu Klux Klan\nNadir of American race relations\nRed Shirts\nJews\nAnti-lynching movement\nAmerican anti-lynching activists\nAmerican Crusade Against Lynching\nJessie Daniel Ames\nMartin C. Ansorge\nAssociation of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching\nFlossie Bailey\nWilliam O'Connell Bradley\nElla Barksdale Brown\nFather Divine\n\"Flag Salute\"\nN.A.A.C.P.\nNational Conference on Lynching\nPaul Robeson\n\"Strange Fruit\"\nIda B. Wells\nLegislation\nDyer Anti-Lynching Bill\nCostigan-Wagner Bill\nJustice for Victims of Lynching Act\nEmmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act\nEmmett Till Antilynching Act\n\nDefenders of lynching\nTheodore G. Bilbo\nCole L. Blease\nJulian S. Carr\nSidney Johnston Catts\nThomas Dixon Jr.\nRebecca Latimer Felton\nJohn Temple Graves\nJohn Trotwood Moore\nJohn T. Morgan\nJames Rolph\nGoodloe Sutton\nBenjamin Tillman\nJames K. Vardaman\nThomas E. Watson\nMemory\nAmerica's Black Holocaust Museum\nCivil Rights Memorial\nThe Legacy Museum\nNational Memorial for Peace and Justice\nNational Museum of African American History and Culture\nSouthern Poverty Law Center\nRelated articles\nJames Allen (collector)\n\"And you are lynching Negroes\"\nAttack on John Shillady\nBattle of Liberty Place\nThe Birth of a Nation\nThe Clansman\nDeaths in police custody\nFury (1936 film)\nHang 'Em High\nLynching postcard\nMississippi Burning\nMississippi Cold Case\nMurder of Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965)\nThe Ox-Bow Incident\nParade (musical)\nReconstruction era\nRed Summer\nScottsboro Boys\nSilent Parade\nStone Mountain\nSummer in Mississippi\nSundown town\nThey Won't Forget\n\"The United States of Lyncherdom\" (Twain)\nUnited States v. Shipp\nVendetta (1999 film)\nWilmington insurrection of 1898\nCategories\nLynching in the United States\nLynching deaths in the United States","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Langa, Helen (2004). Radical Art: Printmaking and the Left in 1930's New York. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-52023155-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52023155-4","url_text":"0-52023155-4"}]},{"reference":"\"An Art Exhibit Against Lynching\". The Crisis. April 1935. Retrieved May 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C1gEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106","url_text":"\"An Art Exhibit Against Lynching\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crisis","url_text":"The Crisis"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, R.M. (2016). \"Persons Unknown: lynching photographs in the Museum\". In Stylianou, Elena; Stylianou-Lambert, Theopisti (eds.). Museums and Photography: Displaying Death. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317528975.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317528975","url_text":"9781317528975"}]},{"reference":"Apel, Dora (2004). \"The Anti-Lynching Exhibitions of 1935\". Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813534596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813534596","url_text":"9780813534596"}]},{"reference":"Langa, Helen (1999). \"Two Antilynching Art Exhibitions: Politicized Viewpoints, Racial Perspectives, Gendered Constraints\". American Art. 13 (1): 10–39. doi:10.1086/424334. JSTOR 3109305. S2CID 192126647.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109305","url_text":"\"Two Antilynching Art Exhibitions: Politicized Viewpoints, Racial Perspectives, Gendered Constraints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Art","url_text":"American Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424334","url_text":"10.1086/424334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109305","url_text":"3109305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192126647","url_text":"192126647"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Todd E. (1993). \"Mob Justice in the 'American Congo': 'Judge Lynch' in Arkansas during the Decade after World War I\". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 52 (2): 156–184. doi:10.2307/40019247. JSTOR 40019247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arkansas_Historical_Quarterly","url_text":"The Arkansas Historical Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40019247","url_text":"10.2307/40019247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40019247","url_text":"40019247"}]},{"reference":"Cullen, Deborah, ed. (2009). Nexus New York: Latin/American Artists in the Modern Metropolis. Museo del Barrio. ISBN 9780300158960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300158960","url_text":"9780300158960"}]},{"reference":"Park, Marlene (2006). \"Lynching and Anti-Lynching: Art and Politics in the 1930s\". In Anreus, Alejandro; Linden, Diana L.; Weinberg, Jonathan (eds.). The Social and the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271026916.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271026916","url_text":"9780271026916"}]},{"reference":"Vendryes, Margaret Rose (1997). \"Hanging on Their Walls: An Art Commentary on Lynching, the Forgotten 1935 Art Exhibition\". In Jackson Fossett, Judith; Tucker, Jeffrey A. (eds.). Race Consciousness: African-American Studies for the New Century. New York University Press. pp. 153–176. ISBN 9780814742280. JSTOR j.ctt9qg40k.15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814742280","url_text":"9780814742280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg40k.15","url_text":"j.ctt9qg40k.15"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C1gEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106","external_links_name":"\"An Art Exhibit Against Lynching\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109305","external_links_name":"\"Two Antilynching Art Exhibitions: Politicized Viewpoints, Racial Perspectives, Gendered Constraints\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424334","external_links_name":"10.1086/424334"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109305","external_links_name":"3109305"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192126647","external_links_name":"192126647"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40019247","external_links_name":"10.2307/40019247"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40019247","external_links_name":"40019247"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg40k.15","external_links_name":"j.ctt9qg40k.15"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Mulan_Football_League
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Taiwan Mulan Football League
|
["1 History","2 Competition format","3 Teams","3.1 Former teams","3.2 Timeline","4 Stadiums","5 Champions","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Football leagueTaiwan Mulan Football LeagueFounded2014; 10 years ago (2014)CountryTaiwanConfederationAsian Football ConfederationNumber of teams6Level on pyramid1Domestic cup(s)Mulan League CupInternational cup(s)AFC Women's Club ChampionshipCurrent championsTaichung Blue Whale (2023)Most championships Hualien (5 titles) Taichung Blue Whale (5 titles)TV partnersSportcastWebsiteOfficial websiteCurrent: 2024 TMFL season
The Taiwan Mulan Football League (Chinese: 台灣木蘭足球聯賽) is referred to as TMFL, Taiwan's top-division a Women's football / soccer league. It is run by the Chinese Taipei Football Association (CTFA).
History
During the 2020 season, the league played through the COVID-19 pandemic , starting on April 11 and going until November 07.
Competition format
The six teams in the league play each other three times. The games are played on Saturday. The regular season comes to an end when each team has played 15 games in total and it is followed by playoffs: the third and sixth placed, the fourth and fifth placed face each other in a one-leg quarter-final, with the winner facing the first placed team or the second placed team in a one-leg semi-final. Then the winners face each other in a one-leg final. The winner of the final is crowned Taiwan Mulan Football League champion.
Teams
Teams (2024)
Team
Location
2023 rank
First season
Hualien
Hualien
5th
2014
Kaohsiung Attackers
Kaohsiung
3rd
2016
Mars
Taoyuan
6th
2022
New Taipei Hang Yuen
New Taipei
2nd
2017
Taichung Blue Whale
Taichung
1st
2014
Taipei Bravo
Taipei
4th
2017
Former teams
Taipei SCSC (2014-2016)
Hsinchu (2014-2017)
Inter Taoyuan (2018-2021)
Timeline
Current team Former team
Stadiums
Stadiums (2024)
Stadium
Chinese
Location
Capacity
Map
Fu Jen Catholic University Stadium
輔仁大學足球場
New Taipei City
3,000
FJUHualienNanzihNTSUTaipeiTaiyuanYilan
Hualien County Stadium
花蓮縣立田徑場
Hualien County
12,800
Kaohsiung Nanzih Football Stadium
高雄市立楠梓足球場
Kaohsiung City
1,200
National Taiwan Sport University
國立體育大學
Taoyuan City
Taipei Municipal Stadium
臺北田徑場
Taipei City
20,000
Taiyuan Football Field
太原足球場
Taichung City
600
Yilan Sports Park Multipurpose Stadium
宜蘭運動公園複合式運動場
Yilan County
15,000
Champions
Season
Championship
Regular Season
First Place
Second Place
Third Place
2014
None
Hualien TLDC
Hsinchu F.C.
Taipei SCSC
2015
Hualien TLDC
Taichung Blue Whale
Hsinchu F.C.
2016
Hualien TLDC
Hsinchu F.C.
Taichung Blue Whale
2017
Taichung Blue Whale
Taipei Play One
Taichung Blue Whale
Hualien
2018
Taichung Blue Whale
Taichung Blue Whale
Taipei Play One
Hualien
2019
Taichung Blue Whale
Taichung Blue Whale
Hualien
Taipei Bravo
2020
Hualien
Hualien
Taichung Blue Whale
Taipei Bravo
2021
Taichung Blue Whale
Taichung Blue Whale
Hualien
Kaohsiung Sunny Bank
2022
Hualien
Hualien
Taichung Blue Whale
Kaohsiung Sunny Bank
2023
Taichung Blue Whale
Taichung Blue Whale
New Taipei Hang Yuen
Kaohsiung Sunny Bank
See also
AFC Women's Club Championship
Football in Taiwan
References
^ "抗疫先鋒 木蘭聯賽4月11日開踢" (in Chinese). China Time. 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
^ 2018 Mulan League – Chinese Taipei Football Association – Wayback Machine
External links
official website
Taiwan Mulan Football League on Facebook
vte Football in Taiwan
Chinese Taipei Football Association Regional Associations: Taichung
Taipei
Taoyuan
National Teams
Men's
Women's
U-23
U-20
U-17
Men's futsal
Women's futsal
Home Stadiums
Taipei Municipal Stadium
Kaohsiung National Stadium
Men Leagues
Taiwan Football Premier League
Taiwan Second Division Football League
Intercity Football League (2007–2016)
Enterprise Football League (defunct)
Women Leagues
Chinese Taipei women's football championship (2006–2014)
Taiwan Mulan Football League (2014–present)
Youth
Highschool Football League
National High School Games
National Youth Cup
Seasons
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Clubs
Players
Managers
Venues
vteTop-level women's football leagues of Asia (AFC)
Afghanistan
Australia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
East Timor
Guam
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Northern Mariana Islands
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
vteTop level women's association football leagues around the worldAfricaNorth Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
West AfricaZone A
Cape Verde
Gambia
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Zone B
Benin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Niger
Nigeria
Togo
Central Africa
Cameroon
Chad
Congo
DR Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
East Africa
Burundi
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Kenya
Rwanda
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Southern Africa
Angola
Botswana
Comoros
Eswatini
Lesotho
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
Seychelles
South Africa
Zambia
AsiaWest Asia
Bahrain
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Central Asia
Iran
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
East Asia
China PR
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea DPR
Korea Republic
Mongolia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
Australia
Indonesia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Europe
Albania
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
North and Central America,and the CaribbeanNorth America
Canada
Mexico
United States
NWSL
USLS
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Caribbean
Puerto Rico
Oceania
New Zealand
Solomon Islands
Tuvalu
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Geography of women's association football
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"AFC Women's Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Women%27s_Club_Championship"},{"title":"Football in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Taiwan"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"抗疫先鋒 木蘭聯賽4月11日開踢\" (in Chinese). China Time. 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200325000564-260111","url_text":"\"抗疫先鋒 木蘭聯賽4月11日開踢\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Time","url_text":"China Time"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ctfa.com.tw/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200325000564-260111","external_links_name":"\"抗疫先鋒 木蘭聯賽4月11日開踢\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180528121837/https://www.ctfa.com.tw/2018-mulan-league/","external_links_name":"2018 Mulan League – Chinese Taipei Football Association – Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.ctfa.com.tw/","external_links_name":"official website"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/ctfa.tmfl","external_links_name":"Taiwan Mulan Football League"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_McCaslin
|
Susan McCaslin
|
["1 Biography","2 Literary awards (selected)","3 Works","3.1 Poetry","3.2 Non-fiction","3.3 Chapbooks (selected)","3.4 Children's books","3.5 Editor of poetry anthologies","4 References"]
|
Canadian poet (born 1947)
Susan Elizabeth McCaslinBorn(1947-06-03)3 June 1947OccupationPoet, Writer, EducatorAlma materUniversity of British Columbia (1984)
Simon Fraser University (1973)
Susan Elizabeth McCaslin (born June 3, 1947) is a Canadian poet and writer.
Biography
McCaslin lives in Fort Langley, British Columbia. She received an M.A. in English (thesis: Edgar Allan Poe) at Simon Fraser University, 1973; and a Ph.D. in English (dissertation: Vernon Watkins) at University of British Columbia, 1984.
She taught English and Creative Writing at Douglas College in British Columbia from 1984 to 2007. She is a retired Faculty Emerita who has authored fourteen volumes of poetry. Her most recent volume is Painter, Poet, Mountain: After Cézanne (Quattro Books, 2016). Her previous volume, Demeter Goes Skydiving (University of Alberta Press, 2011), was shortlisted for the BC Book Prize and the winner of the Alberta Book Publishing Award for 2012. She is an essayist, editor of poetry anthologies, children's author, memoirist, and creative non-fiction writer.
Literary awards (selected)
The Burnaby Writers' Society Annual Poetry Contest, Oct. 1995, first-place winner.
Mother Tongue Press's Annual Chapbook Competition, 1997, for Letters to William Blake. (judged by P.K. Page)
Burnaby Writers' Society Poetry Competition, 2005, first-place winner.
The second annual poetry contest sponsored by Presence: an International Journal of Spiritual Direction, grand prize poetry winner, 2006.
First place winner in the 18th Annual Literary Writes Poetry Competition of the Federation of BC Writers, 2006.
Finalist for the Dorothy Livesay Award (BC Book Prize, 2012) for Demeter Goes Skydiving (University of Alberta Press, 2011).
Alberta Book Publishing Award (The Robert Kroetsch Poetry Award) for Demeter Goes Skydiving (University of Alberta Press), 2012.
Works
Poetry
Conversing with Paradise. Vancouver, B.C.: Golden Eagle Press, 1986.
Locutions. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 1995.
Light Housekeeping. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 1997.
Veil/Unveil. Toronto: The Saint Thomas Poetry Series, 1997.
Into the Open. Port Moody, B.C.: Golden Eagle Press, 1999.
Flying Wounded. Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida, 2000.
The Altering Eye. Ottawa, Ontario: Borealis Press, 2000.
Common Longing: The Teresa Poems and A Canticle for Mary and Martha. New York: Mellen Poetry Press, 2001.
At the Mercy Seat. Vancouver, B.C.: Ronsdale Press, 2003.
A Plot of Light. Lantzville, B.C.: Oolichan Books, 2004.
Lifting the Stone. Hamilton, Ontario: Seraphim Editions, Oct. 2007.
Demeter Goes Skydiving. University of Alberta Press, 2011.
The Disarmed Heart. Toronto, Ontario: The St. Thomas Poetry Series, 2014.
Painter, Poet, Mountain: After Cézanne. Toronto, Ontario: Quattro Books, 2016.
Into the Open: Poems New and Selected. Toronto, Ontario: Inanna Publications, 2017.
Heart Work. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 2020.
Non-fiction
Arousing the Spirit: Provocative Writings. Kelowna, British Columbia: Copperhouse, an imprint of Wood Lake Books, 2011.
Chapbooks (selected)
Letters to William Blake. Salt Spring Island: Mother Tongue Press, 1997. First-place winner of the Mother Tongue Chapbook competition for 1997, judged by P.K. Page.
Oracular Heart. The Hawthorne Poetry Series. Victoria, B.C.: Reference West, 1999.
Persephone Tours the Underground. North Vancouver, B.C.: The Alfred Gustav Press, 2009.
effortful / effortless: after Cézanne. North Vancouver, B.C.: The Alfred Gustav Press, 2015.
Cosmic Egg. North Vancouver, B.C.: The Alfred Gustav Poetry Press, 2021.
Children's books
Thinking About God. Mystic, Connecticut: Twenty-Third Publications, 1994.
Editor of poetry anthologies
A Matter of Spirit: Recovery of the Sacred in Contemporary Canadian Poetry. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 1998.
Poetry and Spiritual Practice: Selections from Contemporary Canadian Poets. Toronto: The St. Thomas Poetry Series, 2002.
References
^ a b McCaslin, Susan (2011). Arousing the Spirit: Provocative Writings. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-55145-598-3.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
People
Trove
This article about a poet from Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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She received an M.A. in English (thesis: Edgar Allan Poe) at Simon Fraser University, 1973; and a Ph.D. in English (dissertation: Vernon Watkins) at University of British Columbia, 1984.She taught English and Creative Writing at Douglas College in British Columbia from 1984 to 2007. She is a retired Faculty Emerita who has authored fourteen volumes of poetry. Her most recent volume is Painter, Poet, Mountain: After Cézanne (Quattro Books, 2016). Her previous volume, Demeter Goes Skydiving (University of Alberta Press, 2011), was shortlisted for the BC Book Prize and the winner of the Alberta Book Publishing Award for 2012. She is an essayist, editor of poetry anthologies, children's author, memoirist, and creative non-fiction writer.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Burnaby Writers' Society Annual Poetry Contest, Oct. 1995, first-place winner.\nMother Tongue Press's Annual Chapbook Competition, 1997, for Letters to William Blake. (judged by P.K. Page)\nBurnaby Writers' Society Poetry Competition, 2005, first-place winner.\nThe second annual poetry contest sponsored by Presence: an International Journal of Spiritual Direction, grand prize poetry winner, 2006.\nFirst place winner in the 18th Annual Literary Writes Poetry Competition of the Federation of BC Writers, 2006.\nFinalist for the Dorothy Livesay Award (BC Book Prize, 2012) for Demeter Goes Skydiving (University of Alberta Press, 2011).\nAlberta Book Publishing Award (The Robert Kroetsch Poetry Award) for Demeter Goes Skydiving (University of Alberta Press), 2012.","title":"Literary awards (selected)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Conversing with Paradise. Vancouver, B.C.: Golden Eagle Press, 1986.\nLocutions. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 1995.\nLight Housekeeping. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 1997.\nVeil/Unveil. Toronto: The Saint Thomas Poetry Series, 1997.\nInto the Open. Port Moody, B.C.: Golden Eagle Press, 1999.\nFlying Wounded. Gainesville, Florida: The University Press of Florida, 2000.\nThe Altering Eye. Ottawa, Ontario: Borealis Press, 2000.\nCommon Longing: The Teresa Poems and A Canticle for Mary and Martha. New York: Mellen Poetry Press, 2001.\nAt the Mercy Seat. Vancouver, B.C.: Ronsdale Press, 2003.\nA Plot of Light. Lantzville, B.C.: Oolichan Books, 2004.\nLifting the Stone. Hamilton, Ontario: Seraphim Editions, Oct. 2007.\nDemeter Goes Skydiving. University of Alberta Press, 2011.\nThe Disarmed Heart. Toronto, Ontario: The St. Thomas Poetry Series, 2014.\nPainter, Poet, Mountain: After Cézanne. Toronto, Ontario: Quattro Books, 2016.\nInto the Open: Poems New and Selected. Toronto, Ontario: Inanna Publications, 2017.\nHeart Work. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 2020.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ats-1"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Arousing the Spirit: Provocative Writings. Kelowna, British Columbia: Copperhouse, an imprint of Wood Lake Books, 2011.[1]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chapbooks (selected)","text":"Letters to William Blake. Salt Spring Island: Mother Tongue Press, 1997. First-place winner of the Mother Tongue Chapbook competition for 1997, judged by P.K. Page.\nOracular Heart. The Hawthorne Poetry Series. Victoria, B.C.: Reference West, 1999.\nPersephone Tours the Underground. North Vancouver, B.C.: The Alfred Gustav Press, 2009.\neffortful / effortless: after Cézanne. North Vancouver, B.C.: The Alfred Gustav Press, 2015.\nCosmic Egg. North Vancouver, B.C.: The Alfred Gustav Poetry Press, 2021.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Children's books","text":"Thinking About God. Mystic, Connecticut: Twenty-Third Publications, 1994.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Editor of poetry anthologies","text":"A Matter of Spirit: Recovery of the Sacred in Contemporary Canadian Poetry. Victoria, B.C.: Ekstasis Editions, 1998.\nPoetry and Spiritual Practice: Selections from Contemporary Canadian Poets. Toronto: The St. Thomas Poetry Series, 2002.","title":"Works"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"McCaslin, Susan (2011). Arousing the Spirit: Provocative Writings. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-55145-598-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vpQLTVJS7f8C&q=susan+mccaslin","url_text":"Arousing the Spirit: Provocative Writings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55145-598-3","url_text":"978-1-55145-598-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vpQLTVJS7f8C&q=susan+mccaslin","external_links_name":"Arousing the Spirit: Provocative Writings"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000073763034","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/93670251","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpytPCRXhXR9rFFkdt9Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/129688185","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007389296405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90686316","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1129041","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_McCaslin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Swiss_Serie_A
|
1918–19 Swiss Serie A
|
["1 East","1.1 Table","2 Central","2.1 Table","3 West","3.1 Table","4 Final","4.1 Table","4.2 Results","5 Sources"]
|
22nd season of top-tier Swiss football
Football league seasonSwiss Serie ASeason1918–19← 1917–18 1919–20 →
Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1918–19 season.
East
Table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
FC Winterthur
14
12
1
1
57
22
+35
25
2
FC Zürich
14
9
1
4
38
23
+15
19
3
Grasshopper Club Zürich
14
9
1
4
49
32
+17
19
4
Brühl St. Gallen
14
7
2
5
40
31
+9
16
5
Neumünster Zürich
14
7
1
6
24
30
−6
15
6
Blue Stars Zürich
14
4
2
8
27
31
−4
10
7
FC St. Gallen
14
2
1
11
18
47
−29
5
8
Young Fellows Zürich
14
1
1
12
16
53
−37
3
Source: rsssf.com
Central
Table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
Etoile La Chaux-de-Fonds
14
11
2
1
42
9
+33
24
2
Old Boys Basel
14
8
3
3
31
18
+13
19
3
Nordstern Basel
14
8
3
3
23
15
+8
19
4
FC La Chaux-de-Fonds
14
8
3
3
32
23
+9
19
5
FC Basel
14
5
3
6
27
26
+1
13
6
FC Aarau
14
5
1
8
13
24
−11
11
7
FC Lucerne
14
2
3
9
18
27
−9
7
8
FC Biel
14
0
0
14
2
46
−44
0
Source: rsssf.com
West
Table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
Servette Genf
14
10
3
1
51
16
+35
23
2
Young Boys Bern
10
6
2
2
15
7
+8
14
3
FC Genf
12
5
1
6
28
35
−7
11
4
Lausanne Sports
12
4
3
5
19
16
+3
11
5
Cantonal Neuchatel
12
4
2
6
22
29
−7
10
6
FC Bern
10
3
3
4
13
18
−5
9
7
Stella Fribourg
8
2
0
6
17
25
−8
4
8
Montreux Sports
6
1
0
5
6
25
−19
2
Source: rsssf.com
Final
Table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1
Etoile La Chaux-de-Fonds
2
2
0
0
5
3
+2
4
2
Servette Genf
2
0
1
1
2
3
−1
1
3
FC Winterthur
2
0
1
1
1
2
−1
1
Source: rsssf.com
Results
Team 1
Score
Team 2
1 June 1919
Servette
0–0
Winterthur
15 June 1919
Étoile-Sporting
3–2
Servette
22 June 1919
Étoile-Sporting
2–1
Winterthur
Etoile La Chaux-de-Fonds won the championship.
Sources
Switzerland 1918-19 at RSSSF
vteSeasons of the Swiss Football LeagueSerie A era, 1897–1931Seasons
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
Nationalliga era, 1931–1944Seasons
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
Nationalliga A era, 1944–2003Seasons
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
Super League era, 2003–presentSeasons
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1918–19 in European football « 1917–18 1919–20 » Domestic leagues
Austria
Denmark
Hungary
Iceland '18 '19
Ireland
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Scotland
Switzerland
Domestic cups
Austria
France
Ireland
Netherlands
Norway '18 '19
Spain '18 '19
Sweden '18 '19
|
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rsssf.com","title":"West"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etoile La Chaux-de-Fonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etoile_La_Chaux-de-Fonds"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Etoile La Chaux-de-Fonds won the championship.","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland 1918-19 at RSSSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Swiss_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Swiss_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swiss_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"Swiss Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1897–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897%E2%80%9398_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1898–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1899–1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931900_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1900–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1901–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1902–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1903–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E2%80%9304_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1904–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1905–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1906–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1907–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%E2%80%9308_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1908–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908%E2%80%9309_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1909–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E2%80%9310_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1910–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1911–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1912–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1913–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913%E2%80%9314_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1914–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1915–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915%E2%80%9316_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1916–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%9317_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1917–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917%E2%80%9318_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1918–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1919–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1920–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1921–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1922–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%E2%80%9323_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1925–26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925%E2%80%9326_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1927–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1928–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1929–30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1930–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1931–32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%E2%80%9332_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1932–33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1933–34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1934–35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1935–36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1936–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1937–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1938–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1939–40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1940–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1941–42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1942–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%E2%80%9343_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1943–44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%E2%80%9344_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1944–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%E2%80%9345_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1945–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1949–50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1950–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1956–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1961–62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1963–64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Swiss_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2024–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1918%E2%80%9319_in_European_football_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1918%E2%80%9319_in_European_football_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1918%E2%80%9319_in_European_football_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"1917–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1917%E2%80%9318_in_European_football_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"1919–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1919%E2%80%9320_in_European_football_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Austrian_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Danish_National_Football_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"'18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"'19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Irish_League"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Luxembourg_National_Division"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Maltese_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Netherlands_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918%E2%80%9319_Austrian_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918%E2%80%9319_Coupe_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Irish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1918%E2%80%9319_KNVB_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"'18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"'19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"'18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"'19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"'18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_in_Swedish_football"},{"link_name":"'19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_in_Swedish_football"}],"text":"Switzerland 1918-19 at RSSSFvteSeasons of the Swiss Football LeagueSerie A era, 1897–1931Seasons\n1897–98\n1898–99\n1899–1900\n1900–01\n1901–02\n1902–03\n1903–04\n1904–05\n1905–06\n1906–07\n1907–08\n1908–09\n1909–10\n1910–11\n1911–12\n1912–13\n1913–14\n1914–15\n1915–16\n1916–17\n1917–18\n1918–19\n1919–20\n1920–21\n1921–22\n1922–23\n1923–24\n1924–25\n1925–26\n1926–27\n1927–28\n1928–29\n1929–30\n1930–31\nNationalliga era, 1931–1944Seasons\n1931–32\n1932–33\n1933–34\n1934–35\n1935–36\n1936–37\n1937–38\n1938–39\n1939–40\n1940–41\n1941–42\n1942–43\n1943–44\nNationalliga A era, 1944–2003Seasons\n1944–45\n1945–46\n1946–47\n1947–48\n1948–49\n1949–50\n1950–51\n1951–52\n1952–53\n1953–54\n1954–55\n1955–56\n1956–57\n1957–58\n1958–59\n1959–60\n1960–61\n1961–62\n1962–63\n1963–64\n1964–65\n1965–66\n1966–67\n1967–68\n1968–69\n1969–70\n1970–71\n1971–72\n1972–73\n1973–74\n1974–75\n1975–76\n1976–77\n1977–78\n1978–79\n1979–80\n1980–81\n1981–82\n1982–83\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1995–96\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n1999–2000\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2002–03\nSuper League era, 2003–presentSeasons\n2003–04\n2004–05\n2005–06\n2006–07\n2007–08\n2008–09\n2009–10\n2010–11\n2011–12\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2014–15\n2015–16\n2016–17\n2017–18\n2018–19\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2022–23\n2023–24\n2024–25vte1918–19 in European football « 1917–18 1919–20 » Domestic leagues\nAustria\nDenmark\nHungary\nIceland '18 '19\nIreland\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nNetherlands\nScotland\nSwitzerland\nDomestic cups\nAustria\nFrance\nIreland\nNetherlands\nNorway '18 '19\nSpain '18 '19\nSweden '18 '19","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html","external_links_name":"Switzerland 1918-19 at RSSSF"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivelj
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Krivelj
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["1 Notable people","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 44°07′46″N 22°05′46″E / 44.12944°N 22.09611°E / 44.12944; 22.09611Village in Bor District, SerbiaKrivelj
Krivelj / Кривељ (Serbian)Criveli (Romanian)VillageKriveljCoordinates: 44°07′46″N 22°05′46″E / 44.12944°N 22.09611°E / 44.12944; 22.09611Country SerbiaDistrictBor DistrictMunicipalityBorPopulation (2022) • Total754Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Krivelj (Serbian Cyrillic: Кривељ; Romanian: Criveli) is a village in the municipality of Bor, Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the village has a population of 754 people.
Notable people
References
^ Age and sex, data by settlements (PDF). 2022 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2023. ISBN 978-86-6161-230-5. Retrieved 24 June 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
vteCities, towns and villages in the Bor DistrictBor
Brestovac
Bučje
Gornjane
Donja Bela Reka
Zlot
Krivelj
Luka
Metovnica
Oštrelj
Slatina
Tanda
Topla
Šarbanovac
Kladovo
Brza Palanka
Vajuga
Velesnica
Velika Vrbica
Velika Kamenica
Grabovica
Davidovac
Kladušnica
Korbovo
Kostol
Kupuzište
Ljubičevac
Mala Vrbica
Manastirica
Milutinovac
Novi Sip
Petrovo Selo
Podvrška
Reka
Rečica
Rtkovo
Tekija na Dunavu
Majdanpek
Donji Milanovac
Boljetin
Vlaole
Golubinje
Debeli Lug
Jasikovo
Klokočevac
Leskovo
Miroč
Mosna
Rudna Glava
Topolnica
Crnajka
Negotin
Aleksandrovac
Braćevac
Brestovac
Bukovče
Crnomasnica
Čubra
Dupljane
Dušanovac
Jabukovac
Jasenica
Karbulovo
Kobišnica
Kovilovo
Mala Kamenica
Malajnica
Mihajlovac
Miloševo
Mokranje
Plavna
Popovica
Prahovo
Radujevac
Rajac
Rečka
Rogljevo
Samarinovac
Šarkamen
Sikole
Slatina
Smedovac
Srbovo
Štubik
Tamnič
Trnjane
Urovica
Veljkovo
Vidrovac
Vratna
Municipalities or cities of Serbia
44°07′46″N 22°05′46″E / 44.12944°N 22.09611°E / 44.12944; 22.09611
This Bor District, Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Bor District, SerbiaKrivelj (Serbian Cyrillic: Кривељ; Romanian: Criveli) is a village in the municipality of Bor, Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the village has a population of 754 people.[1]","title":"Krivelj"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Age and sex, data by settlements (PDF). 2022 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2023. ISBN 978-86-6161-230-5. Retrieved 24 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234003.pdf","url_text":"Age and sex, data by settlements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6161-230-5","url_text":"978-86-6161-230-5"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krivelj¶ms=44_07_46_N_22_05_46_E_region:RS-14_type:city(1316)_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"44°07′46″N 22°05′46″E / 44.12944°N 22.09611°E / 44.12944; 22.09611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krivelj¶ms=44_07_46_N_22_05_46_E_type:city(754)_region:RS-14","external_links_name":"44°07′46″N 22°05′46″E / 44.12944°N 22.09611°E / 44.12944; 22.09611"},{"Link":"https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20234003.pdf","external_links_name":"Age and sex, data by settlements"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krivelj¶ms=44_07_46_N_22_05_46_E_region:RS-14_type:city(1316)_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"44°07′46″N 22°05′46″E / 44.12944°N 22.09611°E / 44.12944; 22.09611"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krivelj&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrato_(Paul_Gilbert_Album)
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Vibrato (album)
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["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Production","3 References"]
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2012 studio album by Paul GilbertVibratoStudio album by Paul GilbertReleased19 September 2012 (Japan)
15 October 2012GenreRock, blues rock, instrumental rockLength67:31LabelMusic Theories RecordingsShrapnel RecordsProducerPaul GilbertPaul Gilbert chronology
Fuzz Universe(2010)
Vibrato(2012)
Stone Pushing Uphill Man(2014)
Vibrato is the 12th studio album by Paul Gilbert, released on October 15, 2012. The album is half instrumental.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Enemies (In Jail)"Paul Gilbert6:032."Rain and Thunder and Lightning"Gilbert5:043."Vibrato"Gilbert3:294."Put It on the Char"Gilbert5:335."Bivalve Blues"Gilbert7:436."Blue Rondo à la Turk (Cover)"Dave Brubeck5:387."Atmosphere on the Moon"Gilbert5:148."The Pronghorn"Gilbert5:369."Roundabout (Cover) "Steve Howe, Jon Anderson9:0810."I Want to Be Loved (Cover) "Willie Dixon6:1011."Go Down (Cover) "Bon Scott, Malcolm Young7:57Total length:67:39
Personnel
Paul Gilbert – lead guitar, vocals
Jeff Bowders – drums
Emi Gilbert – keyboards
Thomas Lang – drums
Kelly LeMieux – bass guitar
Craig Martini – bass guitar
Tony Spinner – rhythm guitar, vocals
Production
John Greenberg - management
Tim Heyne - management
Ace Baker – engineering
Dave Brubeck – songwriting
Willie Dixon – songwriting
Howe – songwriting
Paul Logus – mastering
Jun Murakawa – engineering
Jay Ruston – mixing album
James Chiang - photography and images album
References
^ Ankeny, Jason (1966-11-06). "Paul Gilbert - Music Biography, Credits and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
^ "Paul Gilbert To Release New Album 'Vibrato' Out 15th October 2012". Contactmusic.com. 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
http://www.allmusic.com/album/vibrato-mw0002419208
vtePaul GilbertStudio albums
King of Clubs (1998)
Flying Dog (1998)
Alligator Farm (2000)
Raw Blues Power (2002)
Burning Organ (2002)
Gilbert Hotel (2003)
Space Ship One (2005)
Get Out of My Yard (2006)
Silence Followed by a Deafening Roar (2008)
United States (2009)
Fuzz Universe (2010)
Vibrato (2012)
Stone Pushing Uphill Man (2014)
I Can Destroy (2016)
Behold Electric Guitar (2019)
Werewolves of Portland (2021)
'TWAS (2021)
The Dio Album (2023)
Compilation albums
Paul the Young Dude/The Best of Paul Gilbert (2003)
Live albums
Beehive Live (1999)
Acoustic Samurai (2003)
Related articles
Racer X
Mr. Big
G3
Yellow Matter Custard
Jeff Martin
Bruce Bouillet
Mike Szuter
Tony Spinner
Russ Parrish
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ankeny, Jason (1966-11-06). \"Paul Gilbert - Music Biography, Credits and Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/paul-gilbert-mn0000747761","url_text":"\"Paul Gilbert - Music Biography, Credits and Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Gilbert To Release New Album 'Vibrato' Out 15th October 2012\". Contactmusic.com. 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2013-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.contactmusic.com/press/paul-gilbert-vibrato-2012","url_text":"\"Paul Gilbert To Release New Album 'Vibrato' Out 15th October 2012\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/paul-gilbert-mn0000747761","external_links_name":"\"Paul Gilbert - Music Biography, Credits and Discography\""},{"Link":"http://www.contactmusic.com/press/paul-gilbert-vibrato-2012","external_links_name":"\"Paul Gilbert To Release New Album 'Vibrato' Out 15th October 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/vibrato-mw0002419208","external_links_name":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/vibrato-mw0002419208"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/86e49ea8-ce7d-4882-90e5-fbcbbce233bd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_rights
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Student rights
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["1 See also"]
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Part of the Politics series onStudents' rights
History
2021 Boğaziçi University protests
2021 Columbia University strike
2020 Thai protests
School strike for climate
2018 Bangladesh road safety protests
2018 "March for Our Lives"
2017–18 Mahatma Gandhi Central University protests
2017–18 Iranian protests
2017 Jallikattu protests
2015 "Fees Must Fall"
2015 University of Missouri protests
2015 Bangladesh student protests
2015 University of Amsterdam Bungehuis and Maagdenhuis Occupations
2014 Jadavpur University protests
2014 Hong Kong student protest for democracy
2014 Sunflower Student Movement
2014 Iguala mass kidnapping
2012 Quebec student protests
2011 student protests in Chile
2010 University of Puerto Rico Strike
2010 UK student protests
2008 Greek riots
2007 Dutch pupil strike
2006 student protests in Chile
2006 student uprising in Iran
2005 Quebec student protests
July 1999 Iran student protests
1996–1997 protests in Serbia
1996 Quebec student protests
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1989 Anti-SAP riots
1980 student protests in Kabul
1978 "Ali Must Go" protests
1976-77 Soweto uprising
November 1973 Athens Polytechnic uprising
1971 Diliman Commune – Philippines
1970-1972 Huelga schools, Houston – United States
1970 Student Strike
1968 Protests
1968–69 Japanese university protests
Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968-
1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia
May 1968 uprisings
Mexican Movement of 1968
1968 protests in Poland
1968 East L.A. walkouts
1965 Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
1964-65 U.C. Berkeley Free Speech Movement
1960 Anpo protests
1956 Bucharest student movement
Września children strike
Butter rebellion
1229 University of Paris strike
Concepts and theory
Authentic assessment
Anarchistic free school
Democratic education
Democratic schools
Freedom of speech
Hidden curriculum
Minimally invasive education
Sudbury school
Student activism
Student bill of rights
Student-centred learning
Student protest
Student riot
Students' union
Student voice
Unschooling
Issues
Alternative school
Censorship of student media
Compulsory education
Ordinance of Student Rights
School corporal punishment
School discipline
School district drug policies
School speech
School-to-prison pipeline
Zero tolerance
Organizations
European Students' Union
Hong Kong Federation of Students
Rouge Forum
RMIT University Student Union
Scholarism
Students for a Democratic Society (1960)
Students for a Democratic Society (2006)
Student Press Law Center
Worker Student Alliance
UP Diliman University Student Council
PUP SPEAK
Related
Animal rights
Anti-racism
Feminism
Labor rights
LGBT student movement
Socialism
Youth rights
Society portalvte
Student rights encompass:
Student rights in primary education
Student rights in secondary education
Student rights in higher education
These are sometimes collected and formalized in a student bill of rights.
See also
Free education
Right to education
Student activism
Student council
Student voice
Student wing
Students' union
Universal access to education
Voluntary student unionism
This article relating to education is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"Student rights in higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_rights_in_higher_education"},{"link_name":"student bill of rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_bill_of_rights"}],"text":"Student rights encompass:Student rights in primary education\nStudent rights in secondary education\nStudent rights in higher educationThese are sometimes collected and formalized in a student bill of rights.","title":"Student rights"}]
|
[]
|
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|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Student_rights&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla_(Metro-North_station)
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Valhalla station
|
["1 History","2 2015 accident","3 Station layout","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 41°04′24″N 73°46′22″W / 41.0732°N 73.7729°W / 41.0732; -73.7729Metro-North Railroad station in New York
ValhallaNorthbound view of Valhalla station from the southbound side of the platform.General informationLocation2 Cleveland Street, Valhalla, New YorkCoordinates41°04′24″N 73°46′22″W / 41.0732°N 73.7729°W / 41.0732; -73.7729Line(s)Harlem LinePlatforms1 island platformTracks2ConnectionsBee-Line: 6ConstructionParking191 spacesAccessibleYesOther informationFare zone5HistoryOpened1890Electrified1984700V (DC) third railPassengers2018467 (Metro-North)Rank75 of 109
Services
Preceding station
Metro-North Railroad
Following station
North White Plainstoward Grand Central
Harlem Linelimited service
Mount Pleasanttoward Southeast
Harlem Line
Hawthornetoward Southeast
Former services
Preceding station
Metro-North Railroad
Following station
North White Plainstoward Grand Central
Harlem Line
Kensico Cemetery(closed 1984)toward Wassaic
Preceding station
New York Central Railroad
Following station
North White Plainstoward New York
Harlem Division
Kensico Cemeterytoward Chatham
Location
Valhalla station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line, located in Mount Pleasant, New York.
History
The former New York Central Railroad station house, now the Valhalla Crossing Station Restaurant.
Rail service in Valhalla can be traced as far back as 1846, with the establishment of the New York and Harlem Railroad, which installed a station named "Davis Brook," but by 1851 the name had been changed to "Kensico." The NY&H became part of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1864 and eventually taken over by the New York Central Railroad. By the late-1880s Kensico and the rail line that ran through it were relocated to make way for the Kensico Reservoir despite protests from the community lasting for the rest of the century, and the community that replaced it was named "Valhalla." The current station house was built in 1890, and at some point was converted into a restaurant.
As with most of the Harlem Line, the merger of New York Central with Pennsylvania Railroad in 1968 transformed the station into a Penn Central Railroad station. Penn Central's continuous financial despair throughout the 1970s forced them to turn over their commuter service to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority which made it part of Metro-North in 1983.
Prior to Metro-North Railroad's electrification of this section of the Harlem Line in 1984, service at the station had been greatly reduced compared to other similar stations. In the late 1970s, weekday service was about half that of most other stations north of North White Plains, and weekend service was limited to a flag stop for six trains. By 1990, service had been restored to fourteen trains a day on weekends, the equivalent of that at other similar stations.
2015 accident
On February 3, 2015, the Valhalla train crash occurred north of the station, in which a Metro-North train crashed into a Mercedes-Benz SUV at Commerce Street near the Taconic State Parkway. The crash caused 6 deaths and at least 15 injuries, including 7 serious injuries.
Station layout
The station has one six-car-long high-level island platform serving trains in both directions.: 11
References
^ a b METRO-NORTH 2018 WEEKDAY STATION BOARDINGS. Market Analysis/Fare Policy Group:OPERATIONS PLANNING AND ANALYSIS DEPARTMENT:Metro-North Railroad. April 2019. p. 6.
^ NY Existing Stations-Westchester
^ The Valhalla Crossing Restaurant
^ Harlem Line timetables effective 30 October 1977 and 17 September 1979
^ Santora, Marc; Flegenheimer, Matt (February 4, 2015). "Investigation Underway in Metro-North Train Crash". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
^ Trott, Bill; Heavey, Susan (February 4, 2015). "Cuomo says death toll in commuter train accident revised to six". Reuters. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
^ "Metro-North Railroad Track & Structures Department Track Charts Maintenance Program Interlocking Diagrams & Yard Diagrams 2015" (PDF). Metro-North Railroad. 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
External links
Media related to Valhalla (Metro-North station) at Wikimedia Commons
Metro-North station page for Valhalla
List of upcoming Metro-North train departure times and track assignments from MTA
Taconic State Parkway entrance from Google Maps Street View
View of a southbound M7A from south of the station (Panoramio)
vteMetro-North Railroad stationsPark Avenue main line
Grand Central
Harlem–125th Street
Harlem Line
Melrose
Tremont
Fordham
Botanical Garden
Williams Bridge
Woodlawn
Wakefield
Mount Vernon West
Fleetwood
Bronxville
Tuckahoe
Crestwood
Scarsdale
Hartsdale
White Plains
North White Plains
Valhalla
Kensico Cemetery
Mount Pleasant
Hawthorne
Thornwood
Pleasantville
Chappaqua
Mount Kisco
Bedford Hills
Katonah
Goldens Bridge
Purdy's
Croton Falls
Brewster
Southeast
Patterson
Pawling
Appalachian Trail
Harlem Valley–Wingdale
Dover Plains
Tenmile River
Wassaic
Hudson Line
Yankees–East 153rd Street
Highbridge*
Morris Heights
University Heights
Marble Hill
Spuyten Duyvil
Riverdale
Ludlow
Yonkers
Glenwood
Greystone
Hastings-on-Hudson
Dobbs Ferry
Ardsley-on-Hudson
Irvington
Tarrytown
Philipse Manor
Scarborough
Ossining
Croton–Harmon
Croton North
Crugers
Cortlandt
Montrose
Peekskill
Manitou
Garrison
Cold Spring
Breakneck Ridge
Beacon
New Hamburg
Poughkeepsie
Penn Station service (planned)
Penn Station
Upper West Side
West 125th Street
New Haven Line
Fordham
Mount Vernon East
Pelham
New Rochelle
Larchmont
Mamaroneck
Harrison
Rye
Port Chester
Greenwich
Cos Cob
Riverside
Old Greenwich
Stamford
Noroton Heights
Darien
Rowayton
South Norwalk
East Norwalk
Westport
Green's Farms
Southport
Fairfield
Fairfield–Black Rock
Bridgeport
Barnum (planned)
Stratford
Milford
Orange (planned)
West Haven
New Haven
New Haven State Street
New Canaan Branch
Stamford
Glenbrook
Springdale
Talmadge Hill
New Canaan
Danbury Branch
South Norwalk
Merritt 7
Kent Road
Wilton
Cannondale
Georgetown* (proposed)
Branchville
Redding
Bethel
Danbury
North Danbury (proposed)
Brookfield* (proposed)
New Milford* (proposed)
Waterbury Branch
Bridgeport
Stratford
Derby–Shelton
Ansonia
Seymour
Beacon Falls
Naugatuck
Waterbury
Penn Station service (planned)
Penn Station
Sunnyside
Hunts Point*
Parkchester/Van Nest
Morris Park
Co-op City
Pascack Valley Line
← (NJ Transit section to Hoboken)
Pearl River
Nanuet
Spring Valley
Port Jervis Line
Hoboken
Secaucus Junction
Ramsey Route 17
Mahwah
Suffern
Sloatsburg
Tuxedo
Harriman
Salisbury Mills–Cornwall
Campbell Hall
Middletown–Town of Wallkill
Otisville
Port Jervis
Former route
Harriman
Monroe
Chester
Goshen
Middletown
Category • CommonsItalics denote closed/future stations and line segments. Asterisks indicate stations closed prior to the formation of Metro-NorthStations south of Pearl River and Sloatsburg are operated and owned by NJ Transit
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Metro-North Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Harlem Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Line"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_New_York"}],"text":"Metro-North Railroad station in New YorkValhalla station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line, located in Mount Pleasant, New York.","title":"Valhalla station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valhalla_Crossing_-_Former_NYC_Station_-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York and Harlem Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_and_Harlem_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Kensico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensico,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York Central and Hudson River Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_and_Hudson_River_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Kensico Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensico_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Penn Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The former New York Central Railroad station house, now the Valhalla Crossing Station Restaurant.Rail service in Valhalla can be traced as far back as 1846, with the establishment of the New York and Harlem Railroad, which installed a station named \"Davis Brook,\" but by 1851 the name had been changed to \"Kensico.\" The NY&H became part of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1864 and eventually taken over by the New York Central Railroad. By the late-1880s Kensico and the rail line that ran through it were relocated to make way for the Kensico Reservoir despite protests from the community lasting for the rest of the century, and the community that replaced it was named \"Valhalla.\" The current station house was built in 1890, and at some point was converted into a restaurant.[2][3]As with most of the Harlem Line, the merger of New York Central with Pennsylvania Railroad in 1968 transformed the station into a Penn Central Railroad station. Penn Central's continuous financial despair throughout the 1970s forced them to turn over their commuter service to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority which made it part of Metro-North in 1983.Prior to Metro-North Railroad's electrification of this section of the Harlem Line in 1984, service at the station had been greatly reduced compared to other similar stations. In the late 1970s, weekday service was about half that of most other stations north of North White Plains, and weekend service was limited to a flag stop for six trains.[4] By 1990, service had been restored to fourteen trains a day on weekends, the equivalent of that at other similar stations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valhalla train crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla_train_crash"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Taconic State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconic_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-6"}],"text":"On February 3, 2015, the Valhalla train crash occurred north of the station, in which a Metro-North train crashed into a Mercedes-Benz SUV[5] at Commerce Street near the Taconic State Parkway. The crash caused 6 deaths and at least 15 injuries, including 7 serious injuries.[6]","title":"2015 accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The station has one six-car-long high-level island platform serving trains in both directions.[7]: 11","title":"Station layout"}]
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[{"image_text":"The former New York Central Railroad station house, now the Valhalla Crossing Station Restaurant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Valhalla_Crossing_-_Former_NYC_Station_-1.jpg/270px-Valhalla_Crossing_-_Former_NYC_Station_-1.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"METRO-NORTH 2018 WEEKDAY STATION BOARDINGS. Market Analysis/Fare Policy Group:OPERATIONS PLANNING AND ANALYSIS DEPARTMENT:Metro-North Railroad. April 2019. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad","url_text":"Metro-North Railroad"}]},{"reference":"Santora, Marc; Flegenheimer, Matt (February 4, 2015). \"Investigation Underway in Metro-North Train Crash\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nyti.ms/1EFSFeV","url_text":"\"Investigation Underway in Metro-North Train Crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Trott, Bill; Heavey, Susan (February 4, 2015). \"Cuomo says death toll in commuter train accident revised to six\". Reuters. Retrieved February 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-newyork-train-idUSKBN0L801U20150204","url_text":"\"Cuomo says death toll in commuter train accident revised to six\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro-North Railroad Track & Structures Department Track Charts Maintenance Program Interlocking Diagrams & Yard Diagrams 2015\" (PDF). Metro-North Railroad. 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2647944/Operations-Metro-North-Railroad-Track-Charts.pdf","url_text":"\"Metro-North Railroad Track & Structures Department Track Charts Maintenance Program Interlocking Diagrams & Yard Diagrams 2015\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valhalla_station¶ms=41.0732_N_73.7729_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"41°04′24″N 73°46′22″W / 41.0732°N 73.7729°W / 41.0732; -73.7729"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Valhalla_station¶ms=41.0732_N_73.7729_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"41°04′24″N 73°46′22″W / 41.0732°N 73.7729°W / 41.0732; -73.7729"},{"Link":"http://ny.existingstations.com/counties/Westchester.html","external_links_name":"NY Existing Stations-Westchester"},{"Link":"http://www.valhallacrossing.com/","external_links_name":"The Valhalla Crossing Restaurant"},{"Link":"http://nyti.ms/1EFSFeV","external_links_name":"\"Investigation Underway in Metro-North Train Crash\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-newyork-train-idUSKBN0L801U20150204","external_links_name":"\"Cuomo says death toll in commuter train accident revised to six\""},{"Link":"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2647944/Operations-Metro-North-Railroad-Track-Charts.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Metro-North Railroad Track & Structures Department Track Charts Maintenance Program Interlocking Diagrams & Yard Diagrams 2015\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/stations/valhalla","external_links_name":"Metro-North station page for Valhalla"},{"Link":"https://traintime.mta.info/station?code=1VA","external_links_name":"List of upcoming Metro-North train departure times and track assignments from MTA"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=41.073827,-73.773665&spn=0.00385,0.013679&z=17&layer=c&cbll=41.073786,-73.773572&panoid=P5m8rtvXYvf2ikoPNt9A9w&cbp=12,240.11,,0,-2.76","external_links_name":"Taconic State Parkway entrance from Google Maps Street View"},{"Link":"https://ssl.panoramio.com/photo/59940617","external_links_name":"View of a southbound M7A from south of the station (Panoramio)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_swimming
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Frogman
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["1 Scope of operations","1.1 Mission descriptions","1.2 Defending against frogmen","2 Equipment","3 Origins of the name","4 History","4.1 First frogmen","4.2 Wartime operations","4.3 Wartime developments","4.4 Postwar operations","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Tactical scuba diver
This article is about a type of combat diver. For other uses, see Frogman (disambiguation).
A SEAL Delivery Team member climbs aboard a delivery vehicle before launching from the back of the submarine USS Philadelphia.
A frogman is someone who is trained in scuba diving or swimming underwater in a tactical capacity that includes military, and in some European countries, police work. Such personnel are also known by the more formal names of combat diver, combatant diver, or combat swimmer. The word frogman first arose in the stage name the "Fearless Frogman" of Paul Boyton in the 1870s and later was claimed by John Spence, an enlisted member of the U.S. Navy and member of the OSS Maritime Unit, to have been applied to him while he was training in a green waterproof suit.
The term frogman is occasionally used to refer to a civilian scuba diver. Some sport diving clubs include the word frogmen in their names. The preferred term by scuba users is diver, but the frogman epithet persists in informal usage by non-divers, especially in the media and often refers to professional scuba divers, such as in a police diving role.
In the U.S. military and intelligence community, divers trained in scuba or CCUBA who deploy for tactical assault missions are called "combat divers". This term is used to commonly refer to Navy UDTs, Navy SEALs, Navy SARC, and the Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units. Navy SWCC have frogmen heritage of combat swimming rather than diving, one of the few and most elite units trained in this element. Other frogmen units include marine raiders marine recon, elements of US Army Special Forces (aka Green Berets) combat divers, Army Rangers Regimental Reconnaissance Company, Air Force Pararescue, Air Force Combat Controllers, and Air Force Special Reconnaissance, as well as operatives of the CIA's Special Activities Center.
In the United Kingdom, police divers have often been called "police frogmen".
Some countries' tactical diver organizations include a translation of the word frogman in their official names, e.g., Denmark's Frømandskorpset; others call themselves "combat divers" or similar. Others call themselves by indefinite names such as "special group 13" and "special operations unit".
Many nations and some irregular armed groups deploy or have deployed combat swimmers or divers.
Scope of operations
Tactical diving is a branch of professional diving carried out by armed forces and tactical units. They may be divided into:
Combat or assault divers.
Special mission work divers (called "clearance divers" in the British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy), who do general work underwater.
Work divers who are trained in defusing mines and removing other explosives underwater.
These groups may overlap, and the same men may serve as assault divers and work divers, such as the Australian Clearance Diving Branch (RAN).
The range of operations performed by these operatives includes:
Amphibious assault: stealthy deployment of land or boarding forces. The vast majority of combat swimmer missions are simply to get "from here to there" and arrive suitably equipped and in sufficient physical condition to fight on arrival. The deployment of tactical forces by water to assault land targets, oil platforms, or surface ship targets (as in boardings for seizure of evidence) is a major driver behind the equipping and training of combat swimmers. The purposes are many, but include feint and deception, counter-drug, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, and counter-proliferation missions.
Sabotage: This includes putting limpet mines on ships.
Clandestine surveying: Surveying a beach before a troop landing, or other forms of unauthorized underwater surveying in denied waters.
Clandestine underwater work, e.g.:
Recovering underwater objects.
Clandestine fitting of monitoring devices on submarine communications cables in enemy waters.
Investigating unidentified divers, or a sonar echo that may be unidentified divers. Police diving work may be included.
Checking ships, boats, structures, and harbors for limpet mines and other sabotage; and ordinary routine maintenance in war conditions.
Underwater mine clearance and bomb disposal.
Typically, a diver with closed circuit oxygen rebreathing equipment will stay within a depth limit of 20 feet (6.1 m) with limited deeper excursions to a maximum of 50 feet (15 m) because of the risk of seizure due to acute oxygen toxicity. The use of nitrox or mixed gas rebreathers can extend this depth range considerably, but this may be beyond the scope of operations, depending on the unit.
Mission descriptions
US and UK forces use these official definitions for mission descriptors:
Stealthy
keeping out of sight (e.g., underwater) when approaching the target.
Covert
carrying out an action of which the enemy may become aware, but whose perpetrator cannot easily be discovered or apprehended. Covert action often involves military force which cannot be hidden once it has happened. Stealth on approach, and frequently on departure, may be used.
Clandestine
it is intended that the enemy does not find out then or afterwards that the action has happened – for example, installing eavesdropping devices. Approach, installing the devices, and departure are all to be kept from the knowledge of the enemy. If the operation or its purpose is exposed, then the actor will usually make sure that the action at least remains "covert", or unattributable.
Defending against frogmen
Main article: Defense against swimmer incursions
Anti-frogman techniques are security methods developed to protect watercraft, ports and installations, and other sensitive resources both in or nearby vulnerable waterways from potential threats or intrusions by frogmen.
Equipment
Frogmen on clandestine operations use rebreathers, as the bubbles released by open-circuit scuba would reveal them to surface lookouts and make a noise which hydrophones could easily detect.
Origins of the name
A few different explanations have been given for the origin of the term frogman.
Paul Boyton adopted the stage name The Fearless Frogman. In the 1870s, he was a long distance swimmer who wore a rubber immersion suit, with hood.
In an interview with historian Erick Simmel, John Spence claimed that the name "frogman" was coined while he was training in a green waterproof suit, "Someone saw me surfacing one day and yelled out, 'Hey, frogman!' The name stuck for all of us."
History
See also: Timeline of underwater technology
A 1945 British navy frogman with complete gear, including the Davis apparatus, a rebreather originally conceived in 1910 by Robert Davis as an emergency submarine escape set.
In ancient Roman and Greek times, there were instances of men swimming or diving for combat, sometimes using a hollow plant stem or a long bone as a snorkel. Diving with snorkel is mentioned by Aristotle (4th century BC). The earliest descriptions of frogmen in war are found in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The first instance was in 425 BC, when the Athenian fleet besieged the Spartans on the small island of Sphacteria. The Spartans managed to get supplies from the mainland by underwater swimmers towing submerged sacks of supplies. In another incident of the same war, in 415 BC, the Athenians used combat divers in the port of Syracuse, Sicily. The Syracuseans had planted vertical wooden poles in the bottom around their port, to prevent the Athenian triremes from entering. The poles were submerged, not visible above the sea level. The Athenians used various means to cut these obstacles, including divers with saws. It is believed that the underwater sawing required snorkels for breathing and diving weights to keep the divers stable.
Also, in the writings of Al-Maqrizi, it is also claimed that the naval forces of the Fatimid Caliphate, in an engagement with Byzantine forces off the coast of Messina henceforth referred to as the Battle of the Straits, employed a novel strategy with strong similarities to modern-day frogmen tactics. In the writings of Heinz Halm, who studied and translated the writings of Al-Maqrizi and other contemporary Islamic historians, it is described: "They would dive from their own ship and swim over to the enemy ship; they would fasten ropes to its rudder, along which earthenware pots containing Greek fire were then made to slide over to the enemy ship, and shattered on the sternpost." Apparently, this tactic succeeded in destroying many Byzantine vessels, and the battle ended in a major Fatimid victory; according to the Arab historians, a thousand prisoners were taken, including the Byzantine admiral, Niketas, with many of his officers, as well as a heavy Indian sword which bore an inscription indicating that it had once belonged to Muhammad.
The Hungarian Chronicon Pictum claims that Henry III's 1052 invasion of Hungary was defeated by a skillful diver who sabotaged Henry's supply fleet. The unexpected sinking of the ships is confirmed by German chronicles.
On 4 November 1918, during World War I, Italian frogmen sunk the Austro-Hungarian ship Viribus Unitis.
Italy started World War II with a commando frogman force already trained. Britain, Germany, the United States, and the Soviet Union started commando frogman forces during World War II.
First frogmen
The word frogman appeared first in the stage name The Fearless Frogman of Paul Boyton, who since the 1870s broke records in long distance swimming to demonstrate a newly invented rubber immersion suit, with an inflated hood.
The first modern frogmen were the World War II Italian commando frogmen of Decima Flottiglia MAS (now "ComSubIn": Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei) which formed in 1938 and was first in action in 1940. Originally these divers were called "Uomini Gamma" because they were members of the top secret special unit called "Gruppo Gamma", which originated from the kind of Pirelli rubber skin-suit nicknamed muta gamma used by these divers. Later they were nicknamed "Uomini Rana," Italian for "frog men", because of an underwater swimming frog kick style, similar to that of frogs, or because their fins looked like frog's feet.
This special corps used an early oxygen rebreather scuba set, the Auto Respiratore ad Ossigeno (A.R.O), a development of the Dräger oxygen self-contained breathing apparatus designed for the mining industry and of the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus made by Siebe, Gorman & Co and by Bergomi, designed for escaping from sunken submarines. This was used from about 1920 for spearfishing by Italian sport divers, modified and adapted by the Italian navy engineers for safe underwater use and built by Pirelli and SALVAS from about 1933, and so became a precursor of the modern diving rebreather.
For this new way of underwater diving, the Italian frogmen trained in La Spezia, Liguria, using the newly available Genoese free diving spearfishing equipment; diving mask, snorkel, swimfins, and rubber dry suit, the first specially made diving watch (the luminescent Panerai), and the new A.R.O. scuba unit. This was a revolutionary alternative way to dive, and the start of the transition from the usual heavy underwater diving equipment of the hard hat divers which had been in general use since the 18th century, to self-contained divers, free of being tethered by an air line and rope connection.
Wartime operations
After Italy declared war, the Decima Flottiglia MAS (Xª MAS) attempted several frogmen attacks on British naval bases in the Mediterranean between June 1940 and July 1941, but none were successful, because of equipment failure or early detection by British forces. On September 10, 1941, eight Xª MAS frogmen were inserted by submarine close to the British harbour at Gibraltar, where using human torpedoes to penetrate the defences, sank three merchant ships before escaping through neutral Spain. An even more successful attack, the Raid on Alexandria, was mounted on 19 December on the harbour at Alexandria, again using human torpedoes. The raid resulted in disabling the battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Valiant together with a destroyer and an oil tanker, but all six frogmen were captured. Frogmen were deployed by stealth in Algeciras, Spain, from where they launched a number of limpet-mine attacks on Allied shipping at anchor off Gibraltar. Some time later they refitted the interned Italian tanker Olterra as a mothership for human torpedoes, carrying out three assaults on ships at Gibraltar between late 1942 and early 1943, sinking six of them.
Nazi Germany raised a number of frogmen units under the auspices of both the Kriegsmarine and the Abwehr, often relying on Italian expertise and equipment. In June 1944, a K-Verband frogman unit failed to destroy the bridge at Bénouville, now known as Pegasus Bridge, during the Battle of Normandy. In March 1945, a frogman squad from the Brandenburgers was deployed from their base in Venice to destroy the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine which had been captured by the US Army in the Battle of Remagen. Seven frogmen swam 17 kilometres (11 mi) downriver to the bridge carrying explosives, but were spotted by Canal Defence Lights. Four died, two from hypothermia, and the rest were captured.
The British Royal Navy had captured an Italian human torpedo during a failed attack on Malta; they developed a copy called the Chariot and formed a unit called the Experimental Submarine Flotilla, which later merged with the Special Boat Service. A number of Chariot operations were attempted, most notably Operation Title in October 1942, an attack on the German battleship Tirpitz, which had to be abandoned when a storm hit the fishing boat which was towing the Chariots into position. Operation Principal in January 1943 was an attack by eight Chariots on La Maddalena and Palermo harbours; although all the Chariots were lost, the new Italian cruiser Ulpio Traiano was sunk. The last and most successful British operation resulted in sinking two liners in Phuket harbour in Thailand in October 1944. Royal Navy divers did not use fins until December 1942.
Wartime developments
In 1933 Italian companies were already producing underwater oxygen rebreathers, but the first diving set known as SCUBA was invented in 1939 by Christian Lambertsen, who originally called it the Lambertsen Amphibious Respirator Unit (LARU) and patented it in 1940. He later renamed it the Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, which, contracted to SCUBA, eventually became the generic term for both open circuit and rebreather autonomous underwater breathing equipment.
Lambertsen demonstrated it to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy) in a pool at a hotel in Washington D.C. OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element of their maritime unit. The OSS was the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency; the maritime element still exists inside the CIA's Special Activities Division.
John Spence, an enlisted member of the U.S. Navy, was the first man selected to join the OSS group.
Postwar operations
In April 1956, Commander Lionel Crabb, a wartime pioneer of Royal Navy combat diving, disappeared during a covert inspection of the hull of the Soviet Navy Sverdlov-class cruiser, Ordzhonikidze, while she was moored in Portsmouth Harbour.
The Shayetet 13 commandos of the Israeli Navy have carried out a number of underwater raids on harbors. They were initially trained by veterans of Xª MAS and used Italian equipment. As part of Operation Raviv in 1969, eight frogmen used two human torpedoes to enter Ras Sadat naval base near Suez, where they destroyed two motor torpedo boats with mines.
During the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentinian Naval Intelligence Service planned an attack on British warships at Gibraltar. Code named Operation Algeciras, three frogmen, recruited from a former anti-government insurgent group, were to plant mines on the ships' hulls. The operation was abandoned when the divers were arrested by Spanish police and deported.
In 1985, the French nuclear weapons tests at Moruroa in the Pacific Ocean was being contested by environmental protesters led by the Greenpeace campaign ship, Rainbow Warrior. The Action Division of the French Directorate-General for External Security devised a plan to sink the Rainbow Warrior while it was berthed in harbor at Auckland in New Zealand. Two divers from the Division posed as tourists and attached two limpet mines to the ship's hull; the resulting explosion sank the ship and killed a Netherlands citizen on board. Two agents from the team, but not the divers, were arrested by the New Zealand Police and later convicted of manslaughter. The French government finally admitted responsibility two months later.
In the U.S. Navy, frogmen were officially phased out in 1983 and all active duty frogmen were transferred to SEAL units. In 1989, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, a team of four U.S. Navy SEALs using rebreathers conducted a combat swimmer attack on the Presidente Porras, a gunboat and yacht belonging to Manuel Noriega. The commandos attached explosives to the vessel as it was tied to a pier in the Panama Canal, escaping only after being attacked with grenades. Three years later during Operation Restore Hope, members of SEAL Team One swam to shore in Somalia to measure beach composition, water depth, and shore gradient ahead of a Marine landing. The mission resulted in several of the SEALs becoming ill as Somalia's waters were contaminated with raw sewage.
In 1978, the U.S. Navy Special Operations Officer (1140) community was established by combining Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and Expendable Ordnance Management officers with Diving and Salvage officers. Special Ops Officers would become qualified in at lease two functional areas - normally EOD or Diving and Salvage, and Expendable Ordnance management. Officers trained in diving and salvage techniques were now allowed to follow a career pattern that took advantage of their training, and Unrestricted line officers were now permitted to specialize in salvage, with repeat tours of duty, and advanced training. Career patterns were developed to ensure that officers assigned to command were seasoned in salvage operations and well qualified in the technical aspects of their trade. "The combination gave a breadth and depth of professionalism to Navy salvage that had not been possible before."
Gallery
A French frogman with chest counterlung loop rebreather with two breathing tubes (model "Oxygers", 1957).
Italian World War II frogman of "Gruppo Gamma"
Royal Navy divers in Sladen suits during World War II
USMC 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion refreshing in combatant diving with the Draeger LAR V rebreather.
Mannequin wearing Finnish Navy combat diver equipment. The chest rebreather is likely a Viper S-10.
The "maiale" or "siluro a lenta corsa": first underwater transport way used by Italian frogmen in World War II
Diver lock for frogmen on a type XXI U-boat.
A Navy diver and special operator from SEAL Delivery Team (SDV) 2 perform SDV operations with the nuclear-powered guided-missile submarine USS Florida
US Navy SDV MK IX Swimmer Delivery Vehicle. Non-watertight submersible held two scuba-equipped swimmers.
A SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) is loaded aboard the Los Angeles-class fast attack submarine USS Dallas. A Dry Deck Shelter (DDS) is attached to the submarine's forward escape trunk to provide a dry environment for Navy Seals to prepare for special warfare exercises or operations. DDS is the primary supporting craft for the SDV
A member of SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two prepares to launch one of the team's SEAL Delivery Vehicles from the back of USS Philadelphia on a training exercise. The SDVs are used to carry Navy SEALs from a submerged submarine to enemy targets while staying underwater and undetected.
Navy divers and special operators attached to SEAL Delivery Team 2, perform SDV operations with USS Florida
See also
List of military diving units
Lionel Crabb – Royal Navy frogman and MI6 diver
Military diving
Underwater Demolition Team
References
^ a b c Kehoe, Pat (2020-08-29). "Paul Boyton - Fearless Frogman from Co Kildare". Ireland Calling. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
^ a b c Perry, Tony (2013-11-03). "John Spence dies at 95; Navy diver and pioneering WWII 'frogman'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
^ "The hidden world of police divers". 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ "APPENDIX'D' Relationship between the Police and the Schools". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ US Navy (2006). "19". US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
^ Aristotle, On the Parts of Animals, ii, 16, transl. by W.Ogle, London, 1882, p. 51:
"Just then as divers are sometimes provided with instruments for respiration, through which they can draw air from above the water, and thus may remain for a long time under the sea, so also have elephants been furnished by nature with their lengthened nostril, and, whenever they have to traverse the water, they lift this up above the surface and breathe through it."
^ Thukydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, edition Ambrosio Firmin Didot, Paris, 1842, book 4, 26, and b. 7, 25. In Greek and Latin.
^ Pierros D. Nick, The tactics of the enemies in the sea warfare during the Peloponnesian War. 1st Pan-Corinthian Congress, Corinth, Greece, 2008. In Greek. N. Pierros is a Civil Engineer and author of historical essays.
^ "Pirelli Diving Suit". www.therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
^ Manuale Federale di Immersione - author Duilio Marcante
^ Marí, Alejandro Sergio. "Pirelli ARO WW II". Therebreathersite.nl (Janwillem Bech).
^ "Rebreathers - Rebreather Autorespiratori per l'Immersione Subacquea a recupero di gas". Archived from the original on 2012-07-10.
^ "Libri. Teseo Tesei e gli Assaltatori della Regia Marina, di Gianni Bianchi". December 13, 2005. Archived from the original on Oct 2, 2011. Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.
^ O'Hara, Vincent P.; Cernuschi, Enrico. "Frogmen against a fleet: The Italian Attack on Alexandria 18/19 December 1941". www.usnwc.edu. Naval War College Review. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ Borghese, Valerio (1995). Sea Devils: Italian Navy Commandos in World War II. Naval Institute Press. pp. 208–09. ISBN 1-55750-072-X.
^ Borghese (1995), pp. 242-43
^ Borghese (1995), pp. 257-59
^ Blocksdorf, Helmut (2008). Hitler's Secret Commandos: Operations of the K-Verband. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1844157839.
^ "Information sheet no 101 - Attack on the Tirpitz" (PDF). www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. National Museum of the Royal Navy. 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^ Chant, Christoper. "Operation Principal (iii)". codenames.info. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ Hood, Jean, ed. (2007). Submarine. Conway Maritime. pp. 505–506. ISBN 978-1-84486-090-6.
^ Downey, Sally A. (2011-02-21). "Christian J. Lambertsen, 93, developer of the first scuba gear". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
^ Shapiro, T Rees (18 February 2011). "Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
^ "Lambertsen's patent in Google Patents". Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.
^ a b Shapiro, T. Rees (2011-02-19). "Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93". The Washington Post.
^ "CIA Special Operations Group | Special Activities Division". cia.americanspecialops.com. Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.
^ Hoole, Rob (2007). "The Buster Crabb Enigma". mcdoa.org.uk. Minewarfare & Clearance Diving Officers' Association. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
^ Isseroff, Ami (2005). "Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary - Shayetet 13". www.zionism-israel.com. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Gawrych, George Walter (2000). The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars. Praeger. p. 111. ISBN 978-0313313028.
^ "Operation Algeciras: How Argentina planned to attack Gibraltar". newhistories.group.shef.ac.uk. New Histories. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Reports of International Arbitral Awards : Case concerning the differences between New Zealand and France arising from the Rainbow Warrior affair (PDF). United Nations. 6 July 1986. p. 200. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Hoyt, Edwin P. (15 June 2011). SEALs at War. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-0-307-57006-2.
^ Mann, Don (5 August 2014). How to Become a Navy SEAL: Everything You Need to Know to Become a Member of the US Navy's Elite Force. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-62873-487-4.
^ url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA278438
Further reading
Frogman operations: Decima Flottiglia MAS, Underwater Demolition Team, human torpedo, Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, Russian commando frogmen
Bush, Elizabeth Kauffman (2004). America's first frogman : the Draper Kauffman story. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-098-6. OCLC 55699399.
Fraser, Ian (1957). Frogman V.C. Angus & Robertson. OCLC 1599838.
Pugh, Marshal (1956). Frogman: Commander Crabb's story. OCLC 1280137.
Welham, Michael G.; Welham, Jacqui (1990). Frogman Spy: the mysterious disappearance of Commander 'Buster' Crabb. W.H. Allen. ISBN 1-85227-138-8. OCLC 21979335.
Tony Groom: DIVER. Royal Naval Clearance Divers work in the Falklands conflict. ISBN 978-1574092691.
External links
Media related to Frogman at Wikimedia Commons
Panerai during World War Two Archived 2019-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
Frogman - Training, Equipment, and Operations of Our Navy's Undersea Fighters - C.B. Colby Archived 2019-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
List of books about frogmen
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frogman (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogman_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_050505-N-3093M-001_A_member_of_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_Two_(SDVT-2)_climbs_aboard_one_of_the_team%27s_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicles_(SDV)_before_launching_from_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelph.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(SSN-690)"},{"link_name":"scuba diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"Paul Boyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boyton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"John Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spence_(frogman)"},{"link_name":"OSS Maritime Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"scuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_set"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"police diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_diving"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"intelligence community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community"},{"link_name":"CCUBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCUBA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Navy UDTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_UDT"},{"link_name":"Navy SEALs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Sea_Air_and_Land_Forces"},{"link_name":"Navy SARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_amphibious_reconnaissance_corpsman"},{"link_name":"Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_EOD"},{"link_name":"Navy SWCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_warfare_combatant-craft_crewmen"},{"link_name":"combat swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_swimming"},{"link_name":"marine raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_raiders"},{"link_name":"marine recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Green Berets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Berets"},{"link_name":"Army Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Regimental Reconnaissance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_Reconnaissance_Company"},{"link_name":"Air Force Pararescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Pararescue"},{"link_name":"Air Force Combat Controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Combat_Controllers"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Special_Operations_Weather_Technician"},{"link_name":"Special Activities Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frømandskorpset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8mandskorpset"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This article is about a type of combat diver. For other uses, see Frogman (disambiguation).A SEAL Delivery Team member climbs aboard a delivery vehicle before launching from the back of the submarine USS Philadelphia.A frogman is someone who is trained in scuba diving or swimming underwater in a tactical capacity that includes military, and in some European countries, police work. Such personnel are also known by the more formal names of combat diver, combatant diver, or combat swimmer. The word frogman first arose in the stage name the \"Fearless Frogman\" of Paul Boyton in the 1870s[1] and later was claimed by John Spence, an enlisted member of the U.S. Navy and member of the OSS Maritime Unit, to have been applied to him while he was training in a green waterproof suit.[2]The term frogman is occasionally used to refer to a civilian scuba diver. Some sport diving clubs include the word frogmen in their names.[citation needed] The preferred term by scuba users is diver,[citation needed] but the frogman epithet persists in informal usage by non-divers, especially in the media and often refers to professional scuba divers, such as in a police diving role.[3]In the U.S. military and intelligence community, divers trained in scuba or CCUBA who deploy for tactical assault missions are called \"combat divers\".[citation needed] This term is used to commonly refer to Navy UDTs, Navy SEALs, Navy SARC, and the Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units. Navy SWCC have frogmen heritage of combat swimming rather than diving, one of the few and most elite units trained in this element. Other frogmen units include marine raiders marine recon, elements of US Army Special Forces (aka Green Berets) combat divers, Army Rangers Regimental Reconnaissance Company, Air Force Pararescue, Air Force Combat Controllers, and Air Force Special Reconnaissance, as well as operatives of the CIA's Special Activities Center.In the United Kingdom, police divers have often been called \"police frogmen\".[4]Some countries' tactical diver organizations include a translation of the word frogman in their official names, e.g., Denmark's Frømandskorpset; others call themselves \"combat divers\" or similar. Others call themselves by indefinite names such as \"special group 13\" and \"special operations unit\".[citation needed]Many nations and some irregular armed groups deploy or have deployed combat swimmers or divers. [citation needed]","title":"Frogman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_diving"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clearance divers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_diver"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"boarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_boarding"},{"link_name":"limpet mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet_mine"},{"link_name":"Surveying a beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"troop landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault"},{"link_name":"submarine communications cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable"},{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"bomb disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usn-5"}],"text":"Tactical diving is a branch of professional diving carried out by armed forces and tactical units. They may be divided into:[citation needed]Combat or assault divers.\nSpecial mission work divers (called \"clearance divers\" in the British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy), who do general work underwater.\nWork divers who are trained in defusing mines and removing other explosives underwater.These groups may overlap, and the same men may serve as assault divers and work divers, such as the Australian Clearance Diving Branch (RAN).The range of operations performed by these operatives includes:[citation needed]Amphibious assault: stealthy deployment of land or boarding forces. The vast majority of combat swimmer missions are simply to get \"from here to there\" and arrive suitably equipped and in sufficient physical condition to fight on arrival. The deployment of tactical forces by water to assault land targets, oil platforms, or surface ship targets (as in boardings for seizure of evidence) is a major driver behind the equipping and training of combat swimmers. The purposes are many, but include feint and deception, counter-drug, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, and counter-proliferation missions.\nSabotage: This includes putting limpet mines on ships.\nClandestine surveying: Surveying a beach before a troop landing, or other forms of unauthorized underwater surveying in denied waters.\nClandestine underwater work, e.g.:\nRecovering underwater objects.\nClandestine fitting of monitoring devices on submarine communications cables in enemy waters.\nInvestigating unidentified divers, or a sonar echo that may be unidentified divers. Police diving work may be included.\nChecking ships, boats, structures, and harbors for limpet mines and other sabotage; and ordinary routine maintenance in war conditions.\nUnderwater mine clearance and bomb disposal.Typically, a diver with closed circuit oxygen rebreathing equipment will stay within a depth limit of 20 feet (6.1 m) with limited deeper excursions to a maximum of 50 feet (15 m) because of the risk of seizure due to acute oxygen toxicity.[5] The use of nitrox or mixed gas rebreathers can extend this depth range considerably, but this may be beyond the scope of operations, depending on the unit.","title":"Scope of operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"eavesdropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eavesdropping"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"}],"sub_title":"Mission descriptions","text":"US and UK forces use these official definitions for mission descriptors:[citation needed]Stealthy\nkeeping out of sight (e.g., underwater) when approaching the target.[citation needed]\nCovert\ncarrying out an action of which the enemy may become aware, but whose perpetrator cannot easily be discovered or apprehended. Covert action often involves military force which cannot be hidden once it has happened. Stealth on approach, and frequently on departure, may be used.[citation needed]\nClandestine\nit is intended that the enemy does not find out then or afterwards that the action has happened – for example, installing eavesdropping devices. Approach, installing the devices, and departure are all to be kept from the knowledge of the enemy. If the operation or its purpose is exposed, then the actor will usually make sure that the action at least remains \"covert\", or unattributable.[This quote needs a citation]","title":"Scope of operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defending against frogmen","text":"Anti-frogman techniques are security methods developed to protect watercraft, ports and installations, and other sensitive resources both in or nearby vulnerable waterways from potential threats or intrusions by frogmen.","title":"Scope of operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rebreathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreather"},{"link_name":"open-circuit scuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba"},{"link_name":"hydrophones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Frogmen on clandestine operations use rebreathers, as the bubbles released by open-circuit scuba would reveal them to surface lookouts and make a noise which hydrophones could easily detect.[citation needed]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Boyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boyton"},{"link_name":"immersion suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_suit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"John Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spence_(frogman)"},{"link_name":"waterproof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproof"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"}],"text":"A few different explanations have been given for the origin of the term frogman.Paul Boyton adopted the stage name The Fearless Frogman. In the 1870s, he was a long distance swimmer who wore a rubber immersion suit, with hood.[1]\nIn an interview with historian Erick Simmel, John Spence claimed that the name \"frogman\" was coined while he was training in a green waterproof suit, \"Someone saw me surfacing one day and yelled out, 'Hey, frogman!' The name stuck for all of us.\"[2]","title":"Origins of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of underwater technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_underwater_technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_navy_frogman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Davis apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus"},{"link_name":"rebreather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreather"},{"link_name":"Robert Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davis_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"snorkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Thucydides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thucydides"},{"link_name":"History of the Peloponnesian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"},{"link_name":"Athenian fleet besieged the Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria"},{"link_name":"Syracuse, Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily"},{"link_name":"triremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trireme"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Al-Maqrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits"},{"link_name":"Heinz Halm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Halm"},{"link_name":"Greek fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Pictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of underwater technologyA 1945 British navy frogman with complete gear, including the Davis apparatus, a rebreather originally conceived in 1910 by Robert Davis as an emergency submarine escape set.In ancient Roman and Greek times, there were instances of men swimming or diving for combat, sometimes using a hollow plant stem or a long bone as a snorkel. Diving with snorkel is mentioned by Aristotle (4th century BC).[6] The earliest descriptions of frogmen in war are found in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The first instance was in 425 BC, when the Athenian fleet besieged the Spartans on the small island of Sphacteria. The Spartans managed to get supplies from the mainland by underwater swimmers towing submerged sacks of supplies. In another incident of the same war, in 415 BC, the Athenians used combat divers in the port of Syracuse, Sicily. The Syracuseans had planted vertical wooden poles in the bottom around their port, to prevent the Athenian triremes from entering. The poles were submerged, not visible above the sea level. The Athenians used various means to cut these obstacles, including divers with saws.[7] It is believed that the underwater sawing required snorkels for breathing and diving weights to keep the divers stable.[8]Also, in the writings of Al-Maqrizi, it is also claimed that the naval forces of the Fatimid Caliphate, in an engagement with Byzantine forces off the coast of Messina henceforth referred to as the Battle of the Straits, employed a novel strategy with strong similarities to modern-day frogmen tactics. In the writings of Heinz Halm, who studied and translated the writings of Al-Maqrizi and other contemporary Islamic historians, it is described: \"They would dive from their own ship and swim over to the enemy ship; they would fasten ropes to its rudder, along which earthenware pots containing Greek fire were then made to slide over to the enemy ship, and shattered on the sternpost.\" Apparently, this tactic succeeded in destroying many Byzantine vessels, and the battle ended in a major Fatimid victory; according to the Arab historians, a thousand prisoners were taken, including the Byzantine admiral, Niketas, with many of his officers, as well as a heavy Indian sword which bore an inscription indicating that it had once belonged to Muhammad.The Hungarian Chronicon Pictum claims that Henry III's 1052 invasion of Hungary was defeated by a skillful diver who sabotaged Henry's supply fleet. The unexpected sinking of the ships is confirmed by German chronicles.[citation needed]\nOn 4 November 1918, during World War I, Italian frogmen sunk the Austro-Hungarian ship Viribus Unitis.Italy started World War II with a commando frogman force already trained. Britain, Germany, the United States, and the Soviet Union started commando frogman forces during World War II.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Boyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boyton"},{"link_name":"immersion suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_suit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Italian commando frogmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_commando_frogmen"},{"link_name":"Decima Flottiglia MAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS"},{"link_name":"Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei"},{"link_name":"Pirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"frog kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_kick"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"scuba set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_set"},{"link_name":"Dräger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk"},{"link_name":"self-contained breathing apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus"},{"link_name":"Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus"},{"link_name":"spearfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearfishing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"La Spezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spezia"},{"link_name":"Liguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liguria"},{"link_name":"Genoese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"free diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_diving"},{"link_name":"diving mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_mask"},{"link_name":"snorkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)"},{"link_name":"swimfins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimfin"},{"link_name":"dry suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_suit"},{"link_name":"diving watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_watch"},{"link_name":"Panerai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panerai"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"hard hat divers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_diving_dress"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"First frogmen","text":"The word frogman appeared first in the stage name The Fearless Frogman of Paul Boyton, who since the 1870s broke records in long distance swimming to demonstrate a newly invented rubber immersion suit, with an inflated hood.[1]The first modern frogmen were the World War II Italian commando frogmen of Decima Flottiglia MAS (now \"ComSubIn\": Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei) which formed in 1938 and was first in action in 1940. Originally these divers were called \"Uomini Gamma\" because they were members of the top secret special unit called \"Gruppo Gamma\", which originated from the kind of Pirelli rubber skin-suit[9] nicknamed muta gamma used by these divers. Later they were nicknamed \"Uomini Rana,\" Italian for \"frog men\", because of an underwater swimming frog kick style, similar to that of frogs, or because their fins looked like frog's feet.[10][verification needed][need quotation to verify]This special corps used an early oxygen rebreather scuba set, the Auto Respiratore ad Ossigeno (A.R.O), a development of the Dräger oxygen self-contained breathing apparatus designed for the mining industry and of the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus made by Siebe, Gorman & Co and by Bergomi, designed for escaping from sunken submarines. This was used from about 1920 for spearfishing by Italian sport divers, modified and adapted by the Italian navy engineers for safe underwater use and built by Pirelli and SALVAS from about 1933, and so became a precursor of the modern diving rebreather.[11][12]For this new way of underwater diving, the Italian frogmen trained in La Spezia, Liguria, using the newly available Genoese free diving spearfishing equipment; diving mask, snorkel, swimfins, and rubber dry suit, the first specially made diving watch (the luminescent Panerai), and the new A.R.O. scuba unit.[13] This was a revolutionary alternative way to dive, and the start of the transition from the usual heavy underwater diving equipment of the hard hat divers which had been in general use since the 18th century, to self-contained divers, free of being tethered by an air line and rope connection.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy declared war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II#Italy_enters_the_war:_June_1940"},{"link_name":"Decima Flottiglia MAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"human torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_torpedo"},{"link_name":"Raid on Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"HMS Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(1913)"},{"link_name":"HMS Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1914)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"oil tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras"},{"link_name":"limpet-mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpet_mine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Italian tanker Olterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_ship_Olterra"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"Abwehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr"},{"link_name":"K-Verband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Verband"},{"link_name":"Bénouville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nouville,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"Pegasus Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Brandenburgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburgers"},{"link_name":"Ludendorff Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludendorff_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Battle of Remagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen"},{"link_name":"Canal Defence Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Defence_Light"},{"link_name":"hypothermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothermia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_manned_torpedo"},{"link_name":"Experimental Submarine Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_commando_frogmen"},{"link_name":"Special Boat Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Boat_Service"},{"link_name":"Operation Title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Title"},{"link_name":"German battleship Tirpitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"La Maddalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Maddalena"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Italian cruiser Ulpio Traiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Ulpio_Traiano"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"liners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"Phuket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Wartime operations","text":"After Italy declared war, the Decima Flottiglia MAS (Xª MAS) attempted several frogmen attacks on British naval bases in the Mediterranean between June 1940 and July 1941, but none were successful, because of equipment failure or early detection by British forces. On September 10, 1941, eight Xª MAS frogmen were inserted by submarine close to the British harbour at Gibraltar, where using human torpedoes to penetrate the defences, sank three merchant ships before escaping through neutral Spain. An even more successful attack, the Raid on Alexandria, was mounted on 19 December on the harbour at Alexandria, again using human torpedoes. The raid resulted in disabling the battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Valiant together with a destroyer and an oil tanker, but all six frogmen were captured.[14] Frogmen were deployed by stealth in Algeciras, Spain, from where they launched a number of limpet-mine attacks on Allied shipping at anchor off Gibraltar.[15] Some time later they refitted the interned Italian tanker Olterra as a mothership for human torpedoes, carrying out three assaults on ships at Gibraltar between late 1942 and early 1943, sinking six of them.[16][17]Nazi Germany raised a number of frogmen units under the auspices of both the Kriegsmarine and the Abwehr, often relying on Italian expertise and equipment. In June 1944, a K-Verband frogman unit failed to destroy the bridge at Bénouville, now known as Pegasus Bridge, during the Battle of Normandy. In March 1945, a frogman squad from the Brandenburgers was deployed from their base in Venice to destroy the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine which had been captured by the US Army in the Battle of Remagen. Seven frogmen swam 17 kilometres (11 mi) downriver to the bridge carrying explosives, but were spotted by Canal Defence Lights. Four died, two from hypothermia, and the rest were captured.[18]The British Royal Navy had captured an Italian human torpedo during a failed attack on Malta; they developed a copy called the Chariot and formed a unit called the Experimental Submarine Flotilla, which later merged with the Special Boat Service. A number of Chariot operations were attempted, most notably Operation Title in October 1942, an attack on the German battleship Tirpitz, which had to be abandoned when a storm hit the fishing boat which was towing the Chariots into position.[19] Operation Principal in January 1943 was an attack by eight Chariots on La Maddalena and Palermo harbours; although all the Chariots were lost, the new Italian cruiser Ulpio Traiano was sunk.[20] The last and most successful British operation resulted in sinking two liners in Phuket harbour in Thailand in October 1944.[21] Royal Navy divers did not use fins until December 1942.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Christian Lambertsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lambertsen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shapiro2011-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-25"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Special Activities Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Activities_Division"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"John Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spence_(frogman)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"}],"sub_title":"Wartime developments","text":"In 1933 Italian companies were already producing underwater oxygen rebreathers, but the first diving set known as SCUBA was invented in 1939[22] by Christian Lambertsen, who originally called it the Lambertsen Amphibious Respirator Unit (LARU)[23] and patented it in 1940.[24] He later renamed it the Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, which, contracted to SCUBA, eventually became the generic term for both open circuit and rebreather autonomous underwater breathing equipment.Lambertsen demonstrated it to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) (after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy) in a pool at a hotel in Washington D.C.[25] OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element of their maritime unit.[25] The OSS was the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency; the maritime element still exists inside the CIA's Special Activities Division.[26]John Spence, an enlisted member of the U.S. Navy, was the first man selected to join the OSS group.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Crabb"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Sverdlov-class cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlov-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Ordzhonikidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cruiser_Irian"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Shayetet 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayetet_13"},{"link_name":"Israeli Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Navy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Operation Raviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Raviv"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"motor torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Argentinian Naval Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_Inteligencia_Naval_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"Operation Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Algeciras"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"French nuclear weapons tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruroa#French_nuclear_weapons_testing"},{"link_name":"Moruroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moruroa"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1955)"},{"link_name":"Action Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Division"},{"link_name":"Directorate-General for External Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security"},{"link_name":"sink the Rainbow Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Police"},{"link_name":"manslaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"U.S. invasion of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause"},{"link_name":"rebreathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreather"},{"link_name":"Manuel Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoyt2011-32"},{"link_name":"Operation Restore Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope"},{"link_name":"SEAL Team One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAL_Team_One"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mann2014-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Postwar operations","text":"In April 1956, Commander Lionel Crabb, a wartime pioneer of Royal Navy combat diving, disappeared during a covert inspection of the hull of the Soviet Navy Sverdlov-class cruiser, Ordzhonikidze, while she was moored in Portsmouth Harbour.[27]The Shayetet 13 commandos of the Israeli Navy have carried out a number of underwater raids on harbors. They were initially trained by veterans of Xª MAS and used Italian equipment.[28] As part of Operation Raviv in 1969, eight frogmen used two human torpedoes to enter Ras Sadat naval base near Suez, where they destroyed two motor torpedo boats with mines.[29]During the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentinian Naval Intelligence Service planned an attack on British warships at Gibraltar. Code named Operation Algeciras, three frogmen, recruited from a former anti-government insurgent group, were to plant mines on the ships' hulls. The operation was abandoned when the divers were arrested by Spanish police and deported.[30]In 1985, the French nuclear weapons tests at Moruroa in the Pacific Ocean was being contested by environmental protesters led by the Greenpeace campaign ship, Rainbow Warrior. The Action Division of the French Directorate-General for External Security devised a plan to sink the Rainbow Warrior while it was berthed in harbor at Auckland in New Zealand. Two divers from the Division posed as tourists and attached two limpet mines to the ship's hull; the resulting explosion sank the ship and killed a Netherlands citizen on board. Two agents from the team, but not the divers, were arrested by the New Zealand Police and later convicted of manslaughter. The French government finally admitted responsibility two months later.[31]In the U.S. Navy, frogmen were officially phased out in 1983 and all active duty frogmen were transferred to SEAL units. In 1989, during the U.S. invasion of Panama, a team of four U.S. Navy SEALs using rebreathers conducted a combat swimmer attack on the Presidente Porras, a gunboat and yacht belonging to Manuel Noriega. The commandos attached explosives to the vessel as it was tied to a pier in the Panama Canal, escaping only after being attacked with grenades.[32] Three years later during Operation Restore Hope, members of SEAL Team One swam to shore in Somalia to measure beach composition, water depth, and shore gradient ahead of a Marine landing. The mission resulted in several of the SEALs becoming ill as Somalia's waters were contaminated with raw sewage.[33]In 1978, the U.S. Navy Special Operations Officer (1140) community was established by combining Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and Expendable Ordnance Management officers with Diving and Salvage officers. Special Ops Officers would become qualified in at lease two functional areas - normally EOD or Diving and Salvage, and Expendable Ordnance management. Officers trained in diving and salvage techniques were now allowed to follow a career pattern that took advantage of their training, and Unrestricted line officers were now permitted to specialize in salvage, with repeat tours of duty, and advanced training. Career patterns were developed to ensure that officers assigned to command were seasoned in salvage operations and well qualified in the technical aspects of their trade. \"The combination gave a breadth and depth of professionalism to Navy salvage that had not been possible before.\"[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nageurcombat_ix.jpg"},{"link_name":"breathing tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_tube_(breathing_apparatus)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A26571.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sladen suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladen_suit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC_combatant_diving_(2nd_Recon_Bn).jpg"},{"link_name":"USMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taistelusukeltaja_mallinukke_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maiale_SLC.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Typ_XXI_Kampfschwimmerschleuse.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEAL_Delivery_Team_operations.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Florida_(SSGN-728)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SDV_Mk_IX_US_Navy_Submarine_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_loading.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dallas_(SSN-700)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_050505-N-3093M-002_A_member_of_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_Two_(SDVT-2)_prepares_to_launch_one_of_the_team%27s_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicles_(SDV)_from_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelphia_(SSN_690).jpg"},{"link_name":"SEAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs"},{"link_name":"USS Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(SSN-690)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_operations.jpg"}],"text":"A French frogman with chest counterlung loop rebreather with two breathing tubes (model \"Oxygers\", 1957).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tItalian World War II frogman of \"Gruppo Gamma\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoyal Navy divers in Sladen suits during World War II\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUSMC 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion refreshing in combatant diving with the Draeger LAR V rebreather.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMannequin wearing Finnish Navy combat diver equipment. The chest rebreather is likely a Viper S-10.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe \"maiale\" or \"siluro a lenta corsa\": first underwater transport way used by Italian frogmen in World War II\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiver lock for frogmen on a type XXI U-boat.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Navy diver and special operator from SEAL Delivery Team (SDV) 2 perform SDV operations with the nuclear-powered guided-missile submarine USS Florida\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUS Navy SDV MK IX Swimmer Delivery Vehicle. Non-watertight submersible held two scuba-equipped swimmers.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) is loaded aboard the Los Angeles-class fast attack submarine USS Dallas. A Dry Deck Shelter (DDS) is attached to the submarine's forward escape trunk to provide a dry environment for Navy Seals to prepare for special warfare exercises or operations. DDS is the primary supporting craft for the SDV\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA member of SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two prepares to launch one of the team's SEAL Delivery Vehicles from the back of USS Philadelphia on a training exercise. The SDVs are used to carry Navy SEALs from a submerged submarine to enemy targets while staying underwater and undetected.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNavy divers and special operators attached to SEAL Delivery Team 2, perform SDV operations with USS Florida","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decima Flottiglia MAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS"},{"link_name":"Underwater Demolition Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team"},{"link_name":"human torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_torpedo"},{"link_name":"Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Russian commando frogmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-59114-098-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-098-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"55699399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55699399"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1599838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1599838"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1280137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1280137"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85227-138-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-138-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21979335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21979335"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1574092691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574092691"}],"text":"Frogman operations: Decima Flottiglia MAS, Underwater Demolition Team, human torpedo, Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, Russian commando frogmen\nBush, Elizabeth Kauffman (2004). America's first frogman : the Draper Kauffman story. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-098-6. OCLC 55699399.\nFraser, Ian (1957). Frogman V.C. Angus & Robertson. OCLC 1599838.\nPugh, Marshal (1956). Frogman: Commander Crabb's story. OCLC 1280137.\nWelham, Michael G.; Welham, Jacqui (1990). Frogman Spy: the mysterious disappearance of Commander 'Buster' Crabb. W.H. Allen. ISBN 1-85227-138-8. OCLC 21979335.\nTony Groom: DIVER. Royal Naval Clearance Divers work in the Falklands conflict. ISBN 978-1574092691.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A SEAL Delivery Team member climbs aboard a delivery vehicle before launching from the back of the submarine USS Philadelphia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/US_Navy_050505-N-3093M-001_A_member_of_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_Two_%28SDVT-2%29_climbs_aboard_one_of_the_team%27s_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicles_%28SDV%29_before_launching_from_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelph.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1945 British navy frogman with complete gear, including the Davis apparatus, a rebreather originally conceived in 1910 by Robert Davis as an emergency submarine escape set.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_navy_frogman.jpg/200px-British_navy_frogman.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of military diving units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units"},{"title":"Lionel Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Crabb"},{"title":"Military diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_diving"},{"title":"Underwater Demolition Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team"}]
|
[{"reference":"Kehoe, Pat (2020-08-29). \"Paul Boyton - Fearless Frogman from Co Kildare\". Ireland Calling. Retrieved 2021-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://ireland-calling.com/features/paul-boyton-fearless-frogman-from-co-kildare/","url_text":"\"Paul Boyton - Fearless Frogman from Co Kildare\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, Tony (2013-11-03). \"John Spence dies at 95; Navy diver and pioneering WWII 'frogman'\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/obituaries/la-me-john-spence-20131104,0,5696985.story#axzz2lqGne5YD","url_text":"\"John Spence dies at 95; Navy diver and pioneering WWII 'frogman'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The hidden world of police divers\". 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8727869.stm","url_text":"\"The hidden world of police divers\""}]},{"reference":"\"APPENDIX'D' Relationship between the Police and the Schools\". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.scot/publications/kilbrandon-report/pages/22/","url_text":"\"APPENDIX'D' Relationship between the Police and the Schools\""}]},{"reference":"US Navy (2006). \"19\". US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023541/http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageId=3.9","url_text":"US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision"},{"url":"http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pirelli Diving Suit\". www.therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 2021-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.therebreathersite.nl/Zuurstofrebreathers/Italian/pirelli_diving_suit.htm","url_text":"\"Pirelli Diving Suit\""}]},{"reference":"Marí, Alejandro Sergio. \"Pirelli ARO WW II\". Therebreathersite.nl (Janwillem Bech).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.therebreathersite.nl/Zuurstofrebreathers/Italian/pirelli_aro_ww_ii.htm","url_text":"\"Pirelli ARO WW II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rebreathers - Rebreather Autorespiratori per l'Immersione Subacquea a recupero di gas\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120710031009/http://history.flyer.it/rebreathers/Italiano/sezioni/storia/frameset.htm","url_text":"\"Rebreathers - Rebreather Autorespiratori per l'Immersione Subacquea a recupero di gas\""},{"url":"http://history.flyer.it/rebreathers/Italiano/sezioni/storia/frameset.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Libri. Teseo Tesei e gli Assaltatori della Regia Marina, di Gianni Bianchi\". December 13, 2005. Archived from the original on Oct 2, 2011. Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002210911/http://www.paginedidifesa.it/2005/guerrini_051213.html","url_text":"\"Libri. Teseo Tesei e gli Assaltatori della Regia Marina, di Gianni Bianchi\""},{"url":"https://www.paginedidifesa.it/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"O'Hara, Vincent P.; Cernuschi, Enrico. \"Frogmen against a fleet: The Italian Attack on Alexandria 18/19 December 1941\". www.usnwc.edu. Naval War College Review. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170212032918/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/f9f595b1-7547-4929-8d05-b2e798390a3c/Frogmen-against-a-Fleet--The-Italian-Attack-on-Ale.aspx","url_text":"\"Frogmen against a fleet: The Italian Attack on Alexandria 18/19 December 1941\""},{"url":"https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/f9f595b1-7547-4929-8d05-b2e798390a3c/Frogmen-against-a-Fleet--The-Italian-Attack-on-Ale.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Borghese, Valerio (1995). Sea Devils: Italian Navy Commandos in World War II. Naval Institute Press. pp. 208–09. ISBN 1-55750-072-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-072-X","url_text":"1-55750-072-X"}]},{"reference":"Blocksdorf, Helmut (2008). Hitler's Secret Commandos: Operations of the K-Verband. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1844157839.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O_rLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT286","url_text":"Hitler's Secret Commandos: Operations of the K-Verband"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844157839","url_text":"978-1844157839"}]},{"reference":"\"Information sheet no 101 - Attack on the Tirpitz\" (PDF). www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk. National Museum of the Royal Navy. 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_collections_slidshows/public/modules/image/Attack%20on%20the%20Tirpitz.pdf","url_text":"\"Information sheet no 101 - Attack on the Tirpitz\""}]},{"reference":"Chant, Christoper. \"Operation Principal (iii)\". codenames.info. Retrieved 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://codenames.info/operation/principal-iii/","url_text":"\"Operation Principal (iii)\""}]},{"reference":"Hood, Jean, ed. (2007). Submarine. Conway Maritime. pp. 505–506. ISBN 978-1-84486-090-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FH1122l8pXkC&q=Chariot+attack+on+%22phuket%22+1944&pg=PA505","url_text":"Submarine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-090-6","url_text":"978-1-84486-090-6"}]},{"reference":"Downey, Sally A. (2011-02-21). \"Christian J. Lambertsen, 93, developer of the first scuba gear\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2021-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/obituaries/20110221_Christian_J__Lambertsen__93__developer_of_the_first_scuba_gear.html","url_text":"\"Christian J. Lambertsen, 93, developer of the first scuba gear\""}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, T Rees (18 February 2011). \"Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93\". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021802873.html","url_text":"\"Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lambertsen's patent in Google Patents\". Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/patents/about?id=5PRKAAAAEBAJ","url_text":"\"Lambertsen's patent in Google Patents\""}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, T. Rees (2011-02-19). \"Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021802873.html","url_text":"\"Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIA Special Operations Group | Special Activities Division\". cia.americanspecialops.com. Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://cia.americanspecialops.com/","url_text":"\"CIA Special Operations Group | Special Activities Division\""}]},{"reference":"Hoole, Rob (2007). \"The Buster Crabb Enigma\". mcdoa.org.uk. Minewarfare & Clearance Diving Officers' Association. Retrieved 21 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcdoa.org.uk/Buster%20Crabb%20Enigma.htm","url_text":"\"The Buster Crabb Enigma\""}]},{"reference":"Isseroff, Ami (2005). \"Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary - Shayetet 13\". www.zionism-israel.com. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Shayetet_13.htm","url_text":"\"Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary - Shayetet 13\""}]},{"reference":"Gawrych, George Walter (2000). The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars. Praeger. p. 111. ISBN 978-0313313028.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Da8qEtrF2sMC&q=operation+raviv+frogmen&pg=PA111","url_text":"The Albatross of Decisive Victory: War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313313028","url_text":"978-0313313028"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Algeciras: How Argentina planned to attack Gibraltar\". newhistories.group.shef.ac.uk. New Histories. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newhistories.group.shef.ac.uk/wordpress/wordpress/operation-algeciras-how-argentina-planned-to-attack-gibraltar/","url_text":"\"Operation Algeciras: How Argentina planned to attack Gibraltar\""}]},{"reference":"Reports of International Arbitral Awards : Case concerning the differences between New Zealand and France arising from the Rainbow Warrior affair (PDF). United Nations. 6 July 1986. p. 200. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XIX/199-221.pdf","url_text":"Reports of International Arbitral Awards : Case concerning the differences between New Zealand and France arising from the Rainbow Warrior affair"}]},{"reference":"Hoyt, Edwin P. (15 June 2011). SEALs at War. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-0-307-57006-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fDvNvnMrc1QC&pg=PT159","url_text":"SEALs at War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-57006-2","url_text":"978-0-307-57006-2"}]},{"reference":"Mann, Don (5 August 2014). How to Become a Navy SEAL: Everything You Need to Know to Become a Member of the US Navy's Elite Force. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-62873-487-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zvefAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT18","url_text":"How to Become a Navy SEAL: Everything You Need to Know to Become a Member of the US Navy's Elite Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62873-487-4","url_text":"978-1-62873-487-4"}]},{"reference":"Bush, Elizabeth Kauffman (2004). America's first frogman : the Draper Kauffman story. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-098-6. OCLC 55699399.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-098-6","url_text":"1-59114-098-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55699399","url_text":"55699399"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Ian (1957). Frogman V.C. Angus & Robertson. OCLC 1599838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1599838","url_text":"1599838"}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Marshal (1956). Frogman: Commander Crabb's story. OCLC 1280137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1280137","url_text":"1280137"}]},{"reference":"Welham, Michael G.; Welham, Jacqui (1990). Frogman Spy: the mysterious disappearance of Commander 'Buster' Crabb. W.H. Allen. ISBN 1-85227-138-8. OCLC 21979335.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-138-8","url_text":"1-85227-138-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21979335","url_text":"21979335"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Enterprise_Architecture
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Federal enterprise architecture
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["1 Overview","2 History","3 Collaborative planning methodology","4 Version 2 reference models","5 Version 1 reference models","5.1 Performance Reference Model (PRM)","5.2 Business Reference Model (BRM)","5.3 Service Component Reference Model (SRM)","5.4 Data Reference Model (DRM)","5.5 Technical Reference Model (TRM)","6 Architecture levels","7 Program results","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Reference enterprise architecture of a federal government
A federal enterprise architecture framework (FEAF) is the U.S. reference enterprise architecture of a federal government. It provides a common approach for the integration of strategic, business and technology management as part of organization design and performance improvement.
The most familiar federal enterprise architecture is the enterprise architecture of the Federal government of the United States, the U.S. "Federal Enterprise Architecture" (FEA) and the corresponding U.S. "Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework" (FEAF). This lemma will focus on this particular enterprise architecture and enterprise architecture framework.
Overview
Enterprise architecture (EA) is a management best practice for aligning business and technology resources to achieve strategic outcomes, improve organizational performance and guide federal agencies to better execute their core missions. An EA describes the current and future state of the agency, and lays out a plan for transitioning from the current state to the desired future state. A federal enterprise architecture is a work in progress to achieve these goals.
The U.S. Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is an initiative of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Office of E-Government and IT, that aims to realize the value of enterprise architecture within the U.S. Federal Government. Enterprise Architecture became a recognized strategic and management best practice in U.S. Federal Government with the passage of the Clinger-Cohen Act in 1996.
There are numerous benefits that accrue from implementing and using an enterprise architecture within the U.S. Federal Government. Among them is to provide a common approach for IT acquisition in the United States federal government. It is also designed to ease sharing of information and resources across federal agencies, reduce costs, and improve citizen services.
History
Structure of the U.S. "Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework" (FEAF) Components, presented in 2001.
In September 1999, the Federal CIO Council published the "Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework" (FEAF) Version 1.1 for developing an Enterprise Architecture (EA) within any Federal Agency for a system that transcends multiple inter-agency boundaries. It builds on common business practices and designs that cross organizational boundaries, among others the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model. The FEAF provides an enduring standard for developing and documenting architecture descriptions of high-priority areas. It provides guidance in describing architectures for multi-organizational functional segments of the Federal Government. At the time of release, the Government's IT focus on Y2K issues and then the events of September 2001 diverted attention from EA implementation, though its practice in advance and subsequent to this may have ameliorated the impact of these events. As part of the President's Management Agenda, in August 2001, the E-Government Task Force project was initiated (unofficially called Project Quicksilver). A key finding in that strategy was that the substantial overlap and redundant agency systems constrained the ability to achieve the Bush administration strategy of making the government "citizen centered". The Task Force recommended the creation a Federal Enterprise Architecture Project and the creation of the FEA Office at OMB. This was a shift from the FEAF focus on Information Engineering, to a J2EE object re-use approach using reference models comprising taxonomies that linked performance outcomes to lines of business, process services components, types of data, and technology components. Interim releases since that time have provided successive increases in definition for the core reference models (see below), as well as a very robust methodology for actually developing an architecture in a series of templates forming the Federal Segment Architecture Methodology (FSAM) and its next generation replacement, the Collaborative Planning Methodology (CPM), which was designed to be more flexible, more widely applicable, and more inclusive of the larger set of planning disciplines.
These federal architectural segments collectively constitute the federal enterprise architecture. In 2001, the Federal Architecture Working Group (FAWG) was sponsoring the development of Enterprise Architecture products for trade and grant Federal architecture segments. Methods prescribed way of approaching a particular problem. As shown in the figure, the FEAF partitions a given architecture into business, data, applications, and technology architectures. The FEAF overall framework created at that time (see image) includes the first three columns of the Zachman Framework and the Spewak's Enterprise Architecture Planning methodology.
In May 2012 OMB published a full new guide, the "Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture". Released as part of the federal CIO's policy guidance and management tools for increasing shared approaches to IT service delivery, the guide presents an overall approach to developing and using Enterprise Architecture in the Federal Government. The Common Approach promotes increased levels of mission effectiveness by standardizing the development and use of architectures within and between Federal Agencies. This includes principles for using EA to help agencies eliminate waste and duplication, increase shared services, close performance gaps, and promote engagement among government, industry, and citizens.
On January 29, 2013, the White House released Version 2 of the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF-II), to government agencies, making it public about a year later. The document meets the criteria set forth by Common Approach, emphasizing that strategic goals drive business services, which in turn provide the requirements for enabling technologies. At its core is the Consolidated Reference Model (CRM), which equips OMB and Federal agencies with a common language and framework to describe and analyze investments.
Overall the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is mandated by a series of federal laws and mandates. These federal laws have been:
GPRA 1993 : Government Performance and Reform Act
PRA 1995 : Paperwork Reduction Act
CCA 1996 : Clinger-Cohen Act
GPEA 1998 : The Government Paperwork Elimination Act
FISMA 2002 : Federal Information Security Management Act
E-Gov 2002 : Electronic Government
Supplementary OMB circulars have been:
A-11 : Preparation, Submission and Execution of the Budget
A-130 : OMB Circular A-130 Management of Federal Information Resources, first issued in December 1985
Collaborative planning methodology
The Collaborative Planning Methodology (CPM) is a simple, repeatable process that consists of integrated, multi-disciplinary analysis that results in recommendations formed in collaboration with leaders, stakeholders, planners, and implementers. It is intended as a full planning and implementation lifecycle for use at all levels of scope defined in the Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture: International, National, Federal, Sector, Agency, Segment, System, and Application.
Version 2 reference models
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Federal Enterprise Architecture.
The Consolidated Reference Model of the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) equips OMB and Federal agencies with a common language and framework to describe and analyze investments. It consists of a set of interrelated reference models designed to facilitate cross-agency analysis and the identification of duplicative investments, gaps and opportunities for collaboration within and across agencies. Collectively, the reference models comprise a framework for describing important elements of federal agency operations in a common and consistent way. Through the use of the FEAF and its vocabulary, IT portfolios can be better managed and leveraged across the federal government, enhancing collaboration and ultimately transforming the Federal government.
The five reference models in version 1 (see below) have been regrouped and expanded into six in the FEAF-II.
Performance Reference Model (PRM)
This reference model supports architectural analysis and reporting in the strategy sub-architecture view of the overall EA. The PRM links agency strategy, internal business components, and investments, providing a means to measure the impact of those investments on strategic outcomes.
Business Reference Model (BRM)
This reference model, which combines the Business and Service Component Reference Models from FEAF v1, supports architectural analysis and reporting in the business services sub-architecture view of the overall EA. The BRM describes an organization through a taxonomy of common mission and support service areas instead of through a stove-piped organizational view, thereby promoting intra- and inter-agency collaboration.
Data Reference Model (DRM)
The DRM facilitates discovery of existing data holdings residing in "silos" and enables understanding the meaning of the data, how to access it, and how to leverage it to support performance results.
Application Reference Model (ARM)
The ARM categorizes the system- and application-related standards and technologies that support the delivery of service capabilities, allowing agencies to share and reuse common solutions and benefit from economies of scale.
Infrastructure Reference Model (IRM)
The IRM categorizes the network/cloud related standards and technologies to support and enable the delivery of voice, data, video, and mobile service components and capabilities.
Security Reference Model (SRM)
The SRM provides a common language and methodology for discussing security and privacy in the context of federal agencies' business and performance goals.
Version 1 reference models
Federal Enterprise Architecture.
The FEA is built using an assortment of reference models that develop a common taxonomy for describing IT resources. FEA Version 1 reference models (see image) included the following:
performance reference model,
business reference model,
service component reference model,
data reference model and
technical reference model.
It is designed to ease sharing of information and resources across federal agencies, reduce costs, and improve citizen services. It is an initiative of the US Office of Management and Budget that aims to comply with the Clinger-Cohen Act.
Performance Reference Model (PRM)
Performance reference model, 2005.
The PRM is a standardized framework to measure the performance of major IT investments and their contribution to program performance. The PRM has three main purposes:
Help produce enhanced performance information to improve strategic and daily decision-making;
Improve the alignment — and better articulate the contribution of — inputs to outputs and outcomes, thereby creating a clear "line of sight" to desired results;
Identify performance improvement opportunities that span traditional organizational structures and boundaries
The PRM uses a number of existing approaches to performance measurement, including the Balanced Scorecard, Baldrige Criteria, value measuring methodology, program logic models, the value chain, and the Theory of Constraints. In addition, the PRM was informed by what agencies are currently measuring through PART assessments, GPRA, enterprise architecture, and Capital Planning and Investment Control. The PRM is currently composed of four measurement areas:
Mission and Business Results
Customer Results
Processes and Activities
Technology
Business Reference Model (BRM)
Main article: Business Reference Model
Business Reference Model overview.
The "FEA business reference model" is a function-driven framework for describing the business operations of the Federal Government independent of the agencies that perform them. This business reference model provides an organized, hierarchical construct for describing the day-to-day business operations of the Federal government using a functionally driven approach. The BRM is the first layer of the Federal Enterprise Architecture and it is the main viewpoint for the analysis of data, service components and technology.
The BRM is broken down into four areas:
Services for Citizens
Mode of Delivery
Support Delivery of Services
Management of Government Resources
The Business Reference Model provides a framework that facilitates a functional (as opposed to organizational) view of the federal government's LoBs, including its internal operations and its services for the citizens, independent of the agencies, bureaus and offices that perform them. By describing the federal government around common business areas instead of by a stovepiped, agency-by-agency view, the BRM promotes agency collaboration and serves as the underlying foundation for the FEA and E-Gov strategies.
While the BRM does provide an improved way of thinking about government operations, it is only a model; its true utility can only be realized when it is effectively used. The functional approach promoted by the BRM will do little to help accomplish the goals of E-Government if it is not incorporated into EA business architectures and the management processes of all Federal agencies and OMB.
Service Component Reference Model (SRM)
Service Component Reference Model.
The Service Component Reference Model (SRM) is a business and performance-driven, functional framework that classifies Service Components with respect to how they support business and/or performance objectives. The SRM is intended for use to support the discovery of government-wide business and application Service Components in IT investments and assets. The SRM is structured across horizontal and vertical service domains that, independent of the business functions, can provide a leverage-able foundation to support the reuse of applications, application capabilities, components, and business services.
The SRM establishes the following domains:
Customer Services
Process Automation Services
Business Management Services
Digital Asset Services
Business Analytical Services
Back Office Services
Support Services
Each Service Domain is decomposed into Service Types. For example, the three Service Types associated with the Customer Services Domain are: Customer Preferences; Customer Relationship Management; and Customer Initiated Assistance. And each Service Type is decomposed further into components. For example, the four components within the Customer Preferences Service Type include: Personalization; Subscriptions; Alerts and Notifications; and Profile Management.
Data Reference Model (DRM)
Main article: Data Reference Model
The DRM Collaboration Process.
The Data Reference Model (DRM) describes, at an aggregate level, the data and information that support government program and business line operations. This model enables agencies to describe the types of interaction and exchanges that occur between the federal government and citizens. The DRM categorizes government information into greater levels of detail. It also establishes a classification for federal data and identifies duplicative data resources. A common data model will streamline information exchange processes within the federal government and between government and external stakeholders.
Volume One of the DRM provides a high-level overview of the structure, usage, and data-identification constructs. This document:
Provides an introduction and high-level overview of the contents that will be detailed in Volumes 2–4 of the model;
Encourages community of interest development of the remaining volumes; and
Provides the basic concepts, strategy, and structure to be used in future development.
The DRM is the starting point from which data architects should develop modeling standards and concepts. The combined volumes of the DRM support data classification and enable horizontal and vertical information sharing.
Technical Reference Model (TRM)
Technical Reference Model.
The TRM is a component-driven, technical framework categorizing the standards and technologies to support and enable the delivery of Service Components and capabilities. It also unifies existing agency TRMs and E-Gov guidance by providing a foundation to advance the reuse and standardization of technology and Service Components from a government-wide perspective.
The TRM consists of:
Service Areas : represent a technical tier supporting the secure construction, exchange, and delivery of Service Components. Each Service Area aggregates the standards and technologies into lower-level functional areas. Each Service Area consists of multiple Service Categories and Service Standards. This hierarchy provides the framework to group standards and technologies that directly support the Service Area. (Purple headings)
Service Categories : classify lower levels of technologies and standards with respect to the business or technology function they serve. In turn, each Service Category comprises one or more Service Standards. (Bold-face groupings)
Service Standards : define the standards and technologies that support a Service Category. To support agency mapping into the TRM, many of the Service Standards provide illustrative specifications or technologies as examples.(Plain text)
The figure on the right provides a high-level depiction of the TRM.
Aligning agency capital investments to the TRM leverages a common, standardized vocabulary, allowing interagency discovery, collaboration, and interoperability. Agencies and the federal government will benefit from economies of scale by identifying and reusing the best solutions and technologies to support their business functions, mission, and target architecture. Organized in a hierarchy, the TRM categorizes the standards and technologies that collectively
support the secure delivery, exchange, and construction of business and application Service Components that may be used and leveraged in a component-based or service-oriented architecture.
Architecture levels
In the FEA, enterprise, segment, and solution architectures provide different business perspectives by varying the level of detail and addressing related but distinct concerns. Just as enterprises are themselves hierarchically organized, so are the different views provided by each type of architecture. The Federal Enterprise Architecture Practice Guidance (2006) has defined three types of architecture:
Federal Enterprise Architecture levels and attributes
Enterprise architecture,
Segment architecture, and
Solution architecture.
By definition, Enterprise Architecture (EA) is fundamentally concerned with identifying common or shared assets – whether they are strategies, business processes, investments, data, systems, or technologies. EA is driven by strategy; it helps an agency identify whether its resources are properly aligned to the agency mission and strategic goals and objectives. From an investment perspective, EA is used to drive decisions about the IT investment portfolio as a whole. Consequently, the primary stakeholders of the EA are the senior managers and executives tasked with ensuring the agency fulfills its mission as effectively and efficiently as possible.
By contrast, "segment architecture" defines a simple roadmap for a core mission area, business service, or enterprise service. Segment architecture is driven by business management and delivers products that improve the delivery of services to citizens and agency staff. From an investment perspective, segment architecture drives decisions for a business case or group of business cases supporting a core mission area or common or shared service. The primary stakeholders for segment architecture are business owners and managers. Segment architecture is related to EA through three principles:
structure: segment architecture inherits the framework used by the EA, although it may be extended and specialized to meet the specific needs of a core mission area or common or shared service.
reuse : segment architecture reuses important assets defined at the enterprise level including: data; common business processes and investments; and applications and technologies.
alignment : segment architecture aligns with elements defined at the enterprise level, such as business strategies, mandates, standards, and performance measures.
"Solution architecture" defines agency IT assets such as applications or components used to automate and improve individual agency business functions. The scope of a solution architecture is typically limited to a single project and is used to implement all or part of a system or business solution. The primary stakeholders for solution architecture are system users and developers. Solution architecture is commonly related to segment architecture and enterprise architecture through definitions and constraints. For example, segment architecture provides definitions of data or service interfaces used within a core mission area or service, which are accessed by individual solutions. Equally, a solution may be constrained to specific technologies and standards that are defined at the enterprise level.
Program results
Results of the Federal Enterprise Architecture program are considered unsatisfactory:
Stanley Gaver, a participant of the FEA program, reports that "Enterprise Architecture within the federal government hasn't been working, and far more often than not hasn't delivered useful results. Moreover, significant parts of the federal EA program have been complete and utter failures".
The official report to the U.S. Congress in 2011 reported that "most departments and agencies reported they expect to realize the benefits from their respective enterprise architecture programs sometime in the future. What this suggests is that the real value in the federal government from developing and using enterprise architectures remains largely unrealized".
See also
Business reference model
Department of Defense Architecture Framework
FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework
Physical data model
Reference model
Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n FEA Consolidated Reference Model Document.FEA Consolidated Reference Model Document Version 2.3 October 2007. Accessed 28 April 2009.
^ a b c d e f Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office (2007). FEA Practice Guidance. Archived October 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c Chief Information Officer Council (2001) A Practical Guide to Federal Enterprise Architecture Archived 2008-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. Feb. 2001.
^ a b "Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. May 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2017.
^ a b FEA Consolidated Reference Model Document. Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework version 2 January 29, 2013. Accessed 2 April 2015.
^ "2015–2016 Baldrige Excellence Framework". Baldrige Performance Excellence Program. National Institute of Standards and Technology. January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016.
^ a b FEA (2005) FEA Records Management Profile, Version 1.0. December 15, 2005.
^ "Why Doesn’t the Federal Enterprise Architecture Work?" Archived June 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Stanley B. Gaver, visited 19 May 2016.
^ GAO (2011). Opportunities to Reduce Potential Duplication in Government Programs, Save Tax Dollars, and Enhance Revenue. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Enterprise Architecture.
Federal Enterprise Architecture Institute website
Federal Chief Information Officers Council website
DoD CIO Enterprise Architecture & Standards
FEA with ADOit
Baldrige Performance Excellence Program
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This lemma will focus on this particular enterprise architecture and enterprise architecture framework.","title":"Federal enterprise architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"core missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_business"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEAPMO06-2"},{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"Clinger-Cohen Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinger-Cohen_Act"},{"link_name":"United States federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Enterprise architecture (EA) is a management best practice for aligning business and technology resources to achieve strategic outcomes, improve organizational performance and guide federal agencies to better execute their core missions. An EA describes the current and future state of the agency, and lays out a plan for transitioning from the current state to the desired future state. A federal enterprise architecture is a work in progress to achieve these goals.[2]The U.S. Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is an initiative of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Office of E-Government and IT, that aims to realize the value of enterprise architecture within the U.S. Federal Government. Enterprise Architecture became a recognized strategic and management best practice in U.S. Federal Government with the passage of the Clinger-Cohen Act in 1996.There are numerous benefits that accrue from implementing and using an enterprise architecture within the U.S. Federal Government. Among them is to provide a common approach for IT acquisition in the United States federal government. It is also designed to ease sharing of information and resources across federal agencies, reduce costs, and improve citizen services.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Structure_of_the_FEAF_Components.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIOC01-3"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture"},{"link_name":"NIST Enterprise Architecture Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIOC01-3"},{"link_name":"Zachman Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachman_Framework"},{"link_name":"Spewak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spewak"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Architecture Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture_Planning"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIOC01-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-common_approach2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH13-5"},{"link_name":"Paperwork Reduction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperwork_Reduction_Act"},{"link_name":"Clinger-Cohen Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinger-Cohen_Act"},{"link_name":"Federal Information Security Management Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Information_Security_Management_Act_of_2002"},{"link_name":"OMB Circular A-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMB_Circular_A-130"}],"text":"Structure of the U.S. \"Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework\" (FEAF) Components, presented in 2001.[3]In September 1999, the Federal CIO Council published the \"Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework\" (FEAF) Version 1.1 for developing an Enterprise Architecture (EA) within any Federal Agency for a system that transcends multiple inter-agency boundaries. It builds on common business practices and designs that cross organizational boundaries, among others the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model. The FEAF provides an enduring standard for developing and documenting architecture descriptions of high-priority areas. It provides guidance in describing architectures for multi-organizational functional segments of the Federal Government.[3] At the time of release, the Government's IT focus on Y2K issues and then the events of September 2001 diverted attention from EA implementation, though its practice in advance and subsequent to this may have ameliorated the impact of these events. As part of the President's Management Agenda, in August 2001, the E-Government Task Force project was initiated (unofficially called Project Quicksilver). A key finding in that strategy was that the substantial overlap and redundant agency systems constrained the ability to achieve the Bush administration strategy of making the government \"citizen centered\". The Task Force recommended the creation a Federal Enterprise Architecture Project and the creation of the FEA Office at OMB. This was a shift from the FEAF focus on Information Engineering, to a J2EE object re-use approach using reference models comprising taxonomies that linked performance outcomes to lines of business, process services components, types of data, and technology components. Interim releases since that time have provided successive increases in definition for the core reference models (see below), as well as a very robust methodology for actually developing an architecture in a series of templates forming the Federal Segment Architecture Methodology (FSAM) and its next generation replacement, the Collaborative Planning Methodology (CPM), which was designed to be more flexible, more widely applicable, and more inclusive of the larger set of planning disciplines.These federal architectural segments collectively constitute the federal enterprise architecture. In 2001, the Federal Architecture Working Group (FAWG) was sponsoring the development of Enterprise Architecture products for trade and grant Federal architecture segments. Methods prescribed way of approaching a particular problem. As shown in the figure, the FEAF partitions a given architecture into business, data, applications, and technology architectures. The FEAF overall framework created at that time (see image) includes the first three columns of the Zachman Framework and the Spewak's Enterprise Architecture Planning methodology.[3]In May 2012 OMB published a full new guide, the \"Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture\".[4] Released as part of the federal CIO's policy guidance and management tools for increasing shared approaches to IT service delivery, the guide presents an overall approach to developing and using Enterprise Architecture in the Federal Government. The Common Approach promotes increased levels of mission effectiveness by standardizing the development and use of architectures within and between Federal Agencies. This includes principles for using EA to help agencies eliminate waste and duplication, increase shared services, close performance gaps, and promote engagement among government, industry, and citizens.On January 29, 2013, the White House released Version 2 of the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF-II), to government agencies, making it public about a year later.[5] The document meets the criteria set forth by Common Approach, emphasizing that strategic goals drive business services, which in turn provide the requirements for enabling technologies. At its core is the Consolidated Reference Model (CRM), which equips OMB and Federal agencies with a common language and framework to describe and analyze investments.Overall the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) is mandated by a series of federal laws and mandates. These federal laws have been:GPRA 1993 : Government Performance and Reform Act\nPRA 1995 : Paperwork Reduction Act\nCCA 1996 : Clinger-Cohen Act\nGPEA 1998 : The Government Paperwork Elimination Act\nFISMA 2002 : Federal Information Security Management Act\nE-Gov 2002 : Electronic GovernmentSupplementary OMB circulars have been:A-11 : Preparation, Submission and Execution of the Budget\nA-130 : OMB Circular A-130 Management of Federal Information Resources, first issued in December 1985","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-common_approach2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH13-5"}],"text":"The Collaborative Planning Methodology (CPM) is a simple, repeatable process that consists of integrated, multi-disciplinary analysis that results in recommendations formed in collaboration with leaders, stakeholders, planners, and implementers. It is intended as a full planning and implementation lifecycle for use at all levels of scope defined in the Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture: International, National, Federal, Sector, Agency, Segment, System, and Application.[4][5]","title":"Collaborative planning methodology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEA_Consolidated_Reference_Model.png"},{"link_name":"reference models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_model"},{"link_name":"economies of scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale"}],"text":"Federal Enterprise Architecture.The Consolidated Reference Model of the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) equips OMB and Federal agencies with a common language and framework to describe and analyze investments. It consists of a set of interrelated reference models designed to facilitate cross-agency analysis and the identification of duplicative investments, gaps and opportunities for collaboration within and across agencies. Collectively, the reference models comprise a framework for describing important elements of federal agency operations in a common and consistent way. Through the use of the FEAF and its vocabulary, IT portfolios can be better managed and leveraged across the federal government, enhancing collaboration and ultimately transforming the Federal government.The five reference models in version 1 (see below) have been regrouped and expanded into six in the FEAF-II.Performance Reference Model (PRM)\nThis reference model supports architectural analysis and reporting in the strategy sub-architecture view of the overall EA. The PRM links agency strategy, internal business components, and investments, providing a means to measure the impact of those investments on strategic outcomes.\nBusiness Reference Model (BRM)\nThis reference model, which combines the Business and Service Component Reference Models from FEAF v1, supports architectural analysis and reporting in the business services sub-architecture view of the overall EA. The BRM describes an organization through a taxonomy of common mission and support service areas instead of through a stove-piped organizational view, thereby promoting intra- and inter-agency collaboration.\nData Reference Model (DRM)\nThe DRM facilitates discovery of existing data holdings residing in \"silos\" and enables understanding the meaning of the data, how to access it, and how to leverage it to support performance results.\nApplication Reference Model (ARM)\nThe ARM categorizes the system- and application-related standards and technologies that support the delivery of service capabilities, allowing agencies to share and reuse common solutions and benefit from economies of scale.\nInfrastructure Reference Model (IRM)\nThe IRM categorizes the network/cloud related standards and technologies to support and enable the delivery of voice, data, video, and mobile service components and capabilities.\nSecurity Reference Model (SRM)\nThe SRM provides a common language and methodology for discussing security and privacy in the context of federal agencies' business and performance goals.","title":"Version 2 reference models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEA_Reference_Models.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"reference models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_model"},{"link_name":"taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)"},{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"Clinger-Cohen Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinger-Cohen_Act"}],"text":"Federal Enterprise Architecture.[1]The FEA is built using an assortment of reference models that develop a common taxonomy for describing IT resources. FEA Version 1 reference models (see image) included the following:performance reference model,\nbusiness reference model,\nservice component reference model,\ndata reference model and\ntechnical reference model.It is designed to ease sharing of information and resources across federal agencies, reduce costs, and improve citizen services. It is an initiative of the US Office of Management and Budget that aims to comply with the Clinger-Cohen Act.","title":"Version 1 reference models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Performance_Reference_Model.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"Balanced Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_Scorecard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"value measuring methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_measuring_methodology"},{"link_name":"program logic models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_model"},{"link_name":"Theory of Constraints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Constraints"},{"link_name":"enterprise architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture"}],"sub_title":"Performance Reference Model (PRM)","text":"Performance reference model, 2005.[1]The PRM is a standardized framework to measure the performance of major IT investments and their contribution to program performance.[1] The PRM has three main purposes:Help produce enhanced performance information to improve strategic and daily decision-making;\nImprove the alignment — and better articulate the contribution of — inputs to outputs and outcomes, thereby creating a clear \"line of sight\" to desired results;\nIdentify performance improvement opportunities that span traditional organizational structures and boundariesThe PRM uses a number of existing approaches to performance measurement, including the Balanced Scorecard, Baldrige Criteria,[6] value measuring methodology, program logic models, the value chain, and the Theory of Constraints. In addition, the PRM was informed by what agencies are currently measuring through PART assessments, GPRA, enterprise architecture, and Capital Planning and Investment Control. The PRM is currently composed of four measurement areas:Mission and Business Results\nCustomer Results\nProcesses and Activities\nTechnology","title":"Version 1 reference models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BRM_Overview.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"business reference model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_reference_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"}],"sub_title":"Business Reference Model (BRM)","text":"Business Reference Model overview.[1]The \"FEA business reference model\" is a function-driven framework for describing the business operations of the Federal Government independent of the agencies that perform them. This business reference model provides an organized, hierarchical construct for describing the day-to-day business operations of the Federal government using a functionally driven approach. The BRM is the first layer of the Federal Enterprise Architecture and it is the main viewpoint for the analysis of data, service components and technology.[1]The BRM is broken down into four areas:Services for Citizens\nMode of Delivery\nSupport Delivery of Services\nManagement of Government ResourcesThe Business Reference Model provides a framework that facilitates a functional (as opposed to organizational) view of the federal government's LoBs, including its internal operations and its services for the citizens, independent of the agencies, bureaus and offices that perform them. By describing the federal government around common business areas instead of by a stovepiped, agency-by-agency view, the BRM promotes agency collaboration and serves as the underlying foundation for the FEA and E-Gov strategies.[1]While the BRM does provide an improved way of thinking about government operations, it is only a model; its true utility can only be realized when it is effectively used. The functional approach promoted by the BRM will do little to help accomplish the goals of E-Government if it is not incorporated into EA business architectures and the management processes of all Federal agencies and OMB.[1]","title":"Version 1 reference models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Service_Component_Reference_Model.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEA05-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEA05-7"}],"sub_title":"Service Component Reference Model (SRM)","text":"Service Component Reference Model.[7]The Service Component Reference Model (SRM) is a business and performance-driven, functional framework that classifies Service Components with respect to how they support business and/or performance objectives.[1] The SRM is intended for use to support the discovery of government-wide business and application Service Components in IT investments and assets. The SRM is structured across horizontal and vertical service domains that, independent of the business functions, can provide a leverage-able foundation to support the reuse of applications, application capabilities, components, and business services.The SRM establishes the following domains:Customer Services\nProcess Automation Services\nBusiness Management Services\nDigital Asset Services\nBusiness Analytical Services\nBack Office Services\nSupport ServicesEach Service Domain is decomposed into Service Types. For example, the three Service Types associated with the Customer Services Domain are: Customer Preferences; Customer Relationship Management; and Customer Initiated Assistance. And each Service Type is decomposed further into components. For example, the four components within the Customer Preferences Service Type include: Personalization; Subscriptions; Alerts and Notifications; and Profile Management.[7]","title":"Version 1 reference models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DRM_Collaboration_Process.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"Data Reference Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Reference_Model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"common data model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_data_model"},{"link_name":"community of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_interest_(computer_security)"}],"sub_title":"Data Reference Model (DRM)","text":"The DRM Collaboration Process.[1]The Data Reference Model (DRM) describes, at an aggregate level, the data and information that support government program and business line operations. This model enables agencies to describe the types of interaction and exchanges that occur between the federal government and citizens.[1] The DRM categorizes government information into greater levels of detail. It also establishes a classification for federal data and identifies duplicative data resources. A common data model will streamline information exchange processes within the federal government and between government and external stakeholders.Volume One of the DRM provides a high-level overview of the structure, usage, and data-identification constructs. This document:Provides an introduction and high-level overview of the contents that will be detailed in Volumes 2–4 of the model;\nEncourages community of interest development of the remaining volumes; and\nProvides the basic concepts, strategy, and structure to be used in future development.The DRM is the starting point from which data architects should develop modeling standards and concepts. The combined volumes of the DRM support data classification and enable horizontal and vertical information sharing.","title":"Version 1 reference models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Technical_Reference_Model.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"},{"link_name":"economies of scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale"},{"link_name":"component-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering"},{"link_name":"service-oriented architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-1"}],"sub_title":"Technical Reference Model (TRM)","text":"Technical Reference Model.[1]The TRM is a component-driven, technical framework categorizing the standards and technologies to support and enable the delivery of Service Components and capabilities. It also unifies existing agency TRMs and E-Gov guidance by providing a foundation to advance the reuse and standardization of technology and Service Components from a government-wide perspective.[1]The TRM consists of:Service Areas : represent a technical tier supporting the secure construction, exchange, and delivery of Service Components. Each Service Area aggregates the standards and technologies into lower-level functional areas. Each Service Area consists of multiple Service Categories and Service Standards. This hierarchy provides the framework to group standards and technologies that directly support the Service Area. (Purple headings)\nService Categories : classify lower levels of technologies and standards with respect to the business or technology function they serve. In turn, each Service Category comprises one or more Service Standards. (Bold-face groupings)\nService Standards : define the standards and technologies that support a Service Category. To support agency mapping into the TRM, many of the Service Standards provide illustrative specifications or technologies as examples.(Plain text)The figure on the right provides a high-level depiction of the TRM.Aligning agency capital investments to the TRM leverages a common, standardized vocabulary, allowing interagency discovery, collaboration, and interoperability. Agencies and the federal government will benefit from economies of scale by identifying and reusing the best solutions and technologies to support their business functions, mission, and target architecture. Organized in a hierarchy, the TRM categorizes the standards and technologies that collectively\nsupport the secure delivery, exchange, and construction of business and application Service Components that may be used and leveraged in a component-based or service-oriented architecture.[1]","title":"Version 1 reference models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEAPMO06-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Architectural_Levels_and_Attributes.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEAPMO06-2"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEAPMO06-2"},{"link_name":"segment architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEAPMO06-2"},{"link_name":"Solution architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEAPMO06-2"}],"text":"In the FEA, enterprise, segment, and solution architectures provide different business perspectives by varying the level of detail and addressing related but distinct concerns. Just as enterprises are themselves hierarchically organized, so are the different views provided by each type of architecture. The Federal Enterprise Architecture Practice Guidance (2006) has defined three types of architecture:[2]Federal Enterprise Architecture levels and attributes[2]Enterprise architecture,\nSegment architecture, and\nSolution architecture.By definition, Enterprise Architecture (EA) is fundamentally concerned with identifying common or shared assets – whether they are strategies, business processes, investments, data, systems, or technologies. EA is driven by strategy; it helps an agency identify whether its resources are properly aligned to the agency mission and strategic goals and objectives. From an investment perspective, EA is used to drive decisions about the IT investment portfolio as a whole. Consequently, the primary stakeholders of the EA are the senior managers and executives tasked with ensuring the agency fulfills its mission as effectively and efficiently as possible.[2]By contrast, \"segment architecture\" defines a simple roadmap for a core mission area, business service, or enterprise service. Segment architecture is driven by business management and delivers products that improve the delivery of services to citizens and agency staff. From an investment perspective, segment architecture drives decisions for a business case or group of business cases supporting a core mission area or common or shared service. The primary stakeholders for segment architecture are business owners and managers. Segment architecture is related to EA through three principles:structure: segment architecture inherits the framework used by the EA, although it may be extended and specialized to meet the specific needs of a core mission area or common or shared service.\nreuse : segment architecture reuses important assets defined at the enterprise level including: data; common business processes and investments; and applications and technologies.\nalignment : segment architecture aligns with elements defined at the enterprise level, such as business strategies, mandates, standards, and performance measures.[2]\"Solution architecture\" defines agency IT assets such as applications or components used to automate and improve individual agency business functions. The scope of a solution architecture is typically limited to a single project and is used to implement all or part of a system or business solution. The primary stakeholders for solution architecture are system users and developers. Solution architecture is commonly related to segment architecture and enterprise architecture through definitions and constraints. For example, segment architecture provides definitions of data or service interfaces used within a core mission area or service, which are accessed by individual solutions. Equally, a solution may be constrained to specific technologies and standards that are defined at the enterprise level.[2]","title":"Architecture levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Results of the Federal Enterprise Architecture program are considered unsatisfactory:Stanley Gaver, a participant of the FEA program, reports that \"Enterprise Architecture within the federal government hasn't been working, and far more often than not hasn't delivered useful results. Moreover, significant parts of the federal EA program have been complete and utter failures\".[8]\nThe official report to the U.S. Congress in 2011 reported that \"most departments and agencies reported they expect to realize the benefits from their respective enterprise architecture programs [...] sometime in the future. What this suggests is that the real value in the federal government from developing and using enterprise architectures remains largely unrealized\".[9]","title":"Program results"}]
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[{"image_text":"Structure of the U.S. \"Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework\" (FEAF) Components, presented in 2001.[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Structure_of_the_FEAF_Components.jpg/420px-Structure_of_the_FEAF_Components.jpg"},{"image_text":"Federal Enterprise Architecture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FEA_Consolidated_Reference_Model.png/360px-FEA_Consolidated_Reference_Model.png"},{"image_text":"Federal Enterprise Architecture.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FEA_Reference_Models.jpg/360px-FEA_Reference_Models.jpg"},{"image_text":"Performance reference model, 2005.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Performance_Reference_Model.jpg/320px-Performance_Reference_Model.jpg"},{"image_text":"Business Reference Model overview.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BRM_Overview.jpg/320px-BRM_Overview.jpg"},{"image_text":"Service Component Reference Model.[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Service_Component_Reference_Model.jpg/280px-Service_Component_Reference_Model.jpg"},{"image_text":"The DRM Collaboration Process.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DRM_Collaboration_Process.jpg/320px-DRM_Collaboration_Process.jpg"},{"image_text":"Technical Reference Model.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Technical_Reference_Model.jpg/280px-Technical_Reference_Model.jpg"},{"image_text":"Federal Enterprise Architecture levels and attributes[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Architectural_Levels_and_Attributes.jpg/420px-Architectural_Levels_and_Attributes.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Business reference model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_reference_model"},{"title":"Department of Defense Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Architecture_Framework"},{"title":"FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDIC_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"},{"title":"Physical data model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_data_model"},{"title":"Reference model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_model"},{"title":"Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture\" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. May 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/common_approach_to_federal_ea.pdf","url_text":"\"Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170122203044/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/common_approach_to_federal_ea.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2015–2016 Baldrige Excellence Framework\". Baldrige Performance Excellence Program. National Institute of Standards and Technology. January 15, 2015. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804122911/http://nist.gov/baldrige/publications/criteria.cfm","url_text":"\"2015–2016 Baldrige Excellence Framework\""},{"url":"https://www.nist.gov/baldrige/publications/criteria.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/assets/fea_docs/FEA_CRM_v23_Final_Oct_2007_Revised.pdf","external_links_name":"FEA Consolidated Reference Model Document Version 2.3"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/fea_docs/FEA_Practice_Guidance_Nov_2007.pdf","external_links_name":"FEA Practice Guidance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016043354/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/fea_docs/FEA_Practice_Guidance_Nov_2007.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.enterprise-architecture.info/Images/Documents/Federal%20Enterprise%20Architecture%20Guide%20v1a.pdf","external_links_name":"A Practical Guide to Federal Enterprise Architecture"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081010151223/http://www.enterprise-architecture.info/Images/Documents/Federal%20Enterprise%20Architecture%20Guide%20v1a.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/common_approach_to_federal_ea.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170122203044/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/common_approach_to_federal_ea.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/fea_v2.pdf","external_links_name":"Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework version 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804122911/http://nist.gov/baldrige/publications/criteria.cfm","external_links_name":"\"2015–2016 Baldrige Excellence Framework\""},{"Link":"https://www.nist.gov/baldrige/publications/criteria.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/pdf/rm-profile.pdf","external_links_name":"FEA Records Management Profile, Version 1.0"},{"Link":"http://www.ech-bpm.ch/sites/default/files/articles/why_doesnt_the_federal_enterprise_architecture_work.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Why Doesn’t the Federal Enterprise Architecture Work?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160611170127/http://www.ech-bpm.ch/sites/default/files/articles/why_doesnt_the_federal_enterprise_architecture_work.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.feacinstitute.org/","external_links_name":"Federal Enterprise Architecture Institute website"},{"Link":"https://www.cio.gov/","external_links_name":"Federal Chief Information Officers Council website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100427185302/http://cio-nii.defense.gov/policy/eas.shtml","external_links_name":"DoD CIO Enterprise Architecture & Standards"},{"Link":"http://www.boc-group.com/products/adoit/","external_links_name":"FEA with ADOit"},{"Link":"https://www.nist.gov/baldrige/","external_links_name":"Baldrige Performance Excellence Program"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nou_Estadi_Castalia
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Nou Estadi Castàlia
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°59′45.79″N 0°02′19.65″W / 39.9960528°N 0.0387917°W / 39.9960528; -0.0387917Multi-purpose stadium in Spain
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nou Estadi Castàlia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Estadio Municipal de CastaliaLocationCastellón de la Plana, SpainCoordinates39°59′45.79″N 0°02′19.65″W / 39.9960528°N 0.0387917°W / 39.9960528; -0.0387917OwnerAyuntamiento de CastellónOperatorAyuntamiento de CastellónCapacity15,500Field size102 metres (112 yd) x 70 metres (77 yd)Opened17 June 1987TenantsCD Castellón
Estadio Municipal de Castalia is a multi-purpose stadium in Castellón de la Plana, Spain. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of CD Castellón. The stadium holds 15,500 (all-seater) and was built in 1987, replacing the original Estadi Castàlia which stood on this site, but at 90° to the current layout. The pitch size is 102x70m.
References
^ "Estadio" (in Spanish). CD Castellón. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ "The latest news from CD Castellón: squad, results, table". www.besoccer.com. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
External links
Estadios de Espana(in English)
vteClub Deportivo Castellón
History
Players
Managers
Seasons
Statistics
Honours
Teams
CD Castellón
CD Castellón B
Home stadium
Nou Estadi Castàlia (1987–)
Castalia (former)
Notable matches
1973 Copa del Generalísimo final
Seasons
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
Category
Commons
Authority control databases: Geographic
StadiumDB
This article about a Spanish sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Estadio\" (in Spanish). CD Castellón. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdcastellon.com/estadio/","url_text":"\"Estadio\""}]},{"reference":"\"The latest news from CD Castellón: squad, results, table\". www.besoccer.com. Retrieved 2020-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.besoccer.com/","url_text":"\"The latest news from CD Castellón: squad, results, table\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmo_Kaipainen
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Osmo Kaipainen
|
["1 References"]
|
Finnish physician and politician
Osmo Ensio Kaipainen (12 August 1933, Pieksämäki – 15 May 1985) was a Finnish physician and politician. He was Minister of Social Affairs and Heath from 23 February to 3 September 1972. He served as a Member of the Parliament of Finland from 1970 to 1975, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP). Kaipainen belonged to the left wing of the party. His wife was the author Anu Kaipainen.
References
^ "Osmo Kaipainen". www.eduskunta.fi.
^ Kuka Kukin On (Who's Who) (in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava. 1978. p. 332. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Finland
This article about a Social Democratic Party of Finland politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Osmo-Kaipainen-1972.jpg/220px-Osmo-Kaipainen-1972.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Osmo Kaipainen\". www.eduskunta.fi.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910651.aspx","url_text":"\"Osmo Kaipainen\""}]},{"reference":"Kuka Kukin On (Who's Who) (in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava. 1978. p. 332. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/kuka/1978/0332.html","url_text":"Kuka Kukin On (Who's Who)"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._T._Gray
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J. T. Gray
|
["1 Professional career","2 References","3 External links"]
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American football player (born 1996)
American football player
J. T. GrayNo. 48 – New Orleans SaintsPosition:SafetyPersonal informationBorn: (1996-01-18) January 18, 1996 (age 28)Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S.Height:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight:202 lb (92 kg)Career informationHigh school:Clarksdale(Clarksdale, Mississippi)College:Mississippi State (2014–2017)Undrafted:2018Career history
New Orleans Saints (2018–present)
Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards
First-team All-Pro (2021)
Second-team All-Pro (2019)
Pro Bowl (2021)
Career NFL statistics as of 2023Total tackles:78Sacks:2.5Fumble recoveries:3Pass deflections:1Player stats at PFR
Juantavius Tavon "J. T." Gray (born January 18, 1996) is an American football safety for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Mississippi State.
Professional career
Gray signed with the New Orleans Saints as an undrafted free agent on May 3, 2018. He played in five games, primarily playing on special teams, before being waived on November 13, 2018, and re-signed to the practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Saints on January 21, 2019.
In 2019, Gray played in all 16 games as a core special-teamer. He tied for the league-lead with 16 special teams tackles and was named second-team All-Pro as a special teamer.
On March 3, 2021, Gray signed a two-year, $4 million contract extension with the Saints. Gray was elected captain for the 2021 season.
On March 10, 2023, Gray signed a three-year contract extension with the Saints.
References
^ "J. T. Gray bio". HailState.com. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
^ "Saints sign undrafted free agents J.T. Gray, Colton Jumper". NOLA.com. May 3, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
^ "Saints waive J.T. Gray to make room for Brandon Marshall". NOLA.com. November 13, 2018.
^ Katzenstein (January 21, 2019). "Saints sign 6 practice squad players to reserve/future contracts". NOLA.com.
^ "Saints agree to a 2-year extension with All-Pro special teams ace J.T. Gray". Saints Wire. USA Today. March 3, 2021.
^ Oleszczak, Leigh (September 10, 2021). "Pep talks for all 6 New Orleans Saints captains ahead of 2021 season". Who Dat Dish. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
^ "New Orleans Saints agree to terms with defensive back J.T. Gray on three-year contract extension". NewOrleansSaints.com. March 10, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
External links
New Orleans Saints bio
Mississippi State Bulldogs bio
vteNew Orleans Saints rosterActive
0 Ugo Amadi
1 Alontae Taylor
3 Jake Haener
4 Derek Carr
5 Will Harris
6 Willie Gay
7 Taysom Hill
10 Nathan Peterman
11 Cedrick Wilson Jr.
12 Chris Olave
13 Equanimeous St. Brown
14 Stanley Morgan Jr.
15 Lou Hedley
16 Bub Means
17 A. T. Perry
18 Spencer Rattler
19 Blake Grupe
20 Pete Werner
21 Jamaal Williams
22 Rashid Shaheed
23 Marshon Lattimore
24 Johnathan Abram
25 Kendre Miller
26 James Robinson
27 Shemar Jean-Charles
28 Rejzohn Wright
29 Paulson Adebo
30 Faion Hicks
31 Jordan Howden
32 Tyrann Mathieu
33 Jordan Mims
34 Kool-Aid McKinstry
35 Jacob Kibodi
36 Rico Payton
37 Lawrence Johnson
38 Millard Bradford
39 Charlie Smyth (Int.)
40 Zander Horvath
41 Alvin Kamara
43 Matthew Hayball
44 Isaiah Stalbird
45 Nephi Sewell
46 Adam Prentice
47 Khaleke Hudson
48 J. T. Gray
49 Zach Wood
50 Khalen Saunders
51 Cesar Ruiz
52 D'Marco Jackson
53 Jaylan Ford
54 Nathan Latu
55 Isaiah Foskey
56 Demario Davis
57 Niko Lalos
58 Anfernee Orji
59 Monty Rice
60 Kyle Hergel
61 Sincere Haynesworth
62 Lucas Patrick
63 Nouredin Nouili
64 Nick Saldiveri
66 Shane Lemieux
67 Landon Young
68 Mark Evans II
69 Kyler Baugh
70 Trevor Penning
71 Ryan Ramczyk
72 Josiah Ezirim
73 Oli Udoh
75 Taliese Fuaga
76 Trajan Jeffcoat
77 Justin Herron
78 Erik McCoy
80 Jermaine Jackson
83 Juwan Johnson
84 Mason Tipton
85 Dallin Holker
86 Michael Jacobson
87 Foster Moreau
89 Tommy Hudson
90 Bryan Bresee
91 Kendal Vickers
92 Tanoh Kpassagnon
93 Nathan Shepherd
94 Cameron Jordan
95 Jack Heflin
96 Carl Granderson
97 Khristian Boyd
98 Payton Turner
99 Chase Young
-- Jesper Horsted
AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LV
LAC
NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA
This biographical article relating to an American football defensive back born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parf%C3%BCmerie_Douglas
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Douglas (company)
|
["1 History","1.1 The first Douglas Perfumeries","1.2 From perfumery to corporation","1.3 Growth in Europe","1.4 Takeover by financial investor","1.5 Change of ownership and strategic realignment","1.6 Restructuring and online growth","2 Products and brands","3 References"]
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German multinational perfume and cosmetics retailer
Douglas GmbHCompany typePublicTraded asFWB: DOUIndustryRetailingFounded1910; 114 years ago (1910)HeadquartersDüsseldorf, GermanyNumber of locations1,845 (2023)Area servedEuropeKey peopleSander van der Laan (CEO)Dr. Henning Kreke (Chairman)ProductsPerfumes and cosmeticsRevenue€3.65 billion (2022)Operating income−€79.6 million (2022)Net income−€306 million (2022)Total assets€4.3 billion (2022)Number of employees18,274 (2022)Websitedouglas.dedouglas.group
Logo used until 2018
Douglas in Darmstadt, Germany
Douglas GmbH is a German multinational perfumery and cosmetics chain. Its headquarters are located in Düsseldorf, Germany. The first perfumery to carry the name "Parfümerie Douglas" opened in Hamburg in 1910. Douglas GmbH was part of the Douglas Holding, but since 1 June 2015, 85 percent belong to the financial investor CVC Capital Partners and 15 percent to the Kreke family.
History
The name of the company can be traced back to the Scottish soap manufacturer John Sharp Douglas. He came from a small village near Glasgow and on 5 January 1821, he founded a soap factory in Hamburg's warehouse district. The factory was soon included in the "Hamburger Address Book" as "J.S. Douglas, Engl. Soap factory, Kehrwieder, Herbst Hof". On 5 November 1828, Hamburg granted John Sharp Douglas citizenship as number 663 of the Civil Protocol. Two years later, on 23 July 1830, Douglas married the mother of his six children, Johanna Catharina Francisca Becker.
Douglas's soap products, such as the Coconut Oil Soda Soap, developed in 1830 and the Chinese Heavenly Soap, introduced around 1840 quickly turned into success. Thanks to modern manufacturing processes, Douglas benefited from greater production efficiency. Soap became a much more affordable product to a wider range of the public and bathing became a normal thing to do.
Douglas died in 1847 and his sons Thomas and Alexander took over the business under the name "J.S. Douglas Sons". In 1851, they presented their soap products at the first World Fair in London, where the "Chinese Heavenly Soap" was honored with a medal. In the same year, the brothers developed their "Egyptian Toilette Soap".
In September 1878, Thomas and Alexander Douglas separated as business partners and sold the company to merchants Gustav Adolph Heinrich Runge and Johan Adolph Kolbe. The new owners kept the company's name "J.S. Douglas Sons" and expanded the assortment to leather goods, travel utensils and fashion items, which they called "Fantasy Products". In 1888, Gustav Adolph Kolbe took over the position of his deceased father, Johann Adolph, and two years later became the sole owner of the company. By proxy in 1909, he handed responsibility of the soap factory to his wife Berta.
The first Douglas Perfumeries
Berta Kolbe was the first woman to take over the management of J.S Douglas Sons. She received a business offer from Anna and Maria Carstens: the sisters wanted to open their own perfumery under the established name of "Douglas" to "establish and operate a business in soaps, perfumery products and toiletries in Hamburg." And so, on 24 May 1910, the first "Parfümerie Douglas" opened on Hamburg's shopping street Neuer Wall, and even exists today.
In 1929, the Carsten sisters passed the business on to their goddaughters Hertha and Lucie and their father, German artist Johannes Harders. As of 1931, the company was called "Parfümerie Douglas Harders & Co." and thus, reflected the new ownership structure. In 1936, the family hired Erhard Hunger to run the business. He reduced the soap business and expanded the assortment to premium brand products like Elizabeth Arden. By 1969, Erhard Hunger had expanded Douglas to six stores in Hamburg.
From perfumery to corporation
In 1969, the six Douglas perfumeries were taken over by the then listed Hussel AG. Under the management of Hussel's chief executive at the time, John Kreke, Hussel AG fueled the expansion of the perfumery through more takeovers and store openings. These were initially consolidated under the name Hanhausen-Douglas GmbH. In the course of this development, Hussel AG was restructured into a holding group with two operating companies: one for confectionery and one for perfumeries. In 1973, Hanhausen-Douglas took over the Austrian chain Ruttner. As of 1976, all perfumery stores eventually operated under the name "Parfümerie Douglas" and the associated company under the name "Parfümerie Douglas GmbH".
Growth in Europe
Douglas in Wałbrzych, Poland
During the 1980s, the Parfümerie Douglas GmbH expanded to the Netherlands, France, Italy and the United States. And, Douglas continued to expand in Germany, for example through the acquisition of "Er & Sie" perfumeries. Based on this development in the perfumery business, an organizational restructuring took place that ended in 1989 with the founding of the Douglas Holding AG to replace the Hussel Holding AG.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Douglas opened stores in eastern Germany in the 90's and expanded into Switzerland, Spain and Portugal. Since the start of the new millennium, Douglas has expanded to Poland, Hungary, Monaco, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Denmark and Croatia. Next to stationary retail, Douglas has also been selling its products via its own online shop since 2000.
At the annual general meeting in June 2001, Dr. Jörn Kreke handed over the chairmanship of the Douglas Holding to his son Dr. Henning Kreke after 32 years in the top position.
Due in part to the economic crisis and a low market share, the company withdrew from Slovakia, Estonia and Denmark in 2009/10 as well as from the American market.
Takeover by financial investor
In 2012, the Kreke family, together with the private equity investor Advent International, made a public takeover offer to the remaining shareholders of the listed parent company of the Douglas Group, Douglas Holding AG, which at that time also included the companies Thalia (books), Christ (jewelry), AppelrathCüpper (womensear) and Hussel (confectionary). After the successful takeover in 2013, Douglas de-listed from the Frankfurt stock exchange. This marked the beginning of the conglomerate's reorientation, which went back to being purely a perfumery chain in 2014.
France is the only country where the Douglas store brand is not used, Nocibé being used instead
After that, Douglas continued to grow internationally and acquired the French perfumery chain Nocibé with 455 stores in 2014. The 170 French Douglas branches that existed at the time were rebranded as Nocibé. In addition, the company expanded to Norway.
Change of ownership and strategic realignment
At first, a renewed stock market launch for the Parfümerie Douglas Deutschland was planned for 2015. However, on 1 June 2015, 85 percent of the company was sold to financial investor CVC Capital Partners with the Kreke family still holding a minority share of 15 percent.
Then, manager Isabelle Parize took over as CEO of Douglas in February 2016 and the headquarters was moved in October from Hagen to Düsseldorf. According to Douglas, the company wanted all customer-oriented departments and the online activities from Cologne to be concentrated in one place. In the same year, the company withdrew from Turkey due to a small market share.
In July 2017, Douglas completed a transaction to acquire the Spanish perfumery chain Bodybell. In November, the company also completed transactions to acquire the Spanish chain Perfumerías If and the Italian perfumery chains Limoni and La Gardenia.
Restructuring and online growth
In November 2017, Tina Müller took over as the Group CEO of Douglas.
In 2018, Douglas bought the majority of Parfümerie Akzente and its online shop Parfumdreams which operates in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
In January 2021, the company management decided to close around 500 of the 2,400 Douglas shops in Europe and instead to expand its own global online stores, which grew by 40.6% in 2020 to €822 million in sales. In the 2020 financial year, which was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic and ended in September of the same year, Douglas recorded a decline in sales of 6.4% with worldwide sales of €3.2 billion. The operating result for the 2020 financial year fell by more than 16.7% to €292 million compared to the previous year.
In Spain 103 of the 380 shops were closed and around 600 employees laid off. In Germany 60 of 430 stores were closed and up to 600 employees laid off. In France 41 of 610 Nocibé stores were sold to Bogart. Major closing were also made in Italy and Portugal.
Sander van der Laan has been the new Group CEO of Douglas since November 2022. Tina Müller moved to the supervisory board. Since January 2023, Philipp Andrée has been Chief Digital Officer (CDO) and a member of the management board of the Douglas Group.
Douglas opened its first stores in Belgium and Slovenia in 2023, after having launched online stores in both countries in 2021.
Products and brands
Inside of a Douglas store
Douglas features a diverse array of fragrances, cosmetics, skin and hair products, nutritional supplements, and accessories from more than 750 private label and premium brands.
Fragrances represents the main category which accounts for over 50% of sales with brands as Armani, Chanel, Dior, Guerlain, Givenchy, Lancôme, Michael Kors and Yves Saint Laurent.
Skin & body care products, including creams, serums, masks, tonics, firming and slimming products, and other products such as cleansers or sun protection accounts for approximately 25% of sales and include brands like La Prairie, La Mer, Sensai, Augustinus Bader, Dr. Barbara Sturm, Sisley, MBR, Chanel, Dior and also own brands like Dr. Susanne von Schmiedeberg and One.two.free!.
Color cosmetics includes products for lips, nails and make-up which accounts for around 20% of sales with premium brands including MAC Cosmetics, Benefit, Artdeco and Lancôme, as well exclusive brands like It Cosmetics and Neonaill and also own brands like Douglas Make-up and Nocibé Artiste.
Hair cosmetics such as shampoos, conditioners, treatments, hair tonics, styling products and tools makes around 2% of sales.
Food supplements was introduced in 2019 with the launch of own brand #INNERBEAUTY.
In 2019 Douglas launched the first European online marketplace for beauty products in Germany making its online offering the largest product portofolio in Europe. In 2022 the marketplace was present in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the Netherlands with 157 partners which offers around 300,000 stock keeping unit (SKUs).
References
^ "Investor Presentation December 2022" (PDF). Douglas GmbH. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ a b c d e "12M FY 2021/22 Results Presentation" (PDF). Douglas GmbH. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ "CVC buys perfume and cosmetics retailer Douglas". Reuters. June 2015. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
^ a b "University of Glasgow :: International Story :: John Sharp". www.internationalstory.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ "Douglas rolls out new e-commerce websites across Europe". Ecommerce News. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ "SUB Hamburg - Pageview - view". agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ a b c d "John Sharp Douglas, c1792-1847". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ "The History of Soapmaking". The Open University. 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ Cassell, John (1851). The illustrated exhibitor: a tribute to the world's industrial jubilee. London: Cassell. p. 39.
^ "German Soap Stars". The University of Glasgow's International Story Blog. 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ a b "The Origins of Douglas". Douglas corporate website. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ "Douglas Corporate: History". corporate.douglas.de (in German). Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ "Change planned in top management at DOUGLAS HOLDING AG". Douglas Investor Relations. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ "Douglas Holding". Advent International. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ "CVC in talks to buy stake in Germany's Douglas -sources". Reuters. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ "Douglas AG wants to head to the stock exchange again". RetailDetail. 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ a b Prodhan, Georgina (2015-05-29). "German perfume retailer Douglas plans IPO in 2015". Reuters. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ "Douglas Calls Off IPO". Handelsblatt Global Edition. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ "Isabelle Parize appointed new CEO of Douglas Holding AG". Premium Beauty News. 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ "Beauty retailer Douglas invests to counter online threat". Reuters. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ "Germany's beauty firm Douglas to quit Turkey". Daily News Hürriyet. 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
^ Germany, EQS Group AG, Munich. "DOUGLAS to become a leading perfumery chain in Spain by acquiring Bodybell - dgap.de". www.dgap.de. Retrieved 2018-03-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Germany's Douglas expands perfumery network further with Spanish deal". U.S. Reuters. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ "Germany's Douglas appoints former Opel marketing boss as CEO". U.S. Reuters. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
^ a b "Parfümeriekette Douglas schließt jede fünfte Filiale in Europa" (in German). spiegel.de. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
^ "Douglas Will Close 103 Stores in Spain and Cut Around 600 Workers". euroweeklynews.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ "Douglas to close 500 stores as online shopping grows". globalcosmeticsnews.com. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ "Groupe Bogart to Acquire 41 Nocibé Perfumeries in France". wwd.com. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ "Douglas restructures in southern Europe, appoints Fabio Pampani as regional head". fashionnetwork.com. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
^ Peter Wübben (2022-10-20). "Douglas GmbH: Sander van der Laan appointed as new DOUGLAS CEO – Tina Müller joins the Supervisory Board". Retrieved 2022-10-27.
^ "Perfumery Douglas celebrated its arrival on the Slovenian market with a VIP event". citymagazine.si. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ "Douglas expands European store network with first store in Belgium". douglas.de. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
^ "Douglas opens new flagship store in Munich". douglas.de. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
^ "One year later: Mirakl celebrates rapidly growing marketplace of European premium beauty retailer Douglas". mirakl.com. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Logo_07.2013.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Gesch%C3%A4ft_in_Darmstadt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Douglas Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Holding"},{"link_name":"CVC Capital Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVC_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Logo used until 2018Douglas in Darmstadt, GermanyDouglas GmbH is a German multinational perfumery and cosmetics chain. Its headquarters are located in Düsseldorf, Germany. The first perfumery to carry the name \"Parfümerie Douglas\" opened in Hamburg in 1910. Douglas GmbH was part of the Douglas Holding, but since 1 June 2015, 85 percent belong to the financial investor CVC Capital Partners and 15 percent to the Kreke family.[3]","title":"Douglas (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap"},{"link_name":"manufacturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The name of the company can be traced back to the Scottish soap manufacturer John Sharp Douglas.[4] He came from a small village near Glasgow and on 5 January 1821, he founded a soap factory in Hamburg's warehouse district.[5] The factory was soon included in the \"Hamburger Address Book\" as \"J.S. Douglas, Engl. Soap factory, Kehrwieder, Herbst Hof\".[6] On 5 November 1828, Hamburg granted John Sharp Douglas citizenship as number 663 of the Civil Protocol. Two years later, on 23 July 1830, Douglas married the mother of his six children, Johanna Catharina Francisca Becker.Douglas's soap products, such as the Coconut Oil Soda Soap, developed in 1830[7] and the Chinese Heavenly Soap, introduced around 1840 quickly turned into success. Thanks to modern manufacturing processes, Douglas benefited from greater production efficiency. Soap became a much more affordable product to a wider range of the public and bathing became a normal thing to do.[8]Douglas died in 1847 and his sons Thomas and Alexander took over the business under the name \"J.S. Douglas Sons\".[7] In 1851, they presented their soap products at the first World Fair in London, where the \"Chinese Heavenly Soap\" was honored with a medal.[9] In the same year, the brothers developed their \"Egyptian Toilette Soap\".In September 1878, Thomas and Alexander Douglas separated as business partners and sold the company to merchants Gustav Adolph Heinrich Runge and Johan Adolph Kolbe.[7] The new owners kept the company's name \"J.S. Douglas Sons\"[10] and expanded the assortment to leather goods, travel utensils and fashion items, which they called \"Fantasy Products\". In 1888, Gustav Adolph Kolbe took over the position of his deceased father, Johann Adolph, and two years later became the sole owner of the company. By proxy in 1909, he handed responsibility of the soap factory to his wife Berta.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Neuer Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuer_Wall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden,_Inc."}],"sub_title":"The first Douglas Perfumeries","text":"Berta Kolbe was the first woman to take over the management of J.S Douglas Sons. She received a business offer from Anna and Maria Carstens: the sisters wanted to open their own perfumery under the established name of \"Douglas\" to \"establish and operate a business in soaps, perfumery products and toiletries in Hamburg.\"[4] And so, on 24 May 1910, the first \"Parfümerie Douglas\" opened on Hamburg's shopping street Neuer Wall, and even exists today.[7]In 1929, the Carsten sisters passed the business on to their goddaughters Hertha and Lucie and their father, German artist Johannes Harders. As of 1931, the company was called \"Parfümerie Douglas Harders & Co.\" and thus, reflected the new ownership structure. In 1936, the family hired Erhard Hunger to run the business. He reduced the soap business and expanded the assortment to premium brand products like Elizabeth Arden. By 1969, Erhard Hunger had expanded Douglas to six stores in Hamburg.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"From perfumery to corporation","text":"In 1969, the six Douglas perfumeries were taken over by the then listed Hussel AG.[11] Under the management of Hussel's chief executive at the time, John Kreke, Hussel AG fueled the expansion of the perfumery through more takeovers and store openings. These were initially consolidated under the name Hanhausen-Douglas GmbH. In the course of this development, Hussel AG was restructured into a holding group with two operating companies: one for confectionery and one for perfumeries. In 1973, Hanhausen-Douglas took over the Austrian chain Ruttner. As of 1976, all perfumery stores eventually operated under the name \"Parfümerie Douglas\" and the associated company under the name \"Parfümerie Douglas GmbH\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galeria_Victoria_w_Wa%C5%82brzychu,_Douglas_(perfumeria)_-_2023.07.14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Growth in Europe","text":"Douglas in Wałbrzych, PolandDuring the 1980s, the Parfümerie Douglas GmbH expanded to the Netherlands, France, Italy and the United States. And, Douglas continued to expand in Germany, for example through the acquisition of \"Er & Sie\" perfumeries. Based on this development in the perfumery business, an organizational restructuring took place that ended in 1989 with the founding of the Douglas Holding AG to replace the Hussel Holding AG.[12]After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Douglas opened stores in eastern Germany in the 90's and expanded into Switzerland, Spain and Portugal. Since the start of the new millennium, Douglas has expanded to Poland, Hungary, Monaco, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Denmark and Croatia.[11] Next to stationary retail, Douglas has also been selling its products via its own online shop since 2000.At the annual general meeting in June 2001, Dr. Jörn Kreke handed over the chairmanship of the Douglas Holding to his son Dr. Henning Kreke after 32 years in the top position.[13]Due in part to the economic crisis and a low market share, the company withdrew from Slovakia, Estonia and Denmark in 2009/10 as well as from the American market.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt stock exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Nocibe.svg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Takeover by financial investor","text":"In 2012, the Kreke family, together with the private equity investor Advent International, made a public takeover offer to the remaining shareholders of the listed parent company of the Douglas Group, Douglas Holding AG, which at that time also included the companies Thalia (books), Christ (jewelry), AppelrathCüpper (womensear) and Hussel (confectionary).[14] After the successful takeover in 2013, Douglas de-listed from the Frankfurt stock exchange.[15] This marked the beginning of the conglomerate's reorientation, which went back to being purely a perfumery chain in 2014.France is the only country where the Douglas store brand is not used, Nocibé being used insteadAfter that, Douglas continued to grow internationally and acquired the French perfumery chain Nocibé with 455 stores in 2014.[16] The 170 French Douglas branches that existed at the time were rebranded as Nocibé. In addition, the company expanded to Norway.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Change of ownership and strategic realignment","text":"At first, a renewed stock market launch for the Parfümerie Douglas Deutschland was planned for 2015.[17] However, on 1 June 2015, 85 percent of the company was sold to financial investor CVC Capital Partners with the Kreke family still holding a minority share of 15 percent.[18]Then, manager Isabelle Parize took over as CEO of Douglas in February 2016[19] and the headquarters was moved in October from Hagen to Düsseldorf.[17] According to Douglas, the company wanted all customer-oriented departments and the online activities from Cologne to be concentrated in one place.[20] In the same year, the company withdrew from Turkey due to a small market share.[21]In July 2017, Douglas completed a transaction to acquire the Spanish perfumery chain Bodybell.[22] In November, the company also completed transactions to acquire the Spanish chain Perfumerías If[23] and the Italian perfumery chains Limoni and La Gardenia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-25"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Restructuring and online growth","text":"In November 2017, Tina Müller took over as the Group CEO of Douglas.[24]In 2018, Douglas bought the majority of Parfümerie Akzente and its online shop Parfumdreams which operates in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.In January 2021, the company management decided to close around 500 of the 2,400 Douglas shops in Europe and instead to expand its own global online stores, which grew by 40.6% in 2020 to €822 million in sales.[25] In the 2020 financial year, which was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic and ended in September of the same year, Douglas recorded a decline in sales of 6.4% with worldwide sales of €3.2 billion. The operating result for the 2020 financial year fell by more than 16.7% to €292 million compared to the previous year.[25]In Spain 103 of the 380 shops were closed and around 600 employees laid off.[26] In Germany 60 of 430 stores were closed and up to 600 employees laid off.[27] In France 41 of 610 Nocibé stores were sold to Bogart.[28] Major closing were also made in Italy and Portugal.[29]Sander van der Laan has been the new Group CEO of Douglas since November 2022. Tina Müller moved to the supervisory board. Since January 2023, Philipp Andrée has been Chief Digital Officer (CDO) and a member of the management board of the Douglas Group.[30]Douglas opened its first stores in Belgium and Slovenia in 2023, after having launched online stores in both countries in 2021.[31][32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Filiale_2017_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Armani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani"},{"link_name":"Chanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel"},{"link_name":"Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior"},{"link_name":"Guerlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerlain"},{"link_name":"Givenchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchy"},{"link_name":"Lancôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Michael Kors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kors"},{"link_name":"Yves Saint Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(fashion_house)"},{"link_name":"Sisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisley"},{"link_name":"MAC Cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"online marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_marketplace"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"stock keeping unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_keeping_unit"}],"text":"Inside of a Douglas storeDouglas features a diverse array of fragrances, cosmetics, skin and hair products, nutritional supplements, and accessories from more than 750 private label and premium brands.[33]Fragrances represents the main category which accounts for over 50% of sales with brands as Armani, Chanel, Dior, Guerlain, Givenchy, Lancôme, Michael Kors and Yves Saint Laurent.Skin & body care products, including creams, serums, masks, tonics, firming and slimming products, and other products such as cleansers or sun protection accounts for approximately 25% of sales and include brands like La Prairie, La Mer, Sensai, Augustinus Bader, Dr. Barbara Sturm, Sisley, MBR, Chanel, Dior and also own brands like Dr. Susanne von Schmiedeberg and One.two.free!.Color cosmetics includes products for lips, nails and make-up which accounts for around 20% of sales with premium brands including MAC Cosmetics, Benefit, Artdeco and Lancôme, as well exclusive brands like It Cosmetics and Neonaill and also own brands like Douglas Make-up and Nocibé Artiste.Hair cosmetics such as shampoos, conditioners, treatments, hair tonics, styling products and tools makes around 2% of sales.Food supplements was introduced in 2019 with the launch of own brand #INNERBEAUTY.In 2019 Douglas launched the first European online marketplace for beauty products in Germany making its online offering the largest product portofolio in Europe.[34] In 2022 the marketplace was present in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the Netherlands with 157 partners which offers around 300,000 stock keeping unit (SKUs).","title":"Products and brands"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Logo used until 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Douglas_Logo_07.2013.svg/220px-Douglas_Logo_07.2013.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Douglas in Darmstadt, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Douglas_Gesch%C3%A4ft_in_Darmstadt.jpg/220px-Douglas_Gesch%C3%A4ft_in_Darmstadt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Douglas in Wałbrzych, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Galeria_Victoria_w_Wa%C5%82brzychu%2C_Douglas_%28perfumeria%29_-_2023.07.14.jpg/220px-Galeria_Victoria_w_Wa%C5%82brzychu%2C_Douglas_%28perfumeria%29_-_2023.07.14.jpg"},{"image_text":"France is the only country where the Douglas store brand is not used, Nocibé being used instead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Logo_Nocibe.svg/220px-Logo_Nocibe.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Inside of a Douglas store","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Douglas_Filiale_2017_01.jpg/220px-Douglas_Filiale_2017_01.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Investor Presentation December 2022\" (PDF). Douglas GmbH. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.douglas.de/download/companies/douglasgmbh/Pres_web/202212_Douglas_InvestorPresentation.pdf","url_text":"\"Investor Presentation December 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"12M FY 2021/22 Results Presentation\" (PDF). Douglas GmbH. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.douglas.de/download/companies/douglasgmbh/Pres_web/20221220_DOUGLAS_Q4-Bond-Call.pdf","url_text":"\"12M FY 2021/22 Results Presentation\""}]},{"reference":"\"CVC buys perfume and cosmetics retailer Douglas\". Reuters. June 2015. Retrieved 2019-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cvc-cap-partnr-takeover-douglas-holdi/cvc-buys-perfume-and-cosmetics-retailer-douglas-idUSKBN0OH2AZ20150601?feedType=RSS&feedName=innovationNews","url_text":"\"CVC buys perfume and cosmetics retailer Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Glasgow :: International Story :: John Sharp\". www.internationalstory.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internationalstory.gla.ac.uk/person/?id=WH24554","url_text":"\"University of Glasgow :: International Story :: John Sharp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas rolls out new e-commerce websites across Europe\". Ecommerce News. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecommercenews.eu/douglas-rolls-new-ecommerce-websites-across-europe/","url_text":"\"Douglas rolls out new e-commerce websites across Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"SUB Hamburg - Pageview - view\". agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh-adress/digbib/view?did=c1:17354&sdid=c1:17437&hit=4","url_text":"\"SUB Hamburg - Pageview - view\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Sharp Douglas, c1792-1847\". www.douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/john_sharp_douglas.html#.Wr0FWk0UlaQ","url_text":"\"John Sharp Douglas, c1792-1847\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Soapmaking\". The Open University. 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-science/the-history-soapmaking","url_text":"\"The History of Soapmaking\""}]},{"reference":"Cassell, John (1851). The illustrated exhibitor: a tribute to the world's industrial jubilee. London: Cassell. p. 39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"German Soap Stars\". The University of Glasgow's International Story Blog. 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://uoginternationalstory.wordpress.com/tag/parfumerie-douglas/","url_text":"\"German Soap Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Origins of Douglas\". Douglas corporate website. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://corporate.douglas.de/en/ueber-douglas/unternehmensprofil/unternehmensgeschichte/","url_text":"\"The Origins of Douglas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Corporate: History\". corporate.douglas.de (in German). Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://corporate.douglas.de/en/ueber-douglas/unternehmensprofil/unternehmensgeschichte/","url_text":"\"Douglas Corporate: History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Change planned in top management at DOUGLAS HOLDING AG\". Douglas Investor Relations. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.douglas.de/websites/douglas/English/5/press-releases-_-insider-information.html?newsID=1532787","url_text":"\"Change planned in top management at DOUGLAS HOLDING AG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Holding\". Advent International. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adventinternational.com/advent_case_studies/douglas-holding/","url_text":"\"Douglas Holding\""}]},{"reference":"\"CVC in talks to buy stake in Germany's Douglas -sources\". Reuters. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/cvc-cap-partnr-takeover-douglas-holding/cvc-in-talks-to-buy-stake-in-germanys-douglas-sources-idUSFWN0YN04020150601","url_text":"\"CVC in talks to buy stake in Germany's Douglas -sources\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas AG wants to head to the stock exchange again\". RetailDetail. 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retaildetail.eu/en/news/drogmetica/douglas-ag-wants-head-stock-exchange-again","url_text":"\"Douglas AG wants to head to the stock exchange again\""}]},{"reference":"Prodhan, Georgina (2015-05-29). \"German perfume retailer Douglas plans IPO in 2015\". Reuters. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/douglas-ipo/german-perfume-retailer-douglas-plans-ipo-in-2015-idUSFWN0YJ0A520150529","url_text":"\"German perfume retailer Douglas plans IPO in 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Calls Off IPO\". Handelsblatt Global Edition. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.handelsblatt.com/companies/douglas-calls-off-ipo-228162","url_text":"\"Douglas Calls Off IPO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isabelle Parize appointed new CEO of Douglas Holding AG\". Premium Beauty News. 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/isabelle-parize-appointed-new-ceo,9313","url_text":"\"Isabelle Parize appointed new CEO of Douglas Holding AG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beauty retailer Douglas invests to counter online threat\". Reuters. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/douglas-investment/beauty-retailer-douglas-invests-to-counter-online-threat-idUSL8N15V2Z1","url_text":"\"Beauty retailer Douglas invests to counter online threat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany's beauty firm Douglas to quit Turkey\". Daily News Hürriyet. 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2019-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/germanys-beauty-firm-douglas-to-quit-turkey-106945","url_text":"\"Germany's beauty firm Douglas to quit Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Germany, EQS Group AG, Munich. \"DOUGLAS to become a leading perfumery chain in Spain by acquiring Bodybell - dgap.de\". www.dgap.de. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dgap.de/dgap/News/adhoc/douglas-become-leading-perfumery-chain-spain-acquiring-bodybell/?newsID=992517","url_text":"\"DOUGLAS to become a leading perfumery chain in Spain by acquiring Bodybell - dgap.de\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany's Douglas expands perfumery network further with Spanish deal\". U.S. Reuters. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/douglas-acquisition-spain/germanys-douglas-expands-perfumery-network-further-with-spanish-deal-idUSL5N1KI3WW","url_text":"\"Germany's Douglas expands perfumery network further with Spanish deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany's Douglas appoints former Opel marketing boss as CEO\". U.S. Reuters. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/douglas-ceo/germanys-douglas-appoints-former-opel-marketing-boss-as-ceo-idUSASO00017Q","url_text":"\"Germany's Douglas appoints former Opel marketing boss as CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parfümeriekette Douglas schließt jede fünfte Filiale in Europa\" (in German). spiegel.de. Retrieved 2021-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/douglas-schliesst-jede-fuenfte-filiale-in-europa-a-2147c68a-e85e-4e57-9a9f-5558377ae5a0","url_text":"\"Parfümeriekette Douglas schließt jede fünfte Filiale in Europa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Will Close 103 Stores in Spain and Cut Around 600 Workers\". euroweeklynews.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://euroweeklynews.com/2021/01/31/douglas-will-close-103-stores-in-spain-and-cut-around-600-workers/","url_text":"\"Douglas Will Close 103 Stores in Spain and Cut Around 600 Workers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas to close 500 stores as online shopping grows\". globalcosmeticsnews.com. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalcosmeticsnews.com/douglas-to-close-500-stores-as-online-shopping-grows/","url_text":"\"Douglas to close 500 stores as online shopping grows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groupe Bogart to Acquire 41 Nocibé Perfumeries in France\". wwd.com. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/feature/groupe-bogart-to-acquire-41-nocibe-perfumeries-in-france-1234827829/","url_text":"\"Groupe Bogart to Acquire 41 Nocibé Perfumeries in France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas restructures in southern Europe, appoints Fabio Pampani as regional head\". fashionnetwork.com. 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Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://citymagazine.si/en/perfumery-douglas-celebrated-the-arrival-on-the-slovenian-market-with-a-vip-event/","url_text":"\"Perfumery Douglas celebrated its arrival on the Slovenian market with a VIP event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas expands European store network with first store in Belgium\". douglas.de. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://corporate.douglas.de/news/douglas-expands-european-store-network-with-first-store-in-belgium/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Douglas expands European store network with first store in Belgium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas opens new flagship store in Munich\". douglas.de. Retrieved 23 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://corporate.douglas.de/news/douglas-opens-new-flagship-store-in-munich/","url_text":"\"Douglas opens new flagship store in Munich\""}]},{"reference":"\"One year later: Mirakl celebrates rapidly growing marketplace of European premium beauty retailer Douglas\". mirakl.com. Retrieved 19 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirakl.com/news/mirakl-celebrates-rapidly-growing-marketplace-of-european-premium-beauty-retailer-douglas","url_text":"\"One year later: Mirakl celebrates rapidly growing marketplace of European premium beauty retailer Douglas\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/equity/DE000BEAU7Y1","external_links_name":"DOU"},{"Link":"http://douglas.de/","external_links_name":"douglas.de"},{"Link":"http://douglas.group/","external_links_name":"douglas.group"},{"Link":"https://ir.douglas.de/download/companies/douglasgmbh/Pres_web/202212_Douglas_InvestorPresentation.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Investor Presentation December 2022\""},{"Link":"https://ir.douglas.de/download/companies/douglasgmbh/Pres_web/20221220_DOUGLAS_Q4-Bond-Call.pdf","external_links_name":"\"12M FY 2021/22 Results Presentation\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cvc-cap-partnr-takeover-douglas-holdi/cvc-buys-perfume-and-cosmetics-retailer-douglas-idUSKBN0OH2AZ20150601?feedType=RSS&feedName=innovationNews","external_links_name":"\"CVC buys perfume and cosmetics retailer Douglas\""},{"Link":"http://www.internationalstory.gla.ac.uk/person/?id=WH24554","external_links_name":"\"University of Glasgow :: International Story :: John Sharp\""},{"Link":"https://ecommercenews.eu/douglas-rolls-new-ecommerce-websites-across-europe/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas rolls out new e-commerce websites across Europe\""},{"Link":"http://agora.sub.uni-hamburg.de/subhh-adress/digbib/view?did=c1:17354&sdid=c1:17437&hit=4","external_links_name":"\"SUB Hamburg - Pageview - view\""},{"Link":"http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/john_sharp_douglas.html#.Wr0FWk0UlaQ","external_links_name":"\"John Sharp Douglas, c1792-1847\""},{"Link":"https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-science/the-history-soapmaking","external_links_name":"\"The History of Soapmaking\""},{"Link":"https://uoginternationalstory.wordpress.com/tag/parfumerie-douglas/","external_links_name":"\"German Soap Stars\""},{"Link":"http://corporate.douglas.de/en/ueber-douglas/unternehmensprofil/unternehmensgeschichte/","external_links_name":"\"The Origins of Douglas\""},{"Link":"http://corporate.douglas.de/en/ueber-douglas/unternehmensprofil/unternehmensgeschichte/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Corporate: History\""},{"Link":"https://ir.douglas.de/websites/douglas/English/5/press-releases-_-insider-information.html?newsID=1532787","external_links_name":"\"Change planned in top management at DOUGLAS HOLDING AG\""},{"Link":"https://www.adventinternational.com/advent_case_studies/douglas-holding/","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Holding\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/cvc-cap-partnr-takeover-douglas-holding/cvc-in-talks-to-buy-stake-in-germanys-douglas-sources-idUSFWN0YN04020150601","external_links_name":"\"CVC in talks to buy stake in Germany's Douglas -sources\""},{"Link":"https://www.retaildetail.eu/en/news/drogmetica/douglas-ag-wants-head-stock-exchange-again","external_links_name":"\"Douglas AG wants to head to the stock exchange again\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/douglas-ipo/german-perfume-retailer-douglas-plans-ipo-in-2015-idUSFWN0YJ0A520150529","external_links_name":"\"German perfume retailer Douglas plans IPO in 2015\""},{"Link":"https://global.handelsblatt.com/companies/douglas-calls-off-ipo-228162","external_links_name":"\"Douglas Calls Off IPO\""},{"Link":"http://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/isabelle-parize-appointed-new-ceo,9313","external_links_name":"\"Isabelle Parize appointed new CEO of Douglas Holding AG\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/douglas-investment/beauty-retailer-douglas-invests-to-counter-online-threat-idUSL8N15V2Z1","external_links_name":"\"Beauty retailer Douglas invests to counter online threat\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/germanys-beauty-firm-douglas-to-quit-turkey-106945","external_links_name":"\"Germany's beauty firm Douglas to quit Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgap.de/dgap/News/adhoc/douglas-become-leading-perfumery-chain-spain-acquiring-bodybell/?newsID=992517","external_links_name":"\"DOUGLAS to become a leading perfumery chain in Spain by acquiring Bodybell - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonacha_ministry
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List of chief ministers of Coorg State
|
["1 History","2 Commissioners of Coorg State","3 Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)","3.1 Government of Coorg","3.2 Cabinet","4 Dissolution","5 Notes","6 References"]
|
Chief Minister of Coorg(Kodagu Mukhya Mantri)AppointerPresident of IndiaInaugural holderC. M. PoonachaFormation27 March 1952
The Chief Minister of Coorg was the chief executive of the south Indian state of Coorg State. As per the Constitution of India, Chief Commissioner was a state's de jure head (like governor) for a Part-C state like Coorg, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Coorg Legislative Assembly, the President of India invited the party with a majority of seats Indian National Congress to form the Government of Coorg. Then appointed the chief minister, whose council of ministers were collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he had the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. Coorg (highlighted in Dark Green) was a princely state from 1947 to 1956, which got merged to the modern state of Karnataka (within the blue border, which was earlier known as Mysore State till 1 November 1973) later composed of the erstwhile princely states of Mysore and Coorg, and the Kannada-speaking districts of the erstwhile states of Bombay, Hyderabad and Madras.C M Poonacha was the only Chief Minister of Coorg from 1952 to 1956.
Coorg State was a Part-C state of India from 1950 to 1956. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, most of the existing provinces were reconstituted into states. Thus, Coorg Province became Coorg State. Coorg State was ruled by a Chief Commissioner with Mercara as its capital. The head of the government was the Chief Minister. Coorg State was abolished on 1 November 1956 as per the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 and its territory were merged with Mysore State (later renamed as Karnataka in 1973). Presently, Coorg forms a district of Karnataka state.
History
The Coorg State came into being on 26 January 1950 as per the Constitution of India. Prior to the enactment of the Constitution, Coorg had been a province of the Dominion of India.
The first legislative elections in Coorg were held in 1952. The main contenders were the Indian National Congress led in the state by C. M. Poonacha and the Takkadi party led by the Gandhian Pandyanda Belliappa. While the Congress supported merger with the neighbouring Mysore State, the Takkadi party fought the election on an anti-merger plank. The Indian National Congress won a majority of 15 seats while the Takkadi party bagged the remaining nine seats.
Commissioners of Coorg State
(1) Dewan Bahadur Ketolira Chengappa, became its first Chief Commissioner from 1947–1949
(2) C.T. Mudaliar became Chief Commissioner from 1949 - 1950
(3) Kanwar Baba Daya Singh Bedi, Chief Commissioner from 1950 - 1956
Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)
Colour key for parties
Indian National Congress
C M Poonacha, Only Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)
No
Name
Term(tenure length)
Assembly(election)
Party
Chief Minister of Coorg
1
Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha
27 March 1952 – 31 October 1956(4 years, 218 days)
1952 election
Indian National Congress
Government of Coorg
Government was formed in Coorg by Indian National Congress, who won 15 of 24 seats. Cabinet was formed with two ministers (including Chief Minister), which lasted till States Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1956.
Cabinet
Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha, who was the Chief Minister took the charge of Ministry of Finance for Coorg State.
Kuttur Mallappa (elected to the assembly from the Sanivarsanthe constituency became the Home Minister of Coorg State
Dissolution
As a result of the States Reorganisation Act of 1 November 1956, when India's state boundaries were reorganised, Coorg State became a district of the then Mysore State Mysore State was later renamed as Karnataka and part of the historical region of Coorg now forms the Kodagu district of Karnataka.
Notes
Footnotes
^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
^ The Post of Chief Minister of Coorg came into being in March 1952 after Assembly election.
References
^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Karnataka as well.
^ a b c d Coorg State : Chief Commissioners
^ Chief Ministers of Karnataka since 1947. Karnataka Legislative Assembly. Archived on 6 December 2016.
^ Assemblies from 1952. Karnataka Legislative Assembly. Archived on 6 December 2016.
^ "Corrections and Clarifications". The Hindu. 4 October 2006. Archived on 6 March 2014.
^ Development of Mysore state, 1940-56 by M. B. Gayathri
^ Karnataka government and politics By Harish Ramaswamy, S. S. Patagundi, Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil
^ Muthanna, I M. Coorg Memoirs (The story of the Kodavas).
vte Karnataka ministriesMysore
Reddy
Hanumanthaiah
Manjappa
Nijalingappa I
Nijalingappa II
Jatti
Kanthi
Nijalingappa III
Nijalingappa IV
Patil I
Urs I
Karnataka11 Urs I
12 Urs II
13 Rao
14 Hegde I
15 Hegde II
16 Hegde III
17 S. R. Bommai
18 Patil II
19 Bangarappa
20 Moily
21 Deve Gowda
22 Patel
23 Krishna
24 Singh
25 Kumaraswamy I
26 Yediyurappa I
27 Yediyurappa II
28 Sadananda Gowda
29 Shettar
30 Siddaramaiah I
31 Yediyurappa III
32 Kumaraswamy II
33 Yediyurappa IV
34 Basavaraj Bommai
35 Siddaramaiah IIKodaguPoonacha
|
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As per the Constitution of India, Chief Commissioner was a state's de jure head (like governor) for a Part-C state like Coorg, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Coorg Legislative Assembly, the President of India invited the party with a majority of seats Indian National Congress to form the Government of Coorg. Then appointed the chief minister, whose council of ministers were collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he had the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]Coorg (highlighted in Dark Green) was a princely state from 1947 to 1956, which got merged to the modern state of Karnataka (within the blue border, which was earlier known as Mysore State till 1 November 1973) later composed of the erstwhile princely states of Mysore and Coorg, and the Kannada-speaking districts of the erstwhile states of Bombay, Hyderabad and Madras.C M Poonacha was the only Chief Minister of Coorg from 1952 to 1956.Coorg State was a Part-C state of India from 1950 to 1956.[2] When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, most of the existing provinces were reconstituted into states. Thus, Coorg Province became Coorg State. Coorg State was ruled by a Chief Commissioner with Mercara as its capital. The head of the government was the Chief Minister. Coorg State was abolished on 1 November 1956 as per the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 and its territory were merged with Mysore State (later renamed as Karnataka in 1973). Presently, Coorg forms a district of Karnataka state.","title":"List of chief ministers of Coorg State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"C. M. Poonacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Poonacha"},{"link_name":"Pandyanda Belliappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandyanda_Belliappa"},{"link_name":"Mysore State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_State"}],"text":"The Coorg State came into being on 26 January 1950 as per the Constitution of India. Prior to the enactment of the Constitution, Coorg had been a province of the Dominion of India.The first legislative elections in Coorg were held in 1952. The main contenders were the Indian National Congress led in the state by C. M. Poonacha and the Takkadi party led by the Gandhian Pandyanda Belliappa. While the Congress supported merger with the neighbouring Mysore State, the Takkadi party fought the election on an anti-merger plank. The Indian National Congress won a majority of 15 seats while the Takkadi party bagged the remaining nine seats.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ketolira Chengappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoli_Chengappa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"Daya Singh Bedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_Singh_Bedi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"}],"text":"(1) Dewan Bahadur Ketolira Chengappa, became its first Chief Commissioner from 1947–1949(2) C.T. Mudaliar became Chief Commissioner from 1949 - 1950[2](3) Kanwar Baba Daya Singh Bedi, Chief Commissioner from 1950 - 1956[2]","title":"Commissioners of Coorg State"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_M_Poonacha.gif"},{"link_name":"C M Poonacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Poonacha"},{"link_name":"Coorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg_State"},{"link_name":"Kodagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodagu"}],"text":"C M Poonacha, Only Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)","title":"Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"States Reorganisation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act"}],"sub_title":"Government of Coorg","text":"Government was formed in Coorg by Indian National Congress, who won 15 of 24 seats. Cabinet was formed with two ministers (including Chief Minister), which lasted till States Reorganisation Act on 1 November 1956.","title":"Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Poonacha"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance"},{"link_name":"Kuttur Mallappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttur_Mallappa"},{"link_name":"Sanivarsanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanivarsanthe"},{"link_name":"Home Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Minister"}],"sub_title":"Cabinet","text":"Cheppudira Muthana Poonacha, who was the Chief Minister took the charge of Ministry of Finance for Coorg State.\nKuttur Mallappa (elected to the assembly from the Sanivarsanthe constituency became the Home Minister of Coorg State","title":"Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"States Reorganisation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act"},{"link_name":"Mysore State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_State"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Kodagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodagu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"As a result of the States Reorganisation Act of 1 November 1956, when India's state boundaries were reorganised, Coorg State became a district of the then Mysore State[2][6][7] Mysore State was later renamed as Karnataka and part of the historical region of Coorg now forms the Kodagu district of Karnataka.[8]","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Coorg_Legislative_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Footnotes^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.\n\n^ The Post of Chief Minister of Coorg came into being in March 1952 after Assembly election.[5]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Coorg (highlighted in Dark Green) was a princely state from 1947 to 1956, which got merged to the modern state of Karnataka (within the blue border, which was earlier known as Mysore State till 1 November 1973) later composed of the erstwhile princely states of Mysore and Coorg, and the Kannada-speaking districts of the erstwhile states of Bombay, Hyderabad and Madras.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Karnataka_1956_Reorg.svg/260px-Karnataka_1956_Reorg.svg.png"},{"image_text":"C M Poonacha, Only Chief Minister of Coorg (Kodagu)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/C_M_Poonacha.gif"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Muthanna, I M. Coorg Memoirs (The story of the Kodavas).","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html","external_links_name":"Coorg State : Chief Commissioners"},{"Link":"http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previouscms.htm","external_links_name":"Chief Ministers of Karnataka since 1947"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161206052419/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previouscms.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/assemblies.htm","external_links_name":"Assemblies from 1952"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161206052916/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/assemblies.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/corrections-and-clarifications/article3056060.ece","external_links_name":"Corrections and Clarifications"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306205644/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/corrections-and-clarifications/article3056060.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfsAAAAMAAJ&q=Coorg+","external_links_name":"Development of Mysore state, 1940-56 by M. B. Gayathri"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&q=Coorg+&pg=PA383","external_links_name":"Karnataka government and politics By Harish Ramaswamy, S. S. Patagundi, Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevons
|
Elevon
|
["1 Applications","1.1 Operational aircraft","1.2 Research programmes","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Bibliography"]
|
Aircraft control surface used to control pitch and roll
For American software company, see Walker Interactive Products.
Elevons at the wing trailing edge are used for pitch and roll control. Top: on the F-102A Delta Dagger of 1953, an early use. Bottom: on the F-117A Nighthawk of 1981.
Elevons or tailerons are aircraft control surfaces that combine the functions of the elevator (used for pitch control) and the aileron (used for roll control), hence the name. They are frequently used on tailless aircraft such as flying wings. An elevon that is not part of the main wing, but instead is a separate tail surface, is a stabilator (but stabilators are also used for pitch control only, with no roll function, as on the Piper Cherokee series of aircraft).
Elevons are installed on each side of the aircraft at the trailing edge of the wing. When moved in the same direction (up or down) they will cause a pitching force (nose up or nose down) to be applied to the airframe. When moved differentially, (one up, one down) they will cause a rolling force to be applied. These forces may be applied simultaneously by appropriate positioning of the elevons e.g. one wing's elevons completely down and the other wing's elevons partly down.
An aircraft with elevons is controlled as though the pilot still has separate aileron and elevator surfaces at their disposal, controlled by the yoke or stick. The inputs of the two controls are mixed either mechanically or electronically to provide the appropriate position for each elevon.
Applications
Operational aircraft
Avro Vulcan XH558 taking off at the 2008 Farnborough Airshow
One of the first operational aircraft to utilise elevons was the Avro Vulcan, a strategic bomber operated by the Royal Air Force's V-force. The original production variant of the Vulcan, designated as the B.1, did not have any elevons present; instead, it used an arrangement of four inboard elevators and four outboard ailerons along its delta wing for flight control. The Vulcan received elevons on its extensively redesigned second variant, the B.2'; all of the elevators and ailerons were deleted in favour of eight elevons. When flown at slow speeds, the elevons operated in close conjunction with the aircraft's six electrically-actuated three-position airbrakes.
Another early aircraft to use elevons was the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, an interceptor operated by the United States Air Force. A few years after the F-102's introduction, Convair built the B-58 Hustler, an early supersonic bomber, which was also equipped with elevons.
The first flight of Concorde 001 in 1969
Perhaps the most iconic aircraft fitted with elevons was the Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde, a British–French supersonic passenger airliner. In addition to the requirement to maintain precise directional control while flying at supersonic speeds, designers were also confronted by the need to appropriately address the substantial forces that were applied to the aircraft during banks and turns, which caused twisting and distortions of the aircraft's structure. The solution applied for both of these issues was via management of the elevons; specifically, as the aircraft speed varied, the active ratio between the inboard and outboard elevons was adjusted considerably. Only the innermost elevons, which are attached to the stiffest area of the wings, would be active while Concorde was flown at high speeds.
The Space Shuttle Orbiter was furnished with elevons, although these were only operable during atmospheric flight, which would be encountered during the vehicle's controlled descent back to Earth. There were a total of four elevons affixed to the trailing edges of its delta wing. While flown outside of atmospheric flight, the Shuttle's attitude control was instead provided by the Reaction Control System (RCS), which consisted of 44 compact liquid-fueled rocket thrusters controlled via a sophisticated fly-by-wire flight control system.
The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, a large flying wing operated by the United States Air Force as a strategic stealth bomber, also used elevons in its control system. Northrop had opted to control the aircraft via a combination of split brake-rudders and differential thrust after assessing various different means of exercising directional control with minimal infringement on the aircraft's radar profile. Four pairs of control surfaces are positioned along the trailing edge of the wing's; while most surfaces are used throughout the aircraft's flight envelope, the inner elevons are normally only ever applied while being flown at slow speeds, such as on approach to landing. To avoid potential contact damage during takeoff and to provide a nose-down pitching attitude, all of the elevons remain drooped during takeoff until a high enough airspeed has been attained. The B-2's flight surfaces are automatically adjusted and repositioned without pilot input to do so, these changes being commanded by the aircraft's complex quadruplex computer-controlled fly-by-wire flight control system in order to counteract the inherent instability of the flying wing configuration.
Research programmes
X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing in flight
Several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of aircraft flight control systems such as ailerons, elevators, elevons and flaps into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less: mass, cost, drag, inertia (for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and radar cross section for stealth. However, the main drawback is that when the elevons move up in unison to raise the pitch of the aircraft, generating additional lift, they reduce the camber, or downward curvature of the wing. Camber is desirable when generating high levels of lift, and so elevons reduce the maximum lift and efficiency of a wing. These may be used in many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and sixth generation fighter aircraft. Two promising approaches are flexible wings, and fluidics.
In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The Adaptive Compliant Wing is a military and commercial effort.
In fluidics, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows) where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles. In this use, fluidics promises lower mass and costs (as little as half), very low inertia and response times, and simplicity.
See also
Aileron
Flaperon
Delta wing
Flying wing
Spoileron
Stabilator
References
Citations
^ Pilot's Notes pt. 1, ch. 10, para. 1(a).
^ Aircrew Manual pt. 1, ch. 7, para. 7.
^ Aircrew Manual pt. 1, ch. 7, para 70.
^ Peacock, Lindsay (1986). "Delta Dart: Last of the Century Fighters" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
^ Spearman, Leroy (June 1984). "Some Aerodynamic Discoveries and Related NACA/NASA Research Programs following World War II" (PDF). NASA.
^ Owen 2001, p. 78.
^ "HSF – The Shuttle". NASA. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ Sweetman 2005, p. 73
^ Chudoba 2001, p. 76
^ a b Chudoba 2001, pp. 201–202
^ Moir & Seabridge 2008, p. 397
^ Scott, William B. (27 November 2006), "Morphing Wings", Aviation Week & Space Technology
^ "FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace". Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
^ Kota, Sridhar; Osborn, Russell; Ervin, Gregory; Maric, Dragan; Flick, Peter; Paul, Donald. "Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test" (PDF). Ann Arbor, MI; Dayton, OH, U.S.A.: FlexSys Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
^ P. John (2010). "The flapless air vehicle integrated industrial research (FLAVIIR) programme in aeronautical engineering" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 224 (4). London: Mechanical Engineering Publications: 355–363. doi:10.1243/09544100JAERO580. ISSN 0954-4100. S2CID 56205932.
^ "Showcase UAV Demonstrates Flapless Flight". BAE Systems. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
^ "Demon UAV jets into history by flying without flaps". Metro.co.uk. London: Associated Newspapers Limited. 28 September 2010.
Bibliography
Chudoba, Bernd (2001), Stability and Control of Conventional and Unconventional Aircraft Configurations: A Generic Approach, Stoughton, Wisconsin: Books on Demand, ISBN 978-3-83112-982-9
Owen, Kenneth (2001). Concorde: Story of a Supersonic Pioneer. London: Science Museum. ISBN 978-1-900747-42-4.
Moir, Ian; Seabridge, Allan G. (2008), Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-4700-5996-8
Sweetman, Bill. "Inside the stealth bomber". Zenith Imprint, 1999. ISBN 1610606892.
Sweetman, Bill (2005), Lockheed Stealth, North Branch, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, ISBN 978-0-7603-1940-6.
Vulcan B.Mk.2 Aircrew Manual (AP101B-1902-15). London: Air Ministry, 1984.
vteAircraft components and systemsAirframe structure
Aft pressure bulkhead
Cabane strut
Canopy
Crack arrestor
Cruciform tail
Dope
Empennage
Fabric covering
Fairing
Flying wires
Former
Fuselage
Hardpoint
Interplane strut
Jury strut
Leading edge
Lift strut
Longeron
Nacelle
Rib
Spar
Stabilizer
Stressed skin
Strut
T-tail
Tailplane
Trailing edge
Triple tail
Twin tail
V-tail
Vertical stabilizer
Wing root
Wing tip
Wingbox
Flight controls
Aileron
Airbrake
Artificial feel
Autopilot
Canard
Centre stick
Deceleron
Dive brake
Dual control
Electro-hydraulic actuator
Elevator
Elevon
Flaperon
Flight control modes
Fly-by-wire
Gust lock
HOTAS
Rudder
Rudder pedals
Servo tab
Side-stick
Spoiler
Spoileron
Stabilator
Stick pusher
Stick shaker
Trim tab
Wing warping
Yaw damper
Yoke
Aerodynamic and high-liftdevices
Active Aeroelastic Wing
Adaptive compliant wing
Anti-shock body
Blown flap
Channel wing
Dog-tooth
Drag-reducing aerospike
Flap
Gouge flap
Gurney flap
Krueger flap
Leading-edge cuff
Leading-edge droop flap
LEX
Slats
Slot
Stall strips
Strake
Variable-sweep wing
Vortex generator
Vortilon
Wing fence
Winglet
Avionic and flightinstrument systems
ACAS
Air data boom
Air data computer
Aircraft periscope
Airspeed indicator
Altimeter
Annunciator panel
Astrodome
Attitude indicator
Compass
Course deviation indicator
EFIS
EICAS
Flight management system
Glass cockpit
GPS
Head-up display
Heading indicator
Horizontal situation indicator
INS
ISIS
Multi-function display
Pitot–static system
Radar altimeter
TCAS
Transponder
Turn and slip indicator
Variometer
Yaw string
Propulsion controls, devices and fuel systems
Autothrottle
Drop tank
FADEC
Fuel tank
Gascolator
Inlet cone
Intake ramp
NACA cowling
NACA duct
Self-sealing fuel tank
Splitter plate
Throttle
Thrust lever
Thrust reversal
Townend ring
War emergency power
Wet wing
Landing and arresting gear
Aircraft tire
Arrestor hook
Autobrake
Conventional landing gear
Drogue parachute
Landing gear
Landing gear extender
Oleo strut
Tricycle landing gear
Tundra tire
Escape systems
Ejection seat
Escape crew capsule
Other systems
Aircraft lavatory
Auxiliary power unit
Bleed air system
Deicing boot
Emergency oxygen system
Environmental control system
Flight recorder
Hydraulic system
Ice protection system
In-flight entertainment system
Landing lights
Navigation light
Passenger service unit
Ram air turbine
|
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Top: on the F-102A Delta Dagger of 1953, an early use. Bottom: on the F-117A Nighthawk of 1981.Elevons or tailerons are aircraft control surfaces that combine the functions of the elevator (used for pitch control) and the aileron (used for roll control), hence the name. They are frequently used on tailless aircraft such as flying wings. An elevon that is not part of the main wing, but instead is a separate tail surface, is a stabilator (but stabilators are also used for pitch control only, with no roll function, as on the Piper Cherokee series of aircraft).Elevons are installed on each side of the aircraft at the trailing edge of the wing. When moved in the same direction (up or down) they will cause a pitching force (nose up or nose down) to be applied to the airframe. When moved differentially, (one up, one down) they will cause a rolling force to be applied. These forces may be applied simultaneously by appropriate positioning of the elevons e.g. one wing's elevons completely down and the other wing's elevons partly down.An aircraft with elevons is controlled as though the pilot still has separate aileron and elevator surfaces at their disposal, controlled by the yoke or stick. The inputs of the two controls are mixed either mechanically or electronically to provide the appropriate position for each elevon.","title":"Elevon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AvroVulcan2008.JPG"},{"link_name":"Avro Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"XH558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XH558"},{"link_name":"Farnborough Airshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_Airshow"},{"link_name":"Avro Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"strategic bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bomber"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"V-force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-bomber"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"delta wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"airbrakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_brake_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Convair F-102 Delta Dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger"},{"link_name":"interceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Convair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair"},{"link_name":"B-58 Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_B-58_Hustler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:02.03.69_1er_vol_de_Concorde_(1969)_-_53Fi1931_-_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale"},{"link_name":"BAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"supersonic passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_transport"},{"link_name":"airliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen200178-6"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Orbiter"},{"link_name":"trailing edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"link_name":"attitude control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_attitude"},{"link_name":"Reaction Control System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Control_System"},{"link_name":"liquid-fueled rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-fuel_rocket"},{"link_name":"fly-by-wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-wire"},{"link_name":"flight control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_system"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit"},{"link_name":"flying wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wing"},{"link_name":"stealth bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_bomber"},{"link_name":"rudders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sweetman_73-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chudoba_201-2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chudoba_201-2-10"},{"link_name":"fly-by-wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-wire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Operational aircraft","text":"Avro Vulcan XH558 taking off at the 2008 Farnborough AirshowOne of the first operational aircraft to utilise elevons was the Avro Vulcan, a strategic bomber operated by the Royal Air Force's V-force. The original production variant of the Vulcan, designated as the B.1, did not have any elevons present; instead, it used an arrangement of four inboard elevators and four outboard ailerons along its delta wing for flight control.[1] The Vulcan received elevons on its extensively redesigned second variant, the B.2'; all of the elevators and ailerons were deleted in favour of eight elevons.[2] When flown at slow speeds, the elevons operated in close conjunction with the aircraft's six electrically-actuated three-position airbrakes.[3]Another early aircraft to use elevons was the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, an interceptor operated by the United States Air Force.[4] A few years after the F-102's introduction, Convair built the B-58 Hustler, an early supersonic bomber, which was also equipped with elevons.[5]The first flight of Concorde 001 in 1969Perhaps the most iconic aircraft fitted with elevons was the Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde, a British–French supersonic passenger airliner. In addition to the requirement to maintain precise directional control while flying at supersonic speeds, designers were also confronted by the need to appropriately address the substantial forces that were applied to the aircraft during banks and turns, which caused twisting and distortions of the aircraft's structure. The solution applied for both of these issues was via management of the elevons; specifically, as the aircraft speed varied, the active ratio between the inboard and outboard elevons was adjusted considerably. Only the innermost elevons, which are attached to the stiffest area of the wings, would be active while Concorde was flown at high speeds.[6]The Space Shuttle Orbiter was furnished with elevons, although these were only operable during atmospheric flight, which would be encountered during the vehicle's controlled descent back to Earth. There were a total of four elevons affixed to the trailing edges of its delta wing. While flown outside of atmospheric flight, the Shuttle's attitude control was instead provided by the Reaction Control System (RCS), which consisted of 44 compact liquid-fueled rocket thrusters controlled via a sophisticated fly-by-wire flight control system.[7]The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, a large flying wing operated by the United States Air Force as a strategic stealth bomber, also used elevons in its control system. Northrop had opted to control the aircraft via a combination of split brake-rudders and differential thrust after assessing various different means of exercising directional control with minimal infringement on the aircraft's radar profile.[8][9] Four pairs of control surfaces are positioned along the trailing edge of the wing's; while most surfaces are used throughout the aircraft's flight envelope, the inner elevons are normally only ever applied while being flown at slow speeds, such as on approach to landing.[10] To avoid potential contact damage during takeoff and to provide a nose-down pitching attitude, all of the elevons remain drooped during takeoff until a high enough airspeed has been attained.[10] The B-2's flight surfaces are automatically adjusted and repositioned without pilot input to do so, these changes being commanded by the aircraft's complex quadruplex computer-controlled fly-by-wire flight control system in order to counteract the inherent instability of the flying wing configuration.[11]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing_NASA_test_aircraft_EC03-0039-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing"},{"link_name":"aircraft flight control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia"},{"link_name":"radar cross section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross_section"},{"link_name":"stealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Adaptive Compliant Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Compliant_Wing"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"fluidics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia"}],"sub_title":"Research programmes","text":"X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing in flightSeveral technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of aircraft flight control systems such as ailerons, elevators, elevons and flaps into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less: mass, cost, drag, inertia (for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and radar cross section for stealth. However, the main drawback is that when the elevons move up in unison to raise the pitch of the aircraft, generating additional lift, they reduce the camber, or downward curvature of the wing. Camber is desirable when generating high levels of lift, and so elevons reduce the maximum lift and efficiency of a wing. These may be used in many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and sixth generation fighter aircraft. Two promising approaches are flexible wings, and fluidics.In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The Adaptive Compliant Wing is a military and commercial effort.[12][13][14]In fluidics, forces in vehicles occur via circulation control, in which larger more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems (slots which emit air flows) where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently, to change the direction of vehicles.[15][16][17] In this use, fluidics promises lower mass and costs (as little as half), very low inertia and response times, and simplicity.","title":"Applications"}]
|
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[{"title":"Aileron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"title":"Flaperon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaperon"},{"title":"Delta wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wing"},{"title":"Flying wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wing"},{"title":"Spoileron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoileron"},{"title":"Stabilator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilator"}]
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[{"reference":"Peacock, Lindsay (1986). \"Delta Dart: Last of the Century Fighters\" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 30 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/8/85/1986-10_Air_International_-_Delta_Dart_-_Last_of_the_Century_Fighters.pdf","url_text":"\"Delta Dart: Last of the Century Fighters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Spearman, Leroy (June 1984). \"Some Aerodynamic Discoveries and Related NACA/NASA Research Programs following World War II\" (PDF). NASA.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42848339.pdf","url_text":"\"Some Aerodynamic Discoveries and Related NACA/NASA Research Programs following World War II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"\"HSF – The Shuttle\". NASA. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. Retrieved 17 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010210010626/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/orbiter/rcs/overview.html","url_text":"\"HSF – The Shuttle\""},{"url":"http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/orbiter/rcs/overview.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott, William B. (27 November 2006), \"Morphing Wings\", Aviation Week & Space Technology","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/","url_text":"\"Morphing Wings\""}]},{"reference":"\"FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace\". Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616074103/http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","url_text":"\"FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace\""},{"url":"http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kota, Sridhar; Osborn, Russell; Ervin, Gregory; Maric, Dragan; Flick, Peter; Paul, Donald. \"Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test\" (PDF). Ann Arbor, MI; Dayton, OH, U.S.A.: FlexSys Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322211547/http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","url_text":"\"Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test\""},{"url":"http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"P. John (2010). \"The flapless air vehicle integrated industrial research (FLAVIIR) programme in aeronautical engineering\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 224 (4). London: Mechanical Engineering Publications: 355–363. doi:10.1243/09544100JAERO580. ISSN 0954-4100. S2CID 56205932.","urls":[{"url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/5579/1/FLAVIIR_Programme_in_Aeronautical_Engineering-.pdf","url_text":"\"The flapless air vehicle integrated industrial research (FLAVIIR) programme in aeronautical engineering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2F09544100JAERO580","url_text":"10.1243/09544100JAERO580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-4100","url_text":"0954-4100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56205932","url_text":"56205932"}]},{"reference":"\"Showcase UAV Demonstrates Flapless Flight\". BAE Systems. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205548/http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/ShowcaseUAVDemonstratesFlaplessFlight/","url_text":"\"Showcase UAV Demonstrates Flapless Flight\""},{"url":"http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/ShowcaseUAVDemonstratesFlaplessFlight/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Demon UAV jets into history by flying without flaps\". Metro.co.uk. London: Associated Newspapers Limited. 28 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metro.co.uk/news/842292-plane-jets-into-history-by-flying-without-flaps","url_text":"\"Demon UAV jets into history by flying without flaps\""}]},{"reference":"Chudoba, Bernd (2001), Stability and Control of Conventional and Unconventional Aircraft Configurations: A Generic Approach, Stoughton, Wisconsin: Books on Demand, ISBN 978-3-83112-982-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-83112-982-9","url_text":"978-3-83112-982-9"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Kenneth (2001). Concorde: Story of a Supersonic Pioneer. London: Science Museum. ISBN 978-1-900747-42-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900747-42-4","url_text":"978-1-900747-42-4"}]},{"reference":"Moir, Ian; Seabridge, Allan G. (2008), Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-4700-5996-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4700-5996-8","url_text":"978-0-4700-5996-8"}]},{"reference":"Sweetman, Bill (2005), Lockheed Stealth, North Branch, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, ISBN 978-0-7603-1940-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1940-6","url_text":"978-0-7603-1940-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/8/85/1986-10_Air_International_-_Delta_Dart_-_Last_of_the_Century_Fighters.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Delta Dart: Last of the Century Fighters\""},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42848339.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Some Aerodynamic Discoveries and Related NACA/NASA Research Programs following World War II\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010210010626/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/orbiter/rcs/overview.html","external_links_name":"\"HSF – The Shuttle\""},{"Link":"http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/shutref/orbiter/rcs/overview.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/","external_links_name":"\"Morphing Wings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616074103/http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","external_links_name":"\"FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace\""},{"Link":"http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322211547/http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test\""},{"Link":"http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/5579/1/FLAVIIR_Programme_in_Aeronautical_Engineering-.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The flapless air vehicle integrated industrial research (FLAVIIR) programme in aeronautical engineering\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1243%2F09544100JAERO580","external_links_name":"10.1243/09544100JAERO580"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-4100","external_links_name":"0954-4100"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56205932","external_links_name":"56205932"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205548/http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/ShowcaseUAVDemonstratesFlaplessFlight/","external_links_name":"\"Showcase UAV Demonstrates Flapless Flight\""},{"Link":"http://www.baesystems.com/AboutUs/ShowcaseUAVDemonstratesFlaplessFlight/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.metro.co.uk/news/842292-plane-jets-into-history-by-flying-without-flaps","external_links_name":"\"Demon UAV jets into history by flying without flaps\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Community_Network
|
Green Mountain Community Network
|
["1 History","2 Route list and fare schedule","2.1 Transfers","2.2 Bus passes","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Nonprofit organization in Vermont
Not to be confused with Green Mountain Transit.
Green Mountain Community NetworkFounded2007Headquarters215 Pleasant St.LocaleBennington, VermontService areaBennington County, VT and fringes of adjacent countiesService typebus service, paratransitRoutes8 (5 local, 3 out-of-town connectors/commuters)Hubs215 Pleasant St., BenningtonFleet22Annual ridership64,900 (2010)Chief executiveTerence WhiteWebsiteGreen Mountain Express official website
Green Mountain Community Network (GMCN) is a private, nonprofit organization, that owns and operates the public transit system by local bus in Bennington County in southwestern Vermont called the Green Mountain Express. Their bus service currently has 3 local "fixed deviated" weekday routes in Bennington: the Red, Blue and Brown routes, which can deviate up to 1/4 mile from their alignment upon request. They also have two local Saturday (Green and Light Green) routes, and three commuter routes: the Orange Line, with weekday plus Saturday service to Manchester; the Purple Line, with weekday service to Williamstown, Massachusetts; and the Emerald line, with weekday service to Wilmington. The Emerald Line is a partnership between West Dover-based Southeast Vermont Transit's "the MOOver" and GMCN.
The company also provides paratransit and Medicaid transportation services for Bennington County.
GMCN had an annual ridership of approximately 64,900 in fiscal year 2010, the second fewest of any public bus transit provider in Vermont for that time period when not including the Brattleboro BeeLine (now fully operated by the Current). They now have an annual ridership of about 135,000. There are 22 wheelchair accessible vehicles in GMCN's fleet. Their management headquarters, bus garage and transit hub are located at 215 Pleasant Street in Bennington.
History
Prior to February 2007 and dating back to 1985, the Green Mountain Chapter of the American Red Cross filled the role of providing the Bennington area's public transportation needs.
On July 9, 2012, GMCN added the Emerald Line to their schedule with weekday service to Wilmington, along with the opening of the renovated Pleasant St office building as their transit center. And as of March 18, 2019, the Yankee Trails Bennington shuttle and Vermont Translines' Albany to Burlington and Shires Connector intercity bus routes use the transit center as their main Bennington stops as well.
As of January 19, 2015, trip planning via Google Maps is also available for GMCN bus routes. And as of November 10, 2019, live bus tracking is available on the Transit mobile application for Android and Apple devices.
In March 2020, GMCN became one of the first public transit agencies in Vermont to go fare free because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Route list and fare schedule
(information is current as of November 2019)
Red Line (30 minute loop, $0.50)
Blue Line (30 minute loop, $0.50)
Brown Line (bidirectional line between Bennington College and the east end of town, Southern Vermont College and Old Bennington service has been terminated as of November 2019, $0.50)
Orange Line (bidirectional commuter line between Bennington and Manchester, $0.50-$2.00)
Purple Line (bidirectional commuter line between Bennington and Williamstown, Massachusetts, $0.50-$1.00)
Emerald Line (evening bidirectional commuter line between Bennington and Wilmington, morning service provided by Southeast Vermont Transit's "MOOver" 13 route, fare free)
Green Line-North (Saturday loop, fare free)
Green Line-South (Saturday loop, fare free)
Children under 5 years of age ride free upon boarding with a paying adult, as do Mount Anthony Union High School, Burr & Burton, Bennington College, CCV, and Northeast Baptist College students. All local one-way fares are $0.50 unless indicated otherwise. Slightly discounted 10-ride, 22-ride, and 44-ride passes are also available for local routes. Bus passes for the Orange Line between Bennington and Manchester are also available, and fares vary on the Orange and Purple routes, depending on the boarding passenger's origin and destination. As the Orange Line and Purple Lines are out-of-town commuter routes with a zone-based fare structure, travel between one or two towns (one zone) is $0.50, with an additional $0.50 tacked on to each additional town passed through. The local passes mentioned above may also be used on those routes. One ride is deducted from such passes per zone traveled on these two routes.
As of November 2019, there is no discount fare schedule for seniors, the disabled or Medicare cardholders on fixed deviated routes. However, United Counseling Service CRT clients and Vermont Medicaid cardholders qualify for one free local 10-ride pass per week.
Transfers
Bus-to-bus transfers are available as well between the three local routes (the Red, Blue and Brown Lines), but are not valid for round trips or when traveling northbound from Bennington on the Orange Line when traveling beyond Shaftsbury or southbound from Bennington on the Purple Line beyond Pownal.
Bus passes
$4 per 10-ride pass on local routes
$10 per 22-ride pass on local routes
$20 per 44-ride pass on local routes
$60 per 40-ride pass on Orange Line between Bennington and Manchester
References
^ 2012 Vermont Public Policy Plan, Vermont Agency of Transportation. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
^ Bus Schedules, Green Mountain Community Network, Inc.
^ DVTA Bennington Route Starts July 9th, Deerfield Valley Transit Association. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
^ 2012 Vermont Public Policy Plan, Vermont Agency of Transportation. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
^ Sanders Praises Bennington Transit Center, Zeke Wright, Bennington Banner, October 29, 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
^ Green Mountain Express Adds Bus Routes, Neal Goswami, Bennington Banner. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
^ Sanders Praises Bennington Transit Center, Zeke Wright, Bennington Banner, October 29, 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
^ Bennington, VT Bus Service Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, Yankee Trails World Travel. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
^ Bus Service VT NH NY, Vermont Translines. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
^ Shires Connector adds second Bennington stop, Tiffany Tan, Bennington Banner. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
^ Cities Covered, Google Maps. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
^ Transit - Vermont, Transit app. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
External links
GMCN website
vteMass transit in the State of VermontLocal and regionalbus service
Advance Transit (AT)
Campus Area Transportation System (CATS)
Green Mountain Community Network (GMCN)
Green Mountain Transit (GMT)
Marble Valley Regional Transit District (MVTRD)
Rural Community Transportation (RCT)
Southeast Vermont Transit (SEVT)
Special Services Transportation Agency (SSTA)
Tri-Valley Transit (TVT)
Former
Addison County Transit Resources (ACTR)
Chittenden County Transportation Authority (CCTA)
Connecticut River Transit (CRT)
Deerfield Valley Transit Association (DVTA)
Green Mountain Transit Authority (GMTA)
Stagecoach Transportation Services (STS)
Intercity bus service
Vermont Translines
Rail transportation
Amtrak
Ethan Allen Express
Vermonter
Former
Champlain Flyer
Green Mountain Flyer / Mount Royal
Montrealer / Washingtonian
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Mountain Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Transit"},{"link_name":"Bennington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_County"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Williamstown, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"West Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dover,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Southeast Vermont Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Vermont_Transit"},{"link_name":"\"the MOOver\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield_Valley_Transit_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"paratransit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratransit"},{"link_name":"Medicaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid"},{"link_name":"the Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River_Transit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Green Mountain Transit.Green Mountain Community Network (GMCN) is a private, nonprofit organization, that owns and operates the public transit system by local bus in Bennington County in southwestern Vermont called the Green Mountain Express. Their bus service currently has 3 local \"fixed deviated\" weekday routes in Bennington: the Red, Blue and Brown routes, which can deviate up to 1/4 mile from their alignment upon request. They also have two local Saturday (Green and Light Green) routes, and three commuter routes: the Orange Line, with weekday plus Saturday service to Manchester; the Purple Line, with weekday service to Williamstown, Massachusetts; and the Emerald line, with weekday service to Wilmington.[2] The Emerald Line is a partnership between West Dover-based Southeast Vermont Transit's \"the MOOver\" and GMCN.[3]The company also provides paratransit and Medicaid transportation services for Bennington County.GMCN had an annual ridership of approximately 64,900 in fiscal year 2010, the second fewest of any public bus transit provider in Vermont for that time period when not including the Brattleboro BeeLine (now fully operated by the Current).[4] They now have an annual ridership of about 135,000.[5] There are 22 wheelchair accessible vehicles in GMCN's fleet. Their management headquarters, bus garage and transit hub are located at 215 Pleasant Street in Bennington.","title":"Green Mountain Community Network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vermont Translines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Translines"},{"link_name":"Shires Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Google Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Prior to February 2007 and dating back to 1985, the Green Mountain Chapter of the American Red Cross filled the role of providing the Bennington area's public transportation needs.[6]On July 9, 2012, GMCN added the Emerald Line to their schedule with weekday service to Wilmington, along with the opening of the renovated Pleasant St office building as their transit center.[7] And as of March 18, 2019, the Yankee Trails Bennington shuttle and Vermont Translines' Albany to Burlington and Shires Connector intercity bus routes use the transit center as their main Bennington stops as well.[8][9][10]As of January 19, 2015, trip planning via Google Maps is also available for GMCN bus routes.[11] And as of November 10, 2019, live bus tracking is available on the Transit mobile application for Android and Apple devices.[12]In March 2020, GMCN became one of the first public transit agencies in Vermont to go fare free because of the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bennington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_College"},{"link_name":"Southern Vermont College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Vermont_College"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Williamstown, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Southeast Vermont Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Vermont_Transit"},{"link_name":"Mount Anthony Union High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Anthony_Union_High_School"},{"link_name":"Burr & Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_and_Burton_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bennington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_College"},{"link_name":"CCV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_College_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Medicaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid"}],"text":"(information is current as of November 2019)Red Line (30 minute loop, $0.50)\nBlue Line (30 minute loop, $0.50)\nBrown Line (bidirectional line between Bennington College and the east end of town, Southern Vermont College and Old Bennington service has been terminated as of November 2019, $0.50)\nOrange Line (bidirectional commuter line between Bennington and Manchester, $0.50-$2.00)\nPurple Line (bidirectional commuter line between Bennington and Williamstown, Massachusetts, $0.50-$1.00)\nEmerald Line (evening bidirectional commuter line between Bennington and Wilmington, morning service provided by Southeast Vermont Transit's \"MOOver\" 13 route, fare free)\nGreen Line-North (Saturday loop, fare free)\nGreen Line-South (Saturday loop, fare free)Children under 5 years of age ride free upon boarding with a paying adult, as do Mount Anthony Union High School, Burr & Burton, Bennington College, CCV, and Northeast Baptist College students. All local one-way fares are $0.50 unless indicated otherwise. Slightly discounted 10-ride, 22-ride, and 44-ride passes are also available for local routes. Bus passes for the Orange Line between Bennington and Manchester are also available, and fares vary on the Orange and Purple routes, depending on the boarding passenger's origin and destination. As the Orange Line and Purple Lines are out-of-town commuter routes with a zone-based fare structure, travel between one or two towns (one zone) is $0.50, with an additional $0.50 tacked on to each additional town passed through. The local passes mentioned above may also be used on those routes. One ride is deducted from such passes per zone traveled on these two routes.As of November 2019, there is no discount fare schedule for seniors, the disabled or Medicare cardholders on fixed deviated routes. However, United Counseling Service CRT clients and Vermont Medicaid cardholders qualify for one free local 10-ride pass per week.","title":"Route list and fare schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaftsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftsbury,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Pownal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pownal,_Vermont"}],"sub_title":"Transfers","text":"Bus-to-bus transfers are available as well between the three local routes (the Red, Blue and Brown Lines), but are not valid for round trips or when traveling northbound from Bennington on the Orange Line when traveling beyond Shaftsbury or southbound from Bennington on the Purple Line beyond Pownal.","title":"Route list and fare schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bus passes","text":"$4 per 10-ride pass on local routes\n$10 per 22-ride pass on local routes\n$20 per 44-ride pass on local routes\n$60 per 40-ride pass on Orange Line between Bennington and Manchester","title":"Route list and fare schedule"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://greenmountainexpress.com/","external_links_name":"Green Mountain Express official website"},{"Link":"http://publictransit.vermont.gov/sites/aot_public_transit/files/documents/AppendixBTM2FinalExistingTransit.pdf","external_links_name":"2012 Vermont Public Policy Plan"},{"Link":"http://www.greenmtncn.org/schedule.html","external_links_name":"Bus Schedules"},{"Link":"http://www.moover.com/news/100-dvta-bennington-route-starts-july-9th","external_links_name":"DVTA Bennington Route Starts July 9th"},{"Link":"http://publictransit.vermont.gov/sites/aot_public_transit/files/documents/AppendixBTM2FinalExistingTransit.pdf","external_links_name":"2012 Vermont Public Policy Plan"},{"Link":"http://www.benningtonbanner.com/ci_21877366/sanders-praises-transit-center","external_links_name":"Sanders Praises Bennington Transit Center"},{"Link":"http://www.benningtonbanner.com/localnews/ci_6392711","external_links_name":"Green Mountain Express Adds Bus Routes"},{"Link":"http://www.benningtonbanner.com/ci_21877366/sanders-praises-transit-center","external_links_name":"Sanders Praises Bennington Transit Center"},{"Link":"http://charter.yankeetrails.com/Corporate/Bennington.aspx","external_links_name":"Bennington, VT Bus Service"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151123222214/http://charter.yankeetrails.com/Corporate/Bennington.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vttranslines.com/content/schedules/schedules.asp","external_links_name":"Bus Service VT NH NY"},{"Link":"https://www.benningtonbanner.com/stories/shires-connector-adds-second-bennington-stop,567851","external_links_name":"Shires Connector adds second Bennington stop"},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/landing/transit/cities/index.html","external_links_name":"Cities Covered"},{"Link":"https://transitapp.com/region/vt","external_links_name":"Transit - Vermont"},{"Link":"http://www.greenmtncn.org/","external_links_name":"GMCN website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Wilcox
|
Jason Wilcox
|
["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 Blackburn Rovers","2.2 Leeds United","2.3 Leicester City","2.4 Blackpool","3 International career","4 Coaching career","5 Personal life","6 Honours","7 References","8 External links"]
|
English footballer
Jason WilcoxPersonal informationFull name
Jason Malcolm WilcoxDate of birth
(1971-03-15) 15 March 1971 (age 53)Place of birth
Farnworth, EnglandHeight
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Position(s)
Left wingerTeam informationCurrent team
Manchester United (technical director)Youth career1987–1989
Blackburn RoversSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1989–1999
Blackburn Rovers
271
(31)1999–2004
Leeds United
81
(4)2004–2006
Leicester City
20
(1)2005–2006
→ Blackpool (loan)
12
(0)2006
Blackpool
14
(0)Total
398
(36)International career1994–1998
England B
2
(0)1996–2000
England
3
(0)Managerial career2013–2017
Manchester City (U18s)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Jason Malcolm Wilcox (born 15 March 1971) is an English football executive, coach, and former professional footballer. He is currently technical director at Premier League club Manchester United.
As a player, Wilcox was a left winger from 1989 until 2006, notably in the Premier League for Blackburn Rovers, where he won the title in 1995. He also played in the top flight for Leeds United and for Leicester City in the Championship. He retired following a brief stint in the Football League with Blackpool. He made three appearances for England.
After retiring from football, Wilcox was initially a co-commentator for BBC Radio Lancashire before moving into coaching with Manchester City in 2012. He went on to become the academy director at Premier League side Manchester City, a post he held until 2023 when he joined Southampton. He left Southampton in April 2024 to join Manchester United.
Early life
Jason Malcolm Wilcox was born on 15 March 1971 in Farnworth, Lancashire.
Club career
Blackburn Rovers
Wilcox joined Blackburn Rovers at the age of sixteen after his father wrote to the club asking for a trial. After impressing at training on Sunday, Wilcox signed a contract on the Monday, before playing in the FA Youth Cup final only weeks after. Rovers youth-team manager Jim Furnell described him as "one of the best young midfielders in English football".
Wilcox would go on to score 33 goals in over 300 games with Blackburn, whom he also captained. Wilcox was one of the only first-team players of that era who came from the club's own youth system and was not signed from other teams with the multimillion-pound investments of Jack Walker. He played an important part in the title-winning Blackburn team of 1995. Playing on the left flank with attacking fullback Graeme Le Saux behind him and Stuart Ripley on the opposite flank, they forged a strong attacking line-up with Alan Shearer and Chris Sutton.
Lengthy injury problems restricted Wilcox's effectiveness in subsequent seasons and, after experiencing relegation with Blackburn, he moved on to Leeds United for £4 million in December 1999. With the club having just been relegated and with the emergence of Damien Duff, Rovers saw it as good business for a successful youth product. He was Blackburn's longest serving player at the time of joining Leeds.
Leeds United
Wilcox, who scored on his debut, played in his usual position as a left-sided midfielder at Leeds, moving Harry Kewell into a more advanced role. He helped the Yorkshire side to the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup, where they lost to Galatasaray. A year later he was part of the club's run to the UEFA Champions League semi-finals, where they lost again, this time to eventually consecutive runners-up Valencia.
Wilcox again suffered relegation, in 2004, as Leeds struggled with a large financial burden after failing to qualify for the Champions League, forcing the sale of several high-profile stars. He was released by Leeds in May 2004. Overall, he made 106 appearances for Leeds, scoring six goals.
Leicester City
In 2004, Wilcox signed on a free transfer with fellow relegated club Leicester on a one-year deal. He initially signed a one-year deal which was extended by another year in the summer of 2005. Wilcox made an excellent start to his Leicester career, but unfortunately picked up a horrific cruciate ligament injury in October 2004. It was feared it would end his season and maybe his career, but he returned in City's 3–1 win over Millwall on 2 April 2005. He scored once for Leicester, in a 3–2 win over Sheffield United in September 2004. In May 2005, he signed a new one-year contract with Leicester. In November 2005, he joined Blackpool on a one-month loan.
Blackpool
On 28 January 2006, Wilcox joined Blackpool on a free transfer following a two-month spell on loan to the club, after his old Blackburn teammate Simon Grayson requested Wilcox join the club to help save them from relegation. He was released at the end of the season after a disagreement with other staff members.
International career
Wilcox won his first England cap in a 3–0 win over Hungary in 1996. After a great debut, in which he hit the bar in the first minute, many tipped him to make the final squad for Euro 96; however, he was cut from the final squad of 22 players in what Terry Venables described as one of the toughest decisions of his career. He went on to play against France in 1999 and Argentina in 2000; these turned out to be his only other full caps. Wilcox made the provisional squad for Euro 2000 but was replaced by Gareth Barry after an injury. He also made two appearances for the B team, against Chile and Hong Kong.
Coaching career
Wilcox joined the Manchester City coaching staff in 2012 as an academy coach, a year later he made the step up to the U18s as their head coach and oversaw a national championship title and two FA Youth Cup finals. In 2017 after a spell in the job on an interim basis he was appointed to the role of academy director.
On 20 January 2023, Wilcox was appointed director of football at Southampton. Wilcox joined Southampton in the summer after serving a notice period with City.
He left Southampton and was appointed technical director at Manchester United on 19 April 2024 after both clubs agreed compensation.
Personal life
Wilcox is a black belt in judo and even represented England before he became a professional footballer. When he reached the age of seventeen he was made to choose between the two sports, only being able to fully commit himself to one of them as a potential career path.
After retiring from football, Wilcox took some time out from the game before joining the commentary staff of BBC Radio Lancashire for a year, as well as having his own weekly column in the Lancashire Telegraph.
Honours
Blackburn Rovers
Premier League: 1994–95
References
^ Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2003). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2003/2004. Queen Anne Press. p. 453. ISBN 1-85291-651-6.
^ a b "Jason Wilcox". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
^ "Jason Wilcox lands Manchester City academy directorship". TNT Sports. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ a b "Wilcox appointed Director of Football". Southampton FC. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ a b "Jason Wilcox appointed as technical director". Manchester United FC. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
^ @AndyBayes (15 March 2021). "Happy 50th Birthday to #rovers title winner Jason Wilcox. If you look on wiki, it tells you it's in July...it isn'…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Jason Wilcox". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
^ a b c d "Jim fixed it for Jason". Lancashire Telegraph. 24 April 1999. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Cryer, Andy (24 May 2010). "Jason Wilcox on the Blackburn Rovers revolution: Part one". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Mackey, Ed (7 October 2021). "Who is Jason Wilcox? Manchester City academy chief linked with Newcastle Director of Football role". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Johnstone, Neil (14 May 2020). "Blackburn Rovers: The inside story of a remarkable Premier League triumph". BBC Sport. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Hutchison, Andrew (7 March 2021). "Jason Wilcox - The right Leeds United signing at the wrong time". Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Hutchinson, Andrew (7 March 2021). "Jason Wilcox in focus - Memories of a Leeds United winger". Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ "Leeds fall short of glory". BBC Sport. 20 April 2000. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ "Leeds' luck runs out in Valencia". BBC Sport. 8 May 2001. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Sweeney, James (23 April 2019). "The gripping rise and crushing fall of Leeds United at the turn of the 21st century". These Football Times. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
^ Walker, Graham (14 May 2004). "Six Departures Confirmed". Leeds United FC. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
^ "Leicester capture Wilcox". BBC Sport. 1 July 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ "Leicester 3–2 Sheff Utd". BBC. 14 September 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
^ "New Leicester contract for Wilcox". BBC Sport. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ "Blackpool clinch Wilcox loan deal". BBC Sport. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ "Wilcox joins Blackpool from Foxes". BBC Sport. 28 January 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
^ a b "England". The FA. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
^ "England bring in Barry for Wilcox". BBC Sport. 23 May 2000. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
^ "Jason Wilcox appointed Academy Director". Manchester City FC. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
^ Warlow, Rob (20 January 2023). "What makes ex-Blackburn and Leeds United player Jason Wilcox a 'perfect fit' for Southampton". Hampshire Live. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ "Club statement: Jason Wilcox". Southampton FC. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
^ "Jason Wilcox: Overview". Premier League. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
External links
Jason Wilcox at Soccerbase
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"left winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_winger"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Jason Malcolm Wilcox (born 15 March 1971) is an English football executive, coach, and former professional footballer. He is currently technical director at Premier League club Manchester United.As a player, Wilcox was a left winger from 1989 until 2006, notably in the Premier League for Blackburn Rovers, where he won the title in 1995. He also played in the top flight for Leeds United and for Leicester City in the Championship. He retired following a brief stint in the Football League with Blackpool. He made three appearances for England.After retiring from football, Wilcox was initially a co-commentator for BBC Radio Lancashire before moving into coaching with Manchester City in 2012. He went on to become the academy director at Premier League side Manchester City, a post he held until 2023 when he joined Southampton.[3][4] He left Southampton in April 2024 to join Manchester United.[5]","title":"Jason Wilcox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugman-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Farnworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnworth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jason Malcolm Wilcox[2] was born on 15 March 1971[6] in Farnworth, Lancashire.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Jim Furnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Furnell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jack Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Walker"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Graeme Le Saux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Le_Saux"},{"link_name":"Stuart Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ripley"},{"link_name":"Alan Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shearer"},{"link_name":"Chris Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Sutton"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Damien Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Duff"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"sub_title":"Blackburn Rovers","text":"Wilcox joined Blackburn Rovers at the age of sixteen after his father wrote to the club asking for a trial.[8] After impressing at training on Sunday, Wilcox signed a contract on the Monday, before playing in the FA Youth Cup final only weeks after.[8] Rovers youth-team manager Jim Furnell described him as \"one of the best young midfielders in English football\".[citation needed]Wilcox would go on to score 33 goals in over 300 games with Blackburn, whom he also captained. Wilcox was one of the only first-team players of that era who came from the club's own youth system and was not signed from other teams with the multimillion-pound investments of Jack Walker.[citation needed] He played an important part in the title-winning Blackburn team of 1995.[9] Playing on the left flank with attacking fullback Graeme Le Saux behind him and Stuart Ripley on the opposite flank, they forged a strong attacking line-up with Alan Shearer and Chris Sutton.[10][11]Lengthy injury problems restricted Wilcox's effectiveness in subsequent seasons and, after experiencing relegation with Blackburn, he moved on to Leeds United for £4 million in December 1999.[12] With the club having just been relegated and with the emergence of Damien Duff, Rovers saw it as good business for a successful youth product. He was Blackburn's longest serving player at the time of joining Leeds.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Kewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Kewell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K._(football_team)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Leeds United","text":"Wilcox, who scored on his debut, played in his usual position as a left-sided midfielder at Leeds, moving Harry Kewell into a more advanced role.[13] He helped the Yorkshire side to the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup, where they lost to Galatasaray.[14] A year later he was part of the club's run to the UEFA Champions League semi-finals, where they lost again, this time to eventually consecutive runners-up Valencia.[15]Wilcox again suffered relegation, in 2004, as Leeds struggled with a large financial burden after failing to qualify for the Champions League, forcing the sale of several high-profile stars.[16] He was released by Leeds in May 2004.[17] Overall, he made 106 appearances for Leeds, scoring six goals.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Leicester City","text":"In 2004, Wilcox signed on a free transfer with fellow relegated club Leicester on a one-year deal.[18] He initially signed a one-year deal which was extended by another year in the summer of 2005. Wilcox made an excellent start to his Leicester career, but unfortunately picked up a horrific cruciate ligament injury in October 2004.[citation needed] It was feared it would end his season and maybe his career, but he returned in City's 3–1 win over Millwall on 2 April 2005. He scored once for Leicester, in a 3–2 win over Sheffield United in September 2004.[19] In May 2005, he signed a new one-year contract with Leicester.[20] In November 2005, he joined Blackpool on a one-month loan.[21]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Simon Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Grayson"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Blackpool","text":"On 28 January 2006, Wilcox joined Blackpool on a free transfer following a two-month spell on loan to the club, after his old Blackburn teammate Simon Grayson requested Wilcox join the club to help save them from relegation.[22] He was released at the end of the season after a disagreement with other staff members.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_football_team"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(football)"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Euro 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_96"},{"link_name":"Terry Venables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Venables"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FA-23"},{"link_name":"Euro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"Gareth Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Barry"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Wilcox won his first England cap in a 3–0 win over Hungary in 1996. After a great debut, in which he hit the bar in the first minute, many tipped him to make the final squad for Euro 96; however, he was cut from the final squad of 22 players in what Terry Venables described as one of the toughest decisions of his career. He went on to play against France in 1999 and Argentina in 2000; these turned out to be his only other full caps.[23] Wilcox made the provisional squad for Euro 2000 but was replaced by Gareth Barry after an injury.[24] He also made two appearances for the B team, against Chile and Hong Kong.[citation needed]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Youth Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Wilcox joined the Manchester City coaching staff in 2012 as an academy coach, a year later he made the step up to the U18s as their head coach and oversaw a national championship title and two FA Youth Cup finals. In 2017 after a spell in the job on an interim basis he was appointed to the role of academy director.[25]On 20 January 2023, Wilcox was appointed director of football at Southampton.[4] Wilcox joined Southampton in the summer after serving a notice period with City.[26]He left Southampton and was appointed technical director at Manchester United on 19 April 2024 after both clubs agreed compensation.[27][5]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_belt_(martial_arts)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FA-23"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Lancashire Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Wilcox is a black belt in judo and even represented England before he became a professional footballer.[23][8] When he reached the age of seventeen he was made to choose between the two sports, only being able to fully commit himself to one of them as a potential career path.[citation needed]After retiring from football, Wilcox took some time out from the game before joining the commentary staff of BBC Radio Lancashire for a year, as well as having his own weekly column in the Lancashire Telegraph.[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Blackburn RoversPremier League: 1994–95[28]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2003). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2003/2004. Queen Anne Press. p. 453. ISBN 1-85291-651-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85291-651-6","url_text":"1-85291-651-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Wilcox\". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/21063","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Wilcox lands Manchester City academy directorship\". TNT Sports. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/football/jason-wilcox-lands-manchester-city-academy-directorship_sto6363358/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox lands Manchester City academy directorship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilcox appointed Director of Football\". Southampton FC. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/wilcox-appointed-director-of-football","url_text":"\"Wilcox appointed Director of Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Wilcox appointed as technical director\". Manchester United FC. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/jason-wilcox-appointed-technical-director-at-man-utd-club-statement","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox appointed as technical director\""}]},{"reference":"@AndyBayes (15 March 2021). \"Happy 50th Birthday to #rovers title winner Jason Wilcox. If you look on wiki, it tells you it's in July...it isn'…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/AndyBayes/status/1371407561832992770","url_text":"\"Happy 50th Birthday to #rovers title winner Jason Wilcox. If you look on wiki, it tells you it's in July...it isn'…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Wilcox\". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/players/jason-wilcox-225/","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jim fixed it for Jason\". Lancashire Telegraph. 24 April 1999. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/6126071.jim-fixed-jason/","url_text":"\"Jim fixed it for Jason\""}]},{"reference":"Cryer, Andy (24 May 2010). \"Jason Wilcox on the Blackburn Rovers revolution: Part one\". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/sport/8181240.jason-wilcox-blackburn-rovers-revolution-part-one/","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox on the Blackburn Rovers revolution: Part one\""}]},{"reference":"Mackey, Ed (7 October 2021). \"Who is Jason Wilcox? Manchester City academy chief linked with Newcastle Director of Football role\". Chronicle Live. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/who-jason-wilcox-manchester-city-21793312","url_text":"\"Who is Jason Wilcox? Manchester City academy chief linked with Newcastle Director of Football role\""}]},{"reference":"Johnstone, Neil (14 May 2020). \"Blackburn Rovers: The inside story of a remarkable Premier League triumph\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52640999","url_text":"\"Blackburn Rovers: The inside story of a remarkable Premier League triumph\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchison, Andrew (7 March 2021). \"Jason Wilcox - The right Leeds United signing at the wrong time\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/retro/jason-wilcox-the-right-leeds-united-signing-at-the-wrong-time-3156047","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox - The right Leeds United signing at the wrong time\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Andrew (7 March 2021). \"Jason Wilcox in focus - Memories of a Leeds United winger\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/retro/jason-wilcox-in-focus-memories-of-a-leeds-united-winger-3155706","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox in focus - Memories of a Leeds United winger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds fall short of glory\". BBC Sport. 20 April 2000. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/721107.stm","url_text":"\"Leeds fall short of glory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds' luck runs out in Valencia\". BBC Sport. 8 May 2001. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/champions_league/1317114.stm#:~:text=Valencia%203%2D0%20Leeds%20(Agg,cruel%20setbacks%20throughout%20the%20competition.","url_text":"\"Leeds' luck runs out in Valencia\""}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, James (23 April 2019). \"The gripping rise and crushing fall of Leeds United at the turn of the 21st century\". These Football Times. Retrieved 9 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/04/23/the-gripping-rise-and-crushing-fall-of-leeds-united-at-the-turn-of-the-21st-century/","url_text":"\"The gripping rise and crushing fall of Leeds United at the turn of the 21st century\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Graham (14 May 2004). \"Six Departures Confirmed\". Leeds United FC. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 2 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040616082425/http://www.leedsunited.com/playerarticle.asp?article=203185&","url_text":"\"Six Departures Confirmed\""},{"url":"http://www.leedsunited.com/playerarticle.asp?article=203185&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester capture Wilcox\". BBC Sport. 1 July 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/leicester_city/3857001.stm","url_text":"\"Leicester capture Wilcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester 3–2 Sheff Utd\". BBC. 14 September 2004. Retrieved 6 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/3647028.stm","url_text":"\"Leicester 3–2 Sheff Utd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"New Leicester contract for Wilcox\". BBC Sport. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/leicester_city/4563569.stm","url_text":"\"New Leicester contract for Wilcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool clinch Wilcox loan deal\". BBC Sport. 24 November 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/blackpool/4466350.stm","url_text":"\"Blackpool clinch Wilcox loan deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilcox joins Blackpool from Foxes\". BBC Sport. 28 January 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/blackpool/4657836.stm","url_text":"\"Wilcox joins Blackpool from Foxes\""}]},{"reference":"\"England\". The FA. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204239/www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/W/Jason-Wilcox","url_text":"\"England\""},{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/W/Jason-Wilcox","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"England bring in Barry for Wilcox\". BBC Sport. 23 May 2000. Retrieved 20 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/euro2000/teams/england/759019.stm","url_text":"\"England bring in Barry for Wilcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Wilcox appointed Academy Director\". Manchester City FC. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mancity.com/news/academy/academy-news/2017/october/jason-wilcox-appointed-academy-director","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox appointed Academy Director\""}]},{"reference":"Warlow, Rob (20 January 2023). \"What makes ex-Blackburn and Leeds United player Jason Wilcox a 'perfect fit' for Southampton\". Hampshire Live. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hampshirelive.news/sport/football/football-news/jason-wilcox-blackburn-leeds-southampton-8053706","url_text":"\"What makes ex-Blackburn and Leeds United player Jason Wilcox a 'perfect fit' for Southampton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club statement: Jason Wilcox\". Southampton FC. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/club-statement-jason-wilcox","url_text":"\"Club statement: Jason Wilcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Wilcox: Overview\". Premier League. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/80/Jason-Wilcox/overview","url_text":"\"Jason Wilcox: Overview\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/21063","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.com/football/jason-wilcox-lands-manchester-city-academy-directorship_sto6363358/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox lands Manchester City academy directorship\""},{"Link":"https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/wilcox-appointed-director-of-football","external_links_name":"\"Wilcox appointed Director of Football\""},{"Link":"https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/jason-wilcox-appointed-technical-director-at-man-utd-club-statement","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox appointed as technical director\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/AndyBayes/status/1371407561832992770","external_links_name":"\"Happy 50th Birthday to #rovers title winner Jason Wilcox. If you look on wiki, it tells you it's in July...it isn'…\""},{"Link":"https://www.11v11.com/players/jason-wilcox-225/","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox\""},{"Link":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/6126071.jim-fixed-jason/","external_links_name":"\"Jim fixed it for Jason\""},{"Link":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/sport/8181240.jason-wilcox-blackburn-rovers-revolution-part-one/","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox on the Blackburn Rovers revolution: Part one\""},{"Link":"https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/who-jason-wilcox-manchester-city-21793312","external_links_name":"\"Who is Jason Wilcox? Manchester City academy chief linked with Newcastle Director of Football role\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52640999","external_links_name":"\"Blackburn Rovers: The inside story of a remarkable Premier League triumph\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/retro/jason-wilcox-the-right-leeds-united-signing-at-the-wrong-time-3156047","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox - The right Leeds United signing at the wrong time\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/retro/jason-wilcox-in-focus-memories-of-a-leeds-united-winger-3155706","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox in focus - Memories of a Leeds United winger\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/721107.stm","external_links_name":"\"Leeds fall short of glory\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/champions_league/1317114.stm#:~:text=Valencia%203%2D0%20Leeds%20(Agg,cruel%20setbacks%20throughout%20the%20competition.","external_links_name":"\"Leeds' luck runs out in Valencia\""},{"Link":"https://thesefootballtimes.co/2019/04/23/the-gripping-rise-and-crushing-fall-of-leeds-united-at-the-turn-of-the-21st-century/","external_links_name":"\"The gripping rise and crushing fall of Leeds United at the turn of the 21st century\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040616082425/http://www.leedsunited.com/playerarticle.asp?article=203185&","external_links_name":"\"Six Departures Confirmed\""},{"Link":"http://www.leedsunited.com/playerarticle.asp?article=203185&","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/leicester_city/3857001.stm","external_links_name":"\"Leicester capture Wilcox\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/3647028.stm","external_links_name":"\"Leicester 3–2 Sheff Utd\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/l/leicester_city/4563569.stm","external_links_name":"\"New Leicester contract for Wilcox\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/blackpool/4466350.stm","external_links_name":"\"Blackpool clinch Wilcox loan deal\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/blackpool/4657836.stm","external_links_name":"\"Wilcox joins Blackpool from Foxes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204239/www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/W/Jason-Wilcox","external_links_name":"\"England\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefa.com/England/All-Teams/Players/W/Jason-Wilcox","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/euro2000/teams/england/759019.stm","external_links_name":"\"England bring in Barry for Wilcox\""},{"Link":"https://www.mancity.com/news/academy/academy-news/2017/october/jason-wilcox-appointed-academy-director","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox appointed Academy Director\""},{"Link":"https://www.hampshirelive.news/sport/football/football-news/jason-wilcox-blackburn-leeds-southampton-8053706","external_links_name":"\"What makes ex-Blackburn and Leeds United player Jason Wilcox a 'perfect fit' for Southampton\""},{"Link":"https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/club-statement-jason-wilcox","external_links_name":"\"Club statement: Jason Wilcox\""},{"Link":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/80/Jason-Wilcox/overview","external_links_name":"\"Jason Wilcox: Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=8499","external_links_name":"Jason Wilcox"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America
|
List of French forts in North America
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["1 Canada","2 Saint Pierre and Miquelon","3 United States","4 See also","5 References"]
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The Citadelle of Quebec is a National Historic Site of Canada, and also forms part of the Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site of Canada. The fortress is located within the "Historic District of Old Québec", which was designated a World Heritage Site in 1985.
This is a list of forts in New France built by the French government or French chartered companies in what later became Canada, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and the United States. They range from large European-type citadels like at Quebec City to tiny fur-trade posts.
Canada
The French forts in Canada were located from the Atlantic Ocean to as far west as the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan rivers, and as far north as James Bay. Built between the 1640s and the 1750s, a few were captured from rival British fur trading companies like Hudson's Bay Company. The forts were located on waterways to provide transport of fur back east to Montreal or Quebec City. A few have survived or been re-built, but most are ruins or simply disappeared after abandonment.
Name
Date constructed c.
Location
Province
Image
Fort Anne
1636
Annapolis Royal
Nova Scotia
Fort Bas de la Rivière
1750
Fort Alexander
Manitoba
Fort Boishébert
1749
Grand Bay
New Brunswick
Fort Beauséjour
1751
Aulac
New Brunswick
Fort Bourbon (West)
1741
Grand Rapids
Manitoba
Fort Bourbon (North)
1697
York Factory
Manitoba
Fort Charlesbourg Royal
1541–1543
Quebec City
Quebec
Fort Chambly
1665
Chambly
Quebec
Citadelle of Quebec
1693
Quebec City
Quebec
Citadelle of Montreal
1690–1821
Montreal
Quebec
Fort Dauphin
1741
Winnipegosis
Manitoba
Fort de la Corne
1753
Fort à la Corne Provincial Forest
Saskatchewan
Fort de la Montagne
1685
Montreal
Quebec
Fort Douville
1720
Toronto
Ontario
Fort Dumoine
1730
Rapides-des-Joachims
Quebec
Fort du Moulin
1749
Trois-Rivières
Quebec
Fort du Sault Saint-Louis
1725
Kahnawake
Quebec
Fort Frontenac
1673
Kingston
Ontario
Fort Gaspareaux
1751
Strait Shores
New Brunswick
Fort Kaministiquia
1717
Thunder Bay
Ontario
Fort Lachine
1669–1695
Montréal
Quebec
Fort Laprairie
1687
La Prairie
Quebec
Fort La Reine
1738
Portage la Prairie
Manitoba
Fort La Jonquière
1751
Saskatchewan River Forks (near Prince Albert)
Saskatchewan
Fortress of Louisbourg
1719
Louisbourg
Nova Scotia
Fort Maurepas
1733
Selkirk
Manitoba
Fort Menagoueche
1751
Saint John
New Brunswick
Fort Paskoya
1741
The Pas (on Cedar Lake)
Manitoba
Fort Plaisance
1662
Placentia
Newfoundland and Labrador
Fort Pointe-aux-Trembles
1670
Montréal
Quebec
Port-Royal Habitation
1605
Annapolis Royal
Nova Scotia
Habitation Of Quebec
1608
Quebec City
Quebec
Fort Richelieu
1641
Sorel-Tracy
Quebec
Fort Rouge
1738
Winnipeg
Manitoba
Fort Rouillé
1750
Toronto
Ontario
Fort Royal (Newfoundland)
1687
Placentia
Newfoundland and Labrador
Fort Sainte Anne (Hudson Bay)
1670 (1686)
Fort Albany
Ontario
Fort Sainte Anne
1629–1641
Englishtown
Nova Scotia
Fort Saint-François
1660
Trois-Rivières
Quebec
Fort Saint Jacques
1686–1693 and 1697–1713
Waskaganish
Quebec
Fort Saint-Jean
c1748
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
Quebec
Fort Saint Louis
1690–1713
Placentia
Newfoundland and Labrador
Fort St. Louis
1620–1834
Quebec City
Quebec
Fort St. Louis
1623–1930
Cape Sable Island
Nova Scotia
Fort St. Louis
1670s (1686)
Moose Factory
Ontario
Fort St. Pierre
1731
Fort Frances (near mouth of the Rainy River meets with Rainy Lake)
Ontario
Fort Sainte Thérèse
1665
Carignan
Quebec
Fort Senneville
1671
Montreal
Quebec
Fort Témiscamingue
1679
Ville-Marie
Quebec
Tadoussac Trading Post
1600
Tadoussac
Quebec
Fort Toronto
1750
Toronto
Ontario
Fort Ville-Marie
1642–1688
Montreal
Quebec
Port-la-Joye
1720
Charlottetown
Prince Edward Island
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Name
Date constructed c.
Location
Communes of France
Image
Pointe aux Cannon Battery
1690
Saint Pierre Island
Saint-Pierre
United States
The French forts built in what is now the United States, were part of a series of forts built from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi delta; as far west as Kansas, as far east as Maine.
Name
Date constructed c.
Location
State
Image
Arkansas Post
1686
Arkansas County
Arkansas
Fort des Alibamons
1717
Wetumpka
Alabama
Fort Assumption
1739
Memphis
Tennessee
Fort de la Balise
1722
Plaquemines Parish
Louisiana
Fort Beauharnois
1727
Goodhue County
Minnesota
Fort De La Boulaye
(Fort Bayougoula,
Fort Iberville,
Fort Louisiana)
1700
Phoenix, Plaquemines Parish
Louisiana
Fort de Buade
1683
St. Ignace
Michigan
Fort Carillon
1754–57
Ticonderoga
New York
Fort Caroline
1564
Jacksonville
Florida
Fort de Cavagnal
1744
Missouri River between Kansas City and Fort Leavenworth
Kansas
Fort Charles
1562
Beaufort
South Carolina
Fort de Chartres
1720
Randolph County
Illinois
Fort Condé de la Mobille
1723
Mobile
Alabama
Fort Conti
1679
Youngstown
New York
Fort Crèvecoeur
1680
Creve Coeur
Illinois
Fort Denonville
1687
Youngstown
New York
Fort Ponchartrain du Détroit
1701
Detroit
Michigan
Fort Détour à l'Anglais
1722
Belle Chase
Louisiana
Fort Duquesne
1750
Morrison County
Minnesota
Fort Duquesne
1754
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
Fort Dubreuil
(Côte des Allemands)
1740
Destrehan
Louisiana
Fort St. Jean
1708
New Orleans
Louisiana
Fort Kaskaskia
1759
Kaskaskia
Illinois
Fort de La Présentation
1671
Ogdensburg
New York
Fort Le Boeuf
1753
Waterford
Pennsylvania
Fort Lévis
1759
Ogdensburg
New York
Fort Louis de la Louisiane
1702
Le Moyne
Alabama
Fort Machault
1754
Franklin
Pennsylvania
Fort Massac
1757
Massac County
Illinois
Fort Maurepas
1699
Ocean Springs
Mississippi
Fort Miami (Indiana)
1715
Fort Wayne
Indiana
Fort Miami (Michigan)
1679
St. Joseph
Michigan
Fort Michilimackinac
1715
Mackinaw City
Fort des Natchitoches
1714
Natchitoches
Louisiana
Fort Niagara
1678
Youngstown
New York
Fort Orleans
1723
Brunswick
Missouri
Fort Ouiatenon
1717
West Lafayette
Indiana
Fort Pentagouet
1638
Castine
Maine
Fort St. Philip
1761
Buras-Triumph
Louisiana
Fort Pimiteoui
1691
Peoria
Illinois
Fort Presque Isle
1753
Erie
Pennsylvania
Fort Prudhomme
1682
Memphis
Tennessee
Fort Rosalie
1716
Natchez
Mississippi
Fort Ste. Anne
1666
Isle La Motte
Vermont
Fort St. Charles
1732
Lake of the Woods County
Minnesota
Fort St. Frédéric
1729–1757
Crown Point
New York
Fort St. Joseph
1691
Niles
Michigan
Fort St. Leon
1749
Belle Chase
Louisiana
Fort Saint Louis
1685
Inez
Texas
Fort St. Louis-Le Rocher
1682
North Utica
Illinois
Fort St. Marie
1746
English Turn
Louisiana
Fort Sandoské
1745
Sandusky Bay
Ohio
Fort de Tombecbé
1735–37
Epes
Alabama
Fort Toulouse
1717
Wetumpka
Fort Vincennes
1731–32
Vincennes
Indiana
See also
Contents/Lists portalFrance portalNorth America portalHistory portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French forts in North America.
Military of New France
List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
List of North American cities by year of foundation
Canada related
Canadian Forces base
Former colonies and territories in Canada
List of Royal Canadian Air Force stations
List of Royal Canadian Navy stations
United States related
List of United States Army installations
List of United States Army airfields
List of United States military bases
List of United States Navy installations
List of United States Marine Corps installations
List of United States Air Force installations
References
^ a b Québec Citadel. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ "Historic District of Old Québec". World Heritage Convention. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ Rene Chartrand (2013). French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0317-7.
^ a b Rene Chartrand (2013). The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0318-4.
^ a b René Chartrand (2010). The Forts of New France: The Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600-1763. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-504-3.
^ "Landmarks and monuments Saint-Pierre and Miquelon". Archived from the original on 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
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U.S. Virgin Islands
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Citadelle_de_Qu%C3%A9bec,_vue_du_ciel.JPG"},{"link_name":"Citadelle of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRHP-1"},{"link_name":"Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts_of_Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRHP-1"},{"link_name":"Old Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"French government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_in_France"},{"link_name":"chartered companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_companies"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"citadels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel"},{"link_name":"fur-trade posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_post"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chartrand2013b-3"}],"text":"The Citadelle of Quebec is a National Historic Site of Canada,[1] and also forms part of the Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site of Canada.[1] The fortress is located within the \"Historic District of Old Québec\", which was designated a World Heritage Site in 1985.[2]This is a list of forts in New France built by the French government or French chartered companies in what later became Canada, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and the United States. They range from large European-type citadels like at Quebec City to tiny fur-trade posts.[3]","title":"List of French forts in North America"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_River_Forks"},{"link_name":"James Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bay"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"}],"text":"The French forts in Canada were located from the Atlantic Ocean to as far west as the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan rivers, and as far north as James Bay. Built between the 1640s and the 1750s, a few were captured from rival British fur trading companies like Hudson's Bay Company. The forts were located on waterways to provide transport of fur back east to Montreal or Quebec City. A few have survived or been re-built, but most are ruins or simply disappeared after abandonment.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The French forts built in what is now the United States, were part of a series of forts built from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi delta; as far west as Kansas, as far east as Maine.","title":"United States"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Citadelle of Quebec is a National Historic Site of Canada,[1] and also forms part of the Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site of Canada.[1] The fortress is located within the \"Historic District of Old Québec\", which was designated a World Heritage Site in 1985.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/La_Citadelle_de_Qu%C3%A9bec%2C_vue_du_ciel.JPG/300px-La_Citadelle_de_Qu%C3%A9bec%2C_vue_du_ciel.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Contents/Lists portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Lists"},{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"History portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"title":"French forts in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:French_forts_in_North_America"},{"title":"Military of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_New_France"},{"title":"List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_trading_posts"},{"title":"List of North American cities by year of foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_year_of_foundation"},{"title":"Canadian Forces base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_base"},{"title":"Former colonies and territories in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of Royal Canadian Air Force stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_stations"},{"title":"List of Royal Canadian Navy stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Canadian_Navy_stations"},{"title":"List of United States Army installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_installations"},{"title":"List of United States Army airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_airfields"},{"title":"List of United States military bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases"},{"title":"List of United States Navy installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_installations"},{"title":"List of United States Marine Corps installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_installations"},{"title":"List of United States Air Force installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_installations"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Historic District of Old Québec\". World Heritage Convention. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/300","url_text":"\"Historic District of Old Québec\""}]},{"reference":"Rene Chartrand (2013). French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0317-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ihSrWOl-zsIC&pg=PA1736","url_text":"French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0317-7","url_text":"978-1-4728-0317-7"}]},{"reference":"Rene Chartrand (2013). The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0318-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TiRaipmk2B0C&pg=PA1689","url_text":"The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0318-4","url_text":"978-1-4728-0318-4"}]},{"reference":"René Chartrand (2010). The Forts of New France: The Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600-1763. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-504-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RNhWYYZBlEEC&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Forts of New France: The Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600-1763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-504-3","url_text":"978-1-84603-504-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Landmarks and monuments Saint-Pierre and Miquelon\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2010-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100725233206/http://www.st-pierre-et-miquelon.com/english/lieux.php","url_text":"\"Landmarks and monuments Saint-Pierre and Miquelon\""},{"url":"http://www.st-pierre-et-miquelon.com/english/lieux.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ladelta.html","external_links_name":"Fort de la Balise"},{"Link":"https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ladelta.html","external_links_name":"Fort Détour à l'Anglais"},{"Link":"https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ladelta.html","external_links_name":"Côte des Allemands"},{"Link":"https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ladelta.html","external_links_name":"Fort St. Jean"},{"Link":"https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/ladelta.html","external_links_name":"Fort St. Philip"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29477/m1/7/","external_links_name":"Fort St. Leon"},{"Link":"http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=9524&pid=0","external_links_name":"Québec Citadel"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/300","external_links_name":"\"Historic District of Old Québec\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ihSrWOl-zsIC&pg=PA1736","external_links_name":"French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TiRaipmk2B0C&pg=PA1689","external_links_name":"The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600–1763"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RNhWYYZBlEEC&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The Forts of New France: The Great Lakes, the Plains and the Gulf Coast, 1600-1763"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100725233206/http://www.st-pierre-et-miquelon.com/english/lieux.php","external_links_name":"\"Landmarks and monuments Saint-Pierre and Miquelon\""},{"Link":"http://www.st-pierre-et-miquelon.com/english/lieux.php","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Agro_Special_Teams_Award
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John Agro Special Teams Award
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["1 John Agro Special Teams Award winners","2 John Agro Special Teams Award runners-up","3 References"]
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The John Agro Special Teams Award is presented to the CFL's Most Outstanding Special Teams player that is voted by his peers. The award is named in honour of John Agro, co-founder (in 1965) of the Canadian Football League Players' Association, with whom he also served as legal counsel.
John Agro Special Teams Award winners
2022 - Mario Alford (KR/PR), Saskatchewan Roughriders
2021 - DeVonte Dedmon (KR/PR), Ottawa Redblacks
2020 – season cancelled - COVID-19
2019 - Frankie Williams (KR/PR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2018 - Lewis Ward (K), Ottawa Redblacks
2017 - Roy Finch (KR), Calgary Stampeders
2016 - Justin Medlock (K), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2015 - Brandon Banks (WR) Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2014 - Swayze Waters (K), Toronto Argonauts
2013 - Rene Paredes (K), Calgary Stampeders
2012 - Chris Williams (WR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2011 - Paul McCallum (K), BC Lions
2010 - Chad Owens (WR), Toronto Argonauts
2009 - Larry Taylor (WR), Montreal Alouettes
2008 - Dominique Dorsey (RB), Toronto Argonauts
2007 - Ian Smart (RB), BC Lions
2006 - Sandro DeAngelis (K), Calgary Stampeders
2005 - Corey Holmes (RB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
2004 - Keith Stokes (WR), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2003 - Bashir Levingston (WR), Toronto Argonauts
2002 - Corey Holmes (RB), Saskatchewan Roughriders
2001 - Charles Roberts (RB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2000 - Albert Johnson III (WR), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
1999 - Jimmy Cunningham (RB), BC Lions
John Agro Special Teams Award runners-up
2022 - Chandler Worthy (KR), Montreal Alouettes
2021 - Rene Paredes (K), Calgary Stampeders
2020 – season cancelled - covid 19
2019 - Mike Miller (FB/ST), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2018 - Ty Long (P/K), BC Lions
2017 - Diontae Spencer (KR), Ottawa RedBlacks
2016 - Brandon Banks (WR) Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2015 - Rene Paredes (K), Calgary Stampeders
2014 - Lirim Hajrullahu (K), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
2013 - Marc Beswick (CB), Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2012 - Tim Brown (RB), BC Lions
2011 - Chad Owens (WR), Toronto Argonauts
2010 - Yonus Davis (RB), BC Lions
2009 - Jason Arakgi (LB), BC Lions
2008 - Sandro DeAngelis (K), Calgary Stampeders
2007 - Dominique Dorsey (RB), Toronto Argonauts
2006 - Noel Prefontaine (P), Toronto Argonauts
2005 - Noel Prefontaine (P), Toronto Argonauts
2004 - Jason Armstead (WR), Ottawa Renegades
2003 - Wane McGarity (WR), Calgary Stampeders
2002 - Keith Stokes (WR), Montreal Alouettes
References
^ 2007 Facts, Figures, and Records. Canadian Football League. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-0-9739425-2-1.
^ staff writers (2012-11-22). "Hamilton-area twins talk about CFL legend grandfather". CBC News. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
^ Calum Shanlin (2012-11-24). "The Agro Sisters' Special Connection to the CFL". CBC Live. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
vteCanadian Football League John Agro Special Teams Award
1999: Cunningham
2000: Johnson
2001: Roberts
2002: Holmes
2003: Levingston
2004: Stokes
2005: Holmes
2006: DeAngelis
2007: Smart
2008: Dorsey
2009: Taylor
2010: Owens
2011: McCallum
2012: C. Williams
2013: Paredes
2014: Waters
2015: Banks
2016: Medlock
2017: Finch
2018: Ward
2019: F. Williams
2020: covid 19
2021: Dedmon
2022: Alford
vteCanadian Football LeagueTeamsWest Division
BC Lions
Calgary Stampeders
Edmonton Elks
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
East Division
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Montreal Alouettes
Ottawa Redblacks
Toronto Argonauts
Proposed
Atlantic Schooners
Defunct
Canada
Ottawa Rough Riders
Ottawa Renegades
Atlantic Schooners (never played)
CFL USA
Baltimore Stallions
Birmingham Barracudas
Las Vegas Posse
Memphis Mad Dogs
Sacramento Gold Miners
San Antonio Texans
Shreveport Pirates
San Antonio Texans (1993) (never played)
Miami Manatees (never played)
AwardsWest Division
Nicklin
Martin
Fieldgate
Parker
DeMarco-Becket
Dryburgh
James
East Division
Evanshen
Hayman
McCaffrey
Gibson
Dandurand
League-wide
Grey Cup
Grey Cup champions
Grey Cup MVP
Suderman
Outstanding Player
Canadian
Defensive Player
Offensive Lineman
Rookie
Stukus
Pate
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Campbell
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Lineman
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Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"John Agro Special Teams Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Mario Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Alford"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Roughriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"DeVonte Dedmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVonte_Dedmon"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Redblacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Redblacks"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Frankie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Williams_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Lewis Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Ward_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Redblacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Redblacks"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Roy Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Finch_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Calgary Stampeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Justin Medlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Medlock"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Brandon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Banks"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Swayze Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swayze_Waters"},{"link_name":"Toronto Argonauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Rene Paredes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Paredes"},{"link_name":"Calgary Stampeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Chris Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Williams_(wide_receiver)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Paul McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCallum_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Chad Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Owens"},{"link_name":"Toronto Argonauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Larry Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Taylor_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Montreal Alouettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Dominique Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Toronto Argonauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Ian Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Smart"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Sandro DeAngelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_DeAngelis"},{"link_name":"Calgary Stampeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Corey Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Roughriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Keith Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Bashir Levingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Levingston"},{"link_name":"Toronto Argonauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Corey Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Roughriders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Charles Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Roberts_(football)"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Albert Johnson III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Johnson_III"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"}],"text":"2022 - Mario Alford (KR/PR), Saskatchewan Roughriders\n2021 - DeVonte Dedmon (KR/PR), Ottawa Redblacks\n2020 – season cancelled - COVID-19\n2019 - Frankie Williams (KR/PR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats\n2018 - Lewis Ward (K), Ottawa Redblacks\n2017 - Roy Finch (KR), Calgary Stampeders\n2016 - Justin Medlock (K), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\n2015 - Brandon Banks (WR) Hamilton Tiger-Cats\n2014 - Swayze Waters (K), Toronto Argonauts\n2013 - Rene Paredes (K), Calgary Stampeders\n2012 - Chris Williams (WR), Hamilton Tiger-Cats\n2011 - Paul McCallum (K), BC Lions\n2010 - Chad Owens (WR), Toronto Argonauts\n2009 - Larry Taylor (WR), Montreal Alouettes\n2008 - Dominique Dorsey (RB), Toronto Argonauts\n2007 - Ian Smart (RB), BC Lions\n2006 - Sandro DeAngelis (K), Calgary Stampeders\n2005 - Corey Holmes (RB), Saskatchewan Roughriders\n2004 - Keith Stokes (WR), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\n2003 - Bashir Levingston (WR), Toronto Argonauts\n2002 - Corey Holmes (RB), Saskatchewan Roughriders\n2001 - Charles Roberts (RB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\n2000 - Albert Johnson III (WR), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\n1999 - Jimmy Cunningham (RB), BC Lions","title":"John Agro Special Teams Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Chandler Worthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_Worthy"},{"link_name":"Montreal Alouettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Rene Paredes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Paredes"},{"link_name":"Calgary Stampeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Mike Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Miller_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Ty Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Long"},{"link_name":"BC Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Lions"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Diontae Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diontae_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Ottawa RedBlacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_RedBlacks"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Brandon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Banks"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Rene Paredes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Paredes"},{"link_name":"Calgary Stampeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Lirim Hajrullahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirim_Hajrullahu"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue 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Alouettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"}],"text":"2022 - Chandler Worthy (KR), Montreal Alouettes\n2021 - Rene Paredes (K), Calgary Stampeders\n2020 – season cancelled - covid 19\n2019 - Mike Miller (FB/ST), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\n2018 - Ty Long (P/K), BC Lions\n2017 - Diontae Spencer (KR), Ottawa RedBlacks\n2016 - Brandon Banks (WR) Hamilton Tiger-Cats\n2015 - Rene Paredes (K), Calgary Stampeders\n2014 - Lirim Hajrullahu (K), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\n2013 - Marc Beswick (CB), Hamilton Tiger-Cats\n2012 - Tim Brown (RB), BC Lions\n2011 - Chad Owens (WR), Toronto Argonauts\n2010 - Yonus Davis (RB), BC Lions\n2009 - Jason Arakgi (LB), BC Lions\n2008 - Sandro DeAngelis (K), Calgary Stampeders\n2007 - Dominique Dorsey (RB), Toronto Argonauts\n2006 - Noel Prefontaine (P), Toronto Argonauts\n2005 - Noel Prefontaine (P), Toronto Argonauts\n2004 - Jason Armstead (WR), Ottawa Renegades\n2003 - Wane McGarity (WR), Calgary Stampeders\n2002 - Keith Stokes (WR), Montreal Alouettes","title":"John Agro Special Teams Award runners-up"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Creek_(Toronto)
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Highland Creek (Toronto)
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["1 Naming","2 Hydrology","2.1 Highland Creek Wetland Complex","2.2 Tributaries","3 Threats from development","4 History","5 Communities along the creek","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°46′0″N 79°08′41″W / 43.76667°N 79.14472°W / 43.76667; -79.14472For the neighbourhood astride this creek, see Highland Creek, Toronto. For other uses of Highland Creek, see Highland Creek.
River in Ontario, CanadaHighland CreekHighland Creek and its associated valleyLocation of the mouth of the creek in TorontoLocationCountryCanadaProvinceOntarioMunicipalityTorontoPhysical characteristicsSourceHydro One right of way, near Brimley Road & McNicoll Avenue • coordinates43°48′54″N 79°16′51″W / 43.81500°N 79.28083°W / 43.81500; -79.28083 • elevation186 m (610 ft)
MouthLake Ontario • coordinates43°46′0″N 79°08′41″W / 43.76667°N 79.14472°W / 43.76667; -79.14472 • elevation75 m (246 ft)Length29.1 km (18.1 mi)Basin featuresTributaries • rightWest Highland Creek
Highland Creek is a river in the Scarborough district of Toronto, Ontario, emptying into Lake Ontario at the eastern end of the Scarborough Bluffs. It is home to several species of fish including trout, carp, bass and salmon. It is a meandering river which, like most rivers in Toronto (including the Don and Humber), travels through a glacial ravine formed after the last Ice Age. The Highland Creek watershed, including tributaries, is almost entirely contained within Scarborough.
Naming
According to a 1796 list of Mississauga names of rivers and creeks compiled by British surveyor Augustus Jones, the river was known as Yat-qui-i-be-no-nick, which translates as "creek comes out under high." There is no documented source for the name "Highland Creek", but some suggest it is of descriptive origins, possibly recalling the Highlands of Scotland where many early settlers of the area came from.
Hydrology
Highland Creek consists of four branches, treated here in order from west to east. The names used for the branches indicate only geographic position, and should not be taken as proper names.
The north-west branch begins at the exit of a culvert at Finch Avenue East at 43°48′11″N 79°17′17″W / 43.80306°N 79.28806°W / 43.80306; -79.28806. It flows south, then south-east and passes under the intersection of Midland Avenue and Huntingwood Drive. The branch continues east under Brimley Road, then parallels the road south until just north of the Canadian Pacific Railway tracks. The branch then heads under the tracks east and under McCowan Road, before joining the west branch at 43°47′30.5″N 79°15′33″W / 43.791806°N 79.25917°W / 43.791806; -79.25917. The entire length of the branch is artificially channelled and straightened, and much of it lined with a concrete bed. This was done in the 1970s after a scare about mosquitoes carrying encephalitis breeding in stagnant creek water (see also "Threats from Development" below). The total length is approximately 3.4 km (2.1 mi).
The west branch begins at the exit of a culvert just southeast of Brimley Road and McNicoll Road at 43°48′54″N 79°16′51″W / 43.81500°N 79.28083°W / 43.81500; -79.28083. This is the most northerly point of any part of the Highland Creek system including all tributaries. It flows south-east under Finch Avenue East, McCowan Road and Middlefield Road. The branch travels 250 m (820 ft) southwest, then south to its confluence with the north-west branch. It continues southeast under Sheppard Avenue East, then south under Highway 401, and then a further 150 m (492 ft) south. The entire length up to this point has been artificially channelled, straightened and lined with a concrete bed. The next 1.6 km (1.0 mi) stretch, however, a crescent shape that proceeds east to a point just west of Markham Road and which had been previously altered, has now been restored to a more natural state with gentle meanders and shallow pools. From Markham Road, the branch flows east in a natural course and ravine through Woburn Park until it meets the central branch at 43°47′08″N 79°13′23″W / 43.78556°N 79.22306°W / 43.78556; -79.22306. The total length is approximately 7.7 km (4.8 mi).
The central branch at Middlefield Road, near its point of origin.
The central branch begins at the exit of a culvert north-west of Middlefield Road and Finch Avenue East at 43°48′49″N 79°15′40″W / 43.81361°N 79.26111°W / 43.81361; -79.26111. The branch flows south east, then east under Middlefield to 43°48′49.5″N 79°14′55.5″W / 43.813750°N 79.248750°W / 43.813750; -79.248750 where a short 900 m (2,953 ft) tributary branch running south joins it. It then flows south-east under the Canadian Pacific Railway tracks, Finch Avenue and Markham Road, then south-east under Highway 401. From this point on, it flows in a natural bed and ravine. It then travels 500 m (1,640 ft) to the confluence with the west branch. The branch then travels south-east under Military Trail, the first crossing point north of Lake Ontario built in the early settlement period, and Ellesmere Road. South of Ellesmere, the branch enters Morningside Park (Toronto), where the tributary West Highland Creek joins at 43°46′27″N 79°11′57″W / 43.77417°N 79.19917°W / 43.77417; -79.19917. It travels east through the park, under Morningside Avenue and past some of the outdoor sports facilities and the Miller Lash House of the University of Toronto Scarborough. It continues south-east under Old Kingston Road, Kingston Road and Lawrence Avenue East and through Colonel Danforth Park to meet with the east branch, before flowing into Lake Ontario at 43°46′0″N 79°08′41″W / 43.76667°N 79.14472°W / 43.76667; -79.14472. The total length is approximately 13.5 km (8.4 mi).
The east branch rises immediately south of Highway 401, west of Meadowvale Road at 43°47′56″N 79°10′22″W / 43.79889°N 79.17278°W / 43.79889; -79.17278. It travels south south-east to Ellesmere Road, before entering a culvert. The branch then emerges east of Meadowvale Road south of Ellesmere, before heading south-west under Kingston Road and Highway 2A. After a further 800 m (2,625 ft), it turns south and is joined by a small stream just before Lawrence Avenue East. It passes under the road and continues south until it joins the central branch just north of Lake Ontario. The total length is approximately 4.5 km (2.8 mi). Unlike the other parts of the creek system, this branch does not flow through any deep ravines.
Highland Creek Wetland Complex
At the mouth of the Creek are four wetlands totaling 7.6 hectares (19 acres) in size. The Stephenson’s Swamp is both a designated Environmental Significant Area and a Provincially Significant Wetland. According to the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, the type of forest swamp used to be the most common type of wetland on Lake Ontario prior to European settlement but are now rare. It is a breeding area for several uncommon species, including the blue-gray gnatcatcher and the yellow-spotted salamander. There are three other designated Environmental Significant Areas in the Highland Creek watershed: Highland Forest, Hague Park and the Morningside Park Forest.
Tributaries
West Highland Creek
Bellamy Ravine Creek
Southwest Highland Creek
Threats from development
Due to development in Scarborough, which has substantially increased the amount of water that historically travelled through the river, there are a number of artificial diversions (use of control channels) to decrease erosion and guide the river past obstacles. For example, there are a large number of areas where the river is lined with rock cages. There are small dams to even out the flow in areas where upstream storage reservoirs are possible, increasing its depth. The river travels through culverts under some major streets. In addition, many of the city's storm sewers drain into the river. The valley of Highland Creek contains a number of interconnected parks which have a system of paved bike and walking paths. As a result of these numerous channel modification projects, mostly implemented in the 1960s and 1970s, much of the creek does not follow its natural path. This is in contrast to the nearby Rouge River, which has fewer in-stream barriers and extensive riparian and floodplain vegetation, and where a wider variety of wildlife, including some climax forest species, can be found.
History
Like many creeks and river valleys in Toronto, evidence of First Nations occupation has been found in this area. A 2005 excavation by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority near the mouth of Highland Creek found evidence of a Late Woodland or Early Archaic site, thought to have been a place of tool manufacture. The Helliwell family, one of the first settlers in the area, accumulated a large number of artifacts from the last 5,000 years.
Highland Creek historically formed a natural barrier to transportation in the eastern part of Scarborough, with the single exception of Military Trail, blocking the eastern sections of Lawrence Avenue East (at two locations), Morningside Avenue, and Kingston Road until the construction of longer-span bridges beginning in 1937 (Kingston Road) and continuing through the mid-1960s (Lawrence Avenue East, Ellesmere Road). Although the creek itself is rarely more than 20 m (66 ft) wide, the ravine it runs through commonly is over 100 m (328 ft) wide and 30 m (98 ft) deep. During the early part of the 20th century, it also blocked the progression of the Toronto and Scarboro' Electric Railway, Light and Power Company line along Kingston Road, which was unable to negotiate the grade into the creek where it met Kingston Road.
During the late 1940s and early 1950s, a new town plan developed in the valley between Kingston Road and the eastern crossing of Lawrence Avenue. The primary road remains as the park access road to Colonel Danforth Park, but the remainder, with few exceptions, was washed out during Hurricane Hazel in October 1954.
Communities along the creek
Highland Creek is also the name of a neighbourhood on the east side of the creek at Old Kingston Road. Opposite the former village of Highland Creek is West Hill, named for its position on the tablelands above the valley.
See also
List of rivers of Ontario
References
^ a b Fairburn 2013.
^ "Scottish Place Names - Toronto, Ontario, Canada". Rampantscotland.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ "Highland Creek Connect: What Makes Stephenson's Swamp Important?". Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Fairburn, M. Jane (2013). Along the Shore: Rediscovering Toronto's Waterfront Heritage. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: ECW Press. ISBN 9781770410992.
"Topographic Map sheet 30M14". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. February 6, 2006. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2007.
"Highland Creek Watershed (map)". Watershed Strategies - Highland Creek. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
External links
Friends of the Highland Creek (FOHC)
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The Highland Creek watershed, including tributaries, is almost entirely contained within Scarborough.","title":"Highland Creek (Toronto)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augustus Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Jones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairburn2013-1"},{"link_name":"Highlands of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"According to a 1796 list of Mississauga names of rivers and creeks compiled by British surveyor Augustus Jones, the river was known as Yat-qui-i-be-no-nick, which translates as \"creek comes out under high.\"[1] There is no documented source for the name \"Highland Creek\", but some suggest it is of descriptive origins, possibly recalling the Highlands of Scotland where many early settlers of the area came from.[2]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finch Avenue East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finch_Avenue_East"},{"link_name":"43°48′11″N 79°17′17″W / 43.80306°N 79.28806°W / 43.80306; -79.28806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_48_11_N_79_17_17_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Midland Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Brimley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimley_Road"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"McCowan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCowan_Road"},{"link_name":"43°47′30.5″N 79°15′33″W / 43.791806°N 79.25917°W / 43.791806; -79.25917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_47_30.5_N_79_15_33_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"43°48′54″N 79°16′51″W / 43.81500°N 79.28083°W / 43.81500; -79.28083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_48_54_N_79_16_51_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Sheppard Avenue East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheppard_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Highway 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_401_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Markham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markham_Road"},{"link_name":"43°47′08″N 79°13′23″W / 43.78556°N 79.22306°W / 43.78556; -79.22306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_47_08_N_79_13_23_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highland_Creek_tributary.JPG"},{"link_name":"43°48′49″N 79°15′40″W / 43.81361°N 79.26111°W / 43.81361; -79.26111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_48_49_N_79_15_40_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"43°48′49.5″N 79°14′55.5″W / 43.813750°N 79.248750°W / 43.813750; -79.248750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_48_49.5_N_79_14_55.5_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Military Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danforth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Road"},{"link_name":"Morningside Park (Toronto)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_Park_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"West Highland Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Highland_Creek"},{"link_name":"43°46′27″N 79°11′57″W / 43.77417°N 79.19917°W / 43.77417; -79.19917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_46_27_N_79_11_57_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Morningside Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_Avenue_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Old Kingston Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Road_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"Kingston Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Road_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Colonel Danforth Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Danforth_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°46′0″N 79°08′41″W / 43.76667°N 79.14472°W / 43.76667; -79.14472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_46_0_N_79_08_41_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Meadowvale Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meadowvale_Road_(Toronto)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"43°47′56″N 79°10′22″W / 43.79889°N 79.17278°W / 43.79889; -79.17278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Highland_Creek_(Toronto)¶ms=43_47_56_N_79_10_22_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Highway 2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_2A_(Ontario)"}],"text":"Highland Creek consists of four branches, treated here in order from west to east. The names used for the branches indicate only geographic position, and should not be taken as proper names.The north-west branch begins at the exit of a culvert at Finch Avenue East at 43°48′11″N 79°17′17″W / 43.80306°N 79.28806°W / 43.80306; -79.28806. It flows south, then south-east and passes under the intersection of Midland Avenue and Huntingwood Drive. The branch continues east under Brimley Road, then parallels the road south until just north of the Canadian Pacific Railway tracks. The branch then heads under the tracks east and under McCowan Road, before joining the west branch at 43°47′30.5″N 79°15′33″W / 43.791806°N 79.25917°W / 43.791806; -79.25917. The entire length of the branch is artificially channelled and straightened, and much of it lined with a concrete bed. This was done in the 1970s after a scare about mosquitoes carrying encephalitis breeding in stagnant creek water (see also \"Threats from Development\" below).[citation needed] The total length is approximately 3.4 km (2.1 mi).The west branch begins at the exit of a culvert just southeast of Brimley Road and McNicoll Road at 43°48′54″N 79°16′51″W / 43.81500°N 79.28083°W / 43.81500; -79.28083. This is the most northerly point of any part of the Highland Creek system including all tributaries. It flows south-east under Finch Avenue East, McCowan Road and Middlefield Road. The branch travels 250 m (820 ft) southwest, then south to its confluence with the north-west branch. It continues southeast under Sheppard Avenue East, then south under Highway 401, and then a further 150 m (492 ft) south. The entire length up to this point has been artificially channelled, straightened and lined with a concrete bed. The next 1.6 km (1.0 mi) stretch, however, a crescent shape that proceeds east to a point just west of Markham Road and which had been previously altered, has now been restored to a more natural state with gentle meanders and shallow pools. From Markham Road, the branch flows east in a natural course and ravine through Woburn Park until it meets the central branch at 43°47′08″N 79°13′23″W / 43.78556°N 79.22306°W / 43.78556; -79.22306. The total length is approximately 7.7 km (4.8 mi).The central branch at Middlefield Road, near its point of origin.The central branch begins at the exit of a culvert north-west of Middlefield Road and Finch Avenue East at 43°48′49″N 79°15′40″W / 43.81361°N 79.26111°W / 43.81361; -79.26111. The branch flows south east, then east under Middlefield to 43°48′49.5″N 79°14′55.5″W / 43.813750°N 79.248750°W / 43.813750; -79.248750 where a short 900 m (2,953 ft) tributary branch running south joins it. It then flows south-east under the Canadian Pacific Railway tracks, Finch Avenue and Markham Road, then south-east under Highway 401. From this point on, it flows in a natural bed and ravine. It then travels 500 m (1,640 ft) to the confluence with the west branch. The branch then travels south-east under Military Trail, the first crossing point north of Lake Ontario built in the early settlement period, and Ellesmere Road. South of Ellesmere, the branch enters Morningside Park (Toronto), where the tributary West Highland Creek joins at 43°46′27″N 79°11′57″W / 43.77417°N 79.19917°W / 43.77417; -79.19917. It travels east through the park, under Morningside Avenue and past some of the outdoor sports facilities and the Miller Lash House of the University of Toronto Scarborough. It continues south-east under Old Kingston Road, Kingston Road and Lawrence Avenue East and through Colonel Danforth Park to meet with the east branch, before flowing into Lake Ontario at 43°46′0″N 79°08′41″W / 43.76667°N 79.14472°W / 43.76667; -79.14472. The total length is approximately 13.5 km (8.4 mi).The east branch rises immediately south of Highway 401, west of Meadowvale Road at 43°47′56″N 79°10′22″W / 43.79889°N 79.17278°W / 43.79889; -79.17278. It travels south south-east to Ellesmere Road, before entering a culvert. The branch then emerges east of Meadowvale Road south of Ellesmere, before heading south-west under Kingston Road and Highway 2A. After a further 800 m (2,625 ft), it turns south and is joined by a small stream just before Lawrence Avenue East. It passes under the road and continues south until it joins the central branch just north of Lake Ontario. The total length is approximately 4.5 km (2.8 mi). Unlike the other parts of the creek system, this branch does not flow through any deep ravines.","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Highland Creek Wetland Complex","text":"At the mouth of the Creek are four wetlands totaling 7.6 hectares (19 acres) in size. The Stephenson’s Swamp is both a designated Environmental Significant Area and a Provincially Significant Wetland. According to the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, the type of forest swamp used to be the most common type of wetland on Lake Ontario prior to European settlement but are now rare. It is a breeding area for several uncommon species, including the blue-gray gnatcatcher and the yellow-spotted salamander.[3] There are three other designated Environmental Significant Areas in the Highland Creek watershed: Highland Forest, Hague Park and the Morningside Park Forest.","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Highland Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Highland_Creek"},{"link_name":"Bellamy Ravine Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellamy_Ravine_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southwest Highland Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Highland_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Tributaries","text":"West Highland Creek\nBellamy Ravine Creek\nSouthwest Highland Creek","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"control channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control_channel"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"rock cages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabion"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"reservoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"sewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_drain"},{"link_name":"Rouge River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_River_(Ontario)"}],"text":"Due to development in Scarborough, which has substantially increased the amount of water that historically travelled through the river, there are a number of artificial diversions (use of control channels) to decrease erosion and guide the river past obstacles. For example, there are a large number of areas where the river is lined with rock cages. There are small dams to even out the flow in areas where upstream storage reservoirs are possible, increasing its depth. The river travels through culverts under some major streets. In addition, many of the city's storm sewers drain into the river. The valley of Highland Creek contains a number of interconnected parks which have a system of paved bike and walking paths. As a result of these numerous channel modification projects, mostly implemented in the 1960s and 1970s, much of the creek does not follow its natural path. This is in contrast to the nearby Rouge River, which has fewer in-stream barriers and extensive riparian and floodplain vegetation, and where a wider variety of wildlife, including some climax forest species, can be found.","title":"Threats from development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFairburn2013-1"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Avenue East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Avenue_East"},{"link_name":"Morningside Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_Avenue_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"Kingston Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Road,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"Toronto and Scarboro' Electric Railway, Light and Power Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_and_Scarboro%27_Electric_Railway,_Light_and_Power_Company"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel"}],"text":"Like many creeks and river valleys in Toronto, evidence of First Nations occupation has been found in this area. A 2005 excavation by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority near the mouth of Highland Creek found evidence of a Late Woodland or Early Archaic site, thought to have been a place of tool manufacture. The Helliwell family, one of the first settlers in the area, accumulated a large number of artifacts from the last 5,000 years.[1]Highland Creek historically formed a natural barrier to transportation in the eastern part of Scarborough, with the single exception of Military Trail, blocking the eastern sections of Lawrence Avenue East (at two locations), Morningside Avenue, and Kingston Road until the construction of longer-span bridges beginning in 1937 (Kingston Road) and continuing through the mid-1960s (Lawrence Avenue East, Ellesmere Road). Although the creek itself is rarely more than 20 m (66 ft) wide, the ravine it runs through commonly is over 100 m (328 ft) wide and 30 m (98 ft) deep. During the early part of the 20th century, it also blocked the progression of the Toronto and Scarboro' Electric Railway, Light and Power Company line along Kingston Road, which was unable to negotiate the grade into the creek where it met Kingston Road.During the late 1940s and early 1950s, a new town plan developed in the valley between Kingston Road and the eastern crossing of Lawrence Avenue. The primary road remains as the park access road to Colonel Danforth Park, but the remainder, with few exceptions, was washed out during Hurricane Hazel in October 1954.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highland Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Creek,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"West Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hill,_Toronto"}],"text":"Highland Creek is also the name of a neighbourhood on the east side of the creek at Old Kingston Road. Opposite the former village of Highland Creek is West Hill, named for its position on the tablelands above the valley.","title":"Communities along the creek"}]
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[{"image_text":"The central branch at Middlefield Road, near its point of origin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Highland_Creek_tributary.JPG/300px-Highland_Creek_tributary.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"List of rivers of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ontario"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Scottish Place Names - Toronto, Ontario, Canada\". Rampantscotland.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rampantscotland.com/placenames/placename_toronto.htm","url_text":"\"Scottish Place Names - Toronto, Ontario, Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highland Creek Connect: What Makes Stephenson's Swamp Important?\". Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Retrieved January 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highlandcreekconnect.ca/post/150177130146/what-makes-stephensons-swamp-important","url_text":"\"Highland Creek Connect: What Makes Stephenson's Swamp Important?\""}]},{"reference":"Fairburn, M. Jane (2013). Along the Shore: Rediscovering Toronto's Waterfront Heritage. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: ECW Press. ISBN 9781770410992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781770410992","url_text":"9781770410992"}]},{"reference":"\"Topographic Map sheet 30M14\". Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. February 6, 2006. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803004853/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/topo/map/","url_text":"\"Topographic Map sheet 30M14\""},{"url":"http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/topo/map/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Highland Creek Watershed (map)\". Watershed Strategies - Highland Creek. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014214435/http://www.trca.on.ca/Website/TRCA/website.nsf/WebPage/trca__water_protection__strategies__highland__highland2_asp?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Highland Creek Watershed (map)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_and_Region_Conservation_Authority","url_text":"Toronto and Region Conservation Authority"},{"url":"http://www.trca.on.ca/Website/TRCA/website.nsf/WebPage/trca__water_protection__strategies__highland__highland2_asp?OpenDocument","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jats_of_Balochistan
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Jats of Balochistan
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["1 List of tribes","2 History","3 See also","4 References"]
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Ethnic group in Pakistan.
Ethnic group
Jats of BalochistanRegions with significant populationsBalochistan, Sindh, PunjabLanguagesBalochi, Sindhi, Saraiki and Jadgali languagesReligionIslamRelated ethnic groups• Baloch people • Jat Muslims
The Jats of Balochistan are tribes of Jat origin found in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. They are estimated to be around 10% of the total population of Balochistan, being the fourth largest ethnic group of Balochistan. A large proportion are in the profession of camel herding.
List of tribes
The major Jat tribes in Balochistan include:
Sardarzahi
Babbar
Dograni
Chakkar
Gurchani
Lanjwani
Sasoli
Dodai
History
By the time of Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sind in the eighth century, Arab writers described agglomerations of Jats and Meds in the arid, the wet, and the mountainous regions of the conquered land of the Sindh and Makran regions of today's Pakistani province of Balochistan, which at that time was part of Sindh. The Arabs referred to the Jats as "Zutts" (Arabic: الزُّطِّ). The Jats were present in Makran Sibi and Lasbela long before the migration of ancestors of the Baloch from Kerman, Khorasan and the Sistan and Baluchistan provinces of present-day Iran. The Arab rulers though professing a theologically egalitarian religion, maintained the position of Jats and the discriminatory practices against them that had been put in place in the long period of Hindu rule in Sind between the eleventh and the sixteenth centuries.
See also
The Sindhis of Balochistan
References
^ Khan, Sabir Badal (2013). Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore: Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore. Università di Napoli, "l'Orientale". p. 61.
^ Baluchistan (Pakistan) (1979). Balochistan Through the Ages: Tribes (reprint ed.). Nisa Traders (sole distributors Gosha-e-Adab).
^ Sir Richard Francis Burton (1898). William Henry Wilkins (ed.). The Jew, The Gypsy and El Islam. H. S. Stone. p. 215.
^ Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid; Westphal, Heinz (1986). The Jat of Pakistan. Lok Virsa.
^ Baluch, Muhammad Sardar Khan (1977). History of Baluch Race and Baluchistan. Gosha-e-Adab : distributors Nisa Trader. p. 268. ...Bizanjo, Mengal, Sajdi and Zehri as Jadgal or Jats...
^ "The Brahuis are not Brahuis". Araingang.
^ ʻAlī, Anṡārī ʻAlī Sher (1901). A Short Sketch, Historical and Traditional, of the Musalman Races Found in Sind, Baluchistan and Afghanistan, Their Genealogical Sub-divisions and Septs, Together with an Ethnological and Ethnographical Account. Printed at the Commissioner's Press.
^ Mayaram, Shail (2003). Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12730-8. OCLC 52203150.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_Muslims"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Jats of Balochistan are tribes of Jat origin[1] found in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.[2][3] They are estimated to be around 10% of the total population of Balochistan, being the fourth largest ethnic group of Balochistan. A large proportion are in the profession of camel herding.[4]","title":"Jats of Balochistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Sardarzahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardarzahi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Babbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbar_(Tribe)"},{"link_name":"Dograni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dograni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gurchani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurchani"},{"link_name":"Lanjwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanjwani"},{"link_name":"Sasoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasoli"},{"link_name":"Dodai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodai_tribe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The major Jat tribes in Balochistan include:Sardarzahi[5][6]\nBabbar\nDograni\nChakkar\nGurchani\nLanjwani\nSasoli\nDodai[7]","title":"List of tribes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Qasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim"},{"link_name":"conquest of Sind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"Jats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jats"},{"link_name":"Meds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med_people"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Makran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Jats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Jats"},{"link_name":"Makran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran"},{"link_name":"Sibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibi"},{"link_name":"Lasbela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasbela_District"},{"link_name":"Baloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people"},{"link_name":"Kerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_province"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorasan_province"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Arab rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)"}],"text":"By the time of Muhammad bin Qasim's conquest of Sind in the eighth century, Arab writers described agglomerations of Jats and Meds in the arid, the wet, and the mountainous regions of the conquered land of the Sindh[8] and Makran regions of today's Pakistani province of Balochistan, which at that time was part of Sindh. The Arabs referred to the Jats as \"Zutts\" (Arabic: الزُّطِّ). The Jats were present in Makran Sibi and Lasbela long before the migration of ancestors of the Baloch from Kerman, Khorasan and the Sistan and Baluchistan provinces of present-day Iran. The Arab rulers though professing a theologically egalitarian religion, maintained the position of Jats and the discriminatory practices against them that had been put in place in the long period of Hindu rule in Sind between the eleventh and the sixteenth centuries.","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"The Sindhis of Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sindhis_of_Balochistan"}]
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[{"reference":"Khan, Sabir Badal (2013). Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore: Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore. Università di Napoli, \"l'Orientale\". p. 61.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8N1JCgAAQBAJ&dq=Jats+of+Balochistan&pg=PA61","url_text":"Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore: Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore"}]},{"reference":"Baluchistan (Pakistan) (1979). Balochistan Through the Ages: Tribes (reprint ed.). Nisa Traders (sole distributors Gosha-e-Adab).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RQANAAAAIAAJ&q=Jats","url_text":"Balochistan Through the Ages: Tribes"}]},{"reference":"Sir Richard Francis Burton (1898). William Henry Wilkins (ed.). The Jew, The Gypsy and El Islam. H. S. Stone. p. 215.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VHUWAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jats+of+Balochistan&pg=PA215","url_text":"The Jew, The Gypsy and El Islam"}]},{"reference":"Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid; Westphal, Heinz (1986). The Jat of Pakistan. Lok Virsa.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ&q=Jat","url_text":"The Jat of Pakistan"}]},{"reference":"Baluch, Muhammad Sardar Khan (1977). History of Baluch Race and Baluchistan. Gosha-e-Adab : distributors Nisa Trader. p. 268. ...Bizanjo, Mengal, Sajdi and Zehri as Jadgal or Jats...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mMk5AQAAIAAJ&q=Mengal+jadgal","url_text":"History of Baluch Race and Baluchistan"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brahuis are not Brahuis\". Araingang.","urls":[{"url":"https://araingang.medium.com/the-brahui-are-not-brahui-125b0d0136fd","url_text":"\"The Brahuis are not Brahuis\""}]},{"reference":"ʻAlī, Anṡārī ʻAlī Sher (1901). A Short Sketch, Historical and Traditional, of the Musalman Races Found in Sind, Baluchistan and Afghanistan, Their Genealogical Sub-divisions and Septs, Together with an Ethnological and Ethnographical Account. Printed at the Commissioner's Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eQk8AAAAMAAJ&dq=the+jat+baloch+%22lanjwani%22&pg=PA55","url_text":"A Short Sketch, Historical and Traditional, of the Musalman Races Found in Sind, Baluchistan and Afghanistan, Their Genealogical Sub-divisions and Septs, Together with an Ethnological and Ethnographical Account"}]},{"reference":"Mayaram, Shail (2003). Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12730-8. OCLC 52203150.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52203150","url_text":"Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12730-8","url_text":"0-231-12730-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52203150","url_text":"52203150"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8N1JCgAAQBAJ&dq=Jats+of+Balochistan&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore: Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RQANAAAAIAAJ&q=Jats","external_links_name":"Balochistan Through the Ages: Tribes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VHUWAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jats+of+Balochistan&pg=PA215","external_links_name":"The Jew, The Gypsy and El Islam"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ&q=Jat","external_links_name":"The Jat of Pakistan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mMk5AQAAIAAJ&q=Mengal+jadgal","external_links_name":"History of Baluch Race and Baluchistan"},{"Link":"https://araingang.medium.com/the-brahui-are-not-brahui-125b0d0136fd","external_links_name":"\"The Brahuis are not Brahuis\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eQk8AAAAMAAJ&dq=the+jat+baloch+%22lanjwani%22&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"A Short Sketch, Historical and Traditional, of the Musalman Races Found in Sind, Baluchistan and Afghanistan, Their Genealogical Sub-divisions and Septs, Together with an Ethnological and Ethnographical Account"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52203150","external_links_name":"Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52203150","external_links_name":"52203150"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Whitacre
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Eric Whitacre
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Style","5 Projects","5.1 Virtual Choir","5.2 Deep Field","5.3 Eric Whitacre Singers","5.4 Recording projects","5.5 Performance projects","5.6 The Sacred Veil","6 Awards and honors","7 Works","7.1 Wind ensemble","7.2 Choral","7.3 Other choral works","7.4 Orchestra","7.5 Music theatre","7.6 Other arrangements","7.7 Film and television","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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American composer (born 1970)
For other people with similar names, see Eric Whitaker (disambiguation).
Eric WhitacreWhitacre conducting in 2007Born (1970-01-02) January 2, 1970 (age 54)Reno, Nevada, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Nevada, Las VegasJuilliard SchoolOccupation(s)Composer, conductor, speakerSpouses
Hila Plitmann
(m. 1998; div. 2017)
Laurence Servaes (m. 2019)
Children1 (with Plitmann)
1 (with Servaes, b. 2020)Websiteericwhitacre.com
Eric Edward Whitacre (born January 2, 1970) is a Grammy-winning American composer, conductor, and speaker best known for his choral music.
Early life
Whitacre was born in Reno, Nevada, to Ross and Roxanne Whitacre. He studied piano intermittently as a child and joined a junior high marching band under band leader Jim Burnett. Later Whitacre played a synthesizer in a techno-pop band, dreaming of being a rock star. Although he initially resisted joining choir while attending college, Whitacre was eventually convinced. He described his own experience with his first choral rehearsal as a turning point in his life, saying, "In my entire life I had seen in black and white, and suddenly everything was in shocking Technicolor. It was the most transformative experience I've ever had—in that single moment, hearing dissonance and harmony, and people singing...". Though he was unable to read music at the time, Whitacre began his full musical training while he was an undergraduate at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He eventually earned a bachelor's degree in Music Composition.
Career
Whitacre studied composition with Ukrainian composer Virko Baley and choral conducting with Professor David B. Weiller, completing his bachelor's degree in 1995. Whitacre credits Weiller with the inspiration that put the young composer on the musical path. At 21, he wrote his setting of "Go, Lovely Rose" for his college choir and presented the composition as a gift to David Weiller. Whitacre went on to earn his master's degree in Composition at the Juilliard School, where he studied with John Corigliano and David Diamond. At the age of 23 he completed his first piece for Wind Orchestra, "Ghost Train", which has now been recorded more than 40 times. Tom Leslie contributed to his interest in writing for wind ensembles. While at Juilliard he met his future wife, soprano Hila Plitmann, and two of his closest friends, composers Steven Bryant and Jonathan Newman. He lived in Nevada until he was 25. He graduated in 1997 and moved to Los Angeles, and following the success of "Ghost Train" he decided to become a full-time professional composer.
Whitacre's first album as both composer and conductor on Decca Records, Light & Gold, won a Grammy Award in 2012, and became the No. 1 classical album in the US and UK charts within a week of release. Whitacre's second album, Water Night, was released on Decca in April 2012 and featured performances from his professional choir the Eric Whitacre Singers, the London Symphony Orchestra, Julian Lloyd Webber and Hila Plitmann.
Around January 25, 2011, Eric Whitacre began working with legendary film composer Hans Zimmer on the music for Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Whitacre co-composed the "Mermaid Theme" with Zimmer as well as conducting some of the choral sessions at Abbey Road Studios. His wife, Hila Plitmann, sang the solo material in the theme, having also invented the language the mermaids were singing in the film, a combination of Latin, Hebrew, and as she says, 'Elvish.' Whitacre enjoyed working with Zimmer, saying that he was a brilliant composer and a generous collaborator. Whitacre later collaborated with Zimmer for the 2016 film, Batman vs Superman: Dawn of Justice.
Whitacre has written for the London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, Chanticleer, Julian Lloyd Webber and the Philharmonia Orchestra, the Tallis Scholars, the King's Singers, Dallas Winds, the Berlin Rundfunkchor, and the Minnesota Orchestra, among others. His work of music theater, Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, won the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Harold Arlen Award and the Richard Rodgers Award, and earned 10 nominations at the Los Angeles Stage Alliance Ovation Awards. In 2011, he conducted the winning entries of the Abbey Road 80th Anniversary Anthem Competition, recording the London Symphony Orchestra and the Eric Whitacre Singers, in the Abbey Road Studio 1. Whitacre's Soaring Leap initiative is a dynamic one-day workshop where singers, conductors, and composers read, rehearse and perform several of his works.
From October to December 2010, Whitacre was a visiting Fellow at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, during Michaelmas (Autumn) Term. He composed a piece for the Choir of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and worked with students in masterclasses and workshops. From 2011 to 2016, he was Composer in Residence at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University. In 2016, Whitacre was appointed artist in residence with the Los Angeles Master Chorale. In July 2017, he co-presented the Eurovision Choir of the Year.
Personal life
From 1998 to 2017, Whitacre was married to Israeli singer Hila Plitmann. They have a son together, Esh Edward (b. 2005).
Whitacre married Belgian opera singer Laurence Servaes in Maui, Hawaii, in March 2019. They have a son together, Julian (b. 2020).
Style
A trademark of Whitacre's pieces is the use of aleatoric and indeterminate sections, as well as unusual score instructions involving, in some cases, hand actions or props. His work has been described as "weightless" and as the "sort of music Vaughan Williams might have composed in the Cambridge branch of Dunkin' Donuts". Anthony Tommasini described Whitacre's "Leonardo Dreams of His Flying Machine" in 2005 as "full of sound effects, portentous harmony and fractured riffs", writing that "the music was rather hokey, like a choral equivalent of a blatant film score."
Other critics have described his style as "full of shimmering, shuddering, shifting harmonies that awaken the ear to a contemporary yet accessible voice". Whitacre's style, similar to Morten Lauridsen's, has also been characterized as "neo-impressionistic".
Projects
Virtual Choir
"Virtual Choir" redirects here. For the concept, see Virtual choir.
Whitacre's Virtual Choir projects were inspired by a video sent to him of a young girl named Britlin Losee from Glen Cove, New York, singing one of his choral pieces. Singers record and upload their videos from locations all over the world. Each one of the videos is then synchronised and combined into one single performance to create the Virtual Choir. Whitacre began with a test run of Sleep, then Lux Aurumque in 2009 and then Sleep again in 2010. Whitacre's Virtual Choir performance of Lux Aurumque, has received almost 6.5 million views (as of July 2020), featuring 185 singers from 12 countries.
Whitacre's Virtual Choir 2.0, "Sleep", was released in April 2011 and involved more than 2,000 voices from 58 countries.
Virtual Choir 3, Water Night, written in 1995, combined 3,746 submissions from 73 countries and was released in April 2012. By the entry close date of February 1, 2012, 3,746 videos had been uploaded by 2,945 people in 73 countries, singing one or more parts of "Water Night". On April 15, the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic, the "Water Night" Virtual Choir video was shown in the new Titanic Belfast commemorative building.
Virtual Choir 4, "Fly to Paradise", contains 8,409 videos from 5,905 people from 101 countries. It launched at the Coronation Festival at Buckingham Palace/BBC1 on July 11, 2013.
The virtual World of Color Honor Choir was put together in 2013 by Eric Whitacre and Disney. The song, Glow, was written for the event. The final product included singers from all over the United States, totaling 1,473 singers.
The Virtual Youth Choir, in association with UNICEF, launched at the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony. It featured 2,292 singers aged 18 and under from more than 80 countries.
On May 4, 2018, Whitacre announced that Virtual Choir 5 would be his 2015 piece Deep Field. Other Virtual Choir projects include 'Glow' written for the Winter Dreams holiday show at Disneyland Adventure Park, California. To date, the Virtual Choirs have registered more than 60 million views.
On May 2, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Whitacre announced that the sixth iteration of Virtual Choir would be an original song entitled Sing Gently. It featured 17,572 singers from 129 countries, including 16 performers using Sign Language, and had its world premiere on YouTube on July 19, 2020.
In December 2020, Sing as One, an album of Whitacre's virtual choirs, was released. The album contains recordings of all eight virtual choirs listed above.
Deep Field
Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of the Universe is a 4k film for IMAX, cinema, projection in concert with live orchestra and for screenings at arts and science events. It is an audiovisual collaboration between Eric Whitacre, NASA, the Space Telescope Science Institute, Music Productions and 59 Productions. It premiered at Kennedy Space Center (Florida) in 2018 and has since been at Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, Dolby Theatre, the World Science Festival, Griffith Observatory, the American Astronomical Society Annual Meeting and in concert halls. The film is part of several STEAM education programs in North America, Europe and elsewhere.
The film is inspired by the Hubble Space Telescope, and its greatest discovery, the Deep Field image. The soundtrack composed by Whitacre features the Virtual Choir 5, representing 120 countries: more than 8,000 voices aged four to 87, alongside the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Eric Whitacre Singers.
Eric Whitacre Singers
The choir performs music from the Renaissance through to the current day, including Lauridsen, Britten, and the work of their founder and conductor. The Eric Whitacre Singers made their BBC Proms debut in 2012 in a program that included a collaboration with singer/songwriter Imogen Heap. The choir also sang at the Templeton Prize Laureate Ceremony for Archbishop Desmond Tutu alongside Annie Lennox, and the London African Gospel Choir. They work regularly with British soul artist Laura Mvula, and featured at the iTunes Festival, broadcast to 119 countries, performing with Hans Zimmer, and at an experiential installation for Anya Hindmarch in 2018.
Recording projects
Whitacre's first album with Decca, Light & Gold, was released in October 2010. This album won the Grammy for Best Choral Performance in 2012. Whitacre's second Decca album, Water Night, was released in April 2012 in the United States.
Since 2013, Whitacre has been releasing on his own independent label, UNQUIET, established as a joint venture with his managers at Music Productions. Feature releases on UNQUIET include Deep Field, Goodnight Moon and a 10-inch gatefold vinyl featuring Whitacre's choral cover of Trent Reznor’s "Hurt" and his setting of E. E. Cummings' "i carry your heart".
Performance projects
Whitacre, 2009
On October 24, 2010, Whitacre conducted an all-American program with the London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus at the Barbican London in a performance that featured his commission for the London Symphony Chorus entitled Songs of Immortality. In December 2010, Whitacre conducted the I Vocalisti choir in Hamburg, and was a guest conductor of the Christmas performance of the Berlin Rundfunkchor. In November 2010, Whitacre conducted Côrdydd, a Cardiff-based mixed choir, and friends in a concert of his work at the BBC Hoddinott Hall in the Wales Millennium Centre. He continued to develop his work of music theater, Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings. A concert version was given at Carnegie Hall in 2010.
Whitacre is a founding member of BCM International, a quartet of composers consisting of himself, Steven Bryant, Jonathan Newman, and James Bonney, which aspires to "enrich the wind ensemble repertoire with music unbound by traditional thought or idiomatic cliché." Whitacre made his BBC Proms debut with a late-night Prom in 2012. In 2015, he returned to the Proms to conduct a program of all-American music with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC Singers, and BBC Chorus. In 2015, Whitacre wrote Deep Field for orchestra, chorus, and mobile app; the piece was inspired by the Hubble Deep Field images and audience members play electronica from their smartphone apps.
In June 2014, Whitacre gave a live webcast from the Kennedy Center and subsequently conducted a massed choir of 400 singers on the Mall, Washington D.C., to mark Flag Day and the bicentenary of "The Star-Spangled Banner".
The Sacred Veil
Composed in 2018, The Sacred Veil is a 12-movement work from Whitacre and poet/lyricist Charles Anthony Silvestri. Silvestri's wife, Julie, died of ovarian cancer at age 36 in 2005, leaving two young children. His texts (written collaboratively with Whitacre) and the score tell a story of courtship, love, loss and the search for solace. The Los Angeles Times described the work as "memorably the precarious beauty of life, offering the welcome consolation of art and a momentary stay against our collective fate." The work was premiered at Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, in February 2019, and recordings released in late August 2020.
Awards and honors
Whitacre has won awards from the Barlow international composition competition, American Choral Directors Association, American Composers Forum and in 2001 became the recipient of The Raymond W. Brock Commission given by the American Choral Directors Association. His work of music theater Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings earned him a Richard Rodgers Award and received 10 nominations at the 2007 Los Angeles Stage Alliance Ovation Awards. The album Cloudburst and Other Choral Works received a Grammy nomination in 2007 for Best Choral Performance. Later, his album "Light & Gold" won a Grammy for Best Choral Performance in 2012.
Works
Wind ensemble
October
Sleep (choral transcription)
Lux Aurumque (transcription of the choral work, transposed a semitone lower from C-sharp minor to C minor)
Cloudburst (choral transcription)
Libertas Imperio (From Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings)
Ghost Train
Equus
Noisy Wheels of Joy
The Seal Lullaby (choral transcription)
Godzilla Eats Las Vegas!
Choral
A Boy and a Girl (poem by Octavio Paz)
Alleluia (adapted from his October)
Animal Crackers Volume 1
Animal Crackers Volume 2
Child of Wonder
Cloudburst (poem by Octavio Paz)
Deep Field
Enjoy the Silence (arrangement of Martin Gore / Depeche Mode song of the same name)
Five Hebrew Love Songs
Fly to Paradise (Virtual Choir 4)
Glow (Commissioned by Disneyland for World of Color Winter Dreams; lyrics by Edward Esch)
Goodnight Moon (arrangement of the children's book, initially for soprano, subsequently SSA and SATB)
Her Sacred Spirit Soars (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri)
Higher, Faster, Stronger (written for the BBC Proms in 2012)
Home, 2023 (with Voces8)
Hurt (arrangement of Trent Reznor / Nine Inch Nails song of the same name)
i carry your heart (poem by E. E. Cummings)
Little Birds
Little Tree
Lux Aurumque (poem by Edward Esch; translated into Latin by Charles Anthony Silvestri) (also set for male chorus)
Lux Nova (text by Edward Esch; translated into Latin by Charles Anthony Silvestri)
Nox Aurumque (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri)
Oculi Omnium
Psalm 137: By the Waters of Babylon (written originally for The Choir of Sidney Sussex, Cambridge and Dr. David Skinner, not yet published)
Sainte-Chapelle (commissioned by the Tallis Scholars to commemorate their 40th anniversary)
The Seal Lullaby (poem by Rudyard Kipling)
She Weeps Over Rahoon (poem by James Joyce)
Sing Gently (Virtual Choir 6)
Sleep (originally a setting of Robert Frost's poem, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"; for copyright reasons the published version uses a specially-written text by Charles Anthony Silvestri)
Sleep, My Child (Choral transcription from Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, also written for Concert Band)
Songs of Immortality
Lie still, sleep becalmed (text from Dylan Thomas's Deaths and Entrances)
Do not go gentle into that good night (text from Dylan Thomas's poem of that name)
After great pain (text by Emily Dickinson)
The Boy Who Laughed at Santa Claus (for SATB chorus, Children's chorus and piano, text by Ogden Nash)
The Chelsea Carol (commissioned by the Choirs of Birmingham-Southern College and Lester Seigel, text by Charles Anthony Silvestri)
The City and the Sea (setting of five poems by E. E. Cummings)
i walked the boulevard
the moon is hiding in her hair
maggie and milly and molly and may
as is the sea marvelous
little man in a hurry
The Sacred Veil (lyrics by Charles Anthony Silvestri)
The Star-Spangled Banner (text by Francis Scott Key)
The Stolen Child (for SATB choir & six solo voices or chamber choir, joint commission by the National Youth Choir of Great Britain and the King's Singers)
This Marriage
Three Flower Songs
I Hide Myself (poem by Emily Dickinson)
With a Lily in Your Hand (poem by Federico García Lorca)
Go, Lovely Rose (poem by Edmund Waller)
Three Songs of Faith (poems by E. E. Cummings)
i will wade out
hope faith life love
i thank You God for most this amazing day
Very Soon
Water Night (poem by Octavio Paz; translated by Muriel Rukeyser)
When David Heard
Other choral works
Alone (poem by Edgar Allan Poe, for male voice sextet)
Leonardo Dreams of His Flying Machine (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri, for SSATB & percussion)
Orchestra
Deep Field
Godzilla Eats Las Vegas
October
The River Cam
Water Night
Winter
Music theatre
Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, music theater
Other arrangements
Five Hebrew Love Songs; for soprano voice, solo violin, piano
Goodnight Moon; for soprano voice and string orchestra
Film and television
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, co-composer (with Hans Zimmer) of the Mermaid Theme and choral segments
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Choirmaster. Vocalists: Hila Plitmann, Dominic Lewis, Tory Letzler. Eric Whitacre Singers used in choral segments
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, with composer John Powell. Eric Whitacre Singers used in choral segments
Trigger, stock music
Kung Fu Panda 3, Conductor and vocal arrangements
Alligator Alley, stock music
The Great American Songs, composer
Enjoy the Silence, composer
References
^ a b c "Whitacre: Cloudburst & other choral works". Hyperion Records.
^ a b c d e Composers On Composing For Band, Volume 2. Ed. Mark Camphouse, GIA Publications, 2004, ISBN 9781579993856 pp. 253–262
^ Whitacre, Eric (April 2011), A virtual choir 2,000 voices strong, retrieved March 24, 2021
^ Light & Gold, ericwhitacre.com
^ About, ericwhitacre.com
^ "Classical Albums Charts". Billboard. November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
^ "Official Specialist Classical Chart Top 20". Official Charts. October 30, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
^ Pirates IV! – Blog – Eric Whitacre
^ Pirates IV is in Theaters This Weekend – Blog – Eric Whitacre
^ "Pirates of the Caribbean IV – Film Scores – Music Catalog – Eric Whitacre". Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
^ a b Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, ericwhitacre.com
^ Soaring Leap, ericwhitacre.com
^
"ERIC WHITACRE GLOBAL COMPOSER AND PERFORMER LAUNCHES NEW ALBUM LIGHT & GOLD ON DECCA RECORDS" (PDF). Ericwhitacre.com. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ "Eric Whitacre conducts Sidney Choir in new setting of College grace". Sidney Sussex College. 2010. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
^ "Eric Whitacre appointed as Composer in Residence". Sidney Sussex College. May 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
^ ""Choral Eurovision" is coming to Latvia". LSM. eng.lsm.lv. February 28, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
^ "Hila Plitmann: 'The Ancient Question'" Archived July 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine by Judith Malafronte, Opera News, vol. 76, no. 12, June 2012
^ Whitacre, Eric vs Plitmann, Hila, Los Angeles County Superior Courts, May 12, 2017 – September 1, 2018, via unicourt.com
^ "I married the love of my life @laurence_servaes. Altijd bloemen mijn vrouw!". Eric Whitacre. March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^
Shrock, Dennis (March 2009). Choral Repertoire. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 761. ISBN 978-0-19-532778-6.
^ Ivan Hewett (September 8, 2012). "Religious music for the commitment-phobe". The Daily Telegraph.
^ Allison, John (August 10, 2015). "Prom 32: Eric Whitacre, review: 'overstayed its welcome'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
^ "Jesus' History, Leonardo's Mind" by Anthony Tommasini, The New York Times, May 21, 2005
^ Gordon, Eric, A. (February 22, 2019). "'The Sacred Veil' opens hearts to the poignancy of death and loss". People's World. Retrieved September 23, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Angela Hall: Added-Tone Sonorities in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre (2012), Master of Arts thesis, Washington University in St. Louis doi:10.7936/K77M061J
^ Shane M. Lynch: Music Historiography and Useful Style Histories: The Case for the Evolving Era of Neo-Impressionism and its Influence on American Choral Music of the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries, D. Mus dissertation, University of Washington 2008 OCLC 271244791
^ Sleep – Eric Whitacre – Message and Singing from Britlin on YouTube
^ "They've Never Met, But 2,051 Singers Perform Together" by Jeff Lunden, NPR, April 6, 2011
^
Introduction to the Virtual Choir on YouTube
^ "Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir". Ericwhitacre.com. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ a b
Lux Aurumque on YouTube
^
Niccum, Jon (April 9, 2010). "Net Worth: Viral choral video traces roots to Lawrence encounter". LJWorld. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ Sleep on YouTube
^ Water Night on YouTube
^
Virtual Choir, ericwhitacre.com
^ Fly to Paradise on YouTube
^ "Disney's World of Color Honor Choir: Glow – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
^ Virtual Youth Choir Live Performance on YouTube
^ "Biography (Long)". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ "Singing In The Dark Times: Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir Takes On New Meaning". NPR.org. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ "Virtual Choir 6: Sing Gently – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
^ "Sing As One – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
^ "Eric Whitacre". Music Productions. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ "Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of our Universe". Deep Field. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ "Eric Whitacre Singers". Music Productions. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^
Chorus America. "Eric Whitacre Wins Grammy's "Best Choral Performance"". Light and Gold. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
^
"Help! – Blog – Eric Whitacre". EricWhitacre.com. July 30, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Artists". Los Angeles Master Chorale. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^ Whitacre, Eric. "Songs of immortality – Music Catalog – Eric Whitacre". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^ Whitacre, Eric. "Blog – Eric Whitacre". Eric Whitacre.
^ Price, Karen (November 5, 2010). "Eric Whitacre's World – Wales Online". Eric Whitacre's World. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^
Smith, Steve (June 16, 2010). "A Juggernaut Rolls Into Carnegie, Chorus in Tow". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ "BCM International – Eric Whitacre, Steven Bryant, Jonathan Newman, Jim Bonney". Bcminternational.com.
^ "Prom 32: Eric Whitacre and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra". BBC Music Events.
^ "Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of our Universe". Deep Field. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
^ "Biography (Long)". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ "The Sacred Veil". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ Schultz, Rick (February 19, 2019). "Cancer, chemo and The Sacred Veil: Master Chorale sings a search for solace". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ Chorale, Los Angeles Master. "Eric Whitacre's The Sacred Veil | Los Angeles Master Chorale". lamasterchorale.org.
^ "American Choral Directors Association". Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016., Retrieved March 2016
^
"54th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees And Winners". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Higher, Faster, Stronger". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ "Psalm 137: By the Waters of Babylon". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ "Sainte-Chapelle". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^
Whitacre's own foreword to Sleep, Walton Music, 2002
^ "The Stolen Child". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^
full text of i thank You God for most this amazing day.
^ "Eric & Eric Whitacre Singers perform on How To Train Your Dragon 3 Soundtrack". Eric Whitacre. November 1, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ a b c "Eric Whitacre". IMDb. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ The Great American Songs, November 23, 2014, retrieved July 15, 2019
^ Enjoy the Silence, November 25, 2013, retrieved July 15, 2019
Further reading
Larson, Andrew (December 2006). "Textural Density in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre". The Choral Journal. 47 (6): 22–33. JSTOR 23557137.
Hall, Angela (2012). Added-Tone Sonorities in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre (M.A. Thesis). Washington University in St. Louis. OCLC 806317560.
Hicks, Theodore Robert (2019). The Influence of Eric Whitacre's Compositional Technique in the Music of Emerging Choral Composers (M.M. Thesis). Ball State University. OCLC 1204301762.
Owen, Kenneth Lee (2008). Stylistic traits in the choral works of Lauridsen, Whitacre, and Clausen (1995–2005) (DMA Thesis). Arizona State University. OCLC 317068561 – via ProQuest.
Schneidereit, Nico (2017). "Eric Whitacres "Virtual Choir" als Chormusik 2.0 – Gemeinschaftliches Musizieren ohne Gemeinschaft?" . Die Musikforschung (in German). 70 (H. 4): 370–386. doi:10.52412/mf.2017.H4.335. JSTOR 45151728. S2CID 244247523.
Swan, Phillip A. (2016). In his own words: The choral music of Eric Whitacre from 1991-2004 (DMA Thesis). University of Miami. OCLC 1257957938.
Veltman, Chloe (June 19, 2011). "Eric Whitacre soars beyond world of choral music". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
Wine, Tom (September 2017). "Searching for an Icon: Eric Whitacre on Composing & Conducting". The Choral Journal. 58 (2): 44–58. JSTOR 26412845.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eric Whitacre.
Official website
Biography on Hyperion Records
Whitacre talking Archived May 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine at TED about the virtual choir
Classical Archives interview
vteEric WhitacreChoral
Water Night (1995)
Cloudburst (1995)
Lux Aurumque (2000)
Sleep (2000)
The Sacred Veil (2018)
Home (2023)
Orchestra
October (2000)
The River Cam (2011)
Theater
Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings (2007)
Related
Virtual choir
Category
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Whitaker (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Whitaker_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"For other people with similar names, see Eric Whitaker (disambiguation).Eric Edward Whitacre (born January 2, 1970) is a Grammy-winning American composer, conductor, and speaker best known for his choral music.","title":"Eric Whitacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reno, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyperion-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Composers-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Nevada, Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyperion-1"}],"text":"Whitacre was born in Reno, Nevada, to Ross and Roxanne Whitacre. He studied piano intermittently as a child and joined a junior high marching band under band leader Jim Burnett. Later Whitacre played a synthesizer in a techno-pop band, dreaming of being a rock star.[1][2] Although he initially resisted joining choir while attending college, Whitacre was eventually convinced. He described his own experience with his first choral rehearsal as a turning point in his life, saying, \"In my entire life I had seen in black and white, and suddenly everything was in shocking Technicolor. It was the most transformative experience I've ever had—in that single moment, hearing dissonance and harmony, and people singing...\".[3] Though he was unable to read music at the time, Whitacre began his full musical training while he was an undergraduate at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He eventually earned a bachelor's degree in Music Composition.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virko Baley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virko_Baley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Composers-2"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"John Corigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Corigliano"},{"link_name":"David Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Diamond_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Composers-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Composers-2"},{"link_name":"Hila Plitmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hila_Plitmann"},{"link_name":"Steven Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Bryant_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyperion-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Composers-2"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Julian Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Hila Plitmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hila_Plitmann"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hans Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Batman vs Superman: Dawn of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_vs_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Chorus"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Master Chorale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Master_Chorale"},{"link_name":"Chanticleer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanticleer_(ensemble)"},{"link_name":"Julian Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Philharmonia Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"the Tallis Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tallis_Scholars"},{"link_name":"the King's Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers"},{"link_name":"Dallas Winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Winds"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost:_Shadows_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradise_Lost-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Light-and-Gold_Oct-2010-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Choir of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_of_Sidney_Sussex_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Master Chorale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Master_Chorale"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Choir of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Choir_of_the_Year_2017"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSM-16"}],"text":"Whitacre studied composition with Ukrainian composer Virko Baley and choral conducting with Professor David B. Weiller, completing his bachelor's degree in 1995. Whitacre credits Weiller with the inspiration that put the young composer on the musical path.[2] At 21, he wrote his setting of \"Go, Lovely Rose\" for his college choir and presented the composition as a gift to David Weiller. Whitacre went on to earn his master's degree in Composition at the Juilliard School, where he studied with John Corigliano and David Diamond.[2] At the age of 23 he completed his first piece for Wind Orchestra, \"Ghost Train\", which has now been recorded more than 40 times. Tom Leslie contributed to his interest in writing for wind ensembles.[2] While at Juilliard he met his future wife, soprano Hila Plitmann, and two of his closest friends, composers Steven Bryant and Jonathan Newman. He lived in Nevada until he was 25. He graduated in 1997 and moved to Los Angeles, and following the success of \"Ghost Train\" he decided to become a full-time professional composer.[1][2]Whitacre's first album as both composer and conductor on Decca Records, Light & Gold,[4] won a Grammy Award in 2012, and became the No. 1 classical album in the US and UK charts within a week of release.[5][6][7] Whitacre's second album, Water Night, was released on Decca in April 2012 and featured performances from his professional choir the Eric Whitacre Singers, the London Symphony Orchestra, Julian Lloyd Webber and Hila Plitmann.Around January 25, 2011,[8] Eric Whitacre began working with legendary film composer Hans Zimmer on the music for Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Whitacre co-composed the \"Mermaid Theme\" with Zimmer as well as conducting some of the choral sessions at Abbey Road Studios.[9] His wife, Hila Plitmann, sang the solo material in the theme, having also invented the language the mermaids were singing in the film, a combination of Latin, Hebrew, and as she says, 'Elvish.' Whitacre enjoyed working with Zimmer, saying that he was a brilliant composer and a generous collaborator.[10] Whitacre later collaborated with Zimmer for the 2016 film, Batman vs Superman: Dawn of Justice.Whitacre has written for the London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, the Los Angeles Master Chorale, Chanticleer, Julian Lloyd Webber and the Philharmonia Orchestra, the Tallis Scholars, the King's Singers, Dallas Winds, the Berlin Rundfunkchor, and the Minnesota Orchestra, among others. His work of music theater, Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings,[11] won the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Harold Arlen Award and the Richard Rodgers Award, and earned 10 nominations at the Los Angeles Stage Alliance Ovation Awards. In 2011, he conducted the winning entries of the Abbey Road 80th Anniversary Anthem Competition, recording the London Symphony Orchestra and the Eric Whitacre Singers, in the Abbey Road Studio 1. Whitacre's Soaring Leap initiative is a dynamic one-day workshop where singers, conductors, and composers read, rehearse and perform several of his works.[12]From October to December 2010, Whitacre was a visiting Fellow at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, during Michaelmas (Autumn) Term.[13][14] He composed a piece for the Choir of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and worked with students in masterclasses and workshops. From 2011 to 2016, he was Composer in Residence at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University.[15] In 2016, Whitacre was appointed artist in residence with the Los Angeles Master Chorale. In July 2017, he co-presented the Eurovision Choir of the Year.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hila Plitmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hila_Plitmann"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"From 1998 to 2017, Whitacre was married to Israeli singer Hila Plitmann.[17][18] They have a son together, Esh Edward (b. 2005).Whitacre married Belgian opera singer Laurence Servaes in Maui, Hawaii, in March 2019.[19] They have a son together, Julian (b. 2020).","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aleatoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoricism"},{"link_name":"indeterminate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shrock-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Anthony Tommasini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Morten Lauridsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Lauridsen"},{"link_name":"impressionistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism_in_music"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"A trademark of Whitacre's pieces is the use of aleatoric and indeterminate sections, as well as unusual score instructions involving, in some cases, hand actions or props.[20] His work has been described as \"weightless\"[21] and as the \"sort of music Vaughan Williams might have composed in the Cambridge branch of Dunkin' Donuts\".[22] Anthony Tommasini described Whitacre's \"Leonardo Dreams of His Flying Machine\" in 2005 as \"full of sound effects, portentous harmony and fractured riffs\", writing that \"the music was rather hokey, like a choral equivalent of a blatant film score.\"[23]Other critics have described his style as \"full of shimmering, shuddering, shifting harmonies that awaken the ear to a contemporary yet accessible voice\".[24] Whitacre's style, similar to Morten Lauridsen's, has also been characterized as \"neo-impressionistic\".[25][26]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virtual choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_choir"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTube_%E2%80%93_Introduction_to_the_Virtual_Choir-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_(choral_song)"},{"link_name":"Lux Aurumque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Aurumque"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lux_Aurumque-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lawrence-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lux_Aurumque-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Water Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Night"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virtualchoir-35"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"Titanic Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_Belfast"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"2014 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Virtual Choir","text":"\"Virtual Choir\" redirects here. For the concept, see Virtual choir.Whitacre's Virtual Choir projects were inspired by a video sent to him of a young girl named Britlin Losee[27][28] from Glen Cove, New York, singing one of his choral pieces.[29] Singers record and upload their videos from locations all over the world. Each one of the videos is then synchronised and combined into one single performance to create the Virtual Choir.[30] Whitacre began with a test run of Sleep, then Lux Aurumque in 2009[31][32] and then Sleep again in 2010. Whitacre's Virtual Choir performance of Lux Aurumque, has received almost 6.5 million views (as of July 2020), featuring 185 singers from 12 countries.[31]Whitacre's Virtual Choir 2.0, \"Sleep\", was released in April 2011 and involved more than 2,000 voices from 58 countries.[33]Virtual Choir 3, Water Night, written in 1995, combined 3,746 submissions from 73 countries and was released in April 2012.[34][35] By the entry close date of February 1, 2012, 3,746 videos had been uploaded by 2,945 people in 73 countries, singing one or more parts of \"Water Night\". On April 15, the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic, the \"Water Night\" Virtual Choir video was shown in the new Titanic Belfast commemorative building.Virtual Choir 4, \"Fly to Paradise\", contains 8,409 videos from 5,905 people from 101 countries. It launched at the Coronation Festival at Buckingham Palace/BBC1 on July 11, 2013.[36]The virtual World of Color Honor Choir was put together in 2013 by Eric Whitacre and Disney. The song, Glow, was written for the event. The final product included singers from all over the United States, totaling 1,473 singers.[37]The Virtual Youth Choir, in association with UNICEF, launched at the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony. It featured 2,292 singers aged 18 and under from more than 80 countries.[38]On May 4, 2018, Whitacre announced that Virtual Choir 5 would be his 2015 piece Deep Field. Other Virtual Choir projects include 'Glow' written for the Winter Dreams holiday show at Disneyland Adventure Park, California. To date, the Virtual Choirs have registered more than 60 million views.[39]On May 2, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Whitacre announced that the sixth iteration of Virtual Choir would be an original song entitled Sing Gently. It featured 17,572 singers from 129 countries, including 16 performers using Sign Language, and had its world premiere on YouTube on July 19, 2020.[40][41]In December 2020, Sing as One, an album of Whitacre's virtual choirs, was released. The album contains recordings of all eight virtual choirs listed above.[42]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4k film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4K_resolution"},{"link_name":"IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Space Telescope Science Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Telescope_Science_Institute"},{"link_name":"59 Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59_Productions"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dolby Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Theatre"},{"link_name":"World Science Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Science_Festival"},{"link_name":"Griffith Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Observatory"},{"link_name":"American Astronomical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society"},{"link_name":"STEAM education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_Education"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Deep Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Deep_Field"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Deep Field","text":"Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of the Universe is a 4k film for IMAX, cinema, projection in concert with live orchestra and for screenings at arts and science events. It is an audiovisual collaboration between Eric Whitacre, NASA, the Space Telescope Science Institute, Music Productions and 59 Productions. It premiered at Kennedy Space Center (Florida) in 2018 and has since been at Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, Dolby Theatre, the World Science Festival, Griffith Observatory, the American Astronomical Society Annual Meeting and in concert halls. The film is part of several STEAM education programs in North America, Europe and elsewhere.[43]The film is inspired by the Hubble Space Telescope, and its greatest discovery, the Deep Field image. The soundtrack composed by Whitacre features the Virtual Choir 5, representing 120 countries: more than 8,000 voices aged four to 87, alongside the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Eric Whitacre Singers.[44]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Lauridsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Lauridsen"},{"link_name":"Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britten"},{"link_name":"BBC Proms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Proms"},{"link_name":"Imogen Heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Heap"},{"link_name":"Templeton Prize Laureate Ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templeton_Prize"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"Annie Lennox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Lennox"},{"link_name":"Laura Mvula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Mvula"},{"link_name":"iTunes Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Hans Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Anya Hindmarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anya_Hindmarch"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Eric Whitacre Singers","text":"The choir performs music from the Renaissance through to the current day, including Lauridsen, Britten, and the work of their founder and conductor. The Eric Whitacre Singers made their BBC Proms debut in 2012 in a program that included a collaboration with singer/songwriter Imogen Heap. The choir also sang at the Templeton Prize Laureate Ceremony for Archbishop Desmond Tutu alongside Annie Lennox, and the London African Gospel Choir. They work regularly with British soul artist Laura Mvula, and featured at the iTunes Festival, broadcast to 119 countries, performing with Hans Zimmer, and at an experiential installation for Anya Hindmarch in 2018.[45]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chorus_America-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blog/help-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Trent Reznor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Reznor"},{"link_name":"E. E. Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Cummings"}],"sub_title":"Recording projects","text":"Whitacre's first album with Decca, Light & Gold, was released in October 2010. This album won the Grammy for Best Choral Performance in 2012.[46] Whitacre's second Decca album, Water Night, was released in April 2012 in the United States.[47][48]Since 2013, Whitacre has been releasing on his own independent label, UNQUIET, established as a joint venture with his managers at Music Productions. Feature releases on UNQUIET include Deep Field, Goodnight Moon and a 10-inch gatefold vinyl featuring Whitacre's choral cover of Trent Reznor’s \"Hurt\" and his setting of E. E. Cummings' \"i carry your heart\".","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Whitacre_conducts_students.jpg"},{"link_name":"London Symphony Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Chorus"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Wales Millennium Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost:_Shadows_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTJune-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcminternational-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Hubble Deep Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Deep_Field"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Performance projects","text":"Whitacre, 2009On October 24, 2010, Whitacre conducted an all-American program with the London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus at the Barbican London in a performance that featured his commission for the London Symphony Chorus entitled Songs of Immortality.[49] In December 2010, Whitacre conducted the I Vocalisti choir in Hamburg, and was a guest conductor of the Christmas performance of the Berlin Rundfunkchor.[50] In November 2010, Whitacre conducted Côrdydd, a Cardiff-based mixed choir, and friends in a concert of his work at the BBC Hoddinott Hall in the Wales Millennium Centre.[51] He continued to develop his work of music theater, Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings. A concert version was given at Carnegie Hall in 2010.[52]Whitacre is a founding member of BCM International, a quartet of composers consisting of himself, Steven Bryant, Jonathan Newman, and James Bonney, which aspires to \"enrich the wind ensemble repertoire with music unbound by traditional thought or idiomatic cliché.\"[53] Whitacre made his BBC Proms debut with a late-night Prom in 2012. In 2015, he returned to the Proms to conduct a program of all-American music with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, BBC Singers, and BBC Chorus.[54] In 2015, Whitacre wrote Deep Field for orchestra, chorus, and mobile app; the piece was inspired by the Hubble Deep Field images and audience members play electronica from their smartphone apps.[55]In June 2014, Whitacre gave a live webcast from the Kennedy Center and subsequently conducted a massed choir of 400 singers on the Mall, Washington D.C., to mark Flag Day and the bicentenary of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".[56]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sacred Veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Veil"},{"link_name":"Charles Anthony Silvestri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Silvestri"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"The Sacred Veil","text":"Composed in 2018, The Sacred Veil is a 12-movement work from Whitacre and poet/lyricist Charles Anthony Silvestri. Silvestri's wife, Julie, died of ovarian cancer at age 36 in 2005, leaving two young children. His texts (written collaboratively with Whitacre) and the score tell a story of courtship, love, loss and the search for solace.[57] The Los Angeles Times described the work as \"memorably [celebrating] the precarious beauty of life, offering the welcome consolation of art and a momentary stay against our collective fate.\"[58] The work was premiered at Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, in February 2019,[59] and recordings released in late August 2020.","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barlow international composition competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow_Endowment"},{"link_name":"American Choral Directors Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Choral_Directors_Association"},{"link_name":"American Composers Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Composers_Forum"},{"link_name":"The Raymond W. Brock Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Commission"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brock-60"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP_Richard_Rodgers_Award"},{"link_name":"Ovation Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovation_Awards"},{"link_name":"Cloudburst and Other Choral Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudburst_(Whitacre)"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grammy.com_2011-61"}],"text":"Whitacre has won awards from the Barlow international composition competition, American Choral Directors Association, American Composers Forum and in 2001 became the recipient of The Raymond W. Brock Commission given by the American Choral Directors Association.[60] His work of music theater Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings earned him a Richard Rodgers Award and received 10 nominations at the 2007 Los Angeles Stage Alliance Ovation Awards. The album Cloudburst and Other Choral Works received a Grammy nomination in 2007 for Best Choral Performance. Later, his album \"Light & Gold\" won a Grammy for Best Choral Performance in 2012.[61]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_(Whitacre)"},{"link_name":"Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_(choral_song)"},{"link_name":"Lux Aurumque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Aurumque"},{"link_name":"Cloudburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudburst_(Whitacre)"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost:_Shadows_and_Wings"}],"sub_title":"Wind ensemble","text":"October\nSleep (choral transcription)\nLux Aurumque (transcription of the choral work, transposed a semitone lower from C-sharp minor to C minor)\nCloudburst (choral transcription)\nLibertas Imperio (From Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings)\nGhost Train\nEquus\nNoisy Wheels of Joy\nThe Seal Lullaby (choral transcription)\nGodzilla Eats Las Vegas!","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Octavio Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavio_Paz"},{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_(Whitacre)"},{"link_name":"Cloudburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudburst_(Whitacre)"},{"link_name":"Enjoy the Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjoy_the_Silence"},{"link_name":"Martin Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gore"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"World of Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Color"},{"link_name":"Goodnight Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight_Moon#Musical_adaptation"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_(Voces8_and_Eric_Whitacre_album)"},{"link_name":"Voces8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voces8"},{"link_name":"Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurt_(Nine_Inch_Nails_song)"},{"link_name":"Trent Reznor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Reznor"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"E. E. Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Cummings"},{"link_name":"Lux Aurumque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Aurumque"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_(choral_song)"},{"link_name":"Robert Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost"},{"link_name":"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_by_Woods_on_a_Snowy_Evening"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sleep_2002-65"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost:_Shadows_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"Dylan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Deaths and Entrances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_and_Entrances"},{"link_name":"poem of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night"},{"link_name":"Emily Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"The Sacred Veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacred_Veil"},{"link_name":"National Youth Choir of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Choirs_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"King's Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Singers"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Edmund Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Waller"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazing_day-67"},{"link_name":"Water Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Night"},{"link_name":"Muriel Rukeyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Rukeyser"}],"sub_title":"Choral","text":"A Boy and a Girl (poem by Octavio Paz)\nAlleluia (adapted from his October)\nAnimal Crackers Volume 1\nAnimal Crackers Volume 2\nChild of Wonder\nCloudburst (poem by Octavio Paz)\nDeep Field\nEnjoy the Silence (arrangement of Martin Gore / Depeche Mode song of the same name)\nFive Hebrew Love Songs\nFly to Paradise (Virtual Choir 4)\nGlow (Commissioned by Disneyland for World of Color Winter Dreams; lyrics by Edward Esch)\nGoodnight Moon (arrangement of the children's book, initially for soprano, subsequently SSA and SATB)\nHer Sacred Spirit Soars (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri)\nHigher, Faster, Stronger (written for the BBC Proms in 2012)[62]\nHome, 2023 (with Voces8)\nHurt (arrangement of Trent Reznor / Nine Inch Nails song of the same name)\ni carry your heart (poem by E. E. Cummings)\nLittle Birds\nLittle Tree\nLux Aurumque (poem by Edward Esch; translated into Latin by Charles Anthony Silvestri) (also set for male chorus)\nLux Nova (text by Edward Esch; translated into Latin by Charles Anthony Silvestri)\nNox Aurumque (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri)\nOculi Omnium\nPsalm 137: By the Waters of Babylon (written originally for The Choir of Sidney Sussex, Cambridge and Dr. David Skinner, not yet published)[63]\nSainte-Chapelle (commissioned by the Tallis Scholars to commemorate their 40th anniversary)[64]\nThe Seal Lullaby (poem by Rudyard Kipling)\nShe Weeps Over Rahoon (poem by James Joyce)\nSing Gently (Virtual Choir 6)\nSleep (originally a setting of Robert Frost's poem, \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\"; for copyright reasons[65] the published version uses a specially-written text by Charles Anthony Silvestri)\nSleep, My Child (Choral transcription from Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, also written for Concert Band)\nSongs of Immortality\nLie still, sleep becalmed (text from Dylan Thomas's Deaths and Entrances)\nDo not go gentle into that good night (text from Dylan Thomas's poem of that name)\nAfter great pain (text by Emily Dickinson)\nThe Boy Who Laughed at Santa Claus (for SATB chorus, Children's chorus and piano, text by Ogden Nash)\nThe Chelsea Carol (commissioned by the Choirs of Birmingham-Southern College and Lester Seigel, text by Charles Anthony Silvestri)\nThe City and the Sea (setting of five poems by E. E. Cummings)\ni walked the boulevard\nthe moon is hiding in her hair\nmaggie and milly and molly and may\nas is the sea marvelous\nlittle man in a hurry\nThe Sacred Veil (lyrics by Charles Anthony Silvestri)\nThe Star-Spangled Banner (text by Francis Scott Key)\nThe Stolen Child (for SATB choir & six solo voices or chamber choir, joint commission by the National Youth Choir of Great Britain and the King's Singers)[66]\nThis Marriage\nThree Flower Songs\nI Hide Myself (poem by Emily Dickinson)\nWith a Lily in Your Hand (poem by Federico García Lorca)\nGo, Lovely Rose (poem by Edmund Waller)\nThree Songs of Faith (poems by E. E. Cummings)\ni will wade out\nhope faith life love\ni thank You God for most this amazing day[67]\nVery Soon\nWater Night (poem by Octavio Paz; translated by Muriel Rukeyser)\nWhen David Heard","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other choral works","text":"Alone (poem by Edgar Allan Poe, for male voice sextet)\nLeonardo Dreams of His Flying Machine (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri, for SSATB & percussion)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_(Whitacre)"},{"link_name":"The River Cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_Cam"}],"sub_title":"Orchestra","text":"Deep Field\nGodzilla Eats Las Vegas\nOctober\nThe River Cam\nWater Night\nWinter","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost:_Shadows_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paradise_Lost-11"}],"sub_title":"Music theatre","text":"Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, music theater[11]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other arrangements","text":"Five Hebrew Love Songs; for soprano voice, solo violin, piano\nGoodnight Moon; for soprano voice and string orchestra","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides"},{"link_name":"Hans Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Hila Plitmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hila_Plitmann"},{"link_name":"Dominic Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Lewis"},{"link_name":"How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon:_The_Hidden_World"},{"link_name":"John Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Powell_(film_composer)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eric_Whitacre-69"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_3"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eric_Whitacre-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eric_Whitacre-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, co-composer (with Hans Zimmer) of the Mermaid Theme and choral segments\nBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Choirmaster. Vocalists: Hila Plitmann, Dominic Lewis, Tory Letzler. Eric Whitacre Singers used in choral segments\nHow to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, with composer John Powell. Eric Whitacre Singers used in choral segments[68]\nTrigger, stock music[69]\nKung Fu Panda 3, Conductor and vocal arrangements[69]\nAlligator Alley, stock music[69]\nThe Great American Songs, composer[70]\nEnjoy the Silence, composer[71]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Choral Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choral_Journal"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23557137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23557137"},{"link_name":"Added-Tone Sonorities in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1736&context=etd#:~:text=Whitacre's%20added%20tones%20create%20movement,to%20the%20B%20major%20triad."},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"806317560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/806317560"},{"link_name":"The Influence of Eric Whitacre's Compositional Technique in the Music of Emerging Choral Composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/items/2ef11798-b500-4f41-b117-635a0d605b79"},{"link_name":"Ball State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_State_University"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1204301762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1204301762"},{"link_name":"Stylistic traits in the choral works of Lauridsen, Whitacre, and Clausen (1995–2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.proquest.com/openview/8e2c9ffd096f491f28ef5c96f1a25494/1?cbl=18750&pq-origsite=gscholar"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"317068561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/317068561"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest"},{"link_name":"\"Eric Whitacres \"Virtual Choir\" als Chormusik 2.0 – Gemeinschaftliches Musizieren ohne Gemeinschaft?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.52412%2Fmf.2017.H4.335"},{"link_name":"Die Musikforschung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Musikforschung"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.52412/mf.2017.H4.335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.52412%2Fmf.2017.H4.335"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45151728","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/45151728"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"244247523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244247523"},{"link_name":"In his own words: The choral music of Eric Whitacre from 1991-2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/In-His-Own-Words-The-Choral-Music-of-Eric-Whitacre-from-1991-2004/991031447164602976"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1257957938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1257957938"},{"link_name":"\"Eric Whitacre soars beyond world of choral music\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-19-la-ca-eric-whitacre-20110619-story.html"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"The Choral Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choral_Journal"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26412845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/26412845"}],"text":"Larson, Andrew (December 2006). \"Textural Density in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre\". The Choral Journal. 47 (6): 22–33. JSTOR 23557137.\nHall, Angela (2012). Added-Tone Sonorities in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre (M.A. Thesis). Washington University in St. Louis. OCLC 806317560.\nHicks, Theodore Robert (2019). The Influence of Eric Whitacre's Compositional Technique in the Music of Emerging Choral Composers (M.M. Thesis). Ball State University. OCLC 1204301762.\nOwen, Kenneth Lee (2008). Stylistic traits in the choral works of Lauridsen, Whitacre, and Clausen (1995–2005) (DMA Thesis). Arizona State University. OCLC 317068561 – via ProQuest.\nSchneidereit, Nico (2017). \"Eric Whitacres \"Virtual Choir\" als Chormusik 2.0 – Gemeinschaftliches Musizieren ohne Gemeinschaft?\" [Eric Whitacre's “Virtual Choir” as Choral Music 2.0 – Making Music Together Without a Community?]. Die Musikforschung (in German). 70 (H. 4): 370–386. doi:10.52412/mf.2017.H4.335. JSTOR 45151728. S2CID 244247523.\nSwan, Phillip A. (2016). In his own words: The choral music of Eric Whitacre from 1991-2004 (DMA Thesis). University of Miami. OCLC 1257957938.\nVeltman, Chloe (June 19, 2011). \"Eric Whitacre soars beyond world of choral music\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2023.\nWine, Tom (September 2017). \"Searching for an Icon: Eric Whitacre on Composing & Conducting\". The Choral Journal. 58 (2): 44–58. JSTOR 26412845.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Whitacre, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Eric_Whitacre_conducts_students.jpg/220px-Eric_Whitacre_conducts_students.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Whitacre: Cloudburst & other choral works\". Hyperion Records.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_CDA67543","url_text":"\"Whitacre: Cloudburst & other choral works\""}]},{"reference":"Whitacre, Eric (April 2011), A virtual choir 2,000 voices strong, retrieved March 24, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ted.com/talks/eric_whitacre_a_virtual_choir_2_000_voices_strong","url_text":"A virtual choir 2,000 voices strong"}]},{"reference":"\"Classical Albums Charts\". Billboard. November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/classical-albums/2010-11-06","url_text":"\"Classical Albums Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Specialist Classical Chart Top 20\". Official Charts. October 30, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/specialist-classical-chart/20101024/specclass/","url_text":"\"Official Specialist Classical Chart Top 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pirates of the Caribbean IV – Film Scores – Music Catalog – Eric Whitacre\". Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120622110245/http://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/film-scores/pirates-of-the-caribbean-iv","url_text":"\"Pirates of the Caribbean IV – Film Scores – Music Catalog – Eric Whitacre\""},{"url":"http://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/film-scores/pirates-of-the-caribbean-iv","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ERIC WHITACRE GLOBAL COMPOSER AND PERFORMER LAUNCHES NEW ALBUM LIGHT & GOLD ON DECCA RECORDS\" (PDF). Ericwhitacre.com. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ericwhitacre.com/wp-content/uploads/Light-and-Gold_Oct-2010_Launch-Release.pdf","url_text":"\"ERIC WHITACRE GLOBAL COMPOSER AND PERFORMER LAUNCHES NEW ALBUM LIGHT & GOLD ON DECCA RECORDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Whitacre conducts Sidney Choir in new setting of College grace\". Sidney Sussex College. 2010. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224133/https://www.sid.cam.ac.uk/life/news/newsitem.html?nid=162","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre conducts Sidney Choir in new setting of College grace\""},{"url":"https://www.sid.cam.ac.uk/life/news/newsitem.html?nid=162","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Whitacre appointed as Composer in Residence\". Sidney Sussex College. May 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224112/https://www.sid.cam.ac.uk/life/news/295/eric-whitacre-appointed-as-composer-in-residence.html","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre appointed as Composer in Residence\""},{"url":"https://www.sid.cam.ac.uk/life/news/295/eric-whitacre-appointed-as-composer-in-residence.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Choral Eurovision\" is coming to Latvia\". LSM. eng.lsm.lv. February 28, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/culture/choral-eurovision-is-coming-to-latvia.a225909/","url_text":"\"\"Choral Eurovision\" is coming to Latvia\""}]},{"reference":"\"I married the love of my life @laurence_servaes. Altijd bloemen mijn vrouw!\". Eric Whitacre. March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/instagram/i-married-the-love-of-my-life-laurence_servaes-altijd-bloemen-mijn-vrouw","url_text":"\"I married the love of my life @laurence_servaes. Altijd bloemen mijn vrouw!\""}]},{"reference":"Shrock, Dennis (March 2009). Choral Repertoire. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 761. ISBN 978-0-19-532778-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532778-6","url_text":"978-0-19-532778-6"}]},{"reference":"Ivan Hewett (September 8, 2012). \"Religious music for the commitment-phobe\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hewett","url_text":"Ivan Hewett"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/proms/9528897/Religious-music-for-the-commitment-phobe.html","url_text":"\"Religious music for the commitment-phobe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Allison, John (August 10, 2015). \"Prom 32: Eric Whitacre, review: 'overstayed its welcome'\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/classical-music/prom-32-eric-whitacre-review/","url_text":"\"Prom 32: Eric Whitacre, review: 'overstayed its welcome'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Eric, A. (February 22, 2019). \"'The Sacred Veil' opens hearts to the poignancy of death and loss\". People's World. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/the-sacred-veil-opens-hearts-to-the-poignancy-of-death-and-loss/","url_text":"\"'The Sacred Veil' opens hearts to the poignancy of death and loss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\". Ericwhitacre.com. Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/the-virtual-choir","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\""}]},{"reference":"Niccum, Jon (April 9, 2010). \"Net Worth: Viral choral video traces roots to Lawrence encounter\". LJWorld. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2010/apr/09/net-worth-viral-choral-video-traces-roots-lawrence/","url_text":"\"Net Worth: Viral choral video traces roots to Lawrence encounter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disney's World of Color Honor Choir: Glow – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved March 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/the-virtual-choir/history/world-of-color-honor-choir-glow","url_text":"\"Disney's World of Color Honor Choir: Glow – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography (Long)\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/biography/long","url_text":"\"Biography (Long)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singing In The Dark Times: Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir Takes On New Meaning\". NPR.org. Retrieved July 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/07/18/892634271/singing-in-the-dark-times-eric-whitacres-virtual-choir-takes-on-new-meaning","url_text":"\"Singing In The Dark Times: Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir Takes On New Meaning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virtual Choir 6: Sing Gently – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved March 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/the-virtual-choir/history/vc6-singgently","url_text":"\"Virtual Choir 6: Sing Gently – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sing As One – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved March 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/the-virtual-choir/sing-as-one","url_text":"\"Sing As One – Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Whitacre\". Music Productions. Retrieved June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicprods.co.uk/portfolio-items/eric-whitacre/","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of our Universe\". Deep Field. Retrieved June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepfieldfilm.com/","url_text":"\"Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of our Universe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Whitacre Singers\". Music Productions. Retrieved June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicprods.co.uk/portfolio-items/eric-whitacre-singers/","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre Singers\""}]},{"reference":"Chorus America. \"Eric Whitacre Wins Grammy's \"Best Choral Performance\"\". Light and Gold. Retrieved March 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chorusamerica.org/publications/high-notes/eric-whitacre-wins-grammys-best-choral-performance","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre Wins Grammy's \"Best Choral Performance\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Help! – Blog – Eric Whitacre\". EricWhitacre.com. July 30, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ericwhitacre.com/blog/help","url_text":"\"Help! – Blog – Eric Whitacre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artists\". Los Angeles Master Chorale. Retrieved November 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lamasterchorale.org/eric-whitacre","url_text":"\"Artists\""}]},{"reference":"Whitacre, Eric. \"Songs of immortality – Music Catalog – Eric Whitacre\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved November 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/songs-of-immortality","url_text":"\"Songs of immortality – Music Catalog – Eric Whitacre\""}]},{"reference":"Whitacre, Eric. \"Blog – Eric Whitacre\". Eric Whitacre.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/blog/page/26","url_text":"\"Blog – Eric Whitacre\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Karen (November 5, 2010). \"Eric Whitacre's World – Wales Online\". Eric Whitacre's World. Retrieved November 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/eric-whitacres-world-1883911","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre's World – Wales Online\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Steve (June 16, 2010). \"A Juggernaut Rolls Into Carnegie, Chorus in Tow\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/17/arts/music/17eric.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=whitacre%20cargenie%20hall&st=cse","url_text":"\"A Juggernaut Rolls Into Carnegie, Chorus in Tow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"BCM International – Eric Whitacre, Steven Bryant, Jonathan Newman, Jim Bonney\". Bcminternational.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bcminternational.com/","url_text":"\"BCM International – Eric Whitacre, Steven Bryant, Jonathan Newman, Jim Bonney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prom 32: Eric Whitacre and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\". BBC Music Events.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/evxwhn","url_text":"\"Prom 32: Eric Whitacre and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of our Universe\". Deep Field. Retrieved January 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepfieldfilm.com/","url_text":"\"Deep Field: The Impossible Magnitude of our Universe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography (Long)\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/biography/long","url_text":"\"Biography (Long)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Sacred Veil\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/the-sacred-veil","url_text":"\"The Sacred Veil\""}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Rick (February 19, 2019). \"Cancer, chemo and The Sacred Veil: Master Chorale sings a search for solace\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-eric-whitacre-sacred-veil-20190219-story.html","url_text":"\"Cancer, chemo and The Sacred Veil: Master Chorale sings a search for solace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Chorale, Los Angeles Master. \"Eric Whitacre's The Sacred Veil | Los Angeles Master Chorale\". lamasterchorale.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://lamasterchorale.org/eric-whitacre-the-sacred-veil","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre's The Sacred Veil | Los Angeles Master Chorale\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Choral Directors Association\". Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308063227/http://www.acda.org/page.asp?page=brock_pieces","url_text":"\"American Choral Directors Association\""},{"url":"http://acda.org/page.asp?page%3Dbrock_pieces","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"54th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees And Winners\". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved May 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees?year=2011&genre=5","url_text":"\"54th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees And Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Higher, Faster, Stronger\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/higher-faster-stronger","url_text":"\"Higher, Faster, Stronger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Psalm 137: By the Waters of Babylon\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/psalm-137","url_text":"\"Psalm 137: By the Waters of Babylon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sainte-Chapelle\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/sainte-chapelle","url_text":"\"Sainte-Chapelle\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stolen Child\". Eric Whitacre. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/music-catalog/the-stolen-child","url_text":"\"The Stolen Child\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric & Eric Whitacre Singers perform on How To Train Your Dragon 3 Soundtrack\". Eric Whitacre. November 1, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ericwhitacre.com/news/eric-eric-whitacre-singers-perform-on-how-to-train-your-dragon-3-soundtrack","url_text":"\"Eric & Eric Whitacre Singers perform on How To Train Your Dragon 3 Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Whitacre\". IMDb. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1534575/","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre\""}]},{"reference":"The Great American Songs, November 23, 2014, retrieved July 15, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9024702/","url_text":"The Great American Songs"}]},{"reference":"Enjoy the Silence, November 25, 2013, retrieved July 15, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3378158/","url_text":"Enjoy the Silence"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Andrew (December 2006). \"Textural Density in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre\". The Choral Journal. 47 (6): 22–33. JSTOR 23557137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choral_Journal","url_text":"The Choral Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23557137","url_text":"23557137"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Angela (2012). Added-Tone Sonorities in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre (M.A. Thesis). Washington University in St. Louis. OCLC 806317560.","urls":[{"url":"https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1736&context=etd#:~:text=Whitacre's%20added%20tones%20create%20movement,to%20the%20B%20major%20triad.","url_text":"Added-Tone Sonorities in the Choral Music of Eric Whitacre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis","url_text":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806317560","url_text":"806317560"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Theodore Robert (2019). The Influence of Eric Whitacre's Compositional Technique in the Music of Emerging Choral Composers (M.M. Thesis). Ball State University. OCLC 1204301762.","urls":[{"url":"https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/items/2ef11798-b500-4f41-b117-635a0d605b79","url_text":"The Influence of Eric Whitacre's Compositional Technique in the Music of Emerging Choral Composers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_State_University","url_text":"Ball State University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1204301762","url_text":"1204301762"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Kenneth Lee (2008). Stylistic traits in the choral works of Lauridsen, Whitacre, and Clausen (1995–2005) (DMA Thesis). Arizona State University. OCLC 317068561 – via ProQuest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/openview/8e2c9ffd096f491f28ef5c96f1a25494/1?cbl=18750&pq-origsite=gscholar","url_text":"Stylistic traits in the choral works of Lauridsen, Whitacre, and Clausen (1995–2005)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University","url_text":"Arizona State University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317068561","url_text":"317068561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest","url_text":"ProQuest"}]},{"reference":"Schneidereit, Nico (2017). \"Eric Whitacres \"Virtual Choir\" als Chormusik 2.0 – Gemeinschaftliches Musizieren ohne Gemeinschaft?\" [Eric Whitacre's “Virtual Choir” as Choral Music 2.0 – Making Music Together Without a Community?]. Die Musikforschung (in German). 70 (H. 4): 370–386. doi:10.52412/mf.2017.H4.335. JSTOR 45151728. S2CID 244247523.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52412%2Fmf.2017.H4.335","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacres \"Virtual Choir\" als Chormusik 2.0 – Gemeinschaftliches Musizieren ohne Gemeinschaft?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Musikforschung","url_text":"Die Musikforschung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52412%2Fmf.2017.H4.335","url_text":"10.52412/mf.2017.H4.335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45151728","url_text":"45151728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244247523","url_text":"244247523"}]},{"reference":"Swan, Phillip A. (2016). In his own words: The choral music of Eric Whitacre from 1991-2004 (DMA Thesis). University of Miami. OCLC 1257957938.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/In-His-Own-Words-The-Choral-Music-of-Eric-Whitacre-from-1991-2004/991031447164602976","url_text":"In his own words: The choral music of Eric Whitacre from 1991-2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami","url_text":"University of Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1257957938","url_text":"1257957938"}]},{"reference":"Veltman, Chloe (June 19, 2011). \"Eric Whitacre soars beyond world of choral music\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-jun-19-la-ca-eric-whitacre-20110619-story.html","url_text":"\"Eric Whitacre soars beyond world of choral music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Wine, Tom (September 2017). \"Searching for an Icon: Eric Whitacre on Composing & Conducting\". The Choral Journal. 58 (2): 44–58. JSTOR 26412845.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choral_Journal","url_text":"The Choral Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/26412845","url_text":"26412845"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammee_Tong
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Sammee Tong
|
["1 Early life and career","2 Career","3 Death","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American actor (1901–1964)
Sammee TongTong in a publicity photo for Bachelor Father (1957–1962)Born(1901-04-21)April 21, 1901San Francisco, California, U.S.DiedOctober 27, 1964(1964-10-27) (aged 63)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, GlendaleOther namesSammy TongOccupationActorYears active1934–1964
Sammee Tong (April 21, 1901 – October 27, 1964) was an American film and television character actor. One of Tong's more notable roles was that of Peter Tong on the sitcom Bachelor Father, which aired on all three national networks from 1957 to 1962.
Early life and career
Born in San Francisco, Tong lived in Palo Alto before moving with his family to Honolulu. He graduated from Stanford University.
Tong attempted to break into acting on the stage during the Depression, forming an act called the Three Celestials that played in neighborhood theaters and was booked into the Los Angeles Orpheum. He found he could not secure acting roles because of his ethnicity. He worked in Chinese nightclubs in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, where he sang and performed comedy routines. During his nightclub years, he changed the spelling of his name to "Sammee" because he said it "looked better in print".
Career
Tong signed with Columbia Pictures, and in 1934, he made his film debut in a bit part in the comedy film The Captain Hates the Sea. In 1939 he returned to his home town as director of entertainment at the Chinese Village of San Francisco's World's Fair, and began the first Chinese radio hour on KSAN. Throughout the 1940s, he had small, usually uncredited, roles in films. He returned to Hollywood in the early 1950s and took roles on television.
Tong made his television debut in 1953 in an episode of You Are There. The following year, he appeared in a recurring role as "George, the cook" in a series of television shorts which aired during The Mickey Mouse Club entitled The Adventures of Spin and Marty. In 1955, he reprised his role as George in the feature-length film Spin and Marty: The Movie. He also had a role in the sequel series The Further Adventures of Spin and Marty.
In 1957, he landed a co-starring role in the sitcom Bachelor Father, starring John Forsythe and Noreen Corcoran. In the series, Tong portrayed "Peter Tong,” Bentley Gregg's (Forsythe) live-in houseboy and valet. Although he was playing a servant, Tong enjoyed the role stating, "Houseboys in movies and the theater always bow low, mutter a few sing song words and disappear, but not on this show. I get dialogue and laughs." In his Bachelor Father role, Tong was not subservient and at one point walked out because he was not paid enough. He spoke with an accent even though the actor was born in the United States.
After Bachelor Father's cancellation in 1962, Tong was cast as Sammy Ling in the ABC sitcom Mickey, starring Mickey Rooney. Due to low ratings, ABC was considering canceling Mickey. The network was hesitant to cancel the series due to the popularity of Tong's character who had a solid fanbase thanks to Tong's role in Bachelor Father. Tong's death effectively ended any chance for the series' survival and ABC canceled Mickey in December 1964.
Tong's final screen appearance was as "Cook" in the 1965 film Fluffy, starring Tony Randall and Shirley Jones. The film was released after Tong's death.
Death
Tong, who lived alone and never married or had children, was found dead in his Palms, Los Angeles apartment by his close friend, Ben Wong, on October 27,
1964. Tong had died from an intentional barbiturate overdose. Police found an empty bottle of sleeping pills by his body and several notes addressed to his landlady, his attorney and police. In the note addressed to police, he gave no reason why he committed suicide only stating, "I have taken my own life. No one is to blame." Tong is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
In his 1991 autobiography, Life is Too Short, Tong's co-star Mickey Rooney claimed that Tong was a heavy gambler and committed suicide over money problems. According to Rooney,
Tong became despondent and upset after learning that Mickey faced cancellation because he owed money to the mafia.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1934
The Captain Hates the Sea
Sin Kee
Uncredited
1935
Charlie Chan in Shanghai
Waiter
Uncredited
1936
Love Before Breakfast
Steward
Uncredited
1936
The Accusing Finger
Chinese Man
Uncredited
1936
Happy Go Lucky
Driver
Uncredited
1936
Stowaway
Bing Crosby Imitator
Uncredited
1937
The Good Earth
Chinese Man
Uncredited
1937
Think Fast, Mr. Moto
Cheela - Marloff's Houseboy
Uncredited
1937
Youth on Parole
Chinese Orchestra Leader
Uncredited
1937
West of Shanghai
Messenger
Uncredited
1937
Daughter of Shanghai
Chinese Alien in Airplane
Uncredited
1939
Only Angels Have Wings
Sam the Cook
Uncredited
1943
China
Aide to Japanese General
Uncredited
1945
God Is My Co-Pilot
Chinese Civilian
Uncredited
1945
Out of This World
Chinese Radio Announcer
Uncredited
1950
Woman on the Run
Witness to Suzie's Fall
Uncredited
1955
The Left Hand of God
Servant
Uncredited
1955
Spin and Marty: The Movie
George
1956
Godzilla, King of the Monsters!
Dr. Yamane
Voice, Uncredited
1956
Flight to Hong Kong
Shop Proprietor
Uncredited
1957
The Iron Sheriff
Charley Key - Laundry Owner
Uncredited
1957
The Midnight Story
Restaurant Proprietor
Uncredited
1957
Man of a Thousand Faces
Chinese Extra
Uncredited
1957
Slaughter on Tenth Avenue
Sam, Chinese Waiter
Uncredited
1957
Hell Bound
Murdered Seaman
Uncredited
1957
Stopover Tokyo
Diplomat
Uncredited
1958
Suicide Battalion
Papa Lily
Credited as Sammy Tong
1959
Battle Flame
Chinese Prisoner
Uncredited
1963
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
Chinese Laundryman
1964
For Those Who Think Young
Clyde
1965
Fluffy
Cook
Released posthumously, (final film role)
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1953–1954
You Are There
2 episodes
1955
The Adventures of Spin and Marty
George, the cook
Unknown episodes
1956
Judge Roy Bean
Ah Sid
Episode: "Ah Sid, Cowboy"
1956
The Further Adventures of Spin and Marty
Sam
Unknown episodes
1956
Matinee Theater
Nurseryman
Episode: "All the Trees In the Field"
1956
Sky King
Ipp
Episode: "Red Tentacles"
1956
The Man Called X
2 episodes
1956
Death Valley Days
Thomas Bottle
Episode: "Bill Bottle's Birthday"
1956
Cavalcade of America
Episode: "Diplomatic Outpost"
1956
My Friend Flicka
Wong
Episode: "Lost River"
1956
Hey, Jeannie!
Lee
Episode: "The Proprietor"
1957
General Electric Theater
Peter Tong
Episode: "A New Girl In His Life"
1959
The Californians
Quon Wei
Episode: "Gold-Tooth Charlie"
1959
Bonanza
Hop Ling
Episode: "A Rose for Lotta"
1960
Hawaiian Eye
Mr. Nishimaka
Episode: "Dead Ringer"
1957–1962
Bachelor Father
Peter Tong
157 episodes
1964
The Jack Benny Program
Maitre d' of Lotus Blosom Inn
Episode: "How Jack Found Dennis"
1964–1965
Mickey
Sammy Ling
17 episodes
References
^ "Veteran Actor Sammee Tong Found Dead". The Miami News. October 27, 1964. p. 5B. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
^ a b c d e "Chinese Actor Finds Difficulty Playing In Chinese on TeeVee". The Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. October 26, 1959. p. 16. Retrieved August 8, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Witbeck, Charles (July 9, 1959). "Star John Forsythe Is Just Sammee Tong's Straight Man". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
^ "Veteran Chinese Entertainer Found Dead; Note Revealed". Eugene Register-Guard. October 28, 1964. p. 8A. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
^ Aoki, Guy (July 10, 2014). "INTO THE NEXT STAGE: Rediscovering Sammee Tong in 'Bachelor Father'". The Rafu Shimpo. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
^ a b Rooney, Mickey (1991). Life Is Too Short. Villard Books. p. 266. ISBN 9780679402879.
^ Green, Paul (2015). Pete Duel: A Biography, 2d ed. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 9781476621098.
^ "Sammee Tong, Veteran Character Actor, Found Dead in Apartment". Los Angeles Times. October 28, 1964. p. A1.
^ "Samee Tong Found Dead". Reading Eagle. October 28, 1964.
^ "Actor Tong Commits Suicide". The Owosso Argus-Press. October 27, 1964. p. 20. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
^ Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. p. 73. ISBN 0-786-40983-5.
External links
Biography portal
Sammee Tong at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"Bachelor Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_Father_(American_TV_series)"}],"text":"Sammee Tong (April 21, 1901 – October 27, 1964) was an American film and television character actor. One of Tong's more notable roles was that of Peter Tong on the sitcom Bachelor Father, which aired on all three national networks from 1957 to 1962.","title":"Sammee Tong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959_profile-2"},{"link_name":"Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Orpheum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Orpheum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959_profile-2"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modesto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Born in San Francisco, Tong lived in Palo Alto before moving with his family to Honolulu. He graduated from Stanford University.[1][2]Tong attempted to break into acting on the stage during the Depression, forming an act called the Three Celestials that played in neighborhood theaters and was booked into the Los Angeles Orpheum.[2] He found he could not secure acting roles because of his ethnicity. He worked in Chinese nightclubs in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, where he sang and performed comedy routines. During his nightclub years, he changed the spelling of his name to \"Sammee\" because he said it \"looked better in print\".[3][4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959_profile-2"},{"link_name":"The Captain Hates the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captain_Hates_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"San Francisco's World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_International_Exposition"},{"link_name":"KSAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSAN_(defunct)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959_profile-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1959_profile-2"},{"link_name":"You Are There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_There_(series)#Television"},{"link_name":"The Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Spin and Marty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_and_Marty"},{"link_name":"Bachelor Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_Father_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"John Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forsythe"},{"link_name":"Noreen Corcoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreen_Corcoran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modesto-3"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aoki-5"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Mickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rooney-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duel_bio-7"},{"link_name":"Fluffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluffy_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Tony Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Randall"},{"link_name":"Shirley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jones"}],"text":"Tong signed with Columbia Pictures,[2] and in 1934, he made his film debut in a bit part in the comedy film The Captain Hates the Sea. In 1939 he returned to his home town as director of entertainment at the Chinese Village of San Francisco's World's Fair, and began the first Chinese radio hour on KSAN.[2] Throughout the 1940s, he had small, usually uncredited, roles in films. He returned to Hollywood in the early 1950s and took roles on television.[2]Tong made his television debut in 1953 in an episode of You Are There. The following year, he appeared in a recurring role as \"George, the cook\" in a series of television shorts which aired during The Mickey Mouse Club entitled The Adventures of Spin and Marty. In 1955, he reprised his role as George in the feature-length film Spin and Marty: The Movie. He also had a role in the sequel series The Further Adventures of Spin and Marty.In 1957, he landed a co-starring role in the sitcom Bachelor Father, starring John Forsythe and Noreen Corcoran. In the series, Tong portrayed \"Peter Tong,” Bentley Gregg's (Forsythe) live-in houseboy and valet. Although he was playing a servant, Tong enjoyed the role stating, \"Houseboys in movies and the theater always bow low, mutter a few sing song words and disappear, but not on this show. I get dialogue and laughs.\"[3][dead link] In his Bachelor Father role, Tong was not subservient and at one point walked out because he was not paid enough. He spoke with an accent even though the actor was born in the United States.[5]After Bachelor Father's cancellation in 1962, Tong was cast as Sammy Ling in the ABC sitcom Mickey, starring Mickey Rooney. Due to low ratings, ABC was considering canceling Mickey. The network was hesitant to cancel the series due to the popularity of Tong's character who had a solid fanbase thanks to Tong's role in Bachelor Father. Tong's death effectively ended any chance for the series' survival and ABC canceled Mickey in December 1964.[6][7]Tong's final screen appearance was as \"Cook\" in the 1965 film Fluffy, starring Tony Randall and Shirley Jones. The film was released after Tong's death.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palms, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palms,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"barbiturate overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Forest Lawn Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale"},{"link_name":"Glendale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rooney-6"}],"text":"Tong, who lived alone and never married or had children, was found dead in his Palms, Los Angeles apartment by his close friend, Ben Wong, on October 27,\n1964. Tong had died from an intentional barbiturate overdose.[8][9] Police found an empty bottle of sleeping pills by his body and several notes addressed to his landlady, his attorney and police. In the note addressed to police, he gave no reason why he committed suicide only stating, \"I have taken my own life. No one is to blame.\"[10] Tong is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[11]In his 1991 autobiography, Life is Too Short, Tong's co-star Mickey Rooney claimed that Tong was a heavy gambler and committed suicide over money problems. According to Rooney,\nTong became despondent and upset after learning that Mickey faced cancellation because he owed money to the mafia.[6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Veteran Actor Sammee Tong Found Dead\". The Miami News. October 27, 1964. p. 5B. Retrieved December 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hNczAAAAIBAJ&pg=1231,3889964&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","url_text":"\"Veteran Actor Sammee Tong Found Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Actor Finds Difficulty Playing In Chinese on TeeVee\". The Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. October 26, 1959. p. 16. Retrieved August 8, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12947696/the_daily_herald/","url_text":"\"Chinese Actor Finds Difficulty Playing In Chinese on TeeVee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Witbeck, Charles (July 9, 1959). \"Star John Forsythe Is Just Sammee Tong's Straight Man\". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved December 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GUohAAAAIBAJ&pg=4470,1709340&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","url_text":"\"Star John Forsythe Is Just Sammee Tong's Straight Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veteran Chinese Entertainer Found Dead; Note Revealed\". Eugene Register-Guard. October 28, 1964. p. 8A. Retrieved December 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3ftVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5986,5809290&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","url_text":"\"Veteran Chinese Entertainer Found Dead; Note Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Aoki, Guy (July 10, 2014). \"INTO THE NEXT STAGE: Rediscovering Sammee Tong in 'Bachelor Father'\". The Rafu Shimpo. Retrieved August 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rafu.com/2014/07/into-the-next-stage-rediscovering-sammee-tong-in-bachelor-father/","url_text":"\"INTO THE NEXT STAGE: Rediscovering Sammee Tong in 'Bachelor Father'\""}]},{"reference":"Rooney, Mickey (1991). Life Is Too Short. Villard Books. p. 266. ISBN 9780679402879.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeistooshort00roon","url_text":"Life Is Too Short"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeistooshort00roon/page/266","url_text":"266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679402879","url_text":"9780679402879"}]},{"reference":"Green, Paul (2015). Pete Duel: A Biography, 2d ed. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 9781476621098.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1mNiCQAAQBAJ&q=sammee+tong+suicide&pg=PA41","url_text":"Pete Duel: A Biography, 2d ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476621098","url_text":"9781476621098"}]},{"reference":"\"Sammee Tong, Veteran Character Actor, Found Dead in Apartment\". Los Angeles Times. October 28, 1964. p. A1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Samee Tong Found Dead\". Reading Eagle. October 28, 1964.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19641028&id=axYrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6658,6529894","url_text":"\"Samee Tong Found Dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Actor Tong Commits Suicide\". The Owosso Argus-Press. October 27, 1964. p. 20. Retrieved December 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nE0iAAAAIBAJ&pg=2681,5949270&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","url_text":"\"Actor Tong Commits Suicide\""}]},{"reference":"Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. p. 73. ISBN 0-786-40983-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-786-40983-5","url_text":"0-786-40983-5"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hNczAAAAIBAJ&pg=1231,3889964&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Veteran Actor Sammee Tong Found Dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12947696/the_daily_herald/","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Actor Finds Difficulty Playing In Chinese on TeeVee\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GUohAAAAIBAJ&pg=4470,1709340&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Star John Forsythe Is Just Sammee Tong's Straight Man\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3ftVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5986,5809290&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Veteran Chinese Entertainer Found Dead; Note Revealed\""},{"Link":"http://www.rafu.com/2014/07/into-the-next-stage-rediscovering-sammee-tong-in-bachelor-father/","external_links_name":"\"INTO THE NEXT STAGE: Rediscovering Sammee Tong in 'Bachelor Father'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifeistooshort00roon","external_links_name":"Life Is Too Short"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifeistooshort00roon/page/266","external_links_name":"266"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1mNiCQAAQBAJ&q=sammee+tong+suicide&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"Pete Duel: A Biography, 2d ed"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19641028&id=axYrAAAAIBAJ&pg=6658,6529894","external_links_name":"\"Samee Tong Found Dead\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nE0iAAAAIBAJ&pg=2681,5949270&dq=sammee+tong&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Actor Tong Commits Suicide\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0867257/","external_links_name":"Sammee Tong"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/70454877","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrVQWRBW67dFmmWvCCwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87860143","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_at_First_Fight_(film)
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Love at First Fight (film)
|
["1 Cast","2 Accolades","3 References","4 External links"]
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2014 film
Love at First FightFrench theatrical posterDirected byThomas CailleyWritten byThomas CailleyClaude Le PapeProduced byPierre GuyardStarringAdèle HaenelKévin AzaïsCinematographyDavid CailleyEdited byLilian CorbeilleMusic byLionel FlairsBenoît RaultPhilippe DeshaiesDistributed byHaut et CourtRelease dates
17 May 2014 (2014-05-17) (Cannes)
20 August 2014 (2014-08-20) (France)
Running time98 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBudget$3 millionBox office$2.3 million
Love at First Fight (French: Les Combattants) is a 2014 French romantic comedy film directed by Thomas Cailley. It was screened as part of the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the FIPRESCI Prize in the Parallel Section. In January 2015, the film received nine nominations at the 40th César Awards, winning Best Actress, Most Promising Actor and Best First Feature Film.
Cast
Adèle Haenel as Madeleine
Kévin Azaïs as Arnaud Labrède
Antoine Laurent as Manu Labrède
Brigitte Roüan as Hélène Labrède
William Lebghil as Xavier
Thibault Berducat as Victor
Nicolas Wanczycki as Lieutenant Schliefer
Steve Tientcheu as Adjudant Ruiz
Accolades
Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Cabourg Film Festival
Male Revelation
Kévin Azaïs
Won
2014 Cairo International Film Festival
Best Actress
Adèle Haenel
Won
2014 Cannes Film Festival
FIPRESCI Prize (Directors' Fortnight)
Thomas Cailley
Won
Art Cinema Award
Thomas Cailley
Won
SACD Prize (Directors' Fortnight)
Thomas Cailley
Won
Europa Cinemas Label Award
Thomas Cailley
Won
Caméra d'Or
Thomas Cailley
Nominated
40th César Awards
Best Film
Love at First Fight
Nominated
Best Director
Thomas Cailley
Nominated
Best Actress
Adèle Haenel
Won
Most Promising Actor
Kévin Azaïs
Won
Best Original Screenplay
Thomas Cailley and Claude Le Pape
Nominated
Best First Feature Film
Love at First Fight
Won
Best Editing
Lilian Corbeille
Nominated
Best Sound
Jean-Luc Audy, Guillaume Bouchateau and Niels Barletta
Nominated
Best Music Written for a Film
Lionel Flairs, Benoît Rault and Philippe Deshaies
Nominated
Globes de Cristal Award
Best Film
Love at First Fight
Nominated
Best Actress
Adèle Haenel
Nominated
2014 Louis Delluc Prize
Best First Film
Thomas Cailley
Won
20th Lumières Awards
Best Actress
Adèle Haenel
Nominated
Best Male Revelation
Kévin Azaïs
Won
Best First Film
Love at First Fight
Won
Prix du Syndicat Français de la Critique de Cinéma
Best First Film
Love at First Fight
Won
References
^ "Love at First Fight". JP Box Office. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
^ "Les Combattants (Love At First Sight) (2014)- JPBox-Office". Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ "Cannes Directors' Fortnight 2014 lineup unveiled". Screendaily. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
^ a b "Festival Reports - Cannes Film Festival 2014". FIPRESCI. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ a b "César 2015 : les nominations". AlloCiné. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ "Cesar Awards: 'Timbktu' Sweeps, Kristen Stewart Makes History". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ "Melbourne wins best picture in Cairo". ScreenDaily. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
^ "Cannes: Directors' Fortnight 2014 Winners List". Deadline London. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
^ "'Sils Maria' Wins France's Louis Delluc Critics' Prize". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
^ "France's Lumiere Awards Nominations Unveiled". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ "PRIX DU SYNDICAT FRANÇAIS DE LA CRITIQUE 2014". Prix du Syndicat Français de la Critique. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
External links
Love at First Fight at IMDb
vteCésar Award for Best First Feature Film
Diva (1982)
Half a Life (1983)
Sugar Cane Alley (1984)
Dangerous Moves (1985)
Tea in the Harem (1986)
The Woman of My Life (1987)
L'Œil au beur(re) noir (1988)
Life Is a Long Quiet River (1989)
Love Without Pity (1990)
La Discrète (1991)
Delicatessen (1992)
Savage Nights (1993)
The Scent of Green Papaya (1994)
See How They Fall (1995)
The Three Brothers (1996)
Will It Snow for Christmas? (1997)
Didier (1998)
Only God Sees Me (1999)
Voyages (2000)
Human Resources (2001)
No Man's Land (2002)
Beautiful Memories (2003)
Since Otar Left (2004)
When the Sea Rises (2005)
Darwin's Nightmare (2006)
You Are So Beautiful (2007)
Persepolis (2008)
I've Loved You So Long (2009)
The French Kissers (2010)
Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life (2011)
When Pigs Have Wings (2012)
Louise Wimmer (2013)
Me, Myself and Mum (2014)
Love at First Fight (2015)
Mustang (2016)
Divines (2017)
Bloody Milk (2018)
Scheherazade (2019)
Papicha (2020)
Two of Us (2021)
Magnetic Beats (2022)
Saint Omer (2023)
Junkyard Dog (2024)
vteLumières Award for Best First Film
Me, Myself and Mum (2014)
Love at First Fight (2015)
Mustang (2016)
Divines (2017)
Until the Birds Return (2018)
Custody (2019)
The Mustang (2020)
Two of Us (2021)
Gagarine (2022)
The Sixth Child (2023)
The Rapture (2024)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cailley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cailley"},{"link_name":"Directors' Fortnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%27_Fortnight"},{"link_name":"2014 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannes2014-3"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIPRESCI-4"},{"link_name":"40th César Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_C%C3%A9sar_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Most Promising Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Most_Promising_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best First Feature Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_First_Feature_Film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C%C3%A9sar-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Love at First Fight (French: Les Combattants) is a 2014 French romantic comedy film directed by Thomas Cailley. It was screened as part of the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival,[3] where it won the FIPRESCI Prize in the Parallel Section.[4] In January 2015, the film received nine nominations at the 40th César Awards, winning Best Actress, Most Promising Actor and Best First Feature Film.[5][6]","title":"Love at First Fight (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adèle Haenel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A8le_Haenel"},{"link_name":"Kévin Azaïs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9vin_Aza%C3%AFs"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Roüan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Ro%C3%BCan"},{"link_name":"William Lebghil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lebghil"}],"text":"Adèle Haenel as Madeleine\nKévin Azaïs as Arnaud Labrède\nAntoine Laurent as Manu Labrède\nBrigitte Roüan as Hélène Labrède\nWilliam Lebghil as Xavier\nThibault Berducat as Victor\nNicolas Wanczycki as Lieutenant Schliefer\nSteve Tientcheu as Adjudant Ruiz","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Love at First Fight\". JP Box Office. Retrieved 22 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=14455","url_text":"\"Love at First Fight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Combattants (Love At First Sight) (2014)- JPBox-Office\". Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=14455","url_text":"\"Les Combattants (Love At First Sight) (2014)- JPBox-Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cannes Directors' Fortnight 2014 lineup unveiled\". Screendaily. Retrieved 26 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/cannes/cannes-directors-fortnight-2014-lineup-unveiled/5070844.article","url_text":"\"Cannes Directors' Fortnight 2014 lineup unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival Reports - Cannes Film Festival 2014\". FIPRESCI. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225813/http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2014/cannes/cannes_2014_ndx.htm","url_text":"\"Festival Reports - Cannes Film Festival 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.fipresci.org/festivals/archive/2014/cannes/cannes_2014_ndx.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"César 2015 : les nominations\". AlloCiné. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18639388.html","url_text":"\"César 2015 : les nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlloCin%C3%A9","url_text":"AlloCiné"}]},{"reference":"\"Cesar Awards: 'Timbktu' Sweeps, Kristen Stewart Makes History\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2015-cesar-awards-winners-list-775695","url_text":"\"Cesar Awards: 'Timbktu' Sweeps, Kristen Stewart Makes History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne wins best picture in Cairo\". ScreenDaily. Retrieved 20 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/melbourne-wins-best-picture-in-cairo/5080179.article?blocktitle=Latest-news&contentID=276","url_text":"\"Melbourne wins best picture in Cairo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScreenDaily","url_text":"ScreenDaily"}]},{"reference":"\"Cannes: Directors' Fortnight 2014 Winners List\". Deadline London. Retrieved 9 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2014/05/cannes-film-festival-directors-fortnight-2014-winners-list/","url_text":"\"Cannes: Directors' Fortnight 2014 Winners List\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Sils Maria' Wins France's Louis Delluc Critics' Prize\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sils-maria-wins-france-s-757587","url_text":"\"'Sils Maria' Wins France's Louis Delluc Critics' Prize\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"France's Lumiere Awards Nominations Unveiled\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frances-lumiere-awards-nominations-unveiled-762567","url_text":"\"France's Lumiere Awards Nominations Unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"PRIX DU SYNDICAT FRANÇAIS DE LA CRITIQUE 2014\". Prix du Syndicat Français de la Critique. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010103544/http://www.semainedelacritique.com/syndicat2010/palmares.html","url_text":"\"PRIX DU SYNDICAT FRANÇAIS DE LA CRITIQUE 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.semainedelacritique.com/syndicat2010/palmares.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_hOis%C3%ADn
|
Cathal Ó hOisín
|
["1 Background","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Cathal Ó hOisínMember of the Northern Ireland Assemblyfor East LondonderryIn office5 May 2011 – 5 May 2016Preceded byBilly LeonardSucceeded byCaoimhe ArchibaldMember of Limavady Borough CouncilIn office5 May 2005 – 5 May 2011Preceded byFrancie BrollySucceeded byTony McCaulConstituencyBenbradagh
Personal detailsBorn (1963-03-18) 18 March 1963 (age 61) Dungiven, Northern IrelandNationalityIrishPolitical partySinn FéinWebsiteCathal Ó hOisín MLA
Cathal Ó hOisín is a former Irish Sinn Féin politician who was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for East Londonderry from 2011 to 2016.
Background
Ó hOisín was educated at St. Patrick's College, Maghera and Magee College, Derry. He was first elected to Limavady Borough Council at the 2005 local elections for the Benbradagh electoral area. He served as Mayor of Limavady from 2009 to 2010. At the 2010 general election, he stood unsuccessfully in East Londonderry, taking second place with 19.3% of the vote.
He lost his Assembly seat to party running mate, Caoimhe Archibald, at the 2016 Assembly election. He unsuccessfully attempted to regain his former seat at the Assembly election the following year.
References
^ Mr Cathal Ó hOisín Northern Ireland Assembly
^ "East Londonderry election results". BBC News. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
^ Biography, Sinn Féin website Archived 18 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 May 2011
^ Limavady election results
^ "Mayoral invitation for threatened clergyman" Belfast Telegraph, 3 March 2010
^ "East Londonderry: Gregory Campbell is re-elected", BBC News, 7 May 2010
External links
NIA profile
Northern Ireland Assembly
Preceded byBilly Leonard
MLA for East Londonderry 2011–2016
Succeeded byCaoimhe Archibald
This article about a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (since 1998) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Sinn Féin politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"East Londonderry election results\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/election2011/constituency/html/36719.stm","url_text":"\"East Londonderry election results\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518093534/http://www.sinnfein.ie/contents/18471","external_links_name":"Cathal Ó hOisín MLA"},{"Link":"http://aims.niassembly.gov.uk/mlas/details.aspx?&aff=2410&per=291&sel=1&ind=14&prv=0","external_links_name":"Mr Cathal Ó hOisín"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/election2011/constituency/html/36719.stm","external_links_name":"\"East Londonderry election results\""},{"Link":"http://www.sinnfein.ie/contents/18471","external_links_name":"Biography, Sinn Féin website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518093534/http://www.sinnfein.ie/contents/18471","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/lglimavady.htm","external_links_name":"Limavady election results"},{"Link":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/mayoral-invitation-for-threatened-clergyman-14705375.html","external_links_name":"\"Mayoral invitation for threatened clergyman\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/northern_ireland/8649334.stm","external_links_name":"East Londonderry: Gregory Campbell is re-elected"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120831111520/http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/Your-MLAs/List-of-MLAs/O-hOisin-Cathal/","external_links_name":"NIA profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathal_%C3%93_hOis%C3%ADn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathal_%C3%93_hOis%C3%ADn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics
|
Gabon at the 1996 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Competitors","2 Athletics","3 Boxing","4 Judo","5 References"]
|
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sporting event delegationGabon at the1996 Summer OlympicsIOC codeGABNOCComité Olympique Gabonaisin AtlantaCompetitors7 in 3 sportsFlag bearer Roger OyemboMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19721976–198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Gabon competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Sport
Men
Women
Total
Athletics
4
0
4
Boxing
2
–
2
Judo
0
1
1
Total
6
1
7
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Men
Track and road events
Athletes
Events
Heat Round 1
Heat Round 2
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Patrick Mocci-Raoumbé
100 m
10.87
86
did not advance
Antoine Boussombo
200 m
21.06
56
did not advance
Patrick Mocci-RaoumbéAntoine BoussomboCharles TayotEric Ebang Zué
4 × 100 m
39.97
21
N/A
did not advance
Boxing
Main article: Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Guy-Elie Boulingui
Flyweight
Ballo (INA)L 6-2
Did not advance
Julio Mboumba
Lightweight
Doroftei (ROM)L (RSC-2)
Did not advance
Judo
Main article: Judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Women
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Repechage 3
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Mélanie Engoang
−66 kg
BYE
Aneta Szczepańska (POL)L 0000–1000
did not advance
BYE
Rowena Sweatman (GBR)L 0000–1000
did not advance
9
References
^ "Flagbearers for Gabon". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
^ Gabon at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Official Olympic Reports
vte National Olympic Committees at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United StatesAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé-Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
America
Antigua-Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts-Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent-Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad-Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Chinese Taipei
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Yugoslavia
Oceania
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Nauru
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu
Western Samoa
This article about sports in Gabon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1996 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Flagbearers for Gabon\". olympedia.org. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 27 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/flagbearers?country_id=GAB","url_text":"\"Flagbearers for Gabon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OlyMADMen","url_text":"OlyMADMen"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Chicago_Cardinals_season
|
1946 Chicago Cardinals season
|
["1 Schedule","2 Standings","3 References"]
|
NFL team season
1946 Chicago Cardinals seasonHead coachJimmy ConzelmanHome fieldComiskey ParkResultsRecord6–5Division place3rd (tied) NFL WesternPlayoff finishDid not qualify
← 1945
Cardinals seasons
1947 →
The 1946 Chicago Cardinals season was the 27th season the team was in the league. The team improved on their previous output of 1–9, winning six games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 21st consecutive season.
Schedule
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Record
Venue
1
September 20
at Pittsburgh Steelers
L 7–14
0–1
Forbes Field
2
September 30
Detroit Lions
W 34–14
1–1
Comiskey Park
3
October 6
Chicago Bears
L 17–34
1–2
Comiskey Park
4
October 13
at Detroit Lions
W 36–14
2–2
Briggs Stadium
5
October 20
at New York Giants
L 24–28
2–3
Polo Grounds
6
October 27
Los Angeles Rams
W 34–10
3–3
Comiskey Park
7
November 3
at Boston Yanks
W 28–14
4–3
Fenway Park
8
November 10
Green Bay Packers
L 7–19
4–4
Comiskey Park
9
November 17
at Los Angeles Rams
L 14–17
4–5
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
10
November 24
at Green Bay Packers
W 24–6
5–5
City Stadium
11
December 1
at Chicago Bears
W 35–28
6–5
Wrigley Field
12
Bye
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Standings
NFL Western Division
viewtalkedit
W
L
T
PCT
DIV
PF
PA
STK
Chicago Bears
8
2
1
.800
6–1–1
289
193
W1
Los Angeles Rams
6
4
1
.600
5–2–1
277
257
W2
Chicago Cardinals
6
5
0
.545
5–3
260
198
W2
Green Bay Packers
6
5
0
.545
3–5
148
158
L1
Detroit Lions
1
10
0
.091
0–8
142
310
L4
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.
References
^ 1946 Chicago Cardinals
vteArizona Cardinals
Founded in 1898
Played in Chicago (1920–1959), St. Louis (1960–1987), and formerly the Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993)
Based in Glendale, Arizona
Headquartered in Tempe, Arizona
Franchise
History
in Chicago
in St. Louis
Seasons
Head coaches
Players
Quarterbacks
First-round draft picks
Stadiums
Normal Park
Comiskey Park
Wrigley Field
Forbes Field
Soldier Field
Busch Stadium
Busch Memorial Stadium
Mountain America Stadium
State Farm Stadium
Culture
Chris O'Brien
Charles Bidwill
Bill Bidwill
Red Sea
Big Red (mascot)
Jerry Maguire
Lore
1925 Chicago Cardinals–Milwaukee Badgers scandal
1925 NFL Championship controversy
Card-Pitt
Million Dollar Backfield
Chicago Cardinals–Toronto Argonauts exhibition game
Fútbol Americano
"They are who we thought they were!"
Hail Murray
Rivalries
Chicago Bears
Kansas City Chiefs (former)
Los Angeles Rams
San Francisco 49ers
Seattle Seahawks
Division championships (7)
1947
1948
1974
1975
2008
2009
2015
Conference championships (1)
2008
League championships (2)
1925
1947
Retired numbers
8
40
77
88
99
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: West Division
Category
vteArizona Cardinals seasonsPlayed in Chicago (1920–1959), St. Louis (1960–1987), and formerly the Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993)
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Bold indicates NFL Championship or Super Bowl victoryItalics indicates NFL Championship or Super Bowl appearance
vte1946 NFL season
Eastern DivisionBoston
New YorkChi BearsChi Cardinals
Western Division
Philadelphia
PittsburghDetroitGreen Bay
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Los Angeles
1946 NFL Draft
NFL Championship
Related: 1946 AAFC season
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(typeface)
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List of American Type Founders typefaces
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["1 ATF Designs","2 Barnhart Brothers & Spindler","3 Bruce Type Foundry","4 Central Type Foundry","5 Dickenson Type Foundry","6 Inland Type Foundry","7 Keystone Type Foundry","8 Marder, Luse, & Co.","9 H.C. Hansen Type Foundry","10 Nineteenth Century Faces","11 References","12 External links"]
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American Type Founders was the largest producer of foundry type in the world, not only of in-house designs, but also from designs that came from merged firms. Many of its designs were created or adapted by Morris Fuller Benton, his father Linn, Joseph W. Phinney or Frederic Goudy.
ATF Designs
These foundry types were designed and produced by American Type Founders:
Abbott Oldstyle (1901, Phinney)
Adonic (1930, Willard T. Sniffin)
Adscript (1914, Benton)
Ad Lib (1961, Freeman Craw)
Agency Gothic (1933, Benton), later digitized as Agency FB by Font Bureau
Agency Gothic Open (1934, Benton)
Alternate Gothic, Nos. 1,2,3 (1903, Benton)
American Backslant (1934, Benton)
American Text (1932, Benton)
Americana series (1965, Richard Isbell), this was the last face ever cut by ATF.
Announcement Roman + Italic (1918, Benton)
Antique Shaded (1914, Benton), cut on a new shading machine invented by Linn Boyd Benton.
Balloon series (1939, Max R. Kaufmann), originally as Speedball.
Balloon Light (Kaufmann)
Balloon Bold (Kaufmann)
Balloon Extrabold (Kaufmann)
Bank Gothic series
Bank Gothic Light (1930, Benton)
Bank Gothic Medium (1932, Benton)
Bank Gothic Bold (1932, Benton)
Bank Gothic Light Condensed (1933, Benton)
Bank Gothic Medium Condensed (1933, Benton)
Bank Gothic Bold Condensed (1933, Benton)
Baron's Boston News Letter (1904, Goudy), a private face cut for Joseph Baron's financial newsletter, matrices cut by Wiebking
Baskerville Roman + Italic (1915, Benton), after the Fry Foundry version.
Benton (1934, Benton), designed as Cambridge, released as Benton, reintroduced in 1953 as Whitehall.
Bernhard Fashion (1929, Lucian Bernhard)
Bernhard Gothic series (1929, Lucian Bernhard)
Bernhard Gothic Light (1929, Bernhard)
Bernhard Gothic Medium (1929, Bernhard)
Bernhard Gothic Light Italic (1930, Bernhard)
Bernhard Gothic Heavy (1930, Bernhard)
Bernhard Gothic Extra Heavy (1930, Bernhard)
Bernhard Gothic Medium Condensed (1938, Bernhard)
Bernhard Modern series (1937, Lucian Bernhard)
Bernhard Modern Roman + Italic (1937, Bernhard)
Bernhard Modern Bold + Italic (1938, Bernhard)
Bernhard Modern Condensed (1938, Bernhard)
Bernhard Tango (1934, Lucian Bernhard)
Bernhard Tango Swash Capitals (1939, Bernhard), known in Europe as Aigrette.
Bodoni series, first American revival of the faces of Giambattista Bodoni.
Bodoni (1909, Benton)
Bodoni Italic (1910, Benton)
Bodoni Book (1910, Benton)
Bodoni Book Italic (1911, Benton)
Bodoni Bold + Italic (1911, Benton)
Bodoni Bold Shaded (1912, Benton)
Bodoni Shaded Initials (1914, Benton)
Card Bodoni (1915, Benton)
Card Bodoni Bold (1917, Benton)
Bodoni Open (1918, Benton)
Bodoni Book Expanded (1924, Benton)
Ultra Bodoni + italic(1928, Benton)
Bodoni Bold Condensed (1933, Benton)
Ultra Bodoni Condensed + extra condensed (1933, Benton)
Engravers Bodoni (1933, Benton), designed in 1926.
Bold Antique (1904, Benton)
Bold Antique Condensed (1908/9 ?, Benton)
Bologna (1946), also cast by Stephenson Blake.
Bookman Series
Bookman swash letters (1936, Wadsworth A. Parker)
Bond Script (1905)
Bradley Text (1895, Phinney), developed from Will H. Bradley's lettering on the Christmas cover of Inland Printer Magazine by either Phinney or Herman Ihlenberg.
Broadway (1928, Benton), capital letters only.
Broadway Condensed (1929, Benton), capitals + lower-case
Brody (1953, Harold Broderson)
Brush (1942, Robert E. Smith)
Bulfinch Oldstyle (1903, Benton), commissioned by the Curtis Publishing Company and prepared by Benton for production from original designs by William Martin Johnson. The “house face” of Ladies’ Home Journal from 1903, offered for general use in 1905.
Re-issued as Whittin Black and Whittin Black Condensed (1960, Benton)
Bulletin Typewriter (1933, Benton)
Bulmer Roman (1926, Benton), based on a face cut by William Martin for the printer William Bulmer in 1790.
Bulmer Roman Italic (1927, Benton)
Canterbury (1926, Benton)
Card Roman (1925, Benton)
Caxton Initials (1905, Goudy), font included twenty-six capitals and one leaf ornament only.
Century series
Century Roman sub-series
Century Roman (1894, Linn Boyd Benton)
Century Broad Face (c. 1897, Linn Boyd Benton), also known as Century No. 2.
Century Expanded (1900, Benton)
Century Italic + Century Bold (1905, Benton)
Century Bold Condensed (1909, Benton)
Century Bold Extended (1910, Benton)
Century Oldstyle sub-series
Century Oldstyle + italic + bold (1909, Benton)
Century Oldstyle Bold Italic (1910, Benton)
Century Oldstyle Bold Condensed (1915, Benton)
Century Catalog sub-series
Century Catalog (1917, Benton)
Century Schoolbook sub-series
Century Schoolbook (1918, Benton), commissioned by textbook publishers Ginn & Company for maximum legibility.
Century Schoolbook Italic (1921, Benton)
Century Schoolbook Bold (1923, Benton)
Cheltenham series
Cheltenham (1903, Bertram Goodhue, Ingalls Kimball, Benton and/or Phinney)
Cheltenham Bold (1903, Benton)
Cheltenham Bold Condensed (1904, Benton)
Cheltenham Bold Italic + Cheltenham Bold Condensed Italic + Cheltenham Wide + Cheltenham Bold Outline (1905, Benton)
Cheltenham Bold Extra Condensed + Cheltenham Bold Extended (1906, Benton)
Cheltenham Inline + Cheltenham Inline Extra Condensed
Cheltenham Inline Extended (1907, Benton)
Cheltenham Oldstyle Condensed + Cheltenham Medium (1909, Benton)
Cheltenham Medium Italic + Cheltenham Extra Bold (1910, Benton)
Cheltenham Bold Shaded + Cheltenham Bold Italic Shaded + Cheltenham Extra Bold Shaded (1912, Benton)
Cheltenham Medium Condensed + Cheltenham Medium Expanded (1913, Benton)
Chic (1928, Benton)
Civilité (1922, Benton), a modern adaptation of Robert Granjon’s face cut in 1557.
Clearface series, designed with the help of his father, Linn Boyd Benton.
Clearface (1907, Benton)
Clearface Bold + Italic (Benton)
Clearface Heavy + Italic (Benton)
Clearface Italic (Benton)
Clearface Gothic (1910, Benton)
Cloister series
Cloister Old Style (1913, Benton), based on the 1470 Venetian face of Nicolas Jenson.
Cloister Italic (1913, Benton), based on the 1501 italic face of Aldus Manutius.
Cloister Bold Condensed (1917, Benton)
Cloister Initials (1918, Goudy)
Cloister Cursive (1922, Benton)
Cloister Lightface (1924, Benton)
Cloister Lightface Italic (1925, Benton)
Cloister Cursive Handtooled (1926, Benton), with Charles H. Becker.
Cloister Black (1904, Benton), usually credited to Phinney, but many authorities give full credit to Benton. It is an adaptation of Priory Text, an 1870s version of William Caslon’s Caslon Text of 1734. Lower-case letters are identical with Phinney's earlier Flemish Black.
Collier Old Style (1919, Goudy), a private type for Proctor & Collier, a Cincinnati advertising agency, matrices cut by Wiebking.
Contact (1944, F. H. Riley)
Commercial Script (1908, Benton)
Copperplate series A continuation of a series originally cast by Marder, Luse, & Co.
Copperplate Gothic Shaded (1912, Benton)
Craw Clarendon (1955-60, Freeman Craw)
Craw Modern series
Craw Modern (1958, Craw)
Craw Modern Italic (1960, Craw)
Craw Modern Bold (1963, Craw)
Cromwell (1913, Benton), uses capital letters from Benton’s Cloister Old Style.
Cushing (1897, Benton), design suggested by J. Stearns Cushing. (Cushing Antique was a Ludlow face.)
Della Robbia series
Della Robbia (Thomas Maitland Cleland)
Della Robbia Light (1913, Benton)
Devens Script (1898, Phinney)
Dom series (1950, Peter Dombrezian)
Dom Diagonal (1950, Dombrezian)
Dom Casual (1951, Dombrezian)
Dom Bold (1953, Dombrezian)
Dynamic Medium (1930, Benton)
Eagle Bold (1934, Benton), a variant of Novel Gothic, designed for the National Recovery Administration, used on their Blue Eagle posters.
Elmora (1968)
Empire (1937, Benton), no lower-case.
Engravers Bold (1902, also cast by Barnhart Brothers & Spindler, Benton)
Engravers Old English (1906, Benton), based upon Caslon Text and designed in association with "Cowan" or perhaps Phinney.
Engravers Old English Bold (1910, Benton)
Engravers Shaded (1906, Benton)
Lithographic Shaded (1914, Benton + W. F. Capitian), a half-shaded version of Engravers Shaded.
Engravers Text (1930, Benton)
Flemish Black (1902, Phinney)
Franklin Gothic series, the patriarch of American sans-serif faces, named for Benjamin Franklin, America’s greatest printer.
Franklin Gothic (1903, Benton)
Franklin Gothic Condensed + Extra Condensed (1906, Benton)
Franklin Gothic Italic (1910, Benton)
Franklin Gothic Condensed Shaded (1912, Benton)
Freehand (1917, Benton)
Gallia (1927, Wadsworth A. Parker), some sources attribute this to Benton.
Garamond series, based upon the designs of 16th-century type founder, Claude Garamond.
Garamond (1919, Benton), with T.M. Cleland
Garamond Bold (1920, Benton)
Garamond Italic (1923, Benton), with T.M. Cleland
Garamond Open (1931, Benton)
Globe Gothic (c. 1900, Benton), a refinement of Taylor Gothic, designed by ATF vice-president Phinney in 1897 for Charles H. Taylor for the exclusive use of the Boston Globe.
Globe Gothic Condensed + Extra Condensed + Extended (c. 1900, Benton)
Globe Gothic Bold (1907, Benton), credited to Benton, though Goudy claims Phinney commissioned him to do it.
Globe Gothic Bold Italic (1908, Benton)
Goudy Old Style series
Goudy Old Style + Italic (1915, Goudy)
Goudy Title (1918, Benton)
Goudy Bold Italic + Goudy Catalog (1919, Benton)
Goudy Catalog Italic (1922, Benton), sometimes credited to Charles H. Becker or Wadsworth A. Parker by varying authorities.
Goudy Handtooled + italic (1922 Wadsworth A. Parker), alternately credited to either Charles H. Becker or Benton.
Goudytype (1928, Goudy), designed and cut in 1916, not cast and sold until later.
Gravure (1927, Benton)
Graybar (1930, Wadsworth A. Parker)
Grayda (1939, Frank H. Riley)
Greeting Monotone (1927, Benton)
Headline Gothic (1936, Benton), not to be confused with the Ludlow font of the same name.
Hobo (1910, Benton)
Light Hobo (1915, Benton)
Hollywood (1932, Willard T. Sniffin)
Heritage (1952, Walter H. McKay)
Huxley Vertical (Walter Huxley, 1935)
Invitation Shaded (1916, Benton)
Invitation (1917, Benton)
Jenson series
Jenson Oldstyle + italic (1893, Phinney), based on William Morris's Golden Type, matrices cut by John F. Cumming from drawings by Phinney.
Jenson Heavyface (1899, Phinney)
Jenson Condensed + Bold Condensed (1901, Phinney)
Jim Crow (1933), originally cast in 1850s by Dickinson Type Foundry as Gothic Shade. And also as Tombstone, following the ATF merger in 1894.
Kaufmann Script + Bold (1936, Max R. Kaufmann)
Keynote (1932, Willard T. Sniffin)
Lexington (1926, Wadsworth A. Parker with Clarence P. Hornung)
Liberty Script (1927, Willard T. Sniffin)
Lightline Gothic (1908, Benton), essentially a News Gothic ultra light.
Louvaine series
Louvaine (medium) + Italic (1929, Benton)
Louvaine Light + Italic
Louvaine Bold + Italic
Lydian series (1938, Warren Chappell)
Lydian + Italic (1938, Chappell)
Lydian Bold + Italic (1938, Chappell)
Lydian Cursive (1940, Chappell)
Lydian Condensed + Italic (1946, Chappell)
Miehle Extra Condensed + Title (1905, Benton)
Missal Initials (1904, Will H. Bradley)
Modernique (1928, Benton)
Modernistic (1928, Wadsworth A. Parker)
Monotone Gothic (1907, Benton)
Motto (1915, Benton)
Murray Hill + Bold (1956, Emil J. Klumpp)
National Old Style (1916, Goudy), quite similar to his Nabisco.
Newport (1932, Willard T. Sniffin)
News Gothic series
News Gothic (1908, Benton)
News Gothic Italic (Benton)
News Gothic Condensed (Benton)
News Gothic Extra Condensed (Benton)
News Gothic Extra Condensed Title (Benton)
News Gothic Bold (Benton)
News Gothic Condensed Bold (Benton)
Norwood Roman (1906, Benton), made for J. S. Cushing’s Norwood Press.
Novel Gothic (1928, Benton), completed from drawings by ATF matrix cuter Charles H. Becker.
Nubian (1928, Willard T. Sniffin)
Onyx (1937, Gerry Powell)
P. T. Barnum (1933), loosely based on French Clarendon.
Pabst Old Style or Pabst Roman (1902, Goudy), based on hand lettering done by Goudy for advertisements for the Pabst Brewing Company, though commissioned by Schlesinger & Mayer, a Chicago department store. Cast by Goudy with the proviso that the department store would have the exclusive use of the font for a time before it would be offered to the public. These were the first matrices cut by Robert Wiebking for Goudy.
Pabst Roman Italic (1903, Goudy)
Packard (1913, Benton), based on lettering by Oz Cooper
Packard Bold (1916, Benton)
Paramount (1929, Benton)
Park Avenue (1933, Robert E. Smith)
Parisian (1928, Benton)
Pericles (1934, Robert Foster)
Phenix (1935, Benton), originally called Acquitaine.
Piranesi series (1930, Willard T. Sniffin)
Piranesi Italic (1930, Benton)
Piranesi Bold Italic (1931, Benton)
Piranesi Bold (1933, Benton)
Poster Gothic (1934, Benton), essentially larger sizes (24 pt. +) of Bank Gothic Condensed Medium.
Railroad Gothic (1906)
Raleigh Cursive (1930, Willard T. Sniffin)
Raleigh Gothic (Condensed) (1932, Benton)
Repro Script (1953, Jerry Mullen)
Rockwell Antique (1931, Benton), an updating of Inland Type Foundry’s Litho Antique, later revised yet again as Stymie Bold.
Romani (1934, A. R. Bosco)
Rosetti (1931, Willard T. Sniffin)
Roycroft (c. 1898, Benton), inspired by lettering in the Saturday Evening Post and often credited to Lewis Buddy.
Rugged Roman (1917, Benton), designed 1909-11, patented in 1915, earliest showing 1917.
Satanick (1896, Phinney), based on William Morris's Troy and Chaucer, matrices cut by John F. Cumming from drawings by Phinney.
Souvenir (1914, Benton), later Ed Benguiat's photo-type versions of this type would achieve huge popularity.
Schoolbook Oldstyle (1924, Benton)
Schoolbook Oldstyle Italic (1928, Benton)
Shadow (1934, Benton)
Spartan series (1939, John L. Renshaw and Gerry Powell), a knockoff of Futura.
Spartan Book + Italic (Renshaw)
Spartan Medium + Italic (Renshaw)
Spartan Heavy + Italic (Renshaw)
Spartan Black + Italic (1940, Renshaw)
Spartan Extra Black (mid-1950s)
Spartan Book Condensed (Renshaw)
Spartan Medium Condensed (Renshaw)
Spartan Black Condensed + Italic (Renshaw)
Sterling (1917, Benton)
Sterling Cursive (1919, Benton)
Stencil (1937, Gerry Powell)
Stymie series, cast up to 288 point, Stymie is believed to be the largest type ever to be cast in regular molds. The “W” alone weighed two pounds!
Stymie Light + Light Italic + Medium + Medium Italic + Bold + Bold Italic (1931–35, Benton)
Stymie Bold Condensed (1937, Gerry Powell)
Stymie Condensed (1937, Sol Hess)
Stymie Compressed (1932, Wadsworth A. Parker)
Stymie Extra Bold (1934, Sol Hess)
Stymie Inline Title (1932, Wadsworth A. Parker)
Taylor Gothic (1897, Phinney), capitals only, lower-case based on Central Type Foundry of St. Louis' Quentell. Later re-worked by either Benton or Goudy as Globe Gothic.
Thermotype (1931, Benton), with three widths on the same basic design they prefigured the failed Univers by some twenty years.
Thompson Quill Script (1953, Tommy Thompson), this was also made available for phototypesetting by Photo Lettering Inc.
Thunderbird (1920)
Touraine Oldstyle Italic (1898, Phinney)
Tower (1934, Benton), similar to Stymie Medium Condensed.
Typo Roman Shaded (1924, Benton)
Typo Roman (1926, Benton)
Typo Script + extended (1902, Benton), originally ‘‘Tiffany Script’’.
Typo Upright (1905, Benton), originally Tiffany Upright
Vanity Initials (1927, Will H. Bradley)
Venetian + Italic (1911, Benton)
Venetian Bold (1913, Benton)
Wayside Roman (1900, Will H. Bradley)
Wedding Text (1901, Benton)
Wedding Text Shaded (1913, Benton)
Whedons Gothic Outline (1965, Whedon Davis)
Barnhart Brothers & Spindler
These foundry types were originally cast by Barnhart Brothers & Spindler:
A sample of Cooper Black.
Adcraft (typeface),
Adcraft lightface, 8-48pt, or Puritan, Hansen (8-48pt) ATF 1501
Adcraft Medium, 6-72pt, ATF 1502
Adcraft Bold or Plymouth (typeface), 6-120pt
Adcraft Black or Plymouth Bold (typeface), 6-72pt, ATF 1500
Boul Mich (1927, Oz Cooper)
Cooper series
Cooper (1918, Oz Cooper) originally Cooper Oldstyle Roman
Cooper Italic (1924, Oz Cooper) included swash characters.
Cooper Black series
Cooper Black + Italic + Hilite (1922, Oz Cooper), this became ATF's second-best-selling type, after Copperplate Gothic.
Cooper Black Condensed (1926, Oz Cooper) 20% lighter than the Cooper Black, the designer described it as “condensed but not squeezed.”
Cooper Tooled Italic, not designed by Oz Cooper, but was actually a knock-off of a Cooper Italic by a German foundry.
Cooper Fullface + Italic (1929, Oz Cooper)
Dietz Text (c. 1927, Oz Cooper), from original drawings made by August Dietz.
Fifteenth Century (c. 1897, Berne Nadall), later released by ATF as Caslon Antique.
Pompeian Cursive (1927, Oz Cooper)
Bruce Type Foundry
These foundry types were originally cast by the Bruce Type Foundry:
Goldrush (c. 1885)
Central Type Foundry
These foundry types were originally cast by the Central Type Foundry of Saint Louis:
De Vinne (1898, Gustav Schroeder), named in honor of Theodore Low De Vinne, probably based upon Schelter & Giesecke's Romanisch.
De Vinne Roman](1898, Goudy), a book face based on Schroeder's display type.
Othello (1934, Benton), a revision of an 1884 Central Type Foundry face.
Dickenson Type Foundry
These foundry types were originally cast by Dickenson Type Foundry:
Camelot (1896, Goudy), Goudy designed only the capitals, lower-case letters were evidently added by Dickinson/ATF designer Phinney. A delicate display face with small wedge serifs.
Card Mercantile (1901, Benton), a redesign of the two smallest sizes of an 1890s Dickinson Type Foundry design that ATF had acquired when the companies merged in 1896.
Inland Type Foundry
These foundry types were originally cast by Inland Type Foundry and sometimes later modified:
Card Litho + Card Light Litho (1917, Benton), a modification of a 1907 ITF design that ATF had acquired when the companies merged in 1912.
American Caslon (1919, Benton), based on the foundry's Inland New Caslon, a version of a face originally cut by William Caslon in the 18th century.
Light Oldstyle (1916), probably an old font from ITF, but sometimes credited to Benton.
Litho Antique, later updated as Rockwell Antique.
Pen Print Open (1921, Benton), based on the ITF design of 1911.
Keystone Type Foundry
These foundry types were originally cast by Keystone Type Foundry:
John Hancock (1905)
Powell (1903, Goudy), commissioned by one Mr. Powell, then advertising manager for Mandel Brothers department store (earlier he had commissioned Pabst Old Style for another store), and named after him.
Marder, Luse, & Co.
These foundry types were originally cast by Marder, Luse, & Co.:
Copperplate Gothic Series
Copperplate Gothic Heavy (1905, Goudy), originally designed for Marder, Luse, & Co., ATF immediately adopted it and made it the first in a hugely successful series.
P. T. Barnum (1938 + 1949) a revival of Marder, Luse, & Co.'s nineteenth century French Clarendon, also known as Italian Condensed.
H.C. Hansen Type Foundry
These foundry types were originally cast by H.C. Hansen Type Foundry:
Buffalo, originally cast in 1904 as Kolonial by the Woellmer Type Foundry, also cast as Columbia by the Amsterdam Type foundry.
Nineteenth Century Faces
These foundry types were cast before the consolidation by unspecified foundries:
Altona
Octic
Telescope
Turius
References
^ American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century, Mac McGrew, Oak Knoll, 2nd edition, 1993, pag. 3
^ "LTC Camelot". MyFonts. LTC. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
^ "LTC Powell". MyFonts. LTC. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
^ McGrew, Mac, American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century, Oak Knoll Books, New Castle Delaware, 1993, ISBN 0-938768-34-4, p. 25. Other sources, noltably Jaspert, credit this face to BB&S, while McGrew speculates that some of the sizes might actually have been cast from the Bruce Foundry's Italian Condensed #341.
^ Lawson, Alexander S., Anatomy of a Typeface, David R. Godine, Publisher, Boston, Massachusetts, 1990, ISBN 0-87923-333-8, p. 297.
Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopedia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Lts.: 1953, 1983, ISBN 0-7137-1347-X.
MacGrew, Mac, American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century, Oak Knoll Books, New Castle Delaware, 1993, ISBN 0-938768-34-4.
Rollins, Carl Purlington American Type Designers and Their Work. in Print, V. 4, #1.
External links
List of ATF types at Klingspor Museum (in German)
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Sniffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willard_T._Sniffin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ad Lib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Lib_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Agency FB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_FB"},{"link_name":"Font Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Alternate Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Richard Isbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Isbell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Linn Boyd Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Boyd_Benton"},{"link_name":"Balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Bank Gothic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Wiebking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiebking"},{"link_name":"Baskerville Roman + Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskerville"},{"link_name":"Fry Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Fry"},{"link_name":"Lucian Bernhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Bernhard"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Modern"},{"link_name":"Bodoni series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoni"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Bodoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Bodoni"},{"link_name":"Stephenson Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson_Blake"},{"link_name":"Bookman Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookman_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"Will H. Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_H._Bradley"},{"link_name":"Inland Printer Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inland_Printer_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herman Ihlenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_Ihlenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Curtis Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"William Martin Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Martin_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ladies’ Home Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%E2%80%99_Home_Journal"},{"link_name":"Bulmer Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulmer_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"William Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulmer_(typeface,_Benton)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Bulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bulmer_(printer)"},{"link_name":"Century series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Type_Family"},{"link_name":"Linn Boyd Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Boyd_Benton"},{"link_name":"Linn Boyd Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Boyd_Benton"},{"link_name":"Ginn & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginn_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Bertram Goodhue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Goodhue"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Kimball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Kimball"},{"link_name":"Civilité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Robert Granjon’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granjon"},{"link_name":"Clearface series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearface"},{"link_name":"Linn Boyd Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Boyd_Benton"},{"link_name":"Clearface Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearface"},{"link_name":"Cloister series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Jenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jenson"},{"link_name":"Aldus Manutius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldus_Manutius"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Becker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Priory Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priory_Text&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Caslon’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caslon"},{"link_name":"Proctor & Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proctor_%26_Collier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Wiebking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiebking"},{"link_name":"F. H. Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._H._Riley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Copperplate series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperplate_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Marder, Luse, & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder,_Luse,_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Craw Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Freeman Craw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Craw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cloister Old Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister_Old_Style"},{"link_name":"J. Stearns Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Stearns_Cushing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludlolw_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Della Robbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Della_Robbia_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Maitland Cleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maitland_Cleland"},{"link_name":"Dom Casual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Casual"},{"link_name":"Eagle Bold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"National Recovery Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration"},{"link_name":"Barnhart Brothers & Spindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnhart_Brothers_%26_Spindler"},{"link_name":"W. F. Capitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._F._Capitian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franklin Gothic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"Garamond series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garamond"},{"link_name":"Claude Garamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Garamond"},{"link_name":"T.M. Cleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maitland_Cleland"},{"link_name":"T.M. Cleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maitland_Cleland"},{"link_name":"ATF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Type_Founders"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Taylor_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Phinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Phinney"},{"link_name":"Goudy Old Style series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudy_Old_Style"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Becker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Becker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Typograph"},{"link_name":"Hobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Jenson series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jenson"},{"link_name":"William Morris's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"John F. Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_F._Cumming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Kaufmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufmann_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"Clarence P. Hornung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_P._Hornung"},{"link_name":"Lightline Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Lydian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydian_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"National Old Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Old_Style"},{"link_name":"News Gothic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Gothic"},{"link_name":"J. S. Cushing’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._S._Cushing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Novel Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novel_Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Becker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"French Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Clarendon"},{"link_name":"Pabst Old Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabst_Old_Style"},{"link_name":"Pabst Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabst_Roman"},{"link_name":"Pabst Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabst_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Robert Wiebking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiebking"},{"link_name":"Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packard_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramount_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parisian_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenix_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piranesi series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piranesi_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poster Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poster_Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rockwell Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockwell_Antique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inland Type Foundry’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Roycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roycroft_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Lewis Buddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Buddy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rugged Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugged_Roman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Satanick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanick"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troy_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaucer_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John F. Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_F._Cumming&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Souvenir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Ed Benguiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Benguiat"},{"link_name":"Schoolbook Oldstyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schoolbook_Oldstyle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadow_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"John L. Renshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_L._Renshaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Futura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futura_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterling_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stencil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Gerry Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerry_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stymie series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stymie_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth A. Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsworth_A._Parker"},{"link_name":"Taylor Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Quentell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quentell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Goudy"},{"link_name":"Thermotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermotype&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Univers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers"},{"link_name":"Thompson Quill Script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Quill_Script"},{"link_name":"Tommy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Thompson_(type_designer)"},{"link_name":"Photo Lettering Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_Lettering_Inc."},{"link_name":"Touraine Oldstyle Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine_Oldstyle_Italic"},{"link_name":"Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Typo Roman Shaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typo_Roman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Typo Script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typo_Script&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Typo Upright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typo_Upright&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Upright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_Upright&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Wedding Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedding_Text&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"These foundry types were designed and produced by American Type Founders:Abbott Oldstyle (1901, Phinney)\nAdonic (1930, Willard T. Sniffin)\nAdscript (1914, Benton)\nAd Lib (1961, Freeman Craw)\nAgency Gothic (1933, Benton), later digitized as Agency FB by Font Bureau\nAgency Gothic Open (1934, Benton)\nAlternate Gothic, Nos. 1,2,3 (1903, Benton)\nAmerican Backslant (1934, Benton)\nAmerican Text (1932, Benton)\nAmericana series (1965, Richard Isbell), this was the last face ever cut by ATF.\nAnnouncement Roman + Italic (1918, Benton)\nAntique Shaded (1914, Benton), cut on a new shading machine invented by Linn Boyd Benton.\nBalloon series (1939, Max R. Kaufmann), originally as Speedball.\nBalloon Light (Kaufmann)\nBalloon Bold (Kaufmann)\nBalloon Extrabold (Kaufmann)\nBank Gothic series\nBank Gothic Light (1930, Benton)\nBank Gothic Medium (1932, Benton)\nBank Gothic Bold (1932, Benton)\nBank Gothic Light Condensed (1933, Benton)\nBank Gothic Medium Condensed (1933, Benton)\nBank Gothic Bold Condensed (1933, Benton)\nBaron's Boston News Letter (1904, Goudy), a private face cut for Joseph Baron's financial newsletter, matrices cut by Wiebking\nBaskerville Roman + Italic (1915, Benton), after the Fry Foundry version.\nBenton (1934, Benton), designed as Cambridge, released as Benton, reintroduced in 1953 as Whitehall.\nBernhard Fashion (1929, Lucian Bernhard)\nBernhard Gothic series (1929, Lucian Bernhard)\nBernhard Gothic Light (1929, Bernhard)\nBernhard Gothic Medium (1929, Bernhard)\nBernhard Gothic Light Italic (1930, Bernhard)\nBernhard Gothic Heavy (1930, Bernhard)\nBernhard Gothic Extra Heavy (1930, Bernhard)\nBernhard Gothic Medium Condensed (1938, Bernhard)\nBernhard Modern series (1937, Lucian Bernhard)\nBernhard Modern Roman + Italic (1937, Bernhard)\nBernhard Modern Bold + Italic (1938, Bernhard)\nBernhard Modern Condensed (1938, Bernhard)\nBernhard Tango (1934, Lucian Bernhard)\nBernhard Tango Swash Capitals (1939, Bernhard), known in Europe as Aigrette.\nBodoni series, first American revival of the faces of Giambattista Bodoni.\nBodoni (1909, Benton)\nBodoni Italic (1910, Benton)\nBodoni Book (1910, Benton)\nBodoni Book Italic (1911, Benton)\nBodoni Bold + Italic (1911, Benton)\nBodoni Bold Shaded (1912, Benton)\nBodoni Shaded Initials (1914, Benton)\nCard Bodoni (1915, Benton)\nCard Bodoni Bold (1917, Benton)\nBodoni Open (1918, Benton)\nBodoni Book Expanded (1924, Benton)\nUltra Bodoni + italic(1928, Benton)\nBodoni Bold Condensed (1933, Benton)\nUltra Bodoni Condensed + extra condensed (1933, Benton)\nEngravers Bodoni (1933, Benton), designed in 1926.\nBold Antique (1904, Benton)\nBold Antique Condensed (1908/9 ?, Benton)\nBologna (1946), also cast by Stephenson Blake.\nBookman Series\nBookman swash letters (1936, Wadsworth A. Parker)\nBond Script (1905)\nBradley Text (1895, Phinney), developed from Will H. Bradley's lettering on the Christmas cover of Inland Printer Magazine by either Phinney or Herman Ihlenberg.\nBroadway (1928, Benton), capital letters only.\nBroadway Condensed (1929, Benton), capitals + lower-case\nBrody (1953, Harold Broderson)\nBrush (1942, Robert E. Smith)\nBulfinch Oldstyle (1903, Benton), commissioned by the Curtis Publishing Company and prepared by Benton for production from original designs by William Martin Johnson. The “house face” of Ladies’ Home Journal from 1903, offered for general use in 1905.\nRe-issued as Whittin Black and Whittin Black Condensed (1960, Benton)\nBulletin Typewriter (1933, Benton)\nBulmer Roman (1926, Benton), based on a face cut by William Martin for the printer William Bulmer in 1790.\nBulmer Roman Italic (1927, Benton)\nCanterbury (1926, Benton)\nCard Roman (1925, Benton)\nCaxton Initials (1905, Goudy), font included twenty-six capitals and one leaf ornament only.\nCentury series\nCentury Roman sub-series\nCentury Roman (1894, Linn Boyd Benton)\nCentury Broad Face (c. 1897, Linn Boyd Benton), also known as Century No. 2.\nCentury Expanded (1900, Benton)\nCentury Italic + Century Bold (1905, Benton)\nCentury Bold Condensed (1909, Benton)\nCentury Bold Extended (1910, Benton)\nCentury Oldstyle sub-series\nCentury Oldstyle + italic + bold (1909, Benton)\nCentury Oldstyle Bold Italic (1910, Benton)\nCentury Oldstyle Bold Condensed (1915, Benton)\nCentury Catalog sub-series\nCentury Catalog (1917, Benton)\nCentury Schoolbook sub-series\nCentury Schoolbook (1918, Benton), commissioned by textbook publishers Ginn & Company for maximum legibility.\nCentury Schoolbook Italic (1921, Benton)\nCentury Schoolbook Bold (1923, Benton)\nCheltenham series\nCheltenham (1903, Bertram Goodhue, Ingalls Kimball, Benton and/or Phinney)\nCheltenham Bold (1903, Benton)\nCheltenham Bold Condensed (1904, Benton)\nCheltenham Bold Italic + Cheltenham Bold Condensed Italic + Cheltenham Wide + Cheltenham Bold Outline (1905, Benton)\nCheltenham Bold Extra Condensed + Cheltenham Bold Extended (1906, Benton)\nCheltenham Inline + Cheltenham Inline Extra Condensed\nCheltenham Inline Extended (1907, Benton)\nCheltenham Oldstyle Condensed + Cheltenham Medium (1909, Benton)\nCheltenham Medium Italic + Cheltenham Extra Bold (1910, Benton)\nCheltenham Bold Shaded + Cheltenham Bold Italic Shaded + Cheltenham Extra Bold Shaded (1912, Benton)\nCheltenham Medium Condensed + Cheltenham Medium Expanded (1913, Benton)\nChic (1928, Benton)\nCivilité (1922, Benton), a modern adaptation of Robert Granjon’s face cut in 1557.\nClearface series, designed with the help of his father, Linn Boyd Benton.\nClearface (1907, Benton)\nClearface Bold + Italic (Benton)\nClearface Heavy + Italic (Benton)\nClearface Italic (Benton)\nClearface Gothic (1910, Benton)\nCloister series\nCloister Old Style (1913, Benton), based on the 1470 Venetian face of Nicolas Jenson.\nCloister Italic (1913, Benton), based on the 1501 italic face of Aldus Manutius.\nCloister Bold Condensed (1917, Benton)\nCloister Initials (1918, Goudy)\nCloister Cursive (1922, Benton)\nCloister Lightface (1924, Benton)\nCloister Lightface Italic (1925, Benton)\nCloister Cursive Handtooled (1926, Benton), with Charles H. Becker.\nCloister Black (1904, Benton), usually credited to Phinney, but many authorities give full credit to Benton. It is an adaptation of Priory Text, an 1870s version of William Caslon’s Caslon Text of 1734. Lower-case letters are identical with Phinney's earlier Flemish Black.\nCollier Old Style (1919, Goudy), a private type for Proctor & Collier, a Cincinnati advertising agency, matrices cut by Wiebking.\nContact (1944, F. H. Riley)\nCommercial Script (1908, Benton)\nCopperplate series A continuation of a series originally cast by Marder, Luse, & Co.\nCopperplate Gothic Shaded (1912, Benton)\nCraw Clarendon (1955-60, Freeman Craw)\nCraw Modern series\nCraw Modern (1958, Craw)\nCraw Modern Italic (1960, Craw)\nCraw Modern Bold (1963, Craw)\nCromwell (1913, Benton), uses capital letters from Benton’s Cloister Old Style.\nCushing (1897, Benton), design suggested by J. Stearns Cushing. (Cushing Antique was a Ludlow face.)\nDella Robbia series\nDella Robbia (Thomas Maitland Cleland)\nDella Robbia Light (1913, Benton)\nDevens Script (1898, Phinney)\nDom series (1950, Peter Dombrezian)\nDom Diagonal (1950, Dombrezian)\nDom Casual (1951, Dombrezian)\nDom Bold (1953, Dombrezian)\nDynamic Medium (1930, Benton)\nEagle Bold (1934, Benton), a variant of Novel Gothic, designed for the National Recovery Administration, used on their Blue Eagle posters.\nElmora (1968)\nEmpire (1937, Benton), no lower-case.\nEngravers Bold (1902, also cast by Barnhart Brothers & Spindler, Benton)\nEngravers Old English (1906, Benton), based upon Caslon Text and designed in association with \"Cowan\" or perhaps Phinney.\nEngravers Old English Bold (1910, Benton)\nEngravers Shaded (1906, Benton)\nLithographic Shaded (1914, Benton + W. F. Capitian), a half-shaded version of Engravers Shaded.\nEngravers Text (1930, Benton)\nFlemish Black (1902, Phinney)\nFranklin Gothic series, the patriarch of American sans-serif faces, named for Benjamin Franklin, America’s greatest printer.\nFranklin Gothic (1903, Benton)\nFranklin Gothic Condensed + Extra Condensed (1906, Benton)\nFranklin Gothic Italic (1910, Benton)\nFranklin Gothic Condensed Shaded (1912, Benton)\nFreehand (1917, Benton)\nGallia (1927, Wadsworth A. Parker), some sources attribute this to Benton.\nGaramond series, based upon the designs of 16th-century type founder, Claude Garamond.\nGaramond (1919, Benton), with T.M. Cleland\nGaramond Bold (1920, Benton)\nGaramond Italic (1923, Benton), with T.M. Cleland\nGaramond Open (1931, Benton)\nGlobe Gothic (c. 1900, Benton), a refinement of Taylor Gothic, designed by ATF vice-president Phinney in 1897 for Charles H. Taylor for the exclusive use of the Boston Globe.\nGlobe Gothic Condensed + Extra Condensed + Extended (c. 1900, Benton)\nGlobe Gothic Bold (1907, Benton), credited to Benton, though Goudy claims Phinney commissioned him to do it.\nGlobe Gothic Bold Italic (1908, Benton)\nGoudy Old Style series\nGoudy Old Style + Italic (1915, Goudy)\nGoudy Title (1918, Benton)\nGoudy Bold Italic + Goudy Catalog (1919, Benton)\nGoudy Catalog Italic (1922, Benton), sometimes credited to Charles H. Becker or Wadsworth A. Parker by varying authorities.\nGoudy Handtooled + italic (1922 Wadsworth A. Parker), alternately credited to either Charles H. Becker or Benton.\nGoudytype (1928, Goudy), designed and cut in 1916, not cast and sold until later.\nGravure (1927, Benton)\nGraybar (1930, Wadsworth A. Parker)\nGrayda (1939, Frank H. Riley)\nGreeting Monotone (1927, Benton)\nHeadline Gothic (1936, Benton), not to be confused with the Ludlow font of the same name.\nHobo (1910, Benton)\nLight Hobo (1915, Benton)\nHollywood (1932, Willard T. Sniffin)\nHeritage (1952, Walter H. McKay)\nHuxley Vertical (Walter Huxley, 1935)\nInvitation Shaded (1916, Benton)\nInvitation (1917, Benton)\nJenson series\nJenson Oldstyle + italic (1893, Phinney), based on William Morris's Golden Type, matrices cut by John F. Cumming from drawings by Phinney.\nJenson Heavyface (1899, Phinney)\nJenson Condensed + Bold Condensed (1901, Phinney)\nJim Crow (1933), originally cast in 1850s by Dickinson Type Foundry as Gothic Shade. And also as Tombstone, following the ATF merger in 1894.\nKaufmann Script + Bold (1936, Max R. Kaufmann)\nKeynote (1932, Willard T. Sniffin)\nLexington (1926, Wadsworth A. Parker with Clarence P. Hornung)\nLiberty Script (1927, Willard T. Sniffin)\nLightline Gothic (1908, Benton), essentially a News Gothic ultra light.\nLouvaine series\nLouvaine (medium) + Italic (1929, Benton)\nLouvaine Light + Italic\nLouvaine Bold + Italic\nLydian series (1938, Warren Chappell)\nLydian + Italic (1938, Chappell)\nLydian Bold + Italic (1938, Chappell)\nLydian Cursive (1940, Chappell)\nLydian Condensed + Italic (1946, Chappell)\nMiehle Extra Condensed + Title (1905, Benton)\nMissal Initials (1904, Will H. Bradley)\nModernique (1928, Benton)\nModernistic (1928, Wadsworth A. Parker)\nMonotone Gothic (1907, Benton)\nMotto (1915, Benton)\nMurray Hill + Bold (1956, Emil J. Klumpp)\nNational Old Style (1916, Goudy), quite similar to his Nabisco.\nNewport (1932, Willard T. Sniffin)\nNews Gothic series\nNews Gothic (1908, Benton)\nNews Gothic Italic (Benton)\nNews Gothic Condensed (Benton)\nNews Gothic Extra Condensed (Benton)\nNews Gothic Extra Condensed Title (Benton)\nNews Gothic Bold (Benton)\nNews Gothic Condensed Bold (Benton)\nNorwood Roman (1906, Benton), made for J. S. Cushing’s Norwood Press.\nNovel Gothic (1928, Benton), completed from drawings by ATF matrix cuter Charles H. Becker.\nNubian (1928, Willard T. Sniffin)\nOnyx (1937, Gerry Powell)\nP. T. Barnum (1933), loosely based on French Clarendon.\nPabst Old Style or Pabst Roman (1902, Goudy), based on hand lettering done by Goudy for advertisements for the Pabst Brewing Company, though commissioned by Schlesinger & Mayer, a Chicago department store. Cast by Goudy with the proviso that the department store would have the exclusive use of the font for a time before it would be offered to the public. These were the first matrices cut by Robert Wiebking for Goudy.\nPabst Roman Italic (1903, Goudy)\nPackard (1913, Benton), based on lettering by Oz Cooper\nPackard Bold (1916, Benton)\nParamount (1929, Benton)\nPark Avenue (1933, Robert E. Smith)\nParisian (1928, Benton)\nPericles (1934, Robert Foster)\nPhenix (1935, Benton), originally called Acquitaine.\nPiranesi series (1930, Willard T. Sniffin)\nPiranesi Italic (1930, Benton)\nPiranesi Bold Italic (1931, Benton)\nPiranesi Bold (1933, Benton)\nPoster Gothic (1934, Benton), essentially larger sizes (24 pt. +) of Bank Gothic Condensed Medium.\nRailroad Gothic (1906)\nRaleigh Cursive (1930, Willard T. Sniffin)\nRaleigh Gothic (Condensed) (1932, Benton)\nRepro Script (1953, Jerry Mullen)\nRockwell Antique (1931, Benton), an updating of Inland Type Foundry’s Litho Antique, later revised yet again as Stymie Bold.\nRomani (1934, A. R. Bosco)\nRosetti (1931, Willard T. Sniffin)\nRoycroft (c. 1898, Benton), inspired by lettering in the Saturday Evening Post and often credited to Lewis Buddy.\nRugged Roman (1917, Benton), designed 1909-11, patented in 1915, earliest showing 1917.\nSatanick (1896, Phinney), based on William Morris's Troy and Chaucer, matrices cut by John F. Cumming from drawings by Phinney.\nSouvenir (1914, Benton), later Ed Benguiat's photo-type versions of this type would achieve huge popularity.\nSchoolbook Oldstyle (1924, Benton)\nSchoolbook Oldstyle Italic (1928, Benton)\nShadow (1934, Benton)\nSpartan series (1939, John L. Renshaw and Gerry Powell), a knockoff of Futura.\nSpartan Book + Italic (Renshaw)\nSpartan Medium + Italic (Renshaw)\nSpartan Heavy + Italic (Renshaw)\nSpartan Black + Italic (1940, Renshaw)\nSpartan Extra Black (mid-1950s)\nSpartan Book Condensed (Renshaw)\nSpartan Medium Condensed (Renshaw)\nSpartan Black Condensed + Italic (Renshaw)\nSterling (1917, Benton)\nSterling Cursive (1919, Benton)\nStencil (1937, Gerry Powell)\nStymie series, cast up to 288 point, Stymie is believed to be the largest type ever to be cast in regular molds. The “W” alone weighed two pounds!\nStymie Light + Light Italic + Medium + Medium Italic + Bold + Bold Italic (1931–35, Benton)\nStymie Bold Condensed (1937, Gerry Powell)\nStymie Condensed (1937, Sol Hess)\nStymie Compressed (1932, Wadsworth A. Parker)\nStymie Extra Bold (1934, Sol Hess)\nStymie Inline Title (1932, Wadsworth A. Parker)\nTaylor Gothic (1897, Phinney), capitals only, lower-case based on Central Type Foundry of St. Louis' Quentell. Later re-worked by either Benton or Goudy as Globe Gothic.\nThermotype (1931, Benton), with three widths on the same basic design they prefigured the failed Univers by some twenty years.\nThompson Quill Script (1953, Tommy Thompson), this was also made available for phototypesetting by Photo Lettering Inc.\nThunderbird (1920)\nTouraine Oldstyle Italic (1898, Phinney)\nTower (1934, Benton), similar to Stymie Medium Condensed.\nTypo Roman Shaded (1924, Benton)\nTypo Roman (1926, Benton)\nTypo Script + extended (1902, Benton), originally ‘‘Tiffany Script’’.\nTypo Upright (1905, Benton), originally Tiffany Upright\nVanity Initials (1927, Will H. Bradley)\nVenetian + Italic (1911, Benton)\nVenetian Bold (1913, Benton)\nWayside Roman (1900, Will H. Bradley)\nWedding Text (1901, Benton)\nWedding Text Shaded (1913, Benton)\nWhedons Gothic Outline (1965, Whedon Davis)","title":"ATF Designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnhart Brothers & Spindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnhart_Brothers_%26_Spindler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CooperBlackspec.svg"},{"link_name":"Cooper Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Black"},{"link_name":"Adcraft (typeface)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adcraft_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Plymouth (typeface)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Bold (typeface)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Bold_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boul Mich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boul_Mich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Cooper series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooper_Oldstyle_Roman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Cooper Black series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Black"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"ATF's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Type_Founders"},{"link_name":"Copperplate Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperplate_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Cooper Fullface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooper_Fullface&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Dietz Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietz_Text&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"},{"link_name":"August Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Dietz"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Century_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Caslon Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslon_Antique"},{"link_name":"Pompeian Cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pompeian_Cursive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oz Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bruce_Cooper"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by Barnhart Brothers & Spindler:A sample of Cooper Black.Adcraft (typeface),[1]\nAdcraft lightface, 8-48pt, or Puritan, Hansen (8-48pt) ATF 1501\nAdcraft Medium, 6-72pt, ATF 1502\nAdcraft Bold or Plymouth (typeface), 6-120pt\nAdcraft Black or Plymouth Bold (typeface), 6-72pt, ATF 1500\nBoul Mich (1927, Oz Cooper)\nCooper series\nCooper (1918, Oz Cooper) originally Cooper Oldstyle Roman\nCooper Italic (1924, Oz Cooper) included swash characters.\n Cooper Black series\nCooper Black + Italic + Hilite (1922, Oz Cooper), this became ATF's second-best-selling type, after Copperplate Gothic.\nCooper Black Condensed (1926, Oz Cooper) 20% lighter than the Cooper Black, the designer described it as “condensed but not squeezed.”\nCooper Tooled Italic, not designed by Oz Cooper, but was actually a knock-off of a Cooper Italic by a German foundry.\nCooper Fullface + Italic (1929, Oz Cooper)\nDietz Text (c. 1927, Oz Cooper), from original drawings made by August Dietz.\nFifteenth Century (c. 1897, Berne Nadall), later released by ATF as Caslon Antique.\nPompeian Cursive (1927, Oz Cooper)","title":"Barnhart Brothers & Spindler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Goldrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldrush_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by the Bruce Type Foundry:Goldrush (c. 1885)","title":"Bruce Type Foundry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Gustav Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Schroeder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theodore Low De Vinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Low_De_Vinne"},{"link_name":"Schelter & Giesecke's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.G._Schelter_%26_Giesecke"},{"link_name":"Romanisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisch_(typeface)"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by the Central Type Foundry of Saint Louis:De Vinne (1898, Gustav Schroeder), named in honor of Theodore Low De Vinne, probably based upon Schelter & Giesecke's Romanisch.\nDe Vinne Roman](1898, Goudy), a book face based on Schroeder's display type.\nOthello (1934, Benton), a revision of an 1884 Central Type Foundry face.","title":"Central Type Foundry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dickenson Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dickenson_Type_Foundry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typefaces_designed_by_Frederic_Goudy#1896_to_1910"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTC_Camelot-2"},{"link_name":"Dickinson Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"ATF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Type_Founders"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by Dickenson Type Foundry:Camelot (1896, Goudy), Goudy designed only the capitals, lower-case letters were evidently added by Dickinson/ATF designer Phinney. A delicate display face with small wedge serifs.[2]\nCard Mercantile (1901, Benton), a redesign of the two smallest sizes of an 1890s Dickinson Type Foundry design that ATF had acquired when the companies merged in 1896.","title":"Dickenson Type Foundry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inland Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"American Caslon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslon"},{"link_name":"William Caslon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caslon"},{"link_name":"Litho Antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litho_Antique"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by Inland Type Foundry and sometimes later modified:Card Litho + Card Light Litho (1917, Benton), a modification of a 1907 ITF design that ATF had acquired when the companies merged in 1912.\nAmerican Caslon (1919, Benton), based on the foundry's Inland New Caslon, a version of a face originally cut by William Caslon in the 18th century.\nLight Oldstyle (1916), probably an old font from ITF, but sometimes credited to Benton.\nLitho Antique, later updated as Rockwell Antique.\nPen Print Open (1921, Benton), based on the ITF design of 1911.","title":"Inland Type Foundry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keystone Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typefaces_designed_by_Frederic_Goudy#1896_to_1910"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTC_Powell-3"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by Keystone Type Foundry:John Hancock (1905)\nPowell (1903, Goudy), commissioned by one Mr. Powell, then advertising manager for Mandel Brothers department store (earlier he had commissioned Pabst Old Style for another store), and named after him.[3]","title":"Keystone Type Foundry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marder, Luse, & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder,_Luse,_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Copperplate Gothic Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperplate_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Marder, Luse, & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marder,_Luse,_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"P. T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by Marder, Luse, & Co.:Copperplate Gothic Series\nCopperplate Gothic Heavy (1905, Goudy), originally designed for Marder, Luse, & Co., ATF immediately adopted it and made it the first in a hugely successful series.\nP. T. Barnum (1938 + 1949) a revival of Marder, Luse, & Co.'s nineteenth century French Clarendon, also known as Italian Condensed.[4]","title":"Marder, Luse, & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.C. Hansen Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.C._Hansen_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Woellmer Type Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woellmer_Type_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Type foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Type_foundry"}],"text":"These foundry types were originally cast by H.C. Hansen Type Foundry:Buffalo, originally cast in 1904 as Kolonial by the Woellmer Type Foundry, also cast as Columbia by the Amsterdam Type foundry.","title":"H.C. Hansen Type Foundry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"These foundry types were cast before the consolidation by unspecified foundries:[5]Altona\nOctic\nTelescope\nTurius","title":"Nineteenth Century Faces"}]
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[{"image_text":"A sample of Cooper Black.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CooperBlackspec.svg/170px-CooperBlackspec.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"LTC Camelot\". MyFonts. LTC. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/lanston/ltc-camelot/","url_text":"\"LTC Camelot\""}]},{"reference":"\"LTC Powell\". MyFonts. LTC. Retrieved 27 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/lanston/ltc-powell/","url_text":"\"LTC Powell\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/lanston/ltc-camelot/","external_links_name":"\"LTC Camelot\""},{"Link":"http://www.myfonts.com/fonts/lanston/ltc-powell/","external_links_name":"\"LTC Powell\""},{"Link":"http://www.klingspor-museum.de/KlingsporKuenstler/Schriftgiessereien/ATF/ATF.pdf","external_links_name":"List of ATF types"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Michelle_Wu
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Mayoralty of Michelle Wu
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["1 Election","1.1 Primary election","1.2 General election","1.3 Platform and campaign positions","2 Transition into office","3 Relationship with the Boston City Council","4 Environment and climate change","5 COVID-19 pandemic","6 Housing and development","6.1 Rent control","7 Transportation","7.1 Fare-free bus routes","8 Racial equity","9 Education and childcare","10 Business, labor, and economic development","10.1 Working relationship with business leaders","10.2 2022 North End outdoor dining policy","11 Law enforcement","12 Budget matters","13 Handling of protesters","14 Other matters","15 Other political activity","16 Recognition","17 See also","18 References"]
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Michelle Wu's tenure as the mayor of Boston
Mayoralty of Michelle WuNovember 16, 2021 – presentMayorMichelle WuPartyDemocraticElection2021← Marty WalshKim Janey (acting)
This article is part of a series aboutMichelle Wu
Boston City Councilor
Tenure
Elections
2013
2015
2017
2019
Mayor of Boston
Tenure
2021 election
Boston Green New Deal
Fare-free public transit pilot programs
Mass and Cass
COVID-19 pandemic
vte
Michelle Wu has served as mayor of Boston, Massachusetts since November 2021. Wu was elected mayor in 2021, winning with 64% of the vote, becoming the first woman, first person of color, and first Asian American elected to serve as the mayor of Boston. At 36 years of age, was also the youngest individual elected to the office in nearly a century. Wu is a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to being sworn in as mayor, Wu served as a member of the Boston City Council
An advocate for a municipal "Green New Deal" (the Boston Green New Deal), as mayor Wu signed an ordinance to divest city investments from companies that derive more than 15 percent of their revenue from fossil fuels, tobacco products, or prison facilities. She also has announced plans for the city to spend $2 billion on school construction projects as part of a "Green New Deal" for the city's public schools. As mayor, she has also taken actions related to increasing affordable housing in the city and took actions related to address city's COVID-19 pandemic. A supporter of fare-free public transportation, Wu has funded a two-year period of fare-free service on three MBTA bus routes, expanding on a single-route pilot program that had previously been started under Kim Janey's preceding acting mayoralty. Wu signed an executive order which outlined the formula for what funds developers building in the city's downtown must contribute to fund child care services in the city, building upon a decades-old policy that had previously lacked needed specificity. Wu also reached a contract agreement with the Boston Police Patrolmen's Association that secured the union's agreement to significant reforms within the Boston Police Department.
Election
Main article: 2021 Boston mayoral election
Wu campaigning for mayor in September 2021
Wu participating in the 2021 Roxbury Unity Parade
Primary election
Wu had long been viewed a future mayoral prospect, fielding questions about whether she'd consider one day running as far back as 2016. Since at least 2019, Wu was viewed as a potential challenger to incumbent mayor Marty Walsh, if Walsh sought reelection in 2021. In September 2020, Walsh told The Boston Globe that Wu had told him of her intent to run in 2021. Later that month, Wu announced her candidacy, declaring that she was running a "people-powered campaign to bring new leadership to Boston's executive office". She was regarded to be challenging Walsh from the political left.
Walsh was designated by President-elect Joe Biden to be his nominee for Secretary of Labor on January 7, 2021, leaving the mayor's race an open seat. Senator Elizabeth Warren endorsed Wu for mayor two days later.
In April, an analysis by The Boston Globe found that, of the six major candidates then-running, Wu had received the least financial contributions from real estate developers. Andrew Martinez of Bisnow related this to Wu's plans to abolish the Boston Planning & Development Agency.
Wu's primary election campaign was seen as possibly being boosted by a collection of young internet activists who had vigorously supported her campaign, referred to as the "Markeyverse" due to their support for Senator Ed Markey in his successful re-election campaign the previous year. She was endorsed by a number of progressive groups, including #VOTEPROCHOICE
By September 2021, Wu was widely considered to be the front-runner in the nonpartisan primary election, with a significant polling lead. Her campaign emphasized "wonkery" (policy details), in a manner resembling Wu's mentor Elizabeth Warren.
General election
Wu placed first in the nonpartisan primary and advanced to the general election, where she faced fellow city council member Annissa Essaibi George. On September 25, Acting Mayor Kim Janey, who placed fourth in the nonpartisan primary, endorsed Wu for the general election.
Wu was viewed as the front-runner in the general election campaign, with advantages in endorsements, including from cultural groups, Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley, both of Massachusetts' U.S. Senators (Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren), and the editorial board of The Boston Globe. Ellen Barry of The New York Times characterized Wu as having benefited as a candidate from her years of engagement with the city's residents as a city councilor. She opined that Wu's work while on the City Council had introduced her to many of the city's voters and that Wu was, "difficult to caricature as a radical."
On November 2, 2021, Wu won the election with over 64% of the vote, becoming the first woman and first person of color to become mayor of Boston. Wu won sizable margins among various demographic groups, leading her victory to be characterized as one with a multiethnic coalition. Being 36 years of age, Wu was the youngest person elected mayor of Boston in almost a century. Wu was sworn in on November 16, 2021.
Platform and campaign positions
In both the primary and general elections, Wu ran on a progressive-oriented agenda. Wu's mayoral platform included her previously outlined proposals for a municipal Green New Deal, fare-free public transit, abolishing the Boston Planning & Development Agency, implementing a food justice agenda, and her previously declared support to reinstate rent stabilization. In her campaign, Wu also supported restructuring the Boston School Committee (which is currently all-appointed since mayoral control of schools was adopted in Boston in the 1990s) to be majority-elected. Wu also called for the creation of the Teacher Advisory Board, and the empowerment of the Boston Student Advisory Committee. Wu proposed implementing universal preschool and universal child care for Boston children under five years of age, and for the creation of a city office to coordinate early childhood education. Wu's police reform plan reiterated her earlier calls for the diversion of nonviolent 9-1-1 calls away from police and instead to alternative response teams such as mental health clinicians, social workers, and community outreach workers. After a king tide caused Morrissey Boulevard to become flooded in November 2020, Wu reiterated support for a municipal Green New Deal and for accelerating city government timelines for carbon neutrality and exclusive renewable energy usage in the city at a meeting with activists along the thoroughfare.
Transition into office
Wu (left) and her acting predecessor, Kim Janey, in January 2023
Wu (second from left) and other newly elected mayors and mayors-elect meet with President Joe Biden (second from right) in the Oval Office of the White House on December 14, 2021
Wu had a shorter transition into office than most mayors of Boston due to the fact that there was no permanent incumbent mayor at the time of the election. Under Boston's city charter, in such circumstances, new mayors are sworn in as soon as is conveniently possible after the results of the election are certified. Before the election, on September 24, candidates Wu and Essaibi George had met with Acting Mayor Janey at the Francis Parkman House and mutually agreed on November 16 date as a tentative date for a transition of power for the mayoralty. Wu would ultimately take office as mayor on that planned date. This meant that she had only a two-week period between her election and assumption of office.
After Wu won election, she named Acting Mayor Janey as honorary chair of her mayoral transition team. The co-chairs of the transition were former state representative and city housing chief Charlotte Golar Richie; former Massachusetts secretary of administration and finance (and 2018 Democratic gubernatorial nominee) Jay Gonzalez; and activist Mimi Ramos. Among the transition's numerous advisors was Julian Agyeman.
With Wu vacating her City Council seat before the end of her term in order to assume the mayoralty, by Boston City Charter, the opportunity to serve the remainder of the term Wu had been elected to in 2017 was to be offered to the first runner-up of the 2017 election. In this instance, that was Alejandra St. Guillen. Initially planning to accept the opportunity to serve the remainder of Wu's term, due to ethics concerns about matters such as St. Guillen also holding on the city's cannabis board, St. Guillen ultimately declined to accept the position. Thereafter, per the Boston City Charter, the remainder of Wu's term was offered to Erin Murphy, who was the second runner-up in the 2017 election. Murphy accepted the opportunity. Murphy had recently won election to a full term in the 2019 at-large city council election, and thus would only be starting her tenure on the City Council earlier by accepting. Murphy was sworn in by Mayor Wu on December 1, 2021.
Relationship with the Boston City Council
Wu (left) in 2022 at Boston's 22nd Annual Street Festival with Congressman Stephen Lynch (center) and City Council President Ed Flynn (right)
Since the membership of the City Council that took office early into Wu's mayoralty also leans progressive, there have been many matters that, as mayor, Wu has been able to agreeably partner with the City Council on. In addition to this, she has generally prevailed in the instances where she and the City Council have been at odds. Her ability to win out over the City Council when they are in disagreement has come despite the fact that there were some expectations when Wu took office that the city government's balance of power would tilt less towards the office of the mayor than it had for previous mayors. This expectation had been created by the fact that the City Council elected in 2019 was to be legally more powerful than previous City Councils, being granted much greater power over the city budget by a recently adopted ordinance, as well as the fact that its membership held diverse viewpoints and had many freshman members who were devoid of existing loyalties to other politicians. Emma Platoff of the Boston Globe has credited Wu's ability to frequently prevail on matters that she and the City Council are not aligned on to Wu's own "political savvy", the strong legal power afforded to mayors of Boston, internal divisions on the City Council that give the body a weaker negotiating position, and the inexperience of new council members.
The 2023 Boston City Council election was seen as a test of Wu’s political influence in the city, with her endorsing four candidates. The election was also seen as having genuine potential to shift the council's ideological balance, with there being a possibility of a less-progressive council being elected. Instead, progressives saw a strong result and retained their supermajority. In what was seen as a major political victory for Wu, all four of her endorsed candidates won their races. Three of these four candidates are regarded to be acolytes of Wu due to their past experiences working under her. Additionally, the election saw two of Wu’s strongest critics on the council unseated from their district seats due in large part to personal controversies each suffered. One of the four successful candidates that Wu had endorsed as a challenger to one of these critics. The result of the 2023 city council election is regarded as creating a city council that is expected to be more friendly to Wu's agenda once new members are sworn-in in January 2024.
Environment and climate change
See also: Boston Green New Deal
Wu at an 2023 event promoting local projects being funded with support from the Environmental Protection Agency's new $27 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund
On November 22, 2021, Wu signed an ordinance to divest city investments from companies that derive more than 15 percent of their revenue from fossil fuels, tobacco products, or prison facilities. This is seen as being part of her pursuit of a municipal Green New Deal for Boston. The process will entail the divestment of $65 million in city assets. The new rules do not apply to Boston's employee pension fund, which is governed by state law. While a member of the city council, she had fought for the adoption of such a policy.
In August 2022, Wu unveiled a proposed home rule petition that would see the city request entrance to the state's pilot program for municipalities to ban fossil fuels from most new buildings, with the exception of labs and hospitals. The following month, the Boston City Council approved the home rule petition 9–3. The next step is for the state legislature to rule on whether to grant the petition.
On May 16, 2022, Wu pledged that the city would carry out a "Green New Deal" for Boston Public Schools (BPS) school buildings, which will see renovation of existing facilities and the construction new ones. This plan expands the funding the city is to invest in school construction from the $1 billion outlined in Marty Walsh's 2015 BuildBPS plan to $2 billion.
In April 2022, on Earth Day, as part of the city's Climate Ready Boston efforts, Wu unveiled the Heat Resilience for Boston plan. This plan centers on combatting the impacts of rising heat extremes, focusing on the "environmental justice communities" of Chinatown, Dorchester, East Boston, Mattapan, and Roxbury. Wu also announced the creation of the Boston Extreme Temperatures Response Task Force to coordinate efforts across the city related to handling heat extremes.
Wu retained Mariama White-Hammond in her role as the city's chief of environment, energy, and open space; a position focused on environmentalism. In August 2022, Wu announced that, in the following month, Oliver Sellers-Garcia would begin serving in the newly created senior advisory position of "green new deal director". This position advises the mayor's office on steps towards climate resiliency. In September 2022, Wu announced the creation of the Cabinet for Worker Empowerment. One of the tasks this new department was given is to oversee the implementation of her Green New Deal for Boston Public Schools.
Wu (far left) at a November 2022 Boston Celtics game with Governor-elect Maura Healey, Celtics alum Satch Sanders and diplomatic guests William, Prince of Wales and Catherine, Princess of Wales (who were in Boston for the 2022 Earthshot Prize)
In July 2022, it was announced that the ceremonies for the second edition of the Earthshot Prize, an environmentalism award founded by William, Prince of Wales and The Royal Foundation, would be held in Boston in December 2022. The City of Boston are joining the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum as host partners for the award ceremony. Wu spoke with Prince William about arrangements for the event. In early November 2022, it was announced that the event's official host committee would include Wu, along with Governor Charlie Baker, John Kerry (the U.S. special presidential envoy for climate), Karen Spilka (president of the Massachusetts Senate), and Ronald Mariano (speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives). During their time in Boston for the awards, Wu spent time with William, Prince of Wales and Catherine, Princess of Wales.
In May 2024, Wu attended the Vatican Climate Conference (held at the Vatican City). Wu was the only United States mayor to be a participant at the conference, where she delivered a speech that the Boston Globe considered to have been Wu's "first international address". While in the Vatican City and the city of Rome, Italy (of which the Vatican City is an enclave), Wu also met with Pope Francis and Rome mayor Roberto Gualtieri. This trip marked first diplomatic mission since becoming mayor.
As part of a $20 million housing program funded through COVID recovery funds, Wu's mayoral administration is planning to launch the "Large Building Green Energy Retrofits Program" providing building owners of buildings with fifteen or more units up to $10,000 to support efforts to reduce their buildings' energy use through "deep energy retrofits". The program is targeted at retrofitting the city's existing housing stock. In November 2023, Wu stated in an interview that the city government would not be participating in a state government pilot program for 10 cities and towns to require property developers in their communities to only construct all-electric buildings (despite 70% of the city's greenhouse gas inventory being accounted for by emissions from buildings) because the pilot program did not appear to be designed for the city and because she received "clear indications that Boston would not be chosen for the one available spot." In April 2024, the Wu administration announced the appointment of the city government's first chief climate officer and $75 million in capital funding under the city government's 2025 fiscal year budget to procure state and federal climate resilience grants.
Wu serves on the steering committee of Climate Mayors.
COVID-19 pandemic
See also: COVID-19 pandemic in Boston
Wu took office amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2021, Wu announced a city COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Under the mandate, people ages 12 and older, in order to enter indoor public venues (bars, restaurants, gyms, theaters, and sports venues) in Boston, would be required to show proof of at least their first COVID-19 vaccine dose by January 15, 2022, and of full vaccination by February 15, 2022. The mandate promoted opposition, and in an interview with Boston Public Radio, Wu stated that she received racist messages in response to vaccine requirements. Some opponents circulated false rumors about Wu being hospitalized for panic attacks while in office. On February 19, 2022, Wu announced that the city would end its proof-of-vaccine mandate for public places with immediate effect.
The Wu administration also required city employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (with exceptions for employees with medical reasons and religious objectors), and about 94% of city employees were in compliance with that requirement by late January 2022. Wu extended the deadline for city employees to comply. Some public employee unions fought the mandate in court, arguing that the mandate rules should be subject to collective bargaining. A Massachusetts Appeals Court judge sided with the unions, blocking the city worker mandate. Wu faced persistent demonstrations outside of her house protesting her COVID measures.
Housing and development
Wu with Governor Charlie Baker at the December 2021 groundbreaking of an affordable housing development
Wu (right) joins Senator Ed Markey (left) and Congressman Stephen Lynch at the announcement of federal funding to make Ausonia Apartments more energy-efficient and climate-resilient
Wu has placed great importance on housing matters, declaring in her 2024 State of the City address that she believes, "everything starts with housing." A major issue in Boston preexisting her mayoralty is housing affordability and a shortage of housing supply. As of 2024, Boston had the third-highest rental rates among United States cities, as well as a rental vacancy rate of only one-percent. Wu sees addressing these matters as also important to reversing the city's trend of population loss. E. Tammy Kim of The New Yorker wrote of Wu's approaching to addressing the city's challenging with housing,
Her approach has been to try everything, all at once: preserving and building new public housing; imposing rent control; requiring twenty per cent of new apartments to be somewhat affordable; simplifying the process for accessory dwelling units; converting unused offices into apartments; and providing shelter for people coming off the streets
Wu has given far less appointments for one-on one meetings with private developers than her predecessors did, giving them less opportunities to directly lobby her on policies. The lack of special access granted to them by Wu has irked many developers.
In her early months as mayor, Wu moved hundreds of unhoused individuals that had been living in the Mass and Cass area to temporary housing. In January 2022, Wu designated $50 million to fund improvements to the Mildred C. Hailey Aprtments complex in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood.
In January 2022, Wu also signed an executive order to adopt a municipal Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing policy. This made Boston the largest city in the United States to adopt such a policy.
In September 2022, when Wu had an opportunity to nominate ten individuals to serve on the Boston Zoning Board of Appeal, she nominated only three Walsh appointees for reappointment. Her nominees were noted to be diverse. Some of the nominees included first generation immigrants, income-restricted renters, and building trades members.
In December 2021, Wu signed into law an ordinance amending the city's zoning code by eliminating off-street parking minimums for new affordable developments where 60% of the units are income-restricted at 100% the area median income in order to remove a barrier for the construction of new units of affordable housing. In October 2022, Wu signed an executive order that changed the approval process in the city for new income-restricted affordable housing developments. The order sought to halve the time that the approval process takes. Impacting nine city agencies (including the BPDA), the order established a separate review and approval process for affordable housing developments and requested the BPDA give priority to such developments.
In October 2022, the city of Boston provided $12 million in funding to assist in the acquisition of thirty-six apartment buildings in East Boston by the East Boston Neighborhood Trust, a new organization that is the first mixed-income neighborhood trust (MINT) in the state of Massachusetts. The trust is managed by the East Boston Community Development Corporation, a neighborhood organization. The acquisition of these buildings by the new trust, in consort with a municipal deed restriction, will ensure that the 114 housing units in these buildings permanently remain affordable. The city's funding to this came from $9 million received from the American Rescue Plan Act, $2 million received in the CARES Act, and $1 million in inclusionary development funds.
Utilizing $20 million in COVID-19 recovery funding, Wu's mayoral administration is implementing a housing program that includes an initiative to establish affordable housing in three-deckers and the "Large Building Green Energy Retrofits Program" to provide funding to assist owners of buildings with fifteen or more housing units to reduce their buildings' energy use through "deep energy retrofits".
Wu has worked with the state government to seek federal funding to realign the Massachusetts Turnpike's route through the Beacon Park Yard. The realignment would enable plans by Harvard University to build development above the railroad tracks and realigned turnpike. It would also help to bridge a community divide created in the 1960s by the construction of the viaduct on which the highway currently runs.
In 2023, Wu appointed Kenzie Bok to head the Boston Housing Authority.
In response to high office space vacancy (due to increased remote work after the COVID-19 pandemic) and demand for new housing, in June 2023 Wu announced a new program to offer property tax discounts as high as 75% to landlords that convert empty office space to residential use.'
In September 2023, Wu announced that her administration would begin the process of creating the first overhaul in six decades to the city's zoning code. A report by Cornell University professor Sara Bronin that had been commissioned by the city had argued a need for code to be overhauled.
Wu has advocated for the state to grant legislative approval for the city to place a real estate transfer tax on transfers of property valued at $2 million or more.
Wu has supported a project which would renovate White Stadium in order to host a new team in the National Women's Soccer League.
Rent control
Main article: Rent control in Massachusetts
In March 2022, Wu announced the creation of a Rent Stabilization Advisory Committee, which will report the city's Office of Housing on Strategies with advice on means to stabilize rents in the city and to combat the displacement of tenants, with the aim of creating a proposal to present to the City Council.
On March 8, 2023, in a 11–2 vote the Boston City Council consented to two home rule petitions proposed by Wu: one asking the state government to permit the city implement a form of rent control, and the other asking the state to permit Boston to implement Wu's plan to restructure the Boston Planning & Development Agency. The two petitions will need to be approved by the state government in order for Boston to be granted these permissions. Wu's proposal has been criticized by both the real estate community (which in general opposes any form of rent control), as well as by some rent control advocates who regard it as not going far enough. The Boston Real Estate Board launched a campaign in 2023 to oppose Wu's measure, saying it will discourage housing production in a city and a region that already has an acute shortage, will make maintaining properties more difficult, and will hurt tax revenues.
Wu's proposal would mark the return of rent control to Boston, where a law was previously in place from 1969 until state voters prohibited rent control in a 1994 referendum. In that referendum, Boston and neighboring Cambridge were the only Massachusetts communities to vote against abolishing rent control (both voting doing so by large margins).
Transportation
Boston's public transportation operator, the MBTA, is a division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), limiting the power that the mayor of Boston has over transportation in the city. Nevertheless, Wu has taken actions and voiced positions related to the city's transportation.
Wu advocated for Bostonians to have a more direct voice in the MBTA. In the state budget passed in August 2023, a seat was created on the MBTA board to be appointed by the mayor of Boston. Wu had advocated for such a seat on the board representing Boston since her time on the Boston City Council, and this was regarded to be a political victory for her.
In August 2022, Wu's city administration and the state government worked together to prepare for and alleviate the impact of a several-week closure of a key segment of the MBTA Orange Line to facilitate needed repairs. Wu outlined alternate public transportation means that could utilized by MBTA riders during the closure. Wu also urged Boston area residents that could to utilize MBTA commuter rail lines in order to avoid increased road congestion anticipated to result from the Orange Line closure. Wu also worked to facilitate the operations shuttle busses to several neighborhoods, making sure space was reserved for the loading and unloading of passengers. Wu urged employers in the parts of the city impacted by the closure to avoid giving penalties to employees that show up tardy to work as a consequence of their impacted commutes. Amid this closure and other concerns, such as a temporary closure of a smaller part of the MBTA Green Line, Wu disagreed with the prospect of the Federal Transit Administration assuming control of the MBTA, remarking that the system's problems, which she called "a breaking point", called for, "a partnership, not a takeover" from the federal government.
Also in August 2022, Wu and local transit advocacy organizations requested federal assistance to be provided to the MBTA to address service cuts made to the MBTA's service as a result of staffing shortages. They urged for the state's congressional delegation and for United States Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg to take action to direct assistance to the MBTA.
Fare-free bus routes
Main article: Free public transport in Boston
Wu (second from left) stands with Senator Ed Markey (second from right), Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley (far right), and others at a press conference for the Freedom to Move Act that would provide federal funding for fare-free public transport
In December 2021 Wu extended the fare-free pilot program for the MBTA Route 28 bus that was started under the acting mayoralty of Kim Janey by two months. She did this with while engaging in talks with the MBTA to further extend the pilot program. The city had, in November 2021, announced that its data showed that during the pilot program ridership had increased to an excess of 70,000 in weekly ridership. Pre COVID-pandemic weekly ridership on the route had been 47,000, making the COVID-era pilot program ridership significantly greater despite the general impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transportation rider. The city concluded that, in comparison to ridership trends on comparable routes of the MBTA, the increase in ridership was directly attributable to the pilot program. A later more in-depth 2022 analysis found an overall 38% increase in weekday ridership from 7,500 before the pandemic (with fares) to 10,200 during the September and October periods during the pilot program.
In mid-November 2021, Wu sent an appropriations order to the Boston City Council to ask for approval to appropriate $8 million of federal funds to fund two years of fare-free service on the MBTA Route 23, 28, and 29 buses. These buses serve the Dorchester, Mattapan, and Roxbury communities. At the start of December, the City Council approved the appropriations order 12–1. On February 9, 2022, it was announced by Wu and MBTA General Manager Steve Poftak that the two-year program for the three routes to be fare-free was officially agreed to and would be launched on March 1, 2022. In February 2024, the city authorized a $8.4 million two-year extension of the three-route pilot into 2026.
Racial equity
Wu speaking at Boston's 2023 Martin Luther King Jr. Day Breakfast
Wu (second from left) poses with a group (including Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley and Governor Maura Healey at the January 2023 unveiling of The Embrace
Wu has expressed a belief that her cabinet should be reflective of the city's population, arguing that that is consequential towards making the city's government more responsive to its different communities. People of color hold a majority in her cabinet. As of August 2022, Wu's cabinet had thirteen Black members, thirteen White members, six Latinx members, and two Asian American members.
In February 2022, Wu established the city's Office for Black Male Advancement (OBMA), which will be a component of the city's already-existing Equity and Inclusion Cabinet. Wu's office stated that, The Mayor’s Office for Black Male Advancement will work to improve outcomes and reduce systemic barriers to advancement for Black men and boys living in the City of Boston. The office will, among other responsibilities, design projects and programs to promote equity benefiting Black men and boys, advancing the representation of Black men and boys in city government, and collaborating with the city on advocating for state and federal programs and legislation related to Black men and boys. The office will also oversee the Commission on Black Men and Boys that had been established by an ordinance signed by Kim Janey during her acting mayoralty.
In January 2022, Wu signed an executive order to adopt a municipal Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing policy. This made Boston the largest city in the United States to adopt such a policy.
In May 2022, Boston awarded a $17 million contract to City Fresh Foods, a local Black-owned business, to be a vendor for Boston City Schools. This was the largest non-construction contract that the city had awarded to a certified Black-owned business in its history. This has been credited as being indicative of Wu impacting how the city government views matters of diversity. The contract has also been credited as helping to achieve the goals of the Good Food Purchasing Program that was created by an ordinance that had been authored by Wu as a city councilwoman.
In December 2023, Wu faced accusations of racism when Denise DosSantos, Wu's director of City Council relations (an employee of the City of Boston) accidentally sent an invite on her behalf to all the Councillors for a holiday party meant exclusively for "Electeds of Color". Wu said that sending the invitations to White council members was an honest mistake, and that the party is one of the many private events held for different affinity groups, and that she looked forward to seeing everyone on the council at other opportunities to celebrate the holidays together. She said that she was asked to host the "Electeds of Color Holiday Party", which has been held for more than a decade for elected officials of color from all over Massachusetts. Other councilors of color defended the party saying that it was a way for people with "shared experiences" to come together. The Office of the Attorney General of Massachusetts rejected complaints on the matter, finding that no laws had been violated. In February 2024, the conservative group Judicial Watch filed a lawsuit against Wu claiming that she failed to honor a public records request for communications related to the holiday party.
In December 2023, Wu apologized on behalf of the city for the impact that police conduct in the investigation of the 1989 murder of Carol Stuart had upon the African-American community in the city, especially in Mission Hill. Her apology was directly addressed to Willie Bennett and Alan Swanson, who had been wrongly treated as suspects.
Education and childcare
Wu (right) in March 2022 with U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona (center) and Senator Elizabeth Warren (left)
In May 2022, Wu unveiled plans for a "Green New Deal" for Boston Public School buildings which doubles the capital spending that the city will devote to the construction new and renovated school buildings to $2 billion compared to the $1 million that had been outlined in former mayor Marty Walsh's 2015 BuildBPS plan. Wu has pledged for the city to have a more equitable and transparent process for school construction and capital improvements than in the past and that the process will involve input from students, educators, and parents. In September 2022, Wu announced the creation of the Cabinet for Worker Empowerment. One of the tasks of this new department is providing oversight to this "Green New Deal" for the city's schools. Another of the department's tasks is to establish a trust fund for childcare.
In mid-2022, Wu distributed grants to family childcare providers. In July 2022, Wu signed an executive order which outlined the formula for what funds developers building in the city's downtown must contribute to fund child care services in the city. This executive order builds upon a policy implemented in 1989 under the mayoralty of Raymond Flynn which requires that new commercial developments in the city's downtown provide childcare services on-site or otherwise fund resources for off-site childcare spaces. However, the policy had, previous to Wu's executive order, been difficult to enforce due to the fact that the policy did not previous provide a clear definition of the amounts that developers needed to pay.
Wu nominated Tommy Welch to serve as superintendent of Boston Public Schools. He was confirmed by the Boston School Committee in a 4–3 vote in July 2022. Wu opposed proposals by the state to place Boston Public Schools into state receivership, which arose from negative assessments of the city's schools in studies that were taken in 2020, before her mayoralty. In June 2022, Wu and Massachusetts state education officials settled on an agreement to improve Boston Public Schools, averting receivership. In February 2023, Wu vetoed a city council ordinance to advance a home rule petition that requested that the state make the city's public school board an elected body. Wu wrote that she, "deeply respect" the advocates' of the ordinance, but, "cannot support legislative changes that would compromise our ability to stabilize and support the Boston Public Schools during this critical period." Previously, when she had run for mayor in 2021 Wu's education plan had called for a restructuring of the Boston School Committee that would have seen the committee have a majority of its seats be elected. Wu backed away from this support of a transition to a partially elected board after becoming mayor, arguing that it was an inopportune time for such a change to take place. As of 2024, Wu's own children attend public schools in the city.
Business, labor, and economic development
Wu and others celebrate the ribbon-cutting ceremony for a modernized Port of Boston (Front row includes: Gov. Charlie Baker, businessman Robert Kraft, Port Director Lisa Wieland, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, Sen. Ed Markey; back row includes: Rep. Stephen Lynch, City Council Pres. Ed Flynn)
In August 2022, Boston received a $23 million American Rescue Plan challenge grant from the Economic Development Administration to establish a Regional Workforce Training System aimed at training and placing individuals for 4,618 quality jobs in targeted industries over three years starting in October 2022. The Mayor's Office of Workforce Development had been the lead applicant, working with other there parties and organizations in their grant application. On Labor Day 2022, Wu announced the creation of the Cabinet for Worker Empowerment. One of the tasks this new department was assigned is overseeing the creation of more job training centers in the city.
After becoming mayor, Wu announced that she would rename the city's office of economic development the "Office of Economic Opportunity & Inclusion" and would name Segun Idowu to head it. Wu announced that Midori Morikawa, who had under Walsh and Janey been the interim chief of economic development, would be assigned a new position focused on neighborhood development. In early 2023, Wu created the new position of "director of nightlife economy", a role that is focused on overseeing development of nightlife-centered development in the city. In June 2023, Wu announced a $4 million workforce development program to provide job training to 1,000 Boston residents for entry into the biotechnology industry.
Working relationship with business leaders
Wu with businessman Robert Kraft (owner of the New England Patriots) in 2023 at an event promoting Gillette Stadium's hosting of matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup
It has been observed that Wu's approach to dealing with the city's business elite has differed from her predecessors. In May 2023, Brian McGrory of The Boston Globe observed that Wu has given greater precedence toward attending to other municipal concerns than she does to giving an audience to the city's business elites. Describing Wu as "a different kind of mayor, with a different view of her city" from her predecessors, McGrory wrote, "when Wu sets her priorities... when she imagines her legacy, she’s not gazing at the city’s skyline or at the people who are building it. Rather, she’s obsessed with the seemingly intractable problems that fester in the shadows of those gleaming towers." Also in May 2023, Shirley Lueng (also of The Boston Globe) similarly observed that, "previous mayors have welcomed tête-à-têtes with real estate developers and other captains of industry to discuss projects or other matters. Often, those were one-on-one meetings. But that hasn’t been Wu’s style. Instead, she prefers to assemble groups of leaders to help shape specific policies and forge public-private partnerships...the noticeable change in approach continues to ruffle the feathers of those who are used to having the ear of the mayor, all of which is perpetuating a narrative that Wu is indifferent to business interests." It has been also been observed by the Boston Globe that Wu grants substantially less meetings to real estate developers than her processors had, giving them less opportunities to directly lobby her.
2022 North End outdoor dining policy
In early 2022, some restaurant owners, particularly many in Boston's North End, criticized Wu for only allowing North End restaurants to take part in the city's pilot outdoor dining program a month after restaurants in other neighborhoods were allowed to participate, and for levying a $7,500 charge for North End restaurants that wished to take part in the pilot program while not charging that fee for other parts of the city. Wu argued that the rationale for this was that seventy-seven outdoor dining patios were located in a single 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) area of the North End, a particularly large number in a small area. Wu claimed that these policies were done in an attempt to help "strike the right balance with thoughtful spacing, time limitations, increased safety protections, and other resources necessary to mitigate the impacts on parking, trash, rodents, and public safety."
In addition to affected restaurant owners' resistance, this controversy was taken up as a cause by many general critics of Wu, making it a heated matter.
Boston Herald political columnist Joe Battenfeld, a general critic of Wu, expressed agreement with Wu's policies related to North End restaurants, calling it, "one of the few times Wu has been right in her young administration." He argued that the charge seemed to be "a reasonable amount", and argued that if the restaurants did not pay for the expenses related to the impact of their use of road and sidewalk space, the expenses would be borne by the city's taxpayers. Battenfeld asked his readers, "Why should taxpayers subsidize restaurants, which make a hefty profit, for their outdoor dining spaces? The answer is they shouldn't." Contrarily, when Tufts University political science professor Jeffrey Berry gave WCVB-TV his overall positive assessment of Wu's first six months in office, he expressed the belief that her handling of outdoor dining on the North End had been a significant misstep. He opined, "The North End mess, and I do call it a mess, is a self-inflicted wound. It was not necessary. She overreached in terms of what she was going to charge restaurateurs there. It seemed excessive."
A lawsuit was launched by several North End restaurant owners over the policy. In March 2023, a group of five North End restaurant owners filed an amended version of the lawsuit naming Wu as a defendant with by adding an allegation that the policy had been an act of anti-Italian discrimination.
In both 2023 and 2024, the city's outdoor dining program did not make outdoor dining available to North End restaurants.
Law enforcement
Wu with Suffolk County Sheriff Steven W. Tompkins in 2024
In July 2022, following a seven-month search, Wu named Michael Cox as the new commissioner of the Boston Police Department.
In June 2023, Wu vetoed a $5 million cut in Boston Police and Veterans Services department that was passed by the City Council. She called this proposed cut, "illusory, as the city is obligated to cover salary and overtime expenses incurred by the department."
In December 2023, Wu reached a contract agreement with the Boston Police Patrolmen's Association. In the terms of the contract, the union agreed that officers would lose the option to use arbitration to appeal firings or other disciplinary measures if they are convicted of certain crimes. The contract also saw the union agree to allow pay details of the department to be made public, and for their to be more strict outlines on when officers are permitted to take medical leave. Yawu Miller of the Bay State Banner described it as being, "the first in which city officials have managed to secure significant reforms from the Patrolmen’s union." It was approved unanimously by the Boston City Council on December 13, 2024. In March 2024, a similar contract was reached with the Boston Police Detectives Benevolent Society.
Wu increased funding to the Boston Regional Intelligence Center's gang database. The database has been controversial in Boston. Wu has touted that those tasked with maintaining the database have adopted new procedures to remove thousands of names from it that are no longer relevant. Previously, as a city councilor, Wu had voted against accepting federal funds for the database due to concerns she had at the time. Before becoming mayor, Wu had also proposed dismantling the database and even had floated the idea of abolishing the Boston Regional Intelligence Center, positions which she no longer advocates for.
Budget matters
Wu with Jewel H. Bronaugh (deputy secretary of agriculture) in October 2022
In October 2022, Wu vetoed a 20% pay increase for city councilors that had been passed by the City Council. Wu had supported an 11% increase, which had been the recommendation of Boston's compensation advisory board, but opposed a 20% increase.
In June 2023, Wu vetoed a large number of budget amendments offered by the City Council, including amendments that otherwise would have resulted in decreased funding to the city's Office of Veterans Services and its police department, as well as an amendment aimed at increasing citizen input in budgeting. She also vetoed funding cuts for the Boston 's Transportation Department, Public Works Department, and the Boston Public Library. In all, Wu vetoed the majority of changes that the City Council made to the budget. Wu asserted that the cuts vetoed went against her belief that the city's budget should be, "built on a foundation of effective delivery of city services that are central to our residents' quality of life." The city council held votes on overriding six of Wu's vetos, but only one such vote reached the necessary threshold. This was for an addition the City Council has made to the budget to explicitly allocate $600,000 for pay raises to police officers. However, Wu has declared her intention to treat that change as illegal, arguing that the council's actions would amount to it illegally involving itself in the ongoing collective bargaining process between the city government and the Municipal Police Patrolmen's Union. Wu has agreed that a salary change is due, but regards the City Council's change to the budget to not be in accordance with the law.
Handling of protesters
Wu has faced incidents of intense protest and altercation from individuals politically opposed to her. These have included altercations occurring inside of Boston City Hall, disturbances at formal events, extended demonstrations outside of Wu's personal residence, an incident in which Wu's personal residence was the target of swatting, and incidents in which Wu has been followed by automobile. Many of these incidents have involved frequent repeat protesters. This has been noted to possibly relate to a phenomenon observed in studies (such as a survey conducted in the fall of 2021 by the Mayor's Innovation Project) showing that female mayors and mayors who are persons of color are subjected to more political violence (both in the forms of psychological abuse and physical violence) than mayors who do not fall under either of those characteristics.
In March 2022, by a 9–4 vote, the City Council passed an ordinance that had been proposed the previous month by Wu to limit the hours at which targeted protests outside of people's homes can take place to between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. Wu herself had been the subject of targeted protesting outside of her home against her COVID-19 measures. Violations are punishable by fine. The ordinance generated some controversy.
In 2023, it was revealed that after the 2022 Dorchester Day Parade Wu's office shared with the city's police department a list it had compiled naming protesters that Wu's office said had followed Wu and her family during the parade, harassing and physically intimidating them. The office said that it had forwarded this list after the Boston Police Department had requested information about this incident. Wu's spokesperson claimed the list included "people, who over the course of several months...harassed and physically intimidated the mayor and her family on a near daily basis." The list included individuals that had frequently protested Wu, including several individuals that had previously protested outside of Wu's residence. One individual on the list was a council candidate, while another was a North End restaurant owner that was wanted by police at the time for charges relating to a shooting. Wu received criticism from some news organizations for what some writers characterized as her sending the police a list of "critics". Some comparisons being made to the "enemies list" that had been compiled in the presidential administration of U.S. president Richard Nixon.
Other matters
Wu has pursued litigation by the city against the United States Census Bureau for allegedly undercounting Boston's population in the 2020 United States Census, thereby hurting its access to federal resources.
Other political activity
Wu endorsed Sonia Chang-Díaz's candidacy in the Democratic primary of the 2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election. After Chang-Díaz withdrew from the race, Wu endorsed Maura Healey's successful gubernatorial candidacy. Wu endorsed the unsuccessful campaign of Shannon Liss-Riordan in the Democratic primary of the 2022 Massachusetts attorney general election. In 2022, she supported Chris Dempsey's unsuccessful campaign in the Democratic primary for Massachusetts state auditor. Also in 2022, Wu endorsed Steven W. Tompkins' reelection campaign for Suffolk County sheriff before his Democratic primary. Wu also endorsed a number of state legislature candidates in 2022. Before past sexual assault allegations against him became known, Wu had endorsed Ricardo Arroyo's 2022 campaign for Suffolk County district attorney. However, after the allegations surfaced, Wu and many joined many other prominent politicians in withdrawing her nomination of Arroyo. Wu supported the reelection campaign of Raphael Warnock in the 2022 United States Senate election in Georgia. Wu campaigned for the effort to get voters to write-in President Joe Biden in the 2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary.
Recognition
In 2022, Wu was honored by Gold House (which honors those of Asian Pacific descent). The organization honored her and fellow mayors Bruce Harrell and Aftab Pureval as having made the "most impact" in the field of advocacy and policy. The Harvard College Class of 2022 selected Wu to be their Class Day speaker. Wu had been the first alumnus of Harvard College to be elected mayor of Boston since Malcolm Nichols was elected in 1925. In 2022, Time magazine recognized Wu in its Time100 Next list of emerging leaders. The article accompanying her entry was authored by Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley. In 2022, Wu received the "Catalyst for Justice Award" from Massachusetts Public Health Association. In 2022, Boston magazine ranked Wu at the top of its list of "100 Most Influential Bostonians". In 2023, she was ranked ninth on the magazine's power list. The Boston Bar Association gave Wu the "Voice of Change" award at its 2023 Beacon Awards for Diversity, Equity & Inclusion. In 2023, Wu and former acting mayor Janey received the Boston Arts Academy Foundation's "Champion Award".
See also
Boston City Council tenure of Michelle Wu
Other Boston mayoralties:
Mayoralty of Thomas Menino
Mayoralty of Marty Walsh
References
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^ McGrory, Brian (May 15, 2023). "The mayor, the business community, and so many fragile egos". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ Leung, Shirley (May 24, 2023). "Is Mayor Wu giving a cold shoulder to the business community? It depends on who's answering that question". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ Diti Kohli (March 23, 2022). "In the North End, the kerfuffle over outdoor dining continues". Boston Globe.
^ McCarthy, Mia (March 26, 2022). "North End restaurant owners and Mayor Wu spar over fee". www.boston.com. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
^ Kashinsky, Lisa (March 30, 2022). "Wu's critics join forces over food fight". POLITICO. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ Battenfeld, Joe (March 26, 2022). "Wu is right for once on North End outdoor dining fee". Boston Herald. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ Sacchetti, Sharman (April 21, 2022). "Political experts rate Boston mayor's first 6 months in office". WCVB. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ "North End restaurant owners sue Mayor Michelle Wu citing discrimination". CBS News. March 8, 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
^ Reynolds, Lance (9 March 2023). "North End restaurants file amended lawsuit over outdoor dining regulations". Boston Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ Cole, Katie (24 December 2023). "Massachusetts attorney general rejects complaints over Boston mayor's 'electeds of color' party". Boston Herald. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
^ Wintersmith, Saraya (July 20, 2022). "How Mayor Wu chose Boston's new police commissioner". WGBH. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
^ a b "Boston Mayor Wu rejects City Council budget cuts to Boston Police, Veterans departments". Boston Herald. 2023-06-16. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
^ a b c Miller, Yawu (13 December 2023). "Wu secures crucial reforms in new police contract". The Bay State Banner. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ a b Rios, Simón (13 December 2023). "New Boston police contract could ease backlog for construction details". WBUR. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ McDonald, Danny (March 4, 2024). "Wu announces agreement reached with Boston police detectives union". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ Cawley, Gayla (25 September 2023). "Boston Mayor Wu flipped on police intel funding after gang database was cleaned up". Boston Herald. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
^ a b Jonas, Michael (6 March 2024). "Controversial gang database credited in big federal bust". CommonWealth Beacon. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
^ Wuthmann, Walter (21 September 2023). "Wu seeks funding for Boston police unit she pledged to dismantle". WBUR. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
^ Wintersmith, Saraya (October 17, 2022). "Mayor vetoes Boston City Council's 20% pay hike". WGBH. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
^ McDonald, Danny (June 16, 2023). "Wu rejects City Council's budget plan that would slash money to police, veterans services". Boston Globe. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ Battenfeld, Joe (17 June 2023). "Battenfeld: Michelle Wu puts a stop to foolish Boston City Council cuts". Boston Herald. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^ a b Wuthmann, Walter (July 17, 2023). "Mayor Wu says council's budget override violates Boston city charter". WBUR. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ a b c d Keller, Jon (20 July 2023). "Keller @ Large: Mayor Michelle Wu's list of hecklers not the same as Nixon's enemies list - CBS Boston". CBS News. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ Multiple sources:
Jung, Carrie (26 December 2023). "Boston police investigate swatting incident at Mayor Wu's house". WBUR. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
McColgan, Flint (26 December 2023). "Boston Mayor Michelle Wu's home 'swatted' on Christmas Day". Boston Herald. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ McDonald, Danny (March 22, 2023). "Fired anti-vax Boston police officer followed Wu in a car after protesting at her house, documents say". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ a b c d Jonas, Annie (July 21, 2023). "Is Mayor Wu being unfairly targeted? Readers don't think so". Boston.com. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ Platoff, Emma (February 28, 2022). "Mayor Wu proposes limits to protesting at private residences". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ "Boston City Council passes Mayor Wu ordinance restricting targeted protests at people's homes". Boston 25 News. March 30, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ Alterisio, Heather (September 7, 2022). "Boston judge says protester was 'wrongfully arrested' outside Mayor Wu's home for ordinance violation". www.boston.com. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ "Michelle Wu administration admits it sent a list of vocal critics to police". Boston Herald. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ Van Buskirk, Chris (13 September 2022). "Boston Mayor Michelle Wu announces challenge to 2020 U.S. Census count". masslive. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^ Gross, Samantha J. (July 15, 2022). "Wu endorses Healey in governor's race". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
^ Kuznitz, Alison (July 15, 2022). "Boston Mayor Michelle Wu endorses Attorney General Maura Healey for Massachusetts governor". The Republican. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
^ Selig; Gross, Kate; Samantha. "Labor attorney Liss-Riordan scores major endorsements in final days of heated primary". Boston Globe. Retrieved August 28, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Dumcius, Gintautas (August 16, 2022). "Mayor Wu names her picks in 5th Suffolk, state auditor and sheriff primaries". www.dotnews.com. Dorchester Reporter. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
^ McDonald, Danny (September 1, 2022). "Wu, Warren, Markey, Pressley, and others pull their support of Arroyo in Suffolk DA's race". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ Cotter, Sean Phillip (25 November 2022). "Michelle Wu teaming up with Jane Fonda to support Raphael Warnock". Boston Herald. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
^ Borghi, Brianna (21 January 2024). "Boston mayor visits N.H. to support Biden's write-in campaign". WCVB. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ "A100 List". Gold House. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
^ "Mayor Michelle Wu named Class Day speaker". Harvard Gazette. April 27, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ Kingdollar, Brandon L. (November 3, 2021). "Harvard Alum Michelle Wu '07 Elected Boston's 56th Mayor | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ Gavin, Christopher (September 28, 2022). "Ayanna Pressley wrote about Michelle Wu for TIME100 Next". www.boston.com. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ Pressley, Ayanna (September 28, 2022). "2022 TIME100 Next: Michelle Wu". Time. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ "Mayor Michelle Wu". Massachusetts Public Health Association. April 13, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
^ "The 100 Most Influential Bostonians in 2022". Boston Magazine. April 19, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
^ "The 150 Most Influential Bostonians of 2023". Boston Magazine. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
^ "Mayor Wu to Receive Voice of Change Award at the 2023 Beacon Awards". Boston Bar Association. November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ "Boston Bar Association Honors Mayor Michelle Wu as Voice of Change". Boston Bar Association. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ Iyer, Adithya (March 21, 2023). "Mayor Wu and former Mayor Kim Janey receive the Champion Award from the Boston Arts Academy Foundation". The Daily Free Press. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
Political offices
Preceded byMarty Walsh (tenure)Kim Janey –acting predecessor
Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts November 16, 2021 – present
Succeeded byN/A
vteMayors of Boston, Massachusetts
Phillips
Quincy III
Otis
Wells
Lyman
Armstrong
Eliot
Chapman
Brimmer
Davis
Quincy Jr.
Bigelow
Seaver
Smith
Rice
Lincoln
Wightman
Lincoln
Norcross
Shurtleff
Gaston
Pierce
Cutter*
Cobb
Prince
Pierce
Prince
Green
Palmer
Martin
O'Brien
Hart
Matthews
Curtis
Quincy
Hart
Collins
Whelton*
Fitzgerald
Hibbard
Fitzgerald
Curley
Peters
Curley
Nichols
Curley
Mansfield
Tobin
Kerrigan*
Curley
Hynes*
Curley
Hynes
Collins
White
Flynn
Menino
tenure
Walsh
tenure
Janey*
Wu
tenure
* denotes acting
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wu"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Boston_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"person of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leung1-4"},{"link_name":"Wu served as a member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council_tenure_of_Michelle_Wu"},{"link_name":"Boston City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Green New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Boston Green New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Green_New_Deal"},{"link_name":"divest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment"},{"link_name":"revenue from fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry"},{"link_name":"tobacco products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry"},{"link_name":"prison facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_industry"},{"link_name":"affordable housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housing"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"fare-free public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare-free_public_transportation"},{"link_name":"fare-free service on three MBTA bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_public_transport_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"Kim Janey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Janey"},{"link_name":"Boston Police Patrolmen's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Patrolmen%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"Boston Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department"}],"text":"Michelle Wu has served as mayor of Boston, Massachusetts since November 2021. Wu was elected mayor in 2021, winning with 64%[1] of the vote, becoming the first woman, first person of color, and first Asian American elected to serve as the mayor of Boston.[2][3] At 36 years of age, was also the youngest individual elected to the office in nearly a century. Wu is a member of the Democratic Party.[4] Prior to being sworn in as mayor, Wu served as a member of the Boston City CouncilAn advocate for a municipal \"Green New Deal\" (the Boston Green New Deal), as mayor Wu signed an ordinance to divest city investments from companies that derive more than 15 percent of their revenue from fossil fuels, tobacco products, or prison facilities. She also has announced plans for the city to spend $2 billion on school construction projects as part of a \"Green New Deal\" for the city's public schools. As mayor, she has also taken actions related to increasing affordable housing in the city and took actions related to address city's COVID-19 pandemic. A supporter of fare-free public transportation, Wu has funded a two-year period of fare-free service on three MBTA bus routes, expanding on a single-route pilot program that had previously been started under Kim Janey's preceding acting mayoralty. Wu signed an executive order which outlined the formula for what funds developers building in the city's downtown must contribute to fund child care services in the city, building upon a decades-old policy that had previously lacked needed specificity. Wu also reached a contract agreement with the Boston Police Patrolmen's Association that secured the union's agreement to significant reforms within the Boston Police Department.","title":"Mayoralty of Michelle Wu"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelle_Wu_campaigning_for_Mayor_(1)_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelle_Wu_2021_Roxbury_Unity_Parade_(14).jpg"}],"text":"Wu campaigning for mayor in September 2021Wu participating in the 2021 Roxbury Unity Parade","title":"Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leung1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walshsays-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"political left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_left"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETammyKim1-10"},{"link_name":"President-elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"open seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_seat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTallies-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"real estate developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bisnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnow"},{"link_name":"Boston Planning & Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Planning_%26_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onabolishingtheBPA-15"},{"link_name":"Ed Markey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Markey"},{"link_name":"re-election campaign the previous year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTallies-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APdebate-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Primary election","text":"Wu had long been viewed a future mayoral prospect, fielding questions about whether she'd consider one day running as far back as 2016.[4] Since at least 2019, Wu was viewed as a potential challenger to incumbent mayor Marty Walsh, if Walsh sought reelection in 2021.[5] In September 2020, Walsh told The Boston Globe that Wu had told him of her intent to run in 2021.[6][7] Later that month, Wu announced her candidacy,[8] declaring that she was running a \"people-powered campaign to bring new leadership to Boston's executive office\".[9] She was regarded to be challenging Walsh from the political left.[10]Walsh was designated by President-elect Joe Biden to be his nominee for Secretary of Labor on January 7, 2021, leaving the mayor's race an open seat.[11][12] Senator Elizabeth Warren endorsed Wu for mayor two days later.[13]In April, an analysis by The Boston Globe found that, of the six major candidates then-running, Wu had received the least financial contributions from real estate developers.[14] Andrew Martinez of Bisnow related this to Wu's plans to abolish the Boston Planning & Development Agency.[15]Wu's primary election campaign was seen as possibly being boosted by a collection of young internet activists who had vigorously supported her campaign, referred to as the \"Markeyverse\" due to their support for Senator Ed Markey in his successful re-election campaign the previous year.[16] She was endorsed by a number of progressive groups, including #VOTEPROCHOICE[17]By September 2021, Wu was widely considered to be the front-runner in the nonpartisan primary election, with a significant polling lead.[12][18][19] Her campaign emphasized \"wonkery\" (policy details), in a manner resembling Wu's mentor Elizabeth Warren.[20]","title":"Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annissa Essaibi George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annissa_Essaibi_George"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ayanna Pressley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley"},{"link_name":"Ed Markey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Markey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"editorial board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_board"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ellen Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Barry_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayforward1-28"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slater_11-03-2021-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayforward1-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellafante1-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"General election","text":"Wu placed first in the nonpartisan primary and advanced to the general election, where she faced fellow city council member Annissa Essaibi George.[21][22] On September 25, Acting Mayor Kim Janey, who placed fourth in the nonpartisan primary, endorsed Wu for the general election.[23]Wu was viewed as the front-runner in the general election campaign, with advantages in endorsements, including from cultural groups,[24] Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley, both of Massachusetts' U.S. Senators (Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren),[25][26] and the editorial board of The Boston Globe.[27] Ellen Barry of The New York Times characterized Wu as having benefited as a candidate from her years of engagement with the city's residents as a city councilor. She opined that Wu's work while on the City Council had introduced her to many of the city's voters and that Wu was, \"difficult to caricature as a radical.\"[28]On November 2, 2021, Wu won the election with over 64% of the vote, becoming the first woman and first person of color to become mayor of Boston.[2][29] Wu won sizable margins among various demographic groups, leading her victory to be characterized as one with a multiethnic coalition.[28][30] Being 36 years of age, Wu was the youngest person elected mayor of Boston in almost a century.[31] Wu was sworn in on November 16, 2021.[32]","title":"Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayforward1-28"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4key-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonSunPoliceReform-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valencia-Goodman1-35"},{"link_name":"mayoral control of schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoral_control_of_schools"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4key-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4key-33"},{"link_name":"universal preschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_preschool"},{"link_name":"early childhood education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood_education"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"social workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_worker"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonSunPoliceReform-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4key-33"},{"link_name":"king tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_tide"},{"link_name":"Morrissey Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrissey_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"flooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_flooding"},{"link_name":"Green New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_New_Deal"},{"link_name":"carbon neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality"},{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Platform and campaign positions","text":"In both the primary and general elections, Wu ran on a progressive-oriented agenda.[28] Wu's mayoral platform included her previously outlined proposals for a municipal Green New Deal, fare-free public transit, abolishing the Boston Planning & Development Agency,[33] implementing a food justice agenda,[34] and her previously declared support to reinstate rent stabilization.[35] In her campaign, Wu also supported restructuring the Boston School Committee (which is currently all-appointed since mayoral control of schools was adopted in Boston in the 1990s) to be majority-elected.[33] Wu also called for the creation of the Teacher Advisory Board, and the empowerment of the Boston Student Advisory Committee.[33] Wu proposed implementing universal preschool and universal child care for Boston children under five years of age, and for the creation of a city office to coordinate early childhood education.[36] Wu's police reform plan reiterated her earlier calls for the diversion of nonviolent 9-1-1 calls away from police and instead to alternative response teams such as mental health clinicians, social workers, and community outreach workers.[34][33] After a king tide caused Morrissey Boulevard to become flooded in November 2020, Wu reiterated support for a municipal Green New Deal and for accelerating city government timelines for carbon neutrality and exclusive renewable energy usage in the city at a meeting with activists along the thoroughfare.[37]","title":"Election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor-healey-lt-governor-driscoll-celebrate-unveiling-of-the-embrace-monument-in-memory-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr_52625376111_o_(Michelle_Wu_and_Kim_Janey)_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kim Janey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Janey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_in_the_Oval_Office_with_newly-elected_mayors_FGq2Q3EXwAQiJZ9.jpg"},{"link_name":"-elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-elect"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Oval Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oval_Office"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhenWillBecome-38"},{"link_name":"Francis Parkman House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Parkman_House"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhenWillBecome-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Golar Richie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Golar_Richie"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Jay Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gonzalez"},{"link_name":"Mimi Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mimi_Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julian Agyeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Agyeman"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Erin Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Murphy_(Massachusetts_politician)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Wu (left) and her acting predecessor, Kim Janey, in January 2023Wu (second from left) and other newly elected mayors and mayors-elect meet with President Joe Biden (second from right) in the Oval Office of the White House on December 14, 2021Wu had a shorter transition into office than most mayors of Boston due to the fact that there was no permanent incumbent mayor at the time of the election. Under Boston's city charter, in such circumstances, new mayors are sworn in as soon as is conveniently possible after the results of the election are certified.[38] Before the election, on September 24, candidates Wu and Essaibi George had met with Acting Mayor Janey at the Francis Parkman House and mutually agreed on November 16 date as a tentative date for a transition of power for the mayoralty.[39][40] Wu would ultimately take office as mayor on that planned date.[41] This meant that she had only a two-week period between her election and assumption of office.[38]After Wu won election, she named Acting Mayor Janey as honorary chair of her mayoral transition team.[42] The co-chairs of the transition were former state representative and city housing chief Charlotte Golar Richie; former Massachusetts secretary of administration and finance (and 2018 Democratic gubernatorial nominee) Jay Gonzalez; and activist Mimi Ramos. Among the transition's numerous advisors was Julian Agyeman.[43]With Wu vacating her City Council seat before the end of her term in order to assume the mayoralty, by Boston City Charter, the opportunity to serve the remainder of the term Wu had been elected to in 2017 was to be offered to the first runner-up of the 2017 election. In this instance, that was Alejandra St. Guillen. Initially planning to accept the opportunity to serve the remainder of Wu's term, due to ethics concerns about matters such as St. Guillen also holding on the city's cannabis board, St. Guillen ultimately declined to accept the position. Thereafter, per the Boston City Charter, the remainder of Wu's term was offered to Erin Murphy, who was the second runner-up in the 2017 election. Murphy accepted the opportunity. Murphy had recently won election to a full term in the 2019 at-large city council election, and thus would only be starting her tenure on the City Council earlier by accepting. Murphy was sworn in by Mayor Wu on December 1, 2021.[44]","title":"Transition into office"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Lynch_at_Boston%27s_22nd_Annual_Street_Festival_307775393_621872195981199_723264893136106632_n_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ed Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Flynn_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlatoffMarch112023-45"},{"link_name":"2023 Boston City Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Boston_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweep2023a-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweep2023a-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweep2023a-50"}],"text":"Wu (left) in 2022 at Boston's 22nd Annual Street Festival with Congressman Stephen Lynch (center) and City Council President Ed Flynn (right)Since the membership of the City Council that took office early into Wu's mayoralty also leans progressive, there have been many matters that, as mayor, Wu has been able to agreeably partner with the City Council on. In addition to this, she has generally prevailed in the instances where she and the City Council have been at odds. Her ability to win out over the City Council when they are in disagreement has come despite the fact that there were some expectations when Wu took office that the city government's balance of power would tilt less towards the office of the mayor than it had for previous mayors. This expectation had been created by the fact that the City Council elected in 2019 was to be legally more powerful than previous City Councils, being granted much greater power over the city budget by a recently adopted ordinance, as well as the fact that its membership held diverse viewpoints and had many freshman members who were devoid of existing loyalties to other politicians. Emma Platoff of the Boston Globe has credited Wu's ability to frequently prevail on matters that she and the City Council are not aligned on to Wu's own \"political savvy\", the strong legal power afforded to mayors of Boston, internal divisions on the City Council that give the body a weaker negotiating position, and the inexperience of new council members.[45]The 2023 Boston City Council election was seen as a test of Wu’s political influence in the city, with her endorsing four candidates.[46] The election was also seen as having genuine potential to shift the council's ideological balance, with there being a possibility of a less-progressive council being elected.[47][48] Instead, progressives saw a strong result and retained their supermajority.[49][50] In what was seen as a major political victory for Wu, all four of her endorsed candidates won their races. Three of these four candidates are regarded to be acolytes of Wu due to their past experiences working under her.[50] Additionally, the election saw two of Wu’s strongest critics on the council unseated from their district seats due in large part to personal controversies each suffered.[51][52] One of the four successful candidates that Wu had endorsed as a challenger to one of these critics.[53] The result of the 2023 city council election is regarded as creating a city council that is expected to be more friendly to Wu's agenda once new members are sworn-in in January 2024.[50]","title":"Relationship with the Boston City Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Green New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Green_New_Deal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor-healey-celebrates-epa-greenhouse-gas-reduction-fund_53137338780_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"revenue from fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry"},{"link_name":"tobacco products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry"},{"link_name":"prison facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_industry"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nov2021Gavina-55"},{"link_name":"home rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_rule"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BayStateBannerGNDschools-57"},{"link_name":"Earth Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day"},{"link_name":"environmental justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston"},{"link_name":"East Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Boston"},{"link_name":"Mattapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattapan"},{"link_name":"Roxbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Mariama White-Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariama_White-Hammond"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNDD-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March25deptartment-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_Field_Office_Royal_Protective_Detail_(52553702985)_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"Maura Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Healey"},{"link_name":"Satch Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satch_Sanders"},{"link_name":"William, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Earthshot Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthshot_Prize"},{"link_name":"Earthshot Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthshot_Prize"},{"link_name":"William, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"The Royal Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Foundation"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Charlie Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Baker"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"U.S. special presidential envoy for climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._special_presidential_envoy_for_climate"},{"link_name":"Karen Spilka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Spilka"},{"link_name":"president of the Massachusetts Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Massachusetts_Senate"},{"link_name":"Ronald Mariano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Mariano"},{"link_name":"speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"enclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Roberto Gualtieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Gualtieri"},{"link_name":"diplomatic mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dumcius-69"},{"link_name":"all-electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_inventory"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"fiscal year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Climate Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Mayors"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"See also: Boston Green New DealWu at an 2023 event promoting local projects being funded with support from the Environmental Protection Agency's new $27 Greenhouse Gas Reduction FundOn November 22, 2021, Wu signed an ordinance to divest city investments from companies that derive more than 15 percent of their revenue from fossil fuels, tobacco products, or prison facilities. This is seen as being part of her pursuit of a municipal Green New Deal for Boston. The process will entail the divestment of $65 million in city assets. The new rules do not apply to Boston's employee pension fund, which is governed by state law.[54] While a member of the city council, she had fought for the adoption of such a policy.[55]In August 2022, Wu unveiled a proposed home rule petition that would see the city request entrance to the state's pilot program for municipalities to ban fossil fuels from most new buildings, with the exception of labs and hospitals. The following month, the Boston City Council approved the home rule petition 9–3. The next step is for the state legislature to rule on whether to grant the petition.[56]On May 16, 2022, Wu pledged that the city would carry out a \"Green New Deal\" for Boston Public Schools (BPS) school buildings, which will see renovation of existing facilities and the construction new ones. This plan expands the funding the city is to invest in school construction from the $1 billion outlined in Marty Walsh's 2015 BuildBPS plan to $2 billion.[57]In April 2022, on Earth Day, as part of the city's Climate Ready Boston efforts, Wu unveiled the Heat Resilience for Boston plan. This plan centers on combatting the impacts of rising heat extremes, focusing on the \"environmental justice communities\" of Chinatown, Dorchester, East Boston, Mattapan, and Roxbury. Wu also announced the creation of the Boston Extreme Temperatures Response Task Force to coordinate efforts across the city related to handling heat extremes.[58]Wu retained Mariama White-Hammond in her role as the city's chief of environment, energy, and open space; a position focused on environmentalism.[59][60][61] In August 2022, Wu announced that, in the following month, Oliver Sellers-Garcia would begin serving in the newly created senior advisory position of \"green new deal director\". This position advises the mayor's office on steps towards climate resiliency.[62] In September 2022, Wu announced the creation of the Cabinet for Worker Empowerment. One of the tasks this new department was given is to oversee the implementation of her Green New Deal for Boston Public Schools.[63]Wu (far left) at a November 2022 Boston Celtics game with Governor-elect Maura Healey, Celtics alum Satch Sanders and diplomatic guests William, Prince of Wales and Catherine, Princess of Wales (who were in Boston for the 2022 Earthshot Prize)In July 2022, it was announced that the ceremonies for the second edition of the Earthshot Prize, an environmentalism award founded by William, Prince of Wales and The Royal Foundation, would be held in Boston in December 2022. The City of Boston are joining the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum as host partners for the award ceremony.[64] Wu spoke with Prince William about arrangements for the event.[65] In early November 2022, it was announced that the event's official host committee would include Wu, along with Governor Charlie Baker, John Kerry (the U.S. special presidential envoy for climate), Karen Spilka (president of the Massachusetts Senate), and Ronald Mariano (speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives).[66] During their time in Boston for the awards, Wu spent time with William, Prince of Wales and Catherine, Princess of Wales.[67]In May 2024, Wu attended the Vatican Climate Conference (held at the Vatican City). Wu was the only United States mayor to be a participant at the conference, where she delivered a speech that the Boston Globe considered to have been Wu's \"first international address\". While in the Vatican City and the city of Rome, Italy (of which the Vatican City is an enclave), Wu also met with Pope Francis and Rome mayor Roberto Gualtieri. This trip marked first diplomatic mission since becoming mayor.[68]As part of a $20 million housing program funded through COVID recovery funds, Wu's mayoral administration is planning to launch the \"Large Building Green Energy Retrofits Program\" providing building owners of buildings with fifteen or more units up to $10,000 to support efforts to reduce their buildings' energy use through \"deep energy retrofits\". The program is targeted at retrofitting the city's existing housing stock.[69] In November 2023, Wu stated in an interview that the city government would not be participating in a state government pilot program for 10 cities and towns to require property developers in their communities to only construct all-electric buildings (despite 70% of the city's greenhouse gas inventory being accounted for by emissions from buildings) because the pilot program did not appear to be designed for the city and because she received \"clear indications that Boston would not be chosen for the one available spot.\"[70] In April 2024, the Wu administration announced the appointment of the city government's first chief climate officer and $75 million in capital funding under the city government's 2025 fiscal year budget to procure state and federal climate resilience grants.[71]Wu serves on the steering committee of Climate Mayors.[72]","title":"Environment and climate change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 vaccine mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_mandate"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 vaccine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmidOpposition-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VaccineMandateLifted-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95Compliance-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95Compliance-79"},{"link_name":"collective bargaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Appeals Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Appeals_Court"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VaccineMandateLifted-78"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"See also: COVID-19 pandemic in BostonWu took office amid the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2021, Wu announced a city COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Under the mandate, people ages 12 and older, in order to enter indoor public venues (bars, restaurants, gyms, theaters, and sports venues) in Boston, would be required to show proof of at least their first COVID-19 vaccine dose by January 15, 2022, and of full vaccination by February 15, 2022. The mandate promoted opposition, and in an interview with Boston Public Radio, Wu stated that she received racist messages in response to vaccine requirements.[73][74][75][76] Some opponents circulated false rumors about Wu being hospitalized for panic attacks while in office.[77] On February 19, 2022, Wu announced that the city would end its proof-of-vaccine mandate for public places with immediate effect.[78]The Wu administration also required city employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19 (with exceptions for employees with medical reasons and religious objectors), and about 94% of city employees were in compliance with that requirement by late January 2022.[79] Wu extended the deadline for city employees to comply.[79] Some public employee unions fought the mandate in court, arguing that the mandate rules should be subject to collective bargaining.[80] A Massachusetts Appeals Court judge sided with the unions, blocking the city worker mandate.[78] Wu faced persistent demonstrations outside of her house protesting her COVID measures.[81]","title":"COVID-19 pandemic"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelle_Wu_and_Charlie_Baker_at_140_Claredon_Street_event_(FGMWWKeWUAIN31Q0)).jpg"},{"link_name":"Charlie Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Baker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Markey,_Stephen_Lynch,_Michelle_Wu_announce_funding_to_%22green%22_Ausonia_Apartments_(Frslgk4XoAED4FM).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ed Markey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Markey"},{"link_name":"housing affordability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_affordability"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETammyKim1-10"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETammyKim1-10"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC1-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC1-82"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETammyKim1-10"},{"link_name":"Mass and Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_and_Cass"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Plain"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmatively_Furthering_Fair_Housing"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YauMillerJan262022-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"deed restriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed_restriction"},{"link_name":"American Rescue Plan Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act"},{"link_name":"CARES Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARES_Act"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"three-deckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-decker_(house)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dumcius-69"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Beacon Park Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Park_Yard"},{"link_name":"viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaduct"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Kenzie Bok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzie_Bok"},{"link_name":"Boston Housing Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"remote work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"zoning code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning_code"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Sara Bronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bronin"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"real estate transfer tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_transfer_tax"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"White Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Stadium"},{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"Wu with Governor Charlie Baker at the December 2021 groundbreaking of an affordable housing developmentWu (right) joins Senator Ed Markey (left) and Congressman Stephen Lynch at the announcement of federal funding to make Ausonia Apartments more energy-efficient and climate-resilientWu has placed great importance on housing matters, declaring in her 2024 State of the City address that she believes, \"everything starts with housing.\" A major issue in Boston preexisting her mayoralty is housing affordability and a shortage of housing supply. As of 2024, Boston had the third-highest rental rates among United States cities, as well as a rental vacancy rate of only one-percent. Wu sees addressing these matters as also important to reversing the city's trend of population loss.[10] E. Tammy Kim of The New Yorker wrote of Wu's approaching to addressing the city's challenging with housing,Her approach has been to try everything, all at once: preserving and building new public housing; imposing rent control; requiring twenty per cent of new apartments to be somewhat affordable; simplifying the process for accessory dwelling units; converting unused offices into apartments; and providing shelter for people coming off the streets\n[10]Wu has given far less appointments for one-on one meetings with private developers than her predecessors did, giving them less opportunities to directly lobby her on policies.[82] The lack of special access granted to them by Wu has irked many developers.[82][10]In her early months as mayor, Wu moved hundreds of unhoused individuals that had been living in the Mass and Cass area to temporary housing.[83] In January 2022, Wu designated $50 million to fund improvements to the Mildred C. Hailey Aprtments complex in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood.[84]In January 2022, Wu also signed an executive order to adopt a municipal Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing policy. This made Boston the largest city in the United States to adopt such a policy.[85]In September 2022, when Wu had an opportunity to nominate ten individuals to serve on the Boston Zoning Board of Appeal, she nominated only three Walsh appointees for reappointment.[86] Her nominees were noted to be diverse. Some of the nominees included first generation immigrants, income-restricted renters, and building trades members.[87]In December 2021, Wu signed into law an ordinance amending the city's zoning code by eliminating off-street parking minimums for new affordable developments where 60% of the units are income-restricted at 100% the area median income in order to remove a barrier for the construction of new units of affordable housing.[88][89] In October 2022, Wu signed an executive order that changed the approval process in the city for new income-restricted affordable housing developments. The order sought to halve the time that the approval process takes. Impacting nine city agencies (including the BPDA), the order established a separate review and approval process for affordable housing developments and requested the BPDA give priority to such developments.[90]In October 2022, the city of Boston provided $12 million in funding to assist in the acquisition of thirty-six apartment buildings in East Boston by the East Boston Neighborhood Trust, a new organization that is the first mixed-income neighborhood trust (MINT) in the state of Massachusetts. The trust is managed by the East Boston Community Development Corporation, a neighborhood organization. The acquisition of these buildings by the new trust, in consort with a municipal deed restriction, will ensure that the 114 housing units in these buildings permanently remain affordable. The city's funding to this came from $9 million received from the American Rescue Plan Act, $2 million received in the CARES Act, and $1 million in inclusionary development funds.[91]Utilizing $20 million in COVID-19 recovery funding, Wu's mayoral administration is implementing a housing program that includes an initiative to establish affordable housing in three-deckers and the \"Large Building Green Energy Retrofits Program\" to provide funding to assist owners of buildings with fifteen or more housing units to reduce their buildings' energy use through \"deep energy retrofits\".[69]Wu has worked with the state government to seek federal funding to realign the Massachusetts Turnpike's route through the Beacon Park Yard. The realignment would enable plans by Harvard University to build development above the railroad tracks and realigned turnpike. It would also help to bridge a community divide created in the 1960s by the construction of the viaduct on which the highway currently runs.[92]In 2023, Wu appointed Kenzie Bok to head the Boston Housing Authority.[93]In response to high office space vacancy (due to increased remote work after the COVID-19 pandemic) and demand for new housing, in June 2023 Wu announced a new program to offer property tax discounts as high as 75% to landlords that convert empty office space to residential use.[94]'In September 2023, Wu announced that her administration would begin the process of creating the first overhaul in six decades to the city's zoning code.[95] A report by Cornell University professor Sara Bronin that had been commissioned by the city had argued a need for code to be overhauled.[96]Wu has advocated for the state to grant legislative approval for the city to place a real estate transfer tax on transfers of property valued at $2 million or more.[97]Wu has supported a project which would renovate White Stadium in order to host a new team in the National Women's Soccer League.[98][99]","title":"Housing and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"implement a form of rent control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_control_in_Massachusetts#Attempts_to_restore_rent_control"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revisit-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revisit-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revisit-102"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Rent control","text":"In March 2022, Wu announced the creation of a Rent Stabilization Advisory Committee, which will report the city's Office of Housing on Strategies with advice on means to stabilize rents in the city and to combat the displacement of tenants, with the aim of creating a proposal to present to the City Council.[100]On March 8, 2023, in a 11–2 vote the Boston City Council consented to two home rule petitions proposed by Wu: one asking the state government to permit the city implement a form of rent control, and the other asking the state to permit Boston to implement Wu's plan to restructure the Boston Planning & Development Agency. The two petitions will need to be approved by the state government in order for Boston to be granted these permissions.[101] Wu's proposal has been criticized by both the real estate community (which in general opposes any form of rent control), as well as by some rent control advocates who regard it as not going far enough.[102] The Boston Real Estate Board launched a campaign in 2023 to oppose Wu's measure, saying it will discourage housing production in a city and a region that already has an acute shortage, will make maintaining properties more difficult, and will hurt tax revenues.[102]Wu's proposal would mark the return of rent control to Boston, where a law was previously in place from 1969 until state voters prohibited rent control in a 1994 referendum.[102] In that referendum, Boston and neighboring Cambridge were the only Massachusetts communities to vote against abolishing rent control (both voting doing so by large margins).[103]","title":"Housing and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"MBTA Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_Orange_Line"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impactful-108"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impactful-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-impactful-108"},{"link_name":"MBTA Green Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_Green_Line"},{"link_name":"Federal Transit Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Pete Buttigieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"Boston's public transportation operator, the MBTA, is a division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT),[104] limiting the power that the mayor of Boston has over transportation in the city. Nevertheless, Wu has taken actions and voiced positions related to the city's transportation.Wu advocated for Bostonians to have a more direct voice in the MBTA.[105] In the state budget passed in August 2023, a seat was created on the MBTA board to be appointed by the mayor of Boston. Wu had advocated for such a seat on the board representing Boston since her time on the Boston City Council, and this was regarded to be a political victory for her.[106]In August 2022, Wu's city administration and the state government worked together to prepare for and alleviate the impact of a several-week closure of a key segment of the MBTA Orange Line to facilitate needed repairs.[107] Wu outlined alternate public transportation means that could utilized by MBTA riders during the closure.[108] Wu also urged Boston area residents that could to utilize MBTA commuter rail lines in order to avoid increased road congestion anticipated to result from the Orange Line closure.[109] Wu also worked to facilitate the operations shuttle busses to several neighborhoods, making sure space was reserved for the loading and unloading of passengers.[108] Wu urged employers in the parts of the city impacted by the closure to avoid giving penalties to employees that show up tardy to work as a consequence of their impacted commutes.[108] Amid this closure and other concerns, such as a temporary closure of a smaller part of the MBTA Green Line, Wu disagreed with the prospect of the Federal Transit Administration assuming control of the MBTA, remarking that the system's problems, which she called \"a breaking point\", called for, \"a partnership, not a takeover\" from the federal government.[110]Also in August 2022, Wu and local transit advocacy organizations requested federal assistance to be provided to the MBTA to address service cuts made to the MBTA's service as a result of staffing shortages. They urged for the state's congressional delegation and for United States Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg to take action to direct assistance to the MBTA.[111][112][113]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freedom_to_Move_Act_FuhJxO7WwAY-qEV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ed Markey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Markey"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Fare-free bus routes","text":"Wu (second from left) stands with Senator Ed Markey (second from right), Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley (far right), and others at a press conference for the Freedom to Move Act that would provide federal funding for fare-free public transportIn December 2021 Wu extended the fare-free pilot program for the MBTA Route 28 bus that was started under the acting mayoralty of Kim Janey by two months. She did this with while engaging in talks with the MBTA to further extend the pilot program.[114] The city had, in November 2021, announced that its data showed that during the pilot program ridership had increased to an excess of 70,000 in weekly ridership. Pre COVID-pandemic weekly ridership on the route had been 47,000, making the COVID-era pilot program ridership significantly greater despite the general impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transportation rider. The city concluded that, in comparison to ridership trends on comparable routes of the MBTA, the increase in ridership was directly attributable to the pilot program.[115] A later more in-depth 2022 analysis found an overall 38% increase in weekday ridership from 7,500 before the pandemic (with fares) to 10,200 during the September and October periods during the pilot program.[116][117]In mid-November 2021, Wu sent an appropriations order to the Boston City Council to ask for approval to appropriate $8 million of federal funds to fund two years of fare-free service on the MBTA Route 23, 28, and 29 buses. These buses serve the Dorchester, Mattapan, and Roxbury communities.[118][119] At the start of December, the City Council approved the appropriations order 12–1.[120] On February 9, 2022, it was announced by Wu and MBTA General Manager Steve Poftak that the two-year program for the three routes to be fare-free was officially agreed to and would be launched on March 1, 2022.[121][122] In February 2024, the city authorized a $8.4 million two-year extension of the three-route pilot into 2026.[123]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelle_Wu_2023_Boston_MLK_Jr._Day_Breakfast_52631648650_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor-healey-lt-governor-driscoll-celebrate-unveiling-of-the-embrace-monument-in-memory-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr_52625852883_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Embrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Embrace"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"Latinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinx"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamb9feb22-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamb9feb22-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamb9feb22-125"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YauMillerJan262022-85"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"affinity groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_group"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Judicial Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Watch"},{"link_name":"public records request","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_records_request"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"murder of Carol Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Carol_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Mission Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"text":"Wu speaking at Boston's 2023 Martin Luther King Jr. Day BreakfastWu (second from left) poses with a group (including Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley and Governor Maura Healey at the January 2023 unveiling of The EmbraceWu has expressed a belief that her cabinet should be reflective of the city's population, arguing that that is consequential towards making the city's government more responsive to its different communities. People of color hold a majority in her cabinet. As of August 2022, Wu's cabinet had thirteen Black members, thirteen White members, six Latinx members, and two Asian American members.[124]In February 2022, Wu established the city's Office for Black Male Advancement (OBMA), which will be a component of the city's already-existing Equity and Inclusion Cabinet.[125] Wu's office stated that,The Mayor’s Office for Black Male Advancement will work to improve outcomes and reduce systemic barriers to advancement for Black men and boys living in the City of Boston.[125]The office will, among other responsibilities, design projects and programs to promote equity benefiting Black men and boys, advancing the representation of Black men and boys in city government, and collaborating with the city on advocating for state and federal programs and legislation related to Black men and boys.[126] The office will also oversee the Commission on Black Men and Boys that had been established by an ordinance signed by Kim Janey during her acting mayoralty.[125]In January 2022, Wu signed an executive order to adopt a municipal Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing policy. This made Boston the largest city in the United States to adopt such a policy.[85]In May 2022, Boston awarded a $17 million contract to City Fresh Foods, a local Black-owned business, to be a vendor for Boston City Schools. This was the largest non-construction contract that the city had awarded to a certified Black-owned business in its history. This has been credited as being indicative of Wu impacting how the city government views matters of diversity. The contract has also been credited as helping to achieve the goals of the Good Food Purchasing Program that was created by an ordinance that had been authored by Wu as a city councilwoman.[127][128]In December 2023, Wu faced accusations of racism when Denise DosSantos, Wu's director of City Council relations (an employee of the City of Boston) accidentally sent an invite on her behalf to all the Councillors for a holiday party meant exclusively for \"Electeds of Color\".[129][130] Wu said that sending the invitations to White council members was an honest mistake, and that the party is one of the many private events held for different affinity groups, and that she looked forward to seeing everyone on the council at other opportunities to celebrate the holidays together.[131] She said that she was asked to host the \"Electeds of Color Holiday Party\", which has been held for more than a decade for elected officials of color from all over Massachusetts. Other councilors of color defended the party saying that it was a way for people with \"shared experiences\" to come together.[132] The Office of the Attorney General of Massachusetts rejected complaints on the matter, finding that no laws had been violated.[133] In February 2024, the conservative group Judicial Watch filed a lawsuit against Wu claiming that she failed to honor a public records request for communications related to the holiday party.[134]In December 2023, Wu apologized on behalf of the city for the impact that police conduct in the investigation of the 1989 murder of Carol Stuart had upon the African-American community in the city, especially in Mission Hill. Her apology was directly addressed to Willie Bennett and Alan Swanson, who had been wrongly treated as suspects.[135]","title":"Racial equity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Warren,_Michelle_Wu,_Miguel_Cardona_FNBNJJ4XoAQ8Er-_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cardona"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BayStateBannerGNDschools-57"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YasminSep2022-136"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YasminSep2022-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Raymond Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Flynn"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Boston Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Boston School Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_School_Committee"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"receivership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receivership"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"vetoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4key-33"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETammyKim1-10"}],"text":"Wu (right) in March 2022 with U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona (center) and Senator Elizabeth Warren (left)In May 2022, Wu unveiled plans for a \"Green New Deal\" for Boston Public School buildings which doubles the capital spending that the city will devote to the construction new and renovated school buildings to $2 billion compared to the $1 million that had been outlined in former mayor Marty Walsh's 2015 BuildBPS plan. Wu has pledged for the city to have a more equitable and transparent process for school construction and capital improvements than in the past and that the process will involve input from students, educators, and parents.[57] In September 2022, Wu announced the creation of the Cabinet for Worker Empowerment. One of the tasks of this new department is providing oversight to this \"Green New Deal\" for the city's schools.[136] Another of the department's tasks is to establish a trust fund for childcare.[136]In mid-2022, Wu distributed grants to family childcare providers.[137] In July 2022, Wu signed an executive order which outlined the formula for what funds developers building in the city's downtown must contribute to fund child care services in the city. This executive order builds upon a policy implemented in 1989 under the mayoralty of Raymond Flynn which requires that new commercial developments in the city's downtown provide childcare services on-site or otherwise fund resources for off-site childcare spaces. However, the policy had, previous to Wu's executive order, been difficult to enforce due to the fact that the policy did not previous provide a clear definition of the amounts that developers needed to pay.[138]Wu nominated Tommy Welch to serve as superintendent of Boston Public Schools. He was confirmed by the Boston School Committee in a 4–3 vote in July 2022.[139] Wu opposed proposals by the state to place Boston Public Schools into state receivership, which arose from negative assessments of the city's schools in studies that were taken in 2020, before her mayoralty.[140] In June 2022, Wu and Massachusetts state education officials settled on an agreement to improve Boston Public Schools, averting receivership.[141] In February 2023, Wu vetoed a city council ordinance to advance a home rule petition that requested that the state make the city's public school board an elected body. Wu wrote that she, \"deeply respect[s]\" the advocates' of the ordinance, but, \"cannot support legislative changes that would compromise our ability to stabilize and support the Boston Public Schools during this critical period.\"[142] Previously, when she had run for mayor in 2021 Wu's education plan had called for a restructuring of the Boston School Committee that would have seen the committee have a majority of its seats be elected.[33][143] Wu backed away from this support of a transition to a partially elected board after becoming mayor, arguing that it was an inopportune time for such a change to take place.[144] As of 2024, Wu's own children attend public schools in the city.[10]","title":"Education and childcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_of_Boston_modernization_ribbon_cutting_ceremony_(FeWGcbbWYAUeP6)_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Port of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Robert Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kraft"},{"link_name":"Lisa Wieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Wieland"},{"link_name":"challenge grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_grant"},{"link_name":"Economic Development Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Development_Administration"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YasminSep2022-136"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"nightlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightlife"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WuthmannFeb222023-147"},{"link_name":"workforce development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce_development"},{"link_name":"biotechnology industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"}],"text":"Wu and others celebrate the ribbon-cutting ceremony for a modernized Port of Boston (Front row includes: Gov. Charlie Baker, businessman Robert Kraft, Port Director Lisa Wieland, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, Sen. Ed Markey; back row includes: Rep. Stephen Lynch, City Council Pres. Ed Flynn)In August 2022, Boston received a $23 million American Rescue Plan challenge grant from the Economic Development Administration to establish a Regional Workforce Training System aimed at training and placing individuals for 4,618 quality jobs in targeted industries over three years starting in October 2022. The Mayor's Office of Workforce Development had been the lead applicant, working with other there parties and organizations in their grant application.[145] On Labor Day 2022, Wu announced the creation of the Cabinet for Worker Empowerment. One of the tasks this new department was assigned is overseeing the creation of more job training centers in the city.[136]After becoming mayor, Wu announced that she would rename the city's office of economic development the \"Office of Economic Opportunity & Inclusion\" and would name Segun Idowu to head it. Wu announced that Midori Morikawa, who had under Walsh and Janey been the interim chief of economic development, would be assigned a new position focused on neighborhood development.[146] In early 2023, Wu created the new position of \"director of nightlife economy\", a role that is focused on overseeing development of nightlife-centered development in the city.[147] In June 2023, Wu announced a $4 million workforce development program to provide job training to 1,000 Boston residents for entry into the biotechnology industry.[148]","title":"Business, labor, and economic development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Kraft_and_Michelle_Wu_52917447352_o_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Gillette Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2026 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC1-82"}],"sub_title":"Working relationship with business leaders","text":"Wu with businessman Robert Kraft (owner of the New England Patriots) in 2023 at an event promoting Gillette Stadium's hosting of matches for the 2026 FIFA World CupIt has been observed that Wu's approach to dealing with the city's business elite has differed from her predecessors. In May 2023, Brian McGrory of The Boston Globe observed that Wu has given greater precedence toward attending to other municipal concerns than she does to giving an audience to the city's business elites. Describing Wu as \"a different kind of mayor, with a different view of her city\" from her predecessors, McGrory wrote, \"when Wu sets her priorities...[and] when she imagines her legacy, she’s not gazing at the city’s skyline or at the people who are building it. Rather, she’s obsessed with the seemingly intractable problems that fester in the shadows of those gleaming towers.\"[149] Also in May 2023, Shirley Lueng (also of The Boston Globe) similarly observed that, \"previous mayors have welcomed tête-à-têtes with real estate developers and other captains of industry to discuss projects or other matters. Often, those were one-on-one meetings. But that hasn’t been Wu’s style. Instead, she prefers to assemble groups of leaders to help shape specific policies and forge public-private partnerships...the noticeable change in approach continues to ruffle the feathers of those who are used to having the ear of the mayor, all of which is perpetuating a narrative that Wu is indifferent to business interests.\"[150] It has been also been observed by the Boston Globe that Wu grants substantially less meetings to real estate developers than her processors had, giving them less opportunities to directly lobby her.[82]","title":"Business, labor, and economic development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Boston Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"WCVB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVB-TV"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"anti-Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Italian"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"sub_title":"2022 North End outdoor dining policy","text":"In early 2022, some restaurant owners, particularly many in Boston's North End, criticized Wu for only allowing North End restaurants to take part in the city's pilot outdoor dining program a month after restaurants in other neighborhoods were allowed to participate, and for levying a $7,500 charge for North End restaurants that wished to take part in the pilot program while not charging that fee for other parts of the city.[151] Wu argued that the rationale for this was that seventy-seven outdoor dining patios were located in a single 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) area of the North End, a particularly large number in a small area. Wu claimed that these policies were done in an attempt to help \"strike the right balance with thoughtful spacing, time limitations, increased safety protections, and other resources necessary to mitigate the impacts on parking, trash, rodents, and public safety.\"[152]In addition to affected restaurant owners' resistance, this controversy was taken up as a cause by many general critics of Wu, making it a heated matter.[153]Boston Herald political columnist Joe Battenfeld, a general critic of Wu, expressed agreement with Wu's policies related to North End restaurants, calling it, \"one of the few times Wu has been right in her young administration.\" He argued that the charge seemed to be \"a reasonable amount\", and argued that if the restaurants did not pay for the expenses related to the impact of their use of road and sidewalk space, the expenses would be borne by the city's taxpayers. Battenfeld asked his readers, \"Why should taxpayers subsidize restaurants, which make a hefty profit, for their outdoor dining spaces? The answer is they shouldn't.\"[154] Contrarily, when Tufts University political science professor Jeffrey Berry gave WCVB-TV his overall positive assessment of Wu's first six months in office, he expressed the belief that her handling of outdoor dining on the North End had been a significant misstep. He opined, \"The North End mess, and I do call it a mess, is a self-inflicted wound. It was not necessary. She overreached in terms of what she was going to charge restaurateurs there. It seemed excessive.\"[155]A lawsuit was launched by several North End restaurant owners over the policy. In March 2023, a group of five North End restaurant owners filed an amended version of the lawsuit naming Wu as a defendant with by adding an allegation that the policy had been an act of anti-Italian discrimination.[156][157]In both 2023 and 2024, the city's outdoor dining program did not make outdoor dining available to North End restaurants.[158]","title":"Business, labor, and economic development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelle_Wu_and_Steven_W._Tompkins_53456127749_dcc3bd264e_o_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Steven W. Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_W._Tompkins"},{"link_name":"Michael Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cox_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"Boston Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cutveto1-160"},{"link_name":"Boston Police Patrolmen's Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Police_Patrolmen%27s_Association"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policecontract-161"},{"link_name":"arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policecontract-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riospolicecontract-162"},{"link_name":"medical leave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_leave"},{"link_name":"Bay State Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_State_Banner"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policecontract-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riospolicecontract-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETammyKim1-10"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonasControversialGangDatabaseCredited-165"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonasControversialGangDatabaseCredited-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"}],"text":"Wu with Suffolk County Sheriff Steven W. Tompkins in 2024In July 2022, following a seven-month search, Wu named Michael Cox as the new commissioner of the Boston Police Department.[159]In June 2023, Wu vetoed a $5 million cut in Boston Police and Veterans Services department that was passed by the City Council. She called this proposed cut, \"illusory, as the city is obligated to cover salary and overtime expenses incurred by the department.\"[160]In December 2023, Wu reached a contract agreement with the Boston Police Patrolmen's Association.[161] In the terms of the contract, the union agreed that officers would lose the option to use arbitration to appeal firings or other disciplinary measures if they are convicted of certain crimes.[161][162] The contract also saw the union agree to allow pay details of the department to be made public, and for their to be more strict outlines on when officers are permitted to take medical leave. Yawu Miller of the Bay State Banner described it as being, \"the first [contract] in which [Boston] city officials have managed to secure significant reforms from the Patrolmen’s union.\"[161] It was approved unanimously by the Boston City Council on December 13, 2024.[162] In March 2024, a similar contract was reached with the Boston Police Detectives Benevolent Society.[163]Wu increased funding to the Boston Regional Intelligence Center's gang database. The database has been controversial in Boston.[10] Wu has touted that those tasked with maintaining the database have adopted new procedures to remove thousands of names from it that are no longer relevant.[164][165] Previously, as a city councilor, Wu had voted against accepting federal funds for the database due to concerns she had at the time.[165] Before becoming mayor, Wu had also proposed dismantling the database and even had floated the idea of abolishing the Boston Regional Intelligence Center, positions which she no longer advocates for.[166]","title":"Law enforcement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20221022-OSE-UNC-0002_(52450106192)_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jewel H. Bronaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_H._Bronaugh"},{"link_name":"deputy secretary of agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Boston Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-override1-170"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cutveto1-160"},{"link_name":"collective bargaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-override1-170"}],"text":"Wu with Jewel H. Bronaugh (deputy secretary of agriculture) in October 2022In October 2022, Wu vetoed a 20% pay increase for city councilors that had been passed by the City Council. Wu had supported an 11% increase, which had been the recommendation of Boston's compensation advisory board, but opposed a 20% increase.[167]In June 2023, Wu vetoed a large number of budget amendments offered by the City Council, including amendments that otherwise would have resulted in decreased funding to the city's Office of Veterans Services and its police department, as well as an amendment aimed at increasing citizen input in budgeting.[168] She also vetoed funding cuts for the Boston 's Transportation Department, Public Works Department, and the Boston Public Library.[169] In all, Wu vetoed the majority of changes that the City Council made to the budget.[170] Wu asserted that the cuts vetoed went against her belief that the city's budget should be, \"built on a foundation of effective delivery of city services that are central to our residents' quality of life.\"[160] The city council held votes on overriding six of Wu's vetos, but only one such vote reached the necessary threshold. This was for an addition the City Council has made to the budget to explicitly allocate $600,000 for pay raises to police officers. However, Wu has declared her intention to treat that change as illegal, arguing that the council's actions would amount to it illegally involving itself in the ongoing collective bargaining process between the city government and the Municipal Police Patrolmen's Union. Wu has agreed that a salary change is due, but regards the City Council's change to the budget to not be in accordance with the law.[170]","title":"Budget matters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonNixon's-171"},{"link_name":"swatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatting"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonNixon's-171"},{"link_name":"political violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence"},{"link_name":"psychological abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_violence"},{"link_name":"physical violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_violence"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonasCriticssList1-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellafante1-30"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonasCriticssList1-174"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonasCriticssList1-174"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonNixon's-171"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"\"enemies list\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon%27s_enemies_list"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonasCriticssList1-174"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JonNixon's-171"}],"text":"Wu has faced incidents of intense protest and altercation from individuals politically opposed to her. These have included altercations occurring inside of Boston City Hall, disturbances at formal events, extended demonstrations outside of Wu's personal residence,[171] an incident in which Wu's personal residence was the target of swatting,[172] and incidents in which Wu has been followed by automobile.[173] Many of these incidents have involved frequent repeat protesters.[171] This has been noted to possibly relate to a phenomenon observed in studies (such as a survey conducted in the fall of 2021 by the Mayor's Innovation Project) showing that female mayors and mayors who are persons of color are subjected to more political violence (both in the forms of psychological abuse and physical violence) than mayors who do not fall under either of those characteristics.[174]In March 2022, by a 9–4 vote, the City Council passed an ordinance that had been proposed the previous month by Wu to limit the hours at which targeted protests outside of people's homes can take place to between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. Wu herself had been the subject of targeted protesting outside of her home against her COVID-19 measures.[175][176] Violations are punishable by fine.[177] The ordinance generated some controversy.[30]In 2023, it was revealed that after the 2022 Dorchester Day Parade[174] Wu's office shared with the city's police department a list it had compiled naming protesters that Wu's office said had followed Wu and her family during the parade, harassing and physically intimidating them. The office said that it had forwarded this list after the Boston Police Department had requested information about this incident. Wu's spokesperson claimed the list included \"people, who over the course of several months...harassed and physically intimidated the mayor and her family on a near daily basis.\"[174] The list included individuals that had frequently protested Wu,[171] including several individuals that had previously protested outside of Wu's residence. One individual on the list was a council candidate, while another was a North End restaurant owner that was wanted by police at the time for charges relating to a shooting.[178] Wu received criticism from some news organizations for what some writers characterized as her sending the police a list of \"critics\". Some comparisons being made to the \"enemies list\" that had been compiled in the presidential administration of U.S. president Richard Nixon.[174][171]","title":"Handling of protesters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"2020 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"text":"Wu has pursued litigation by the city against the United States Census Bureau for allegedly undercounting Boston's population in the 2020 United States Census, thereby hurting its access to federal resources.[179]","title":"Other matters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonia Chang-Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Chang-D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Maura Healey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Healey"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Shannon Liss-Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Liss-Riordan"},{"link_name":"2022 Massachusetts attorney general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Massachusetts_attorney_general_election"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts state auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_state_auditor"},{"link_name":"Steven W. Tompkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_W._Tompkins"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Arroyo_(politician)"},{"link_name":"district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Raphael Warnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Warnock"},{"link_name":"2022 United States Senate election in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"write-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_New_Hampshire_Democratic_presidential_primary"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"}],"text":"Wu endorsed Sonia Chang-Díaz's candidacy in the Democratic primary of the 2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election. After Chang-Díaz withdrew from the race, Wu endorsed Maura Healey's successful gubernatorial candidacy.[180][181] Wu endorsed the unsuccessful campaign of Shannon Liss-Riordan in the Democratic primary of the 2022 Massachusetts attorney general election.[182] In 2022, she supported Chris Dempsey's unsuccessful campaign in the Democratic primary for Massachusetts state auditor. Also in 2022, Wu endorsed Steven W. Tompkins' reelection campaign for Suffolk County sheriff before his Democratic primary. Wu also endorsed a number of state legislature candidates in 2022.[183] Before past sexual assault allegations against him became known, Wu had endorsed Ricardo Arroyo's 2022 campaign for Suffolk County district attorney. However, after the allegations surfaced, Wu and many joined many other prominent politicians in withdrawing her nomination of Arroyo.[184] Wu supported the reelection campaign of Raphael Warnock in the 2022 United States Senate election in Georgia.[185] Wu campaigned for the effort to get voters to write-in President Joe Biden in the 2024 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary.[186]","title":"Other political activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gold House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_House"},{"link_name":"Bruce Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Harrell"},{"link_name":"Aftab Pureval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftab_Pureval"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Nichols"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Boston_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Boston Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Boston Arts Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Arts_Academy"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"text":"In 2022, Wu was honored by Gold House (which honors those of Asian Pacific descent). The organization honored her and fellow mayors Bruce Harrell and Aftab Pureval as having made the \"most impact\" in the field of advocacy and policy.[187] The Harvard College Class of 2022 selected Wu to be their Class Day speaker.[188] Wu had been the first alumnus of Harvard College to be elected mayor of Boston since Malcolm Nichols was elected in 1925.[189] In 2022, Time magazine recognized Wu in its Time100 Next list of emerging leaders. The article accompanying her entry was authored by Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley.[190][191] In 2022, Wu received the \"Catalyst for Justice Award\" from Massachusetts Public Health Association.[192] In 2022, Boston magazine ranked Wu at the top of its list of \"100 Most Influential Bostonians\".[193] In 2023, she was ranked ninth on the magazine's power list.[194] The Boston Bar Association gave Wu the \"Voice of Change\" award at its 2023 Beacon Awards for Diversity, Equity & Inclusion.[195][196] In 2023, Wu and former acting mayor Janey received the Boston Arts Academy Foundation's \"Champion Award\".[197]","title":"Recognition"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Wu campaigning for mayor in September 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Michelle_Wu_campaigning_for_Mayor_%281%29_02.jpg/220px-Michelle_Wu_campaigning_for_Mayor_%281%29_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu participating in the 2021 Roxbury Unity Parade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Michelle_Wu_2021_Roxbury_Unity_Parade_%2814%29.jpg/220px-Michelle_Wu_2021_Roxbury_Unity_Parade_%2814%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (left) and her acting predecessor, Kim Janey, in January 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Governor-healey-lt-governor-driscoll-celebrate-unveiling-of-the-embrace-monument-in-memory-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr_52625376111_o_%28Michelle_Wu_and_Kim_Janey%29_%281%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (second from left) and other newly elected mayors and mayors-elect meet with President Joe Biden (second from right) in the Oval Office of the White House on December 14, 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Joe_Biden_in_the_Oval_Office_with_newly-elected_mayors_FGq2Q3EXwAQiJZ9.jpg/220px-Joe_Biden_in_the_Oval_Office_with_newly-elected_mayors_FGq2Q3EXwAQiJZ9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (left) in 2022 at Boston's 22nd Annual Street Festival with Congressman Stephen Lynch (center) and City Council President Ed Flynn (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stephen_Lynch_at_Boston%27s_22nd_Annual_Street_Festival_307775393_621872195981199_723264893136106632_n_%281%29.jpg/220px-Stephen_Lynch_at_Boston%27s_22nd_Annual_Street_Festival_307775393_621872195981199_723264893136106632_n_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu at an 2023 event promoting local projects being funded with support from the Environmental Protection Agency's new $27 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Governor-healey-celebrates-epa-greenhouse-gas-reduction-fund_53137338780_o.jpg/220px-Governor-healey-celebrates-epa-greenhouse-gas-reduction-fund_53137338780_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (far left) at a November 2022 Boston Celtics game with Governor-elect Maura Healey, Celtics alum Satch Sanders and diplomatic guests William, Prince of Wales and Catherine, Princess of Wales (who were in Boston for the 2022 Earthshot Prize)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Boston_Field_Office_Royal_Protective_Detail_%2852553702985%29_%281%29.jpg/220px-Boston_Field_Office_Royal_Protective_Detail_%2852553702985%29_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu with Governor Charlie Baker at the December 2021 groundbreaking of an affordable housing development","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Michelle_Wu_and_Charlie_Baker_at_140_Claredon_Street_event_%28FGMWWKeWUAIN31Q0%29%29.jpg/220px-Michelle_Wu_and_Charlie_Baker_at_140_Claredon_Street_event_%28FGMWWKeWUAIN31Q0%29%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (right) joins Senator Ed Markey (left) and Congressman Stephen Lynch at the announcement of federal funding to make Ausonia Apartments more energy-efficient and climate-resilient","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ed_Markey%2C_Stephen_Lynch%2C_Michelle_Wu_announce_funding_to_%22green%22_Ausonia_Apartments_%28Frslgk4XoAED4FM%29.jpg/220px-Ed_Markey%2C_Stephen_Lynch%2C_Michelle_Wu_announce_funding_to_%22green%22_Ausonia_Apartments_%28Frslgk4XoAED4FM%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (second from left) stands with Senator Ed Markey (second from right), Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley (far right), and others at a press conference for the Freedom to Move Act that would provide federal funding for fare-free public transport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Freedom_to_Move_Act_FuhJxO7WwAY-qEV.jpg/220px-Freedom_to_Move_Act_FuhJxO7WwAY-qEV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu speaking at Boston's 2023 Martin Luther King Jr. Day Breakfast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Michelle_Wu_2023_Boston_MLK_Jr._Day_Breakfast_52631648650_o.jpg/220px-Michelle_Wu_2023_Boston_MLK_Jr._Day_Breakfast_52631648650_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (second from left) poses with a group (including Congresswoman Ayanna Pressley and Governor Maura Healey at the January 2023 unveiling of The Embrace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Governor-healey-lt-governor-driscoll-celebrate-unveiling-of-the-embrace-monument-in-memory-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr_52625852883_o.jpg/220px-Governor-healey-lt-governor-driscoll-celebrate-unveiling-of-the-embrace-monument-in-memory-of-dr-martin-luther-king-jr_52625852883_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu (right) in March 2022 with U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona (center) and Senator Elizabeth Warren (left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Elizabeth_Warren%2C_Michelle_Wu%2C_Miguel_Cardona_FNBNJJ4XoAQ8Er-_%281%29.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Warren%2C_Michelle_Wu%2C_Miguel_Cardona_FNBNJJ4XoAQ8Er-_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu and others celebrate the ribbon-cutting ceremony for a modernized Port of Boston (Front row includes: Gov. Charlie Baker, businessman Robert Kraft, Port Director Lisa Wieland, Sen. Elizabeth Warren, Sen. Ed Markey; back row includes: Rep. Stephen Lynch, City Council Pres. Ed Flynn)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Port_of_Boston_modernization_ribbon_cutting_ceremony_%28FeWGcbbWYAUeP6%29_%281%29.jpg/300px-Port_of_Boston_modernization_ribbon_cutting_ceremony_%28FeWGcbbWYAUeP6%29_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu with businessman Robert Kraft (owner of the New England Patriots) in 2023 at an event promoting Gillette Stadium's hosting of matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Robert_Kraft_and_Michelle_Wu_52917447352_o_%281%29.jpg/220px-Robert_Kraft_and_Michelle_Wu_52917447352_o_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu with Suffolk County Sheriff Steven W. Tompkins in 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Michelle_Wu_and_Steven_W._Tompkins_53456127749_dcc3bd264e_o_%281%29.jpg/220px-Michelle_Wu_and_Steven_W._Tompkins_53456127749_dcc3bd264e_o_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wu with Jewel H. Bronaugh (deputy secretary of agriculture) in October 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/20221022-OSE-UNC-0002_%2852450106192%29_%281%29.jpg/220px-20221022-OSE-UNC-0002_%2852450106192%29_%281%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Boston City Council tenure of Michelle Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Council_tenure_of_Michelle_Wu"},{"title":"Mayoralty of Thomas Menino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Thomas_Menino"},{"title":"Mayoralty of Marty Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Marty_Walsh"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Municipal election results\" (PDF). November 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2021/11/2021-11-02-21-Mayor.pdf","url_text":"\"Municipal election results\""}]},{"reference":"Buell, Spencer (November 2, 2021). \"Michelle Wu Will Be the Next Mayor of Boston\". Boston Magazine. Retrieved November 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2021/11/02/michelle-wu-elected-boston-mayor/","url_text":"\"Michelle Wu Will Be the Next Mayor of Boston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wu, Pureval mayoral wins mark milestone for Asian Americans\". Associated Press. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/mayoral-races-asian-american-candidates-aadd4e7f4a1f44c75634020893e1962c","url_text":"\"Wu, Pureval mayoral wins mark milestone for Asian Americans\""}]},{"reference":"Leung, Shirley (October 26, 2016). \"Could one of these women be our next mayor or governor?\". The Boston Globe. 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Council_of_Florence
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Council of Florence
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["1 Background","2 Council of Basel","3 Replacement by the Council of Florence","4 Rump Council of Basel","5 Meeting in Florence","6 Composition","7 Attempted dissolution","8 Issues of reform","9 Papal primacy","10 Eugene IV's eastern strategy","11 Council transferred to Ferrara and attempted reunion with Eastern Orthodox Churches","12 Council transferred to Florence and the near East-West union","12.1 Copts and Ethiopians","13 Deposition of Eugene IV and schism at Basel","13.1 Effects of the schism","13.2 Schism reconciled at Lausanne","14 Aftermath","15 See also","16 References","17 Sources","17.1 Primary sources","17.2 Secondary literature","18 Further reading","19 External links"]
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Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church (1431–1449)
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Council of Basel–Ferrara–FlorenceCouncil of Florence in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)Date1431–1449Previous councilCouncil of ConstanceNext councilFifth Council of the LateranConvoked byPope Martin VPresidentCardinal Julian CesariniAttendancevery light in first sessions, eventually 117 Latins and 31 GreeksTopicsHussites, East-West Schism, Western SchismDocuments and statementsSeveral Papal bulls, short-lived compromise of reunion with the Eastern Orthodox Church, reunion with delegation from the ArmeniansChronological list of ecumenical councils
Part of a series on theEcumenical councilsof the Catholic ChurchRenaissance depiction of the Council of Trent
4th–5th centuries
Nicaea I (325)
Constantinople I (381)
Ephesus (431)
Chalcedon (451)
6th–9th centuries
Constantinople II (553)
Constantinople III (680–681)
Nicaea II (787)
Constantinople IV (869–870)
12th–14th centuries
Lateran I (1123)
Lateran II (1139)
Lateran III (1179)
Lateran IV (1215)
Lyon I (1245)
Lyon II (1274)
Vienne (1311–12)
15th–16th centuries
Constance (1414–18)
Basel–Ferrara–Florence (1431–42)
Lateran V (1512–17)
Trent (1545–63)
19th–20th centuries
Vatican I (1869–70)
Vatican II (1962–65)
Catholicism portalvte
Pope Martin V convoked the Council of Basel in 1431: it became the Council of Ferrara in 1438 and the Council of Florence in 1439
The Council of Florence is the seventeenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held between 1431 and 1449. It was convoked as the Council of Basel by Pope Martin V shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in the context of the Hussite Wars in Bohemia and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. At stake was the greater conflict between the conciliar movement and the principle of papal supremacy.
The Council entered a second phase after Emperor Sigismund's death in 1437. Pope Eugene IV translated the Council to Ferrara on 8 January 1438, where it became the Council of Ferrara and succeeded in drawing some of the Byzantine ambassadors who were in attendance at Basel to Italy. Some Council members rejected the papal decree and remained at Basel: this rump Council suspended Eugene, declared him a heretic, and then in November 1439 elected an antipope, Felix V.
After becoming the Council of Florence (having moved to avoid the plague in Ferrara), the Council concluded in 1445 after negotiating unions with the various eastern churches. This bridging of the Great Schism proved fleeting, but was a political coup for the papacy. In 1447, Sigismund's successor Frederick III commanded the city of Basel to expel the Council of Basel; the rump Council reconvened in Lausanne before dissolving itself in 1449.
Background
The initial location in the Prince-Bishopric of Basel reflected the desire among parties seeking reform to meet outside territories directly controlled by the Pope, the Emperor or the kings of Aragon and France, whose influences the council hoped to avoid. Ambrogio Traversari attended the Council of Basel as legate of Pope Eugene IV.
Under pressure for ecclesiastical reform, Pope Martin V sanctioned a decree of the Council of Constance (9 October 1417) obliging the papacy to summon general councils periodically. At the expiration of the first term fixed by this decree, Pope Martin V complied by calling a council at Pavia. Due to an epidemic the location transferred almost at once to Siena (see Council of Siena) and disbanded, in circumstances still imperfectly known, just as it had begun to discuss the subject of reform (1424). The next council fell due at the expiration of seven years in 1431; Martin V duly convoked it for this date to the town of Basel and selected to preside over it the cardinal Julian Cesarini, a well-respected prelate. Martin himself, however, died before the opening of the synod.
Council of Basel
The Council was seated on 14 December 1431, at a period when the conciliar movement was strong and the authority of the papacy weak. The Council at Basel opened with only a few bishops and abbots attending, but it grew rapidly and to make its numbers greater gave the lower orders a majority over the bishops. It adopted an anti-papal attitude, proclaimed the superiority of the Council over the Pope, and prescribed an oath to be taken by each new Pope. On 18 December Martin's successor, Pope Eugene IV, tried to dissolve it and open a new council on Italian soil at Bologna, but he was overruled.
The council was held in the Cathedral of Basel, where benches were placed for the 400 and more members, and general congregations were held either in the cathedral or in its chapter house. The clerks of ceremonies were Enea Silvio Piccolomini and Michel Brunout.
Sigismund, King of Hungary and titular King of Bohemia, had been defeated at the Battle of Domažlice in the fifth crusade against the Hussites in August 1431. Under his sponsorship, the Council negotiated a peace with the Calixtine faction of the Hussites in January 1433. Pope Eugene acknowledged the council in May and crowned Sigismund Holy Roman Emperor on 31 May 1433. The divided Hussites were defeated in May 1434. In June 1434, the pope had to flee a revolt in Rome and began a ten-year exile in Florence.
Replacement by the Council of Florence
In 1438, Pope Eugene convened a new council at Ferrara, which however was transferred to Florence in 1439 because of the danger of plague at Ferrara and because Florence had agreed, against future payment, to finance the Council.
Rump Council of Basel
Most of the original Council moved from Basel to Ferrara in 1438. Some remained at Basel, still claiming to be the Council. They elected Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, as Pope Felix V. He is considered an antipope, and was the only claimant to the papal throne who ever took the Basel oath. Driven out of Basel in 1448, they moved to Lausanne. In 1449, Felix V resigned and the rump Council formally closed.
Meeting in Florence
The Council had meanwhile successfully negotiated reunification with several Eastern Churches, reaching agreements on such matters as the Western insertion of the phrase "Filioque" to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, the definition and number of the sacraments, and the doctrine of Purgatory. Another key issue was papal primacy, which involved the universal and supreme jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome over the whole Church, including the national Churches of the East (Serbian, Byzantine, Moldo-Wallachian, Bulgarian, Russian, Georgian, Armenian etc.), and nonreligious matters such as the promise of military assistance against the Ottoman Empire.
On 6 July 1439 the union was proclaimed (in both Latin and Greek) in the document Laetentur Caeli ("Let the Heavens Rejoice") which was signed by Pope Eugene and by the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. All but one of the bishops were present. Some Greek bishops, perhaps feeling political pressure from the Byzantine Emperor, reluctantly accepted the decrees of the Council. Other Eastern bishops did so by sincere conviction, such as Isidore of Kiev, who subsequently suffered greatly for it. Only one Eastern Bishop refused to accept the union, Mark of Ephesus, who became the leader of opposition back in Byzantium; the Serbian patriarch did not even attend the council. The Russian Orthodox Church, upon learning of the union, angrily rejected it and ousted any prelate who was even remotely sympathetic to it, declaring itself autocephalous (i.e., autonomous).
Despite the religious union, Western military assistance to Byzantium was ultimately insufficient, and the fall of Constantinople occurred in May 1453. The Council declared the Basel group heretics and excommunicated them, and affirmed the superiority of the Pope over the Councils in the bull Etsi non dubitemus of 20 April 1441.
Composition
The democratic character of the assembly at Basel was a result of both its composition and its organization. Doctors of theology, masters and representatives of chapters, monks and clerks of inferior orders constantly outnumbered the prelates in it, and the influence of the superior clergy had less weight because instead of being separated into "nations", as at Constance, the fathers divided themselves according to their tastes or aptitudes into four large committees or "deputations" (deputationes). One was concerned with questions of faith (fidei), another with negotiations for peace (pacis), the third with reform (reformatorii), and the fourth with what they called "common concerns" (pro communibus). Every decision made by three "deputations" (the lower clergy formed the majority in each) received ratification for the sake of form in general congregation and, if necessary led to decrees promulgated in session. Papal critics thus termed the council "an assembly of copyists" or even "a set of grooms and scullions". However, some prelates, although absent, were represented by their proxies.
Nicholas of Cusa was a member of the delegation sent to Constantinople with the pope's approval to bring back the Byzantine emperor and his representatives to the Council of Florence of 1439. At the time of the council's conclusion in 1439, Cusa was thirty-eight years old and thus, compared to the other clergy at the council, a fairly young man though one of the more accomplished in terms of the body of his complete works.
Attempted dissolution
From Italy, France and Germany, the fathers came late to Basel. Cesarini devoted all his energies to the war against the Hussites until the disaster of Taus forced him to evacuate Bohemia in haste. Pope Eugene IV, Martin V's successor, lost hope that the council could be useful owing to the progress of heresy, the reported troubles in Germany, the war that had lately broken out between the dukes of Austria and Burgundy, and finally, the small number of fathers who had responded to the summons of Martin V. That opinion and his desire to preside over the council in person, induced him to recall the fathers from Germany, as his poor health made it difficult for him to go. He commanded the council to disperse, and appointed Bologna as their meeting place in eighteen months' time, with the intention of making the session of the council coincide with some conferences with representatives of the Orthodox Church of the Byzantine East, scheduled to be held there with a view to ecumenical union (18 December 1431).
That order led to an outcry among the fathers and incurred the deep disapproval of the legate Cesarini. They argued that the Hussites would think the Church afraid to face them and that the laity would accuse the clergy of shirking reform, both with disastrous effects. The pope explained his reasons and yielded certain points, but the fathers were intransigent. Considerable powers had been decreed to Church councils by the Council of Constance, which amid the troubles of the Western Schism had proclaimed the superiority, in certain cases, of the council over the pope, and the fathers at Basel insisted upon their right of remaining assembled. They held sessions, promulgated decrees, interfered in the government of the papal countship of Venaissin, treated with the Hussites, and, as representatives of the universal Church, presumed to impose laws upon the sovereign pontiff himself.
Eugene IV resolved to resist the Council's claim of supremacy, but he did not dare openly to repudiate the conciliar doctrine considered by many to be the actual foundation of the authority of the popes before the schism. He soon realized the impossibility of treating the fathers of Basel as ordinary rebels, and tried a compromise; but as time went on, the fathers became more and more intractable, and between him and them gradually arose an impassable barrier.
Abandoned by a number of his cardinals, condemned by most of the powers, deprived of his dominions by condottieri who shamelessly invoked the authority of the council, the pope made concession after concession and ended on 15 December 1433 with a pitiable surrender of all the points at issue in a papal bull, the terms of which were dictated by the fathers of Basel, that is, by declaring his bull of dissolution null and void and recognising that the synod as legitimately assembled throughout. However, Eugene IV did not ratify all the decrees coming from Basel, nor make a definite submission to the supremacy of the council. He declined to express any forced pronouncement on this subject, and his enforced silence concealed the secret design of safeguarding the principle of sovereignty.
Sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the Council
The fathers, filled with suspicion, would allow only the legates of the pope to preside over them on condition of their recognizing the superiority of the council. The legates submitted the humiliating formality but in their own names, it was asserted only after the fact, thus reserving the final judgment of the Holy See. Furthermore, the difficulties of all kinds against which Eugene had to contend, such as the insurrection at Rome, which forced him to escape by means of the Tiber, lying in the bottom of a boat, left him at first little chance of resisting the enterprises of the council.
Issues of reform
Emboldened by their success, the fathers approached the subject of reform, their principal object being to further curtail the power and resources of the papacy. They took decisions on the disciplinary measures that regulated the elections, on the celebration of divine service and on the periodical holding of diocesan synods and provincial councils, which were usual topics in Catholic councils. They also made decrees aimed at some of the assumed rights by which the popes had extended their power and improved their finances at the expense of the local churches. Thus the council abolished annates, greatly limited the abuse of "reservation" of the patronage of benefices by the Pope and completely abolished the right claimed by the pope of "next presentation" to benefices not yet vacant (known as gratiae expectativae). Other conciliar decrees severely limited the jurisdiction of the court of Rome and even made rules for the election of popes and the constitution of the Sacred College. The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites, and they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and England, which led to the treaty of Arras, concluded by Charles VII of France with the duke of Burgundy. Also, circumcision was deemed to be a mortal sin. Finally, they investigated and judged numbers of private cases, lawsuits between prelates, members of religious orders and holders of benefices, thus themselves committing one of the serious abuses for which they had criticized the court of Rome.
Papal primacy
The Council clarified the Latin dogma of papal primacy:
"We likewise define that the holy Apostolic See, and the Roman Pontiff, hold the primacy throughout the entire world; and that the Roman Pontiff himself is the successor of blessed Peter, the chief of the Apostles, and the true vicar of Christ, and that he is the head of the entire Church, and the father and teacher of all Christians; and that full power was given to him in blessed Peter by our Lord Jesus Christ, to feed, rule, and govern the universal Church."
Eugene IV's eastern strategy
A figure in Benozzo Gozzoli's 1459 Journey of the Magi is assumed to portray John VIII Palaiologos.
Eugene IV, however much he may have wished to keep on good terms with the fathers of Basel, found himself neither able nor willing to accept or observe all their decrees. The question of the union with the Byzantine church, especially, gave rise to a misunderstanding between them which soon led to a rupture. The Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaiologos, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the Catholics. He consented to come with the principal representatives of the Byzantine Church to some place in the West where the union could be concluded in the presence of the pope and of the Latin council. There arose a double negotiation between him and Eugene IV on the one hand and the fathers of Basel on the other. The council wished to fix the meeting-place at a place remote from the influence of the pope, and they persisted in suggesting Basel, Avignon or Savoy. On the other hand, the Byzantines wanted a coastal location in Italy for their ease of access by ship.
Council transferred to Ferrara and attempted reunion with Eastern Orthodox Churches
John Argyropoulos was a Greek Byzantine diplomat who attended the Council of Florence in 1439.
As a result of negotiations with the East, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos accepted Pope Eugene IV's offer. By a bull dated 18 September 1437, Pope Eugene again pronounced the dissolution of the Council of Basel and summoned the fathers to Ferrara in the Po Valley.
The first public session at Ferrara began on 10 January 1438. Its first act declared the Council of Basel transferred to Ferrara and nullified all further proceedings at Basel. In the second public session (15 February 1438), Pope Eugene IV excommunicated all who continued to assemble at Basel.
In early April 1438, the Byzantine contingent, over 700 strong, arrived at Ferrara. On 9 April 1438, the first solemn session at Ferrara began, with the Eastern Roman Emperor, the Patriarch of Constantinople and representatives of the Patriarchal Sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem in attendance and Pope Eugene IV presiding. The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each theological issue of the East–West Schism (1054) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit, the Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, purgatory, and papal primacy. Resuming proceedings on 8 October 1438, the Council focused exclusively on the Filioque matter. Even as it became clear that the Byzantine Church would not consent to the Filioque clause, the Byzantine Emperor continued to press for a reconciliation.
Initially, the seating arrangements were meant to feature the pope in the middle with the Latins on one side and Greeks on the other, but the Greeks protested. It was decided to have the altar with the open Bible in the center of the one end of the chamber, and the two high ranking delegations facing each other on the sides of the altar, while the rest of the delegations were below further in chamber. The Byzantine Emperor's throne was opposite that of the Holy Roman Emperor (who never attended), while the Patriarch of Constantinople faced opposite a cardinal, and the other high-ranking cardinals and bishops faced the Greek metropolitans. The throne of the pope was set slightly apart and higher.
Council transferred to Florence and the near East-West union
With finances running thin and on the pretext that the plague was spreading in the area, both the Latins and the Byzantines agreed to transfer the council to Florence. Continuing at Florence in January 1439, the Council made steady progress on a compromise formula, "ex filio".
In the following months, agreement was reached on the Western doctrine of Purgatory and a return to the pre-schism prerogatives of the papacy. On 6 July 1439 an agreement (Laetentur Caeli) was signed by all the Eastern bishops but one, Mark of Ephesus, delegate for the Patriarch of Alexandria, who, contrary to the views of all others, held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism.
To complicate matters, Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople had died the previous month. The Byzantine Patriarchs were unable to assert that ratification by the Eastern Church could be achieved without a clear agreement of the whole Church.
Upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their attempts toward agreement with the West broadly rejected by the monks, the populace, and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turkish Ottoman Empire two decades later). Facing the imminent threat, the Union was officially proclaimed by Isidore of Kiev in Hagia Sophia on 12 December 1452.
The Emperor, bishops, and people of Constantinople accepted this act as a temporary provision until the removal of the Ottoman threat. Yet, it was too late: on 29 May 1453 Constantinople fell. The union signed at Florence, down to the present, has not been implemented by the Orthodox Churches.
Copts and Ethiopians
The multinational character of the Council inspired Benozzo Gozzoli's 1459 Journey of the Magi, featuring a black figure in the attendance.
The Council soon became even more international. The signature of this agreement for the union of the Latins and the Byzantines encouraged Pope Eugenius to announce the good news to the Coptic Christians, and invite them to send a delegation to Florence. He wrote a letter on 7 July 1439, and to deliver it, sent Alberto da Sarteano as an apostolic delegate. On 26 August 1441, Sarteano returned with four Ethiopians from Emperor Zara Yaqob and Copts. A contemporary observer described the Ethiopians saying "They were black men and dry and very awkward in their bearing. At that time, Rome had delegates from a multitude of nations, from Armenia to Russia, Greece and various parts of north and east Africa.
Deposition of Eugene IV and schism at Basel
During this time the council of Basel, though nullified at Ferrara and abandoned by Cesarini and most of its members, persisted nonetheless, under the presidency of Cardinal Aleman. Affirming its ecumenical character on 24 January 1438, it suspended Eugene IV. The council went on (in spite of the intervention of most of the powers) to pronounce Eugene IV deposed (25 June 1439), giving rise to a new schism by electing (4 November 1439) duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy, as (anti)pope, who took the name of Felix V.
Effects of the schism
This schism lasted fully ten years, although the antipope found few adherents outside of his own hereditary states, those of Alfonso V of Aragon, of the Swiss confederation and of certain universities. Germany remained neutral; Charles VII of France confined himself to securing to his kingdom (by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, which became law on 13 July 1438) the benefit of a great number of the reforms decreed at Basel; England and Italy remained faithful to Eugene IV. Finally, in 1447, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, after negotiations with Eugene, commanded the burgomaster of Basel not to allow the presence of the council any longer in the imperial city.
Schism reconciled at Lausanne
In June 1448 the rump of the council migrated to Lausanne. The antipope, at the insistence of France, ended by abdicating (7 April 1449). Eugene IV died on 23 February 1447, and the council at Lausanne, to save appearances, gave their support to his successor, Pope Nicholas V, who had already been governing the Church for two years. Trustworthy evidence, they said, proved to them that this pontiff accepted the dogma of the superiority of the council as defined at Constance and at Basel.
Aftermath
The struggle for East-West union at Ferrara and Florence, while promising, never bore fruit. While progress toward union in the East continued to be made in the following decades, all hopes for a proximate reconciliation were dashed with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Following their conquest, the Ottomans encouraged hardline anti-unionist Orthodox clerics in order to divide European Christians.
Perhaps the council's most important historical legacy was the lectures on Greek classical literature given in Florence by many of the delegates from Constantinople, including the renowned Neoplatonist Gemistus Pletho. These greatly helped the progress of Renaissance humanism.
See also
Compacts of Basel
Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
Valori (family)
References
^ a b c d e f Valois 1911, p. 463.
^ a b c Minnich, Nelson H. (2018-10-24). The Decrees of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17): Their Legitimacy, Origins, Contents, and Implementation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-89173-8.
^ a b c "Florence, Council of", Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
^ a b c d e f Valois 1911, p. 464.
^ Valois 1911, pp. 463–464.
^ Eugenius IV, Pope (1990) . "Ecumenical Council of Florence (1438–1445): Session 11 – 4 February 1442; Bull of union with the Copts". In Norman P. Tanner (ed.). Decrees of the ecumenical councils. 2 volumes (in Greek and Latin). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-490-2. LCCN 90003209. firmly... asserts that after the promulgation of the gospel they cannot be observed without loss of eternal salvation. Therefore it denounces all who after that time observe circumcision, the sabbath and other legal prescriptions as strangers to the faith of Christ and unable to share in eternal salvation, unless they recoil at some time from these errors. Therefore it strictly orders all who glory in the name of Christian, not to practise circumcision either before or after baptism, since whether or not they place their hope in it, it cannot possibly be observed without loss of eternal salvation.
^ Shaw, Russell (2000). Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 51. ISBN 0879735554.
^
"John Argyropoulos". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-10-02. Argyropoulos divided his time between Italy and Constantinople; he was in Italy (1439) for the Council of Florence and spent some time teaching and studying in Padua, earning a degree in 1443.
^ Stuart M. McManus, 'Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence', The Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009), pp. 4–6
^ Dezhnyuk, Sergey. "COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: THE UNREALIZED UNION". Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via www.academia.edu.
^ Trexler, Richard C. (Dec 27, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691011265. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Quinn, David B.; Clough, Cecil H.; Hair, P. E. H.; Hair, Paul Edward Hedley (Jan 1, 1994). The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase C.1400-c.1700 : Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853232292. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Trexler, Richard C. (Dec 27, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691011265. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Trexler The journey of the Magi p. 129
^ "Lessons for Theresa May and the EU from 15th-century Florence". The Economist. 24 September 2017.
^ Geanakoplos, Deno John (Dec 27, 1989). Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299118846. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.
Sources
Primary sources
Gian Domenico Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio editio nova vol. xxix–xxxi.
Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, De rebus Basileae gestis (Fermo, 1803)
Monumenta Conciliorum generalium seculi xv., Scriptorum, vol. i., ii. and iii. (Vienna, 1857–1895)
Sylvester Syropoulos, Mémoires, ed. and trans. V. Laurent, Concilium Florentinum: Documenta et Scriptores 9 (Rome, 1971)
Secondary literature
Geanakoplos, Deno J. (1980). "The Council of Florence (1438–9) and the Problem of Union between the Byzantine and Latin Churches," in Church History 24 (1955), 324–346; reprinted in D.J. Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (Madison, Wisconsin, 1989), pp. 224–254.
Decaluwe, Michiel; Thomas M. Izbicki; Gerald Christianson (editors) (2016). A Companion to the Council of Basel. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016.
Sergey F. Dezhnyuk, "Council of Florence: The Unrealized Union", CreateSpace, 2017.
Gieseler, J. C. L., Ecclesiastical History, vol. iv. pp. 312ff (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1853).
Gill, Joseph (1959). The Council of Florence Cambridge, 1959.
Gill, Joseph (1964). Personalities of the Council, of Florence and other Essays, Oxford, 1964.
Haller, Johannes ed., Concilium Basiliense, vol. i–v, Basel, 1896–1904.
Hefele, K.J., Conciliengeschichte, vol. vii., Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1874.
Harris, Jonathan (2010). The End of Byzantium, New Haven and London, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
Harris, Jonathan (1995). Greek Emigres in the West c. 1400–1520, Camberley, 1995, pp. 72–84.
Johannes Helmrath , Das Basler Konzil; 1431–1449; Forschungsstand und Probleme, (Cologne, 1987).
Kolditz, Sebastian. Johannes VIII. Palaiologos und das Konzil von Ferrara-Florenz (1438/39). 2 Vol., Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann Verlag 2013–2014, ISBN 978-3-7772-1319-4.
Stuart M. McManus, 'Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence', Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009) "issue6(michaelmashilary2009) (jouhsinfo)". Jouhsinfo.googlepages.com. 2009-03-14. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Stavros Lazaris, "L'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare – Florence", Byzantinische Forschungen, 29, 2007, pp. 293–324 "L'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare-Florence"
Donald M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, 2nd ed., Cambridge, 1993, 2nd ed., pp. 306–317, 339–368.
Gabriel Pérouse , Le Cardinal Louis Aleman, président du concile de Bâle, Paris, 1904.
O. Richter , Die Organisation and Geschäftsordnung des Basler Konziis, Leipzig, 1877.
Stefan Sudmann, Das Basler Konzil: Synodale Praxis zwischen Routine und Revolution, Frankfurt-am-Main 2005. ISBN 3-631-54266-6 "Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe". Peterlang.com. 2010-01-14. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
Georgiou Frantzi, " Constantinople has Fallen.Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinoples ", transl.: Ioannis A. Melisseidis & Poulcheria Zavolea Melisseidou (1998/2004) – Ioannis A. Melisseidis ( Ioannes A. Melisseides ), " Brief History of Events in Constantinople during the period 1440–1453 ", pp. 105–119, edit.5th, Athens 2004, Vergina Asimakopouli Bros, Greek National Bibliography 1999/2004, ISBN 9607171918
Andrić, Stanko (2016). "Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise". Byzantinoslavica. 74 (1–2): 202–227.
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Valois, Joseph Marie Noel (1911). "Basel, Council of". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 463–464.
Further reading
Fatto dei Greci: Pictorial Allusions to the Nearly-Forgotten Council of Florence
Council of Florence: The Unrealized Union
Armstrong, Jesse L. (2013). "From The Council of Ferrara-Florence to The Preparations for Siege; Christendom never Unities". Academia.edu.
External links
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Council of Florence.
Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and ritual during the Council of Florence Archived 2009-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
Detailed chronology of the Consilium
Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Basle
Catholic Encyclopedia: Ferrara
Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Florence
Documents of Council of Florence
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Synod of Jassy (1642)
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^ Even though the Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
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Some remained at Basel, still claiming to be the Council. They elected Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, as Pope Felix V. He is considered an antipope, and was the only claimant to the papal throne who ever took the Basel oath. Driven out of Basel in 1448, they moved to Lausanne. In 1449, Felix V resigned and the rump Council formally closed.[3]","title":"Rump Council of Basel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reunification with several Eastern Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_union"},{"link_name":"Filioque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque"},{"link_name":"Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed"},{"link_name":"Purgatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory"},{"link_name":"Churches of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Laetentur Caeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Greeks"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Mark of Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"autocephalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocephaly"},{"link_name":"fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_2005-3"}],"text":"The Council had meanwhile successfully negotiated reunification with several Eastern Churches, reaching agreements on such matters as the Western insertion of the phrase \"Filioque\" to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, the definition and number of the sacraments, and the doctrine of Purgatory. Another key issue was papal primacy, which involved the universal and supreme jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome over the whole Church, including the national Churches of the East (Serbian, Byzantine, Moldo-Wallachian, Bulgarian, Russian, Georgian, Armenian etc.), and nonreligious matters such as the promise of military assistance against the Ottoman Empire.On 6 July 1439 the union was proclaimed (in both Latin and Greek) in the document Laetentur Caeli (\"Let the Heavens Rejoice\") which was signed by Pope Eugene and by the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. All but one of the bishops were present. Some Greek bishops, perhaps feeling political pressure from the Byzantine Emperor, reluctantly accepted the decrees of the Council. Other Eastern bishops did so by sincere conviction, such as Isidore of Kiev, who subsequently suffered greatly for it. Only one Eastern Bishop refused to accept the union, Mark of Ephesus, who became the leader of opposition back in Byzantium; the Serbian patriarch did not even attend the council. The Russian Orthodox Church, upon learning of the union, angrily rejected it and ousted any prelate who was even remotely sympathetic to it, declaring itself autocephalous (i.e., autonomous).Despite the religious union, Western military assistance to Byzantium was ultimately insufficient, and the fall of Constantinople occurred in May 1453. The Council declared the Basel group heretics and excommunicated them, and affirmed the superiority of the Pope over the Councils in the bull Etsi non dubitemus of 20 April 1441.[3]","title":"Meeting in Florence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation"},{"link_name":"faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith"},{"link_name":"peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace"},{"link_name":"reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movement"},{"link_name":"decrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911464-4"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Cusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa"}],"text":"The democratic character of the assembly at Basel was a result of both its composition and its organization. Doctors of theology, masters and representatives of chapters, monks and clerks of inferior orders constantly outnumbered the prelates in it, and the influence of the superior clergy had less weight because instead of being separated into \"nations\", as at Constance, the fathers divided themselves according to their tastes or aptitudes into four large committees or \"deputations\" (deputationes). One was concerned with questions of faith (fidei), another with negotiations for peace (pacis), the third with reform (reformatorii), and the fourth with what they called \"common concerns\" (pro communibus). Every decision made by three \"deputations\" (the lower clergy formed the majority in each) received ratification for the sake of form in general congregation and, if necessary led to decrees promulgated in session. Papal critics thus termed the council \"an assembly of copyists\" or even \"a set of grooms and scullions\".[4] However, some prelates, although absent, were represented by their proxies.Nicholas of Cusa was a member of the delegation sent to Constantinople with the pope's approval to bring back the Byzantine emperor and his representatives to the Council of Florence of 1439. At the time of the council's conclusion in 1439, Cusa was thirty-eight years old and thus, compared to the other clergy at the council, a fairly young man though one of the more accomplished in terms of the body of his complete works.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hussites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite"},{"link_name":"disaster of Taus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Doma%C5%BElice"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugene IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"ecumenical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911463-1"},{"link_name":"laity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"Council of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"Western Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism"},{"link_name":"papal countship of Venaissin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911463-1"},{"link_name":"doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine"},{"link_name":"schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_(religion)"},{"link_name":"rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911463-1"},{"link_name":"cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion"},{"link_name":"condottieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911463-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pisanello,_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pisanello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisanello"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Tiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911463-1"}],"text":"From Italy, France and Germany, the fathers came late to Basel. Cesarini devoted all his energies to the war against the Hussites until the disaster of Taus forced him to evacuate Bohemia in haste. Pope Eugene IV, Martin V's successor, lost hope that the council could be useful owing to the progress of heresy, the reported troubles in Germany, the war that had lately broken out between the dukes of Austria and Burgundy, and finally, the small number of fathers who had responded to the summons of Martin V. That opinion and his desire to preside over the council in person, induced him to recall the fathers from Germany, as his poor health made it difficult for him to go. He commanded the council to disperse, and appointed Bologna as their meeting place in eighteen months' time, with the intention of making the session of the council coincide with some conferences with representatives of the Orthodox Church of the Byzantine East, scheduled to be held there with a view to ecumenical union (18 December 1431).[1]That order led to an outcry among the fathers and incurred the deep disapproval of the legate Cesarini. They argued that the Hussites would think the Church afraid to face them and that the laity would accuse the clergy of shirking reform, both with disastrous effects. The pope explained his reasons and yielded certain points, but the fathers were intransigent. Considerable powers had been decreed to Church councils by the Council of Constance, which amid the troubles of the Western Schism had proclaimed the superiority, in certain cases, of the council over the pope, and the fathers at Basel insisted upon their right of remaining assembled. They held sessions, promulgated decrees, interfered in the government of the papal countship of Venaissin, treated with the Hussites, and, as representatives of the universal Church, presumed to impose laws upon the sovereign pontiff himself.[1]Eugene IV resolved to resist the Council's claim of supremacy, but he did not dare openly to repudiate the conciliar doctrine considered by many to be the actual foundation of the authority of the popes before the schism. He soon realized the impossibility of treating the fathers of Basel as ordinary rebels, and tried a compromise; but as time went on, the fathers became more and more intractable, and between him and them gradually arose an impassable barrier.[1]Abandoned by a number of his cardinals, condemned by most of the powers, deprived of his dominions by condottieri who shamelessly invoked the authority of the council, the pope made concession after concession and ended on 15 December 1433 with a pitiable surrender of all the points at issue in a papal bull, the terms of which were dictated by the fathers of Basel, that is, by declaring his bull of dissolution null and void and recognising that the synod as legitimately assembled throughout. However, Eugene IV did not ratify all the decrees coming from Basel, nor make a definite submission to the supremacy of the council. He declined to express any forced pronouncement on this subject, and his enforced silence concealed the secret design of safeguarding the principle of sovereignty.[1]Sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the CouncilThe fathers, filled with suspicion, would allow only the legates of the pope to preside over them on condition of their recognizing the superiority of the council. The legates submitted the humiliating formality but in their own names, it was asserted only after the fact, thus reserving the final judgment of the Holy See. Furthermore, the difficulties of all kinds against which Eugene had to contend, such as the insurrection at Rome, which forced him to escape by means of the Tiber, lying in the bottom of a boat, left him at first little chance of resisting the enterprises of the council.[1]","title":"Attempted dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"synods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"annates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annate"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"treaty of Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1435)"},{"link_name":"Charles VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911463%E2%80%93464-5"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoF-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911464-4"}],"text":"Emboldened by their success, the fathers approached the subject of reform, their principal object being to further curtail the power and resources of the papacy. They took decisions on the disciplinary measures that regulated the elections, on the celebration of divine service and on the periodical holding of diocesan synods and provincial councils, which were usual topics in Catholic councils. They also made decrees aimed at some of the assumed rights by which the popes had extended their power and improved their finances at the expense of the local churches. Thus the council abolished annates, greatly limited the abuse of \"reservation\" of the patronage of benefices by the Pope and completely abolished the right claimed by the pope of \"next presentation\" to benefices not yet vacant (known as gratiae expectativae). Other conciliar decrees severely limited the jurisdiction of the court of Rome and even made rules for the election of popes and the constitution of the Sacred College. The fathers continued to devote themselves to the subjugation of the Hussites, and they also intervened, in rivalry with the pope, in the negotiations between France and England, which led to the treaty of Arras, concluded by Charles VII of France with the duke of Burgundy.[5] Also, circumcision was deemed to be a mortal sin.[6] Finally, they investigated and judged numbers of private cases, lawsuits between prelates, members of religious orders and holders of benefices, thus themselves committing one of the serious abuses for which they had criticized the court of Rome.[4]","title":"Issues of reform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"papal primacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_primacy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Council clarified the Latin dogma of papal primacy:\"We likewise define that the holy Apostolic See, and the Roman Pontiff, hold the primacy throughout the entire world; and that the Roman Pontiff himself is the successor of blessed Peter, the chief of the Apostles, and the true vicar of Christ, and that he is the head of the entire Church, and the father and teacher of all Christians; and that full power was given to him in blessed Peter by our Lord Jesus Christ, to feed, rule, and govern the universal Church.\"[7]","title":"Papal primacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Procession_of_the_Middle_King_(detail)_-_WGA10260.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benozzo Gozzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911464-4"}],"text":"A figure in Benozzo Gozzoli's 1459 Journey of the Magi is assumed to portray John VIII Palaiologos.Eugene IV, however much he may have wished to keep on good terms with the fathers of Basel, found himself neither able nor willing to accept or observe all their decrees. The question of the union with the Byzantine church, especially, gave rise to a misunderstanding between them which soon led to a rupture. The Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaiologos, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the Catholics. He consented to come with the principal representatives of the Byzantine Church to some place in the West where the union could be concluded in the presence of the pope and of the Latin council. There arose a double negotiation between him and Eugene IV on the one hand and the fathers of Basel on the other. The council wished to fix the meeting-place at a place remote from the influence of the pope, and they persisted in suggesting Basel, Avignon or Savoy.[4] On the other hand, the Byzantines wanted a coastal location in Italy for their ease of access by ship.","title":"Eugene IV's eastern strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argyropoulos_(detail)_Calling_of_the_Apostles.JPG"},{"link_name":"John Argyropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Argyropoulos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John VIII Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugene IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV"},{"link_name":"Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Po Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Valley"},{"link_name":"Patriarchal Sees of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"theological issue of the East–West Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Filioque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque"},{"link_name":"Nicene Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"purgatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory"},{"link_name":"papal primacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_primacy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"John Argyropoulos was a Greek Byzantine diplomat who attended the Council of Florence in 1439.[8]As a result of negotiations with the East, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos accepted Pope Eugene IV's offer. By a bull dated 18 September 1437, Pope Eugene again pronounced the dissolution of the Council of Basel and summoned the fathers to Ferrara in the Po Valley.The first public session at Ferrara began on 10 January 1438. Its first act declared the Council of Basel transferred to Ferrara and nullified all further proceedings at Basel. In the second public session (15 February 1438), Pope Eugene IV excommunicated all who continued to assemble at Basel.In early April 1438, the Byzantine contingent, over 700 strong, arrived at Ferrara. On 9 April 1438, the first solemn session at Ferrara began, with the Eastern Roman Emperor, the Patriarch of Constantinople and representatives of the Patriarchal Sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem in attendance and Pope Eugene IV presiding. The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each theological issue of the East–West Schism (1054) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit, the Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, purgatory, and papal primacy. Resuming proceedings on 8 October 1438, the Council focused exclusively on the Filioque matter. Even as it became clear that the Byzantine Church would not consent to the Filioque clause, the Byzantine Emperor continued to press for a reconciliation.Initially, the seating arrangements were meant to feature the pope in the middle with the Latins on one side and Greeks on the other, but the Greeks protested. It was decided to have the altar with the open Bible in the center of the one end of the chamber, and the two high ranking delegations facing each other on the sides of the altar, while the rest of the delegations were below further in chamber. The Byzantine Emperor's throne was opposite that of the Holy Roman Emperor (who never attended), while the Patriarch of Constantinople faced opposite a cardinal, and the other high-ranking cardinals and bishops faced the Greek metropolitans. The throne of the pope was set slightly apart and higher.[2]","title":"Council transferred to Ferrara and attempted reunion with Eastern Orthodox Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"\"ex filio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque"},{"link_name":"Laetentur Caeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_of_Union_with_the_Greeks"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Joseph_II_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Constantinople fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"}],"text":"With finances running thin and on the pretext that the plague was spreading in the area, both the Latins and the Byzantines agreed to transfer the council to Florence.[9] Continuing at Florence in January 1439, the Council made steady progress on a compromise formula, \"ex filio\".In the following months, agreement was reached on the Western doctrine of Purgatory and a return to the pre-schism prerogatives of the papacy. On 6 July 1439 an agreement (Laetentur Caeli) was signed by all the Eastern bishops but one, Mark of Ephesus, delegate for the Patriarch of Alexandria, who, contrary to the views of all others, held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism.To complicate matters, Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople had died the previous month. The Byzantine Patriarchs were unable to assert that ratification by the Eastern Church could be achieved without a clear agreement of the whole Church.Upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their attempts toward agreement with the West broadly rejected by the monks, the populace, and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turkish Ottoman Empire two decades later). Facing the imminent threat, the Union was officially proclaimed by Isidore of Kiev in Hagia Sophia on 12 December 1452.[10]The Emperor, bishops, and people of Constantinople accepted this act as a temporary provision until the removal of the Ottoman threat. Yet, it was too late: on 29 May 1453 Constantinople fell. The union signed at Florence, down to the present, has not been implemented by the Orthodox Churches.","title":"Council transferred to Florence and the near East-West union"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gozzoli_magi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benozzo Gozzoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt"},{"link_name":"Alberto da Sarteano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_da_Sarteano"},{"link_name":"Ethiopians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Zara Yaqob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaqob"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankokratia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Copts and Ethiopians","text":"The multinational character of the Council inspired Benozzo Gozzoli's 1459 Journey of the Magi, featuring a black figure in the attendance.[11]The Council soon became even more international. The signature of this agreement for the union of the Latins and the Byzantines encouraged Pope Eugenius to announce the good news to the Coptic Christians, and invite them to send a delegation to Florence. He wrote a letter on 7 July 1439, and to deliver it, sent Alberto da Sarteano as an apostolic delegate. On 26 August 1441, Sarteano returned with four Ethiopians from Emperor Zara Yaqob and Copts.[12] A contemporary observer described the Ethiopians saying \"They were black men and dry and very awkward in their bearing.[13] At that time, Rome had delegates from a multitude of nations, from Armenia to Russia, Greece and various parts of north and east Africa.[14]","title":"Council transferred to Florence and the near East-West union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal Aleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Aleman"},{"link_name":"ecumenical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_council"},{"link_name":"Amadeus VIII of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_VIII_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911464-4"}],"text":"During this time the council of Basel, though nullified at Ferrara and abandoned by Cesarini and most of its members, persisted nonetheless, under the presidency of Cardinal Aleman. Affirming its ecumenical character on 24 January 1438, it suspended Eugene IV. The council went on (in spite of the intervention of most of the powers) to pronounce Eugene IV deposed (25 June 1439), giving rise to a new schism by electing (4 November 1439) duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy, as (anti)pope, who took the name of Felix V.[4]","title":"Deposition of Eugene IV and schism at Basel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfonso V of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Swiss confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_Bourges"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911464-4"}],"sub_title":"Effects of the schism","text":"This schism lasted fully ten years, although the antipope found few adherents outside of his own hereditary states, those of Alfonso V of Aragon, of the Swiss confederation and of certain universities. Germany remained neutral; Charles VII of France confined himself to securing to his kingdom (by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, which became law on 13 July 1438) the benefit of a great number of the reforms decreed at Basel; England and Italy remained faithful to Eugene IV. Finally, in 1447, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, after negotiations with Eugene, commanded the burgomaster of Basel not to allow the presence of the council any longer in the imperial city.[4]","title":"Deposition of Eugene IV and schism at Basel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Pope Nicholas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValois1911464-4"}],"sub_title":"Schism reconciled at Lausanne","text":"In June 1448 the rump of the council migrated to Lausanne. The antipope, at the insistence of France, ended by abdicating (7 April 1449). Eugene IV died on 23 February 1447, and the council at Lausanne, to save appearances, gave their support to his successor, Pope Nicholas V, who had already been governing the Church for two years. Trustworthy evidence, they said, proved to them that this pontiff accepted the dogma of the superiority of the council as defined at Constance and at Basel.[4]","title":"Deposition of Eugene IV and schism at Basel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veconomist-15"},{"link_name":"Gemistus Pletho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho"},{"link_name":"Renaissance humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The struggle for East-West union at Ferrara and Florence, while promising, never bore fruit. While progress toward union in the East continued to be made in the following decades, all hopes for a proximate reconciliation were dashed with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Following their conquest, the Ottomans encouraged hardline anti-unionist Orthodox clerics in order to divide European Christians.[15]Perhaps the council's most important historical legacy was the lectures on Greek classical literature given in Florence by many of the delegates from Constantinople, including the renowned Neoplatonist Gemistus Pletho. These greatly helped the progress of Renaissance humanism.[16]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gian Domenico Mansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Mansi"},{"link_name":"Aeneas Sylvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneas_Sylvius"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Syropoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Syropoulos"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Gian Domenico Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio editio nova vol. xxix–xxxi.\nAeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, De rebus Basileae gestis (Fermo, 1803)\nMonumenta Conciliorum generalium seculi xv., Scriptorum, vol. i., ii. and iii. (Vienna, 1857–1895)\nSylvester Syropoulos, Mémoires, ed. and trans. V. Laurent, Concilium Florentinum: Documenta et Scriptores 9 (Rome, 1971)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Companion to the Council of Basel.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CyZoDQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Sergey F. Dezhnyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_F._Dezhnyuk"},{"link_name":"Gieseler, J. C. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._L._Gieseler"},{"link_name":"Haller, Johannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Haller"},{"link_name":"Hefele, K.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-11786-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11786-8"},{"link_name":"Johannes Helmrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Helmrath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Helmrath"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7772-1319-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7772-1319-4"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Oxford University History Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Oxford_University_History_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"issue6(michaelmashilary2009) (jouhsinfo)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090420140440/http://jouhsinfo.googlepages.com/issue6(michaelmashilary2009)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jouhsinfo.googlepages.com/issue6(michaelmashilary2009)"},{"link_name":"\"L'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare-Florence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/795283/_Lempereur_Jean_VIII_Pal%C3%A9ologue_vu_par_Pisanello_lors_du_concile_de_Ferrare-Florence_"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Pérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_P%C3%A9rouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_P%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"O. Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O._Richter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Richter_(Archivar)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-631-54266-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-54266-6"},{"link_name":"\"Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090108100631/http://www.peterlang.com/Index.cfm?vID=54266&vHR=1&vUR=3&vUUR=4&vLang=D"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.peterlang.com/Index.cfm?vID=54266&vHR=1&vUR=3&vUUR=4&vLang=D"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9607171918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9607171918"},{"link_name":"\"Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/34480630"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Valois, Joseph Marie Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Valois"},{"link_name":"Basel, Council of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basel,_Council_of"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"sub_title":"Secondary literature","text":"Geanakoplos, Deno J. (1980). \"The Council of Florence (1438–9) and the Problem of Union between the Byzantine and Latin Churches,\" in Church History 24 (1955), 324–346; reprinted in D.J. Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (Madison, Wisconsin, 1989), pp. 224–254.\nDecaluwe, Michiel; Thomas M. Izbicki; Gerald Christianson (editors) (2016). A Companion to the Council of Basel. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016.\nSergey F. Dezhnyuk, \"Council of Florence: The Unrealized Union\", CreateSpace, 2017.\nGieseler, J. C. L., Ecclesiastical History, vol. iv. pp. 312ff (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1853).\nGill, Joseph (1959). The Council of Florence Cambridge, 1959.\nGill, Joseph (1964). Personalities of the Council, of Florence and other Essays, Oxford, 1964.\nHaller, Johannes ed., Concilium Basiliense, vol. i–v, Basel, 1896–1904.\nHefele, K.J., Conciliengeschichte, vol. vii., Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1874.\nHarris, Jonathan (2010). The End of Byzantium, New Haven and London, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8\nHarris, Jonathan (1995). Greek Emigres in the West c. 1400–1520, Camberley, 1995, pp. 72–84.\nJohannes Helmrath [de], Das Basler Konzil; 1431–1449; Forschungsstand und Probleme, (Cologne, 1987).\nKolditz, Sebastian. Johannes VIII. Palaiologos und das Konzil von Ferrara-Florenz (1438/39). 2 Vol., Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann Verlag 2013–2014, ISBN 978-3-7772-1319-4.\nStuart M. McManus, 'Byzantines in the Florentine polis: Ideology, Statecraft and Ritual during the Council of Florence', Journal of the Oxford University History Society, 6 (Michaelmas 2008/Hilary 2009) \"issue6(michaelmashilary2009) (jouhsinfo)\". Jouhsinfo.googlepages.com. 2009-03-14. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2010-01-18.\nStavros Lazaris, \"L'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare – Florence\", Byzantinische Forschungen, 29, 2007, pp. 293–324 \"L'empereur Jean VIII Paléologue vu par Pisanello lors du concile de Ferrare-Florence\"\nDonald M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, 2nd ed., Cambridge, 1993, 2nd ed., pp. 306–317, 339–368.\nGabriel Pérouse [fr], Le Cardinal Louis Aleman, président du concile de Bâle, Paris, 1904.\nO. Richter [de], Die Organisation and Geschäftsordnung des Basler Konziis, Leipzig, 1877.\nStefan Sudmann, Das Basler Konzil: Synodale Praxis zwischen Routine und Revolution, Frankfurt-am-Main 2005. ISBN 3-631-54266-6 \"Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe\". Peterlang.com. 2010-01-14. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2010-01-18.\nGeorgiou Frantzi, \" Constantinople has Fallen.Chronicle of the Fall of Constantinoples \", transl.: Ioannis A. Melisseidis & Poulcheria Zavolea Melisseidou (1998/2004) – Ioannis A. Melisseidis ( Ioannes A. Melisseides ), \" Brief History of Events in Constantinople during the period 1440–1453 \", pp. 105–119, edit.5th, Athens 2004, Vergina Asimakopouli Bros, Greek National Bibliography 1999/2004, ISBN 9607171918\nAndrić, Stanko (2016). \"Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise\". Byzantinoslavica. 74 (1–2): 202–227.AttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Valois, Joseph Marie Noel (1911). \"Basel, Council of\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 463–464.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatto dei Greci: Pictorial Allusions to the Nearly-Forgotten Council of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130105051918/http://conciliodifirenze.wikispaces.com/"},{"link_name":"Council of Florence: The Unrealized Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/12517867/COUNCIL_OF_FLORENCE_THE_UNREALIZED_UNION"},{"link_name":"\"From The Council of Ferrara-Florence to The Preparations for Siege; Christendom never Unities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/34765273"}],"text":"Fatto dei Greci: Pictorial Allusions to the Nearly-Forgotten Council of Florence\nCouncil of Florence: The Unrealized Union\nArmstrong, Jesse L. (2013). \"From The Council of Ferrara-Florence to The Preparations for Siege; Christendom never Unities\". Academia.edu.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Pope Martin V convoked the Council of Basel in 1431: it became the Council of Ferrara in 1438 and the Council of Florence in 1439","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Martin_V%2C_Scipione_Pulzone_%281574%29.jpg/220px-Martin_V%2C_Scipione_Pulzone_%281574%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sketches by Pisanello of the Byzantine delegation at the Council","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg/220px-Pisanello%2C_john_viii_palaeiologus_drawings.jpg"},{"image_text":"A figure in Benozzo Gozzoli's 1459 Journey of the Magi is assumed to portray John VIII Palaiologos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Procession_of_the_Middle_King_%28detail%29_-_WGA10260.jpg/220px-Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Procession_of_the_Middle_King_%28detail%29_-_WGA10260.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Argyropoulos was a Greek Byzantine diplomat who attended the Council of Florence in 1439.[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Argyropoulos_%28detail%29_Calling_of_the_Apostles.JPG/170px-Argyropoulos_%28detail%29_Calling_of_the_Apostles.JPG"},{"image_text":"The multinational character of the Council inspired Benozzo Gozzoli's 1459 Journey of the Magi, featuring a black figure in the attendance.[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gozzoli_magi.jpg/220px-Gozzoli_magi.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Compacts of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compacts_of_Basel"},{"title":"Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"title":"Valori (family)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valori_(family)"}]
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[{"reference":"Minnich, Nelson H. (2018-10-24). The Decrees of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17): Their Legitimacy, Origins, Contents, and Implementation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-89173-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jn10DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Decrees of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17): Their Legitimacy, Origins, Contents, and Implementation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89173-8","url_text":"978-1-351-89173-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Florence, Council of\", Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3","url_text":"978-0-19-280290-3"}]},{"reference":"Eugenius IV, Pope (1990) [1442]. \"Ecumenical Council of Florence (1438–1445): Session 11 – 4 February 1442; Bull of union with the Copts\". In Norman P. Tanner (ed.). Decrees of the ecumenical councils. 2 volumes (in Greek and Latin). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-490-2. LCCN 90003209. [The Holy Roman Church] firmly... asserts that after the promulgation of the gospel they cannot be observed without loss of eternal salvation. Therefore it denounces all who after that time observe circumcision, the [Jewish] sabbath and other legal prescriptions as strangers to the faith of Christ and unable to share in eternal salvation, unless they recoil at some time from these errors. Therefore it strictly orders all who glory in the name of Christian, not to practise circumcision either before or after baptism, since whether or not they place their hope in it, it cannot possibly be observed without loss of eternal salvation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV","url_text":"Eugenius IV, Pope"},{"url":"http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM#5","url_text":"\"Ecumenical Council of Florence (1438–1445): Session 11 – 4 February 1442; Bull of union with the Copts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press","url_text":"Georgetown University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87840-490-2","url_text":"0-87840-490-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/90003209","url_text":"90003209"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Russell (2000). Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 51. ISBN 0879735554.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/papalprimacyinth00shaw","url_text":"Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/papalprimacyinth00shaw/page/51","url_text":"51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879735554","url_text":"0879735554"}]},{"reference":"\"John Argyropoulos\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-10-02. Argyropoulos divided his time between Italy and Constantinople; he was in Italy (1439) for the Council of Florence and spent some time teaching and studying in Padua, earning a degree in 1443.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34066/John-Argyropoulos","url_text":"\"John Argyropoulos\""}]},{"reference":"Dezhnyuk, Sergey. \"COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: THE UNREALIZED UNION\". Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via www.academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12517867","url_text":"\"COUNCIL OF FLORENCE: THE UNREALIZED UNION\""}]},{"reference":"Trexler, Richard C. (Dec 27, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691011265. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YLmhCHtydKMC&dq=Coucil+Florence+Ethiopians&pg=PA128","url_text":"The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691011265","url_text":"0691011265"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, David B.; Clough, Cecil H.; Hair, P. E. H.; Hair, Paul Edward Hedley (Jan 1, 1994). The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase C.1400-c.1700 : Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853232292. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&dq=Coucil+Florence+Ethiopians&pg=PA81","url_text":"The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase C.1400-c.1700 : Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press","url_text":"Liverpool University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853232292","url_text":"9780853232292"}]},{"reference":"Trexler, Richard C. (Dec 27, 1997). The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691011265. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YLmhCHtydKMC&dq=Coucil+Florence+Ethiopians&pg=PA128","url_text":"The Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691011265","url_text":"0691011265"}]},{"reference":"\"Lessons for Theresa May and the EU from 15th-century Florence\". The Economist. 24 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2017/09/europe-s-religious-history","url_text":"\"Lessons for Theresa May and the EU from 15th-century Florence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"Geanakoplos, Deno John (Dec 27, 1989). Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299118846. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_6PYWPWWhrUC&dq=%22council+of+florence%22+humanism&pg=PA13","url_text":"Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299118846","url_text":"9780299118846"}]},{"reference":"\"issue6(michaelmashilary2009) (jouhsinfo)\". Jouhsinfo.googlepages.com. 2009-03-14. Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2010-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090420140440/http://jouhsinfo.googlepages.com/issue6(michaelmashilary2009)","url_text":"\"issue6(michaelmashilary2009) (jouhsinfo)\""},{"url":"http://jouhsinfo.googlepages.com/issue6(michaelmashilary2009)","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe\". Peterlang.com. 2010-01-14. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2010-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108100631/http://www.peterlang.com/Index.cfm?vID=54266&vHR=1&vUR=3&vUUR=4&vLang=D","url_text":"\"Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe\""},{"url":"http://www.peterlang.com/Index.cfm?vID=54266&vHR=1&vUR=3&vUUR=4&vLang=D","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrić, Stanko (2016). \"Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise\". Byzantinoslavica. 74 (1–2): 202–227.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34480630","url_text":"\"Saint John Capistran and Despot George Branković: An Impossible Compromise\""}]},{"reference":"Valois, Joseph Marie Noel (1911). \"Basel, Council of\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 463–464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Valois","url_text":"Valois, Joseph Marie Noel"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basel,_Council_of","url_text":"Basel, Council of"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Jesse L. (2013). \"From The Council of Ferrara-Florence to The Preparations for Siege; Christendom never Unities\". Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34765273","url_text":"\"From The Council of Ferrara-Florence to The Preparations for Siege; Christendom never Unities\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolhoven_F.K.33
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NVI F.K.33
|
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Specifications","4 References"]
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Dutch airliner
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
F.K.33
Role
AirlinerType of aircraft
National origin
Netherlands
Manufacturer
Nationale Vliegtuig Industrie
Designer
Frederick Koolhoven
First flight
June 1925
Primary user
KLM
Number built
1
The NVI F.K.33 was an airliner built in the Netherlands in 1925 for use by KLM for night flying.
Design and development
The F.K.33 was a largely conventional high-wing, strut-braced monoplane with seating for ten passengers in an enclosed cabin. A trimotor design, the placement of its engines was unusual. While two engines were mounted among the struts that braced the wings and the main units of the undercarriage, the third engine was mounted pusher-fashion on a set of struts above the wing. The engine installation was further unorthodox in that none of the three engines were enclosed in nacelles, remaining instead fully exposed.
Operational history
KLM successfully operated the type for two years on its Amsterdam-London-Paris-Malmö route, but doing an increasing amount of business with Fokker, did not purchase further aircraft from NVI. The F.K.33 was eventually sold to German airline Aero, but after two accidents within months of purchasing it, they returned it claiming poor workmanship. It was sold again in 1928, to Baumer-Aero, who replaced the Armstrong-Siddeley engines with Junkers L5s and the boarding lights with loudspeakers. In this configuration, it was flown as an advertising machine until 1931. The F.K.33 ended its days requisitioned by the Luftwaffe in 1939 as an instructional airframe.
Specifications
General characteristics
Crew: Two pilots
Capacity: 10 passengers
Length: 17.50 m (57 ft 5 in)
Wingspan: 24.90 m (81 ft 8 in)
Height: 4.75 m (15 ft 7 in)
Wing area: 100.0 m2 (1,076 sq ft)
Empty weight: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
Gross weight: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb)
Powerplant: 3 × Armstrong Siddeley Puma , 170 kW (230 hp) each
Performance
Maximum speed: 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn)
Range: 1,500 km (940 mi, 820 nmi)
Service ceiling: 3,800 m (12,500 ft)
References
^ Hazewinkel 2004, p. 19
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Koolhoven F.K.33.
Hazewinkel, Harm J. (March 2004). "FK-33, le premier trimoteur néerlandais: Sauvé par la publicité". La Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 424. pp. 16–25.
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 561.
Den Ouden, Alex. "The aircraft designer Frederik (Frits) Koolhoven". Retrieved 2008-09-11.
Koolhoven Aeroplanes Foundation
Уголок неба
vteKoolhoven aircraftPre-World War I aircraft
Koolhoven Heidevogel
Armstrong Whitworth aircraft
F.K.1 Sissit
F.K.2
F.K.3
F.K.4
F.K.5
F.K.6
F.K.7
F.K.8
F.K.9
F.K.10
F.K.12
F.K.13
British Aerial Transport aircraft
F.K.22
F.K.23 Bantam
F.K.24 Baboon
F.K.25 Basilisk
F.K.26
F.K.27
F.K.28 Crow
Nationale Vliegtuig Industrie aircraft]
F.K.29
F.K.31
F.K.32
F.K.33
F.K.34
F.K.35
N.V. Koolhoven Vliegtuige aircraft
F.K.30
F.K.36
F.K.40
F.K.41
F.K.42
F.K.43
F.K.44
F.K.45
F.K.46
F.K.47
F.K.48
F.K.49
F.K.50
F.K.51
F.K.52
F.K.53
F.K.54
F.K.55
F.K.56
F.K.57
F.K.58
F.K.59
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"}],"text":"The NVI F.K.33 was an airliner built in the Netherlands in 1925 for use by KLM for night flying.","title":"NVI F.K.33"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The F.K.33 was a largely conventional high-wing, strut-braced monoplane with seating for ten passengers in an enclosed cabin. A trimotor design, the placement of its engines was unusual. While two engines were mounted among the struts that braced the wings and the main units of the undercarriage, the third engine was mounted pusher-fashion on a set of struts above the wing. The engine installation was further unorthodox in that none of the three engines were enclosed in nacelles, remaining instead fully exposed.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Fokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker"},{"link_name":"Aero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_(airline)"},{"link_name":"Baumer-Aero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baumer-Aero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Junkers L5s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_L5"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"}],"text":"KLM successfully operated the type for two years on its Amsterdam-London-Paris-Malmö route, but doing an increasing amount of business with Fokker, did not purchase further aircraft from NVI. The F.K.33 was eventually sold to German airline Aero, but after two accidents within months of purchasing it, they returned it claiming poor workmanship. It was sold again in 1928, to Baumer-Aero, who replaced the Armstrong-Siddeley engines with Junkers L5s and the boarding lights with loudspeakers. In this configuration, it was flown as an advertising machine until 1931. The F.K.33 ended its days requisitioned by the Luftwaffe in 1939 as an instructional airframe.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armstrong Siddeley Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Puma"}],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: Two pilots\nCapacity: 10 passengers\nLength: 17.50 m (57 ft 5 in)\nWingspan: 24.90 m (81 ft 8 in)\nHeight: 4.75 m (15 ft 7 in)\nWing area: 100.0 m2 (1,076 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)\nGross weight: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb)\nPowerplant: 3 × Armstrong Siddeley Puma , 170 kW (230 hp) eachPerformanceMaximum speed: 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn)\nRange: 1,500 km (940 mi, 820 nmi)\nService ceiling: 3,800 m (12,500 ft)","title":"Specifications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hazewinkel, Harm J. (March 2004). \"FK-33, le premier trimoteur néerlandais: Sauvé par la publicité\". La Fana de l'Aviation (in French). No. 424. pp. 16–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. p. 561.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Den Ouden, Alex. \"The aircraft designer Frederik (Frits) Koolhoven\". Retrieved 2008-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alexdenouden.nl/artikelen/koolhoven03.htm","url_text":"\"The aircraft designer Frederik (Frits) Koolhoven\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.alexdenouden.nl/artikelen/koolhoven03.htm","external_links_name":"\"The aircraft designer Frederik (Frits) Koolhoven\""},{"Link":"http://www.koolhoven.com/history/airplanes/nvi/","external_links_name":"Koolhoven Aeroplanes Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.airwar.ru/enc/cw1/fk33.html","external_links_name":"Уголок неба"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_throughput
|
Transactions per second
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Transactions per second" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In a very generic sense, the term transactions per second (TPS) refers to the number of atomic actions performed by certain entity per second. In a more restricted view, the term is usually used by the DBMS vendor and user community to refer to the number of database transactions performed per second. Transactions per minute may be used when the transactions are more complex.
Recently, the term has also been used to describe the transaction rate of a cryptocurrency, such as the distributed network running the Bitcoin blockchain. The development of transaction rates capable of scaling to real-world volumes is an important area of research for cryptocurrency technology.
See also
Queries per second
vteDatabase management systemsTypes
Object-oriented
comparison
Relational
list
comparison
Key–value
Column-oriented
list
Document-oriented
Wide-column store
Graph
NoSQL
NewSQL
In-memory
list
Multi-model
comparison
Cloud
Blockchain-based database
Concepts
Database
ACID
Armstrong's axioms
Codd's 12 rules
CAP theorem
CRUD
Null
Candidate key
Foreign key
Superkey
Surrogate key
Unique key
Objects
Relation
table
column
row
View
Transaction
Transaction log
Trigger
Index
Stored procedure
Cursor
Partition
Components
Concurrency control
Data dictionary
JDBC
XQJ
ODBC
Query language
Query optimizer
Query rewriting system
Query plan
Functions
Administration
Query optimization
Replication
Sharding
Related topics
Database models
Database normalization
Database storage
Distributed database
Federated database system
Referential integrity
Relational algebra
Relational calculus
Relational model
Object–relational database
Transaction processing
Category
Outline
WikiProject
References
^ Titov, Valery; Uandykova, Mafura; Litvishko, Oleg; Kalmykova, Tatyana; Prosekov, Sergey; Senjyu, Tomonobu (2021). "Cryptocurrency Open Innovation Payment System: Comparative Analysis of Existing Cryptocurrencies". Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 7 (1). Elsevier: 102. doi:10.3390/joitmc7010102.
This computing article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atomic actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_actions"},{"link_name":"DBMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBMS"},{"link_name":"database transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction"},{"link_name":"cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain"},{"link_name":"capable of scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin_scalability_problem"}],"text":"In a very generic sense, the term transactions per second (TPS) refers to the number of atomic actions performed by certain entity per second. In a more restricted view, the term is usually used by the DBMS vendor and user community to refer to the number of database transactions performed per second. Transactions per minute may be used when the transactions are more complex.Recently, the term has also been used to describe the transaction rate of a cryptocurrency,[1] such as the distributed network running the Bitcoin blockchain. The development of transaction rates capable of scaling to real-world volumes is an important area of research for cryptocurrency technology.","title":"Transactions per second"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Queries per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queries_per_second"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Databases"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Databases"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Databases"},{"title":"Database management 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key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_key"},{"title":"Relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(database)"},{"title":"table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)"},{"title":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(database)"},{"title":"row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_(database)"},{"title":"View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_(SQL)"},{"title":"Transaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction"},{"title":"Transaction log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_log"},{"title":"Trigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_trigger"},{"title":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_index"},{"title":"Stored procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_procedure"},{"title":"Cursor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor_(databases)"},{"title":"Partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(database)"},{"title":"Concurrency control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_control"},{"title":"Data dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dictionary"},{"title":"JDBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity"},{"title":"XQJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XQuery_API_for_Java"},{"title":"ODBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity"},{"title":"Query language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_language"},{"title":"Query optimizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_optimization"},{"title":"Query rewriting system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_Rewriting"},{"title":"Query plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_plan"},{"title":"Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_administration"},{"title":"Query optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_optimization"},{"title":"Replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_(computing)#DATABASE"},{"title":"Sharding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)"},{"title":"Database models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model"},{"title":"Database normalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization"},{"title":"Database storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_storage_structures"},{"title":"Distributed database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_database"},{"title":"Federated database system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_database_system"},{"title":"Referential integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referential_integrity"},{"title":"Relational algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_algebra"},{"title":"Relational calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_calculus"},{"title":"Relational model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model"},{"title":"Object–relational database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_database"},{"title":"Transaction processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processing"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Database_management_systems"},{"title":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_databases"},{"title":"WikiProject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Databases"}]
|
[{"reference":"Titov, Valery; Uandykova, Mafura; Litvishko, Oleg; Kalmykova, Tatyana; Prosekov, Sergey; Senjyu, Tomonobu (2021). \"Cryptocurrency Open Innovation Payment System: Comparative Analysis of Existing Cryptocurrencies\". Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 7 (1). Elsevier: 102. doi:10.3390/joitmc7010102.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjoitmc7010102","url_text":"\"Cryptocurrency Open Innovation Payment System: Comparative Analysis of Existing Cryptocurrencies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjoitmc7010102","url_text":"10.3390/joitmc7010102"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Mining_Workers%27_Union
|
Botswana Mining Workers' Union
|
["1 References"]
|
Trade union in Botswana
BMWUBotswana Mining Workers' UnionHeadquartersSelebi-Phikwe, BotswanaLocationBotswanaKey peopleBaagi Lebotse, general secretaryAffiliationsBFTU
The Botswana Mining Workers' Union (BMWU) is a trade union affiliate of the Botswana Federation of Trade Unions in Botswana.
References
ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.
Organized labour portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Botswana Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"}],"text":"The Botswana Mining Workers' Union (BMWU) is a trade union affiliate of the Botswana Federation of Trade Unions in Botswana.","title":"Botswana Mining Workers' Union"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Trade_Union_Rights","url_text":"ICTUR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9543811-5-7","url_text":"0-9543811-5-7"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana_Mining_Workers%27_Union&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botswana_Mining_Workers%27_Union&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge_legends
|
University of Cambridge legends
|
["1 Mathematical Bridge","2 Clare College Bridge","3 Bridge of Sighs","4 The Night Climbers of Cambridge","5 Car on the Senate House roof","6 Objects on King's College chapel","7 Trinity College's riches","8 References"]
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There are a number of popular legends associated with Cambridge University and its 800 year-old history, often recounted by punt guides to tourists while cruising the River Cam. Some are true, some contain elements of truth, and others are somewhat more fabricated. The myths and legends listed below represent a select few of the traditions and stories associated with Cambridge.
Mathematical Bridge
The Mathematical Bridge
One famous narrative relates to Queens' College's wooden footbridge known as the Mathematical Bridge. The story usually goes as follows: constructed by Sir Isaac Newton, it held itself together without any bolts or screws. Years later, inquisitive students took it apart in order to see how it fitted together and the deconstructers were unable to reassemble it without bolts. However the bridge was erected 22 years after Newton's death and always used pins and screws at the joints (although the current version of the bridge does use more visible nuts and bolts).
A variation on this tale has the bridge being dismantled by the college's Fellows due to the onset of World War II.
Clare College Bridge
Clare Bridge's missing wedge Other tales involve Clare College Bridge, built 1639–40 which is adorned with spherical stone ornaments. One of these has a quarter sphere wedge removed from the back, a feature pointed out on almost all tours over the bridge. Three tales explaining this are:
The bridge's builder was not paid in full due to the college's dissatisfaction with its construction. The builder thus took his revenge by committing a small act of petty vandalism.
A college fellow removed the quarter-sphere to ensure another fellow could not win a bet with him as to how many spheres there are on the bridge.
The sphere was deliberately incomplete so that Clare College could avoid paying a "bridge tax"; an unfinished bridge did not count.
In reality, the reason for the missing wedge is due to a weathered repair. As a result of corrosion of the sphere's fixing to the bridge, it became loose. It was removed, and a segment cut out to allow access to the fixing, set in place with cement, and the segment replaced. It was orientated with the cut facing outward so that it would be least noticeable to people crossing the bridge. Through subsequent weathering of the cement, the segment detached from the rest of the sphere, and presumably fell into the river. On close examination, it can be seen that a number of the other spheres have had similar repairs carried out, but their cut segments have remained attached.
Bridge of Sighs
On two separate occasions, students have pulled the prank of dangling a car under the Bridge of Sighs at St John's. In the first incident (in 1963), a 1928 Austin Seven was punted down the river using four punts that had been lashed together then hoisted up under the bridge using ropes. The second incident (in 1968) involved a Reliant Regal (a three-wheeled car) being dangled under the bridge; it was cut down by the fire brigade in the morning. In neither case was the bridge damaged.
The Night Climbers of Cambridge
The Night Climbers of Cambridge was a book written under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the colleges and town buildings of Cambridge, England, in the 1930s. The book remains popular among students. It is often credited with popularising and inspiring the first generation of urban exploring and night climbing.
A new authorised edition of The Night Climbers of Cambridge (ISBN 978-1909349551) was published on 26 October 2007 by Oleander Press, Cambridge, to mark the 70th anniversary of the original edition. The new edition was updated and has proved popular among students and urban explorers.
Car on the Senate House roof
The story of the Austin Seven delivery van that ended up on the apex of the Senate House is not fictitious. The Caius College website recounts how, on 8 June 1958, this vehicle really did go "up in the world". The prank team comprised Peter Davey (organiser), Cyril Pritchett, David Fowler and 9 others.
Objects on King's College chapel
King's College Chapel
One story tells of a couple of students with a keen interest in climbing, who decided to scale the walls of King's College chapel after hours and place a roadcone (or similar object) atop one of the spires. On discovering the object the next morning, the college are said to have called in a building company to erect scaffolding in order to remove the offending object. However, the erection of the scaffolding could not be completed before dusk, and so the adventurous students ascended the chapel the next night and moved the roadcone to the opposite end of the chapel's roof, thus rendering the half-erect scaffolding useless. Parts of these attempts are described in The Night Climbers of Cambridge.
In 2002, a single toilet seat placed by a student on one of the spires remained there, eventually being retrieved by a steeplejack.
In late November 2009 Santa hats were placed on each of the four spires of the Chapel overnight. The College had these removed by a professional steeplejack at great expense.
Trinity College's riches
As the wealthiest of all Oxbridge colleges, Trinity College is naturally the subject of many rumours and popular urban legends. The college is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK (or in England) — after the Crown Estate, the National Trust and the Church of England. A variant of this legend is repeated in the Tom Sharpe novel Porterhouse Blue. In 2005, it was reported that the college takes in £20 million plus per year in rent from its properties.
In comparison, the National Trust received about £42.6 million in rental income from its properties in 2005-06.
A second legend is that it is possible to walk from Cambridge to Oxford solely on land owned by Trinity. Jeremy Fairbrother, the college's senior bursar in 2005, has said this belief is incorrect.
References
^ accessed 22 March 2006) Archived 15 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "(accessed 22 March 2006)". Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2006.
^ Cambridge Evening News, November 25th 1968
^ The Legend of the Austin 7 Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, Gonville & Caius College (6 pages; retrieved 2008-08-17, broken link fixed 2013-06-29)
^ "(accessed 12 April 2006)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2006.
^ Jamieson, Alastair (28 November 2009). "Santa hats appear on all four spires of King's College Chapel, Cambridge". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
^ Agencies Date: 2009-12-06 Place: Cambridge (6 December 2009). "Santa hats removed at Cambridge". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 4 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b Cambridge and Oxford Adopt U.S. Methods to Win Alumni Donations Archived 2006-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg.com, 2005-11-30 (retrieved 2008-08-17)
^ Annual Report 2006-07 Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, National Trust (pdf), p10
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"punt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(boat)"},{"link_name":"River Cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cam"}],"text":"There are a number of popular legends associated with Cambridge University and its 800 year-old history, often recounted by punt guides to tourists while cruising the River Cam. Some are true, some contain elements of truth, and others are somewhat more fabricated. The myths and legends listed below represent a select few of the traditions and stories associated with Cambridge.","title":"University of Cambridge legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathematicians_bridge_cambridge_large.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Queens' College's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Sir Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The Mathematical BridgeOne famous narrative relates to Queens' College's wooden footbridge known as the Mathematical Bridge. The story usually goes as follows: constructed by Sir Isaac Newton, it held itself together without any bolts or screws. Years later, inquisitive students took it apart in order to see how it fitted together and the deconstructers were unable to reassemble it without bolts. However the bridge was erected 22 years after Newton's death and always used pins and screws at the joints (although the current version of the bridge does use more visible nuts and bolts).[1]A variation on this tale has the bridge being dismantled by the college's Fellows due to the onset of World War II.","title":"Mathematical Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clare_Bridge_-_ball_with_missing_wedge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clare College Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_College_Bridge,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Clare Bridge's missing wedgeOther tales involve Clare College Bridge, built 1639–40[2] which is adorned with spherical stone ornaments. One of these has a quarter sphere wedge removed from the back, a feature pointed out on almost all tours over the bridge. Three tales explaining this are:The bridge's builder was not paid in full due to the college's dissatisfaction with its construction. The builder thus took his revenge by committing a small act of petty vandalism.\nA college fellow removed the quarter-sphere to ensure another fellow could not win a bet with him as to how many spheres there are on the bridge.\nThe sphere was deliberately incomplete so that Clare College could avoid paying a \"bridge tax\"; an unfinished bridge did not count.In reality, the reason for the missing wedge is due to a weathered repair. As a result of corrosion of the sphere's fixing to the bridge, it became loose. It was removed, and a segment cut out to allow access to the fixing, set in place with cement, and the segment replaced. It was orientated with the cut facing outward so that it would be least noticeable to people crossing the bridge. Through subsequent weathering of the cement, the segment detached from the rest of the sphere, and presumably fell into the river. On close examination, it can be seen that a number of the other spheres have had similar repairs carried out, but their cut segments have remained attached.[citation needed]","title":"Clare College Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bridge of Sighs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Sighs_(Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"St John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Austin Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_7"},{"link_name":"Reliant Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliant_Regal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On two separate occasions, students have pulled the prank of dangling a car under the Bridge of Sighs at St John's. In the first incident (in 1963), a 1928 Austin Seven was punted down the river using four punts that had been lashed together then hoisted up under the bridge using ropes. The second incident (in 1968) involved a Reliant Regal (a three-wheeled car) being dangled under the bridge; it was cut down by the fire brigade in the morning.[3] In neither case was the bridge damaged.","title":"Bridge of Sighs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Night Climbers of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Climbers_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1909349551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909349551"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Night Climbers of Cambridge was a book written under the pseudonym \"Whipplesnaith\" about nocturnal climbing on the colleges and town buildings of Cambridge, England, in the 1930s. The book remains popular among students. It is often credited with popularising and inspiring the first generation of urban exploring and night climbing.A new authorised edition of The Night Climbers of Cambridge (ISBN 978-1909349551) was published on 26 October 2007 by Oleander Press, Cambridge, to mark the 70th anniversary of the original edition. The new edition was updated and has proved popular among students and urban explorers.[citation needed]","title":"The Night Climbers of Cambridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_7"},{"link_name":"Senate House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"Caius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The story of the Austin Seven delivery van that ended up on the apex of the Senate House is not fictitious. The Caius College website recounts how, on 8 June 1958, this vehicle really did go \"up in the world\". The prank team comprised Peter Davey (organiser), Cyril Pritchett, David Fowler and 9 others.[4]","title":"Car on the Senate House roof"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain_in_the_First_World_War_1914-1918_Q70811.jpg"},{"link_name":"King's College chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"The Night Climbers of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Climbers_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"steeplejack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplejack"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"King's College ChapelOne story tells of a couple of students with a keen interest in climbing, who decided to scale the walls of King's College chapel after hours and place a roadcone (or similar object) atop one of the spires. On discovering the object the next morning, the college are said to have called in a building company to erect scaffolding in order to remove the offending object. However, the erection of the scaffolding could not be completed before dusk, and so the adventurous students ascended the chapel the next night and moved the roadcone to the opposite end of the chapel's roof, thus rendering the half-erect scaffolding useless. Parts of these attempts are described in The Night Climbers of Cambridge.In 2002, a single toilet seat placed by a student on one of the spires remained there, eventually being retrieved by a steeplejack.[5]In late November 2009 Santa hats were placed on each of the four spires of the Chapel overnight.[6] The College had these removed by a professional steeplejack at great expense.[7]","title":"Objects on King's College chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge"},{"link_name":"Trinity College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Crown Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_land"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Tom Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sharpe"},{"link_name":"Porterhouse Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse_Blue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-8"}],"text":"As the wealthiest of all Oxbridge colleges, Trinity College is naturally the subject of many rumours and popular urban legends. The college is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK (or in England) — after the Crown Estate, the National Trust and the Church of England. A variant of this legend is repeated in the Tom Sharpe novel Porterhouse Blue. In 2005, it was reported that the college takes in £20 million plus per year in rent from its properties.[8]\nIn comparison, the National Trust received about £42.6 million in rental income from its properties in 2005-06.[9]A second legend is that it is possible to walk from Cambridge to Oxford solely on land owned by Trinity.[citation needed] Jeremy Fairbrother, the college's senior bursar in 2005, has said this belief is incorrect.[8]","title":"Trinity College's riches"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Mathematical Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mathematicians_bridge_cambridge_large.jpg/220px-Mathematicians_bridge_cambridge_large.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clare Bridge's missing wedge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Clare_Bridge_-_ball_with_missing_wedge.jpg/220px-Clare_Bridge_-_ball_with_missing_wedge.jpg"},{"image_text":"King's College Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Britain_in_the_First_World_War_1914-1918_Q70811.jpg/220px-Britain_in_the_First_World_War_1914-1918_Q70811.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"(accessed 22 March 2006)\". Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110210160451/http://www.clare.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html","url_text":"\"(accessed 22 March 2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.clare.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"(accessed 12 April 2006)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060928141616/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/development/kingsparade/issues/autumn2002.pdf","url_text":"\"(accessed 12 April 2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/development/kingsparade/issues/autumn2002.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jamieson, Alastair (28 November 2009). \"Santa hats appear on all four spires of King's College Chapel, Cambridge\". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/6677125/Santa-hats-appear-on-all-four-spires-of-Kings-College-Chapel-Cambridge.html","url_text":"\"Santa hats appear on all four spires of King's College Chapel, Cambridge\""}]},{"reference":"Agencies Date: 2009-12-06 Place: Cambridge (6 December 2009). \"Santa hats removed at Cambridge\". Mid-day.com. Retrieved 4 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/dec/061209-santa-hats-cambridge.htm","url_text":"\"Santa hats removed at Cambridge\""}]}]
|
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iPad Pro (1st generation)
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Tablet computer made by Apple (2015–2017)
iPad Pro (1st gen)12.9" iPad Pro in GoldDeveloperApple Inc.ManufacturerFoxconn (on contract)Product familyiPadTypeTablet computerRelease dateNovember 11, 2015 (2015-11-11) (12.9-inch)March 31, 2016 (9.7-inch)Lifespan2015-2023DiscontinuedJune 5, 2017; 7 years ago (2017-06-05)Operating systemOriginal: iOS 9.1 (for 12.9-inch); iOS 9.3 (for 9.7-inch)Current: iPadOS 16.7.8, released May 13, 2024System on a chipApple A9X with 64-bit architecture and Apple M9 motion co-processorCPU2.26 GHz dual-core 64-bit ARMv8-AMemory12.9-inch: 4 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM9.7-inch: 2 GB LPDDR4 SDRAMStorage32, 128, 256 GB flash memoryDisplay12.9-inch:2732×2048 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel) (5.5 megapixels), 12.9 in (327.8 mm) diagonal, 4:3
9.7-inch:2048×1536 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel) (3.1 megapixels), 9.7 in (246.3 mm) diagonal, 4:3Graphics12-core PowerVR Series 7XTSoundFour speakers, adjusting sound to device orientationInputMulti-touch screen, headset controls and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, digital compass, five microphones, Bosch Sensortec BMP280 barometerCamera12.9-inch 1.2 megapixels 720p front-facing and 8 megapixels rear-facing
9.7-inch: 5 megapixels 720p front-facing and 12 megapixels 4K rear-facingConnectivityWi-Fi and Wi-Fi + Cellular: Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac; dual channel (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz); HT80 with MIMOBluetooth 4.2Wi-Fi + Cellular: GPS & GLONASS
GSM
UMTS/HSDPA
850, 900, 1700, 1900, 2100 MHz
GSM/EDGE
850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
CDMA
CDMA/EV-DO Rev. A and B.
800, 1900 MHz
12.9-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:
LTE
Multiple bands
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29 and TD-LTE 38, 39, 40, 41
9.7-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:
LTE Advanced
Multiple bands
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and TD-LTE 38, 39, 40, 41
Power
Built-in rechargeablelithium-ion battery
12.9-inch: 3.77 V 38.8 W·h (10,307 mA·h)9.7-inch: 3.82 V 27.91 W·h (7,306 mA·h)
Online servicesApp Store, Apple Music, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Game CenterDimensions12.9-inch:305.7 mm (12.04 in) (h)220.6 mm (8.69 in) (w)6.9 mm (0.27 in) (d)
9.7-inch:240 mm (9.4 in) (h)169.5 mm (6.67 in) (w)6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)Mass12.9-inch Wi-Fi:
713 g (1.572 lb)
12.9-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:
723 g (1.594 lb)
9.7-inch Wi-Fi:
437 g (0.963 lb)
9.7-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:
444 g (0.979 lb)PredecessoriPad Air 2SuccessoriPad Pro (2nd generation)RelatedApple Pencil, Apple A9XWebsitewww.apple.com/ipad-pro/ at the Wayback Machine (archived April 6, 2016)
This article is part of a series on theiPad
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List of iPad modelsvte
The first generation of iPad Pro is a line of iPad, a tablet computer designed, developed, and marketed by Apple. The iPad Pro was released in 2015 alongside the Apple Pencil, and was the first iPad to use the Pencil as an input device.
The iPad Pro was first sold in November 2015 at a screen size of 12.9 inches, larger than all previous iPad models. A smaller 9.7 inch model, based on the form factor of the iPad Air 2, was released in March 2016. The 12.9 inch model was the first iPad to feature LPDDR4 RAM.
Features
The 12.9-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced during an Apple Special Event on September 9, 2015. It was released on November 11, 2015, with silver, gold, and space gray color options. Prices ranged from US$799 to $1,229, based on storage size and cellular connectivity. On March 21, 2016, the 9.7-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced at an Apple keynote with an additional rose gold color option. The 9.7-inch version also introduced the ability to choose the base 32 GB model with a Cellular + WiFi option. Previously, Cellular + WiFi option was only available on 128 GB iPad Pro models. The 9.7-inch model is priced from $599 to $1,129 depending on the configuration. It was released on March 31, 2016.
The 9.7-inch iPad Pro has a faster CPU and a better camera than the iPad Air 2. It is the first iPad to feature True Tone Flash and Retina Flash, and its 256 GB storage option was the highest for an iPad at the time. Its True Tone display allows the LCD to adapt its color and intensity to ambient lighting.
Both iPad Pro models include the A9X chip and the Apple M9 motion co-processor. The 9.7-inch model, however, has a slightly underclocked CPU (2.16 GHz compared to 2.26 GHz on the 12.9-inch model) and only 2 GB of RAM. Several features are carried over from the standard iPad, such as Touch ID and the Retina Display. New features include a smart connector for a keyboard and four stereo speakers located in pairs on top and bottom of the device. The 12.9-inch model has a 2732-by-2048 display and the 9.7-inch model has a 2048-by-1536 display. Both displays have a resolution of 264 pixels per inch and feature a variable refresh rate, a first for Apple. The 12.9-inch version is also the first iOS device to include more than 2 GB of RAM.
A customized 12.9 inch iPad Pro was also designed by Jony Ive and submitted to Phillips' Time for Design auction. The special edition iPad Pro has an "Edition 1 of 1" label engraved on its back and comes with a custom yellow-gold anodized finish, a blue leather Smart Cover and an orange leather Apple Pencil case cover, all of which are not sold by Apple elsewhere. The special edition sold for £50,000.
Software
See also: iOS 9, iOS 10, iOS 11, iOS 12, iPadOS, iPadOS 13, iPadOS 14, iPadOS 15, and iPadOS 16
Both iPad Pro (1st generation) models supported iOS 9, 10, 11, 12, iPadOS 13, 14, 15, and 16, and do not support iPadOS 17 due to hardware limitations.
Reception
Scott Stein from CNET praised the faster processor and new accessories available. However, he criticized the cost of both the unit and its accessories, while noting its slightly slower processor with less RAM of the 9.7-inch model compared to the larger 12.9-inch model. Matt Swider from TechRadar complimented the easy handling, large 256 GB configuration and True Tone display, but was upset about the high starting price. Gareth Beavis gave a positive review, commending the expansive screen and audio quality but stated that the battery life could be made longer.
Timeline
Timeline of iPad models vte
See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products
Source: Apple Newsroom Archive.
Gallery
First-generation 9.7-inch iPad Pro in rose gold
First-generation Apple Pencil
See also
Pen computing
Graphics tablet
References
^ "About iPadOS 16 Updates". Apple Support. iPadOS 16.7.8.
^ a b c "The A9X SoC & More To Come - The iPad Pro Preview: Taking Notes With iPad Pro". AnandTech. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "iPad Pro - Technical Specifications - Apple". Apple Inc.
^ Smith, Ryan (November 30, 2015). "More on Apple's A9X SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
^ "iPad Pro Teardown". iFixit. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ "iPad Pro 9.7" Teardown". iFixit. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
^ a b Dillet, Roman (September 9, 2015). "Apple Unveils The iPad Pro". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
^ a b "Apple - Press Info - Epic 12.9-inch iPad Pro Available to Order Online Wednesday & Arrives in Stores Later This Week". Apple Inc.
^ a b Seifert, Dan (March 21, 2016). "New iPad Pro announced: $599, 9.7-inch display, weighs less than one pound". The Verge. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
^ 1 GB = 10003 (one billion) bytes
^ 1 GB = 10243 bytes
^ "Apple iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) - Full tablet specifications".
^ Mayo, Benjamin (April 16, 2016). "Jony I've designs one-of-a-kind iPad Pro, Smart Cover and Apple Pencil case for special Design Museum auction". 9to5Mac. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Phillips: UK050316, Apple Inc". Phillips. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ Stein, Scott (March 30, 2016). "iPad Pro 9.7-inch review".
^ Swider, Matt (January 27, 2018). "iPad Pro 9.7 review". TechRadar.
^ Beavis, Gareth. "iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) review". TechRadar. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Apple Inc. (2010–2011). iPad News – Newsroom Archive. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
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|
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The iPad Pro was released in 2015 alongside the Apple Pencil, and was the first iPad to use the Pencil as an input device.The iPad Pro was first sold in November 2015 at a screen size of 12.9 inches, larger than all previous iPad models.[7][8] A smaller 9.7 inch model, based on the form factor of the iPad Air 2, was released in March 2016.[9] The 12.9 inch model was the first iPad to feature LPDDR4 RAM.[2]","title":"iPad Pro (1st generation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple Special Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events#Apple_Special_Event_(September_9,_2015)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillet-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"an Apple keynote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events#Apple_Special_Event_(March_21,_2016)"},{"link_name":"GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"iPad Air 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Air_2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iPad-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jony Ive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive"},{"link_name":"Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_(auctioneers)"},{"link_name":"Smart Cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Cover"},{"link_name":"Apple Pencil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pencil"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The 12.9-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced during an Apple Special Event on September 9, 2015.[7] It was released on November 11, 2015, with silver, gold, and space gray color options.[8] Prices ranged from US$799 to $1,229, based on storage size and cellular connectivity. On March 21, 2016, the 9.7-inch version of the iPad Pro was announced at an Apple keynote with an additional rose gold color option. The 9.7-inch version also introduced the ability to choose the base 32 GB model [10] with a Cellular + WiFi option. Previously, Cellular + WiFi option was only available on 128 GB iPad Pro models. The 9.7-inch model is priced from $599 to $1,129 depending on the configuration. It was released on March 31, 2016.The 9.7-inch iPad Pro has a faster CPU and a better camera than the iPad Air 2. It is the first iPad to feature True Tone Flash and Retina Flash, and its 256 GB storage option was the highest for an iPad at the time. Its True Tone display allows the LCD to adapt its color and intensity to ambient lighting.[9]Both iPad Pro models include the A9X chip and the Apple M9 motion co-processor. The 9.7-inch model, however, has a slightly underclocked CPU (2.16 GHz compared to 2.26 GHz on the 12.9-inch model) and only 2 GB of RAM.[11] Several features are carried over from the standard iPad, such as Touch ID and the Retina Display. New features include a smart connector for a keyboard and four stereo speakers located in pairs on top and bottom of the device. The 12.9-inch model has a 2732-by-2048 display and the 9.7-inch model has a 2048-by-1536 display. Both displays have a resolution of 264 pixels per inch and feature a variable refresh rate, a first for Apple. The 12.9-inch version is also the first iOS device to include more than 2 GB of RAM.[12]A customized 12.9 inch iPad Pro was also designed by Jony Ive and submitted to Phillips' Time for Design auction. The special edition iPad Pro has an \"Edition 1 of 1\" label engraved on its back and comes with a custom yellow-gold anodized finish, a blue leather Smart Cover and an orange leather Apple Pencil case cover, all of which are not sold by Apple elsewhere. The special edition sold for £50,000.[13][14]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iOS 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_9"},{"link_name":"iOS 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10"},{"link_name":"iOS 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_11"},{"link_name":"iOS 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_12"},{"link_name":"iPadOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS"},{"link_name":"iPadOS 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_13"},{"link_name":"iPadOS 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_14"},{"link_name":"iPadOS 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_15"},{"link_name":"iPadOS 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_16"},{"link_name":"iOS 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_9"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_12"},{"link_name":"iPadOS 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_13"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_14"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_15"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_16"},{"link_name":"iPadOS 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS_17"}],"text":"See also: iOS 9, iOS 10, iOS 11, iOS 12, iPadOS, iPadOS 13, iPadOS 14, iPadOS 15, and iPadOS 16Both iPad Pro (1st generation) models supported iOS 9, 10, 11, 12, iPadOS 13, 14, 15, and 16, and do not support iPadOS 17 due to hardware limitations.","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"TechRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRadar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Scott Stein from CNET praised the faster processor and new accessories available. However, he criticized the cost of both the unit and its accessories, while noting its slightly slower processor with less RAM of the 9.7-inch model compared to the larger 12.9-inch model.[15] Matt Swider from TechRadar complimented the easy handling, large 256 GB configuration and True Tone display, but was upset about the high starting price.[16] Gareth Beavis gave a positive review, commending the expansive screen and audio quality but stated that the battery life could be made longer.[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ApplePRlib-18"}],"text":"Source: Apple Newsroom Archive.[18]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPad_Pro_9.7_4951.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_Pencil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apple Pencil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pencil"}],"text":"First-generation 9.7-inch iPad Pro in rose gold\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst-generation Apple Pencil","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Pen computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_computing"},{"title":"Graphics tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_tablet"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"About iPadOS 16 Updates\". Apple Support. iPadOS 16.7.8.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.apple.com/108050#a1678","url_text":"\"About iPadOS 16 Updates\""}]},{"reference":"\"The A9X SoC & More To Come - The iPad Pro Preview: Taking Notes With iPad Pro\". AnandTech. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anandtech.com/show/9780/taking-notes-with-ipad-pro/2","url_text":"\"The A9X SoC & More To Come - The iPad Pro Preview: Taking Notes With iPad Pro\""}]},{"reference":"\"iPad Pro - Technical Specifications - Apple\". Apple Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apple.com/ipad-pro/specs/","url_text":"\"iPad Pro - Technical Specifications - Apple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple Inc."}]},{"reference":"Smith, Ryan (November 30, 2015). \"More on Apple's A9X SoC\". AnandTech. Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anandtech.com/show/9824/more-on-apples-a9x-soc","url_text":"\"More on Apple's A9X SoC\""}]},{"reference":"\"iPad Pro Teardown\". iFixit. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPad+Pro+Teardown/52599","url_text":"\"iPad Pro Teardown\""}]},{"reference":"\"iPad Pro 9.7\" Teardown\". iFixit. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPad+Pro+9.7-Inch+Teardown/60939","url_text":"\"iPad Pro 9.7\" Teardown\""}]},{"reference":"Dillet, Roman (September 9, 2015). \"Apple Unveils The iPad Pro\". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/09/apple-unveils-the-ipad-pro/","url_text":"\"Apple Unveils The iPad Pro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple - Press Info - Epic 12.9-inch iPad Pro Available to Order Online Wednesday & Arrives in Stores Later This Week\". Apple Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2015/11/09Epic-12-9-inch-iPad-Pro-Available-to-Order-Online-Wednesday-Arrives-in-Stores-Later-This-Week.html","url_text":"\"Apple - Press Info - Epic 12.9-inch iPad Pro Available to Order Online Wednesday & Arrives in Stores Later This Week\""}]},{"reference":"Seifert, Dan (March 21, 2016). \"New iPad Pro announced: $599, 9.7-inch display, weighs less than one pound\". The Verge. Retrieved August 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/21/11256118/apple-new-ipad-price-specs-release-date","url_text":"\"New iPad Pro announced: $599, 9.7-inch display, weighs less than one pound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge","url_text":"The Verge"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) - Full tablet specifications\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_ipad_pro_12_9_(2015)-7562.php","url_text":"\"Apple iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) - Full tablet specifications\""}]},{"reference":"Mayo, Benjamin (April 16, 2016). \"Jony I've designs one-of-a-kind iPad Pro, Smart Cover and Apple Pencil case for special Design Museum auction\". 9to5Mac. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://9to5mac.com/2016/04/16/jony-ive-designs-one-of-a-kind-ipad-pro-smart-cover-and-apple-pencil-case-for-special-design-museum-auction/","url_text":"\"Jony I've designs one-of-a-kind iPad Pro, Smart Cover and Apple Pencil case for special Design Museum auction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phillips: UK050316, Apple Inc\". Phillips. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phillips.com/detail/APPLE-INC/UK050316/303","url_text":"\"Phillips: UK050316, Apple Inc\""}]},{"reference":"Stein, Scott (March 30, 2016). \"iPad Pro 9.7-inch review\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-ipad-pro-9-7-inch-review/","url_text":"\"iPad Pro 9.7-inch review\""}]},{"reference":"Swider, Matt (January 27, 2018). \"iPad Pro 9.7 review\". TechRadar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/tablets/ipad-pro-9-7-1317466/review","url_text":"\"iPad Pro 9.7 review\""}]},{"reference":"Beavis, Gareth. \"iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) review\". TechRadar. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/tablets/ipad-pro-12-9-1269255/review","url_text":"\"iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) review\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160406020902/https://www.apple.com/ipad-pro/","external_links_name":"www.apple.com/ipad-pro/"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/108050#a1678","external_links_name":"\"About iPadOS 16 Updates\""},{"Link":"http://www.anandtech.com/show/9780/taking-notes-with-ipad-pro/2","external_links_name":"\"The A9X SoC & More To Come - The iPad Pro Preview: Taking Notes With iPad Pro\""},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/ipad-pro/specs/","external_links_name":"\"iPad Pro - Technical Specifications - Apple\""},{"Link":"http://www.anandtech.com/show/9824/more-on-apples-a9x-soc","external_links_name":"\"More on Apple's A9X SoC\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPad+Pro+Teardown/52599","external_links_name":"\"iPad Pro Teardown\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPad+Pro+9.7-Inch+Teardown/60939","external_links_name":"\"iPad Pro 9.7\" Teardown\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/09/apple-unveils-the-ipad-pro/","external_links_name":"\"Apple Unveils The iPad Pro\""},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2015/11/09Epic-12-9-inch-iPad-Pro-Available-to-Order-Online-Wednesday-Arrives-in-Stores-Later-This-Week.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple - Press Info - Epic 12.9-inch iPad Pro Available to Order Online Wednesday & Arrives in Stores Later This Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/21/11256118/apple-new-ipad-price-specs-release-date","external_links_name":"\"New iPad Pro announced: $599, 9.7-inch display, weighs less than one pound\""},{"Link":"https://www.gsmarena.com/apple_ipad_pro_12_9_(2015)-7562.php","external_links_name":"\"Apple iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) - Full tablet specifications\""},{"Link":"https://9to5mac.com/2016/04/16/jony-ive-designs-one-of-a-kind-ipad-pro-smart-cover-and-apple-pencil-case-for-special-design-museum-auction/","external_links_name":"\"Jony I've designs one-of-a-kind iPad Pro, Smart Cover and Apple Pencil case for special Design Museum auction\""},{"Link":"https://www.phillips.com/detail/APPLE-INC/UK050316/303","external_links_name":"\"Phillips: UK050316, Apple Inc\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-ipad-pro-9-7-inch-review/","external_links_name":"\"iPad Pro 9.7-inch review\""},{"Link":"https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/tablets/ipad-pro-9-7-1317466/review","external_links_name":"\"iPad Pro 9.7 review\""},{"Link":"https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/tablets/ipad-pro-12-9-1269255/review","external_links_name":"\"iPad Pro 12.9 (2015) review\""},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/newsroom/archive/ipad","external_links_name":"iPad News – Newsroom Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.apple.com/ipad-pro","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fork
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Richard Fork
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["1 Achievements","2 References"]
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American physicist
Richard ForkBornRichard L. Fork(1935-09-01)September 1, 1935DiedMay 16, 2018(2018-05-16) (aged 82)Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materPrincipia CollegeScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsUniversity of Alabama in Huntsville
Richard L. Fork (1 September 1935 – 16 May 2018) was an American physicist.
Fork received a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from Principia College in 1957, and earned his doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He began working for Bell Laboratories in 1962, and joined the faculty of Rensselaer Institute of Technology in 1990. Four years later, Dr. Fork left Rensselaer for the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Over the course of his career, Fork was granted fellowship of the American Physical Society and Optical Society of America. He retired in 2017 and died on May 16, 2018, of respiratory arrest in Huntsville. Dr. Fork also acted as a mentor who guided and assisted dozens of students pursuing optical/physics/laser based degrees at UAH.
Achievements
Richard Fork has been very active in the field of generating light pulses with lasers.
As early as 1964, he showed that locking the modes of a helium neon laser could produce picosecond pulses.
In the early 80's he strongly contributed to the development of femtosecond lasers.
In 1984 he, along with O.E. Martinez and J.P. Gordon, published a paper entitled "Negative group-velocity dispersion using refraction" in the Journal of the Optical Society of America A, which laid the groundwork for the "Martinez stretcher" which is the primary stretcher configuration used in the design of free-space, solid-state, chirped pulse amplifiers. The key mechanism in this achievement was the recognition of the potential for generating positive group delay dispersion (GDD) using two dispersive elements, which nominally produce negative GDD, by introducing a "telescope" between the two elements thus utilizing the Guoy Phase Shift to flip the sign of the dispersion. This finding was crucial because in order to stretch, amplify, and then compress a pulse it is required that the GDD introduced in the stretcher is exactly matched, in the negative sense, in the compressor. Since the standard compressor configurations all produce negative GDD, a positive GDD stretcher was required. Technically speaking, the stretcher and compressor can be swapped without loss of generality, but since the "Martinez Stretcher" is more difficult to align due to the inclusion of the "telescope", it is generally preferred to use it for the low-energy seed pulse, and the traditional compressor for the high-energy amplified output pulse. "Another important result
l
e
f
f
=
[
l
−
2
(
f
1
+
f
2
)
]
(
f
1
/
f
2
)
2
{\displaystyle l_{eff}=(f_{1}/f_{2})^{2}}
is that
l
e
f
f
{\displaystyle l_{eff}}
may have negative values, thus also allowing positive values for the group-velocity dispersion"
In a second part of his career he focused his interest on the use of lasers for protecting Earth from asteroid impacts.
References
^ "Richard Fork Obituary - Huntsville, Alabama". Legacy.com. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
^ "Richard Fork Obituary - Alabama - Tributes.com". www.tributes.com.
^ a b McMillen, Lynn (May 19, 2018). "Richard Fork – Obituary". Quad City Daily. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018. Alt URL
^ Steele, Jim (May 18, 2018). "Dr. Richard Fork, laser visionary and longtime professor, dies". University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ Locking of He–Ne laser modes induced by synchronous intracavity modulation
LE Hargrove, RL Fork, MA Pollack - Applied Physics Letters, 1964
^ Compression of optical pulses to six femtoseconds by using cubic phase compensation
RL Fork, CHB Cruz, PC Becker, CV Shank - Optics letters, 1987
^ Martinez, O. E.; Gordon, J. P.; Fork, R. L. (1984-10-01). "Negative group-velocity dispersion using refraction". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 1 (10): 1003. Bibcode:1984JOSAA...1.1003M. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.1.001003. ISSN 1084-7529.
^ Preventing Asteroid Earth Impacts With Laser Technology: Progress and Prospects
R Fork - Proceedings of the IEEE, 2007
This article about an American physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Fork (1 September 1935 – 16 May 2018)[1][2] was an American physicist.Fork received a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from Principia College in 1957,[3] and earned his doctorate in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He began working for Bell Laboratories in 1962, and joined the faculty of Rensselaer Institute of Technology in 1990. Four years later, Dr. Fork left Rensselaer for the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Over the course of his career, Fork was granted fellowship of the American Physical Society and Optical Society of America. He retired in 2017 and died on May 16, 2018, of respiratory arrest in Huntsville.[3][4] Dr. Fork also acted as a mentor who guided and assisted dozens of students pursuing optical/physics/laser based degrees at UAH.","title":"Richard Fork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"solid-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_laser"},{"link_name":"chirped pulse amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification"},{"link_name":"group delay dispersion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_delay_dispersion"},{"link_name":"Guoy Phase Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoy_Phase_Shift"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Richard Fork has been very active in the field of generating light pulses with lasers.As early as 1964, he showed that locking the modes of a helium neon laser could produce picosecond pulses.[5]\nIn the early 80's he strongly contributed to the development of femtosecond lasers.[6]\nIn 1984 he, along with O.E. Martinez and J.P. Gordon, published a paper entitled \"Negative group-velocity dispersion using refraction\" in the Journal of the Optical Society of America A, which laid the groundwork for the \"Martinez stretcher\" which is the primary stretcher configuration used in the design of free-space, solid-state, chirped pulse amplifiers. The key mechanism in this achievement was the recognition of the potential for generating positive group delay dispersion (GDD) using two dispersive elements, which nominally produce negative GDD, by introducing a \"telescope\" between the two elements thus utilizing the Guoy Phase Shift to flip the sign of the dispersion. This finding was crucial because in order to stretch, amplify, and then compress a pulse it is required that the GDD introduced in the stretcher is exactly matched, in the negative sense, in the compressor. Since the standard compressor configurations all produce negative GDD, a positive GDD stretcher was required. Technically speaking, the stretcher and compressor can be swapped without loss of generality, but since the \"Martinez Stretcher\" is more difficult to align due to the inclusion of the \"telescope\", it is generally preferred to use it for the low-energy seed pulse, and the traditional compressor for the high-energy amplified output pulse. \"Another important result [found in] \n \n \n \n \n l\n \n e\n f\n f\n \n \n =\n [\n l\n −\n 2\n (\n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n ]\n (\n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle l_{eff}=[l-2(f_{1}+f_{2})](f_{1}/f_{2})^{2}}\n \n is that \n \n \n \n \n l\n \n e\n f\n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle l_{eff}}\n \n may have negative values, thus also allowing positive values for the group-velocity dispersion\" [7]\nIn a second part of his career he focused his interest on the use of lasers for protecting Earth from asteroid impacts.[8]","title":"Achievements"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Richard Fork Obituary - Huntsville, Alabama\". Legacy.com. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/richard-fork-obituary?pid=189048147&view=guestbook","url_text":"\"Richard Fork Obituary - Huntsville, Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Fork Obituary - Alabama - Tributes.com\". www.tributes.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Richard-Fork-106108592","url_text":"\"Richard Fork Obituary - Alabama - Tributes.com\""}]},{"reference":"McMillen, Lynn (May 19, 2018). \"Richard Fork – Obituary\". Quad City Daily. Archived from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180520055808/http://quadcitiesdaily.com/?p=457277","url_text":"\"Richard Fork – Obituary\""},{"url":"http://quadcitiesdaily.com/?p=457277","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steele, Jim (May 18, 2018). \"Dr. Richard Fork, laser visionary and longtime professor, dies\". University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uah.edu/news/people/dr-richard-fork-laser-visionary-and-longtime-professor-dies","url_text":"\"Dr. Richard Fork, laser visionary and longtime professor, dies\""}]},{"reference":"Martinez, O. E.; Gordon, J. P.; Fork, R. L. (1984-10-01). \"Negative group-velocity dispersion using refraction\". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 1 (10): 1003. Bibcode:1984JOSAA...1.1003M. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.1.001003. ISSN 1084-7529.","urls":[{"url":"https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-1-10-1003","url_text":"\"Negative group-velocity dispersion using refraction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JOSAA...1.1003M","url_text":"1984JOSAA...1.1003M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.1.001003","url_text":"10.1364/JOSAA.1.001003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1084-7529","url_text":"1084-7529"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Harding_(speedway_rider)
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Trevor Harding (speedway rider)
|
["1 Career","2 References"]
|
Australian speedway rider (born 1986)
Trevor HardingBorn (1986-11-01) November 1, 1986 (age 37)Subiaco, Western Australia, AustraliaNationalityAustralianCareer historyGreat Britain2003–2007King's Lynn Stars2004Ipswich Witches2005Sheffield Tigers2005–2007Eastbourne Eagles
Trevor Robert Harding (born 1 November 1986 in Subiaco, Western Australia) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Australia.
Career
He rode for the King's Lynn Stars in the British Premier League.
In 2006, he helped King's Lynn Stars win the triple (Premier League, Premier League Knock-out Cup and Premier Trophy).
In January 2008, he suffered serious injuries in the Ron Johnson Memorial meeting, in Australia and was due to return to King's Lynn but the plans did not materialise.
References
^ a b "2008 Rider index" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ "Harding joins King's Lynn". Crash.net. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ "Trevor Harding". WWOS Backup. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
This biographical article relating to Australian speedway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subiaco, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiaco,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"motorcycle speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRI-1"}],"text":"Trevor Robert Harding (born 1 November 1986 in Subiaco, Western Australia) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Australia.[1]","title":"Trevor Harding (speedway rider)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Lynn Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_Stars"},{"link_name":"British Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRI-1"}],"text":"He rode for the King's Lynn Stars in the British Premier League.[2][3]In 2006, he helped King's Lynn Stars win the triple (Premier League, Premier League Knock-out Cup and Premier Trophy).In January 2008, he suffered serious injuries in the Ron Johnson Memorial meeting, in Australia and was due to return to King's Lynn but the plans did not materialise.[1]","title":"Career"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2008 Rider index\" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishspeedway.co.uk/docs/Rider_Index_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"2008 Rider index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harding joins King's Lynn\". Crash.net. Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crash.net/speedway/news/98808/1/harding-joins-kings-lynn","url_text":"\"Harding joins King's Lynn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Harding\". WWOS Backup. Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/thread/1384/trevor-harding","url_text":"\"Trevor Harding\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://britishspeedway.co.uk/docs/Rider_Index_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2008 Rider index\""},{"Link":"https://www.crash.net/speedway/news/98808/1/harding-joins-kings-lynn","external_links_name":"\"Harding joins King's Lynn\""},{"Link":"https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/thread/1384/trevor-harding","external_links_name":"\"Trevor Harding\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trevor_Harding_(speedway_rider)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozothamnus_tesselatus
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Ozothamnus tesselatus
|
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References"]
|
Species of shrub
Ozothamnus tesselatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Genus:
Ozothamnus
Species:
O. tesselatus
Binomial name
Ozothamnus tesselatus(Maiden & R.T.Baker) Anderb.
Ozothamnus tesselatus, commonly known as tesselate everlasting, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a small shrub with woolly branches and globular heads of whitish to straw-coloured flowers.
Description
Ozothamnus tesselatus is a small, upright shrub to 1 mm (0.039 in) high with stems densely covered in short, matted hairs. The leaves are oblong to narrow-linear, stiff, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, less than 1 mm (0.039 in) wide, apex curved backward, base decurrent along the stem 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in), margins rolled under. The leaf upper surface is green, sticky, shiny, rarely roughly textured, dotted with glands and the lower surface light coloured and woolly. The flower heads are borne at the end of branches in dense, globular corymbs 10.8–13.5 mm (0.43–0.53 in) wide, individual flowers about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and about 4.5 mm (0.18 in) in diameter, bracts egg-shaped, golden and translucent. Flowering occurs in spring and the fruit is a hairy achene.
Taxonomy and naming
This ozothamnus was described in 1896 by Joseph Maiden and Richard Thomas Baker and given the name Helichrysum tesselatum. In 1991 Arne A. Anderberg changed the name to Ozothamnus tesselatus and the description was published in Opera Botanica.
Distribution and habitat
Tesselate everlasting has a restricted distribution, growing in woodland north of Rylstone.
References
^ "Ozothamnus tesselatus". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ a b Bell, Stephen; Rockley, Christine; Llewellyn, Anne (2019). Flora of the Hunter Region. Victoria: CSIRO. p. 92. ISBN 9781486311026.
^ a b Everett, J. "Ozothamnus tesselatus". PlantNET-NSW flora online. Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^ "Helichrysum tesselatum". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
^ "Ozothamnus tesselatus". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
Taxon identifiersOzothamnus tesselatus
Wikidata: Q15576945
APNI: 118698
CoL: 4BNWB
EoL: 6274463
GBIF: 3111914
IPNI: 962967-1
NCBI: 1284868
NSWFlora: Ozothamnus~tesselatus
Open Tree of Life: 147452
Plant List: gcc-89375
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:962967-1
SPRAT: 56203
Tropicos: 50207127
WFO: wfo-0000128392
WoRMS: 1099499
Helichrysum tesselatum
Wikidata: Q38763239
APNI: 76965
CoL: 3K7CK
GBIF: 3111915
IPNI: 213426-1
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:213426-1
Tropicos: 50207126
WFO: wfo-0000123865
WoRMS: 1188031
This Gnaphalieae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Australian asterid article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BELL-2"},{"link_name":"Asteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"}],"text":"Ozothamnus tesselatus, commonly known as tesselate everlasting,[2] is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a small shrub with woolly branches and globular heads of whitish to straw-coloured flowers.","title":"Ozothamnus tesselatus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decurrent"},{"link_name":"corymbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corymbs"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"achene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BELL-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-3"}],"text":"Ozothamnus tesselatus is a small, upright shrub to 1 mm (0.039 in) high with stems densely covered in short, matted hairs. The leaves are oblong to narrow-linear, stiff, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, less than 1 mm (0.039 in) wide, apex curved backward, base decurrent along the stem 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in), margins rolled under. The leaf upper surface is green, sticky, shiny, rarely roughly textured, dotted with glands and the lower surface light coloured and woolly. The flower heads are borne at the end of branches in dense, globular corymbs 10.8–13.5 mm (0.43–0.53 in) wide, individual flowers about 4 mm (0.16 in) long and about 4.5 mm (0.18 in) in diameter, bracts egg-shaped, golden and translucent. Flowering occurs in spring and the fruit is a hairy achene.[2][3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Richard Thomas Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thomas_Baker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-4"},{"link_name":"Arne A. Anderberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arne_A._Anderberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI1-5"}],"text":"This ozothamnus was described in 1896 by Joseph Maiden and Richard Thomas Baker and given the name Helichrysum tesselatum.[4] In 1991 Arne A. Anderberg changed the name to Ozothamnus tesselatus and the description was published in Opera Botanica.[5]","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rylstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rylstone,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGS-3"}],"text":"Tesselate everlasting has a restricted distribution, growing in woodland north of Rylstone.[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/118698","url_text":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Stephen; Rockley, Christine; Llewellyn, Anne (2019). Flora of the Hunter Region. Victoria: CSIRO. p. 92. ISBN 9781486311026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781486311026","url_text":"9781486311026"}]},{"reference":"Everett, J. \"Ozothamnus tesselatus\". PlantNET-NSW flora online. Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 27 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Ozothamnus~tesselatus","url_text":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helichrysum tesselatum\". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/instance/apni/490770","url_text":"\"Helichrysum tesselatum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\". Australian Plant Name Index. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/instance/apni/552906","url_text":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/118698","external_links_name":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\""},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Ozothamnus~tesselatus","external_links_name":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/instance/apni/490770","external_links_name":"\"Helichrysum tesselatum\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/instance/apni/552906","external_links_name":"\"Ozothamnus tesselatus\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/118698","external_links_name":"118698"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4BNWB","external_links_name":"4BNWB"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/6274463","external_links_name":"6274463"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3111914","external_links_name":"3111914"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/962967-1","external_links_name":"962967-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1284868","external_links_name":"1284868"},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Ozothamnus~tesselatus","external_links_name":"Ozothamnus~tesselatus"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=147452","external_links_name":"147452"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-89375","external_links_name":"gcc-89375"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A962967-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:962967-1"},{"Link":"https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=56203","external_links_name":"56203"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50207127","external_links_name":"50207127"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000128392","external_links_name":"wfo-0000128392"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1099499","external_links_name":"1099499"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/76965","external_links_name":"76965"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3K7CK","external_links_name":"3K7CK"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3111915","external_links_name":"3111915"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/213426-1","external_links_name":"213426-1"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A213426-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:213426-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50207126","external_links_name":"50207126"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000123865","external_links_name":"wfo-0000123865"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1188031","external_links_name":"1188031"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozothamnus_tesselatus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozothamnus_tesselatus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Easter_Brown
|
Anna Easter Brown
|
["1 Early life","2 Founding of Alpha Kappa Alpha","3 Teaching and later life","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Anna Easter BrownBornApril 13, 1879West Orange, New Jersey, United StatesDiedMarch 5, 1957 (aged 77)Rocky Mount, North Carolina, U.S.Occupation(s)original founder of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated; History teacherParent(s)Beverly Brown and Lawrie Brown
Anna Easter Brown (April 13, 1879 – March 5, 1957) was a part of the original nine group of twenty founders in Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. It was the first sorority founded by African-American women students. It has had a continuing legacy of generating social capital for over 100 years.
Brown also completed graduate work at Columbia University. As an educator at the high school level in North Carolina for nearly 42 years, she had a critical role in teaching the next generations. With her outstanding qualifications, she maintained a high academic standard. Brown also developed exhibits to teach the community about African-American history. She helped found the YWCA in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and expanded Alpha Kappa Alpha by founding a local chapter.
Early life
Born West Orange, New Jersey, Brown was the daughter of Beverly and Lawrie Brown. She graduated from West Orange High School in 1897, with honors. She was well-prepared for Howard University, the top historically black college in the nation. It was a time when only 1/3 of 1% of African Americans and 5% of whites of eligible age attended any college.
Founding of Alpha Kappa Alpha
At Howard University, Brown worked as the chief evening librarian while she completed classes at the Teachers College Department. On January 15, 1908, Brown along with eight other women helped to found Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. Brown served as the first treasurer of the sorority. She also composed a sorority song. She helped write the final draft of the sorority's constitution and bylaws. During the planning sessions, she documented the sorority's history for the future. Brown graduated in 1909 with a B.Ed.
Teaching and later life
Brown completed further graduate study at Columbia University. After graduation, Brown worked at Bricks School in Bricks, North Carolina, from 1909 to 1926. During her time in Bricks, she also traveled nationally and wrote articles for the National Urban League's magazine Opportunity.
In 1925 Brown moved to Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and continued her career in education. She worked as a history teacher at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount for nearly 30 years, from 1926 until 1952.
Brown was a charter member of the Chi Omega chapter in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, in 1925, when she also served as president of the chapter. She was also a founding member of Rocky Mount's YWCA.
Brown promoted community learning about Negro History by developing local exhibits, which she arranged annually. Her twenty-sixth exhibit received national coverage. Brown died on March 5, 1957, aged 77.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McNealey, Earnestine G. (2006). Pearls of Service: The Legacy of America's First Black Sorority, Alpha Kappa Alpha. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. p. 31.
^ Ricci, Joe. "Anna Easter Brown Historic Marker Unveiled at West Orange Library", West Orange Patch, February 7, 2016. Accessed November 21, 2017. "The marker highlights the accomplishments of Anna Easter Brown, an African-American woman born and raised in West Orange, who graduated from West Orange High School in 1897."
^ James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, p. 245.
^ a b "Alpha Kappa Alpha Centennial: Founders" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
^ McNealey 2006, p. 30.
External links
Biography at Virginia Commonwealth University
Honoring the Past: Alpha Kappa Alpha Founders
Centennial Celebration: Founders Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
vteFounders and Incorporators of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
Ethel Hedgeman Lyle
Margaret Flagg Holmes
Beulah Burke
Lillie Burke
Lucy Diggs Slowe
Marie Woolfolk Taylor
Anna Easter Brown
Lavinia Norman
Marjorie Hill
Joanna Mary Berry Shields
Ethel Jones Mowbray
Sarah Meriwether Nutter
Harriet Josephine Terry
Norma Elizabeth Boyd
Alice P. Murray
Carrie Snowden
Nellie M. Quander
Minnie B. Smith
Julia Evangeline Brooks
Nellie Pratt Russell
|
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As an educator at the high school level in North Carolina for nearly 42 years, she had a critical role in teaching the next generations. With her outstanding qualifications, she maintained a high academic standard. Brown also developed exhibits to teach the community about African-American history. She helped found the YWCA in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and expanded Alpha Kappa Alpha by founding a local chapter.","title":"Anna Easter Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Orange, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"West Orange High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEARLS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born West Orange, New Jersey, Brown was the daughter of Beverly and Lawrie Brown. She graduated from West Orange High School in 1897, with honors.[1][2] She was well-prepared for Howard University, the top historically black college in the nation. It was a time when only 1/3 of 1% of African Americans and 5% of whites of eligible age attended any college.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"librarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-founders-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEARLS-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEARLS-1"}],"text":"At Howard University, Brown worked as the chief evening librarian while she completed classes at the Teachers College Department.[4] On January 15, 1908, Brown along with eight other women helped to found Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. Brown served as the first treasurer of the sorority. She also composed a sorority song.[1] She helped write the final draft of the sorority's constitution and bylaws. During the planning sessions, she documented the sorority's history for the future.[5] Brown graduated in 1909 with a B.Ed.[1]","title":"Founding of Alpha Kappa Alpha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEARLS-1"},{"link_name":"National Urban League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Urban_League"},{"link_name":"Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity:_A_Journal_of_Negro_Life"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEARLS-1"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEARLS-1"},{"link_name":"Negro History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Diaspora"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEARLS-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-founders-4"}],"text":"Brown completed further graduate study at Columbia University. After graduation, Brown worked at Bricks School in Bricks, North Carolina, from 1909 to 1926.[1] During her time in Bricks, she also traveled nationally and wrote articles for the National Urban League's magazine Opportunity.[citation needed]In 1925 Brown moved to Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and continued her career in education. She worked as a history teacher at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount for nearly 30 years, from 1926 until 1952.[1]Brown was a charter member of the Chi Omega chapter in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, in 1925, when she also served as president of the chapter. She was also a founding member of Rocky Mount's YWCA.[1]Brown promoted community learning about Negro History by developing local exhibits, which she arranged annually. Her twenty-sixth exhibit received national coverage.[1][4] Brown died on March 5, 1957, aged 77.","title":"Teaching and later life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"McNealey, Earnestine G. (2006). Pearls of Service: The Legacy of America's First Black Sorority, Alpha Kappa Alpha. Chicago: Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alpha Kappa Alpha Centennial: Founders\" (PDF). Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194110/http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/founders_pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"Alpha Kappa Alpha Centennial: Founders\""},{"url":"http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/founders_pdf.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.tapinto.net/towns/west-orange/articles/anna-easter-brown-historic-marker-unveiled-at-wes","external_links_name":"\"Anna Easter Brown Historic Marker Unveiled at West Orange Library\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194110/http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/founders_pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Kappa Alpha Centennial: Founders\""},{"Link":"http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/founders_pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080101173720/http://www.studentorg.vcu.edu/thetarho/brown.html","external_links_name":"Biography at Virginia Commonwealth University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080805040513/http://www.aka1908.com/past/","external_links_name":"Honoring the Past: Alpha Kappa Alpha Founders"},{"Link":"http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/founders_pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"Centennial Celebration: Founders"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194110/http://aka1908.com/centennial/pdf/founders_pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostis_Stefanopoulos
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Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
|
["1 Life and career","2 Family","3 Honours and awards","4 References","5 External links"]
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President of Greece from 1995 to 2005
Konstantinos StephanopoulosΚωνσταντίνος ΣτεφανόπουλοςStephanopoulos in 2000President of GreeceIn office10 March 1995 – 12 March 2005Prime MinisterAndreas PapandreouCostas SimitisKostas KaramanlisPreceded byKonstantinos KaramanlisSucceeded byKarolos PapouliasMinister of the PresidencyIn office28 November 1977 – 21 October 1981Prime MinisterKonstantinos KaramanlisGeorgios RallisPreceded byGeorgios RallisSucceeded byMenios KoutsogiorgasMinister of Social ServicesIn office10 September 1976 – 28 November 1977Prime MinisterKonstantinos KaramanlisPreceded byKonstantinos ChrysanthopoulosSucceeded bySpyridon DoxiadisMinister of the InteriorIn office21 November 1974 – 10 September 1976Prime MinisterKonstantinos KaramanlisPreceded byChristoforos StratosSucceeded byIppokratis Iordanoglou
Personal detailsBorn(1926-08-15)15 August 1926Patras, GreeceDied20 November 2016(2016-11-20) (aged 90)Athens, GreeceResting placeFirst Cemetery of PatrasPolitical partyNational Radical Union(1958–1967)New Democracy(1974–1985)Democratic Renewal(1985–1994)Spouse
Evgenia Stephanopoulou
(m. 1959; died 1988)Children3Alma materNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensSignature
Konstantinos "Kostis" Stephanopoulos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος (Κωστής) Στεφανόπουλος, 15 August 1926 – 20 November 2016) was a Greek conservative politician who served two consecutive terms as the president of Greece from 1995 to 2005.
Life and career
Stephanopoulos was born in Patras on 15 August 1926 to the lawyer and radiologist People's Party Member of Parliament Dimitrios Stephanopoulos , and Vrisiis Philopoulou. After attending the Saint Andrew school of Patras, he studied law at Athens University. He practiced law from 1954 until 1974 as a member of the Patras Bar Association.
He first stood for election in 1958, with the National Radical Union and was elected for the first time as MP for Achaea Prefecture in 1964. He was re-elected for the same constituency for New Democracy (ND) in 1974, 1977, 1981 and 1985. He served as ND parliamentary secretary and parliamentary spokesman from 1981 to 1985.
In 1974, Stephanopoulos was appointed Deputy Minister of Commerce in the National Unity government of Constantine Karamanlis. For the next seven years, he served in a number of ministerial posts in New Democracy governments; Minister for the Interior from November 1974 to September 1976; Minister for Social Services from September 1976 to November 1977 and Minister for the Presidency from 1977 to 1981.
In August 1985 he resigned from ND after a disagreement with Konstantinos Mitsotakis and on 6 September formed Democratic Renewal (DIANA). He was elected Member of Parliament for Athens in the 1989 elections while continuing as the leader of DIANA, until it disbanded in June 1994.
On 8 March 1995, after being nominated by the conservative Political Spring party and supported by the ruling Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), he was elected President of Greece, winning the election on a third ballot of MPs with 181 votes. He was the fifth person to hold the post since the restoration of democratic rule in 1974. He was re-elected on 8 February 2000 on the first ballot, after receiving the support of 269 of the 298 MPs present. He remained in office until 2 March 2005, when he was succeeded by Karolos Papoulias.
As a President he was known for his low-key profile, unifying approach to current and international affairs, and gentlemanly behaviour. During his presidency, he was consistently the most popular public figure in Greece.
As head of state of the host country in the Opening Ceremony, he is the first President of the Hellenic Republic officially declare open the 2004 Summer Olympics of Athens, the Olympic Homecoming of the modern era on 13 August 2004. Stephanopoulos was accompanied by Adjutant to the President of the Hellenic Republic, Air Force Colonel Georgios Dritsakos.
Stephanopoulos died in Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, on 20 November 2016 at the age of 90. He had been hospitalised three days earlier, suffering from fever and severe respiratory difficulty, which later emerged as pneumonia.
Family
Stephanopoulos was married for 29 years to Tzeni Stounopoulou, who died in 1988. The couple had three children.
Honours and awards
Stephanopoulos received many honorary awards and the highest decorations of foreign countries. He was an honorary citizen of many Greek towns.
Poland : Order of the White Eagle (1996)
Lithuania : Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (21 February 1997)
Philippines : Order of Sikatuna (23 June 1997)
Spain : Collar of the Order of Charles III (22 May 1998)
Croatia : Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to promoting friendly relations and developing mutual cooperation between the Republic of Croatia and the Hellenic Republic." – 3 December 1998)
Slovenia : Golden Order of Freedom (1999).
Austria : Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999)
Romania : Collar of Order of the Star of Romania (1999)
Sweden : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (24 April 1999)
Estonia : Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (4 May 1999)
Lithuania : Grand Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (1 July 1999)
Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2000)
Portugal : Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (21 February 2000)
Italy : Knight Grand Cross with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (23 January 2001)
Iceland : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (18 September 2001)
Vatican : Knight with the Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (2002)
Malta : National Order of Merit (Malta) (5 September 2002)
Norway : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (7 June 2004)
Luxembourg : Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
Latvia : Grand Cross Order of the Three Stars
Albania : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania.
Azerbaijan : Honorary Doctor Degree, Azerbaijan State University of Economics
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Πέθανε ο πρώην Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας Κωστής Στεφανόπουλος" . in.gr. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
^ a b "Κοινοβουλευτική Θητεία Βουλευτών Από Τη Μεταπολίτευση Ως Σήμερα". Parliament.gr. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ Ο Γ. Παπανδρέου δημοφιλέστερος πολιτικός, Imerisia Online
^ Πρώτος σε δημοτικότητα ο Κ. Στεφανόπουλος, Imerisia Online
^ "Former Greek President Constantine Stephanopoulos dies at 90". Washington Post. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
^ "ΑΠΕ-ΜΠΕ: Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο πρώην Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας Κωστής Στεφανόπουλος". Amna.gr. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 21 października 1996 r. o nadaniu orderu". prawo.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ a b "Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentė". grybauskaite1.lrp.lt. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ "The Order of Sikatuna | GOVPH". Officialgazette.gov.ph.
^ "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-1998-12051". Boe.es. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ "Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekselencije Constantinosa Stephanopoulosa, predsjednika Helenske Republike Veleredom kralja Tomislava s lentom i Velikom Danicom". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ "Seznam vseh odlikovancev od leta 1992 do decembra 2012" (in Slovenian). President of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
^ "10542/AB XXIV. GP - Anfragebeantwortung" (PDF). Parlament.gv.at. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ "DECRET nr.202 din 15 iunie 1999 privind conferirea Ordinului naţional Steaua României în grad de Colan". Cdep.ro. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ "Vabariigi President". President.ee. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ Slovak republic website, State honours : 1st Class in 2000 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table)
^ Icelandic Presidency Website (Icelandic), Order of the Falcon, Stephanopoulos, Constantinos Archived 26 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ "PAST RECIPIENTS OF HONORARY MEMBERSHIP IN MALTESE HONOURS AND AWARDS AND DATE OF CONFERMENT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ "Tildelinger av ordener og medaljer". Kongehuset.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ www.gouvernement.lu/ Archived 1 August 2012 at archive.today, State visit of President Stephanopoulos in Luxembourg, July 2001
^ "Triju Zvaigžņu ordeņa domē". LIKUMI.LV (in Latvian). Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana, 19.10.2004 Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Media related to Konstantinos Stefanopoulos at Wikimedia Commons
Political offices
Preceded byPanagiotis Zeppos
Minister of the Interior 1974–1976
Succeeded byIppokratis Iordanoglou
Preceded byKonstantinos Chrysanthopoulos
Minister of Social Services 1976–1977
Succeeded bySpyridon Doxiadis
Preceded byGeorgios Rallis
Minister of the Presidency 1977–1981
Succeeded byMenios Koutsogiorgas
Preceded byKonstantinos Karamanlis
President of Greece 1995–2005
Succeeded byKarolos Papoulias
Party political offices
New political party
President of Democratic Renewal 1985–1994
Party disbanded
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Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Social_Services_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Minister for the Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_the_Presidency_(Greece)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingr-1"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Mitsotakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Mitsotakis"},{"link_name":"Democratic Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Renewal"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1989_(June)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diatelesantes-2"},{"link_name":"Political Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Spring"},{"link_name":"Panhellenic Socialist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement"},{"link_name":"President of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"winning the election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Greek_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"restoration of democratic rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapolitefsi"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Greek_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Karolos Papoulias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolos_Papoulias"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingr-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpost-5"},{"link_name":"Opening Ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"President of the Hellenic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Georgios Dritsakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Dritsakos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Dunant Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Dunant_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Stephanopoulos was born in Patras on 15 August 1926 to the lawyer and radiologist People's Party Member of Parliament Dimitrios Stephanopoulos [el], and Vrisiis Philopoulou.[1] After attending the Saint Andrew school of Patras, he studied law at Athens University. He practiced law from 1954 until 1974 as a member of the Patras Bar Association.[1]He first stood for election in 1958, with the National Radical Union and was elected for the first time as MP for Achaea Prefecture in 1964. He was re-elected for the same constituency for New Democracy (ND) in 1974, 1977, 1981 and 1985.[1][2] He served as ND parliamentary secretary and parliamentary spokesman from 1981 to 1985.[1]In 1974, Stephanopoulos was appointed Deputy Minister of Commerce in the National Unity government of Constantine Karamanlis. For the next seven years, he served in a number of ministerial posts in New Democracy governments; Minister for the Interior from November 1974 to September 1976; Minister for Social Services from September 1976 to November 1977 and Minister for the Presidency from 1977 to 1981.[1]In August 1985 he resigned from ND after a disagreement with Konstantinos Mitsotakis and on 6 September formed Democratic Renewal (DIANA). He was elected Member of Parliament for Athens in the 1989 elections while continuing as the leader of DIANA, until it disbanded in June 1994.[1][2]On 8 March 1995, after being nominated by the conservative Political Spring party and supported by the ruling Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), he was elected President of Greece, winning the election on a third ballot of MPs with 181 votes. He was the fifth person to hold the post since the restoration of democratic rule in 1974. He was re-elected on 8 February 2000 on the first ballot, after receiving the support of 269 of the 298 MPs present. He remained in office until 2 March 2005, when he was succeeded by Karolos Papoulias.[1]As a President he was known for his low-key profile, unifying approach to current and international affairs, and gentlemanly behaviour. During his presidency, he was consistently the most popular public figure in Greece.[3][4][5]As head of state of the host country in the Opening Ceremony, he is the first President of the Hellenic Republic officially declare open the 2004 Summer Olympics of Athens, the Olympic Homecoming of the modern era on 13 August 2004. Stephanopoulos was accompanied by Adjutant to the President of the Hellenic Republic, Air Force Colonel Georgios Dritsakos.Stephanopoulos died in Henry Dunant Hospital, Athens, on 20 November 2016 at the age of 90. He had been hospitalised three days earlier, suffering from fever and severe respiratory difficulty, which later emerged as pneumonia.[6]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingr-1"}],"text":"Stephanopoulos was married for 29 years to Tzeni Stounopoulou, who died in 1988. The couple had three children.[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Order of Vytautas the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Order of Sikatuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Sikatuna"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Order of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Grand Order of King Tomislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Order_of_King_Tomislav"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Golden Order of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of the Seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Order of the White Double Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Double_Cross"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Order of Prince Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Order of the Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Order of Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"National Order of Merit (Malta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Malta)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gr-20"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Order of the Three Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan State University of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_University_of_Economics"}],"text":"Stephanopoulos received many honorary awards and the highest decorations of foreign countries. He was an honorary citizen of many Greek towns.Poland : Order of the White Eagle (1996)[7]\n Lithuania : Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (21 February 1997)[8]\n Philippines : Order of Sikatuna (23 June 1997)[9]\n Spain : Collar of the Order of Charles III (22 May 1998)[10]\n Croatia : Grand Order of King Tomislav (\"For outstanding contribution to promoting friendly relations and developing mutual cooperation between the Republic of Croatia and the Hellenic Republic.\" – 3 December 1998)[11]\n Slovenia : Golden Order of Freedom (1999).[12]\n Austria : Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999)[13]\n Romania : Collar of Order of the Star of Romania (1999)[14]\n Sweden : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (24 April 1999)\n Estonia : Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (4 May 1999)[15]\n Lithuania : Grand Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (1 July 1999)[8]\n Slovakia : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2000)[16]\n Portugal : Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (21 February 2000)\n Italy : Knight Grand Cross with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (23 January 2001)\n Iceland : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (18 September 2001)[17]\n Vatican : Knight with the Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (2002)\n Malta : National Order of Merit (Malta) (5 September 2002)[18]\n Norway : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (7 June 2004)[19]\n Luxembourg : Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau[20]\n Latvia : Grand Cross Order of the Three Stars[21]\n Albania : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania.[22]\n Azerbaijan : Honorary Doctor Degree, Azerbaijan State University of Economics","title":"Honours and awards"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Πέθανε ο πρώην Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας Κωστής Στεφανόπουλος\" [The former President of the Republic Kostis Stephanopoulos has died]. in.gr. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.in.gr/2016/11/20/greece/pethane-o-prwin-proedros-tis-dimokratias-kwstis-stefanopoylos/","url_text":"\"Πέθανε ο πρώην Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας Κωστής Στεφανόπουλος\""}]},{"reference":"\"Κοινοβουλευτική Θητεία Βουλευτών Από Τη Μεταπολίτευση Ως Σήμερα\". Parliament.gr. Retrieved 20 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.gr/Vouleftes/Diatelesantes-Vouleftes-Apo-Ti-Metapolitefsi-Os-Simera/?MpId=8e800a9a-dc0e-4a7e-b7cf-069495f0a1ee","url_text":"\"Κοινοβουλευτική Θητεία Βουλευτών Από Τη Μεταπολίτευση Ως Σήμερα\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Greek President Constantine Stephanopoulos dies at 90\". Washington Post. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161121070333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/former-greek-president-constantine-stephanopoulos-dies-at-90/2016/11/20/12ade76e-af89-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html","url_text":"\"Former Greek President Constantine Stephanopoulos dies at 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/former-greek-president-constantine-stephanopoulos-dies-at-90/2016/11/20/12ade76e-af89-11e6-bc2d-19b3d759cfe7_story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ΑΠΕ-ΜΠΕ: Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο πρώην Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας Κωστής Στεφανόπουλος\". Amna.gr. Retrieved 20 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amna.gr/article/132140/Pethane-o-proin-Proedros-tis-Dimokratias-Kostis-Stefanopoulos","url_text":"\"ΑΠΕ-ΜΠΕ: Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο πρώην Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας Κωστής Στεφανόπουλος\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 21 października 1996 r. o nadaniu orderu\". prawo.sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200904010636/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19960790712","url_text":"\"Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 21 października 1996 r. o nadaniu orderu\""},{"url":"http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19960790712","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentė\". grybauskaite1.lrp.lt. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808051300/http://grybauskaite1.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256.html","url_text":"\"Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentė\""},{"url":"http://grybauskaite1.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Order of Sikatuna | GOVPH\". Officialgazette.gov.ph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-order-of-sikatuna/","url_text":"\"The Order of Sikatuna | GOVPH\""}]},{"reference":"\"BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-1998-12051\". Boe.es. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1998-12051","url_text":"\"BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-1998-12051\""}]},{"reference":"\"Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekselencije Constantinosa Stephanopoulosa, predsjednika Helenske Republike Veleredom kralja Tomislava s lentom i Velikom Danicom\". Narodne-novine.nn.hr. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1998_12_155_1904.html","url_text":"\"Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekselencije Constantinosa Stephanopoulosa, predsjednika Helenske Republike Veleredom kralja Tomislava s lentom i Velikom Danicom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seznam vseh odlikovancev od leta 1992 do decembra 2012\" (in Slovenian). President of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.up-rs.si/up-rs/uprs.nsf/objave/Seznam-vseh-odlikovancev-od-leta-1992-do-decembra-2012?OpenDocument#mkzczs1999","url_text":"\"Seznam vseh odlikovancev od leta 1992 do decembra 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Slovenia","url_text":"President of the Republic of Slovenia"}]},{"reference":"\"10542/AB XXIV. GP - Anfragebeantwortung\" (PDF). Parlament.gv.at. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","url_text":"\"10542/AB XXIV. GP - Anfragebeantwortung\""}]},{"reference":"\"DECRET nr.202 din 15 iunie 1999 privind conferirea Ordinului naţional Steaua României în grad de Colan\". Cdep.ro. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=20007","url_text":"\"DECRET nr.202 din 15 iunie 1999 privind conferirea Ordinului naţional Steaua României în grad de Colan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vabariigi President\". President.ee. Retrieved 21 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.president.ee/en/estonia/decorations/bearer/110/constantinos-stephanopoulos","url_text":"\"Vabariigi President\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAST RECIPIENTS OF HONORARY MEMBERSHIP IN MALTESE HONOURS AND AWARDS AND DATE OF CONFERMENT\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Lanka_accord
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Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
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["1 Background","2 Indian involvement","3 Peace accord","3.1 Reaction","3.2 Books","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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1987 attempt to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War
Indo-Sri Lanka AccordContextSri Lankan Civil WarSigned29 July 1987; 36 years ago (1987-07-29)LocationColombo, Sri LankaSignatories
Rajiv Gandhi(Prime Minister of India )
Junius Richard Jayewardene(President of Sri Lanka)
Parties
India
Sri Lanka
Languages
Sinhala
Tamil
English
vteIndian intervention in theSri Lankan Civil War
Poomalai
Pawan
Trishul
Viraat
Checkmate
Jaffna University Helidrop
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was an accord signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene. The accord was expected to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act of 1987. Under the terms of the agreement, Colombo agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were to be withdrawn to their barracks in the north and the Tamil rebels were to surrender their arms.
Importantly however, the Tamil groups, notably the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) (which at the time was one of the strongest Tamil forces), had not been made party to the talks and initially agreed to surrender their arms to the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) only reluctantly. Within a few months however, this flared into an active confrontation. The LTTE declared their intent to continue the armed struggle for an independent Tamil Eelam and refused to disarm. The IPKF found itself engaged in a bloody police action against the LTTE. Further complicating the return to peace, a Marxist insurgency began in the south of the island.
Background
Location of Sri Lanka
Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War
Sri Lanka, from the early part of the 1980s, was facing an increasingly violent ethnic strife. The origins of this conflict can be traced to the independence of the island from Britain in 1948. At the time, a Sinhala majority government was instituted which passed legislation that were deemed discriminatory against the substantial Tamil minority population. In the 1970s, two major Tamil parties united to form the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) that started agitation for a separate state of Tamil Eelam within the system in a federal structure in the north and eastern Sri Lanka that would grant the Tamils greater autonomy. However, enactment of the sixth amendment of the Sri Lankan Constitution in August 1983 classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional, effectively rendering the TULF ineffective. Outside the TULF, however, factions advocating more radical and militant courses of action soon emerged, and the ethnic divisions started flaring into a violent civil war.
Indian involvement
Main articles: Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War and Indian Peace Keeping Force
According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy, Indian intervention in Sri Lankan civil war became inevitable as that civil war threatened India's "unity, national interest and territorial integrity." According to Laskar, this threat came in two ways: On the one hand external powers could take advantage of the situation to establish their base in Sri Lanka thus posing a threat to India, on the other hand, the LTTE's dream of a sovereign Tamil Eelam comprising all the Tamil-inhabited areas (of Sri Lanka and India) posed a threat to India's territorial integrity.
India had, initially under Indira Gandhi and later under Rajiv Gandhi, provided support to Tamil interests from the very conception of the secessionist movement. This included providing sanctuary to the separatists, as well as support the operations training camps for Tamil guerrillas in Tamil Nadu of which the LTTE emerged as the strongest force. This was both as a result of a large Tamil community in South India, as well as India's regional security and interests which attempted to reduce the scope of foreign intervention, especially those linked to the United States, Pakistan, and China. To this end, the Indira Gandhi government sought to make it clear to Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene that armed intervention in support of the Tamil movement was an option India would consider if any diplomatic solutions should fail.
Following the anti-Tamil riots, the Tamil rebel movement grew progressively strong and increasingly violent. However, after Indira Gandhi's assassination, the Indian support for the militant movement decreased. However, the succeeding Rajiv Gandhi government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with its neighbours. It still however maintained diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as maintaining covert aid to the Tamil rebels.
From 1985 however, the Sri-Lankan Government started rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore and South Africa. In 1986, the campaign against the insurgency was stepped up and in 1987, retaliating an increasingly bloody insurgent movement, Operation Liberation was launched against LTTE strongholds in Jaffna Peninsula, involving nearly four thousand troops, supported by helicopter gunships as well as ground attack aircraft. In June 1987, the Sri Lankan Army laid siege on the town of Jaffna. As civilian casualties grew, calls grew within India to intervene in what was increasingly seen in the Indian (and Tamil) media as a developing humanitarian crisis, especially with reports use of aerial support against rebel positions in civilian areas. India, which had a substantial Tamil population in South India faced the prospect of a Tamil backlash at home, called on the Sri Lankan government to halt the offensive in an attempt to negotiate a political settlement.
However, the Indian efforts were futile. Added to this, in the growing involvement of Pakistani and Israeli advisors, it was necessary for Indian interest to mount a show of force. Failing to negotiate an end to the crisis with Sri Lanka, India announced on 2 June 1987 that it would send a convoy of unarmed ships to northern Sri Lanka to provide humanitarian assistance but this was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and turned back.
Following the failure of the naval mission, the decision was made by the Indian government to mount an airdrop of relief supplies in support of rebel forces over the besieged city of Jaffna. On 4 June 1987, in a blatant show of force, the Indian Air Force mounted Operation Poomalai in broad daylight. Five An-32s of the Indian Air Force under cover of heavily armed Indian fighter jets flew over Jaffna to airdrop 25 tons of supplies, all the time keeping well within the range of Sri Lankan radar coverage. At the same time the Sri Lankan Ambassador to New Delhi was summoned to the Foreign Office to be informed by the Minister of External Affairs, K. Natwar Singh, of the ongoing operation. It was also indicated to the ambassador that if the operation was in any way hindered by Sri Lanka, India would launch a full-force military retaliation against Sri Lanka. The ultimate aim of the operation was both to demonstrate the credibility of the Indian option of active intervention to the Sri Lankan Government, as a symbolic act of support for the Tamil Rebels, as well to preserve Rajiv Gandhi's credibility.
Faced with the possibility of an active Indian intervention and facing an increasingly war-weary population at home, the Sri Lankan President, J. R. Jayewardene, offered to hold talks with the Rajiv Gandhi government on future moves. The siege of Jaffna was soon lifted, followed by a round of negotiations that led to the signing of the Indo-Sri-Lankan accord on July 29, 1987 that brought a temporary truce. The terms of the truce specified that the Sri Lankan troops withdraw from the north and the Tamil rebels disarm, and saw the induction of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.
Peace accord
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Among the salient points of the agreement, the Sri Lankan Government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands, which included Colombo devolution of power to the provinces, merger (subject to later referendum) of the northern and eastern provinces, and official status for the Tamil language. More immediately, Operation Liberation — the successful, ongoing anti-insurgent operation by Sri Lankan forces in the Northern peninsula — was ended. Sri Lankan troops were to withdraw to their barracks in the north, the Tamil rebels were to disarm.India agreed to end support for the Tamil separatist movement and recognise the unity of Sri Lanka. The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord also underlined the commitment of Indian military assistance on which the IPKF came to be inducted into Sri Lanka.
In 1990, India withdrew the last of its forces from Sri Lanka, and fighting between the LTTE and the government resumed.
In January 1995, the Sri Lankan Government and the LTTE agreed to a ceasefire as a preliminary step in a government-initiated plan for peace negotiations. After 3 months, however, the LTTE unilaterally resumed hostilities.
The government of Sri Lanka then adopted a policy of military engagement with the Tigers, with government forces liberating Jaffna from LTTE control by mid-1996 and moving against LTTE positions in the northern part of the country called the Vanni. An LTTE counteroffensive, begun in October 1999, reversed most government gains; and by May 2000, threatened government forces in Jaffna. Heavy fighting continued into 2001.
Reaction
On the eve of the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted by Leading Rate Vijitha Rohana at the Guard of Honour held for Gandhi in what seemed an attempted assassination. Four years later, in 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber. This radically reduced support for the LTTE within India. In 2009, 19 years after his assassination, the Sri Lankan army mounted a major military offensive in the north and eradicated the LTTE. The operation was not opposed by India and received Indian diplomatic and military support, despite condemnations from state of Tamil Nadu and Western nations for alleged human rights violations. Rajiv Gandhi's widow, Sonia Gandhi was the chairperson of India's ruling coalition at the time.
The validity of the Indo-Lanka Accord has been questioned by Sri Lankan politicians citing various reasons. In 2020 Minister of Public Security Sarath Weerasekara claimed as India failed to disarm the LTTE the agreement is no longer valid and Sri Lanka is not bound to uphold the agreement on provincial councils.
Books
Ramakrishnan, T. (2018), Ore Inapirachinayum Ore Oppandhamum, The Hindu Publishing Group (in Tamil)
See also
India–Sri Lanka relations
Vijitha Rohana
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka
References
^ a b M. L. Marasinghe (1988). Ethnic Politics and Constitutional Reform: The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 37, pp 551–587 doi:10.1093/iclqaj/37.3.551
^ a b "Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord". www.atimes.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2002.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ New Delhi & the Tamil Struggle. The Indo Sri Lanka Agreement. Satyendra N. Tamil Nation
^ Text of the Peace accord.Tamil Nation
^ a b Pike, John. "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) / World Tamil Association (WTA)". www.globalsecurity.org.
^ a b The Peace Accord and the Tamils in Sri Lanka.Hennayake S.K. Asian Survey, Vol. 29, No. 4. (Apr., 1989), pp. 401–415.
^ a b Laskar, Rejaul (September 2014). "Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance". Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist. 2 (9): 47. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ India's search for power:Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy.1966–1982. Mansingh S. New Delhi:Sage 1984. p282
^ "Rediff On The NeT: Ashok Mitra on how Indira Gandhi sowed the seeds of hate". www.rediff.com.
^ a b c d e f g India's Regional Security Doctrine.
Hagerty D.T. Asian Survey, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Apr., 1991), pp. 351–363
^ "The Colombo Chill". Bobb, D. India Today. March 31, 1986. p95.
^ a b India Airlifts Aid to Tamil Rebels", The New York Times. 5 June 1987
^ Sri Lanka in 1987: Indian Intervention and Resurgence of the JVP. Pfaffenberger B. Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1987: Part II. (Feb., 1988), pp. 139
^ a b "Chapter 8". www.uthr.org.
^ "Indians To Send convoy to Sri Lanka", The New York Times. 2 June 1987
^ "Indian Flotilla is turned back by Sri Lankan Naval Vessels", The New York Times. 4 June 1987
^ "Indian Air Force in Sri Lanka.Operation Poomalai – The Jaffna Food drop." Bharat-rakshak.com Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Operation Poomalai – India Intervenes" Bharat-rakshak.com Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict: The Indo-Lanka Peace Accord". Ralph R. Premdas; S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe, Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 6. (Jun., 1988), pp. 676–690.
^ "Sri Lanka".
^ Silva, Pramod De. "Indo-Lanka Accord: 31 years on". Daily News. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ "Minister Sarath Weerasekara says the Indo Lanka accord is not valid anymore". Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
^ "Indo-Lanka accord is a sound framework, say experts". The Hindu. 13 January 2013.
External links
Full Text of Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
Text of all peace accords for Sri Lanka
Tigers go back to Indo-Lanka accord for federal state
Muslims have a Case in Sri Lanka
Indo-Sri Lanka trade: Hype and reality
SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord
PEACE PROCESS IN SRI LANKA --- WITH AND WITHOUT MEDIATION
ETHNIC PEACE ACCORDS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT RESOLUTION: A SURVEY
Dr. PC Alexander, former Principal Secretary of Rajiv Gandhi – bares it all on the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987
"Peace for all with equal rights"Minister
Wickremesinghe Apprises I K Gujral of Stalled Peace Process in Sri Lanka
Tiger Rebels are either black or white but not both
SLFP to discuss peace process with Indian leaders
PEACE PROCESS IN SRI-LANKA
TIGERS, 'MODERATES' AND PANDORA'S PACKAGE
The road ahead
When guns cease to fire
LTTE to take Indo-Lankan accord in peace bid
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vteSri Lankan Civil War timeline
↓Four Four Bravo↓Black July↓Air Lanka Flight 512↓Indo-Sri Lanka Accord↓JVP insurrection↓Maldives coup d'état attempt↓Police massacre↓Expulsion of Muslims↓Rajiv Gandhi Assassination↓Ranasinghe Premadasa Assassination↓Central Bank bombing↓Dehiwala train bombing↓WTC bombing↓Temple of the Tooth attack↓Lionair Flight 602↓Chandrika Kumaratunga assassination attempt↓Bandaranaike Airport attack↓Colombo Suicide air raid↓Death of PrabhakaranEelam War IIndian interventionEelam War IICease FireEelam War IIICease FireEelam War IVSri Lankan President: JayewardenePremadasaWijetungaKumaratungaRajapaksaArmy: WeeratungaSeneviratneWanasingheWaidyaratneDe SilvaDaluwatteWeerasooriyaBalagalleKottegodaFonsekaLTTE leader: PrabhakaranPathmanathan│1983│1984│1985│1986│1987│1988│1989│1990│1991│1992│1993│1994│1995│1996│1997│1998│1999│2000│2001│2002│2003│2004│2005│2006│2007│2008│2009
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force"},{"link_name":"Indian intervention in theSri Lankan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Poomalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Poomalai"},{"link_name":"Pawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pawan"},{"link_name":"Trishul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trishul"},{"link_name":"Viraat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Viraat"},{"link_name":"Checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Jaffna University Helidrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Indo-Sri Lanka Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"J. R. Jayewardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iclq-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atimes-2"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TamilNation-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TN-4"},{"link_name":"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"Indian Peace Keeping Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force"},{"link_name":"Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987-1989_JVP_insurrection"}],"text":"vteIndian intervention in theSri Lankan Civil War\nPoomalai\nPawan\nTrishul\nViraat\nCheckmate\nJaffna University HelidropWikisource has original text related to this article:\nIndo-Sri Lanka AccordThe Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was an accord signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene. The accord was expected to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka and the Provincial Councils Act of 1987. Under the terms of the agreement,[1][2] Colombo agreed to a devolution of power to the provinces, the Sri Lankan troops were to be withdrawn to their barracks in the north and the Tamil rebels were to surrender their arms.[3][4]Importantly however, the Tamil groups, notably the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) (which at the time was one of the strongest Tamil forces), had not been made party to the talks and initially agreed to surrender their arms to the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) only reluctantly. Within a few months however, this flared into an active confrontation. The LTTE declared their intent to continue the armed struggle for an independent Tamil Eelam and refused to disarm. The IPKF found itself engaged in a bloody police action against the LTTE. Further complicating the return to peace, a Marxist insurgency began in the south of the island.","title":"Indo-Sri Lanka Accord"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationSriLanka.png"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"ethnic strife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Sinhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_people"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"Tamil United Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Tamil Eelam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobSec-5"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennayake-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennayake-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlobSec-5"}],"text":"Location of Sri LankaSri Lanka, from the early part of the 1980s, was facing an increasingly violent ethnic strife. The origins of this conflict can be traced to the independence of the island from Britain in 1948. At the time, a Sinhala majority government was instituted which passed legislation that were deemed discriminatory against the substantial Tamil minority population. In the 1970s, two major Tamil parties united to form the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) that started agitation for a separate state of Tamil Eelam within the system in a federal structure in the north and eastern Sri Lanka[5] that would grant the Tamils greater autonomy. However, enactment of the sixth amendment of the Sri Lankan Constitution in August 1983 classified all separatist movements as unconstitutional,[6] effectively rendering the TULF ineffective.[6] Outside the TULF, however, factions advocating more radical and militant courses of action soon emerged, and the ethnic divisions started flaring into a violent civil war.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rejaul Karim Laskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejaul_Karim_Laskar"},{"link_name":"Indian intervention in Sri Lankan civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manshingh-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediffcomment-9"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggerty-10"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggerty-10"},{"link_name":"J. R. Jayewardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggerty-10"},{"link_name":"anti-Tamil riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_July"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi's assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggerty-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggerty-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobb-11"},{"link_name":"Operation Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Liberation"},{"link_name":"helicopter gunships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_gunship"},{"link_name":"ground attack aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_attack_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggerty-10"},{"link_name":"Jaffna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PfaffB-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UTHRCh8-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UTHRCh8-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haggerty-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-16"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Operation Poomalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Poomalai"},{"link_name":"An-32s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-32"},{"link_name":"Minister of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Minister"},{"link_name":"K. Natwar Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Natwar_Singh"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bharat-rakshak.com-17"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Premdas-19"},{"link_name":"J. R. Jayewardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-12"},{"link_name":"Indo-Sri-Lankan accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Sri-Lankan_accord"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDS-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Indian Peace Keeping Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy, Indian intervention in Sri Lankan civil war became inevitable as that civil war threatened India's \"unity, national interest and territorial integrity.\"[7] According to Laskar, this threat came in two ways: On the one hand external powers could take advantage of the situation to establish their base in Sri Lanka thus posing a threat to India, on the other hand, the LTTE's dream of a sovereign Tamil Eelam comprising all the Tamil-inhabited areas (of Sri Lanka and India) posed a threat to India's territorial integrity.[7]India had, initially under Indira Gandhi[8][9] and later under Rajiv Gandhi, provided support to Tamil interests from the very conception of the secessionist movement. This included providing sanctuary to the separatists, as well as support the operations training camps for Tamil guerrillas in Tamil Nadu[10] of which the LTTE emerged as the strongest force. This was both as a result of a large Tamil community in South India, as well as India's regional security and interests which attempted to reduce the scope of foreign intervention, especially those linked to the United States, Pakistan, and China.[10] To this end, the Indira Gandhi government sought to make it clear to Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene that armed intervention in support of the Tamil movement was an option India would consider if any diplomatic solutions should fail.[10]\nFollowing the anti-Tamil riots, the Tamil rebel movement grew progressively strong and increasingly violent. However, after Indira Gandhi's assassination, the Indian support for the militant movement decreased. However, the succeeding Rajiv Gandhi government attempted to re-establish friendly relations with its neighbours. It still however maintained diplomatic efforts to find a solution to the conflict as well as maintaining covert aid to the Tamil rebels.[10]From 1985 however, the Sri-Lankan Government started rearming itself extensively for its anti-insurgent role with support from Pakistan, Israel, Singapore and South Africa.[10][11] In 1986, the campaign against the insurgency was stepped up and in 1987, retaliating an increasingly bloody insurgent movement, Operation Liberation was launched against LTTE strongholds in Jaffna Peninsula, involving nearly four thousand troops, supported by helicopter gunships as well as ground attack aircraft.[10] In June 1987, the Sri Lankan Army laid siege on the town of Jaffna.[12] As civilian casualties grew,[13][14] calls grew within India to intervene in what was increasingly seen in the Indian (and Tamil) media as a developing humanitarian crisis, especially with reports use of aerial support against rebel positions in civilian areas.[14] India, which had a substantial Tamil population in South India faced the prospect of a Tamil backlash at home, called on the Sri Lankan government to halt the offensive in an attempt to negotiate a political settlement.However, the Indian efforts were futile. Added to this, in the growing involvement of Pakistani and Israeli advisors, it was necessary for Indian interest to mount a show of force.[10] Failing to negotiate an end to the crisis with Sri Lanka, India announced on 2 June 1987 that it would send a convoy of unarmed ships to northern Sri Lanka to provide humanitarian assistance[15] but this was intercepted by the Sri Lankan Navy and turned back.[16]Following the failure of the naval mission, the decision was made by the Indian government to mount an airdrop of relief supplies in support of rebel forces over the besieged city of Jaffna. On 4 June 1987, in a blatant show of force, the Indian Air Force mounted Operation Poomalai in broad daylight. Five An-32s of the Indian Air Force under cover of heavily armed Indian fighter jets flew over Jaffna to airdrop 25 tons of supplies, all the time keeping well within the range of Sri Lankan radar coverage. At the same time the Sri Lankan Ambassador to New Delhi was summoned to the Foreign Office to be informed by the Minister of External Affairs, K. Natwar Singh, of the ongoing operation. It was also indicated to the ambassador that if the operation was in any way hindered by Sri Lanka, India would launch a full-force military retaliation against Sri Lanka.[17] The ultimate aim of the operation was both to demonstrate the credibility of the Indian option of active intervention to the Sri Lankan Government, as a symbolic act of support for the Tamil Rebels, as well to preserve Rajiv Gandhi's credibility.[18]Faced with the possibility of an active Indian intervention and facing an increasingly war-weary population at home,[19] the Sri Lankan President, J. R. Jayewardene, offered to hold talks with the Rajiv Gandhi government on future moves.[12] The siege of Jaffna was soon lifted, followed by a round of negotiations that led to the signing of the Indo-Sri-Lankan accord on July 29, 1987[20] that brought a temporary truce. The terms of the truce specified that the Sri Lankan troops withdraw from the north and the Tamil rebels disarm,[citation needed] and saw the induction of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.[citation needed]","title":"Indian involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iclq-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atimes-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanni_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Among the salient points of the agreement,[citation needed] the Sri Lankan Government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands, which included[1][2] Colombo devolution of power to the provinces, merger (subject to later referendum) of the northern and eastern provinces, and official status for the Tamil language.[citation needed] More immediately, Operation Liberation — the successful, ongoing anti-insurgent operation by Sri Lankan forces in the Northern peninsula — was ended. Sri Lankan troops were to withdraw to their barracks in the north, the Tamil rebels were to disarm.[citation needed]India agreed to end support for the Tamil separatist movement and recognise the unity of Sri Lanka.[citation needed] The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord also underlined the commitment of Indian military assistance on which the IPKF came to be inducted into Sri Lanka.[citation needed]In 1990, India withdrew the last of its forces from Sri Lanka, and fighting between the LTTE and the government resumed.In January 1995, the Sri Lankan Government and the LTTE agreed to a ceasefire as a preliminary step in a government-initiated plan for peace negotiations. After 3 months, however, the LTTE unilaterally resumed hostilities.[citation needed]The government of Sri Lanka then adopted a policy of military engagement with the Tigers, with government forces liberating Jaffna from LTTE control by mid-1996 and moving against LTTE positions in the northern part of the country called the Vanni. An LTTE counteroffensive, begun in October 1999, reversed most government gains; and by May 2000, threatened government forces in Jaffna. Heavy fighting continued into 2001.[citation needed]","title":"Peace accord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leading Rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_Rate"},{"link_name":"Vijitha Rohana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijitha_Rohana"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Sonia Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Reaction","text":"On the eve of the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted by Leading Rate Vijitha Rohana at the Guard of Honour held for Gandhi in what seemed an attempted assassination. Four years later, in 1991, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber. This radically reduced support for the LTTE within India. In 2009, 19 years after his assassination, the Sri Lankan army mounted a major military offensive in the north and eradicated the LTTE. The operation was not opposed by India and received Indian diplomatic and military support, despite condemnations from state of Tamil Nadu and Western nations for alleged human rights violations. Rajiv Gandhi's widow, Sonia Gandhi was the chairperson of India's ruling coalition at the time.[citation needed]The validity of the Indo-Lanka Accord has been questioned by Sri Lankan politicians citing various reasons.[21] In 2020 Minister of Public Security Sarath Weerasekara claimed as India failed to disarm the LTTE the agreement is no longer valid and Sri Lanka is not bound to uphold the agreement on provincial councils. [22]","title":"Peace accord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Ramakrishnan, T. (2018), Ore Inapirachinayum Ore Oppandhamum, The Hindu Publishing Group (in Tamil)[23]","title":"Peace accord"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Location of Sri Lanka","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/LocationSriLanka.png/220px-LocationSriLanka.png"}]
|
[{"title":"India–Sri Lanka relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations"},{"title":"Vijitha Rohana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijitha_Rohana"},{"title":"Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord\". www.atimes.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20021001211331/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DD13Df02.html","url_text":"\"Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY Chapter 35: Accord turns to discord\""}]},{"reference":"Pike, John. \"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) / World Tamil Association (WTA)\". www.globalsecurity.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ltte.htm","url_text":"\"Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) / World Tamil Association (WTA)\""}]},{"reference":"Laskar, Rejaul (September 2014). \"Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance\". Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist. 2 (9): 47. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html","url_text":"\"Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance\""},{"url":"http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rediff On The NeT: Ashok Mitra on how Indira Gandhi sowed the seeds of hate\". www.rediff.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/news/dec/01mitra.htm","url_text":"\"Rediff On The NeT: Ashok Mitra on how Indira Gandhi sowed the seeds of hate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 8\". www.uthr.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume1/Chapter8.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 8\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sri Lanka\".","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm","url_text":"\"Sri Lanka\""}]},{"reference":"Silva, Pramod De. \"Indo-Lanka Accord: 31 years on\". Daily News. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/07/30/features/158264/indo-lanka-accord-31-years","url_text":"\"Indo-Lanka Accord: 31 years on\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minister Sarath Weerasekara says the Indo Lanka accord is not valid anymore\". Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsfirst.lk/2020/12/18/minister-sarath-weerasekara-says-the-indo-lanka-accord-is-not-valid-anymore/","url_text":"\"Minister Sarath Weerasekara says the Indo Lanka accord is not valid anymore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indo-Lanka accord is a sound framework, say experts\". The Hindu. 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indo-lanka-accord-is-a-sound-framework-say-experts/article22433003.ece","url_text":"\"Indo-Lanka accord is a sound framework, say experts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]}]
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RESOLUTION: A SURVEY"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041102222243/http://www.asiantribune.com/show_news.php?id=11310","external_links_name":"Dr. PC Alexander, former Principal Secretary of Rajiv Gandhi – bares it all on the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041211231033/http://www.dailymirror.lk/2002/10/19/News/3.html","external_links_name":"\"Peace for all with equal rights\"Minister"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041103093312/http://www.asiantribune.com/show_news.php?id=11650","external_links_name":"Wickremesinghe Apprises I K Gujral of Stalled Peace Process in Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items04/170204-1.html","external_links_name":"Tiger Rebels are either black or white but not both"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041127104945/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/12/02/stories/2002120203591200.htm","external_links_name":"SLFP to discuss peace process with Indian leaders"},{"Link":"http://www.asian-affairs.com/Sri-Lanka/sugeeswara.html","external_links_name":"PEACE PROCESS IN SRI-LANKA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041013031742/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sinhala/pandora.htm","external_links_name":"TIGERS, 'MODERATES' AND PANDORA'S PACKAGE"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041015211722/http://flonnet.com/fl1909/19090120.htm","external_links_name":"The road ahead"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041211005115/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2002/04/07/stories/2002040700140300.htm","external_links_name":"When guns cease to fire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041224160801/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=25634","external_links_name":"LTTE to take Indo-Lankan accord in peace bid"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indo-lanka-accord-is-a-sound-framework-say-experts/article22433003.ece","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribe_Katedralskole
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Ribe Katedralskole
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["1 Famous alumni","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°19′35.07″N 8°45′37.56″E / 55.3264083°N 8.7604333°E / 55.3264083; 8.760433355°19′35.07″N 8°45′37.56″E / 55.3264083°N 8.7604333°E / 55.3264083; 8.7604333
School in Ribe, DenmarkRibe KatedralskoleAddressPuggaardsgade 22, 6760RibeDenmarkInformationSchool typeGymnasiumPrivate high schoolMottoLatin: Litteris et artibus(Literature and Arts)DenominationChurch of DenmarkEstablishedc. 1145PresidentBishop Elisabeth Dons ChristensenRectorKristian BennikeGenderCoeducationalAffiliationsRibe CathedralWebsitehttp://www.ribekatedralskole.dk/
Ribe Katedralskole is a cathedral school in the town of Ribe, Denmark. The school was first mentioned in 1145, making it one of the oldest schools in the world. The oldest building still in use, Puggård, is from the fourteenth century. Except for churches, this is the oldest Scandinavian building still used for its original purpose.
Today the school is an independent school functioning as a modern high school (Danish: Gymnasium og HFkursus).
Famous alumni
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ribe Katedralskole" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Famous Alumni
Year
Occupation
Peder Palladius
Bishop, Author
Hans Thomesen
1550
Hymn writer
Anders Sørensen Vedel
1561
Author, Historian
Anders Bording
1637
Editor
H. A. Brorson
1712
Danish Pietist clergyman and Hymn writer.
Henning Frederik Feilberg
1849
Author, Folklorist
Eugenius Warming
1859
Botanist
Jacob A. Riis
Did not graduate
Journalist, pioneer of American photojournalism
Jørgen Pedersen Gram
1868
Mathematician, forsikringsmand
Hans Brix
1887
Author, Critic, Professor
Hans Edvard Nørregård-Nielsen
1965
Author, mag.art, Director
Holger K. Nielsen
1969
Politician
Per Vers
?
Rapper
Henrik Dahl
1978
Author, Sociologist
Rune Engelbreth Larsen
1986
Author, Politician
Katrine Winkel Holm
1989
Theologian, Debater, Boardmember of Danmarks Radio
References
^ Vers, Per (2016-01-13). "En brobygger-bromance". Per Vers (in Danish). Retrieved 2021-09-21.
External links
(in Danish) School Website
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Danish. (February 2020) Click for important translation instructions.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Simitian
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Joe Simitian
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["1 Education","2 Early political career","3 California state legislature","3.1 State Assembly","3.2 State Senate","4 Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors","5 2024 U.S. House of Representatives election","6 Personal life","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American politician (born 1953)
Joe SimitianSimitian in 2020Member of the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisorsfrom the 5th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 7, 2013Preceded byLiz KnissIn officeDecember 2, 1996 – December 4, 2000Preceded byDianne McKennaSucceeded byLiz KnissMember of the California Senatefrom the 11th districtIn officeDecember 6, 2004 – November 30, 2012Preceded byByron SherSucceeded byMark Leno (redistricted)Member of the California State Assemblyfrom the 21st districtIn officeDecember 4, 2000 – November 30, 2004Preceded byTed LempertSucceeded byIra Ruskin
Personal detailsBornSaren Joseph Smitian (1953-02-01) February 1, 1953 (age 71)Hackensack, New Jersey, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseMary HughesEducationColorado College (BA)Stanford University (MA)University of California, Berkeley (MUP, JD)
Saren Joseph Simitian (born February 1, 1953) is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the State Senator representing California's 11th State Senate district, which encompasses all or part of 13 cities in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz counties, from 2004 to 2012. Approaching his term limit at the end of 2012, he ran for and was elected to the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors. He was re-elected to the same seat in 2016 and again in 2020.
Education
Simitian graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1970. He attended Colorado College and earned a Bachelor of Arts cum laude in political science. He earned a Master of Arts in international policy studies from Stanford University, a Master of City and Regional Planning from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Juris Doctor from the University of California, Berkeley School of Law.
Early political career
Simitian was President of the Palo Alto School Board, and served as a member from 1983 to 1991. He was on the Palo Alto City Council from 1992 to 1996 and served as Mayor for part of that time. He was represented District 5 on the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors from 1996–2000.
California state legislature
Simitian in 2010
State Assembly
Simitian was elected to the California State Assembly's 21st District in November 2000, and re-elected to a second term in November 2002.
State Senate
Simitian was elected to the California State Senate in November 2004 for District 11. He defeated former Assemblyman and San Mateo County Supervisor Ted Lempert in the Democratic primary election, also prevailing in the general election. Simitian was re-elected to a second term in 2008. His second term ended in 2012. Simitian was one of only four Democratic Senators to vote against California's ambitious High Speed Rail plan.
Simitian authored California's hands-free cell phone bill.
Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry has put Simitian on a list of individuals banned from entering the country. The decision was made after Simitian travelled to Nagorno-Karabakh without Baku's permission.
Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors
Simitian was elected again to the District 5 seat of the Board of Supervisors in 2012, after reaching his term limit in the State Senate. He was re-elected in 2016 with 89 percent of the vote and ran unopposed for re-election in 2020.
Simitian served as President of the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors in 2018 and 2019, and after winning reelection in 2020, continues to represent District 5 (Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Palo Alto, Cupertino, Mountain View, Saratoga, and Stanford, as well as portions of San Jose). He was first elected to the Board of Supervisors in November 1996, serving from 1997 to 2000. In 2022, redistricting adjusted the cities Simitian represents to include Los Gatos and Monte Sereno.
As Supervisor, Simitian is credited with saving the 400 units of affordable housing at the Buena Vista Mobile Home Park, and he has proposed the building of affordable teacher housing in Palo Alto for teachers across the county. He also successfully pushed the County to fund multiple new playgrounds accessible to special needs children, following the creation of Palo Alto's Magical Bridge Playground.
Simitian has advanced multiple privacy-related initiatives at the county level. Under his guidance, Santa Clara County became "one of the first in the country" to hire a privacy specialist in a designated role to oversee its data-driven programs. He also secured passage of a surveillance ordinance, the first of its kind in the United States, requiring that police forces get explicit permission for new surveillance technology.
Simitian pushed for more civilian oversight for Sheriff and county jails and secured approval for body-worn cameras for Sheriff's Deputies and jail guards.
2024 U.S. House of Representatives election
Main article: 2024 California's 16th congressional district election
In 2024, Simitian ran to represent California's 16th congressional district to replace the retiring Anna Eshoo. His candidacy prompted an unusual occurrence; despite announcing on election night that he was in the top two candidates, and would consequently advance to the November run-off, as votes were counted in the following weeks, Simitian constantly traded places with another candidate, Evan Low, for second and third place. The final results saw the two tie, and as a result both – alongside first-placed Sam Liccardo – were expected to be on the ballot for the general election, in only the second three-way election since California adopted the top-two primary system in 2012. Given the close result, the possibility of a recount has been raised, but SFist reported that neither campaign had the funds available to support one. Both campaigns released statements indicating that they intend to compete in the general election.
However, after a poll believed to be conducted on behalf of supporters of first-placed Sam Liccardo testing two-way match-ups was fielded, two residents of the district, including former Liccardo campaign finance director and current donor Jonathan Padilla, requested a recount; Liccardo himself is ineligible to because he does not live in the district. Liccardo's campaign denied responsibility, though they agreed the recount was necessary, saying "every vote should be counted."
At the conclusion of the recount, Simitian was ultimately eliminated and Low advanced to the general election by a 5-vote margin.
Personal life
Joe Simitian is married to Mary Hughes, a Bay Area political consultant. Simitian proposed to Hughes on election night in 1996 upon being elected to the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors.
References
^ https://calisphere.org/item/a753ecd3484ce676c60d499b6f15b82d/
^ Biography
^ About Joe Archived January 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Simitian announces he's running for Congress – Palo Alto Daily Post". November 29, 2023.
^ Sen. Joe Simitian – Friends of UC Santa Cruz
^ New California Hands Free Law
^ Schwarzenegger outlaws text-messaging while driving – Los Angeles Times
^ California senator declared persona non grata in Azerbaijan Archived April 14, 2013, at archive.today
^ Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters, June 2016 Presidential Primary Election Results
^ Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters, March 2020 Presidential Primary Election Results
^ Mercury News editorial: Saving Buena Vista in Palo Alto still is worth doing
^ Silicon Valley Seeks Solutions for Affordable Housing ABC 7
^ Palo Alto Board Considers Building Teacher Housing Near Courthouse
^ Santa Clara County Puts $10 Million Toward Inclusive Playground Mercury News
^ Santa Clara County Hires First Chief Privacy Officer Next City
^ Meet Joe Simitian, Silicon Valley's surveillance technology watchdog The Guardian
^ Santa Clara County Approves Civilian Oversight for Sheriff's Office Jails Mercury News
^ Santa Clara County Body Cams Approved for Deputies and Jail Officers Mercury News
^ Marzorati, Guy (March 5, 2024). "Liccardo Leads South Bay House Primary, Simitian Confident He'll Make General Election". KQED. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
^ Fang, Tim (April 3, 2024). "Evan Low, Joe Simitian tied for 2nd place in 16th District congressional race". CBS News. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
^ Marzorati, Guy (April 3, 2024). "In Extraordinary Tie, Evan Low and Joe Simitian Both Advance in Race for Silicon Valley House Seat". KQED. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
^ Barmann, Jay (April 3, 2024). "The Race for Second for South Bay Congressional Seat Has Ended In a Tie?". SFist. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
^ Sheyner, Gennady (April 3, 2024). "Three to go to Congressional general election in November". Palo Alto Online. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
^ Kadah, Jana (April 8, 2024). "Mysterious Silicon Valley poll in congressional race could signal recount". San José Spotlight. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
^ Marzorati, Guy (April 9, 2024). "Requests for Recount Could Upend Silicon Valley Race for Congress". KQED. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
^ Taylor, Sarah; Korte, Lara (April 9, 2024). "Tied California House race heading to a recount". Politico. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
^ Hase, Grace (May 1, 2024). "Congressional Recount: Evan Low heads to November election as Joe Simitian is knocked off the ballot". The Mercury News. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
^ Palo Alto Online
External links
Campaign website
Ballotpedia
Election History – Join California
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"California's 11th State Senate district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_11th_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"San Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"term limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limit"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Saren Joseph Simitian (born February 1, 1953) is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the State Senator representing California's 11th State Senate district, which encompasses all or part of 13 cities in San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz counties, from 2004 to 2012.[2] Approaching his term limit at the end of 2012, he ran for and was elected to the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors.[3] He was re-elected to the same seat in 2016 and again in 2020.","title":"Joe Simitian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palo Alto High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Colorado College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_College"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Master of City and Regional Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_City_and_Regional_Planning"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Simitian graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1970.[4] He attended Colorado College and earned a Bachelor of Arts cum laude in political science. He earned a Master of Arts in international policy studies from Stanford University, a Master of City and Regional Planning from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Juris Doctor from the University of California, Berkeley School of Law.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Palo_Alto"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Simitian was President of the Palo Alto School Board, and served as a member from 1983 to 1991.[5] He was on the Palo Alto City Council from 1992 to 1996 and served as Mayor for part of that time.[citation needed] He was represented District 5 on the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors from 1996–2000.","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_Simitian.jpg"}],"text":"Simitian in 2010","title":"California state legislature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"21st District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_21st_State_Assembly_district"}],"sub_title":"State Assembly","text":"Simitian was elected to the California State Assembly's 21st District in November 2000, and re-elected to a second term in November 2002.","title":"California state legislature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Ted Lempert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Lempert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"individuals banned from entering the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_grata"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"State Senate","text":"Simitian was elected to the California State Senate in November 2004 for District 11. He defeated former Assemblyman and San Mateo County Supervisor Ted Lempert in the Democratic primary election, also prevailing in the general election. Simitian was re-elected to a second term in 2008. His second term ended in 2012. Simitian was one of only four Democratic Senators to vote against California's ambitious High Speed Rail plan.Simitian authored California's hands-free cell phone bill.[6][7]Azerbaijan's Foreign Ministry has put Simitian on a list of individuals banned from entering the country. The decision was made after Simitian travelled to Nagorno-Karabakh without Baku's permission.[8]","title":"California state legislature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_County"},{"link_name":"Los Altos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Altos Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos_Hills"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto"},{"link_name":"Cupertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupertino"},{"link_name":"Mountain View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga,_California"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Gatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California"},{"link_name":"Monte Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Sereno,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Simitian was elected again to the District 5 seat of the Board of Supervisors in 2012, after reaching his term limit in the State Senate. He was re-elected in 2016 with 89 percent of the vote[9] and ran unopposed for re-election in 2020.[10]Simitian served as President of the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors in 2018 and 2019, and after winning reelection in 2020, continues to represent District 5 (Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Palo Alto, Cupertino, Mountain View, Saratoga, and Stanford, as well as portions of San Jose). He was first elected to the Board of Supervisors in November 1996, serving from 1997 to 2000. In 2022, redistricting adjusted the cities Simitian represents to include Los Gatos and Monte Sereno.As Supervisor, Simitian is credited with saving the 400 units of affordable housing at the Buena Vista Mobile Home Park,[11] and he has proposed the building of affordable teacher housing in Palo Alto for teachers across the county.[12][13] He also successfully pushed the County to fund multiple new playgrounds accessible to special needs children, following the creation of Palo Alto's Magical Bridge Playground.[14]Simitian has advanced multiple privacy-related initiatives at the county level. Under his guidance, Santa Clara County became \"one of the first in the country\" to hire a privacy specialist in a designated role to oversee its data-driven programs.[15] He also secured passage of a surveillance ordinance, the first of its kind in the United States, requiring that police forces get explicit permission for new surveillance technology.[16]Simitian pushed for more civilian oversight for Sheriff and county jails[17] and secured approval for body-worn cameras for Sheriff's Deputies and jail guards.[18]","title":"Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California's 16th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_16th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Anna Eshoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Eshoo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Evan Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Low"},{"link_name":"Sam Liccardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Liccardo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sam Liccardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Liccardo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recountend-27"}],"text":"In 2024, Simitian ran to represent California's 16th congressional district to replace the retiring Anna Eshoo. His candidacy prompted an unusual occurrence; despite announcing on election night that he was in the top two candidates, and would consequently advance to the November run-off,[19] as votes were counted in the following weeks, Simitian constantly traded places with another candidate, Evan Low, for second and third place. The final results saw the two tie, and as a result both – alongside first-placed Sam Liccardo – were expected to be on the ballot for the general election, in only the second three-way election since California adopted the top-two primary system in 2012.[20][21] Given the close result, the possibility of a recount has been raised, but SFist reported that neither campaign had the funds available to support one.[22] Both campaigns released statements indicating that they intend to compete in the general election.[23]However, after a poll believed to be conducted on behalf of supporters of first-placed Sam Liccardo testing two-way match-ups was fielded,[24] two residents of the district, including former Liccardo campaign finance director and current donor Jonathan Padilla, requested a recount; Liccardo himself is ineligible to because he does not live in the district.[25] Liccardo's campaign denied responsibility, though they agreed the recount was necessary, saying \"every vote should be counted.\"[26]At the conclusion of the recount, Simitian was ultimately eliminated and Low advanced to the general election by a 5-vote margin.[27]","title":"2024 U.S. House of Representatives election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"political consultant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_consultant"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Joe Simitian is married to Mary Hughes, a Bay Area political consultant. Simitian proposed to Hughes on election night in 1996 upon being elected to the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors.[28]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Simitian in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Joe_Simitian.jpg/220px-Joe_Simitian.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Simitian announces he's running for Congress – Palo Alto Daily Post\". November 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://padailypost.com/2023/11/29/simitian-announces-hes-running-for-congress/","url_text":"\"Simitian announces he's running for Congress – Palo Alto Daily Post\""}]},{"reference":"Marzorati, Guy (March 5, 2024). \"Liccardo Leads South Bay House Primary, Simitian Confident He'll Make General Election\". KQED. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11977963/liccardo-leads-south-bay-house-primary-simitian-confident-hell-make-general-election","url_text":"\"Liccardo Leads South Bay House Primary, Simitian Confident He'll Make General Election\""}]},{"reference":"Fang, Tim (April 3, 2024). \"Evan Low, Joe Simitian tied for 2nd place in 16th District congressional race\". CBS News. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/16th-district-congress-evan-low-joe-simitian-tied-2nd-place-san-mateo-santa-clara-silicon-valley/","url_text":"\"Evan Low, Joe Simitian tied for 2nd place in 16th District congressional race\""}]},{"reference":"Marzorati, Guy (April 3, 2024). \"In Extraordinary Tie, Evan Low and Joe Simitian Both Advance in Race for Silicon Valley House Seat\". KQED. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11981809/in-extraordinary-tie-evan-low-and-joe-simitian-both-advance-in-race-for-silicon-valley-house-seat","url_text":"\"In Extraordinary Tie, Evan Low and Joe Simitian Both Advance in Race for Silicon Valley House Seat\""}]},{"reference":"Barmann, Jay (April 3, 2024). \"The Race for Second for South Bay Congressional Seat Has Ended In a Tie?\". SFist. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sfist.com/2024/04/03/the-race-for-second-for-south-bay-congressional-seat-has-ended-in-a-tie/","url_text":"\"The Race for Second for South Bay Congressional Seat Has Ended In a Tie?\""}]},{"reference":"Sheyner, Gennady (April 3, 2024). \"Three to go to Congressional general election in November\". Palo Alto Online. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/election/2024/04/03/three-likely-to-go-to-congressional-general-election-in-november/","url_text":"\"Three to go to Congressional general election in November\""}]},{"reference":"Kadah, Jana (April 8, 2024). \"Mysterious Silicon Valley poll in congressional race could signal recount\". San José Spotlight. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sanjosespotlight.com/mysterious-silicon-valley-poll-in-congressional-race-could-signal-recount/","url_text":"\"Mysterious Silicon Valley poll in congressional race could signal recount\""}]},{"reference":"Marzorati, Guy (April 9, 2024). \"Requests for Recount Could Upend Silicon Valley Race for Congress\". KQED. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11982501/requests-for-recount-could-upend-silicon-valley-race-for-congress","url_text":"\"Requests for Recount Could Upend Silicon Valley Race for Congress\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Sarah; Korte, Lara (April 9, 2024). \"Tied California House race heading to a recount\". Politico. Retrieved April 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/09/tied-california-house-race-heading-to-a-recount-00151424","url_text":"\"Tied California House race heading to a recount\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]},{"reference":"Hase, Grace (May 1, 2024). \"Congressional Recount: Evan Low heads to November election as Joe Simitian is knocked off the ballot\". The Mercury News. Retrieved May 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2024/05/01/congressional-recount-evan-low-heads-to-november-election-as-joe-simitian-is-knocked-off-the-ballot/","url_text":"\"Congressional Recount: Evan Low heads to November election as Joe Simitian is knocked off the ballot\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://calisphere.org/item/a753ecd3484ce676c60d499b6f15b82d/","external_links_name":"https://calisphere.org/item/a753ecd3484ce676c60d499b6f15b82d/"},{"Link":"http://www.senatorsimitian.com/entry/joes_biography/","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.sccgov.org/sites/d5/AboutJoe/Pages/About-Joe.aspx","external_links_name":"About Joe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130122025515/http://www.sccgov.org/sites/d5/AboutJoe/Pages/About-Joe.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://padailypost.com/2023/11/29/simitian-announces-hes-running-for-congress/","external_links_name":"\"Simitian announces he's running for Congress – Palo Alto Daily Post\""},{"Link":"http://santacruz.www.ucforcalifornia.org/bio/id/43562","external_links_name":"Sen. Joe Simitian – Friends of UC Santa Cruz"},{"Link":"http://abclocal.go.com/kfsn/story?section=news/local&id=6237027","external_links_name":"New California Hands Free Law"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-arnold25-2008sep25,0,6433956.story","external_links_name":"Schwarzenegger outlaws text-messaging while driving – Los Angeles Times"},{"Link":"http://www.easternpartnership.org/ru/daily-news/2011-10-04/california-senator-declared-persona-non-grata-azerbaijan","external_links_name":"California senator declared persona non grata in Azerbaijan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130414193030/http://www.easternpartnership.org/ru/daily-news/2011-10-04/california-senator-declared-persona-non-grata-azerbaijan","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CA/Santa_Clara/60535/173168/Web01/en/summary.html","external_links_name":"Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters, June 2016 Presidential Primary Election Results"},{"Link":"https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CA/Santa_Clara/101316/web.245375/#/summary","external_links_name":"Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters, March 2020 Presidential Primary Election Results"},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/06/22/mercury-news-editorial-saving-buena-vista-in-palo-alto-still-is-worth-doing/","external_links_name":"Mercury News editorial: Saving Buena Vista in Palo Alto still is worth doing"},{"Link":"http://abc7news.com/education/silicon-valley-seeks-solutions-for-affordable-teacher-housing-/2990354/","external_links_name":"Silicon Valley Seeks Solutions for Affordable Housing"},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/25/palo-alto-board-considers-building-teacher-housing-near-courthouse/","external_links_name":"Palo Alto Board Considers Building Teacher Housing Near Courthouse"},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/31/santa-clara-county-puts-10-million-toward-inclusive-playgrounds/","external_links_name":"Santa Clara County Puts $10 Million Toward Inclusive Playground"},{"Link":"https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/santa-clara-county-hires-first-chief-privacy-officer","external_links_name":"Santa Clara County Hires First Chief Privacy Officer"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/05/silicon-valley-surveillance-technology-joe-simitian-santa-clara","external_links_name":"Meet Joe Simitian, Silicon Valley's surveillance technology watchdog"},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/03/20/santa-clara-county-approves-civilian-oversight-for-sheriffs-office-jails/","external_links_name":"Santa Clara County Approves Civilian Oversight for Sheriff's Office Jails"},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/01/25/santa-clara-co-body-cams-approved-for-deputies-jail-officers/","external_links_name":"Santa Clara County Body Cams Approved for Deputies and Jail Officers"},{"Link":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11977963/liccardo-leads-south-bay-house-primary-simitian-confident-hell-make-general-election","external_links_name":"\"Liccardo Leads South Bay House Primary, Simitian Confident He'll Make General Election\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/16th-district-congress-evan-low-joe-simitian-tied-2nd-place-san-mateo-santa-clara-silicon-valley/","external_links_name":"\"Evan Low, Joe Simitian tied for 2nd place in 16th District congressional race\""},{"Link":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11981809/in-extraordinary-tie-evan-low-and-joe-simitian-both-advance-in-race-for-silicon-valley-house-seat","external_links_name":"\"In Extraordinary Tie, Evan Low and Joe Simitian Both Advance in Race for Silicon Valley House Seat\""},{"Link":"https://sfist.com/2024/04/03/the-race-for-second-for-south-bay-congressional-seat-has-ended-in-a-tie/","external_links_name":"\"The Race for Second for South Bay Congressional Seat Has Ended In a Tie?\""},{"Link":"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/election/2024/04/03/three-likely-to-go-to-congressional-general-election-in-november/","external_links_name":"\"Three to go to Congressional general election in November\""},{"Link":"https://sanjosespotlight.com/mysterious-silicon-valley-poll-in-congressional-race-could-signal-recount/","external_links_name":"\"Mysterious Silicon Valley poll in congressional race could signal recount\""},{"Link":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11982501/requests-for-recount-could-upend-silicon-valley-race-for-congress","external_links_name":"\"Requests for Recount Could Upend Silicon Valley Race for Congress\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/09/tied-california-house-race-heading-to-a-recount-00151424","external_links_name":"\"Tied California House race heading to a recount\""},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2024/05/01/congressional-recount-evan-low-heads-to-november-election-as-joe-simitian-is-knocked-off-the-ballot/","external_links_name":"\"Congressional Recount: Evan Low heads to November election as Joe Simitian is knocked off the ballot\""},{"Link":"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/news/1996_Nov_8.SIMITIAN.html","external_links_name":"Palo Alto Online"},{"Link":"http://www.joesimitian.com/","external_links_name":"Campaign website"},{"Link":"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Joe_Simitian","external_links_name":"Ballotpedia"},{"Link":"http://www.joincalifornia.com/candidate/6094","external_links_name":"Election History – Join California"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_(2000_film)
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Panic (2000 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
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2000 American filmPanicDVD coverDirected byHenry BromellWritten byHenry BromellProduced by
Matt Cooper
Andrew Lazar
Lori Miller
Starring
William H. Macy
Neve Campbell
Tracey Ullman
John Ritter
Barbara Bain
Donald Sutherland
CinematographyJeffrey JurEdited by
Lynzee Klingman
Cindy Mollo
Brent White
Music byBrian TylerProductioncompanies
The Vault
Mad Chance Productions
Distributed by
Artisan Entertainment
Roxie Releasing (United States)
Summit Entertainment (International)
Release dates
January 22, 2000 (2000-01-22) (Sundance)
December 1, 2000 (2000-12-01) (United States)
Running time88 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$779,137
Panic is a 2000 American crime drama film written and directed by Henry Bromell and starring William H. Macy in the lead role, alongside Neve Campbell, Tracey Ullman, John Ritter, Miguel Sandoval, and Donald Sutherland. The film centers on Alex (Macy), a hitman who suffers a midlife crisis amidst the number of struggles he and his family face. Determined to quit contract killing, he seeks treatment from therapist Dr. John Parks (Ritter) and enters an affair with a younger woman, Sarah Cassidy (Campbell).
Panic premiered at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival, and was later given a limited release in theaters in December of that year. The film received universal acclaim from critics, who in particular praised the performances of the acting ensemble.
Plot
Alex lives a double life: he is married with a day job, and is a professional hitman. Trained by his father Michael from youth, Alex is dissatisfied with his work and wishes to leave the business behind. He goes into psychotherapy with Dr. Josh Parks, disclosing that he is a hit man, and that he is attracted to a young woman he met in the waiting room. She is Sarah, 23, who is attracted to him as well, but does not want to get involved with a married man.
In flashbacks we see that Alex gets his start as a killer in the family business, at his father's prompting, from his killing of a squirrel as a young boy, to his first human victim as a teenager. Worried that Alex is informing on him, Michael gives Alex his next assignment: to kill Dr. Parks. Alex delays, while Dr. Parks, fearing for his own safety, contacts a police detective, Larson.
Alex keeps returning to Sarah, calling her, stopping by her apartment, as he decides what to do about the hit, his father, his marriage and his malaise. Eventually, he has an affair with Sarah. His wife soon discovers the affair and leaves him, not before he discovers that his father had been grooming his son, Sammy, as a future assassin. Determined not to let Michael ruin Sammy, too, he drives up to Michael's home and shoots him dead, only to be killed himself by Larson, who had been secretly following him.
Cast
William H. Macy as Alex
Neve Campbell as Sarah, Alex's love interest
Tracey Ullman as Martha, Alex's wife
John Ritter as Josh, Alex's psychotherapist
Barbara Bain as Deidre, Alex's mother
Miguel Sandoval as Detective Larson
Donald Sutherland as Michael, Alex's father
Tina Lifford as Dr. Leavitt
Nicholle Tom as Tracy
Steve Moreno as Sean
David Dorfman as Sammy, Alex and Martha's son
Reception
The film received critical acclaim from critics, and holds a 91% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews, with a consensus stating "This quirky little film about a gangster in therapy feels fresh and well-crafted." Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four. Leonard Maltin gave the film two and a half stars but praised the acting, calling it "excellent." Lisa Nesselson of Variety wrote "Pic’s title implies frenzy and wild activity, but the film’s charm evolves from its measured, unhurried rhythms, and originality from the tone: quirky yet convincing, irreverent yet moral."
References
^ a b "Panic". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ Goodridge, Mike (24 February 2000). "Summit has Panic attack". Screen International. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
^ Harris, Dana (June 17, 2001). "Bromell to sire 'Baker's Son'". Variety. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
^ "Panic". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ Ebert, Roger (19 January 2001). "Panic". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 8 January 2017 – via RogerEbert.com.
^ Maltin, Leonard (2008). "Panic". Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. New York City: Penguin. p. 1044. ISBN 9780452289789.
^ Nesselson, Lisa (15 September 2000). "Review: 'Panic'". Variety. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
External links
Panic at IMDb
Panic at Rotten Tomatoes
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Film"},{"link_name":"Henry Bromell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bromell"},{"link_name":"William H. Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Macy"},{"link_name":"Neve Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tracey Ullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Ullman"},{"link_name":"John Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ritter"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Donald Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman"},{"link_name":"midlife crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlife_crisis"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Panic is a 2000 American crime drama film written and directed by Henry Bromell and starring William H. Macy in the lead role, alongside Neve Campbell, Tracey Ullman, John Ritter, Miguel Sandoval, and Donald Sutherland. The film centers on Alex (Macy), a hitman who suffers a midlife crisis amidst the number of struggles he and his family face. Determined to quit contract killing, he seeks treatment from therapist Dr. John Parks (Ritter) and enters an affair with a younger woman, Sarah Cassidy (Campbell).Panic premiered at the 2000 Sundance Film Festival,[3] and was later given a limited release in theaters in December of that year. The film received universal acclaim from critics, who in particular praised the performances of the acting ensemble.","title":"Panic (2000 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"hit man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_man"}],"text":"Alex lives a double life: he is married with a day job, and is a professional hitman. Trained by his father Michael from youth, Alex is dissatisfied with his work and wishes to leave the business behind. He goes into psychotherapy with Dr. Josh Parks, disclosing that he is a hit man, and that he is attracted to a young woman he met in the waiting room. She is Sarah, 23, who is attracted to him as well, but does not want to get involved with a married man.In flashbacks we see that Alex gets his start as a killer in the family business, at his father's prompting, from his killing of a squirrel as a young boy, to his first human victim as a teenager. Worried that Alex is informing on him, Michael gives Alex his next assignment: to kill Dr. Parks. Alex delays, while Dr. Parks, fearing for his own safety, contacts a police detective, Larson.Alex keeps returning to Sarah, calling her, stopping by her apartment, as he decides what to do about the hit, his father, his marriage and his malaise. Eventually, he has an affair with Sarah. His wife soon discovers the affair and leaves him, not before he discovers that his father had been grooming his son, Sammy, as a future assassin. Determined not to let Michael ruin Sammy, too, he drives up to Michael's home and shoots him dead, only to be killed himself by Larson, who had been secretly following him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William H. Macy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Macy"},{"link_name":"Neve Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tracey Ullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Ullman"},{"link_name":"John Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ritter"},{"link_name":"Barbara Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Bain"},{"link_name":"Miguel Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Donald Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Tina Lifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Lifford"},{"link_name":"Nicholle Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholle_Tom"},{"link_name":"David Dorfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dorfman"}],"text":"William H. Macy as Alex\nNeve Campbell as Sarah, Alex's love interest\nTracey Ullman as Martha, Alex's wife\nJohn Ritter as Josh, Alex's psychotherapist\nBarbara Bain as Deidre, Alex's mother\nMiguel Sandoval as Detective Larson\nDonald Sutherland as Michael, Alex's father\nTina Lifford as Dr. Leavitt\nNicholle Tom as Tracy\nSteve Moreno as Sean\nDavid Dorfman as Sammy, Alex and Martha's son","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The film received critical acclaim from critics, and holds a 91% \"Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews, with a consensus stating \"This quirky little film about a gangster in therapy feels fresh and well-crafted.\"[4] Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four.[5] Leonard Maltin gave the film two and a half stars but praised the acting, calling it \"excellent.\"[6] Lisa Nesselson of Variety wrote \"Pic’s title implies frenzy and wild activity, but the film’s charm evolves from its measured, unhurried rhythms, and originality from the tone: quirky yet convincing, irreverent yet moral.\"[7]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Panic\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 18 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=panic.htm","url_text":"\"Panic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Goodridge, Mike (24 February 2000). \"Summit has Panic attack\". Screen International. Retrieved 22 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/summit-has-panic-attack/401513.article","url_text":"\"Summit has Panic attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Dana (June 17, 2001). \"Bromell to sire 'Baker's Son'\". Variety. Retrieved July 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2001/film/news/bromell-to-sire-baker-s-son-1117801544/","url_text":"\"Bromell to sire 'Baker's Son'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Panic\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1104207-panic/","url_text":"\"Panic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (19 January 2001). \"Panic\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 8 January 2017 – via RogerEbert.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/panic-2001","url_text":"\"Panic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogerEbert.com","url_text":"RogerEbert.com"}]},{"reference":"Maltin, Leonard (2008). \"Panic\". Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. New York City: Penguin. p. 1044. ISBN 9780452289789.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin","url_text":"Maltin, Leonard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780452289789","url_text":"Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Publishing","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780452289789","url_text":"9780452289789"}]},{"reference":"Nesselson, Lisa (15 September 2000). \"Review: 'Panic'\". Variety. Retrieved 8 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/panic-1200464256/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Panic'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=panic.htm","external_links_name":"\"Panic\""},{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/summit-has-panic-attack/401513.article","external_links_name":"\"Summit has Panic attack\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2001/film/news/bromell-to-sire-baker-s-son-1117801544/","external_links_name":"\"Bromell to sire 'Baker's Son'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1104207-panic/","external_links_name":"\"Panic\""},{"Link":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/panic-2001","external_links_name":"\"Panic\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780452289789","external_links_name":"Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2000/film/reviews/panic-1200464256/","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Panic'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0194218/","external_links_name":"Panic"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1104207-panic","external_links_name":"Panic"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Barran
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Rowland Barran
|
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 References","4 External links"]
|
British politician
Rowland Barran
Sir Rowland Barran
Sir Rowland Hirst Barran (7 August 1858 – 6 August 1949) was a British Liberal Party politician and Member of Parliament.
Biography
Rowland Barran was born in 1858, the youngest son of Sir John Barran, a pioneer in clothing manufacture and Member of Parliament for Leeds and Otley.
Following the death of Frances Lupton in 1892, Rowland lived near Leeds at Frances's Beechwood Estate which had been entailed to her eldest son and fellow Liberal politician, Francis Martineau Lupton. Barran remained at Beechwood until Francis Martineau's death in 1921. Lupton and his family also owned the Newton Park Estate (North Leeds), the constituency of which Barran was M.P. from 1902–1918.
Barran bred Shorthorn livestock during his residency at Beechwood.
Barran became chairman of the family firm in 1918, succeeding his brother, Charles, who had succeeded their father in this post in 1903.
He was a member of the Leeds City Council alongside Alderman Francis Martineau Lupton, and served on the Leeds School Board before his election to parliament.
He was elected to the Parliament for Leeds North in a by-election on 29 July 1902 (caused by the elevation of William Jackson to the peerage), and served until the General Election of 14 December 1918. He was knighted in 1917.
During the course of World War I, Barran indicated he would stand down at the next election, probably to concentrate more on his business interests. In 1918, he became chairman of the family firm of clothing manufacturers, taking over that position from his brother.
Family
Barran married Rose Cardew Bradley. They had the following children:
Rose Sylvia Barran
Gwendoline Cardew Barran
Captain Rowland Noel Barran (25 December 1887 – died 19 March 1919)
Captain Hugh Bradley Barran (13 May 1889 – 19 May 1975)
References
^ a b D. T. Jenkins (2004). "Barran family (per. c.1842–1952)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52614. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^ Bebbington, D. (1 March 2000). Gladstone Centenary Essays. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781781386651. Retrieved 30 October 2018. (Sir) Rowland Hirst Barran (1858–1949), of Beechwood, Roundhay, was sixth son of Sir John Barran, and MP, North Leeds (the Newton Park area), 1902–18; his was a famous victory attributed by Nonconformists and Passive Resisters to his .....
^ "Commonwealth Shipping Committee - 1920". H.M. Stationery Office, 1920. 1920. Retrieved 30 October 2018. Rowland Hirst Barran, of Beechwood, Roundhay, ...
^ a b Bradford, E. "They Lived in Leeds - Francis Martineau Lupton (1848-1921)". The Thoresby Society, The Leeds Library, 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
^ de Vries, S. (October 2018). Royal Marriages: Diana, Camilla, Kate & Meghan and princesses who did not live happily ever after. Pirgos Press 2018. ISBN 9781925283648. Retrieved 30 October 2018. Francis Martineau Lupton was a wealthy mill owner and industrialist turned philanthropist who owned Potternewton Hall (Estate) in Leeds and later lived in Georgian splendour in a rural mansion known as Beechwood.
^ "Births- Barran". 30 September 1892 - Yorkshire Evening Post Yorkshire, England. Retrieved 31 October 2018. BIRTHS. BARRAN.—September 19, 1892 at Beechwood, Roundhay, the wife of Rowland H. Barren, a daughter...
^ "Coates's Herd Book". Shorthorn Society of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland., 1903. 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
^ "Election intelligence". The Times. No. 36833. London. 30 July 1902. p. 10.
^ "No. 27460". The London Gazette. 1 August 1902. p. 4962.
^ The Times, 30 November 1918, p. 9
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Rowland Barran
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byWilliam Jackson
Member of Parliament for Leeds North 1902 – 1918
Succeeded byAlexander Farquharson
This article about a Liberal Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1902_Rowland_Barran.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Rowland_Hirst_Barran.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Rowland BarranSir Rowland BarranSir Rowland Hirst Barran (7 August 1858 – 6 August 1949) was a British Liberal Party politician and Member of Parliament.","title":"Rowland Barran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir John Barran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Barran,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Otley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Frances Lupton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Lupton"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Beechwood Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhay"},{"link_name":"entailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entailed"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Francis Martineau Lupton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupton_family"},{"link_name":"Newton Park Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potternewton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bradford-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Shorthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthorn"},{"link_name":"livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bradford-4"},{"link_name":"Leeds North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Leeds_North_by-election"},{"link_name":"William Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jackson,_1st_Baron_Allerton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Rowland Barran was born in 1858, the youngest son of Sir John Barran, a pioneer in clothing manufacture and Member of Parliament for Leeds and Otley.[1]Following the death of Frances Lupton in 1892, Rowland lived near Leeds at Frances's Beechwood Estate which had been entailed to her eldest son and fellow Liberal politician, Francis Martineau Lupton. Barran remained at Beechwood until Francis Martineau's death in 1921. Lupton and his family also owned the Newton Park Estate (North Leeds), the constituency of which Barran was M.P. from 1902–1918.[2][3][4][5][6]Barran bred Shorthorn livestock during his residency at Beechwood.[7]Barran became chairman of the family firm in 1918, succeeding his brother, Charles, who had succeeded their father in this post in 1903.He was a member of the Leeds City Council alongside Alderman Francis Martineau Lupton, and served on the Leeds School Board before his election to parliament.[8][4]He was elected to the Parliament for Leeds North in a by-election on 29 July 1902 (caused by the elevation of William Jackson to the peerage),[9] and served until the General Election of 14 December 1918.[1] He was knighted in 1917.During the course of World War I, Barran indicated he would stand down at the next election, probably to concentrate more on his business interests. In 1918, he became chairman of the family firm of clothing manufacturers, taking over that position from his brother.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Barran married Rose Cardew Bradley. They had the following children:Rose Sylvia Barran\nGwendoline Cardew Barran\nCaptain Rowland Noel Barran (25 December 1887 – died 19 March 1919)\nCaptain Hugh Bradley Barran (13 May 1889 – 19 May 1975)","title":"Family"}]
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[{"image_text":"Rowland Barran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/1902_Rowland_Barran.jpg/220px-1902_Rowland_Barran.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sir Rowland Barran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Sir_Rowland_Hirst_Barran.jpg/220px-Sir_Rowland_Hirst_Barran.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"D. T. Jenkins (2004). \"Barran family (per. c.1842–1952)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52614. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/52614","url_text":"\"Barran family (per. c.1842–1952)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F52614","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/52614"}]},{"reference":"Bebbington, D. (1 March 2000). Gladstone Centenary Essays. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781781386651. Retrieved 30 October 2018. (Sir) Rowland Hirst Barran (1858–1949), of Beechwood, Roundhay, was sixth son of Sir John Barran, and MP, North Leeds (the Newton Park area), 1902–18; his was a famous victory attributed by Nonconformists and Passive Resisters to his .....","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RrmkDAAAQBAJ&q=rowland++barran+++beechwood&pg=PA160","url_text":"Gladstone Centenary Essays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781386651","url_text":"9781781386651"}]},{"reference":"\"Commonwealth Shipping Committee - 1920\". H.M. Stationery Office, 1920. 1920. Retrieved 30 October 2018. Rowland Hirst Barran, of Beechwood, Roundhay, ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DkIyAQAAMAAJ&q=rowland++barran+++beechwood","url_text":"\"Commonwealth Shipping Committee - 1920\""}]},{"reference":"Bradford, E. \"They Lived in Leeds - Francis Martineau Lupton (1848-1921)\". The Thoresby Society, The Leeds Library, 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thoresby.org.uk/content/people/lupton.php","url_text":"\"They Lived in Leeds - Francis Martineau Lupton (1848-1921)\""}]},{"reference":"de Vries, S. (October 2018). Royal Marriages: Diana, Camilla, Kate & Meghan and princesses who did not live happily ever after. Pirgos Press 2018. ISBN 9781925283648. Retrieved 30 October 2018. Francis Martineau Lupton was a wealthy mill owner and industrialist turned philanthropist who owned Potternewton Hall (Estate) in Leeds and later lived in Georgian splendour in a rural mansion known as Beechwood.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlxDwAAQBAJ&q=beechwood+potternewton+hall+lupton&pg=PT460","url_text":"Royal Marriages: Diana, Camilla, Kate & Meghan and princesses who did not live happily ever after"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925283648","url_text":"9781925283648"}]},{"reference":"\"Births- Barran\". 30 September 1892 - Yorkshire Evening Post Yorkshire, England. Retrieved 31 October 2018. BIRTHS. BARRAN.—September 19, 1892 at Beechwood, Roundhay, the wife of Rowland H. Barren, a daughter...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genesreunited.co.uk/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=beechwood%20lupton%20%20roundhay&county=yorkshire%2c%20england&from=1892&to=1902","url_text":"\"Births- Barran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coates's Herd Book\". Shorthorn Society of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland., 1903. 1903. Retrieved 30 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qp5OAAAAYAAJ&q=Rowland+Barran++Beechwood+Herds","url_text":"\"Coates's Herd Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election intelligence\". The Times. No. 36833. London. 30 July 1902. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 27460\". The London Gazette. 1 August 1902. p. 4962.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27460/page/4962","url_text":"\"No. 27460\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election
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1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election
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["1 Democratic convention","1.1 Candidates","1.2 Results","2 Republican convention","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 General election","3.1 Candidates","3.2 Results","4 References"]
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1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election
← 1872
November 7, 1876
1880 →
Nominee
Zebulon Baird Vance
Thomas Settle
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
123,265
110,061
Percentage
52.83%
47.17%
Governor before election
Curtis Hooks Brogden
Republican
Elected Governor
Zebulon Baird Vance
Democratic
Elections in North Carolina
Federal government
U.S. President
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vte
The 1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1876. Democratic nominee Zebulon Baird Vance defeated Republican nominee Thomas Settle with 52.83% of the vote.
Democratic convention
The Democratic convention was held on June 14, 1876.
Candidates
Zebulon Baird Vance, former Governor
David Settle Reid, former United States Senator
Results
Democratic convention results
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Zebulon Baird Vance
962
99.59
Democratic
David Settle Reid
4
0.41%
Total votes
966
100.00
Republican convention
The Republican convention was held on July 12, 1876.
Candidates
Thomas Settle, former United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Peru
Oliver H. Dockery, former U.S. Representative
Results
Republican convention results
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Thomas Settle
175
72.92
Republican
Oliver H. Dockery
65
27.08
Total votes
240
100.00
General election
Candidates
Zebulon Baird Vance, Democratic
Thomas Settle, Republican
Results
1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Democratic
Zebulon Baird Vance
123,265
52.83%
Republican
Thomas Settle
110,061
47.17%
Majority
13,204
Turnout
Democratic gain from Republican
Swing
References
^ a b c d "North Carolina Manual". 1991. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
^ Kalb, Deborah (December 24, 2015). Guide to U.S. Elections. CQ Press. ISBN 9781483380353. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
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|
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|
[]
| null |
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3X0kAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina Manual\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9CZECwAAQBAJ&pg=1719","external_links_name":"Guide to U.S. Elections"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Tower
|
Cavalier Tower
|
["1 History","2 Present day","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Cavalier TowerTorri tal-KavalierQrendi, Malta Cavalier Tower in 2017Coordinates35°50′10.7″N 14°27′28.6″E / 35.836306°N 14.457944°E / 35.836306; 14.457944TypeTowerSite informationOwnerMarlene FarrugiaOpen tothe publicNoConditionIntactSite historyBuilt byUnknown, possibly Order of Saint JohnIn useYes, as residence and officeMaterialsLimestoneAddress: 32, "Torri tal-Kaptan", Tower Road, Qrendi
Cavalier Tower (Maltese: Torri tal-Kavalier), also known as Qrendi Tower (Maltese: Torri tal-Qrendi) or Captain's Tower (Maltese: Torri tal-Kaptan), and previously as Ellul Preziosi Tower (Maltese: Torri Ellul Preziosi), is a tower in the town of Qrendi, Malta. It was built in the late medieval or early Hospitaller period, and it is one of the oldest surviving towers in Malta.
History
No records exist on the date of construction of Cavalier Tower. It was possibly built in the late medieval period, when Malta was still part of the Kingdom of Sicily. If this is correct, it would be the only surviving medieval tower in Malta, apart from the ruins of a circular tower in Xlendi. Other historians believe that the tower was built in the 16th or 17th century by the Order of Saint John. It is situated near a 16th-century property, built in 1585. In the 17th century, the tower and residence were modified, when the tower lost most of its defensive architecture.
Cavalier Tower was named as such since it housed a Captain (Maltese: Kaptan Kavallier) of the Order.
The tower has an octagonal plan, and it is the only one in Malta with such a design. It is three stories high, and it has cordons between each floor. A number of box machicolations supported on corbels are located at the crest of its parapet. The tower's main entrance is located in an adjacent medieval residence, which was originally a mill room or a chapel.
The tower is surrounded by a cluster of contemporary buildings and courtyards, which have been called "one of the most interesting examples of architectural development" in Malta. In the early 20th century, an underground shelter was excavated beneath the property to be used during the Second World War.
The tower was included on the Antiquities List of 1925. It is also a Grade 1 scheduled building and list on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.
Present day
Today, Cavalier Tower is in good condition. It is a privately owned residence and is not open to the public. It is owned by former MP Marlene Farrugia. A permission to restore the residence, incorporating the tower, was granted by the Planning Authority in 2011. It is currently for sale at approximately €4 million.
Further reading
Cassar, Georeg (2014). Qrendi: Its People and Their Heritage. Qrendi Local Council. p. 40. ISBN 9789995785000.
Cassar, George (January 2016). "Everyday life in Qrendi – a Maltese village during the late Middle ages and the period of the Knights". Sacra Militia (15): 41–56. ISSN 2306-8272.
Grech, Sergio; Cassar, George (2019). Int minn ta' min int?. Kunsill Lokali Qrendi. ISBN 978-99957-1-418-5.
References
^ "HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS ACT MEDICAL COUNCIL. Dental Register Dental Practitioners. Principal List 2020. Article .(1)(a)(b)(c)" (PDF): 13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
^ Spiteri, Stephen C. (May 2008). "A Medieval tower at Qrendi?" (PDF). Arx - Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification. 6: 58–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016.
^ a b "Highly converted palazzo in Qredndi's UCA". Engel & Völkels. 2006–2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016.
^ a b c "Qrendi Tower - Torre Cavalieri" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "The Qrendi Cavalier Tower". Qrendi Scouts. Archived from the original on 6 May 2005. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ Abela, Giovanni Francesco (1647). Della Descrizione di Malta Isola nel Mare Siciliano con le sue Antichità, ed Altre Notizie (in Italian). Paolo Bonacota. p. 207.
^ a b c "One World - Protecting the most significant buildings, monuments and features of the Maltese islands (22) - Torri tal-Kaptan, Qrendi". Times of Malta. 18 July 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939". Malta Environment and Planning Authority. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016.
^ Vella, Matthew (4 June 2017). " People blinded by Labour's largesse, Marlene Farrugia says in video message". Malta Today.
^ "Marlene Farrugia: Speaking out from the backbench (full interview)". The Malta Independent. 10 December 2013.
^ "Kastilja tordna li ma jsirux attakki fuq Marlene Farrugia". illum (in Maltese). 1 June 2015.
^ Fino, Wayne. "Qrendi, Converted Palazzo". Frank Salt. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cavalier Tower.
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
vteHistoric watch towers of MaltaAssociated with the Order of Saint JohnWignacourt towers
Wignacourt Tower
St. Lucian Tower
St. Thomas Tower
Marsalforn Tower^
St. Mary's Tower
Santa Maria delle Grazie Tower^
Lascaris towers
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Għajn Tuffieħa Tower
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Xrobb l-Għaġin Tower^
Triq il-Wiesgħa Tower
Delimara Tower^
Żonqor Tower^
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Tour–Reduits
Fresnoy Redoubt^
Spinola Redoubt^
Vendôme Tower
Marsalforn Tower^
Other Hospitaller towers
Captain's Tower
Garzes Tower^
Mġarr ix-Xini Tower
Sopu Tower
Tal-Wejter Tower
Torre dello Standardo
Privately built
Xlejli Tower1
Cavalier Tower1
Gauci Tower
Birkirkara Tower1
Bubaqra Tower
St. Paul's Tower
Ingraw Tower^
Santa Cecilia Tower
Mamo Tower
Gourgion Tower^
Vincenti Tower
^ Demolished/destroyed1 Builder unknown or uncertain
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower"},{"link_name":"Qrendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrendi"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"}],"text":"Cavalier Tower (Maltese: Torri tal-Kavalier),[2] also known as Qrendi Tower (Maltese: Torri tal-Qrendi) or Captain's Tower (Maltese: Torri tal-Kaptan), and previously as Ellul Preziosi Tower (Maltese: Torri Ellul Preziosi), is a tower in the town of Qrendi, Malta. It was built in the late medieval or early Hospitaller period, and it is one of the oldest surviving towers in Malta.","title":"Cavalier Tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Xlendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlendi"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conversion-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nicpmi-5"},{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oneworld-8"},{"link_name":"machicolations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machicolation"},{"link_name":"corbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbel"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet#Parapets_in_fortification"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oneworld-8"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oneworld-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventory_of_the_Cultural_Property_of_the_Maltese_Islands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nicpmi-5"}],"text":"No records exist on the date of construction of Cavalier Tower. It was possibly built in the late medieval period, when Malta was still part of the Kingdom of Sicily. If this is correct, it would be the only surviving medieval tower in Malta, apart from the ruins of a circular tower in Xlendi. Other historians believe that the tower was built in the 16th or 17th century by the Order of Saint John.[3] It is situated near a 16th-century property, built in 1585.[4] In the 17th century, the tower and residence were modified, when the tower lost most of its defensive architecture.[5]Cavalier Tower was named as such since it housed a Captain (Maltese: Kaptan Kavallier) of the Order.[6]The tower has an octagonal plan,[7] and it is the only one in Malta with such a design. It is three stories high, and it has cordons between each floor.[8] A number of box machicolations supported on corbels are located at the crest of its parapet. The tower's main entrance is located in an adjacent medieval residence, which was originally a mill room or a chapel.[8]The tower is surrounded by a cluster of contemporary buildings and courtyards, which have been called \"one of the most interesting examples of architectural development\" in Malta. In the early 20th century, an underground shelter was excavated beneath the property to be used during the Second World War.[8]The tower was included on the Antiquities List of 1925.[9] It is also a Grade 1 scheduled building and list on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nicpmi-5"},{"link_name":"Marlene Farrugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Farrugia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Planning Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Environment_and_Planning_Authority"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conversion-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Today, Cavalier Tower is in good condition. It is a privately owned residence and is not open to the public.[5] It is owned by former MP Marlene Farrugia.[10][11] A permission to restore the residence, incorporating the tower, was granted by the Planning Authority in 2011.[12] It is currently for sale at approximately €4 million.[4][13]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qrendi: Its People and Their Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pYM5EsadJ5IC&q=Ellul+Preziosi+Tower"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789995785000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789995785000"},{"link_name":"\"Everyday life in Qrendi – a Maltese village during the late Middle ages and the period of the Knights\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/32745507"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2306-8272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2306-8272"},{"link_name":"Int minn ta' min int?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/40669611"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-99957-1-418-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99957-1-418-5"}],"text":"Cassar, Georeg (2014). Qrendi: Its People and Their Heritage. Qrendi Local Council. p. 40. ISBN 9789995785000.Cassar, George (January 2016). \"Everyday life in Qrendi – a Maltese village during the late Middle ages and the period of the Knights\". Sacra Militia (15): 41–56. ISSN 2306-8272.Grech, Sergio; Cassar, George (2019). Int minn ta' min int?. Kunsill Lokali Qrendi. ISBN 978-99957-1-418-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Cassar, Georeg (2014). Qrendi: Its People and Their Heritage. Qrendi Local Council. p. 40. ISBN 9789995785000.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pYM5EsadJ5IC&q=Ellul+Preziosi+Tower","url_text":"Qrendi: Its People and Their Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789995785000","url_text":"9789995785000"}]},{"reference":"Cassar, George (January 2016). \"Everyday life in Qrendi – a Maltese village during the late Middle ages and the period of the Knights\". Sacra Militia (15): 41–56. ISSN 2306-8272.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/32745507","url_text":"\"Everyday life in Qrendi – a Maltese village during the late Middle ages and the period of the Knights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2306-8272","url_text":"2306-8272"}]},{"reference":"Grech, Sergio; Cassar, George (2019). Int minn ta' min int?. Kunsill Lokali Qrendi. ISBN 978-99957-1-418-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/40669611","url_text":"Int minn ta' min int?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99957-1-418-5","url_text":"978-99957-1-418-5"}]},{"reference":"\"HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS ACT MEDICAL COUNCIL. Dental Register Dental Practitioners. Principal List 2020. Article .(1)(a)(b)(c)\" (PDF): 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/regcounc/medicalcouncil/Documents/registers/mcdentistsfull.pdf","url_text":"\"HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS ACT MEDICAL COUNCIL. Dental Register Dental Practitioners. Principal List 2020. Article .(1)(a)(b)(c)\""}]},{"reference":"Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). \"The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory\" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 159. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf","url_text":"\"The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory\""},{"url":"http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spiteri, Stephen C. (May 2008). \"A Medieval tower at Qrendi?\" (PDF). Arx - Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification. 6: 58–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161126232114/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf","url_text":"\"A Medieval tower at Qrendi?\""},{"url":"http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Highly converted palazzo in Qredndi's UCA\". Engel & Völkels. 2006–2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161018015108/https://www.engelvoelkers.com/en-mt/exposes/highly-converted-palazzo-in-qrendis-uca-2311019.1150336_exp/","url_text":"\"Highly converted palazzo in Qredndi's UCA\""},{"url":"https://www.engelvoelkers.com/en-mt/exposes/highly-converted-palazzo-in-qrendis-uca-2311019.1150336_exp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qrendi Tower - Torre Cavalieri\" (PDF). National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232327/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1429.pdf","url_text":"\"Qrendi Tower - Torre Cavalieri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventory_of_the_Cultural_Property_of_the_Maltese_Islands","url_text":"National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands"},{"url":"http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1429.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Qrendi Cavalier Tower\". Qrendi Scouts. Archived from the original on 6 May 2005. Retrieved 25 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050506173101/http://qrendiscouts.org/qrendi_torri_cvlr.htm","url_text":"\"The Qrendi Cavalier Tower\""},{"url":"http://www.qrendiscouts.org/qrendi_torri_cvlr.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abela, Giovanni Francesco (1647). Della Descrizione di Malta Isola nel Mare Siciliano con le sue Antichità, ed Altre Notizie (in Italian). Paolo Bonacota. p. 207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Abela","url_text":"Abela, Giovanni Francesco"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=krRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA92","url_text":"Della Descrizione di Malta Isola nel Mare Siciliano con le sue Antichità, ed Altre Notizie"}]},{"reference":"\"One World - Protecting the most significant buildings, monuments and features of the Maltese islands (22) - Torri tal-Kaptan, Qrendi\". Times of Malta. 18 July 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090718/opinion/one-world-protecting-the-most-significant-buildings-monuments-and.265535","url_text":"\"One World - Protecting the most significant buildings, monuments and features of the Maltese islands (22) - Torri tal-Kaptan, Qrendi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta","url_text":"Times of Malta"}]},{"reference":"\"Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939\". Malta Environment and Planning Authority. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419101304/https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=2627","url_text":"\"Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Environment_and_Planning_Authority","url_text":"Malta Environment and Planning Authority"},{"url":"https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=2627","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vella, Matthew (4 June 2017). \"[WATCH] People blinded by Labour's largesse, Marlene Farrugia says in video message\". Malta Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/election-2017/77862/watch_people_blinded_by_labours_largesse_marlene_farrugia_says_in_video_message#.WUj4xbHRahA","url_text":"\"[WATCH] People blinded by Labour's largesse, Marlene Farrugia says in video message\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marlene Farrugia: Speaking out from the backbench (full interview)\". The Malta Independent. 10 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2013-12-10/local-news/Marlene-Farrugia:-Speaking-out-from-the-backbench-(full-interview)-3419242499","url_text":"\"Marlene Farrugia: Speaking out from the backbench (full interview)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kastilja tordna li ma jsirux attakki fuq Marlene Farrugia\". illum (in Maltese). 1 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.illum.com.mt/ahbarijiet/politika/41998/kastilja_tordna_li_ma_jsirux_attakki_fuq_marlene_farrugia#.WUj-jLHRahA","url_text":"\"Kastilja tordna li ma jsirux attakki fuq Marlene Farrugia\""}]},{"reference":"Fino, Wayne. \"Qrendi, Converted Palazzo\". Frank Salt. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620112908/https://franksalt.com.mt/properties/415022","url_text":"\"Qrendi, Converted Palazzo\""},{"url":"https://franksalt.com.mt/properties/415022","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cavalier_Tower¶ms=35_50_10.7_N_14_27_28.6_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°50′10.7″N 14°27′28.6″E / 35.836306°N 14.457944°E / 35.836306; 14.457944"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pYM5EsadJ5IC&q=Ellul+Preziosi+Tower","external_links_name":"Qrendi: Its People and Their Heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/32745507","external_links_name":"\"Everyday life in Qrendi – a Maltese village during the late Middle ages and the period of the Knights\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2306-8272","external_links_name":"2306-8272"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/40669611","external_links_name":"Int minn ta' min int?"},{"Link":"https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/regcounc/medicalcouncil/Documents/registers/mcdentistsfull.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS ACT MEDICAL COUNCIL. Dental Register Dental Practitioners. Principal List 2020. Article .(1)(a)(b)(c)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417173522/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2015%281949%294%28Oct.-Dec.%29/01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory\""},{"Link":"http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2015(1949)4(Oct.-Dec.)/01.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161126232114/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Medieval tower at Qrendi?\""},{"Link":"http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161018015108/https://www.engelvoelkers.com/en-mt/exposes/highly-converted-palazzo-in-qrendis-uca-2311019.1150336_exp/","external_links_name":"\"Highly converted palazzo in Qredndi's UCA\""},{"Link":"https://www.engelvoelkers.com/en-mt/exposes/highly-converted-palazzo-in-qrendis-uca-2311019.1150336_exp/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232327/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1429.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Qrendi Tower - Torre Cavalieri\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1429.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050506173101/http://qrendiscouts.org/qrendi_torri_cvlr.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Qrendi Cavalier Tower\""},{"Link":"http://www.qrendiscouts.org/qrendi_torri_cvlr.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=krRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA92","external_links_name":"Della Descrizione di Malta Isola nel Mare Siciliano con le sue Antichità, ed Altre Notizie"},{"Link":"https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090718/opinion/one-world-protecting-the-most-significant-buildings-monuments-and.265535","external_links_name":"\"One World - Protecting the most significant buildings, monuments and features of the Maltese islands (22) - Torri tal-Kaptan, Qrendi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419101304/https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=2627","external_links_name":"\"Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939\""},{"Link":"https://www.mepa.org.mt/file.aspx?f=2627","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/election-2017/77862/watch_people_blinded_by_labours_largesse_marlene_farrugia_says_in_video_message#.WUj4xbHRahA","external_links_name":"\"[WATCH] People blinded by Labour's largesse, Marlene Farrugia says in video message\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2013-12-10/local-news/Marlene-Farrugia:-Speaking-out-from-the-backbench-(full-interview)-3419242499","external_links_name":"\"Marlene Farrugia: Speaking out from the backbench (full interview)\""},{"Link":"http://www.illum.com.mt/ahbarijiet/politika/41998/kastilja_tordna_li_ma_jsirux_attakki_fuq_marlene_farrugia#.WUj-jLHRahA","external_links_name":"\"Kastilja tordna li ma jsirux attakki fuq Marlene Farrugia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620112908/https://franksalt.com.mt/properties/415022","external_links_name":"\"Qrendi, Converted Palazzo\""},{"Link":"https://franksalt.com.mt/properties/415022","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232327/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1429.pdf","external_links_name":"National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coghlan_Island_(Alaska)
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Coghlan Island
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["1 History","2 Notable flora and fauna","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 58°21′12″N 134°41′50″W / 58.35333°N 134.69722°W / 58.35333; -134.69722Island in Alaska, United States
Coghlan IslandGeographyLocationJuneau City and Borough, AlaskaCoordinates58°21′12″N 134°41′50″W / 58.35333°N 134.69722°W / 58.35333; -134.69722ArchipelagoAlexander ArchipelagoLength1 mi (2 km)Highest elevation177 ft (53.9 m)AdministrationUnited StatesStateAlaskaBoroughJuneau
Coghlan Island is an island in the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska, United States. Located in Stephens Passage, it is 1.2 miles (1.0 nmi; 1.9 km) south of Fairhaven and 11 miles (9.6 nmi; 18 km) northwest of the city of Juneau. It was named in 1885 by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for United States Navy officer Joseph Coghlan, who commanded the USS Adams during its survey of southeastern Alaska from 1883 to 1884.
History
Former Alaska state legislator Bruce Weyhrauch was stranded on Coghlan Island on April 22, 2007, after he fell out of his boat at about 6:00 PM that night; he was forced to swim to the island. The United States Coast Guard District Seventeen, Sector Juneau, searched for Weyhrauch during the night. A volunteer rescue team from the nonprofit organization SEADOGS located him at approximately 11:00 AM on April 23.
A Federal Aviation Administration non-directional radio beacon is located on the island. It transmits the Morse code callsign CGL on a frequency of 212 kHz.
Notable flora and fauna
Coghlan Island was noted as the northernmost location of specimens of Triopha catalinae, a type of sea slug.
References
^ USGS GNIS Feature Detail Report: Coghlan Island
^ Lewis, Ken (April 25, 2007). "Weyhrauch expresses gratitude after ordeal". Juneau Empire. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ Code of Federal Regulations. Title 14, Part 600 to End. United States Government Printing Office, 1961.
^ "Juneau Visual Check Points, and Flight Advisory Frequencies Sectional Map" (PDF). (823.06 KB)
^ The Veliger. Volume 19, Issues 3-4. California Malacozoological Society, 1976.
This article about a location in the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City and Borough of Juneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stephens Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephens_Passage"},{"link_name":"Fairhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairhaven,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"United States Coast and Geodetic Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Joseph Coghlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Coghlan"},{"link_name":"USS Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adams_(1874)"},{"link_name":"southeastern Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Alaska"}],"text":"Island in Alaska, United StatesCoghlan Island is an island in the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska, United States.[1] Located in Stephens Passage, it is 1.2 miles (1.0 nmi; 1.9 km) south of Fairhaven and 11 miles (9.6 nmi; 18 km) northwest of the city of Juneau. It was named in 1885 by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for United States Navy officer Joseph Coghlan, who commanded the USS Adams during its survey of southeastern Alaska from 1883 to 1884.","title":"Coghlan Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Weyhrauch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Weyhrauch"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"SEADOGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seadogs.us/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"non-directional radio beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Former Alaska state legislator Bruce Weyhrauch was stranded on Coghlan Island on April 22, 2007, after he fell out of his boat at about 6:00 PM that night; he was forced to swim to the island. The United States Coast Guard District Seventeen, Sector Juneau, searched for Weyhrauch during the night. A volunteer rescue team from the nonprofit organization SEADOGS located him at approximately 11:00 AM on April 23.[2]A Federal Aviation Administration non-directional radio beacon is located on the island.[3] It transmits the Morse code callsign CGL on a frequency of 212 kHz.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triopha catalinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triopha_catalinae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Coghlan Island was noted as the northernmost location of specimens of Triopha catalinae, a type of sea slug.[5]","title":"Notable flora and fauna"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Lewis, Ken (April 25, 2007). \"Weyhrauch expresses gratitude after ordeal\". Juneau Empire. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120917005413/http://juneauempire.com/stories/042507/loc_20070425018.shtml","url_text":"\"Weyhrauch expresses gratitude after ordeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juneau_Empire","url_text":"Juneau Empire"},{"url":"http://juneauempire.com/stories/042507/loc_20070425018.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Juneau Visual Check Points, and Flight Advisory Frequencies Sectional Map\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/systemops/fs/alaskan/alaska/jnu/vfr/media/jnu51tfcarea.pdf","url_text":"\"Juneau Visual Check Points, and Flight Advisory Frequencies Sectional Map\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coghlan_Island¶ms=58_21_12_N_134_41_50_W_type:isle","external_links_name":"58°21′12″N 134°41′50″W / 58.35333°N 134.69722°W / 58.35333; -134.69722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coghlan_Island¶ms=58_21_12_N_134_41_50_W_type:isle","external_links_name":"58°21′12″N 134°41′50″W / 58.35333°N 134.69722°W / 58.35333; -134.69722"},{"Link":"http://www.seadogs.us/","external_links_name":"SEADOGS"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1400566","external_links_name":"USGS GNIS Feature Detail Report: Coghlan Island"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120917005413/http://juneauempire.com/stories/042507/loc_20070425018.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Weyhrauch expresses gratitude after ordeal\""},{"Link":"http://juneauempire.com/stories/042507/loc_20070425018.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/systemops/fs/alaskan/alaska/jnu/vfr/media/jnu51tfcarea.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Juneau Visual Check Points, and Flight Advisory Frequencies Sectional Map\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coghlan_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Patapsco_(1799)
|
USS Patapsco (1799)
|
["1 References"]
|
Sloop-of-war of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Patapsco and USS Chesapeake.
History
United States
NamePatapsco
NamesakePatapsco River
Launched20 June 1799
FateSold June 1801
General characteristics
Tonnage380
Length87 ft (27 m)
Beam29 ft (8.8 m)
Depth of hold12 ft (3.7 m)
Complement180
Armament20 guns
The first USS Patapsco was a sloop in the United States Navy.
Patapsco was launched as Chesapeake 20 June 1799 by Captain De Rochbruns, and renamed Patapsco between 10 October and 14 November, as both her and frigate Chesapeake, commissioned in 1800, had been given the same name. Name was changed to prevent confusion. She is referred to as Patapsco in letter dated 23 October, 1799 written by the Navy Secretary. Patapsco is the name of a river in Maryland.
Commanded by Captain Henry Geddes, she escorted the brig Acteon to New Orleans, carrying General James Wilkinson and his staff to that port, arriving 10 February, 1800. She then cruised in the West Indies, protecting American shipping from French cruisers and privateers during the Quasi-War with France. Operating in Commodore Silas Talbot's squadron, she captured schooner Cecilia after a five-hour chase 28 May 1800. On 7 August she captured French letter of marque Dorade. In the autumn she also engaged Louisa Bridge but the schooner escaped.
She aided Merrimack and a British frigate in defeating a French invasion of Curaçao, in the Netherlands Antilles, before returning to Philadelphia in December. She was sold there in June 1801.
References
^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 255" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 312" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, February, 1800-March, 1800 Pg. 206" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
vteAct of 30 June 1798 ships of the US Navy
Boston
Essex
John Adams
Maryland
Merrimack
New York
Patapsco
Philadelphia
Richmond
Trumbull
List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Patapsco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Patapsco"},{"link_name":"USS Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"a river in Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapsco_River"},{"link_name":"Henry Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Geddes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"James Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"privateers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer"},{"link_name":"Quasi-War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-War"},{"link_name":"Silas Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Talbot"},{"link_name":"letter of marque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_marque"},{"link_name":"Merrimack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Merrimack_(1798)"},{"link_name":"French invasion of Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Patapsco and USS Chesapeake.The first USS Patapsco was a sloop in the United States Navy.Patapsco was launched as Chesapeake 20 June 1799 by Captain De Rochbruns, and renamed Patapsco between 10 October and 14 November, as both her and frigate Chesapeake, commissioned in 1800, had been given the same name. Name was changed to prevent confusion.[1] She is referred to as Patapsco in letter dated 23 October, 1799 written by the Navy Secretary.[2] Patapsco is the name of a river in Maryland.Commanded by Captain Henry Geddes, she escorted the brig Acteon to New Orleans, carrying General James Wilkinson and his staff to that port, arriving 10 February, 1800.[3] She then cruised in the West Indies, protecting American shipping from French cruisers and privateers during the Quasi-War with France. Operating in Commodore Silas Talbot's squadron, she captured schooner Cecilia after a five-hour chase 28 May 1800. On 7 August she captured French letter of marque Dorade. In the autumn she also engaged Louisa Bridge but the schooner escaped.She aided Merrimack and a British frigate in defeating a French invasion of Curaçao, in the Netherlands Antilles, before returning to Philadelphia in December. She was sold there in June 1801.","title":"USS Patapsco (1799)"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 255\" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v04p02.pdf","url_text":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 255\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 312\" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 23 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v04p02.pdf","url_text":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 312\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, February, 1800-March, 1800 Pg. 206\" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v05p02.pdf","url_text":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, February, 1800-March, 1800 Pg. 206\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v04p02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 255\""},{"Link":"https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v04p02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 312\""},{"Link":"https://ibiblio.org/anrs/docs/E/E3/nd_quasiwar_v05p02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, February, 1800-March, 1800 Pg. 206\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/patapsco-i.html","external_links_name":"here"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Pan%C8%9Buru
|
Ion Panțuru
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Romanian bobsledder
Ion PanțuruPanțuru (left) and Focșeneanu (1973)Personal informationBorn11 September 1934Comarnic, RomaniaDiedJanuary 17, 2016(2016-01-17) (aged 81)Ploiești, RomaniaHeight172 cm (5 ft 8 in)Weight77 kg (170 lb)SportSportBobsleighClubBobclub Sinaia
Medal record
Representing Romania
Olympic Games
1968 Grenoble
Two-man
World Championships
1969 Lake Placid
Two-man
1973 Lake Placid
Two-man
Ion Panţuru (11 September 1934 – 17 January 2016) was a Romanian bobsledder. He competed in two-man and four-man events at the 1964, 1968, 1972 and 1976 Olympics and served as the Olympic flag bearer for Romania in 1964 and 1972.
Panţuru took up bobsleigh at the age of 24, after playing as a football goalkeeper at the Divizia B-level. At the 1968 Games he won a bronze medal with brakeman Nicolae Neagoe, which remains Romania's only medal at the Winter Olympics. At the same Olympics he was also close to a bronze medal in the four-man competition, placing fourth. At the FIBT World Championships he won two medals in the two-man event, together with another brakeman Dumitru Focșeneanu, with a silver in 1969 and a bronze in 1973. At the European championships Panţuru won four-man gold medals in 1967 and 1971, placing second in four-man in 1968–69 and in two-man events in 1967 and 1969; he also won a four-man bronze medal in 1970.
Panţuru lost his 1969 World Championships medal in a car on his way to the airport. The medal was found in a basement 30 years later, and returned to Panțuru. After retiring from competitions he worked as a national bobsleigh coach. For his sports achievements he was made an honorary citizen of three Romanian towns: Comarnic, Sinaia and Busteni.
References
^ Romania Archived 16 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. sports-reference.com
^ a b "Ion Panţuru, eroul bobului romanesc" (in Romanian). Retrieved 28 May 2014.
^ a b Ion Panțuru Archived 16 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. sports-reference.com
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ion Panțuru.
1972 bobsleigh four-man results
Bobsleigh two-man Olympic medalists 1932–56 and since 1964
Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931
DatabaseOlympics.com profile
This biographical article relating to bobsleigh in Romania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ion Panţuru, eroul bobului romanesc\" (in Romanian). Retrieved 28 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportrevolution.ro/ion-panturu-eroul-bobului-romanesc/","url_text":"\"Ion Panţuru, eroul bobului romanesc\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ROU/","external_links_name":"Romania"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916081010/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ROU/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sportrevolution.ro/ion-panturu-eroul-bobului-romanesc/","external_links_name":"\"Ion Panţuru, eroul bobului romanesc\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/ion-panturu-1.html","external_links_name":"Ion Panțuru"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916102356/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/ion-panturu-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.todor66.com/olim/1972w/Bobsleigh_Fours.html","external_links_name":"1972 bobsleigh four-man results"},{"Link":"http://sports123.com/bob/mo-2.html","external_links_name":"Bobsleigh two-man Olympic medalists 1932–56 and since 1964"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091333/http://sports123.com/bob/mw-2.html","external_links_name":"Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031329/http://databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=PANTUION01","external_links_name":"DatabaseOlympics.com profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_Pan%C8%9Buru&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_4_inch_naval_gun_Mk_I_-_VI
|
BL 4-inch Mk I – VI naval gun
|
["1 History","1.1 13 cwt Mk I, 15 calibres","1.2 22.5 cwt Mk I, 25 calibres","1.3 26 cwt Mks II - VI, 27 calibres","1.4 QFC 4-inch gun","2 Surviving examples","3 See also","4 Notes and references","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Naval gun Ordnance BL 4-inch gun Mk I – Mk VI TypeNaval gunPlace of originUnited KingdomService historyIn service1880s – 190?Used byUnited KingdomSpecificationsBarrel lengthMk I 22.5cwt : 100 inches (2.540 m) bore (25 calibres)Mk II – VI : 108 inches (2.743 m) bore (27 calibres) 120 inches totalShell25 pounds (11.34 kg)Calibre4-inch (101.6 mm)Breech3-motion screwMuzzle velocityMk I 13cwt : 1,180 feet per second (360 m/s) Mk II – VI : 1,900 feet per second (580 m/s)Maximum firing rangeMk II-VI 7,700 yards (7,000 m)
The BL 4-inch gun Mk I – Mk VI were a family of early British breech-loading 4-inch naval guns.
History
13 cwt Mk I, 15 calibres
This was the first 4-inch BL gun. With its short (60-inch total) barrel it had a range of only 5,500 yards.
22.5 cwt Mk I, 25 calibres
With its longer barrel (100 inch bore) Mk I had a range of 7,200 yards.
Both early Mk I types were quickly withdrawn from service following the explosion of a similar BL 6 inch Mk II gun on board HMS Cordelia in June 1891. Mk I 22.5 cwt continued to be used for training.
26 cwt Mks II - VI, 27 calibres
The improved 27-calibre Mk II gun and subsequent Marks, often referred to as 4 inch 26 cwt, replaced the early Mk I versions in service. The longer barrel (108 inch bore : 27 calibres) gave it a range of 7,700 yards.
Mk II guns and later Marks armed the following warships :
HMS Inflexible as re-gunned in 1885
HMS Bellerophon as re-gunned in 1885
Pygmy-class composite screw gunboats of 1888
Redbreast-class gunboats launched in 1889
HMS Alexandra as re-gunned in 1891
Alert-class sloops of 1894
The gun was succeeded in its class from 1895 by the QF 4-inch gun Mk I.
QFC 4-inch gun
A small number of these guns were converted to QF to use the same cartridges as the QF 4-inch gun. They were designated Mk I/IV, I/VI etc. depending on which Mark of BL 4-inch had been converted. All had a bore of 27.85 calibres after conversion, with a muzzle velocity of 2,177 ft/second.
Surviving examples
A gun from 1888 at Explosion! The Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport from Victorian Forts and Artillery website
A gun from HMS Gannet, mounted on top of Calshot Castle at the entrance to Southampton Water from Victorian Forts and Artillery website
See also
List of naval guns
Notes and references
^ a b c d e DiGiulian
^ a b c d Text Book of Gunnery, 1902
^ Mk I 13cwt gun : 1180 ft/sec firing 25 pound projectile with 3lb 4oz RLG2 (gunpowder). Text Book of Gunnery 1887, Table XVI page 313
^ Mk II – VI 1,900 ft/s with 25 lb (11 kg) projectile, using 12 lb (5.4 kg) S.P. (gunpowder) or 3 lb 1 oz (1.4 kg) cordite MK I size 5 propellant (Text Book of Gunnery, 1902)
^ Mk I – Mk VI = Marks 1 through to Mark 6. Britain used Roman numerals to denote Marks (models) of ordnance until after World War 2. This article covers the first six models of British BL 4-inch naval guns
^ Text Book of Gunnery 1902
Bibliography
Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE Archived 4 December 2012 at archive.today
Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE Archived 12 July 2012 at archive.today
Tony DiGiulian, British Early 4" (10.2 cm) Breech Loaders
External links
Handbook for 4-inch B.L. gun mark V and VI land service 1890 at State Library of Victoria
Handbook of the 4-inch Gun Marks V and VI. (Land Service.) 1904
Wikimedia Commons has media related to BL 4 inch Mk I - VI naval gun.
Mk V or VI gun as movable fortification gun, on siege overbank carriage. At Victorian Forts and Artillery website
Mk I diagram and photos at Victorian Forts and Artillery website
vteBritish Empire naval weapons of the Victorian eraSmoothbore muzzle-loading cannons
18-pounder
24-pounder
32-pounder 55 cwt
32-pounder gun
68-pounder
Somerset cannon
Smoothbore muzzle-loading shell guns
8-inch
10-inch 86 cwt
Mortars
10-inch Blomefield
13-inch Blomefield
Howitzers
12-pounder Millar
24-pounder Millar
Rifled breechloaders (Armstrong)
RBL 9 pounder
RBL 20-pounder
RBL 40-pounder
RBL 7-inch 110-pounder
Rifled muzzle-loaders (Lancaster)
68-pounder Lancaster gun
Rifled muzzle-loaders (converted)
RML 64-pounder 71 cwt
Rifled muzzle-loaders (Woolwich)
RML 9-pounder 8 cwt
RML 64-pounder 64 cwt
RML 7-inch
RML 8-inch
RML 9-inch
RML 10-inch
RML 11-inch
RML 12-inch 25-ton
RML 12-inch 35-ton
RML 12.5-inch
RML 16-inch
Breech-loaders (new pattern)
BL 4-inch
BL 5-inch
BL 6-inch 80-pounder
BL 6-inch Mk II – VI
BL 8-inch
BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII
BL 9.2-inch Mk VIII
BL 10-inch
BL 12-inch Mk I – VII
BL 12-inch Mk VIII
BL 13.5-inch
BL 16.25-inch
Quick-firing guns
QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss
QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss
QF 6-pounder Nordenfelt
QF 12-pounder 12 cwt Mk I
QF 4-inch
QF 4.7-inch
QF 6-inch
Light weapons
Gatling gun
Gardner gun
Nordenfelt gun
1-inch Nordenfelt gun
Torpedoes
Whitehead torpedo
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"breech-loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading"},{"link_name":"naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_gun"}],"text":"Naval gunThe BL 4-inch gun Mk I – Mk VI[5] were a family of early British breech-loading 4-inch naval guns.","title":"BL 4-inch Mk I – VI naval gun"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiGiulian-1"}],"sub_title":"13 cwt Mk I, 15 calibres","text":"This was the first 4-inch BL gun. With its short (60-inch total) barrel it had a range of only 5,500 yards.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiGiulian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiGiulian-1"}],"sub_title":"22.5 cwt Mk I, 25 calibres","text":"With its longer barrel (100 inch bore) Mk I had a range of 7,200 yards.[1]\nBoth early Mk I types were quickly withdrawn from service following the explosion of a similar BL 6 inch Mk II gun on board HMS Cordelia in June 1891.[1] Mk I 22.5 cwt continued to be used for training.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HMS Inflexible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Inflexible_(1876)"},{"link_name":"HMS Bellerophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1865)"},{"link_name":"Redbreast-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbreast-class_gunboat"},{"link_name":"gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"HMS Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alexandra"},{"link_name":"Alert-class sloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert-class_sloop"},{"link_name":"QF 4-inch gun Mk I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_4-inch_naval_gun_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_III"}],"sub_title":"26 cwt Mks II - VI, 27 calibres","text":"The improved 27-calibre Mk II gun and subsequent Marks, often referred to as 4 inch 26 cwt, replaced the early Mk I versions in service. The longer barrel (108 inch bore : 27 calibres) gave it a range of 7,700 yards.[6]Mk II guns and later Marks armed the following warships :HMS Inflexible as re-gunned in 1885\nHMS Bellerophon as re-gunned in 1885\nPygmy-class composite screw gunboats of 1888\nRedbreast-class gunboats launched in 1889\nHMS Alexandra as re-gunned in 1891\nAlert-class sloops of 1894The gun was succeeded in its class from 1895 by the QF 4-inch gun Mk I.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_ordnance_terms#QF"},{"link_name":"QF 4-inch gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_4-inch_naval_gun_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunnery1902-2"}],"sub_title":"QFC 4-inch gun","text":"A small number of these guns were converted to QF to use the same cartridges as the QF 4-inch gun. They were designated Mk I/IV, I/VI etc. depending on which Mark of BL 4-inch had been converted. All had a bore of 27.85 calibres after conversion, with a muzzle velocity of 2,177 ft/second.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A gun from 1888 at Explosion! The Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/images/Vavasseur/4-inchBL.jpg"},{"link_name":"A gun from HMS Gannet, mounted on top of Calshot Castle at the entrance to Southampton Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/images/Vavasseur/calshot.jpg"}],"text":"A gun from 1888 at Explosion! The Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport from Victorian Forts and Artillery website\nA gun from HMS Gannet, mounted on top of Calshot Castle at the entrance to Southampton Water from Victorian Forts and Artillery website","title":"Surviving examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DiGiulian_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DiGiulian_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DiGiulian_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DiGiulian_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DiGiulian_1-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gunnery1902_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gunnery1902_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gunnery1902_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gunnery1902_2-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gunnery1887_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Roman numerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ a b c d e DiGiulian\n\n^ a b c d Text Book of Gunnery, 1902\n\n^ Mk I 13cwt gun : 1180 ft/sec firing 25 pound projectile with 3lb 4oz RLG2 (gunpowder). Text Book of Gunnery 1887, Table XVI page 313\n\n^ Mk II – VI 1,900 ft/s with 25 lb (11 kg) projectile, using 12 lb (5.4 kg) S.P. (gunpowder) or 3 lb 1 oz (1.4 kg) cordite MK I size 5 propellant (Text Book of Gunnery, 1902)\n\n^ Mk I – Mk VI = Marks 1 through to Mark 6. Britain used Roman numerals to denote Marks (models) of ordnance until after World War 2. This article covers the first six models of British BL 4-inch naval guns\n\n^ Text Book of Gunnery 1902","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,222"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121204140418/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,222"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,230"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120712182551/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,230"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"British Early 4\" (10.2 cm) Breech Loaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_4-25_mk1.htm"}],"text":"Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE Archived 4 December 2012 at archive.today\nText Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE Archived 12 July 2012 at archive.today\nTony DiGiulian, British Early 4\" (10.2 cm) Breech Loaders","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of naval guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naval_guns"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/images/Vavasseur/4-inchBL.jpg","external_links_name":"A gun from 1888 at Explosion! The Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/images/Vavasseur/calshot.jpg","external_links_name":"A gun from HMS Gannet, mounted on top of Calshot Castle at the entrance to Southampton Water"},{"Link":"http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,222","external_links_name":"Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121204140418/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,222","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,230","external_links_name":"Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120712182551/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/u?/p4013coll11,230","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_4-25_mk1.htm","external_links_name":"British Early 4\" (10.2 cm) Breech Loaders"},{"Link":"http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/99842","external_links_name":"Handbook for 4-inch B.L. gun mark V and VI land service 1890"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HandbookOfThe4InchGunMarksVAndV","external_links_name":"Handbook of the 4-inch Gun Marks V and VI. (Land Service.) 1904"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/4inchBLsiege.htm","external_links_name":"Mk V or VI gun as movable fortification gun, on siege overbank carriage. At Victorian Forts and Artillery website"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/4vav.htm","external_links_name":"Mk I diagram and photos at Victorian Forts and Artillery website"}]
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