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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Georgetown_Hoyas_men%27s_basketball_team
1950–51 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team
["1 Season recap","2 Roster","3 1950–51 schedule and results","4 Notes","5 References"]
American college basketball season 1950–51 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketballConferenceIndependentRecord8–14Head coachFrancis "Buddy" O'Grady (2nd season)Assistant coachDominic Cara (1st season)CaptainDanny Supkis (1st year)Home arenaUline ArenaSeasons← 1949–501951–52 → The 1950–51 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1950–51 NCAA college basketball season. Francis "Buddy" O'Grady coached it in his second season as head coach. The team was an independent and moved to Uline Arena in Washington, D.C., for its home games this season. It finished with a record of 8-14 and had no post-season play. Season recap The 1950–51 team was a youthful one, with a roster that included only one senior and four juniors, the other ten players being sophomores. Seven of those sophomores had arrived on the varsity team from a freshman team that had had great success the previous year, posting a 16-1 record. Sophomore center Bill Bolger was among the new arrivals. Playing in all 22 games, he scored 20 or more points in five of the final 11 games of the season, averaging 12.7 points per game for the year. Another standout sophomore was guard Barry Sullivan, who debuted in the first game of the season with 22 points against Geneva. He followed that by scoring in double figures in 16 of the next 17 games, including 25 points against Long Island and another 25-point performance against American in the next game five days later. He missed the last four games of the season due to illness, but averaged a team-leading 16.1 points per game for the season. Sophomore center Hugh Beins scored in double figures in seven of eight games at midseason and had a season-high 19 points against Mount St. Mary's. His performance tailed off later in the season, but he would return for two more years as one of the top players in Georgetown history. The young and inexperienced team started with an 8-6 record but ended the season with an eight-game losing streak that gave it a final record of 8-14. It had no post-season play and was not ranked in the Top 20 in the Associated Press Poll or in the Top 30 in the Coaches' Poll – which began this season – at any time. No Georgetown men's basketball team had played its home games on campus since the 1926-27 team had used Ryan Gymnasium as its home court, but the 1950–51 squad was the last Georgetown men's basketball team to play its home games in an off-campus facility until the 1981-82 team moved to the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland. Ground had been broken on campus for the construction of McDonough Gymnasium, which would host Georgetown's home games for 30 years beginning the next season. Roster Sources # Name Height Weight (lbs.) Position Class Hometown Previous Team(s) 5 Neil Conway 6'5" N/A G Jr. Ashley, PA, U.S. Saint Leo's HS 8 Gerry Nappy 6'6" N/A G So. Teaneck, NJ, U.S. Xavier HS (New York, NY) 9 Bob Scott N/A N/A F So. N/A N/A 11 Bob Makatura 5'10" N/A G So. New York, NY, U.S. St. Francis Preparatory School 13 Tony Durmowicz 6'5" N/A F Jr. Baltimore, MD, U.S. Loyola HS 15 Mike Vitale N/A N/A G Jr. East Orange, NJ, U.S. Seton Hall Preparatory School 17 Don O'Leary 6'2" N/A G Jr. New York, NY, U.S. La Salle HS 20 Bill Stors 6'5" N/A G Jr. New York, NY, U.S. Regis HS 21 (home)27 (road) Hugh Beins 6'7" N/A C So. New York, NY, U.S. Manhattan Preparatory School 24 Billy Wolfer 6'5" N/A F So. Allentown, PA, U.S. Allentown Central Catholic HS 26 Dennis Murphy 6'5" N/A G So. New York, NY, U.S. Cardinal Hayes HS 30 Bill Bolger 6'5" 205 F So. New York, NY, U.S. Xavier HS 40 Barry Sullivan 6'1" N/A G So. New York, NY, U.S. Regis HS N/A Jack Hekker 6'4" N/A G So. North Arlington, NJ, U.S. Queen of Peace HS N/A Jim Larkins 6'6" N/A G So. Silver Spring, MD, U.S. Gonzaga College HS (Washington, DC) N/A Danny Supkis 6'7" N/A C Sr. New York, NY, U.S. St. Alban's HS 1950–51 schedule and results It had been a common practice for many years for colleges and universities to include non-collegiate opponents in their schedules, with the games recognized as part of their official record for the season, and the February 3, 1951, game against the New York Athletic Club therefore counted as part of Georgetown's won-loss record for 1950–51. It was not until 1952 after the completion of the 1951–52 season that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ruled that colleges and universities could no longer count games played against non-collegiate opponents in their annual won-loss records. Sources Datetime, TV Rank# Opponent# Result Record Site city, state Regular Season Tue., Dec. 5, 1950no, no Geneva W 92–61  1-0 Uline Arena Washington, DC Fri., Dec. 8, 1950no, no Saint Francis W 80–59  2-0 Uline Arena Washington, DC Mon., Dec. 11, 1950no, no at Mount St. Mary's W 87–62  3-0 Alumni Gymnasium Emmitsburg, MD Thu., Dec. 14, 1950no, no at Long Island L 66–75  3-1 Madison Square Garden New York, NY Tue., Dec. 19, 1950no, no American W 65–62  4-1 Uline Arena Washington, DC Tue., Jan. 9, 1951no, no George Washington L 80–90  4-2 Uline Arena Washington, DC Sat., Jan. 13, 1951no, no at Maryland L 47–58  4-3 Ritchie Coliseum College Park, MD Sat., Jan. 20, 1951no, no at Pennsylvania L 76–92  4-4 Palestra Philadelphia, PA Wed., Jan. 24, 1951no, no at Navy W 58–55  5-4 Dahlgren Hall Annapolis, MD Thu., Jan. 25, 1951no, no at Gannon L 62–66  5-5 Gannon Auditorium Erie, PA Sat., Jan. 26, 1951no, no at Canisius W 87–76  6-5 Buffalo Memorial Auditorium Buffalo, NY Fri., Feb. 2, 1951no, no William & Mary L 64–75  6-6 Uline Arena Washington, DC Sat., Feb. 3, 1951no, no at Loyola Maryland W 57–48  7-6 Alumni Gymnasium Baltimore, MD Sat., Feb. 3, 1951no, no at New York Athletic Club W 62–45  8-6 New York Athletic Club Gymnasium New York, NY Wed., Feb. 7, 1951no, no Penn State L 58–70  8-7 Uline Arena Washington, DC Wed., Feb. 7, 1951no, no Oklahoma City L 45–51  8-8 Uline Arena Washington, DC Tue., Feb. 13, 1951no, no La Salle L 74–79  8-9 Uline Arena Washington, DC Fri., Feb. 16, 1951no, no Fordham L 56–61  8-10 Uline Arena Washington, DC Mon., Feb. 19, 1951no, no Siena L 48–57  8-11 Uline Arena Washington, DC Tue., Feb. 22, 1951no, no at North Carolina State L 83–101  8-12 William Neal Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh, NC Sat., Feb. 24, 1951no, no George Washington L 49–74  8-13 Uline Arena Washington, DC Tue., Feb. 27, 1951no, no Seton Hal L 78–82  8-14 Uline Arena Washington, DC *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. Notes ^ a b The Georgetown Basketball History Project states that both the Loyola Maryland game and the New York Athletic Club game took place on February 3, 1951. References ^ a b Georgetown Basketball History Project: The Top 100: 53. Barry Sullivan ^ a b The Georgetown Basketball History Project: The Top 100: 59. Hugh Beins ^ a b "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: The Top 100: 36. Bill Bolger". Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2014. ^ sports-reference.com 1950-51 Independent Season Summary ^ sports-reference.com 1950-51 Polls ^ "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Rosters 1950–51 to 1959–1960". Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2014. ^ The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Player Directory: Jersey Numbers ^ "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Non-Collegiate Opponents". Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2014. ^ The Georgetown Basketball History Project: 1950s Seasons ^ "The Georgetown Basketball History Project: Records vs. All Opponents". Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2014. ^ sports-reference.com 1950-51 Georgetown Hoyas Schedule and Results ^ 2012-2013 Georgetown Men's Basketball Media Guide, p. 60. vteGeorgetown Hoyas men's basketballVenues Washington Light Infantry Armory (1906–1907) Convention Hall (1907–1908) Odd Fellows Hall (1908–1911) Arcade Rink (1911–1914, 1927–1928) Ryan Gymnasium (1914–1927) Clendenen Gymnasium (1928–1929) Tech Gymnasium (1929–1940, 1942–1943) Riverside Stadium (1940–1942) Brookland Gymnasium (1945–1946) Uline Arena (1946–1947, 1949–1951) D.C. Armory (1947–1949) McDonough Gymnasium (1951–present) Capital Centre (1981–1997) Capital One Arena (1997–present) Rivalries St. John's UConn Culture & lore History Hoya Saxa Jack the Bulldog There Goes Old Georgetown 1989 Princeton game Above the Rim People Head coaches NBA draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 NCAA national championships in bold; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"1950–51 NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_NCAA_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Francis \"Buddy\" O'Grady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_O%27Grady"},{"link_name":"Uline Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uline_Arena"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"The 1950–51 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team represented Georgetown University during the 1950–51 NCAA college basketball season. Francis \"Buddy\" O'Grady coached it in his second season as head coach. The team was an independent and moved to Uline Arena in Washington, D.C., for its home games this season. It finished with a record of 8-14 and had no post-season play.","title":"1950–51 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sullivan-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beins-2"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bolger-3"},{"link_name":"guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_College"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_University"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sullivan-1"},{"link_name":"Mount St. Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_Mountaineers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beins-2"},{"link_name":"Associated Press Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_Poll"},{"link_name":"Coaches' Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaches%27_Poll"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1926-27 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Georgetown_Hoyas_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Ryan Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Gymnasium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981-82 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Georgetown_Hoyas_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Capital Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Centre_(Landover,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Landover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landover,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"McDonough Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonough_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"next season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Georgetown_Hoyas_men%27s_basketball_team"}],"text":"The 1950–51 team was a youthful one, with a roster that included only one senior and four juniors, the other ten players being sophomores. Seven of those sophomores had arrived on the varsity team from a freshman team that had had great success the previous year, posting a 16-1 record.[1][2]Sophomore center Bill Bolger was among the new arrivals. Playing in all 22 games, he scored 20 or more points in five of the final 11 games of the season, averaging 12.7 points per game for the year.[3]Another standout sophomore was guard Barry Sullivan, who debuted in the first game of the season with 22 points against Geneva. He followed that by scoring in double figures in 16 of the next 17 games, including 25 points against Long Island and another 25-point performance against American in the next game five days later. He missed the last four games of the season due to illness, but averaged a team-leading 16.1 points per game for the season.[1]Sophomore center Hugh Beins scored in double figures in seven of eight games at midseason and had a season-high 19 points against Mount St. Mary's. His performance tailed off later in the season, but he would return for two more years as one of the top players in Georgetown history.[2]The young and inexperienced team started with an 8-6 record but ended the season with an eight-game losing streak that gave it a final record of 8-14. It had no post-season play and was not ranked in the Top 20 in the Associated Press Poll or in the Top 30 in the Coaches' Poll – which began this season – at any time.[4][5]No Georgetown men's basketball team had played its home games on campus since the 1926-27 team had used Ryan Gymnasium as its home court, but the 1950–51 squad was the last Georgetown men's basketball team to play its home games in an off-campus facility until the 1981-82 team moved to the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland. Ground had been broken on campus for the construction of McDonough Gymnasium, which would host Georgetown's home games for 30 years beginning the next season.","title":"Season recap"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bolger-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sources[3][6][7]","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Athletic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"It had been a common practice for many years for colleges and universities to include non-collegiate opponents in their schedules, with the games recognized as part of their official record for the season, and the February 3, 1951, game against the New York Athletic Club therefore counted as part of Georgetown's won-loss record for 1950–51. It was not until 1952 after the completion of the 1951–52 season that the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ruled that colleges and universities could no longer count games played against non-collegiate opponents in their annual won-loss records.[8]Sources[9][10][11][12]","title":"1950–51 schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-schedule_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-schedule_13-1"},{"link_name":"The Georgetown Basketball History Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hoyabasketball.com/records/bb-1950.htm"}],"text":"^ a b The Georgetown Basketball History Project states that both the Loyola Maryland game and the New York Athletic Club game took place on February 3, 1951.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Air_Commando_Squadron
1st Special Operations Squadron
["1 History","1.1 Vietnam War","1.2 Post-Vietnam operations","1.3 Post 2000 assignments","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","3 Aircraft operated","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]
For other uses, see 1 Squadron. "1st Pursuit Squadron" redirects here. For the 1st Pursuit Squadron (Night Fighter), see 915th Air Refueling Squadron. US Air Force military squadron 1st Special Operations Squadron MC-130J Commando IIActive1939–1942; 1949–1952; 1953–1954; 1963–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleSpecial OperationsPart ofAir Force Special Operations CommandGarrison/HQKadena Air BaseDecorationsPresidential Unit CitationAir Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" DeviceAir Force Meritorious Unit AwardAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardRepublic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with PalmInsignia1st Special Operations Squadron emblem (approved 20 May 1966)Unofficial 1st Air Commando Squadron emblemMilitary unit The 1st Special Operations Squadron is part of the 353d Special Operations Group at Kadena Air Base, Japan. It operates the MC-130J Commando II, providing special operation capabilities. Air crews are trained in night low-level flying, using night vision goggles to deliver troops and equipment into denied areas during adverse weather conditions at night by airdrop or landing. History The 1st conducted gunnery testing and training from 1939 to 1942. It flew administrative airlift from 1949 to 1952 and 1953–1954. The 1st flew combat missions in Southeast Asia from 8 July 1963 – 7 November 1972 and 15 December 1972 – 28 January 1973. It also trained South Vietnamese air force pilots in counter-insurgency operations from, July 1963 – November 1972. It acquired the Combat Talon mission from the redesignated 90th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 15 December 1972. Three MC-130 Combat Talons from the 1st SOS led the Night One mission of Operation Eagle Claw, the hostage rescue mission in Iran, in April 1980. The 1st operated the MC-130H Combat Talon II aircraft until 2020, and now flies MC-130J Commando II aircraft in support of joint and allied special operations forces. Vietnam War See also: Farm Gate (military operation) The 1st Special Operations Squadron was originally constituted as the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Composite, and activated on 17 June 1963 under Pacific Air Forces. It organized on 8 July 1963 at Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, and was assigned to the 34th Tactical Group. It was reassigned the following year, on 8 July, to the 6251st Tactical Fighter Wing (although attached to the 3d Tactical Fighter Wing after 21 November 1965). Relocating to Pleiku Air Base, South Vietnam, it was reassigned to the 2d Air Division on 18 February 1966, and reassigned again to the 14th Air Commando Wing on 8 March 1966. Redesignated the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Fighter, on 15 August 1967, it was reassigned on 20 December 1967 to the 56th Air Commando Wing (redesignated the 56th Special Operation Wing in August 1968), and moved to Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base, Thailand. On 1 August 1968 the 1st was redesignated as the 1st Special Operations Squadron. A-1E Skyraiders of the 1st SOS. The 1st saw extensive combat in Southeast Asia, from 8 July 1963 – 7 November 1972 and from 15 December 1972 – 28 January 1973. In its early years in Southeast Asia, the squadron flew a variety of aircraft, beginning with the Douglas B-26 Invader and North American T-28 Trojan in 1963 and 1964, both aircraft used for close air support. While at its initial home base at Bien Hoa AB, aircrews of the 1st Air Commando Squadron performed the first combat tests of the famous Douglas FC-47 gunship, beginning in December 1964. In 1964 the 1st began flying the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, the aircraft with which it is most closely associated, but continued to fly other types into 1966. Its primary mission after the move to Nakhon Phanom RTAFB was interdiction along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, but its pilots and planes also flew cover for pilot rescue missions, and it continued to fly close air support missions for U.S. and Vietnamese ground forces. It also trained Vietnamese Air Force pilots in counterinsurgency operations, from July 1963 – November 1972. Aircraft flown by the 1st were the B-26 (1963–1964); North American T-28 Trojan (1963–1964); Helio U-10 Courier (1963–1966); Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1963–1966); RB–26 (1963–1964); A–1 (1964–1972); FC-47 (1964–1965); AC-47 (1965); and the C (later MC)-130 beginning in 1972. Among its pilots was Major Bernard Francis Fisher, who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on 10 March 1966 over South Vietnam. In the first action of the Vietnam War that merited the award of the Air Force Cross, Captain Howard Rudolph Cody and his navigator First Lieutenant Atis Karlis Lielmanis both received the award posthumously for extraordinary heroism on 24 November 1963 while flying an A-26 out of Bien Hoa AB on a close air support mission. Two other early recipients of the Air Force Cross were Maj. Carl Berg Mitchell and his navigator, Capt. Vincent Joseph Hickman. Maj. Mitchell and Capt. Hickman were awarded the medal posthumously for an A-26 mission over Dong Nai Province on 14 January 1964. Capt. John Edgar Lackey received the award for extraordinary heroism during a search and rescue mission over Laos on 18 and 19 March 1972. The last pilot of the 1st to be awarded the Air Force Cross was Maj. James C. Harding, for extraordinary heroism in action near Tchepone, Laos from 10 to 13 April 1972. Post-Vietnam operations Following the end of combat operations at the end of 1972, the 1st was reassigned to the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing on 15 December 1972 and relocated to Kadena AB, Japan (although a segment of the squadron operated from Nakhon Phanom RTAFB until 28 January 1973). The squadron was reassigned to the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing, on 15 January 1981, relocating in the process to Clark Air Base, Philippines. On 1 March 1983 the squadron was reassigned to the 2nd Air Division; to the Twenty-third Air Force on 1 February 1987; and to the 353rd Special Operations Wing (later the 353rd Special Operations Group), on 6 April 1989. The 1st SOS relocated to Kadena AB, Japan, on 5 February 1992. In August 2000, a crew from the 1st SOS, along with another from the 17th SOS, flew a C-130 each to deliver 19 tons of disaster relief aid across the Pacific to assist in Vietnam's worst flooding in a century. Nearly 22,000 pounds of plastic sheeting, 3,600 blankets and 5,000 water containers were flown from Guam to Okinawa and then on to Vietnam by the two Kadena-based C-130s. Post 2000 assignments As an integral part of the 353rd Special Operations Group, the 1st Special Operations Squadron operated the MC-130H Combat Talon II until 2020. They currently operate the MC-130J Commando II aircraft in support of joint and allied special operations forces. This aircraft is capable of delivering troops and equipment into denied areas at night by airdrop or landing. Its aircrews are specially trained in night low-level flying, using night vision goggles. The 353rd Special Operations Group is the focal point for all U.S. Air Force special operations activities throughout the USPACOM theater. The group contains more than 1000 Airmen and six squadrons. Throughout its history, the unit has been extremely active in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. In 2005, the unit supported Operation UNIFIED ASSISTANCE, the relief effort from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. In 2011, the unit supported Operation TOMODACHI, the relief effort from the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011. In 2013, the unit supported Operation DAMAYAN, the relief effort from Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Republic of the Philippines. Lineage 1st Pursuit Squadron Constituted as the 1st Pursuit Squadron (Single Engine) and activated on 1 August 1939 Redesignated 1 Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor), on 6 December 1939 Disbanded on 1 May 1942 Reconstituted and consolidated with the 1st Liaison Squadron and the 1st Special Operations Squadron as the 1st Special Operations Squadron on 19 September 1985 1st Liaison Squadron Constituted as the 1st Liaison Flight on 27 September 1949 Activated on 24 October 1949 Inactivated on 22 July 1952 Redesignated 1st Liaison Squadron on 13 February 1953 Activated on 8 April 1953 Inactivated on 18 January 1954 Consolidated with the 1 Pursuit Squadron and the 1st Special Operations Squadron as the 1st Special Operations Squadron on 19 September 1985 1st Special Operations Squadron Constituted as the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Composite and activated on 17 June 1963 (not organized) Organized on 8 July 1963 Redesignated 1 Air Commando Squadron, Fighter, on 15 August 1967 Redesignated 1st Special Operations Squadron on 1 August 1968 Consolidated with the 1 Pursuit Squadron and the 1st Liaison Squadron on 19 September 1985 Assignments 23d Composite Group (later Air Corps Proving Ground Detachment; Air Corps Proving Ground Group), 1 August 1939 – 1 May 1942 Twelfth Air Force, 24 October 1949 (attached to 2602d Tow Target Squadron until 22 May 1950; 1st Tow Target Squadron after 27 May 1950) Fourteenth Air Force, 1 July 1950 (attached to 1st Tow Target Squadron) Tactical Air Command, 1 August 1950 (attached to 1st Tow Target Squadron) Ninth Air Force, 10 August 1951 – 22 July 1952 (attached to 1st Tow Target Squadron) Ninth Air Force, 8 April 1953 – 18 January 1954 (attached to 479th Fighter-Bomber Wing) Pacific Air Forces, 17 January 1963 (not organized) 34th Tactical Group, 8 July 1963 6251st Tactical Fighter Wing, 8 July 1965 (attached to 3d Tactical Fighter Wing after 21 November 1965) 2d Air Division, 18 February 1966 (attached to 3d Tactical Fighter Wing) 14th Air Commando Wing, 8 March 1966 56th Air Commando Wing (later 56th Special Operations Wing), 20 December 1967 18th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 December 1972 18th Tactical Fighter Group, 1 May 1978 3d Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 January 1981 2d Air Division, 1 March 1983 Twenty-Third Air Force, 1 February 1987 353d Special Operations Wing (later 353 Special Operations Group), 6 April 1989 – present Stations Maxwell Field, Alabama, 1 August 1939 Army Air Base, Orlando, Florida, c. 1 September 1940 Eglin Field, Florida, 29 June 1941 – 1 May 1942 Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, 24 October 1949 – 22 July 1952 George Air Force Base, California, 8 April 1953 – 18 January 1954 Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, 8 July 1963 Pleiku Air Base, South Vietnam, 5 January 1966 Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, 20 December 1967 Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, 15 December 1972 Clark Air Base, Philippines, 1 January 1981 Kadena Air Base, Japan, 5 February 1992 – present Aircraft operated Curtiss P-36 Hawk (1939–1942) Curtiss YP-37 (1939–1940) Douglas O-38 (1940) Martin B-12 (1940) Lockheed C-40 Electra (1940) Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1941–1942) Stinson L-13 (1949–1952) Beechcraft C-45 Expeditor (1952) de Havilland Canada L-20 Beaver (1952, 1953–1954) Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw (1953–1954) North American T-28 Trojan (1963–1964) Helio U-10 Courier (1963–1966) Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1963–1966) Douglas B-26 Invader (1963–1964) Douglas RB-26 Invader (1963–1964) Douglas A-1 Skyraider (1964–1972) Douglas FC-47 (later AC-47 Spooky) (1964–1965) Lockheed MC-130 Combat Talon (1972 – 2020) Lockheed Martin MC-130J Commando II (2020–Present) References Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Haulman, Daniel L. (31 October 2016). "1 Special Operations Squadron (AFSOC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ a b "353rd Special Operations Group". Air Force Special Operations Command. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ a b 1st Special Operations Squadron History (2012). ^ a b c "1st SOS History". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2009. ^ a b Hukee (2013), p. 91. ^ a b Mutza (2003), pp. 79–80. ^ Hukee (2013), pp. 41–2. ^ Mutza (2003), pp. 109–112. ^ "Namesakes for Hurlburt Field Streets". Hurlburt Field. 1st Special Operations Wing Public Affairs. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2015. ^ "Valor Awards for Vincent Joseph Hickman". Military Times. Springfield, Virginia: Sightline Media Group. Retrieved 7 September 2015. ^ "Valor Awards for John Edgar Lackey". Military Times. Springfield, Virginia: Sightline Media Group. Retrieved 7 September 2015. ^ "Valor Awards for James C. Harding". Military Times. Springfield, Virginia: Sightline Media Group. Retrieved 7 September 2015. ^ a b Pike, John. "1st Special Operations Squadron ". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ "353rd Special Operations Group History". 353rd Special Operations Group Public Affairs. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2016. ^ Dreyer, Kristine (27 January 2014). "353rd SOG supports Operations Damayan". 353rd Special Operations Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 27 November 2016. Bibliography 353d Special Operations Group fact sheet (AFSOC) Hukee, Byron E. (2013). USAF and VNAF A-1 Skyraider Units of the Vietnam War. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-068-5. Mutza, Wayne (2003). The A-1 Skyraider in Vietnam: The Spad's Last War. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-1791-1. External links "1st Special Operations Squadron History". 353d SOG. United States Air Force. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2015. vte Air Force Special Operations CommandBases Cannon Hurlburt Field Wings 1st SOW 24th SOW 27th SOW 137th SOW 150th SOW 193rd SOW 352nd SOW 353rd SOW 492nd SOW 919th SOW Groups 720th STG 724th STG SquadronsOperations 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 15th 16th 17th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 33rd 34th 43rd 49th 65th 67th 71st 73rd 193rd 318th 319th 427th 512th 522nd 524th 550th 551st 711th 919th Special Tactics 17th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 26th 123rd 125th 320th 321st other 18th Flight Test 23rd Special Operations Weather
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Squadron_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"915th Air Refueling Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/915th_Air_Refueling_Squadron"},{"link_name":"353d Special Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/353d_Special_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Kadena Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"night vision goggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_goggles"},{"link_name":"airdrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see 1 Squadron.\"1st Pursuit Squadron\" redirects here. For the 1st Pursuit Squadron (Night Fighter), see 915th Air Refueling Squadron.US Air Force military squadronMilitary unitThe 1st Special Operations Squadron is part of the 353d Special Operations Group at Kadena Air Base, Japan. It operates the MC-130J Commando II, providing special operation capabilities. Air crews are trained in night low-level flying, using night vision goggles to deliver troops and equipment into denied areas during adverse weather conditions at night by airdrop or landing.[2]","title":"1st Special Operations Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"},{"link_name":"South Vietnamese air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"counter-insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"},{"link_name":"MC-130 Combat Talons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC-130_Combat_Talon"},{"link_name":"Operation Eagle Claw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE1st_Special_Operations_Squadron_History2012-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"}],"text":"The 1st conducted gunnery testing and training from 1939 to 1942. It flew administrative airlift from 1949 to 1952 and 1953–1954.[1]The 1st flew combat missions in Southeast Asia from 8 July 1963 – 7 November 1972 and 15 December 1972 – 28 January 1973. It also trained South Vietnamese air force pilots in counter-insurgency operations from, July 1963 – November 1972.[1] It acquired the Combat Talon mission from the redesignated 90th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 15 December 1972. Three MC-130 Combat Talons from the 1st SOS led the Night One mission of Operation Eagle Claw, the hostage rescue mission in Iran, in April 1980.[3]The 1st operated the MC-130H Combat Talon II aircraft until 2020, and now flies MC-130J Commando II aircraft in support of joint and allied special operations forces.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm Gate (military operation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Gate_(military_operation)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Bien Hoa Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_Hoa_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"34th Tactical Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Tactical_Group"},{"link_name":"3d Tactical Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Tactical_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Pleiku Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiku_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"2d Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2d_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"14th Air Commando Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Air_Commando_Wing"},{"link_name":"56th Air Commando Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Air_Commando_Wing"},{"link_name":"Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom_Royal_Thai_Navy_Base"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1st_sos_history-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHukee201391-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMutza200379%E2%80%9380-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_A-1E_Skyraider_of_the_1st_SOS_in_flight_over_Vietnam,_circa_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas B-26 Invader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_B-26_Invader"},{"link_name":"North American T-28 Trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan"},{"link_name":"Douglas FC-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_FC-47"},{"link_name":"Douglas A-1 Skyraider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"North American T-28 Trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-28_Trojan"},{"link_name":"Helio U-10 Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio_U-10_Courier"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1st_sos_history-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHukee201391-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMutza200379%E2%80%9380-6"},{"link_name":"Bernard Francis Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHukee201341%E2%80%932-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMutza2003109%E2%80%93112-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurlburt-9"},{"link_name":"Dong Nai Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Nai_Province"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_Hickman-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_Lackey-11"},{"link_name":"James C. Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Harding"},{"link_name":"Tchepone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchepone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor_Harding-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE1st_Special_Operations_Squadron_History2012-3"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam War","text":"See also: Farm Gate (military operation)The 1st Special Operations Squadron was originally constituted as the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Composite, and activated on 17 June 1963 under Pacific Air Forces. It organized on 8 July 1963 at Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, and was assigned to the 34th Tactical Group. It was reassigned the following year, on 8 July, to the 6251st Tactical Fighter Wing (although attached to the 3d Tactical Fighter Wing after 21 November 1965). Relocating to Pleiku Air Base, South Vietnam, it was reassigned to the 2d Air Division on 18 February 1966, and reassigned again to the 14th Air Commando Wing on 8 March 1966. Redesignated the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Fighter, on 15 August 1967, it was reassigned on 20 December 1967 to the 56th Air Commando Wing (redesignated the 56th Special Operation Wing in August 1968), and moved to Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base, Thailand. On 1 August 1968 the 1st was redesignated as the 1st Special Operations Squadron.[4][5][6]A-1E Skyraiders of the 1st SOS.The 1st saw extensive combat in Southeast Asia, from 8 July 1963 – 7 November 1972 and from 15 December 1972 – 28 January 1973. In its early years in Southeast Asia, the squadron flew a variety of aircraft, beginning with the Douglas B-26 Invader and North American T-28 Trojan in 1963 and 1964, both aircraft used for close air support. While at its initial home base at Bien Hoa AB, aircrews of the 1st Air Commando Squadron performed the first combat tests of the famous Douglas FC-47 gunship, beginning in December 1964. In 1964 the 1st began flying the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, the aircraft with which it is most closely associated, but continued to fly other types into 1966. Its primary mission after the move to Nakhon Phanom RTAFB was interdiction along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, but its pilots and planes also flew cover for pilot rescue missions, and it continued to fly close air support missions for U.S. and Vietnamese ground forces. It also trained Vietnamese Air Force pilots in counterinsurgency operations, from July 1963 – November 1972. Aircraft flown by the 1st were the B-26 (1963–1964); North American T-28 Trojan (1963–1964); Helio U-10 Courier (1963–1966); Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1963–1966); RB–26 (1963–1964); A–1 (1964–1972); FC-47 (1964–1965); AC-47 (1965); and the C (later MC)-130 beginning in 1972.[4][5][6]Among its pilots was Major Bernard Francis Fisher, who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on 10 March 1966 over South Vietnam.[7][8] In the first action of the Vietnam War that merited the award of the Air Force Cross, Captain Howard Rudolph Cody and his navigator First Lieutenant Atis Karlis Lielmanis both received the award posthumously for extraordinary heroism on 24 November 1963 while flying an A-26 out of Bien Hoa AB on a close air support mission.[9] Two other early recipients of the Air Force Cross were Maj. Carl Berg Mitchell and his navigator, Capt. Vincent Joseph Hickman. Maj. Mitchell and Capt. Hickman were awarded the medal posthumously for an A-26 mission over Dong Nai Province on 14 January 1964.[10] Capt. John Edgar Lackey received the award for extraordinary heroism during a search and rescue mission over Laos on 18 and 19 March 1972.[11] The last pilot of the 1st to be awarded the Air Force Cross was Maj. James C. Harding, for extraordinary heroism in action near Tchepone, Laos from 10 to 13 April 1972.[12][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18th Tactical Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Tactical_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Clark Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"353rd Special Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/353rd_Special_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalsecurity.org-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1st_sos_history-4"}],"sub_title":"Post-Vietnam operations","text":"Following the end of combat operations at the end of 1972, the 1st was reassigned to the 18th Tactical Fighter Wing on 15 December 1972 and relocated to Kadena AB, Japan (although a segment of the squadron operated from Nakhon Phanom RTAFB until 28 January 1973). The squadron was reassigned to the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing, on 15 January 1981, relocating in the process to Clark Air Base, Philippines. On 1 March 1983 the squadron was reassigned to the 2nd Air Division; to the Twenty-third Air Force on 1 February 1987; and to the 353rd Special Operations Wing (later the 353rd Special Operations Group), on 6 April 1989. The 1st SOS relocated to Kadena AB, Japan, on 5 February 1992.[1]In August 2000, a crew from the 1st SOS, along with another from the 17th SOS, flew a C-130 each to deliver 19 tons of disaster relief aid across the Pacific to assist in Vietnam's worst flooding in a century. Nearly 22,000 pounds of plastic sheeting, 3,600 blankets and 5,000 water containers were flown from Guam to Okinawa and then on to Vietnam by the two Kadena-based C-130s.[13][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"353rd Special Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/353rd_Special_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalsecurity.org-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Operation DAMAYAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Damayan"},{"link_name":"Super Typhoon Haiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Post 2000 assignments","text":"As an integral part of the 353rd Special Operations Group, the 1st Special Operations Squadron operated the MC-130H Combat Talon II until 2020. They currently operate the MC-130J Commando II aircraft in support of joint and allied special operations forces. This aircraft is capable of delivering troops and equipment into denied areas at night by airdrop or landing. Its aircrews are specially trained in night low-level flying, using night vision goggles.[13] The 353rd Special Operations Group is the focal point for all U.S. Air Force special operations activities throughout the USPACOM theater. The group contains more than 1000 Airmen and six squadrons.[2]Throughout its history, the unit has been extremely active in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. In 2005, the unit supported Operation UNIFIED ASSISTANCE, the relief effort from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. In 2011, the unit supported Operation TOMODACHI, the relief effort from the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011.[14] In 2013, the unit supported Operation DAMAYAN, the relief effort from Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Republic of the Philippines.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"}],"text":"1st Pursuit SquadronConstituted as the 1st Pursuit Squadron (Single Engine) and activated on 1 August 1939Redesignated 1 Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor), on 6 December 1939\nDisbanded on 1 May 1942Reconstituted and consolidated with the 1st Liaison Squadron and the 1st Special Operations Squadron as the 1st Special Operations Squadron on 19 September 1985[1]1st Liaison SquadronConstituted as the 1st Liaison Flight on 27 September 1949Activated on 24 October 1949\nInactivated on 22 July 1952Redesignated 1st Liaison Squadron on 13 February 1953Activated on 8 April 1953\nInactivated on 18 January 1954Consolidated with the 1 Pursuit Squadron and the 1st Special Operations Squadron as the 1st Special Operations Squadron on 19 September 1985[1]1st Special Operations SquadronConstituted as the 1st Air Commando Squadron, Composite and activated on 17 June 1963 (not organized)Organized on 8 July 1963\nRedesignated 1 Air Commando Squadron, Fighter, on 15 August 1967\nRedesignated 1st Special Operations Squadron on 1 August 1968Consolidated with the 1 Pursuit Squadron and the 1st Liaison Squadron on 19 September 1985[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"23d Composite Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23d_Composite_Group"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Ninth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"479th Fighter-Bomber Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/479th_Fighter-Bomber_Wing"},{"link_name":"Pacific Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"18th Tactical Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Tactical_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Third Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Third_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"23d Composite Group (later Air Corps Proving Ground Detachment; Air Corps Proving Ground Group), 1 August 1939 – 1 May 1942\nTwelfth Air Force, 24 October 1949 (attached to 2602d Tow Target Squadron until 22 May 1950; 1st Tow Target Squadron after 27 May 1950)\nFourteenth Air Force, 1 July 1950 (attached to 1st Tow Target Squadron)\nTactical Air Command, 1 August 1950 (attached to 1st Tow Target Squadron)\nNinth Air Force, 10 August 1951 – 22 July 1952 (attached to 1st Tow Target Squadron)\nNinth Air Force, 8 April 1953 – 18 January 1954 (attached to 479th Fighter-Bomber Wing)\nPacific Air Forces, 17 January 1963 (not organized)\n34th Tactical Group, 8 July 1963\n6251st Tactical Fighter Wing, 8 July 1965 (attached to 3d Tactical Fighter Wing after 21 November 1965)\n\n\n2d Air Division, 18 February 1966 (attached to 3d Tactical Fighter Wing)\n14th Air Commando Wing, 8 March 1966\n56th Air Commando Wing (later 56th Special Operations Wing), 20 December 1967\n18th Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 December 1972\n18th Tactical Fighter Group, 1 May 1978\n3d Tactical Fighter Wing, 15 January 1981\n2d Air Division, 1 March 1983\nTwenty-Third Air Force, 1 February 1987\n353d Special Operations Wing (later 353 Special Operations Group), 6 April 1989 – present[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Field"},{"link_name":"Army Air Base, Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Base,_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Eglin Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglin_Field"},{"link_name":"Biggs Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggs_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"George Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Kadena Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Maxwell Field, Alabama, 1 August 1939\nArmy Air Base, Orlando, Florida, c. 1 September 1940\nEglin Field, Florida, 29 June 1941 – 1 May 1942\nBiggs Air Force Base, Texas, 24 October 1949 – 22 July 1952\nGeorge Air Force Base, California, 8 April 1953 – 18 January 1954\nBien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, 8 July 1963\nPleiku Air Base, South Vietnam, 5 January 1966\nNakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, 20 December 1967\nKadena Air Base, Okinawa, 15 December 1972\nClark Air Base, Philippines, 1 January 1981\nKadena Air Base, Japan, 5 February 1992 – present[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtiss P-36 Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-36_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Douglas O-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_O-38"},{"link_name":"Martin B-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-12"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-40 Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-40_Electra"},{"link_name":"Curtiss P-40 Warhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"Stinson L-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinson_L-13"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft C-45 Expeditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_C-45_Expeditor"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Canada L-20 Beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_L-20_Beaver"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_H-19_Chickasaw"},{"link_name":"Lockheed MC-130 Combat Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_MC-130_Combat_Talon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1SOSfacts-1"}],"text":"Curtiss P-36 Hawk (1939–1942)\nCurtiss YP-37 (1939–1940)\nDouglas O-38 (1940)\nMartin B-12 (1940)\nLockheed C-40 Electra (1940)\nCurtiss P-40 Warhawk (1941–1942)\nStinson L-13 (1949–1952)\nBeechcraft C-45 Expeditor (1952)\nde Havilland Canada L-20 Beaver (1952, 1953–1954)\nSikorsky H-19 Chickasaw (1953–1954)\nNorth American T-28 Trojan (1963–1964)\nHelio U-10 Courier (1963–1966)\nDouglas C-47 Skytrain (1963–1966)\nDouglas B-26 Invader (1963–1964)\nDouglas RB-26 Invader (1963–1964)\nDouglas A-1 Skyraider (1964–1972)\nDouglas FC-47 (later AC-47 Spooky) (1964–1965)\nLockheed MC-130 Combat Talon (1972 – 2020)[1]\nLockheed Martin MC-130J Commando II (2020–Present)","title":"Aircraft operated"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command.png/60px-Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command.png"},{"image_text":"A-1E Skyraiders of the 1st SOS.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Douglas_A-1E_Skyraider_of_the_1st_SOS_in_flight_over_Vietnam%2C_circa_1968.jpg/220px-Douglas_A-1E_Skyraider_of_the_1st_SOS_in_flight_over_Vietnam%2C_circa_1968.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel L. (31 October 2016). \"1 Special Operations Squadron (AFSOC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433958/1-special-operations-squadron/","url_text":"\"1 Special Operations Squadron (AFSOC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"353rd Special Operations Group\". Air Force Special Operations Command. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afsoc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5046/Article/162544/353rd-special-operations-group.aspx","url_text":"\"353rd Special Operations Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"1st SOS History\". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://skyraider.org/skyassn/skysqdhist/1sqdhist.htm","url_text":"\"1st SOS History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219093854/http://skyraider.org/skyassn/skysqdhist/1sqdhist.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Namesakes for Hurlburt Field Streets\". Hurlburt Field. 1st Special Operations Wing Public Affairs. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurlburt.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/FactSheets/tabid/4934/Article/204554/namesakes-for-hurlburt-field-streets.aspx","url_text":"\"Namesakes for Hurlburt Field Streets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valor Awards for Vincent Joseph Hickman\". Military Times. Springfield, Virginia: Sightline Media Group. Retrieved 7 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=3583","url_text":"\"Valor Awards for Vincent Joseph Hickman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valor Awards for John Edgar Lackey\". Military Times. Springfield, Virginia: Sightline Media Group. Retrieved 7 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=3567","url_text":"\"Valor Awards for John Edgar Lackey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valor Awards for James C. Harding\". Military Times. Springfield, Virginia: Sightline Media Group. Retrieved 7 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=3462","url_text":"\"Valor Awards for James C. Harding\""}]},{"reference":"Pike, John. \"1st Special Operations Squadron [1st SOS]\". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/1sos.htm","url_text":"\"1st Special Operations Squadron [1st SOS]\""}]},{"reference":"\"353rd Special Operations Group History\". 353rd Special Operations Group Public Affairs. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.353sog.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/4654/Article/459664/353rd-special-operations-group-history.aspx","url_text":"\"353rd Special Operations Group History\""}]},{"reference":"Dreyer, Kristine (27 January 2014). \"353rd SOG supports Operations Damayan\". 353rd Special Operations Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.353sog.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/4611/Article/503088/353rd-sog-supports-operations-damayan.aspx","url_text":"\"353rd SOG supports Operations Damayan\""}]},{"reference":"Hukee, Byron E. (2013). USAF and VNAF A-1 Skyraider Units of the Vietnam War. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-068-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-068-5","url_text":"978-1-78096-068-5"}]},{"reference":"Mutza, Wayne (2003). The A-1 Skyraider in Vietnam: The Spad's Last War. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-1791-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-1791-1","url_text":"0-7643-1791-1"}]},{"reference":"\"1st Special Operations Squadron History\". 353d SOG. United States Air Force. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.353sog.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/4654/Article/459663/1st-special-operations-squadron-history.aspx","url_text":"\"1st Special Operations Squadron History\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433958/1-special-operations-squadron/","external_links_name":"\"1 Special Operations Squadron (AFSOC)\""},{"Link":"http://www.afsoc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5046/Article/162544/353rd-special-operations-group.aspx","external_links_name":"\"353rd Special Operations Group\""},{"Link":"http://skyraider.org/skyassn/skysqdhist/1sqdhist.htm","external_links_name":"\"1st SOS History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219093854/http://skyraider.org/skyassn/skysqdhist/1sqdhist.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hurlburt.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/FactSheets/tabid/4934/Article/204554/namesakes-for-hurlburt-field-streets.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Namesakes for Hurlburt Field Streets\""},{"Link":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=3583","external_links_name":"\"Valor Awards for Vincent Joseph Hickman\""},{"Link":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=3567","external_links_name":"\"Valor Awards for John Edgar Lackey\""},{"Link":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=3462","external_links_name":"\"Valor Awards for James C. Harding\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/1sos.htm","external_links_name":"\"1st Special Operations Squadron [1st SOS]\""},{"Link":"http://www.353sog.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/4654/Article/459664/353rd-special-operations-group-history.aspx","external_links_name":"\"353rd Special Operations Group History\""},{"Link":"http://www.353sog.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/4611/Article/503088/353rd-sog-supports-operations-damayan.aspx","external_links_name":"\"353rd SOG supports Operations Damayan\""},{"Link":"http://www.afsoc.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/5046/Article/162544/353rd-special-operations-group.aspx","external_links_name":"353d Special Operations Group fact sheet (AFSOC)"},{"Link":"http://www.353sog.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/4654/Article/459663/1st-special-operations-squadron-history.aspx","external_links_name":"\"1st Special Operations Squadron History\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_(EP)
Misery (EP)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Fuck the Facts","2.2 Additional musicians","2.3 Production","3 Recording","4 References"]
2011 EP by Fuck the FactsMiseryEP by Fuck the FactsReleasedOctober 10, 2011 (2011-10-10)RecordedNovember 2010GenreGrindcore, death metalLabelIndependentFuck the Facts chronology Die Miserable(2011) Misery(2011) Amer(2013) Misery is the fifth EP by Canadian grindcore band Fuck the Facts. The EP was released on 10 October 2011, in conjunction with their album Die Miserable. The EP is limited to 500 hand-numbered copies on CD, 100 cassettes, and is also available as a digital download. Track listing All lyrics are written by Fuck the Facts unless noted otherwise; all music is composed by Fuck the FactsNo.TitleLength1."End of the Line"3:262."Home"1:593."Running the Wolverine's Gauntlet" (Jesse Matthewson)1:074."Impromptu"1:245."À Contre-Courant"0:506."Misery"6:137."Unburden"2:108."Smooth Beige"0:589."Inside Out" (Elliot Desgagnés)0:54 Personnel Fuck the Facts Topon Das – guitar, mixing, mastering Mel Mongeon – vocals, artwork Mathieu Vilandré – drums, guitar, vocals Marc Bourgon – bass, guitar, vocals Johnny Ibay – guitar Additional musicians Jesse Matthewson – vocals on "Running the Wolverine's Gauntlet" Elliot Desgagnés – vocals on "Inside Out" Leigh Newton – guitar noise on "Smooth Beige" Production Martin Cleal – recording Recording The album was recorded at Apartment 2 Studios by the band and Martin Cleal in November 2010. The album was then mixed and mastered by Topon Das in June 2011. References ^ a b "Misery, by Fuck the Facts". vteFuck the FactsStudio albums Fuck the Facts Vagina Dancer Discoing the Dead Mullet Fever Escunta Backstabber Etiquette Stigmata High-Five Disgorge Mexico Die Miserable EPs Four0ninE Legacy of Hopelessness The Wreaking Unnamed EP Misery Compilations Collection of Splits 2002–2004 St. Jean Baptiste 2010 Videos Disgorge Mexico: The DVD Live albums Live Damage Live in Whitby Related articles Discography Splits
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"grindcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore"},{"link_name":"Fuck the Facts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck_the_Facts"},{"link_name":"Die Miserable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Miserable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BandCamp-1"}],"text":"2011 EP by Fuck the FactsMisery is the fifth EP by Canadian grindcore band Fuck the Facts. The EP was released on 10 October 2011, in conjunction with their album Die Miserable. The EP is limited to 500 hand-numbered copies on CD, 100 cassettes, and is also available as a digital download.[1]","title":"Misery (EP)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All lyrics are written by Fuck the Facts unless noted otherwise; all music is composed by Fuck the FactsNo.TitleLength1.\"End of the Line\"3:262.\"Home\"1:593.\"Running the Wolverine's Gauntlet\" (Jesse Matthewson)1:074.\"Impromptu\"1:245.\"À Contre-Courant\"0:506.\"Misery\"6:137.\"Unburden\"2:108.\"Smooth Beige\"0:589.\"Inside Out\" (Elliot Desgagnés)0:54","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"sub_title":"Fuck the Facts","text":"Topon Das – guitar, mixing, mastering\nMel Mongeon – vocals, artwork\nMathieu Vilandré – drums, guitar, vocals\nMarc Bourgon – bass, guitar, vocals\nJohnny Ibay – guitar","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Jesse Matthewson – vocals on \"Running the Wolverine's Gauntlet\"\nElliot Desgagnés – vocals on \"Inside Out\"\nLeigh Newton – guitar noise on \"Smooth Beige\"","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Martin Cleal – recording","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BandCamp-1"}],"text":"The album was recorded at Apartment 2 Studios by the band and Martin Cleal in November 2010. The album was then mixed and mastered by Topon Das in June 2011.[1]","title":"Recording"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Misery, by Fuck the Facts\".","urls":[{"url":"http://fuckthefacts.bandcamp.com/album/misery","url_text":"\"Misery, by Fuck the Facts\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://fuckthefacts.bandcamp.com/album/misery","external_links_name":"\"Misery, by Fuck the Facts\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junee_Roundhouse_Railway_Museum
Junee Roundhouse Railway Museum
["1 History","2 Exhibits","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°53′0.77″S 147°34′45.14″E / 34.8835472°S 147.5792056°E / -34.8835472; 147.5792056 GrainCorp's 48203 at Junee Locomotive Depot in March 2011 The Junee Roundhouse Railway Museum (under the organisation name Regional Heritage Transport Association) preserves the former Junee Locomotive Depot, a railway depot located on the Main Southern line in Junee, Australia. History The Junee Locomotive Depot was built by the New South Wales Government Railways when the line from Sydney opened to Junee in 1878. On 29 September 1947, a 42 road, fully covered roundhouse was completed. This was the last steam locomotive depot built by the New South Wales Government Railways. As well as being the depot for locomotives on various branch lines, it was strategically important being located half-way between Sydney and Melbourne. On 9 July 1993, the State Rail Authority closed the depot. In December 1994, Junee Council leased the roundhouse with part of it sublet to Austrac Ready Power who restored several ex State Rail Authority engines at the site as well as rebuilding engines for BHP, Port Kembla with the other part set up as a museum. Following Austrac Ready Power ceasing operations in September 2000, the depot lease was taken over by Junee Railway Workshop. Since April 2010, Junee Railway Workshop has been overhauling a fleet of eighteen 48 class locomotives for GrainCorp. The building features a 100-foot (30.5 m) turntable, and part is still used for commercial reconditioning and the rebuilding of locomotives. Exhibits The museum's displays include a working steam-driven accident crane 1080, a water tank wagon which was part of a breakdown train, a mail car, several miniature trains, trikes, steam locomotives 2413 and 3609, two U-set power cars, diesel locomotive 4872. See also Sydney Electric Train Society References ^ "Investing in Rural Community Futures | Regional Heritage Transport Association Junee Inc". Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023. ^ "Junee Locomotive Depot" Railway Digest June 1993 page 224 ^ "The Rebirth of Junee Roundhouse" Railway Digest April 1996 page 27 ^ "Powerhouse on Wheels to go Ahead" Railway Digest January 1995 page 9 ^ "Life returns to Junee Loco" Railway Digest April 1995 page 29 ^ "Austrac Ready Power Supplies First Leased Locomotives" Railway Digest July 1995 page 14 ^ "First Austrac Locomotives Enter Service after Official Hand Over" Railway Digest August 1995 page 9 ^ Junee Railway Roundhouse & Museum Archived 11 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Office of Rail Heritage ^ Locos Archived 8 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Junee Railway Workshop External links Junee Roundhouse Railway Museum – official site 34°53′0.77″S 147°34′45.14″E / 34.8835472°S 147.5792056°E / -34.8835472; 147.5792056
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[{"title":"Sydney Electric Train Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Electric_Train_Society"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Maria_Motherhouse_Complex
Villa Maria Motherhouse Complex
["1 Alumni","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°54′37″N 78°47′55″W / 42.91028°N 78.79861°W / 42.91028; -78.79861 United States historic placeVilla Maria Motherhouse ComplexU.S. National Register of Historic Places Villa Maria Motherhouse Complex, April 2010Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesInteractive map showing the location for Villamarie Motherhouse ComplexLocation600 Doat St., Cheektowaga, New YorkCoordinates42°54′37″N 78°47′55″W / 42.91028°N 78.79861°W / 42.91028; -78.79861Built1927ArchitectSandel and Strong; Fronczak, JosephArchitectural styleLate Gothic RevivalNRHP reference No.06000571Added to NRHPJuly 14, 2006 Villa Maria Motherhouse Complex, or Felician Sisters Immaculate Heart of Mary Convent Chapel and Convent, is a historic Roman Catholic convent located at Cheektowaga in Erie County, New York. It is included in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo. It was constructed in 1927, and is a three-part Gothic Revival building that was built for the Felician Sisters of St. Francis to house a boarding and day high school, public and private chapels and the Motherhouse/Novitiate. The school, known as Villa Maria Academy, closed in 2006. The school property was repurposed as affordable housing for seniors. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Alumni Christine Baranski, American stage and screen actress References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "Two Catholic schools to merge, two to close". ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)" (Searchable database). New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Note: This includes Claire L. Ross (January 2006). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Villa Maria Motherhouse Complex" (PDF). Retrieved July 1, 2016. and Accompanying four photographs ^ https://nyrej.com/ehci-cb-emmanuel-realty-delta-development-to-transform-former-school-building-into-angelas-house External links Felician Sisters of North America Angela's House Felician Sisters Immaculate Heart of Mary Convent Chapel and Convent, Buffalo as an Architectural Museum website Villa Maria Motherhouse Complex - U.S. National Register of Historic Places on Waymarking.com Preservation Studios Buffalo, NY: historic building rehabilitation and preservation consultants vteRoman Catholic Diocese of BuffaloOrdinaries Bishops John Timon Stephen Michael Vincent Ryan James Edward Quigley Charles Henry Colton Dennis Joseph Dougherty William Turner John Aloysius Duffy John Francis O'Hara Joseph Aloysius Burke James Aloysius McNulty Edward Dennis Head Henry Joseph Mansell Edward Urban Kmiec Richard Joseph Malone Michael William Fisher Auxiliary bishops Joseph Aloysius Burke Leo Richard Smith Pius Anthony Benincasa Stanislaus Joseph Brzana Bernard Joseph McLaughlin Donald Walter Trautman Edward M. Grosz Churches List List of churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo Cathedral St. Joseph Cathedral, Buffalo Basilicas Our Lady of Victory Basilica, Lackawanna St. Mary of the Angels Basilica, Olean Basilica of The National Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima, Lewiston Chapel Our Lady Help of Christians Chapel, Cheektowaga Parishes All Saints Roman Catholic Church, Buffalo Blessed Sacrament Church, Buffalo Blessed Trinity Roman Catholic Church, Buffalo Church of St. Stanislaus, Bishop and Martyr, Buffalo Corpus Christi Church, Buffalo Holy Angels Church, Buffalo St. Louis Roman Catholic Church, Buffalo Former parishes Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church Complex, Niagara Falls St. Adalbert's Basilica, Buffalo St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church, Buffalo St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Parish, Buffalo St. Gerard's Roman Catholic Church, Buffalo Saint Mary of Sorrows Roman Catholic Church, Buffalo Education Colleges and universities Canisius University, Buffalo D'Youville University, Buffalo Hilbert College, Hamburg Niagara University, Niagara County St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure Trocaire College, Buffalo Villa Maria College, Buffalo Convents Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity Villa Maria Motherhouse Complex High schools Archbishop Walsh High School, Olean Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School, Buffalo Buffalo Academy of the Sacred Heart, Buffalo Canisius High School, Buffalo Cardinal O'Hara High School, Town of Tonawanda Mount Mercy Academy, Buffalo Mount Saint Mary Academy, Kenmore Nardin Academy, Buffalo Niagara Catholic High School, Niagara Falls Notre Dame High School, Batavia Saint Francis High School, Athol Springs St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute, Buffalo St. Mary's High School, Lancaster Closed Immaculata Academy, Hamburg Priests Nelson Baker John P. Boland Celestine Joseph Damiano John Joseph Fitzpatrick Edmund Francis Gibbons Francis Xavier Krautbauer John Joseph McMahon James Johnston Navagh Thomas Joseph Walsh Catholicism portal vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal This article about a historic property or district in Erie County, New York, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_whip
Chain whip
["1 Construction","2 History","3 Techniques","4 Chain whip variations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Chinese weapon of martial artsThis article is about the Asian melee weapon. For the bicycle repair tool, see Chain whip (bicycle tool). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chain whip" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An example of a chain whip The chain whip, also known as the soft whip, is a weapon used in some Chinese martial arts, particularly traditional Chinese disciplines, in addition to modern and traditional wushu. It consists of several metal rods, which are joined end-to-end by rings to form a flexible chain. Generally, the whip has a handle at one end and a metal dart, used for slashing or piercing an opponent, at the other. A cloth flag is often attached at or near the dart end of the whip and a second flag may cover the whip's handle. The flag or flags adds visual appeal and produces a rushing sound as the whip swings through the air. The rushing noise also helps the user with identifying the location of the other end, since the weapon moves too fast to be normally noticed by human eyes. Construction There is no standard on the length of the chain whip. The typical length is also different between north and south China. The chain is shorter in the south which make it more suitable for close quarter fighting. In the north the length could be from the ground to the chin or the ground to the tip of the nose. Weight is heavier for practice and lighter for performance. The cloth flag could be either rectangular or triangular. Triangular flags look better and move faster but rectangular flags sound better and allow better control. The number of segments vary. Traditional whips have either seven or nine segments. Modern whips typically have between seven and thirteen sections. Most whips today are made from stainless steel. With good whips, there is better color and shine to the metal, segments are stylized, holes are precisely centered, the chain rotates smoothly in the swivel built into the handle, there are no sharp corners or edges, and welds are strong. In addition, the handle should be shaped to allow good grip. Leather on the handles is best for endurance, as it absorbs sweat and prevents slippage. The typical construction method for chain whips is to use a steel bolt to thread through small pieces of leather and then use a lathe to round and shape the handle. The tip should be larger than the segments and weight proportional to the handle. Shape and weight distribution should allow the chain to be easily tossed and retrieved into one hand. History According to the book Soft Weapons: Nine-Section Whip and Rope Dart, "The nine-section whip, regarded as a 'powerful hidden weapon,' was first used on the battlefield during the Jìn Dynasty (265-420) ." According to the book The Chain Whip, this may refer to the hard whip (more akin to a truncheon than a multi-section whip) due to the ambiguity in the Chinese. "Both the hard whip and the soft whip can both be referred to simply as whip (鞭) in Chinese." Different books make wildly differing claims about the history of the Chain Whip. Techniques Demonstration of the chain whip being performed. The chain whip is heavy but flexible, allowing it to be literally used as a whip to hit, hook and bind an opponent, restrict their movement, and to deflect blows from other weapons. The dart is used for slashing or piercing an opponent. In some cases, the dart might be coated with a poison. Because the whip is flexible, it can be used to strike around obstacles, including an opponent's block. The whip chain can be folded and hidden from view, making it an easy weapon to carry and conceal. Chain whip forms are often extremely elaborate. In some, the chain whip is thrown in the air and caught, flicked around the neck, or flung around underneath a recumbent performer. One classic technique, used to accelerate a spinning chain whip, involves rapidly wrapping, and unwrapping the length of the chain around various parts of the body, including the legs, neck and elbows. Various twisting or flicking motions cause the chain whip to gain momentum as it unwraps. In practice, wrapping then unwrapping is used to change the direction of the spin in response to the opponent's movement. Chain whip techniques may be combined with jumping kicks and other acrobatics. Double chain whip forms have been developed, as have forms in which a chain whip is coupled with a broadsword. For performance the chain whip can be used to perform meteor moves such as one hand or two hand meteor rotors and weaves. At the end of the performance the chain whip segments can be pulled and collected into the hand holding the handle. As with all weapons that are either chained or tied together, the whip chain is hard to control without practice. In fact, it is harder to control than a traditional rawhide or bull whip because the linked sections provide looser joints while a bull whip is a continuous piece. The chain whip is sometimes considered one of the hardest weapons in martial arts to learn because lapse in the control of body movements in coordination with the position and momentum of the weapon will likely result in the weapon striking the wielder. Chain whip variations Jiǔjiébiān (九節鞭) – nine-section whip Qījiébiān (七節鞭) – seven–section whip Sānjiébiān (三節鞭) or měihuābiān (梅花鞭) – three-section whip or plum flower whip See also Bian (weapon) Meteor hammer Rope dart Urumi Weapons of pencak silat References ^ a b Kie Brooks. The Chain Whip. Independent Press, 2015 (ISBN 978-0-955-067228) ^ Li, Keqin and Li Xingdong. Soft Weapons: Nine-Section Whip and Rope Dart. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1996 (ISBN 7-119-01883-3) ^ Shaolin Kung Fu Guy with a whip Chain! on YouTube ^ Double Chain Whip - John Su - 6 Time World Champ on YouTube ^ dao jiujiebian on YouTube ^ Learning to spin the chain whip on YouTube ^ How to fold a chain whip into one hand on YouTube External links Some Basic Whip Chain Tutorials Chain Whip Demonstration Chinese FAQ from a chain whip master teacher vteTypes of Chinese weaponrySwordsShort swords Dadao 大刀 Dao 刀 Hudie shuangdao (butterfly sword) 蝴蝶雙刀 Jian 劍 Liuyedao 柳葉刀 Niuweidao 牛尾刀 Piandao 片刀 Yanmaodao 雁毛刀 Long swords Changdao 長刀 Miaodao 苗刀 Wodao 倭刀 Zhanmadao 斬馬刀 Polearms Guandao 關刀 Ge (dagger-axe) 戈 Gun 棍 Ji 戟 Podao 朴刀 Qiang 槍 Hongyingqiang 紅纓槍 Tang 镗 Yueya chan (monk's spade) 月牙鏟 Roped/chained Liuxing Chui (meteor hammer) 流星錘 Sheng biao (rope dart) 繩鏢 Jiujie bian (nine section whip) 九節鞭 Sanjie gun 三節棍 Chang xiao bang 長小棒 Projectile Nu 弩 Zhuge nu 諸葛弩 Fire arrow 火箭 Huoqiang 火槍 Tu Huo Qiang 突火槍 Huochong 火銃 Shouchong 手銃 Rocket cart 火箭車 San yan chong 三眼銃 Che Dian Chong 掣電銃 Xun Lei Chong 迅雷銃 Wankou Chong 碗口銃 Hu dun pao 虎蹲砲 Thunder crash bomb 震天雷 Handheld Biān 鞭 Chǐ 尺 Chúi 錘 Emeici 峨嵋刺 Jiǎn 鐧 Lujiao dao (deer horn knives) 鹿角刀 Hook sword 鉤 Ji lian 鷄鐮 Fenghuo lun 風火輪 Protection Armour and Helmet 甲胄 Shield 盾 Hook shield 鉤鑲 Major lists Eighteen Arms of Wushu
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chain whip (bicycle tool)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_whip_(bicycle_tool)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chain_whip_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soft-1"},{"link_name":"weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon"},{"link_name":"Chinese martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Chinese disciplines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"wushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wushu_(term)"}],"text":"This article is about the Asian melee weapon. For the bicycle repair tool, see Chain whip (bicycle tool).An example of a chain whipThe chain whip, also known as the soft whip,[1] is a weapon used in some Chinese martial arts, particularly traditional Chinese disciplines, in addition to modern and traditional wushu. It consists of several metal rods, which are joined end-to-end by rings to form a flexible chain. Generally, the whip has a handle at one end and a metal dart, used for slashing or piercing an opponent, at the other. A cloth flag is often attached at or near the dart end of the whip and a second flag may cover the whip's handle. The flag or flags adds visual appeal and produces a rushing sound as the whip swings through the air. The rushing noise also helps the user with identifying the location of the other end, since the weapon moves too fast to be normally noticed by human eyes.","title":"Chain whip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There is no standard on the length of the chain whip. The typical length is also different between north and south China. The chain is shorter in the south which make it more suitable for close quarter fighting. In the north the length could be from the ground to the chin or the ground to the tip of the nose. Weight is heavier for practice and lighter for performance.The cloth flag could be either rectangular or triangular. Triangular flags look better and move faster but rectangular flags sound better and allow better control.The number of segments vary. Traditional whips have either seven or nine segments. Modern whips typically have between seven and thirteen sections.Most whips today are made from stainless steel. With good whips, there is better color and shine to the metal, segments are stylized, holes are precisely centered, the chain rotates smoothly in the swivel built into the handle, there are no sharp corners or edges, and welds are strong. In addition, the handle should be shaped to allow good grip. Leather on the handles is best for endurance, as it absorbs sweat and prevents slippage. The typical construction method for chain whips is to use a steel bolt to thread through small pieces of leather and then use a lathe to round and shape the handle. The tip should be larger than the segments and weight proportional to the handle. Shape and weight distribution should allow the chain to be easily tossed and retrieved into one hand.[citation needed]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jìn Dynasty (265-420)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ACn_Dynasty_(265-420)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hard whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soft-1"}],"text":"According to the book Soft Weapons: Nine-Section Whip and Rope Dart, \"The nine-section whip, regarded as a 'powerful hidden weapon,' was first used on the battlefield during the Jìn Dynasty (265-420) [sic.].\"[2]According to the book The Chain Whip, this may refer to the hard whip (more akin to a truncheon than a multi-section whip) due to the ambiguity in the Chinese. \"Both the hard whip and the soft whip can both be referred to simply as whip (鞭) in Chinese.\"[1] Different books make wildly differing claims about the history of the Chain Whip.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chain_whip_demo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"broadsword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dao_(Chinese_sword)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Demonstration of the chain whip being performed.The chain whip is heavy but flexible, allowing it to be literally used as a whip to hit, hook and bind an opponent, restrict their movement, and to deflect blows from other weapons. The dart is used for slashing or piercing an opponent. In some cases, the dart might be coated with a poison. Because the whip is flexible, it can be used to strike around obstacles, including an opponent's block. The whip chain can be folded and hidden from view, making it an easy weapon to carry and conceal.Chain whip forms are often extremely elaborate. In some, the chain whip is thrown in the air and caught, flicked around the neck, or flung around underneath a recumbent performer. One classic technique, used to accelerate a spinning chain whip, involves rapidly wrapping, and unwrapping the length of the chain around various parts of the body, including the legs, neck and elbows. Various twisting or flicking motions cause the chain whip to gain momentum as it unwraps. In practice, wrapping then unwrapping is used to change the direction of the spin in response to the opponent's movement.Chain whip techniques may be combined with jumping kicks and other acrobatics.[3] Double chain whip forms have been developed,[4] as have forms in which a chain whip is coupled with a broadsword.[5]For performance the chain whip can be used to perform meteor moves such as one hand or two hand meteor rotors and weaves.[6] At the end of the performance the chain whip segments can be pulled and collected into the hand holding the handle.[7]As with all weapons that are either chained or tied together, the whip chain is hard to control without practice. In fact, it is harder to control than a traditional rawhide or bull whip because the linked sections provide looser joints while a bull whip is a continuous piece. The chain whip is sometimes considered one of the hardest weapons in martial arts to learn because lapse in the control of body movements in coordination with the position and momentum of the weapon will likely result in the weapon striking the wielder.","title":"Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jiǔjiébiān (九節鞭) – nine-section whip\nQījiébiān (七節鞭) – seven–section whip\nSānjiébiān (三節鞭) or měihuābiān (梅花鞭) – three-section whip or plum flower whip","title":"Chain whip variations"}]
[{"image_text":"An example of a chain whip","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chain_whip_1.jpg/220px-Chain_whip_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Demonstration of the chain whip being performed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chain_whip_demo.jpg/220px-Chain_whip_demo.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bian (weapon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bian_(weapon)"},{"title":"Meteor hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_hammer"},{"title":"Rope dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_dart"},{"title":"Urumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumi"},{"title":"Weapons of pencak silat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_pencak_silat"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Zolinsky
Andrew Zolinsky
["1 References","2 External links"]
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Andrew Zolinsky" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Andrew Zolinsky is a British pianist. Zolinsky won the first prize in the San Francisco International Piano Concerto Competition. Performances have included a concert with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, London Concert Orchestra, Sinfonia 21 and the New London Orchestra. He has worked with conductors including Diego Masson, Martyn Brabbins, Nicholas Cleobury, Ronald Corp and Simon Joly. Zolinsky's music has been broadcast on BBC Radio 3, and he has also given solo recitals on Classic FM, German Radio, Czech Radio and two recitals of contemporary Irish music for BBC Radio Ulster. In the field of contemporary music Zolinsky has worked with Composers' Ensemble, Capricorn, Eos. Since 1997 has been a member of the British group Icebreaker and with Icebreaker's cellist Audrey Riley and guitarist James Woodrow he has been a member of the multi-media project A Change of Light since 2001. He has worked with composers including Simon Holt, Louis Andriessen, Poul Ruders, Michael Finnissy, Martin Butler and John Godfrey. In 2005 he gave the first performance of a new set of pieces specially written for Zolinsky by Michael Zev Gordon. He has had an especially close relationship with David Lang, who wrote the piano concerto Fur for Zolinsky in 2005. He has also given the première of Lang's Memory Pieces in 2000 and Psalms without Words in 2003. In 2005 he gave the London premiere, with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and of Unsuk Chin’s Piano Concerto. References ^ "Classical: A masterclass in metaphor". The Independent. 27 November 1998. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2020. ^ ^ Evans, Rian (15 September 2004). "BBCNOW/Llewellyn, ESO/Boughton, Stanwell School, Penarth/Llandaff Cathedral". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 7 August 2020. External links Icebreaker Royal College of Music Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
Roxburghshire (UK Parliament constituency)
["1 Creation","2 Boundaries","3 History","4 Members of Parliament","5 Election results","5.1 Elections in the 1830s","5.2 Elections in the 1840s","5.3 Elections in the 1850s","5.4 Elections in the 1860s","5.5 Elections in the 1870s","5.6 Elections in the 1880s","5.7 Elections in the 1890s","5.8 Elections in the 1900s","5.9 Elections in the 1910s","6 References"]
Parliamentary constituency RoxburghshireFormer County constituencyfor the House of CommonsSubdivisions of ScotlandRoxburghshire1708–1918SeatsOneCreated fromRoxburghshireReplaced byRoxburgh and Selkirk Roxburghshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1918. Creation The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Roxburghshire. Boundaries The name relates the constituency to the county of Roxburgh. History The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1918. When the constituency was abolished in 1918, the Roxburgh and Selkirk constituency was created, covering the counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk Members of Parliament Election Member Party 1708 Sir Gilbert Eliott, 3rd Bt 1715 William Douglas 1722 Sir Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Bt 1726 Sir Gilbert Eliott, 3rd Bt 1727 William Douglas 1734 John Rutherfurd 1742 William Douglas 1747 Walter Scott 1765 Sir Gilbert Elliot 1777 Sir Gilbert Elliot 1784 Sir George Douglas Whig 1806 John Rutherfurd 1812 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound 1814 Sir Alexander Don 1826 Henry Hepburne-Scott Tory 1832 George Elliot Whig 1835 Lord John Scott Conservative 1837 John Elliot Whig 1841 Francis Scott Conservative 1847 John Elliot Whig 1859 Sir William Scott, Bt Liberal 1870 James Innes-Ker Liberal 1874 Sir George Scott-Douglas Conservative 1880 Arthur Elliot Liberal 1886 Liberal Unionist 1892 Mark Napier Liberal 1895 The Earl of Dalkeith Conservative 1906 John Jardine Liberal 1918 constituency abolished Election results Elections in the 1830s General election 1830: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % Tory Henry Hepburne-Scott Unopposed Registered electors 151 Tory hold General election 1831: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % Tory Henry Hepburne-Scott 57 80.3 Whig Sir William Francis Eliott, 7th Baronet 14 19.7 Majority 43 60.6 Turnout 71 47.0 Registered electors 151 Tory hold General election 1832: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Whig George Elliot 624 53.4 N/A Tory John Douglas-Montagu-Scott 532 45.5 −34.8 Whig Sir William Francis Eliott, 7th Baronet 12 1.0 −18.7 Majority 92 7.9 N/A Turnout 1,168 88.4 +41.4 Registered electors 1,321 Whig gain from Tory Swing N/A General election 1835: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Douglas-Montagu-Scott 757 52.6 +7.1 Whig George Elliot 681 47.4 −6.0 Majority 76 5.2 N/A Turnout 1,438 85.9 −2.5 Registered electors 1,674 Conservative gain from Whig Swing +6.6 General election 1837: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Whig John Elliot 803 51.4 +4.0 Conservative Francis Scott 759 48.6 −4.0 Majority 44 2.8 N/A Turnout 1,562 80.8 −5.1 Registered electors 1,932 Whig gain from Conservative Swing +4.0 Elections in the 1840s General election 1841: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Francis Scott 830 52.6 +4.0 Whig John Elliot 748 47.4 −4.0 Majority 82 5.2 N/A Turnout 1,578 69.3 −11.5 Registered electors 2,277 Conservative gain from Whig Swing +4.0 General election 1847: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Whig John Elliot Unopposed Registered electors 2,091 Whig gain from Conservative Elections in the 1850s General election 1852: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Whig John Elliot Unopposed Registered electors 2,033 Whig hold General election 1857: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Whig John Elliot Unopposed Registered electors 1,650 Whig hold General election 1859: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal William Scott Unopposed Registered electors 1,663 Liberal hold Elections in the 1860s General election 1865: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal William Scott Unopposed Registered electors 1,639 Liberal hold General election 1868: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal William Scott 750 55.1 N/A Conservative Schomberg Kerr 610 44.9 New Majority 140 10.2 N/A Turnout 1,360 81.7 N/A Registered electors 1,664 Liberal hold Elections in the 1870s Scott resigned, causing a by-election. By-election, 2 Mar 1870: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal James Innes-Ker Unopposed Liberal hold General election 1874: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative George Henry Scott-Douglas 789 50.9 +6.0 Liberal James Innes-Ker 762 49.1 -6.0 Majority 27 1.8 N/A Turnout 1,551 85.5 +3.8 Registered electors 1,813 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing Elections in the 1880s General election 1880: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Arthur Elliot 859 50.3 +1.2 Conservative George Henry Scott-Douglas 849 49.7 −1.2 Majority 10 0.6 N/A Turnout 1,708 86.3 +0.8 Registered electors 1,978 Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +1.2 General election 1885: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Arthur Elliot 3,419 63.6 +13.3 Conservative Charles Balfour 1,954 36.4 −13.3 Majority 1,465 27.2 +26.6 Turnout 5,373 86.9 +0.6 Registered electors 6,180 Liberal hold Swing +13.3 General election 1886: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Unionist Arthur Elliot 2,570 54.5 +18.1 Liberal Mark Francis Napier 2,142 45.5 −18.1 Majority 428 9.0 N/A Turnout 4,712 76.2 −10.7 Registered electors 6,180 Liberal Unionist gain from Liberal Swing +18.1 Elections in the 1890s General election 1892: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Mark Francis Napier 2,672 51.5 +6.0 Liberal Unionist Arthur Elliot 2,514 48.5 −6.0 Majority 158 3.0 N/A Turnout 5,186 86.2 +10.0 Registered electors 6,015 Liberal gain from Liberal Unionist Swing +6.0 General election 1895: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Scott 2,929 55.3 +6.8 Liberal Mark Francis Napier 2,368 44.7 −6.8 Majority 561 10.6 N/A Turnout 5,297 88.5 +2.3 Registered electors 5,988 Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +6.8 Elections in the 1900s General election 1900: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Scott 2,682 53.6 −1.7 Liberal John Jardine 2,323 46.4 +1.7 Majority 359 7.2 −3.4 Turnout 5,005 84.4 −4.1 Registered electors 5,931 Conservative hold Swing −1.7 General election 1906: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Jardine 2,829 52.9 +6.5 Conservative Richard John Waldie-Griffith 2,514 47.1 −6.5 Majority 315 5.8 N/A Turnout 5,343 90.8 +6.4 Registered electors 5,884 Liberal gain from Conservative Swing +6.5 Elections in the 1910s General election January 1910: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Jardine 2,943 52.8 −0.1 Conservative Henry Francis Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu of Beaulieu 2,626 47.2 +0.1 Majority 317 5.6 −0.2 Turnout 5,569 92.4 +1.6 Registered electors 6,025 Liberal hold Swing −0.1 General election December 1910: Roxburghshire Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Jardine 2,908 51.8 −1.0 Conservative Neil James Kennedy Cochran-Patrick 2,704 48.2 +1.0 Majority 204 3.6 −2.0 Turnout 5,612 91.8 −0.6 Registered electors 6,114 Liberal hold Swing −1.0 References ^ "Roxburghshire". History of Parliament Online (1690-1715). Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Roxburghshire". History of Parliament Online (1715-1754). Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Roxburghshire". History of Parliament Online (1754-1790). Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Roxburghshire". History of Parliament Online (1790-1820). Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Roxburghshire". History of Parliament Online (1820-1832). Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "R" (part 2) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Smith, Henry Stooks (1842). The Register of Parliamentary Contested Elections (Second ed.). Simpkin, Marshall & Company. pp. 210–211. Retrieved 14 September 2018 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3. ^ a b Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. pp. 84–85. Retrieved 14 September 2018 – via Google Books. ^ a b "Latest State of Polls". Leeds Intelligencer. 12 August 1837. p. 4. Retrieved 14 September 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ a b Escott, Margaret. "Roxburghshire". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ The Spectator, 13 January 1835 ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons and Judicial Bench, 1889 ^ a b c d e f g h Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984. ^ Whitaker's Almanack, 1892 ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1901 ^ Whitaker's Almanack, 1907 ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, 1916 vteScottish Westminster constituencies 1708 to 1832 1832 to 1868 1868 to 1885 1885 to 1918 1918 to 1950 1950 to 1955 1955 to 1974 1974 to 1983 1983 to 1997 1997 to 2005 2005 to 2024 Current constituencies (2024) Aberdeen North Aberdeen South Aberdeenshire North and Moray East Airdrie & Shotts Alloa & Grangemouth Angus & Perthshire Glens Arbroath & Broughty Ferry Argyll, Bute & South Lochaber Ayr, Carrick & Cumnock Bathgate & Linlithgow Berwickshire, Roxburgh & Selkirk Caithness, Sutherland & Easter Ross Central Ayrshire Coatbridge & Bellshill Cowdenbeath & Kirkcaldy Cumbernauld & Kirkintilloch Dumfries & Galloway Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale & Tweeddale Dundee Central Dunfermline & Dollar East Kilbride & Strathaven East Renfrewshire Edinburgh East & Musselburgh Edinburgh North & Leith Edinburgh South Edinburgh South West Edinburgh West Falkirk Glasgow East Glasgow North Glasgow North East Glasgow South Glasgow South West Glasgow West Glenrothes & Mid Fife Gordon & Buchan Hamilton & Clyde Valley Inverclyde & Renfrewshire West Inverness, Skye & West Ross-shire Kilmarnock & Loudoun Livingston Lothian East Mid Dunbartonshire Midlothian Moray West, Nairn & Strathspey Motherwell, Wishaw & Carluke Na h-Eileanan an Iar North Ayrshire & Arran North East Fife Orkney & Shetland Paisley & Renfrewshire North Paisley & Renfrewshire South Perth & Kinross-shire Rutherglen Stirling & Strathallan West Aberdeenshire & Kincardine West Dunbartonshire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_constituency"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Roxburghshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1918.","title":"Roxburghshire (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acts of Union, 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union,_1707"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Roxburghshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"}],"text":"The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Roxburghshire.","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh_(county)"}],"text":"The name relates the constituency to the county of Roxburgh.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of Parliament (MP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(MP)"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP1690-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP1715-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP1754-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP1790-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP1820-5"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh and Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh_and_Selkirk_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_(county)"}],"text":"The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1918.[1]\n[2]\n[3]\n[4]\n[5]When the constituency was abolished in 1918, the Roxburgh and Selkirk constituency was created, covering the counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1830s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1840s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1850s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1860s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1870s","text":"Scott resigned, causing a by-election.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1890s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1900s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","title":"Election results"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange_(organization)
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
["1 History","1.1 Partisan politics","1.2 Decline in membership","2 Today","3 Rituals and ceremonies","4 Organization","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Agricultural advocacy group in the United States "Grange Hall" redirects here. For individual Grange Hall buildings, see List of Grange Hall buildings. For other uses, see Grange Hall (disambiguation). The National GrangeNational Grange of the Order of Patrons of HusbandryPromotional poster, ca. 1873, that offers a "gift for the grangers"FormationDecember 4, 1867; 156 years ago (1867-12-04)FounderOliver Hudson KelleyWilliam SaundersFrancis M. McDowellJohn TrimbleAaron B. GroshJohn R. ThompsonWilliam M. IrelandCaroline HallFounded atWashington, D.C.TypeAdvocacy groupFraternal organizationPurposeAgrarian interest groupAgricultural educationGrassroots organizingHeadquartersNational Grange Headquarters Building1616 H Street NW, Suite 200Washington, DCOriginsFarmers' movementRegion served United StatesMembership (2023) ~140,000National PresidentChristine HampNational Vice PresidentJohn BenedikExecutive Committee ChairLynette SchaefferWebsitewww.nationalgrange.org Grange Hall in Solon, Maine, circa 1910 The National Grange, a.k.a. The Grange, officially named The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope. The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office. In 2005, the Grange had a membership of 160,000, with organizations in 2,100 communities in 36 states. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a building built by the organization in 1960. Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges still serve as a center of rural life for many farming communities. History The commissioner of the Department of Agriculture commissioned Oliver Kelley, after a personal interview with President Andrew Johnson, to go to the Southern states and to collect data to improve Southern agricultural conditions. In the South, poor farmers bore the brunt of the Civil War and were suspicious of Northerners like Kelley. Kelley found he was able to overcome these sectional differences as a Mason. With Southern Masons as guides, he toured the war-torn countryside in the South and was appalled by the outdated farming practices. In the western states, Kelley deplored the lack of "progressive agriculture", with illiterate "ignorant" farmers who were "using a system of farming was the same as that handed down by generations gone by". He saw the need for an organization that would bring people together from across the country in a spirit of mutual cooperation. After many letters and consultations with the other founders, the Grange was born. The first Grange, Grange #1, was founded in 1868 in Fredonia, New York. Seven men and one woman co-founded the Grange: Oliver Hudson Kelley, William Saunders, Francis M. McDowell, John Trimble, Aaron B. Grosh, John R. Thompson, William M. Ireland, and Caroline Hall. In 1873 the organization was united under a National Grange in Washington, D.C. Paid agents organized local Granges and membership in the Grange increased dramatically from 1873 (200,000) to 1875 (858,050). Many of the state and local granges adopted non-partisan political resolutions, especially regarding the regulation of railroad transportation costs. The organization was unusual at this time, because women and any teen old enough to draw a plow (aged 14 to 16) were encouraged to participate. The importance of women was reinforced by requiring that four of the elected positions could be held only by women. 1967 U.S. postage stamp honoring the National Grange Rapid growth infused the national organization with money from dues, and many local granges established consumers' co-operatives, initially supplied by the wholesaler Aaron Montgomery Ward. Poor fiscal management, combined with organizational difficulties resulting from rapid growth, led to a massive decline in membership. By the turn of the 20th century, the Grange rebounded and membership stabilized. The Granger movement supported efforts by politicians to regulate rates charged by the railroads and grain warehouses. It claimed credit for the ideas of the Cooperative Extension Service, Rural Free Delivery, and the Farm Credit System. The peak of their political reputation was marked by the Supreme Court decision in Munn v. Illinois (1877), which held that grain warehouses were a "private utility in the public interest," and so could be regulated by public law. However this achievement was overturned later by the Supreme Court in Wabash v. Illinois (1886). The Grange also endorsed the temperance cause to avoid alcohol, the direct election of Senators and women's suffrage. Partisan politics While the Grange was not a political party, Grangers were involved in several political movements in the Midwestern United States in the late 19th century, such as the Reform Party of Wisconsin. Decline in membership Grange membership has declined considerably as the percentage of American farmers has fallen from a third of the population in the early 20th century to less than two percent today. Between 1992 and 2007, the number of Grange members fell by 40%, largely due to the National Grange no longer offering insurance for its members. Washington has the largest membership of any state, at approximately 13,000. Today Union Grange Hall in Slatersville, Rhode Island, now a community center belonging to the North Smithfield Heritage Association. As of 2024, the Grange continues to press for the causes of farmers, including issues of free trade and farm policy. In its 2006 Journal of Proceedings, the organization's report on its annual convention, the organization lays out its mission and how it works towards achieving it through fellowship, service, and legislation: The Grange provides opportunities for individuals and families to develop to their highest potential in order to build stronger communities and states, as well as a stronger nation. In February 2024, the National Grange revised their Mission Statement: Strengthening individuals, families, and communities through service, education, nonpartisan grassroots advocacy, and agricultural awareness. As a non-partisan organization, the Grange supports only policies, never political parties or candidates. Although the Grange was founded to serve the interests of farmers, because of the shrinking farm population the Grange has begun to broaden its range to include a wide variety of issues, and anyone is welcome to join the Grange. The Junior Grange is open to children 5–14. Regular Grange membership is open to anyone age 14 or older. The Grange Youth, a group within the Grange, consists of members 13 1/2 to 30. In 2013, the Grange signed on to a letter to Congress calling for the doubling of legal immigration and legalization for undocumented immigrants currently in the United States. However, this position has been somewhat revised, and the Grange now emphasizes an expansion in the H-2A visa program to increase legal immigration and address the crisis-level labor shortage in agriculture. They support the enforcement of immigration law but urge discretion with regard to the impact on labor availability. Rituals and ceremonies Grange in session, 1873 When the Grange first began in 1867, it borrowed some of its rituals and symbols from Freemasonry, including oaths, secret meetings, and special passwords necessary to keep railroad spies out of their meetings. It also copied ideas from Greek, Roman and Biblical mythology. Small, ceremonial farm tools are often displayed at Grange meetings. Elected officers are in charge of opening and closing each meeting. There are seven degrees of Grange membership; the ceremony of each degree relates to the seasons and various symbols and principles. During the last few decades, the Grange has moved toward public meetings and no longer meets in secret. Though the secret meetings do not occur, the Grange still acknowledges its rich history and practices some traditions. Organization This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Grange is a hierarchical organization ranging from local communities to the National Grange organization. At the local level are community Granges, otherwise known as subordinate Granges. All members are affiliated with at least one subordinate. In most states, multiple subordinate Granges are grouped together to form Pomona Granges. Typically, Pomona Granges are made up of all the subordinates in a county. Next in the order come State Granges, which is where the Grange begins to be especially active in the political process. State Masters (Presidents) are responsible for supervising the administration of Subordinate and Pomona Granges. Together, thirty-five State Granges, as well as Potomac Grange #1 in Washington, D.C., form the National Grange. The National Grange represents the interests of most Grangers in lobbying activities similar to the state, but on a much larger scale. In addition, the National Grange oversees the Grange ritual. The Grange is a grassroots organization; virtually all policy originates at the subordinate level. The motto of the Grange is In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas ("In essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity"). Indeed, the word "grange" comes from a Latin word for grain, and is related to a "granary" or, generically, a farm. Notable people Grange membership badge from Plainville, New York D. Wyatt Aiken (1828–1887), South Carolina. Member of the United States House of Representatives Harold J. Arthur (1904–1971), Vermont. 68th Governor of Vermont Nahum J. Bachelder (1854–1934), New Hampshire. 49th Governor of New Hampshire Charles J. Bell (1845–1909), Vermont. 50th Governor of Vermont Robert Bergland (1928–2018), Minnesota. 20th United States Secretary of Agriculture Charles F. Brannan (1903–1992), Colorado. 14th United States Secretary of Agriculture Frank Carlson (1893 - 1987), Kansas. 30th Governor of Kansas, United States Senator Ezra S. Carr (1819–1894), California. 7th California State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Professor of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley Norman Jay Coleman (1827–1911), New York. 1st United States Secretary of Agriculture Henry C. Groseclose (born 1892), Virginia. Founder of the Future Farmers of Virginia and Future Farmers of America Aaron B. Grosh (1803–1884), Founder of the National Grange. First Chaplain of the National Grange Caroline A. Hall (1838–1918), Founder of the National Grange Mark Hatfield (1922 - 2011), Oregon. 29th Governor of Oregon, United States Senator William M. Ireland (???–1891), Founder of the National Grange. First Treasurer of the National Grange Oliver Hudson Kelley (1826–1913). Agriculturalist, organizer. Primary founder of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. First Secretary of the National Grange Evander M. Law (1836–1920). Confederate general and organizer of the Alabama Grange David Lubin (1849–1919), California. Founder of the California Fruit Growers Union and U.S. delegate to the International Institute of Agriculture Cyrus G. Luce (1824–1905), Michigan. 21st Governor of Michigan James W. Marshall (1810–1885). Discoverer of California Gold. Charter member of Pilot Hill Grange #1 California Francis Marion McDowell (1831–1894). Founder of the National Grange. Second Treasurer of the National Grange James Nesmith (1820–1885), Oregon. United States Senator from Oregon Herschel D. Newsom (1905–1970), Indiana. 16th Master of the National Grange Krist Novoselic (born 1965), Washington. Bass guitarist for the rock band Nirvana Walter M. Pierce (1861 – 1954), Oregon. 17th Governor of Oregon Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946), Pennsylvania. 28th Governor of Pennsylvania Frederick Robie (1822–1912), Maine. 39th Governor of Maine Robert P. Robinson (1869–1939), Delaware. 57th Governor of Delaware Norman Rockwell (1894–1978), Vermont. American painter Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), New York. First Lady of the United States of America Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), New York. 32nd President of the United States of America Ellen Alida Rose (1843–?), agriculturist, suffragist William Saunders (1822–1900). Botanist, landscaper, designer of Soldiers Cemetery in Gettysburg, PA. Founder of the National Grange. First Master/President of the National Grange John Strentzel (1813–1890), California. California pioneer, father-in-law of John Muir John R. Thompson (1834–1894). Founder of the National Grange. First Lecturer/Program Director of the National Grange John Trimble (1831–1902). Founder of the National Grange. Third Secretary of the National Grange Harry S. Truman (1884–1972), Missouri. 33rd President of the United States of America See also List of Grange Hall buildings Order of the Sovereigns of Industry References ^ Goss, Albert S. (February 1947). "Legislative Program of the National Grange". Journal of Farm Economics. 29 (1): 52–63. doi:10.2307/1232934. JSTOR 1232934. ^ "The Grange". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved November 15, 2023. ^ Kelley, Oliver Hudson (1875). Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States; A History from 1866 to 1873. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. A. Weggenseller. p. 12. ^ a b c d Commons, John R.; Phillips, Ulrich B.; Gilmore, Eugene A.; Sumner, Helen L.; Andrews, John B., eds. (1911). A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Volume X: Labor Movement (PDF). Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 71–138. ^ Barns, William D. (July 1967). "Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal". Agricultural History. 41 (3). Agricultural History Society: 229–242. JSTOR 3740337. ^ Nordin, D. Sven (1974). Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867–1900. University Press of Mississippi. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 9781617034763. ^ Carr, Ezra Slocum (1875). The Patrons of husbandry on the Pacific coast: Being a complete history of the origin, condition and progress of agriculture in different parts of the world; of the origin and growth of the order of Patrons, with a general and special grange directory, and full list of charter members of the subordinate granges of California. Also, of the foes of the farmers, or monopolies of land, water, transportation and education; of a protective tariff, currency and banking. A. L. Bancroft. p. 105. ^ Kelley (1875), Publisher's Preface. ^ Kelley (1875), p. 39. ^ Sheingate, Adam D. (2003). The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan. Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0691116288. ^ Danbom, David B. (2006). Born in the Country: A History of Rural America. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–156. ISBN 9780801884597. ^ Krishnan, Sonia (July 29, 2007). "Beyond Potlucks". The Seattle Times. In the past 15 years, Grange membership has fallen nearly 40 percent to 240,000 people. These days, fewer than 2 percent of Americans farm. ^ "Immigration & Visas". National Grange of The Order of Patrons of Husbandry. The National Grange. June 7, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2019. ^ Kinney, Jay (2009). The Masonic Myth: Unlocking the Truth About the Symbols, the Secret Rites, and the History of Freemasonry. HarperCollins. p. 70. ISBN 9780061985980. ^ Nordin (1974), p. 10. Further reading Atkeson, Thomas Clark (1916). Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry. New York: Orange Judd Company. Bourne, Jenny (2017). In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement. Ohio University Press. Buck, Solon Justus (1913). The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803250277. Ferguson, James S. (November 1942). "The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi". Journal of Southern History. 8 (4). Southern Historical Association: 497–512. doi:10.2307/2192091. JSTOR 2192091. Gardner, Charles M. (1949). The Grange – Friend of the Farmer: A Concise Reference History of America's Oldest Farm Organization, and the Only Rural Fraternity in the World, 1867–1947. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. – historical account of the organization's first 80 years Hirsch, Arthur H. (March 1929). "Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 15 (4). Organization of American Historians: 473–496. doi:10.2307/1897882. JSTOR 1897882. Howard, David H. (1992). People, Pride, and Progress: 125 Years of the Grange in America. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. ISBN 978-9993947509. Lownsbrough, John (1980). The Privileged Few: The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario. Art Gallery of Ontario. ISBN 978-0919876644. Marti, Donald B. (1991). Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313257230. Saloutos, Theodore (November 1953). "The Grange in the South, 1870–1877". Journal of Southern History. 19 (4). Southern Historical Association: 473–487. doi:10.2307/2955088. JSTOR 2955088. Schneiberg, Marc; King, Marissa; Smith, Thomas (August 2008). "Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries". American Sociological Review. 73 (4). American Sociological Association: 635–667. doi:10.1177/000312240807300406. JSTOR 25472548. S2CID 145084363. Schell, Herbert S. (April 1936). "The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory". Agricultural History. 10 (2). Agricultural History Society: 59–83. JSTOR 3739476. Tontz, Robert L. (July 1964). "Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960". Agricultural History. 38 (3). Agricultural History Society: 143–156. JSTOR 3740434. – statistical tables showing membership in the Grange and other farm organizations by date and state and region Woods, Thomas A. (2002). Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology. Henry A Wallace Series on Agricultural History and Rural Studies. Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0813802398. Other primary sources available on Google Books External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. Official website Maryland State Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry records at the University of Maryland Libraries "A Short History of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the National Grange" by Charles P. Gilliam Background, History, Ritual and Emblems of the Grange National Grange of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, Encyclopedia of Arkansas New York State Grange Texts on Wikisource: "Husbandry, Patrons of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. "Grangers". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. "Grange". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Husbandry, Patrons of". The American Cyclopædia. 1879. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Grange Hall buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grange_Hall_buildings"},{"link_name":"Grange Hall (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hall_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solon, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon,_Maine"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goss-1"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"advocacy group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Granger Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granger_Laws"},{"link_name":"rural free mail delivery by the Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery"}],"text":"\"Grange Hall\" redirects here. For individual Grange Hall buildings, see List of Grange Hall buildings. For other uses, see Grange Hall (disambiguation).Grange Hall in Solon, Maine, circa 1910The National Grange, a.k.a. The Grange, officially named The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a social organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture.[1] The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope.[2] The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals, such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads, and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office.In 2005, the Grange had a membership of 160,000, with organizations in 2,100 communities in 36 states. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a building built by the organization in 1960. Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges still serve as a center of rural life for many farming communities.","title":"National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Oliver Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hudson_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fredonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredonia,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hudson Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hudson_Kelley"},{"link_name":"William Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"Francis M. McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marion_McDowell"},{"link_name":"John Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trimble_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Aaron B. Grosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_B._Grosh"},{"link_name":"John R. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Thompson"},{"link_name":"William M. Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Ireland"},{"link_name":"Caroline Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_A._Hall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp-national_grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"consumers' co-operatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative"},{"link_name":"Aaron Montgomery Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Montgomery_Ward"},{"link_name":"Cooperative Extension Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Extension_Service"},{"link_name":"Rural Free Delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Free_Delivery"},{"link_name":"Farm Credit System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Credit_System"},{"link_name":"Munn v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munn_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"public interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest"},{"link_name":"Wabash v. Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_v._Illinois"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"temperance cause to avoid alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"},{"link_name":"direct election of Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"}],"text":"The commissioner of the Department of Agriculture commissioned Oliver Kelley, after a personal interview with President Andrew Johnson,[3] to go to the Southern states and to collect data to improve Southern agricultural conditions. In the South, poor farmers bore the brunt of the Civil War and were suspicious of Northerners like Kelley. Kelley found he was able to overcome these sectional differences as a Mason. With Southern Masons as guides, he toured the war-torn countryside in the South and was appalled by the outdated farming practices. In the western states, Kelley deplored the lack of \"progressive agriculture\", with illiterate \"ignorant\" farmers who were \"using a system of farming [that] was the same as that handed down by generations gone by\".[4] He saw the need for an organization that would bring people together from across the country in a spirit of mutual cooperation. After many letters and consultations with the other founders, the Grange was born.[5] The first Grange, Grange #1, was founded in 1868 in Fredonia, New York.[6] Seven men and one woman co-founded the Grange: Oliver Hudson Kelley, William Saunders, Francis M. McDowell, John Trimble, Aaron B. Grosh, John R. Thompson, William M. Ireland, and Caroline Hall.[7] In 1873 the organization was united under a National Grange in Washington, D.C.[8]Paid agents organized local Granges and membership in the Grange increased dramatically from 1873 (200,000) to 1875 (858,050). Many of the state and local granges adopted non-partisan political resolutions, especially regarding the regulation of railroad transportation costs. The organization was unusual at this time, because women[4] and any teen old enough to draw a plow (aged 14 to 16[9]) were encouraged to participate. The importance of women was reinforced by requiring that four of the elected positions could be held only by women.[10]1967 U.S. postage stamp honoring the National GrangeRapid growth infused the national organization with money from dues, and many local granges established consumers' co-operatives, initially supplied by the wholesaler Aaron Montgomery Ward. Poor fiscal management, combined with organizational difficulties resulting from rapid growth, led to a massive decline in membership. By the turn of the 20th century, the Grange rebounded and membership stabilized.The Granger movement supported efforts by politicians to regulate rates charged by the railroads and grain warehouses. It claimed credit for the ideas of the Cooperative Extension Service, Rural Free Delivery, and the Farm Credit System. The peak of their political reputation was marked by the Supreme Court decision in Munn v. Illinois (1877), which held that grain warehouses were a \"private utility in the public interest,\" and so could be regulated by public law. However this achievement was overturned later by the Supreme Court in Wabash v. Illinois (1886).[11] The Grange also endorsed the temperance cause to avoid alcohol, the direct election of Senators and women's suffrage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_(19th-century_Wisconsin)"}],"sub_title":"Partisan politics","text":"While the Grange was not a political party, Grangers were involved in several political movements in the Midwestern United States in the late 19th century, such as the Reform Party of Wisconsin.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Decline in membership","text":"Grange membership has declined considerably as the percentage of American farmers has fallen from a third of the population in the early 20th century to less than two percent today. Between 1992 and 2007, the number of Grange members fell by 40%, largely due to the National Grange no longer offering insurance for its members.[12] Washington has the largest membership of any state, at approximately 13,000.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slatersville_Grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"Union Grange Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Grange_Hall"},{"link_name":"Slatersville, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatersville,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry&action=edit"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"undocumented immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"H-2A visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-2A_visa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Immigration_&_Visas-13"}],"text":"Union Grange Hall in Slatersville, Rhode Island, now a community center belonging to the North Smithfield Heritage Association.As of 2024[update], the Grange continues to press for the causes of farmers, including issues of free trade and farm policy. In its 2006 Journal of Proceedings, the organization's report on its annual convention, the organization lays out its mission and how it works towards achieving it through fellowship, service, and legislation:The Grange provides opportunities for individuals and families to develop to their highest potential in order to build stronger communities and states, as well as a stronger nation.In February 2024, the National Grange revised their Mission Statement:Strengthening individuals, families, and communities through service, education, nonpartisan grassroots advocacy, and agricultural awareness.As a non-partisan organization, the Grange supports only policies, never political parties or candidates. Although the Grange was founded to serve the interests of farmers, because of the shrinking farm population the Grange has begun to broaden its range to include a wide variety of issues, and anyone is welcome to join the Grange.The Junior Grange is open to children 5–14. Regular Grange membership is open to anyone age 14 or older. The Grange Youth, a group within the Grange, consists of members 13 1/2 to 30.In 2013, the Grange signed on to a letter to Congress calling for the doubling of legal immigration and legalization for undocumented immigrants currently in the United States. However, this position has been somewhat revised, and the Grange now emphasizes an expansion in the H-2A visa program to increase legal immigration and address the crisis-level labor shortage in agriculture. They support the enforcement of immigration law but urge discretion with regard to the impact on labor availability.[13]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grange1873.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"secret meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry#Principles_and_activities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Grange in session, 1873When the Grange first began in 1867, it borrowed some of its rituals and symbols from Freemasonry,[4] including oaths, secret meetings, and special passwords necessary to keep railroad spies out of their meetings.[14] It also copied ideas from Greek, Roman and Biblical mythology. Small, ceremonial farm tools are often displayed at Grange meetings. Elected officers are in charge of opening and closing each meeting. There are seven degrees of Grange membership; the ceremony of each degree relates to the seasons and various symbols and principles.[15]During the last few decades, the Grange has moved toward public meetings and no longer meets in secret. Though the secret meetings do not occur, the Grange still acknowledges its rich history and practices some traditions.[citation needed]","title":"Rituals and ceremonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CommonsEtAl-4"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"link_name":"In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_necessariis_unitas,_in_dubiis_libertas,_in_omnibus_caritas"}],"text":"The Grange is a hierarchical organization ranging from local communities to the National Grange organization. At the local level are community Granges, otherwise known as subordinate Granges.[4] All members are affiliated with at least one subordinate. In most states, multiple subordinate Granges are grouped together to form Pomona Granges. Typically, Pomona Granges are made up of all the subordinates in a county. Next in the order come State Granges, which is where the Grange begins to be especially active in the political process. State Masters (Presidents) are responsible for supervising the administration of Subordinate and Pomona Granges. Together, thirty-five State Granges, as well as Potomac Grange #1 in Washington, D.C., form the National Grange. The National Grange represents the interests of most Grangers in lobbying activities similar to the state, but on a much larger scale. In addition, the National Grange oversees the Grange ritual. The Grange is a grassroots organization; virtually all policy originates at the subordinate level.The motto of the Grange is In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas (\"In essentials, unity; in non-essentials, liberty; in all things, charity\"). Indeed, the word \"grange\" comes from a Latin word for grain, and is related to a \"granary\" or, generically, a farm.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrangeBadgePlainvilleNY.jpg"},{"link_name":"D. Wyatt Aiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Wyatt_Aiken"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Harold J. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_J._Arthur"},{"link_name":"Governor of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Nahum J. Bachelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_J._Bachelder"},{"link_name":"Governor of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Charles J. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Bell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Robert Bergland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bergland"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Charles F. Brannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Frank Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Governor of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ezra S. Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_S._Carr"},{"link_name":"California State Superintendent of Public Instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Norman Jay Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Jay_Coleman"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Henry C. Groseclose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Groseclose"},{"link_name":"Future Farmers of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Farmers_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Future Farmers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Farmers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Aaron B. Grosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_B._Grosh"},{"link_name":"Caroline A. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_A._Hall"},{"link_name":"Mark Hatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hatfield"},{"link_name":"Governor of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"William M. Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Ireland"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hudson Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hudson_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Evander M. Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_M._Law"},{"link_name":"David Lubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lubin"},{"link_name":"Cyrus G. Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_G._Luce"},{"link_name":"Governor of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"James W. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Francis Marion McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marion_McDowell"},{"link_name":"James Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"Herschel D. Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_D._Newsom"},{"link_name":"Krist Novoselic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist_Novoselic"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Walter M. Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_M._Pierce"},{"link_name":"Governor of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Gifford Pinchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot"},{"link_name":"Governor of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Frederick Robie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Robie"},{"link_name":"Governor of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Robert P. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Robinson_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Norman Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Rockwell"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"First Lady of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"President of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ellen Alida Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Alida_Rose"},{"link_name":"William Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saunders_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"John Strentzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strentzel"},{"link_name":"John Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir"},{"link_name":"John R. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Thompson"},{"link_name":"John Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trimble_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"President of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America"}],"text":"Grange membership badge from Plainville, New YorkD. Wyatt Aiken (1828–1887), South Carolina. Member of the United States House of Representatives\nHarold J. Arthur (1904–1971), Vermont. 68th Governor of Vermont\nNahum J. Bachelder (1854–1934), New Hampshire. 49th Governor of New Hampshire\nCharles J. Bell (1845–1909), Vermont. 50th Governor of Vermont\nRobert Bergland (1928–2018), Minnesota. 20th United States Secretary of Agriculture\nCharles F. Brannan (1903–1992), Colorado. 14th United States Secretary of Agriculture\nFrank Carlson (1893 - 1987), Kansas. 30th Governor of Kansas, United States Senator\nEzra S. Carr (1819–1894), California. 7th California State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Professor of Agriculture at the University of California, Berkeley\nNorman Jay Coleman (1827–1911), New York. 1st United States Secretary of Agriculture\nHenry C. Groseclose (born 1892), Virginia. Founder of the Future Farmers of Virginia and Future Farmers of America\nAaron B. Grosh (1803–1884), Founder of the National Grange. First Chaplain of the National Grange\nCaroline A. Hall (1838–1918), Founder of the National Grange\nMark Hatfield (1922 - 2011), Oregon. 29th Governor of Oregon, United States Senator\nWilliam M. Ireland (???–1891), Founder of the National Grange. First Treasurer of the National Grange\nOliver Hudson Kelley (1826–1913). Agriculturalist, organizer. Primary founder of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. First Secretary of the National Grange\nEvander M. Law (1836–1920). Confederate general and organizer of the Alabama Grange\nDavid Lubin (1849–1919), California. Founder of the California Fruit Growers Union and U.S. delegate to the International Institute of Agriculture\nCyrus G. Luce (1824–1905), Michigan. 21st Governor of Michigan\nJames W. Marshall (1810–1885). Discoverer of California Gold. Charter member of Pilot Hill Grange #1 California\nFrancis Marion McDowell (1831–1894). Founder of the National Grange. Second Treasurer of the National Grange\nJames Nesmith (1820–1885), Oregon. United States Senator from Oregon\nHerschel D. Newsom (1905–1970), Indiana. 16th Master of the National Grange\nKrist Novoselic (born 1965), Washington. Bass guitarist for the rock band Nirvana\nWalter M. Pierce (1861 – 1954), Oregon. 17th Governor of Oregon\nGifford Pinchot (1865–1946), Pennsylvania. 28th Governor of Pennsylvania\nFrederick Robie (1822–1912), Maine. 39th Governor of Maine\nRobert P. Robinson (1869–1939), Delaware. 57th Governor of Delaware\nNorman Rockwell (1894–1978), Vermont. American painter\nEleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), New York. First Lady of the United States of America\nFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), New York. 32nd President of the United States of America\nEllen Alida Rose (1843–?), agriculturist, suffragist\nWilliam Saunders (1822–1900). Botanist, landscaper, designer of Soldiers Cemetery in Gettysburg, PA. Founder of the National Grange. First Master/President of the National Grange\nJohn Strentzel (1813–1890), California. California pioneer, father-in-law of John Muir\nJohn R. Thompson (1834–1894). Founder of the National Grange. First Lecturer/Program Director of the National Grange\nJohn Trimble (1831–1902). Founder of the National Grange. Third Secretary of the National Grange\nHarry S. Truman (1884–1972), Missouri. 33rd President of the United States of America","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/semicentennialh00atkegoog"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HRJgAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:granger+inauthor:buck"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0803250277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803250277"},{"link_name":"\"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2192091"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2192091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2192091"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2192091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2192091"},{"link_name":"\"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1897882"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1897882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1897882"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1897882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1897882"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9993947509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9993947509"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0919876644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0919876644"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0313257230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313257230"},{"link_name":"\"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2955088"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2955088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2955088"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2955088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2955088"},{"link_name":"\"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25472548"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/000312240807300406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240807300406"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25472548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25472548"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145084363","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145084363"},{"link_name":"\"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3739476"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3739476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3739476"},{"link_name":"\"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3740434"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3740434","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3740434"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0813802398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813802398"},{"link_name":"Other primary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/search?q=intitle%3APatrons+intitle%3AHusbandry&tbs=bkv%3Ap&tbm=bks"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"}],"text":"Atkeson, Thomas Clark (1916). Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry. New York: Orange Judd Company.\nBourne, Jenny (2017). In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement. Ohio University Press. [ISBN missing]\nBuck, Solon Justus (1913). The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803250277.\nFerguson, James S. (November 1942). \"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\". Journal of Southern History. 8 (4). Southern Historical Association: 497–512. doi:10.2307/2192091. JSTOR 2192091.\nGardner, Charles M. (1949). The Grange – Friend of the Farmer: A Concise Reference History of America's Oldest Farm Organization, and the Only Rural Fraternity in the World, 1867–1947. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. – historical account of the organization's first 80 years\nHirsch, Arthur H. (March 1929). \"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 15 (4). Organization of American Historians: 473–496. doi:10.2307/1897882. JSTOR 1897882.\nHoward, David H. (1992). People, Pride, and Progress: 125 Years of the Grange in America. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. ISBN 978-9993947509.\nLownsbrough, John (1980). The Privileged Few: The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario. Art Gallery of Ontario. ISBN 978-0919876644.\nMarti, Donald B. (1991). Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313257230.\nSaloutos, Theodore (November 1953). \"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\". Journal of Southern History. 19 (4). Southern Historical Association: 473–487. doi:10.2307/2955088. JSTOR 2955088.\nSchneiberg, Marc; King, Marissa; Smith, Thomas (August 2008). \"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\". American Sociological Review. 73 (4). American Sociological Association: 635–667. doi:10.1177/000312240807300406. JSTOR 25472548. S2CID 145084363.\nSchell, Herbert S. (April 1936). \"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\". Agricultural History. 10 (2). Agricultural History Society: 59–83. JSTOR 3739476.\nTontz, Robert L. (July 1964). \"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\". Agricultural History. 38 (3). Agricultural History Society: 143–156. JSTOR 3740434. – statistical tables showing membership in the Grange and other farm organizations by date and state and region\nWoods, Thomas A. (2002). Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology. Henry A Wallace Series on Agricultural History and Rural Studies. Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0813802398.\nOther primary sources available on Google Books","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Grange Hall in Solon, Maine, circa 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Grange.jpg/300px-Grange.jpg"},{"image_text":"1967 U.S. postage stamp honoring the National Grange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stamp-national_grange.jpg/150px-Stamp-national_grange.jpg"},{"image_text":"Union Grange Hall in Slatersville, Rhode Island, now a community center belonging to the North Smithfield Heritage Association.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Slatersville_Grange.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grange in session, 1873","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grange1873.jpg/260px-Grange1873.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grange membership badge from Plainville, New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/GrangeBadgePlainvilleNY.jpg/170px-GrangeBadgePlainvilleNY.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Grange Hall buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grange_Hall_buildings"},{"title":"Order of the Sovereigns of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Sovereigns_of_Industry"}]
[{"reference":"Goss, Albert S. (February 1947). \"Legislative Program of the National Grange\". Journal of Farm Economics. 29 (1): 52–63. doi:10.2307/1232934. JSTOR 1232934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1232934","url_text":"10.2307/1232934"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1232934","url_text":"1232934"}]},{"reference":"\"The Grange\". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved November 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mnhs.org/kelleyfarm/learn/grange","url_text":"\"The Grange\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Oliver Hudson (1875). Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States; A History from 1866 to 1873. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. A. Weggenseller. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/originandprogre01kellgoog","url_text":"Origin and Progress of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States; A History from 1866 to 1873"}]},{"reference":"Commons, John R.; Phillips, Ulrich B.; Gilmore, Eugene A.; Sumner, Helen L.; Andrews, John B., eds. (1911). A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Volume X: Labor Movement (PDF). Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 71–138.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/adocumentaryhis00gilmgoog/adocumentaryhis00gilmgoog.pdf","url_text":"A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Volume X: Labor Movement"}]},{"reference":"Barns, William D. (July 1967). \"Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal\". Agricultural History. 41 (3). Agricultural History Society: 229–242. JSTOR 3740337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740337","url_text":"3740337"}]},{"reference":"Nordin, D. Sven (1974). Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867–1900. University Press of Mississippi. pp. Chapter 1. ISBN 9781617034763.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6H20-tfdeRwC&pg=PA10","url_text":"Rich Harvest: A History of the Grange, 1867–1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617034763","url_text":"9781617034763"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Ezra Slocum (1875). The Patrons of husbandry on the Pacific coast: Being a complete history of the origin, condition and progress of agriculture in different parts of the world; of the origin and growth of the order of Patrons, with a general and special grange directory, and full list of charter members of the subordinate granges of California. Also, of the foes of the farmers, or monopolies of land, water, transportation and education; of a protective tariff, currency and banking. A. L. Bancroft. p. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_S._Carr","url_text":"Carr, Ezra Slocum"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patronshusbandr00unkngoog","url_text":"The Patrons of husbandry on the Pacific coast: Being a complete history of the origin, condition and progress of agriculture in different parts of the world; of the origin and growth of the order of Patrons, with a general and special grange directory, and full list of charter members of the subordinate granges of California. Also, of the foes of the farmers, or monopolies of land, water, transportation and education; of a protective tariff, currency and banking"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patronshusbandr00unkngoog/page/n117","url_text":"105"}]},{"reference":"Sheingate, Adam D. (2003). The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan. Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0691116288.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T2cC26CXsJUC&pg=PA60","url_text":"The Rise of the Agricultural Welfare State: Institutions and Interest Group Power in the United States, France, and Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691116288","url_text":"0691116288"}]},{"reference":"Danbom, David B. (2006). Born in the Country: A History of Rural America. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–156. ISBN 9780801884597.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aQZr8PicfLkC&pg=PA154","url_text":"Born in the Country: A History of Rural America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801884597","url_text":"9780801884597"}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Sonia (July 29, 2007). \"Beyond Potlucks\". The Seattle Times. In the past 15 years, Grange membership has fallen nearly 40 percent to 240,000 people. These days, fewer than 2 percent of Americans farm.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/beyond-potlucks/","url_text":"\"Beyond Potlucks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Immigration & Visas\". National Grange of The Order of Patrons of Husbandry. The National Grange. June 7, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgrange.org/immigration-visas/","url_text":"\"Immigration & Visas\""}]},{"reference":"Kinney, Jay (2009). The Masonic Myth: Unlocking the Truth About the Symbols, the Secret Rites, and the History of Freemasonry. HarperCollins. p. 70. ISBN 9780061985980.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WiCB-XkUANoC&pg=PA70","url_text":"The Masonic Myth: Unlocking the Truth About the Symbols, the Secret Rites, and the History of Freemasonry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061985980","url_text":"9780061985980"}]},{"reference":"Atkeson, Thomas Clark (1916). Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry. New York: Orange Judd Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/semicentennialh00atkegoog","url_text":"Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry"}]},{"reference":"Bourne, Jenny (2017). In Essentials, Unity: An Economic History of the Grange Movement. Ohio University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Solon Justus (1913). The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803250277.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRJgAAAAIAAJ&q=intitle:granger+inauthor:buck","url_text":"The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870–1880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803250277","url_text":"978-0803250277"}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, James S. (November 1942). \"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\". Journal of Southern History. 8 (4). Southern Historical Association: 497–512. doi:10.2307/2192091. JSTOR 2192091.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192091","url_text":"\"The Grange and Farmer Education in Mississippi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192091","url_text":"10.2307/2192091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192091","url_text":"2192091"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Charles M. (1949). The Grange – Friend of the Farmer: A Concise Reference History of America's Oldest Farm Organization, and the Only Rural Fraternity in the World, 1867–1947. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Arthur H. (March 1929). \"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 15 (4). Organization of American Historians: 473–496. doi:10.2307/1897882. JSTOR 1897882.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897882","url_text":"\"Efforts of the Grange in the Middle West to Control the Price of Farm Machinery, 1870–1880\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1897882","url_text":"10.2307/1897882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897882","url_text":"1897882"}]},{"reference":"Howard, David H. (1992). People, Pride, and Progress: 125 Years of the Grange in America. Washington, D.C.: The National Grange. ISBN 978-9993947509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9993947509","url_text":"978-9993947509"}]},{"reference":"Lownsbrough, John (1980). The Privileged Few: The Grange and its People in Nineteenth Century Ontario. Art Gallery of Ontario. ISBN 978-0919876644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0919876644","url_text":"978-0919876644"}]},{"reference":"Marti, Donald B. (1991). Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313257230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313257230","url_text":"978-0313257230"}]},{"reference":"Saloutos, Theodore (November 1953). \"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\". Journal of Southern History. 19 (4). Southern Historical Association: 473–487. doi:10.2307/2955088. JSTOR 2955088.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088","url_text":"\"The Grange in the South, 1870–1877\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2955088","url_text":"10.2307/2955088"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088","url_text":"2955088"}]},{"reference":"Schneiberg, Marc; King, Marissa; Smith, Thomas (August 2008). \"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\". American Sociological Review. 73 (4). American Sociological Association: 635–667. doi:10.1177/000312240807300406. JSTOR 25472548. S2CID 145084363.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472548","url_text":"\"Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240807300406","url_text":"10.1177/000312240807300406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25472548","url_text":"25472548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145084363","url_text":"145084363"}]},{"reference":"Schell, Herbert S. (April 1936). \"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\". Agricultural History. 10 (2). Agricultural History Society: 59–83. JSTOR 3739476.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739476","url_text":"\"The Grange and the Credit Problem in Dakota Territory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739476","url_text":"3739476"}]},{"reference":"Tontz, Robert L. (July 1964). \"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\". Agricultural History. 38 (3). Agricultural History Society: 143–156. JSTOR 3740434.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740434","url_text":"\"Memberships of General Farmers' Organizations, United States, 1874–1960\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740434","url_text":"3740434"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Thomas A. (2002). Knights of the Plow: Oliver H. Kelley and the Origins of the Grange in Republican Ideology. Henry A Wallace Series on Agricultural History and Rural Studies. Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0813802398.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813802398","url_text":"978-0813802398"}]},{"reference":"\"Husbandry, Patrons of\". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Husbandry,_Patrons_of","url_text":"Husbandry, Patrons of"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Collier's New Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Grangers\". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Grangers","url_text":"Grangers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"\"Grange\". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Grange","url_text":"Grange"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Husbandry, Patrons of\". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Husbandry,_Patrons_of","url_text":"Husbandry, Patrons of"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia","url_text":"The American Cyclopædia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatusili%C5%A1_III
Ḫattušili III
["1 Early life and family","2 Rise to kingship and reign as king","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ḫattušili III" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) King of the Hittites Hattusili IIIRock relief of Hattusili IIIKing of the HittitesReignc. 1275–1245 BCPredecessorMursili IIISuccessorTudhaliya IVConsortPuduhepaIssueTudhaliya IVMaathorneferureKiluš-ḪepaFatherMursili IIMotherGassulawiyaReligionHittite religion Apology of Hattusili III Hattusili III (Hittite: "from Hattusa") was king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) c. 1275–1245 BC (middle chronology) or 1267–1237 BC (short chronology timeline). Early life and family Much of what is known about the childhood of Hattusili III is gathered from a biographical account, written on a stone tablet during his reign, referred to as the Apology. Hattusili III was born the youngest of four children to the Hittite king Mursili II and queen Gassulawiya. According to Hattusili III himself, he was an ill and sickly child who was initially expected not to survive to adulthood. Hattusili III credited the goddess Ishtar with saving his life during this period, and would remain an ardent patron of Ishtar indefinitely. Due to his place as the youngest son, Hattusili III did not become king after the death of his father. Instead his older brother Muwattalli II ascended the throne. Before becoming king, Hattusili III married Puduhepa, a priestess of Ishtar, who later became an important Hittite queen in her own right. With Puduhepa, Hattusili III had three children, including his successor Tudhaliya IV. Rise to kingship and reign as king When his brother Muwattalli II became king, Hattusili III was appointed to govern over the northern lands of the Hittite empire. While this initially caused minor controversy among the locals and the ousted governor, Hattusili III was quick to quash dissidence with military force and turned his eyes towards conquering new territories surrounding the northern Hittite lands. When the King made the decision to move the capital from Hattusa to Tarhuntassa, Hattusili III was left to quash the rebellions that arose due to this decision. Subsequently, Hattusili III was made King of the northern territories by his brother Muwattalli II. Upon the death of Muwattalli II, Hattusili III's nephew Urhi-Teshub became king. There was controversy with this appointment, because Urhi-Teshub was the son of Muwattalli's concubine, not his wife. Despite his origins as a "second-rank son", Hattusili III initially supported Urhi-Teshub's kingship as it was the wish of Muwatalli II that Urhi-Teshub should rule. Urhi-Teshub ruled under the name Mursili III. Shortly after his accession to the throne, Mursili III had the capital moved from Tarhuntassa back to its original home of Hattussa. This effectively reduced much of Hattusili's power in the region and nullified his role as king of the northern territories. Hattusili III was also stripped of all of his territories aside from Hapkis and Nerik. This strained the relationship greatly, and upon having Nerik stripped of him as well, Hattusili III sought to usurp the throne. After deposing Mursili III as king, Hattusili III exiled him to Syria. Hattusili III appointed Muwattalli II's other son Kurunta, whom he himself had raised, to govern Tarhuntassa in a similar capacity that Hattusili III himself had once held. As king, Hattusili III sought to keep a correspondence with many different kingships in the surrounding areas. After his ascension to the throne, Hattusili III began a correspondence with Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II that culminated in the first ever recorded peace treaty, the Eternal Treaty (also known as the Treaty of Kadesh). This correspondence took place roughly fifteen years after the Battle of Kadesh. Hattusili's reign as king is notable for the large collection of letters and written accounts unearthed from this period. Over two-hundred letters were unearthed at the site of the royal palace in Hattusa. These primary sources, including The Apology, the Talagalawa letter, and the Arzawa letters, are considered among the very few primary sources available from the Hittite empire of the time. See also Asia portal History of the Hittites References ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bryce, Trevor (1998). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924010-4., pp.xiii-xiv ^ a b c Andrew., Knapp (2015). Royal apologetic in the ancient Near East. SBL Press. ISBN 978-0884140757. OCLC 932049464. ^ "British Museum - Bryce". www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-02. ^ Darga, Muhibbe. Women in the Historical Ages. In Women in Anatolia, 9000 Years of the History of the Anatolian Woman, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture, Istanbul, 1993, page 30. ^ Letter from Ramses II of Egypt to Puduhepa, from Women in Anatolia, 9000 Years of the History of the Anatolian Woman, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture, Istanbul, 1993. ^ Gurney, O. R. (December 1997). "The Annals of Hattusilis III". Anatolian Studies. 47: 127–139. doi:10.2307/3642903. ISSN 2048-0849. JSTOR 3642903. ^ A., Hoffner, Harry (2009). Letters from the Hittite Kingdom. Beckman, Gary M. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589834149. OCLC 587445921.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) External links Reign of Hattusili III The Eternal Treaty from the Hittite perspective by Trevor Bryce, BMSAES 6 (2006), pp. 1–11 The Apology of Hattusilis III Hittite text and English translation at UT Austin Linguistics Research Center Regnal titles Preceded byMursili III Hittite king c. 1275–1245 BC Succeeded byTudhaliya IV vteHittite New Kingdom royal family tree according to Trevor Bryce Kantuzilli Tudhaliya I/IINikkalmati Arnuwanda IAsmunikal Hattusili II?Tudhaliya IIIDaduhepaZida Tudhaliya the YoungerHenti (1)Šuppiluliuma I(2) Tawananna Arnuwanda IITelipinuSarri-KusuhZannanzaGassulawiya (1)Mursili II(2) Tanuhepa Talmi-SarrumaSahurunuwaMuwatalli IIHalpasulupiMassanauzziHattusili IIIPuduhepa Ini-TesubUrhi-TesubKuruntaNerikkailinumerous daughters and sonsTudhaliya IV Talmi-TesubArnuwanda IIISuppiluliuma II Kuzi-Tesub (1) = 1st spouse (2) = 2nd spouse Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna. Dashed lines indicate adoption. Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical). References: Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Jacques Freu (2007). Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite. Paris, France: L'Harmattan. Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter. Notes: ^ Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was possibly a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II; the first Tudhaliya is now known to be the son of Kantuzzili (Bryce 1997, p. 131 suggested Himuili, but the new edition, Bryce 2005, p. 122, indicated Kantuzzili). ^ Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133); the link points to Tudhaliya II. Among those who identify distinct kings Tudhaliya I and Tudhaliya II, Freu (2007) has Kantuzzili—his son Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II (p. 311). ^ a b c Bryce (1997), p. 139. ^ The existence of Hattusili II is doubted by many scholars (Bryce 1997, pp. 153–154; Bryce 2005, p. 141). Among those who accept the existence of Hattusili II, Freu (2007), p. 311, has Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 158. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 172. ^ a b c d Bryce (1997), p. 174. ^ a b Bryce (1997), p. 168. ^ Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173). ^ ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king (lugal) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174). ^ a b c d King (lugal) of Carchemish. ^ Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203–204. ^ Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196–198). ^ Bryce (1997), p. 227. ^ a b c Bryce (1997), p. 230. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 220. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 222. ^ Haas (2006), p. 91. ^ Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313). ^ Bryce (1997), p. 296. ^ Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273). ^ Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363. ^ King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354). ^ Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294). ^ Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 332. ^ Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331). ^ Bryce (1997), p. 363. ^ a b Bryce (1997), p. 361. ^ Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti. ^ King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384–385). vteHittite kingsHattic kingsc. 23rd–18th centuries BC Pamba Pithana Piyusti Anitta Tudhaliya PU-Sarruma Old Kingdomc. 16th–15th centuries BC Labarna I Ḫattušili I Muršili I Ḫantili I Zidanta I Ammuna Ḫuzziya I Telipinu Middle Kingdomc. mid-to-late 15th century BC Alluwamna Taḫurwaili Ḫantili II Zidanta II Ḫuzziya II Muwatalli I New Kingdomc. 14th–12th centuries BC Tudḫaliya I Ḫattušili II Tudḫaliya II Arnuwanda I Tudḫaliya III Tudḫaliya the Younger Šuppiluliuma I Arnuwanda II Muršili II Muwatalli II Muršili III Ḫattušili III Tudḫaliya IV Arnuwanda III Šuppiluliuma II Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apologie_de_Hattusili_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_language"},{"link_name":"Hittite empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_empire"},{"link_name":"middle chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_chronology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-1"},{"link_name":"short chronology timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"King of the HittitesApology of Hattusili IIIHattusili III (Hittite: \"from Hattusa\") was king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) c. 1275–1245 BC (middle chronology)[1] or 1267–1237 BC (short chronology timeline).[2]","title":"Ḫattušili III"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Mursili II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mursili_II"},{"link_name":"Gassulawiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gassulawiya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ishtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Muwattalli II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwatalli_II"},{"link_name":"Puduhepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puduhepa"},{"link_name":"Ishtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tudhaliya IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudhaliya_IV"}],"text":"Much of what is known about the childhood of Hattusili III is gathered from a biographical account, written on a stone tablet during his reign, referred to as the Apology.[3] Hattusili III was born the youngest of four children to the Hittite king Mursili II and queen Gassulawiya. According to Hattusili III himself, he was an ill and sickly child who was initially expected not to survive to adulthood.[4] Hattusili III credited the goddess Ishtar with saving his life during this period, and would remain an ardent patron of Ishtar indefinitely.[3][2] Due to his place as the youngest son, Hattusili III did not become king after the death of his father. Instead his older brother Muwattalli II ascended the throne.Before becoming king, Hattusili III married Puduhepa, a priestess of Ishtar, who later became an important Hittite queen in her own right.[5][6] With Puduhepa, Hattusili III had three children, including his successor Tudhaliya IV.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hattusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattusa"},{"link_name":"Tarhuntassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunta%C5%A1%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Urhi-Teshub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mursili_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Mursili III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mursili_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Nerik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Kurunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurunta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Eternal Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace_treaty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"When his brother Muwattalli II became king, Hattusili III was appointed to govern over the northern lands of the Hittite empire. While this initially caused minor controversy among the locals and the ousted governor, Hattusili III was quick to quash dissidence with military force[7] and turned his eyes towards conquering new territories surrounding the northern Hittite lands. When the King made the decision to move the capital from Hattusa to Tarhuntassa, Hattusili III was left to quash the rebellions that arose due to this decision.[2] Subsequently, Hattusili III was made King of the northern territories by his brother Muwattalli II.[2]Upon the death of Muwattalli II, Hattusili III's nephew Urhi-Teshub became king. There was controversy with this appointment, because Urhi-Teshub was the son of Muwattalli's concubine, not his wife. Despite his origins as a \"second-rank son\",[2] Hattusili III initially supported Urhi-Teshub's kingship as it was the wish of Muwatalli II that Urhi-Teshub should rule. Urhi-Teshub ruled under the name Mursili III. Shortly after his accession to the throne, Mursili III had the capital moved from Tarhuntassa back to its original home of Hattussa. This effectively reduced much of Hattusili's power in the region and nullified his role as king of the northern territories.[2] Hattusili III was also stripped of all of his territories aside from Hapkis and Nerik. This strained the relationship greatly, and upon having Nerik stripped of him as well, Hattusili III sought to usurp the throne.After deposing Mursili III as king, Hattusili III exiled him to Syria.[2][3] Hattusili III appointed Muwattalli II's other son Kurunta, whom he himself had raised, to govern Tarhuntassa in a similar capacity that Hattusili III himself had once held.[2]As king, Hattusili III sought to keep a correspondence with many different kingships in the surrounding areas. After his ascension to the throne, Hattusili III began a correspondence with Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II[8] that culminated in the first ever recorded peace treaty, the Eternal Treaty (also known as the Treaty of Kadesh). This correspondence took place roughly fifteen years after the Battle of Kadesh.[2]Hattusili's reign as king is notable for the large collection of letters and written accounts unearthed from this period. Over two-hundred letters were unearthed at the site of the royal palace in Hattusa. These primary sources, including The Apology, the Talagalawa letter, and the Arzawa letters, are considered among the very few primary sources available from the Hittite empire of the time.","title":"Rise to kingship and reign as king"}]
[{"image_text":"Apology of Hattusili III","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Apologie_de_Hattusili_III.jpg/200px-Apologie_de_Hattusili_III.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WhUHEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75548-4","url_text":"978-1-136-75548-4"}]},{"reference":"Bryce, Trevor (1998). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924010-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce","url_text":"Bryce, Trevor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924010-4","url_text":"978-0-19-924010-4"}]},{"reference":"Andrew., Knapp (2015). Royal apologetic in the ancient Near East. SBL Press. ISBN 978-0884140757. OCLC 932049464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884140757","url_text":"978-0884140757"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932049464","url_text":"932049464"}]},{"reference":"\"British Museum - Bryce\". www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/bmsaes/issue6/bryce.html","url_text":"\"British Museum - Bryce\""}]},{"reference":"Gurney, O. R. (December 1997). \"The Annals of Hattusilis III\". Anatolian Studies. 47: 127–139. doi:10.2307/3642903. ISSN 2048-0849. JSTOR 3642903.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642903","url_text":"10.2307/3642903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2048-0849","url_text":"2048-0849"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642903","url_text":"3642903"}]},{"reference":"A., Hoffner, Harry (2009). Letters from the Hittite Kingdom. Beckman, Gary M. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589834149. OCLC 587445921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589834149","url_text":"9781589834149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/587445921","url_text":"587445921"}]},{"reference":"Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jacques Freu (2007). Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite. Paris, France: L'Harmattan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsugawa-juku
Nakatsugawa-juku
["1 History","2 Nakatsugawa-juku in The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō","3 Neighboring post towns","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°29′44.26″N 137°30′05.8″E / 35.4956278°N 137.501611°E / 35.4956278; 137.501611Pre-modern Japan post-station along highway Nakatsugawa-juku中津川宿post stationHiroshige's print of Nakatsugawa-juku, part of the Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō seriesGeneral informationLocationNakatsugawa, Gifu (former Mino Province)JapanCoordinates35°29′44.26″N 137°30′05.8″E / 35.4956278°N 137.501611°E / 35.4956278; 137.501611Elevation309 metersLine(s)NakasendōDistance335.1  km from EdoLocationNakatsugawa-jukuLocation within Gifu PrefectureShow map of Gifu PrefectureNakatsugawa-jukuNakatsugawa-juku (Japan)Show map of Japan Hiroshige's second print of Nakatsugawa-juku in the series Nakatsugawa-juku (中津川宿, Nakatsugawa-juku) was the forty-fifth of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō connecting Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. It is located in former Mino Province in what is now part of the city of Nakatsugawa, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. History Nakatsugawa-juku is located in mountainous terrain, with the Nakatsugawa river, a tributary of the Kiso river flowing by the post station.. In the early Edo period, the system of post stations on the Nakasendō was formalized by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1602, and it became a stopping place for traveling merchants and was also on the sankin-kōtai route used by various western daimyō to-and-from the Shogun's court in Edo. Nakatsugawa-juku is 335.1 kilometers from Edo. Per the 1843 "中山道宿村大概帳" (Nakasendō Shukuson Taigaichō) guidebook issued by the Inspector of Highways (道中奉行, Dōchu-būgyō), the town had a population of 928 people in 228 houses, including one honjin, one waki-honjin, and 29 hatago. It was part of the holdings of Owari Domain and had an assessed kokudaka of 1334 koku. The local speciality of the post station was kurikinton, a sweet delicacy based on a sweet chestnut cream. The post station is relatively well-preserved, with a number of historical artifacts and buildings, including some machiya and a sake brewery. The waki-honjin. built in 1803. is now the local post office. There is a stone monument with a haiku written by Matsuo Bashō. Nakatsugawa-juku in The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō Utagawa Hiroshige's ukiyo-e print of Nakatsugawa-juku dates from 1835 -1838. There are actually two different prints for Nakatsugawa-juku in the series, for reasons which are still unclear. One version is very rare, and it is assumed that this is the earlier version, and that the blocks used to make it were somehow lost or damaged, and rather than attempt the recreate the same scene, Hiroshige opted to make a completely new composition. The first version is nicknamed "Retainers in the Rain", as it depicts three samurai in green cloaks and straw hats walking down the banks of the Nakatsugawa River in a downpour. Two have red backpacks and the third carries a long spear with its blade wrapped in a red cloth. In the background are the thatch-roofed buildings of the post station, with several other similarly green cloaked figures in various poses. These are presumably the vanguard of a daimyō procession preparing the depart. The second composition is nicknamed "Bridge in the Plain" and depicts people crossing a rustic bridge over a small creek. One man dressed green has already crossed and two bearers with a kago (palanquin) are preparing to follow, while a local with two buckets on a pole on his should heads in the opposite direction zigzagging access a marsh towards what appears to be a sizable town on a large river or lake. In the distance is a background of mountains Neighboring post towns Nakasendō Ochiai-juku - Nakatsugawa-juku - Ōi-juku Notes ^ Nakatsugawa-juku Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. You Yuu Tokai. Accessed July 10, 2007. ^ Records of Post Towns on the NakasendoArchived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Chubu Division. Accessed July 10, 2007. References Izzard, Sebastian (2008). The Sixty-Nine Stations of the Kisokaido. George Braziller. ISBN 978-0807615935. Berna, Cristina (2019). Hiroshige 69 Stations of the Nakasendō. Missys Clan. ISBN 978-2919787661. Kishimoto, Yutaka (2016). 中山道浪漫の旅 書き込み手帖. Shinano Mainichi Shimbun. ISBN 978-4784072972. (in Japanese) Yagi, Makio (2014). ちゃんと歩ける中山道六十九次 西 藪原宿~京三条大橋. 山と渓谷社. ISBN 978-4635600781. (in Japanese) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nakatsugawa-juku. Hiroshige Kiso-Kaido series Nakatsugawa-juku on Kiso Kaido Road Gifu Nakasendo Guide (in Japanese) Nakatsugawa official home page (in Japanese) vteStations of the NakasendōMusashi Nihonbashi Itabashi Warabi Urawa Ōmiya Ageo Okegawa Kōnosu Fukiage (ai no shuku) Kumagai Fukaya Honjō Kōzuke Shinmachi Kuragano (intersects with Nikkō Reiheishi Kaidō) Takasaki Itahana Annaka Matsuida Sakamoto Shinano Karuisawa Kutsukake Oiwake Otai Iwamurada Shionada Yawata Mochizuki Motai (ai no shuku) Ashida Nagakubo Wada Shimosuwa (intersects with Kōshū Kaidō) Shiojiri (intersects with Shio no Michi) Seba Motoyama Niekawa Narai Yabuhara Miyanokoshi Fukushima Agematsu Suhara Nojiri Midono Tsumago Mino Magome Ochiai Nakatsugawa Ōi Ōkute Hosokute Mitake Fushimi Ōta Unuma Shinkanō (ai no shuku) Kanō Gōdo Mieji Akasaka Tarui Sekigahara Imasu Ōmi Kashiwabara Samegai Banba Toriimoto Takamiya Echigawa Musa Moriyama (merges with Tōkaidō to Sanjō Ōhashi) Kusatsu Ōtsu Yamashiro Sanjō Ōhashi
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kisokaido45b_Nakatsugawa.jpg"},{"link_name":"sixty-nine stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69_Stations_of_the_Nakasend%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Nakasendō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakasend%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Mino Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_Province"},{"link_name":"Nakatsugawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsugawa,_Gifu"},{"link_name":"Gifu Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youyuu-1"}],"text":"Pre-modern Japan post-station along highwayHiroshige's second print of Nakatsugawa-juku in the seriesNakatsugawa-juku (中津川宿, Nakatsugawa-juku) was the forty-fifth of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō connecting Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. It is located in former Mino Province in what is now part of the city of Nakatsugawa, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.[1]","title":"Nakatsugawa-juku"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiso river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiso_river"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"post stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukuba"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"sankin-kōtai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankin-k%C5%8Dtai"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"honjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honjin"},{"link_name":"hatago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatago"},{"link_name":"Owari Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owari_Domain"},{"link_name":"kokudaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokudaka"},{"link_name":"koku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koku"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closeup-2"},{"link_name":"machiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiya"},{"link_name":"sake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake"},{"link_name":"haiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku"},{"link_name":"Matsuo Bashō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D"}],"text":"Nakatsugawa-juku is located in mountainous terrain, with the Nakatsugawa river, a tributary of the Kiso river flowing by the post station.. In the early Edo period, the system of post stations on the Nakasendō was formalized by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1602, and it became a stopping place for traveling merchants and was also on the sankin-kōtai route used by various western daimyō to-and-from the Shogun's court in Edo. Nakatsugawa-juku is 335.1 kilometers from Edo.Per the 1843 \"中山道宿村大概帳\" (Nakasendō Shukuson Taigaichō) guidebook issued by the Inspector of Highways (道中奉行, Dōchu-būgyō), the town had a population of 928 people in 228 houses, including one honjin, one waki-honjin, and 29 hatago. It was part of the holdings of Owari Domain and had an assessed kokudaka of 1334 koku.[2] The local speciality of the post station was kurikinton, a sweet delicacy based on a sweet chestnut cream.The post station is relatively well-preserved, with a number of historical artifacts and buildings, including some machiya and a sake brewery. The waki-honjin. built in 1803. is now the local post office. There is a stone monument with a haiku written by Matsuo Bashō.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utagawa Hiroshige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utagawa_Hiroshige"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"kago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kago"}],"text":"Utagawa Hiroshige's ukiyo-e print of Nakatsugawa-juku dates from 1835 -1838. There are actually two different prints for Nakatsugawa-juku in the series, for reasons which are still unclear. One version is very rare, and it is assumed that this is the earlier version, and that the blocks used to make it were somehow lost or damaged, and rather than attempt the recreate the same scene, Hiroshige opted to make a completely new composition. The first version is nicknamed \"Retainers in the Rain\", as it depicts three samurai in green cloaks and straw hats walking down the banks of the Nakatsugawa River in a downpour. Two have red backpacks and the third carries a long spear with its blade wrapped in a red cloth. In the background are the thatch-roofed buildings of the post station, with several other similarly green cloaked figures in various poses. These are presumably the vanguard of a daimyō procession preparing the depart. The second composition is nicknamed \"Bridge in the Plain\" and depicts people crossing a rustic bridge over a small creek. One man dressed green has already crossed and two bearers with a kago (palanquin) are preparing to follow, while a local with two buckets on a pole on his should heads in the opposite direction zigzagging access a marsh towards what appears to be a sizable town on a large river or lake. In the distance is a background of mountains","title":"Nakatsugawa-juku in The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kiso Kaidō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ochiai-juku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiai-juku"},{"link_name":"Ōi-juku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ci-juku"}],"text":"Nakasendō\nOchiai-juku - Nakatsugawa-juku - Ōi-juku","title":"Neighboring post towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-youyuu_1-0"},{"link_name":"Nakatsugawa-juku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.minna-chubu.jp/history400/youutokai/3fkaido/nakasendo/naka14nakatugawa.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927204048/http://www.minna-chubu.jp/history400/youutokai/3fkaido/nakasendo/naka14nakatugawa.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-closeup_2-0"},{"link_name":"Records of Post Towns on the Nakasendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/tajimi/douro/naka_douro3/nakasanndou7.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070629151407/http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/tajimi/douro/naka_douro3/nakasanndou7.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Nakatsugawa-juku Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. You Yuu Tokai. Accessed July 10, 2007.\n\n^ Records of Post Towns on the NakasendoArchived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Chubu Division. Accessed July 10, 2007.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Hiroshige's second print of Nakatsugawa-juku in the series","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kisokaido45b_Nakatsugawa.jpg/280px-Kisokaido45b_Nakatsugawa.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Izzard, Sebastian (2008). The Sixty-Nine Stations of the Kisokaido. George Braziller. ISBN 978-0807615935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807615935","url_text":"978-0807615935"}]},{"reference":"Berna, Cristina (2019). Hiroshige 69 Stations of the Nakasendō. Missys Clan. ISBN 978-2919787661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2919787661","url_text":"978-2919787661"}]},{"reference":"Kishimoto, Yutaka (2016). 中山道浪漫の旅 書き込み手帖. Shinano Mainichi Shimbun. ISBN 978-4784072972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4784072972","url_text":"978-4784072972"}]},{"reference":"Yagi, Makio (2014). ちゃんと歩ける中山道六十九次 西 藪原宿~京三条大橋. 山と渓谷社. ISBN 978-4635600781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4635600781","url_text":"978-4635600781"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nakatsugawa-juku&params=35_29_44.26_N_137_30_05.8_E_region:JP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°29′44.26″N 137°30′05.8″E / 35.4956278°N 137.501611°E / 35.4956278; 137.501611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nakatsugawa-juku&params=35_29_44.26_N_137_30_05.8_E_region:JP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°29′44.26″N 137°30′05.8″E / 35.4956278°N 137.501611°E / 35.4956278; 137.501611"},{"Link":"http://www.minna-chubu.jp/history400/youutokai/3fkaido/nakasendo/naka14nakatugawa.htm","external_links_name":"Nakatsugawa-juku"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204048/http://www.minna-chubu.jp/history400/youutokai/3fkaido/nakasendo/naka14nakatugawa.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/tajimi/douro/naka_douro3/nakasanndou7.html","external_links_name":"Records of Post Towns on the Nakasendo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629151407/http://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/tajimi/douro/naka_douro3/nakasanndou7.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331192433/http://www.hiroshige.org.uk/hiroshige/kisokaido/kisokaido01.htm","external_links_name":"Hiroshige Kiso-Kaido series"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/onkisokaidoroad/the-69-stations/stations-41-50/kisokaido-nakatsugawa-station-45?authuser=0","external_links_name":"Nakatsugawa-juku on Kiso Kaido Road"},{"Link":"http://www.nakasendo.gifu.jp/guide/detail.php?p=3","external_links_name":"Gifu Nakasendo Guide"},{"Link":"https://nakatsugawa.town/spot/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E5%AE%BF/","external_links_name":"Nakatsugawa official home page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_J%C3%B8rgensen
Morten Jørgensen
["1 References"]
Danish rower (born 1985) Morten Jørgensen Medal record Men's rowing Representing  Denmark Olympic Games 2008 Beijing LM4− 2016 Rio de Janeiro LM4− 2012 London LM4− World Championships 2013 Chungju LM4− 2014 Amsterdam LM4− European Championships 2014 Belgrade LM4− Morten Jørgensen (born 23 June 1985) is a Danish lightweight rower. He won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Lightweight coxless fours together with Thomas Ebert, Eskild Ebbesen, and Mads Andersen. Morten Jørgensen was a substitute for the crew, the Gold Four, going into the 2008 Summer Olympics. One and a half months before the event he substituted for Bo Helleberg who was injured. The Danish team went on to win the gold medal. Four years later at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Jørgensen was again part of the Danish lightweight men's four team, but this time they could only finish third, winning the bronze medal. References ^ a b "Morten Jørgensen Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2017. ^ "Morten Joergensen". International Rowing Federation. Retrieved 3 December 2017. vteOlympic champions – Men's lightweight coxless four 1996:  Victor Feddersen, Niels Henriksen, Thomas Poulsen, Eskild Ebbesen (DEN) 2000:  Laurent Porchier, Jean-Christophe Bette, Yves Hocdé, Xavier Dorfman (FRA) 2004:  Thor Kristensen, Thomas Ebert, Stephan Mølvig, Eskild Ebbesen (DEN) 2008:  Thomas Ebert, Morten Jørgensen, Eskild Ebbesen, Mads Andersen (DEN) 2012:  James Thompson, Matthew Brittain, John Smith, Sizwe Ndlovu (RSA) 2016:  Lucas Tramèr, Simon Schürch, Simon Niepmann, Mario Gyr (SUI) vteWorld champions – Lightweight men's coxless fourFISA championships 1974: (Campbell Johnston, Andrew Michelmore, Geoffrey Rees, Colin Smith) 1975: (Francis Pelegri, Michel Picard, André Coupat, André Picard) 1976: (André Picard, Michel Picard, André Coupat, Francis Pelegri) 1977: (André Picard, Michel Picard, André Coupat, Francis Pelegri) 1978: (Michael Raduner, Thomas von Weissenfluh, Pierre Zentner, Pierre Kovacs) 1979: (Ian Wilson, Stuart Wilson, Colin Barratt, Nicholas Howe) 1980: (Graham Gardiner, Charles Bartlett, Clyde Hefer, Simon Gillett) 1981: (Graham Gardiner, Charles Bartlett, Clyde Hefer, Simon Gillett) 1982: (Marco Romano, Daniele Boschin, Paolo MartinelliPasquale Aiese) 1983: (Alberto Molina, Luis María Moreno, José María de Marco Pérez, Juan María Altuna Muñoa) 1984: (Fernando Molina, José María de Marco Pérez, Luis María Moreno, Alberto Molina) Official world championships 1985: (Alwin Otten, Frank Rogall, Thomas Jaekel, Wolfgang Birkner) 1986: (Franco Pantano, Dario Longhin, Nerio Gainotti, Mauro Torta) 1987: (Thomas Palm, Erik Ring, Gerd Meyer, Sebastian Franke) 1988: (Mauro Torta, Dario Longhin, Massimo Lana, Nerio Gainotti) 1989: (Klaus Altena, Stephan Fahrig, Michael Buchheit, Bernhard Stomporowski) 1990: (Klaus Altena, Michael Buchheit, Stephan Fahrig, Bernhard Stomporowski) 1991: (Christopher Bates, Toby Hessian, Tom Kay, Carl Smith) 1992: (Christopher Bates, Toby Hessian, Tom Kay, Carl Smith) 1993: (Thomas Beetham, Matthew Collins, Chris Kerber, Jonathan Moss) 1994: (Eskild Ebbesen, Victor Feddersen, Niels Henriksen, Thomas Poulsen) 1995: (Carlo Gaddi, Leonardo Pettinari, Andrea Re, Ivano Zasio) 1997: (Thomas Ebert, Thomas Poulsen, Eskild Ebbesen, Victor Feddersen) 1998: (Eskild Ebbesen, Thomas Ebert, Victor Feddersen, Thomas Poulsen) 1999: (Eskild Ebbesen, Thomas Ebert, Victor Feddersen, Thomas Poulsen) 2001: (Sebastian Sageder, Bernd Wakolbinger, Wolfgang Sigl, Martin Kobau) 2002: (Thor Kristensen, Thomas Ebert, Stephan Mølvig, Eskild Ebbesen) 2003: (Thor Kristensen, Thomas Ebert, Stephan Mølvig, Eskild Ebbesen) 2005: (Franck Solforosi, Jérémy Pouge, Jean-Christophe Bette, Fabien Tilliet) 2006: (Huang Zhongming, Wu Chongkui, Lin Zhang, Tian Jun) 2007: (Richard Chambers, James Lindsay-Fynn, Paul Mattick, James Clarke) 2009: (Matthias Schömann-Finck, Jost Schömann-Finck, Jochen Kühner, Martin Kühner) 2010: (Richard Chambers, Paul Mattick, Rob Williams, Chris Bartley) 2011: (Anthony Edwards, Samuel Beltz, Ben Cureton, Todd Skipworth) 2013: (Kasper Winther Jørgensen, Jacob Larsen, Jacob Barsøe, Morten Jørgensen) 2014: (Kasper Winther Jørgensen, Jacob Larsen, Jacob Barsøe, Morten Jørgensen) 2015: (Lucas Tramèr, Simon Schürch, Simon Niepmann, Mario Gyr) 2017: (Federico Duchich, Leone Barbaro, Lorenzo Tedesco, Piero Sfiligoi) vteDanish men's lightweight coxless four – Gold FourCompetitors Eskild Ebbesen (1994–2012) Victor Feddersen (1994–2000) Niels Henriksen (1994–96) Thomas Poulsen (1994–99) Thomas Ebert (1997–2008) Søren Madsen (2000–01) Thor Kristensen (2001–04) Stephan Mølvig (2002–04) Bo Helleberg (2007) Morten Jørgensen (2007–16) Mads Andersen (2007–08) Christian Pedersen (2009–10) Jens Vilhelmsen (2009–10) Kasper Winther Jørgensen (2009–16) Martin Kristensen (2010) Jacob Barsøe (2011–16) Jacob Larsen (2013–16) RegattasSummer Olympics 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 World Championships 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 This article about a Danish Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to Danish rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Blair_(Scottish_footballer)
Jim Blair (Scottish footballer)
["1 Honours","2 References"]
Scottish footballer Jim BlairPersonal informationFull name James BlairDate of birth (1947-01-13)13 January 1947Place of birth Calderbank, ScotlandDate of death 6 April 2011(2011-04-06) (aged 64)Place of death Keerbergen, BelgiumPosition(s) StrikerYouth career Shotts Bon AccordSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1967–1970 St Mirren 84 (40)1970–1971 Hibernian 18 (5)1971–1973 St Mirren 50 (20)1973–1974 Norwich City 6 (0)1974–1977 K.V. Mechelen 93 (14)Total 251 (79) *Club domestic league appearances and goals James Blair (13 January 1947 – 6 April 2011) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a striker. Active between 1967 and 1977 in Scotland, England and Belgium, Blair made 158 appearances in the Scottish Football League and the Football League, scoring 65 goals. Born in Calderbank, Blair played youth football for Shotts Bon Accord before turning professional with St Mirren in 1967. Blair moved to Hibernian in 1970, before returning to St Mirren a year later. Blair played in England for Norwich City between 1973 and 1974, before playing with Belgian club K.V. Mechelen. Blair died at his home in Belgium on 6 April 2011, at the age of 64. Honours St Mirren Scottish Division Two: 1967–68 References ^ "Jim Blair". Barry Hugman's Footballers. ^ "Jim Blair: 1947-2011". St Mirren official website. 9 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011. ^ "Jim Blair". Cairters Corner. Retrieved 10 April 2023. Jim Blair at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database This biographical article related to association football in Scotland, about a forward born in the 1940s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Calderbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderbank"},{"link_name":"Shotts Bon Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotts_Bon_Accord_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mirren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mirren_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"K.V. Mechelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.V._Mechelen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"James Blair (13 January 1947 – 6 April 2011) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a striker. Active between 1967 and 1977 in Scotland, England and Belgium, Blair made 158 appearances in the Scottish Football League and the Football League, scoring 65 goals.Born in Calderbank, Blair played youth football for Shotts Bon Accord before turning professional with St Mirren in 1967. Blair moved to Hibernian in 1970, before returning to St Mirren a year later. Blair played in England for Norwich City between 1973 and 1974, before playing with Belgian club K.V. Mechelen.Blair died at his home in Belgium on 6 April 2011, at the age of 64.[2]","title":"Jim Blair (Scottish footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Division_Two"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"St MirrenScottish Division Two: 1967–68[3]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggiloo
Diggiloo
["1 Performers","2 Gallery","3 References","4 External links"]
DiggilooThe 2006 Diggiloo tourStatusactiveGenreshowDate(s)June-AugustFrequencyannualCountrySwedenInaugurated2003 (2003)Websitehttps://diggiloo.com/ Diggiloo is an outdoor summertime show where famous artists tour Sweden, performing songs accompanied by a live band. It debuted in 2003 with shows only in Båstad, before becoming a touring event in 2004. In 2020, due to the Covid 19 pandemic the tour was cancelled for the first time since its inception. Performers Key:   Singer   Comedian   Trumpeter Performer 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Lasse Holm Jessica Andersson Lotta Engberg Elisabeth Andreassen Kikki Danielsson Magnus Bäcklund Siw Malmkvist Lill-Babs Ann-Louise Hanson Stefan Odelberg Sanna Nielsen Magnus Johansson Andrés Esteche Sven-Erik Magnusson Thomas Petersson Christer Sjögren Agneta Sjödin Caroline Wennergren Amy Diamond Pernilla Wahlgren Lasse Kronér Charlotte Perrelli Linda Bengtzing Jan Johansen Lasse Berghagen Niklas Andersson Molly Sandén Benjamin Ingrosso Nanne Grönvall Måns Zelmerlöw Stefan & Kim Gallery Diggiloo in Ystad 28 aug 2021. References ^ Erik Segerpalm (5 August 2011). "Diggiloo kommer till Karlstad" (in Swedish). Värmlands folkblad. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015. ^ "Sommarens Diggiloo skjuts fram till 2021". Sydsvenskan. Retrieved 25 November 2020. External links Media related to Diggiloo at Wikimedia Commons
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Leslie_(musician)
Chris Leslie (musician)
["1 Early years","2 Session work","3 With Fairport and solo albums","4 Personal life","5 Discography","5.1 Solo","5.2 In groups","5.3 Appearances with Steve Ashley","6 References","7 External links"]
British folk rock musician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Chris Leslie" musician – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chris LeslieLeslie performing at Fairport's Cropredy Convention 2014Background informationBorn (1956-12-15) 15 December 1956 (age 67)Banbury, Oxfordshire, EnglandGenresEnglish folkBritish folk rockOccupation(s)MusiciansongwriterInstrument(s)ViolinmandolinbouzoukiukulelefluteguitarvocalsYears active1973–presentMember ofFairport ConventionFeast of FiddlesSt Agnes FountainFormerly ofAlbion BandWhippersnapperWebsitechrislesliemusic.co.ukMusical artist Christopher Julian Leslie (born 15 December 1956) is a British folk rock musician. He joined Fairport Convention in 1997. Early years Leslie grew up in Banbury, Oxfordshire. His brother John steered him toward The Watersons' Frost and Fire, Dave Swarbrick, and The Corries. In 1969 he began to teach himself fiddle and modelled himself on the fiddle-playing of Dave Swarbrick of Fairport Convention, Peter Knight of Steeleye Span, and Barry Dransfield. Leslie made his first recording at the age of 16, with a Banbury-based folk rock band and then went on to forge a successful career around the folk clubs with his brother John - cutting their first album, The Ship of Time in 1976. During this period he was also the fiddle player for The Hookey Band and a member of the morris dancers at Adderbury. It was around this time that he first came to the attention of Fairport's Dave Pegg. From 1981-1983 Chris Leslie studied violin making, under the watchful eye of maker Patrick Jowett, at the Newark School of Violin Making in Nottinghamshire, England. He currently plays the second fiddle he made at Newark on stage. Session work Since then he has worked with Steve Ashley, Whippersnapper, the Albion Band, All About Eve, Simon Mayor and Ian Anderson (of Jethro Tull). In 1981 he contributed to a cassette tape of peace songs by Steve Ashley released by CND entitled Demo Tapes. Also on the tape were sessions by members of Fairport Convention, Dave Pegg, Simon Nicol and Bruce Rowland. In 1983 he contributed to More Demo Tapes, another Steve Ashley cassette album for CND. He also accompanied Steve Ashley on his song "Down By the Old Embankment" on the album All Through the Year (1991). This was a compilation of original tracks by various artists. He also appeared on People on the Highway (Bert Jansch tribute album, 2000). There were other appearances on Steve Ashley albums (see discography). In 2003, Chris played violin on several tracks from Mostly Autumn's album Passengers. In late 2007 he recorded violin and mandolin parts on Dan Crisp's debut album Far From Here. With Fairport and solo albums In 1997 he joined Fairport Convention as singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He has recorded five solo albums - The Flow, The Gift, Dancing Days, Origins, Turquoise Tales and Fiddle Back. At first sight Dancing Days appears to be a Fairport Convention album, as it features Simon Nicol, Dave Pegg, Ashley Hutchings and Ric Sanders. However, each of these artists appears only in a sequence of duos with Leslie. He has also recorded collaborations with Ashley Hutchings including Grandson of Morris On . Chris also takes part in an annual Christmas tour with St Agnes Fountain and also takes part in "A Feast of Fiddles" - a collaboration with Peter Knight, Tom Leary (The Hookey Band), Ian Cutler, Phil Beer (Show of Hands) and Brian McNeill (The Battlefield Band). Personal life He is Buddhist, a vegetarian, and a teetotaler. Discography Solo 1994 - The Gift 1997 - The Flow 2004 - Dancing Days 2013 - Origins 2015 - Turquoise Tales 2020 - Fiddle Back In groups 1985 - Whippersnapper: Promises 1987 - Whippersnapper: Tsubo 1988 - Whippersnapper: These Foolish Strings 1990 - Whippersnapper: Fortune 1991 - Whippersnapper: Stories 1996 - The Albion Band: Demi Paradise 1997 - Fairport Convention: Who Knows Where the Time Goes? 1999 - Fairport Convention: The Wood and the Wire 2001 - St Agnes Fountain: Acoustic Carols for Christmas 2001 - Fairport Convention: XXXV 2002 - Morris On Band: Grandson of Morris On 2002 - St Agnes Fountain: Comfort and Joy 2004 - Feast of Fiddles: Nicely Wrong 2004 - Fairport Convention: Over the Next Hill 2006 - St Agnes Fountain: The White Xmas Album 2007 - Fairport Convention: Sense of Occasion 2008 - St Agnes Fountain: Soal Cake 2010 - Feast of Fiddles: Walk Before You Fly 2010 - St Agnes Fountain: Spirit of Christmas 2011 - Fairport Convention: Festival Bell 2012 - Fairport Convention: By Popular Request 2012 - St Agnes Fountain: Twelve Years of Christmas 2013 - Feast of Fiddles: Rise Above It 2014 - St Agnes Fountain: Christmas is Not Far Away 2015 - Fairport Convention: Myths and Heroes 2017 - Fairport Convention: 50:50@50 2017 - Feast of Fiddles: Sleight of Elbow 2017 - St Agnes Fountain: 25/12 2020 - Fairport Convention: Shuffle and Go 2021 - St Agnes Fountain: Night of a Million Stars Appearances with Steve Ashley 1981 - Demo Tapes 1982 - Steve Ashley's Family Album 1985 - More Demo Tapes 1989 - Mysterious Ways 1991 - All Through The Year 1999 - The Test of Time 2000 - People On The Highway 2001 - Everyday Lives 2006 - Live in Concert 2007 - Time And Tide 2021 - Steve Ashley's Family Album Revisited References ^ Prasad, Anil (2002). "Fairport Convention - Come all ye". Innerviews.org. Retrieved 14 June 2016. External links The Hookey Band Adderbury Morris tunes at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 October 2006), including two written and performed by Chris Leslie Website of Fairport Convention Chris Leslie on CND tapes vteFairport Convention Simon Nicol Dave Pegg Ric Sanders Chris Leslie Dave Mattacks Richard Thompson Ashley Hutchings Martin Lamble Judy Dyble Iain Matthews Sandy Denny Dave Swarbrick Trevor Lucas Jerry Donahue Bruce Rowland Dan Ar Braz Maartin Allcock Gerry Conway Discography Studio albums Fairport Convention (1968) What We Did on Our Holidays (1969) Unhalfbricking (1969) Liege & Lief (1969) Full House (1970) Angel Delight (1971) "Babbacombe" Lee (1971) Rosie (1973) Nine (1973) Rising for the Moon (1975) Gottle O'Geer (1976) The Bonny Bunch of Roses (1977) Tipplers Tales (1978) Gladys' Leap (1985) Expletive Delighted! (1986) In Real Time: Live '87 (1987) Red & Gold (1988) The Five Seasons (1990) Jewel in the Crown (1995) Old New Borrowed Blue (1996) Who Knows Where the Time Goes? (1997) The Wood and the Wire (1999) XXXV (2001) Over the Next Hill (2004) Sense of Occasion (2007) Festival Bell (2011) By Popular Request (2012) Myths and Heroes (2015) 50:50@50 (2017) Shuffle and Go (2020) Singles "If I Had a Ribbon Bow" (1968) "Meet on the Ledge" (1968) "I'll Keep It with Mine" (1969) "Si Tu Dois Partir" (1969) "Now Be Thankful" (1970) Live albums Fairport Live Convention (1974) Live at the L.A. Troubadour (1977) Farewell, Farewell (1979) Moat on the Ledge - Live at Broughton Castle (1982) House Full (1986) Heyday (1987) From Past Archives (1994) Live at the BBC (2007) Off the Desk (2008) Compilations The History of Fairport Convention (1972) Fairport Chronicles (1976) Box sets The Cropredy Box (1998) Related articles Fairport's Cropredy Convention appearances Woodworm Records Matty Grooves Records vteAlbion Band Ashley Hutchings Steve Ashley Phil Beer Bill Caddick Martin Carthy Dolly Collins Shirley Collins Lol Coxhill Sue Draheim Barry Dransfield Blair Dunlop Howard Evans Trevor Foster Sue Harris Nic Jones John Kirkpatrick Chris Leslie Cathy Lesurf Dave Mattacks Julie Matthews Ken Nicol Simon Nicol Philip Pickett Maddy Prior Brian Protheroe Tim Renwick Colin Ross Ric Sanders Martin Simpson Roger Swallow John Tams Graeme Taylor Linda Thompson Richard Thompson Lal and Mike Waterson Chris While Kellie While Pete Zorn Studio albums No Roses (1971) Battle of the Field (1976) The Prospect Before Us (1977) Rise Up Like the Sun (1978) Yuletracks (1986) Acousticity (1993) Albion Heart (1995) Ridgeriders (1999) Live albums "Ridgeriders" In Concert (2001) Related articles Fairport Convention Steeleye Span Home Service Etchingham Steam Band Show of Hands Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz
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He joined Fairport Convention in 1997.","title":"Chris Leslie (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"The Watersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watersons"},{"link_name":"Dave Swarbrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Swarbrick"},{"link_name":"The Corries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corries"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"Fairport Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairport_Convention"},{"link_name":"Peter Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Knight_(folk_musician)"},{"link_name":"Steeleye Span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeleye_Span"},{"link_name":"Barry Dransfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Dransfield"},{"link_name":"Dave Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pegg"}],"text":"Leslie grew up in Banbury, Oxfordshire. His brother John steered him toward The Watersons' Frost and Fire, Dave Swarbrick, and The Corries. In 1969 he began to teach himself fiddle and modelled himself on the fiddle-playing of Dave Swarbrick of Fairport Convention, Peter Knight of Steeleye Span, and Barry Dransfield.Leslie made his first recording at the age of 16, with a Banbury-based folk rock band and then went on to forge a successful career around the folk clubs with his brother John - cutting their first album, The Ship of Time in 1976. During this period he was also the fiddle player for The Hookey Band and a member of the morris dancers at Adderbury. It was around this time that he first came to the attention of Fairport's Dave Pegg.From 1981-1983 Chris Leslie studied violin making, under the watchful eye of maker Patrick Jowett, at the Newark School of Violin Making in Nottinghamshire, England. He currently plays the second fiddle he made at Newark on stage.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ashley"},{"link_name":"Whippersnapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whippersnapper_(band)"},{"link_name":"Albion Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Band"},{"link_name":"All About Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Eve_(band)"},{"link_name":"Simon Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mayor"},{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"Steve Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ashley"},{"link_name":"CND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CND"},{"link_name":"Bert Jansch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Jansch"},{"link_name":"Mostly Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Autumn"}],"text":"Since then he has worked with Steve Ashley, Whippersnapper, the Albion Band, All About Eve, Simon Mayor and Ian Anderson (of Jethro Tull). In 1981 he contributed to a cassette tape of peace songs by Steve Ashley released by CND entitled Demo Tapes. Also on the tape were sessions by members of Fairport Convention, Dave Pegg, Simon Nicol and Bruce Rowland. In 1983 he contributed to More Demo Tapes, another Steve Ashley cassette album for CND. He also accompanied Steve Ashley on his song \"Down By the Old Embankment\" on the album All Through the Year (1991). This was a compilation of original tracks by various artists. He also appeared on People on the Highway (Bert Jansch tribute album, 2000). There were other appearances on Steve Ashley albums (see discography). In 2003, Chris played violin on several tracks from Mostly Autumn's album Passengers. In late 2007 he recorded violin and mandolin parts on Dan Crisp's debut album Far From Here.","title":"Session work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Nicol"},{"link_name":"Dave Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pegg"},{"link_name":"Ashley Hutchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Hutchings"},{"link_name":"Ric Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Peter Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Knight_(folk_musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Beer"},{"link_name":"Show of Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_of_Hands"},{"link_name":"Brian McNeill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McNeill"},{"link_name":"The Battlefield Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_Band"}],"text":"In 1997 he joined Fairport Convention as singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He has recorded five solo albums - The Flow, The Gift, Dancing Days, Origins, Turquoise Tales and Fiddle Back. At first sight Dancing Days appears to be a Fairport Convention album, as it features Simon Nicol, Dave Pegg, Ashley Hutchings and Ric Sanders. However, each of these artists appears only in a sequence of duos with Leslie. He has also recorded collaborations with Ashley Hutchings including Grandson of Morris On .Chris also takes part in an annual Christmas tour with St Agnes Fountain and also takes part in \"A Feast of Fiddles\" - a collaboration with Peter Knight, Tom Leary (The Hookey Band), Ian Cutler, Phil Beer (Show of Hands) and Brian McNeill (The Battlefield Band).","title":"With Fairport and solo albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He is Buddhist, a vegetarian, and a teetotaler.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flow"},{"link_name":"Dancing Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Days_(Chris_Leslie_album)"}],"sub_title":"Solo","text":"1994 - The Gift\n1997 - The Flow\n2004 - Dancing Days\n2013 - Origins\n2015 - Turquoise Tales\n2020 - Fiddle Back","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Who Knows Where the Time Goes?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Knows_Where_the_Time_Goes%3F_(Fairport_Convention_album)"},{"link_name":"The Wood and the Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wood_and_the_Wire"},{"link_name":"XXXV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXV_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grandson of Morris On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandson_of_Morris_On"},{"link_name":"Over the Next Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Next_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sense of Occasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_Occasion"},{"link_name":"Festival Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Bell"},{"link_name":"By Popular Request","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_Popular_Request"},{"link_name":"Myths and Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myths_and_Heroes"},{"link_name":"50:50@50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50:50@50"},{"link_name":"Shuffle and Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuffle_and_Go"}],"sub_title":"In groups","text":"1985 - Whippersnapper: Promises\n1987 - Whippersnapper: Tsubo\n1988 - Whippersnapper: These Foolish Strings\n1990 - Whippersnapper: Fortune\n1991 - Whippersnapper: Stories\n1996 - The Albion Band: Demi Paradise\n1997 - Fairport Convention: Who Knows Where the Time Goes?\n1999 - Fairport Convention: The Wood and the Wire\n2001 - St Agnes Fountain: Acoustic Carols for Christmas\n2001 - Fairport Convention: XXXV\n2002 - Morris On Band: Grandson of Morris On\n2002 - St Agnes Fountain: Comfort and Joy\n2004 - Feast of Fiddles: Nicely Wrong\n2004 - Fairport Convention: Over the Next Hill\n2006 - St Agnes Fountain: The White Xmas Album\n2007 - Fairport Convention: Sense of Occasion\n2008 - St Agnes Fountain: Soal Cake\n2010 - Feast of Fiddles: Walk Before You Fly\n2010 - St Agnes Fountain: Spirit of Christmas\n2011 - Fairport Convention: Festival Bell\n2012 - Fairport Convention: By Popular Request\n2012 - St Agnes Fountain: Twelve Years of Christmas\n2013 - Feast of Fiddles: Rise Above It\n2014 - St Agnes Fountain: Christmas is Not Far Away\n2015 - Fairport Convention: Myths and Heroes\n2017 - Fairport Convention: 50:50@50\n2017 - Feast of Fiddles: Sleight of Elbow\n2017 - St Agnes Fountain: 25/12\n2020 - Fairport Convention: Shuffle and Go\n2021 - St Agnes Fountain: Night of a Million Stars","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Ashley's Family Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ashley%27s_Family_Album"},{"link_name":"Time And Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(Steve_Ashley_album)"},{"link_name":"Steve Ashley's Family Album Revisited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ashley%27s_Family_Album_Revisited"}],"sub_title":"Appearances with Steve Ashley","text":"1981 - Demo Tapes\n1982 - Steve Ashley's Family Album\n1985 - More Demo Tapes\n1989 - Mysterious Ways\n1991 - All Through The Year\n1999 - The Test of Time\n2000 - People On The Highway\n2001 - Everyday Lives\n2006 - Live in Concert\n2007 - Time And Tide\n2021 - Steve Ashley's Family Album Revisited","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Rivero
Inés Rivero
["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Public image","4 Personal life","5 Discography","5.1 Albums","5.2 Singles","6 References"]
Argentine model (born 1975) Inés RiveroBornMaría Inés Rivero (1975-08-18) 18 August 1975 (age 48)Córdoba, ArgentinaSpouses Jarl Ale de Basseville ​ ​(m. 1993⁠–⁠1996)​ Jorge Mora ​(m. 2001)​ Modeling informationHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Hair colorBrownEye colorBrown María Inés Rivero (born 18 August 1975) is an Argentine model. She was discovered at 14 years old. She rose to prominence through her work as a Victoria’s Secret Angel and was shown on the covers of Elle, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Fashion, Marie Claire, and Mirabella throughout different countries. Early life and family Rivero was born in Argentina. She was raised in the town Cordoba, Argentina. Her mother is of Syrian descent, while her father is of Italian and Portuguese descent. Her mother enrolled her into a modeling school when she was a young girl. She made her modeling debut at the age of 14 at a local fashion show. An agent discovered Rivero through her modeling school at age 16 in her hometown, Cordoba. One year later, at age 17, she had a huge success when she won the "Elite Look of the Year" contest in Argentina. Career Rivero’s big break came when she signed with Victoria’s Secret to become one of their notable Angels. An Angel contract helps models gain fame within the industry. Rivero joined the Victoria’s Secret Campaign in the late 1990s. She worked alongside of models like Heidi Klum, Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Tyra Banks, Karolina Kurkova, Daniela Pestova, Stephanie Seymour, Laetitia Casta and Karen Mulder. She was in what is considered to be the first wave of Angels for the company. Being the face for the brand meant that Rivero was used for all catalog work and got to walk in what has become one of the most watched events of the year. The Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show. Last year in 2012, after nearly two decades of walking the runways and posing for photographers, Rivero decided to experience the other side of the modeling industry and joined the cast of the new reality show Model Latina South Beach, where ten Latina models will compete for a chance to win $25,000, a position as nuvoTV’s spokesperson, and a contract with international modeling agency, Q Management. The show premiered on 28 May 2012. She sits on the panel of judges for the show. During an interview in July 2012 Rivero spoke about her role on the show. She said, the most rewarding part of the experience is being able to pass on the lessons that she's learned as a model and help the young women grow in the industry. Along with modeling and television Rivero also worked in the music industry. She recorded an album titled, Hasta Siempre. The hit single released off of it was "Che Guevara (Hasta Siempre)" which is written by Cuban composer Carlos Puebla about the Argentine-born revolutionary Che Guevara. Rivero also appeared in the movie The Devil Wears Prada (2006). Public image Rivero is an advocate for women’s health. In a 2012 interview she spoke about the influence models have over women and the way they look at themselves and what people in her industry can do to make women feel more comfortable and confident in their own skin. Rivero believes that women get the wrong impression from the modeling industry, and think that they need to be as skinny as the models they see or that they need plastic surgery to look a certain way. She also says that men are more likely to be attracted to women who are natural, so instead of trying to cover up with makeup, she tells women to just be confident with who they are. Rivero recognizes the great influence that models have on women everywhere, and says, "I think we can inspire women by being healthy and in shape and showing off our bodies with confidence." Personal life Ines Rivero was married to the photographer Ale de Basseville whom she divorced in 1996 in New York. Rivero used to reside in New York City and later moved to Miami Beach, Florida. She married Cuban financer Jorge Mora. They welcomed their first child in 2001. Rivero was known for expressing in her interviews what healthy relationships need, based on her marriage with her husband. She said in an interview with Cupid’s Pulse that she and Mora know how to respect each other’s space and to always talk through their issues, explaining that "one of the first things we did was learn how to fight effectively, so that helped us through a lot of problems", further adding that "learning to talk about things is key, and we’re pretty good at it now.". Rivero divorced Mora in 2004. In 2019 she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Discography Albums 1997: Hasta Siempre Singles 1997: "Che Guevara (Hasta Siempre)" - peaked in FRA at #18 References ^ "Ines Rivero." The Fashion Model Directory, n.d. http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Ines_Rivero/ ^ "Ines Rivero." Glamour, n.d. http://www.in.com/ Archived 5 December 1998 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kells, Tina. "Modeling for Girls." About.com Teen Advice. N.p., n.d. http://teenadvice.about.com/od/girlstuff/a/modelinggirls.htm Archived 14 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Supermodels." Victoria's Secret VS All Access. Victoria's Secret Inc., n.d. http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com/supermodels/?cm_mmc=fb-_-vsallaccess-_-fblike-_-VSALLACCESS:%20SUPERMODELS%20-%20LANDING%20PAGE ^ "Sexiest Victoria's Secret Models Exposed." Glo. Splash News, n.d. "Sexiest Victoria's Secret Models Exposed - Ines Rivero | Gallery | Glo". Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014. ^ Rondon, Lissette. "Model Latina South Beach: Victoria's Secret Angel, Ines Rivero Talks about It." N.p., 27 May 2012. ^ Mears, Ashley (2011). Pricing Beauty: The Making of a Fashion Model. University of California. ISBN 9780520950214. ^ Lutz, Ashley. "Victoria's Secret Has A Model-Casting Tactic That's Worth Billions." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 13 November 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-model-casting-process-2013-11 ^ Greenfield, Beth. "How Victoria's Secret Models Get Chosen for the Catwalk." Yahoo Shine. Yahoo!, October 2014. http://shine.yahoo.com/photos/how-victoria-s-secret-models-are-like-olympians-slideshow/ Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ Friedman, Molly. "SECRET WEAPON Before Angels Win Their TV Wings, They Gotta Sweat." Daily News 6 December 2013: 43. LexisNexis Academic. ^ Diamond, Cheryl. Model: A Memoir. New York: Simon Pulse, 2008. Print. ^ Johnathan, Dekel. "The Rock 'n' Roll Bash of the Modelling World; A Look behind the Scenes at the Famed Victoria's Secret Fashion Show." The Gazette 9 December 2013: A24. LexisNexis Academic. ^ Camilli, Doug. "Model Slams Victoria's Secret." The Leader Post 13 February 2013: B3. LexisNexis Academic. ^ Kerr, Miranda. Treasure Yourself: Power Thoughts for My Generation. London: Hay House, 2011. Print. ^ Dionne, Erin. Models Don't Eat Chocolate Cookies. New York: Dial for Young Readers, 2009. Print. ^ Daniela Agurcia. "Supermodel Ines Rivero Says Confidence and Communication Are Important For Finding Love." Cupid's Pulse. 24 July 2012. http://www.cupidspulse.com/exclusive-interview-ines-rivero-model-latina-south-beach/ ^ "Inés Rivero. La ex supermodelo de los 90 revela que tiene Esclerosis Múltiple". LA NACION (in Spanish). 29 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2024. ^ "La lucha de Inés Rivero contra la esclerosis múltiple". Cadena 3 Argentina (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 February 2024. ^ YouTube: INÈS RIVERO - CHE GUEVARA (HASTA SIEMPRE) (CHANSON) Inés Rivero navigational boxes vteVictoria's Secret AngelsFormer Angels Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Leomie Anderson Tyra Banks Gisele Bündchen Laetitia Casta Helena Christensen Selita Ebanks Grace Elizabeth Lindsay Ellingson Izabel Goulart Alexina Graham Kate Grigorieva Erin Heatherton Taylor Hill Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Chanel Iman Jac Jagaciak Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Heidi Klum Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Stella Maxwell Marisa Miller Karen Mulder Chandra North Barbara Palvin Daniela Peštová Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Inés Rivero Sara Sampaio Stephanie Seymour Josephine Skriver Romee Strijd Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Related articles Edward Razek Limited Brands List of Victoria's Secret models PINK Victoria's Secret Victoria's Secret Fashion Show  Victoria's Secret Swim Special
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Marie Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire"},{"link_name":"Mirabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabella"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"María Inés Rivero (born 18 August 1975) is an Argentine model. She was discovered at 14 years old. She rose to prominence through her work as a Victoria’s Secret Angel and was shown on the covers of Elle, Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Fashion, Marie Claire, and Mirabella throughout different countries.[1]","title":"Inés Rivero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cordoba, Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordoba,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rivero was born in Argentina. She was raised in the town Cordoba, Argentina. Her mother is of Syrian descent, while her father is of Italian and Portuguese descent. Her mother enrolled her into a modeling school when she was a young girl. She made her modeling debut at the age of 14 at a local fashion show. An agent discovered Rivero through her modeling school at age 16 in her hometown, Cordoba. One year later, at age 17, she had a huge success when she won the \"Elite Look of the Year\" contest in Argentina.[2][3]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria’s Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%E2%80%99s_Secret"},{"link_name":"Heidi Klum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Klum"},{"link_name":"Adriana Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Lima"},{"link_name":"Alessandra Ambrosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio"},{"link_name":"Tyra Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyra_Banks"},{"link_name":"Karolina Kurkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolina_Kurkova"},{"link_name":"Daniela Pestova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Pestova"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Seymour"},{"link_name":"Laetitia Casta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetitia_Casta"},{"link_name":"Karen Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Mulder"},{"link_name":"Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%E2%80%99s_Secret_Fashion_Show"},{"link_name":"Q Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Q_Management&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara (Hasta Siempre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasta_Siempre,_Comandante"},{"link_name":"Carlos Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Puebla"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"The Devil Wears Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_Wears_Prada_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Rivero’s big break came when she signed with Victoria’s Secret to become one of their notable Angels. An Angel contract helps models gain fame within the industry. Rivero joined the Victoria’s Secret Campaign in the late 1990s. She worked alongside of models like Heidi Klum, Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Tyra Banks, Karolina Kurkova, Daniela Pestova, Stephanie Seymour, Laetitia Casta and Karen Mulder. She was in what is considered to be the first wave of Angels for the company. Being the face for the brand meant that Rivero was used for all catalog work and got to walk in what has become one of the most watched events of the year. The Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show.Last year in 2012, after nearly two decades of walking the runways and posing for photographers, Rivero decided to experience the other side of the modeling industry and joined the cast of the new reality show Model Latina South Beach, where ten Latina models will compete for a chance to win $25,000, a position as nuvoTV’s spokesperson, and a contract with international modeling agency, Q Management. The show premiered on 28 May 2012. She sits on the panel of judges for the show. During an interview in July 2012 Rivero spoke about her role on the show. She said, the most rewarding part of the experience is being able to pass on the lessons that she's learned as a model and help the young women grow in the industry.Along with modeling and television Rivero also worked in the music industry. She recorded an album titled, Hasta Siempre. The hit single released off of it was \"Che Guevara (Hasta Siempre)\" which is written by Cuban composer Carlos Puebla about the Argentine-born revolutionary Che Guevara. Rivero also appeared in the movie The Devil Wears Prada (2006).[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Rivero is an advocate for women’s health. In a 2012 interview she spoke about the influence models have over women and the way they look at themselves and what people in her industry can do to make women feel more comfortable and confident in their own skin. Rivero believes that women get the wrong impression from the modeling industry, and think that they need to be as skinny as the models they see or that they need plastic surgery to look a certain way. She also says that men are more likely to be attracted to women who are natural, so instead of trying to cover up with makeup, she tells women to just be confident with who they are. Rivero recognizes the great influence that models have on women everywhere, and says, \"I think we can inspire women by being healthy and in shape and showing off our bodies with confidence.\"[14][15]","title":"Public image"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ale de Basseville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ale_de_Basseville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Cupid’s Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupid%E2%80%99s_Pulse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Ines Rivero was married to the photographer Ale de Basseville whom she divorced in 1996 in New York. Rivero used to reside in New York City and later moved to Miami Beach, Florida.She married Cuban financer Jorge Mora. They welcomed their first child in 2001. Rivero was known for expressing in her interviews what healthy relationships need, based on her marriage with her husband. She said in an interview with Cupid’s Pulse that she and Mora know how to respect each other’s space and to always talk through their issues, explaining that \"one of the first things we did was learn how to fight effectively, so that helped us through a lot of problems\", further adding that \"learning to talk about things is key, and we’re pretty good at it now.\".[16] Rivero divorced Mora in 2004.[17]In 2019 she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.[18]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"1997: Hasta Siempre","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Che Guevara (Hasta Siempre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasta_Siempre,_Comandante"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"1997: \"Che Guevara (Hasta Siempre)\" - peaked in FRA at #18[19]","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Sexiest Victoria's Secret Models Exposed - Ines Rivero | Gallery | Glo\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121203084555/http://glo.msn.com/style/sexiest-victorias-secret-models-exposed-6089.gallery?photoId=22487","url_text":"\"Sexiest Victoria's Secret Models Exposed - Ines Rivero | Gallery | Glo\""},{"url":"https://glo.msn.com/style/sexiest-victorias-secret-models-exposed-6089.gallery?photoId=22487","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mears, Ashley (2011). Pricing Beauty: The Making of a Fashion Model. University of California. ISBN 9780520950214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Mears","url_text":"Mears, Ashley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520950214","url_text":"9780520950214"}]},{"reference":"\"Inés Rivero. La ex supermodelo de los 90 revela que tiene Esclerosis Múltiple\". LA NACION (in Spanish). 29 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/ines-rivero-la-ex-supermodelo-de-los-90-revela-que-tiene-esclerosis-multiple-nid2358944/","url_text":"\"Inés Rivero. La ex supermodelo de los 90 revela que tiene Esclerosis Múltiple\""}]},{"reference":"\"La lucha de Inés Rivero contra la esclerosis múltiple\". Cadena 3 Argentina (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cadena3.com/noticia/espectaculos/la-lucha-de-ines-rivero-contra-la-esclerosis-multiple_259312","url_text":"\"La lucha de Inés Rivero contra la esclerosis múltiple\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz_Agreement
Sandomierz Agreement
["1 Sources","2 External links"]
Sandomierz, where the agreement was signed The Sandomierz Agreement (or Sandomierz Consensus; lat. Consensus Sendomiriensis) was an agreement reached in 1570 in Sandomierz between a number of Protestant groups in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was intended to unite different creeds of the Protestant Reformation, such as the Calvinists, the Lutherans, and the Bohemian Brethren, and to face Counter-Reformation as a united front. The Polish Brethren did not participate in the talks that resulted in the agreement, signed on April 14, 1570. Signatories of the consensus agreed to respect each other's preachers and sacraments. Furthermore, united synods were planned. The idea of a parliament bill was raised, in which Protestants were to be treated on equal terms with Catholics. By the mid-1550s, the Protestant Reformation was accepted by several members of the nobility in Lesser Poland. They, however, were deeply divided, which made it impossible to create a national Protestant church of Poland. Facing counter-reformation, Jan Laski came with the idea of a united front, but it turned out to be a failure, when in the 1560s, the radical movement of the Polish Brethren emerged, dividing the Calvinists. Due to efforts of Laski and Feliks Krzyzak, the agreement between the Calvinists and the Bohemian Brethren was signed in 1555 in Kozminek. Due to several dogmatic differences the agreement formally existed only for ten years. In 1565, at a synod in Gostyn, Greater Poland, the idea of unification of Protestant churches in the Kingdom of Poland was raised once again. The synod turned out to be another failure, and another meeting of the Protestant nobility took place in early April 1570 in Sandomierz. The Polish Brethren did not participate in it, so after lengthy discussion, Protestant activists decided to expel the Brethren from their community. Each creed retained its ceremonies, and all participants pledged to cooperate with each other, and to invite each other to synods. In the province of Lesser Poland, Feliks Krzyzak emerged as a leader of Protestant communities. In Greater Poland, this task was taken over by Erazm Gliczner, while leaders of the local Bohemian Brethren were Jakub Ostrorog and Rafal Leszczynski. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Protestants were led by Szymon Zaciusz. The expansion of both Bohemian and Polish Brethren was stopped after 1577, and in the late 16th century, the Roman Catholic church managed to weaken the influence of the Calvinists in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the first half of the 17th century, the number of Calvinist prayer houses in Lesser Poland was reduced from 260 to 155. The only Protestant creed that retained its position was Lutheran Church, which was very strong among German-speaking residents of Royal Prussia. Sources This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ugoda sandomierska wzmocniła pozycję protestantów wobec katolicyzmu External links Excerpts of the Sandomierz Agreement (in Polish) Authority control databases: National Germany
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Consensus Sendomiriensis) was an agreement reached in 1570 in Sandomierz between a number of Protestant groups in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was intended to unite different creeds of the Protestant Reformation, such as the Calvinists, the Lutherans, and the Bohemian Brethren, and to face Counter-Reformation as a united front. The Polish Brethren did not participate in the talks that resulted in the agreement, signed on April 14, 1570. Signatories of the consensus agreed to respect each other's preachers and sacraments. Furthermore, united synods were planned. The idea of a parliament bill was raised, in which Protestants were to be treated on equal terms with Catholics.By the mid-1550s, the Protestant Reformation was accepted by several members of the nobility in Lesser Poland. They, however, were deeply divided, which made it impossible to create a national Protestant church of Poland. Facing counter-reformation, Jan Laski came with the idea of a united front, but it turned out to be a failure, when in the 1560s, the radical movement of the Polish Brethren emerged, dividing the Calvinists. Due to efforts of Laski and Feliks Krzyzak, the agreement between the Calvinists and the Bohemian Brethren was signed in 1555 in Kozminek. Due to several dogmatic differences the agreement formally existed only for ten years.In 1565, at a synod in Gostyn, Greater Poland, the idea of unification of Protestant churches in the Kingdom of Poland was raised once again. The synod turned out to be another failure, and another meeting of the Protestant nobility took place in early April 1570 in Sandomierz. The Polish Brethren did not participate in it, so after lengthy discussion, Protestant activists decided to expel the Brethren from their community. Each creed retained its ceremonies, and all participants pledged to cooperate with each other, and to invite each other to synods.In the province of Lesser Poland, Feliks Krzyzak emerged as a leader of Protestant communities. In Greater Poland, this task was taken over by Erazm Gliczner, while leaders of the local Bohemian Brethren were Jakub Ostrorog and Rafal Leszczynski. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Protestants were led by Szymon Zaciusz.The expansion of both Bohemian and Polish Brethren was stopped after 1577, and in the late 16th century, the Roman Catholic church managed to weaken the influence of the Calvinists in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the first half of the 17th century, the number of Calvinist prayer houses in Lesser Poland was reduced from 260 to 155. The only Protestant creed that retained its position was Lutheran Church, which was very strong among German-speaking residents of Royal Prussia.","title":"Sandomierz Agreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ugoda sandomierska wzmocniła pozycję protestantów wobec katolicyzmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//historiapolski.wordpress.com/2009/12/02/ugoda-sandomierska-wzmocnila-pozycje-protestantow-wobec-katolicyzmu/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wilanow-palac.pl/zgoda_sandomierska.html"}],"text":"Ugoda sandomierska wzmocniła pozycję protestantów wobec katolicyzmu\n[1]","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Sandomierz, where the agreement was signed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sandomierz_V_2006-1961.JPG/600px-Sandomierz_V_2006-1961.JPG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-24
Japanese submarine I-24
[]
Japanese submarine I-24 may refer to one of the following submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy: Japanese submarine I-124, a Kiraisen-type submarine launched in 1927 and known as I-24 until June 1938; sunk in January 1942 Japanese submarine I-24 (1939), a Type C submarine launched in 1929 and sunk in June 1943 List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese submarine I-124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-124"},{"link_name":"Kiraisen-type submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-121-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Japanese submarine I-24 (1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-24_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Type C submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_C_submarine"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Japanese_submarine_I-24&namespace=0"}],"text":"Japanese submarine I-124, a Kiraisen-type submarine launched in 1927 and known as I-24 until June 1938; sunk in January 1942\nJapanese submarine I-24 (1939), a Type C submarine launched in 1929 and sunk in June 1943List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"Japanese submarine I-24"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Japanese_submarine_I-24&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Semochko
Dmytro Semochko
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Ukrainian footballer Dmytro Semochko Personal informationFull name Dmytro Dmytrovich SemochkoDate of birth (1979-01-25) 25 January 1979 (age 45)Place of birth Lavrykiv, Lviv Oblast, Soviet UnionHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) DefenderYouth career Karpaty LvivSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1997–1999 FC Lviv 86 (19)1998–1999 → Karpaty Lviv (loan) 15 (2)1999 → Karpaty-2 Lviv (loan) 4 (0)2000–2003 Uralan Elista 105 (8)2003–2006 Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk 38 (3)2004 → Dnipro-2 Dnipropetrovsk 2 (0)2006–2007 Luch-Energiya Vladivostok 52 (2)2008 Shinnik Yaroslavl 27 (0)2009 Metalist Kharkiv 9 (0)2009 Khimki 10 (0)2010 Zakarpattia Uzhhorod 1 (0)2010 Volyn Lutsk 1 (0)2010 Nizhny Novgorod 13 (0)2011–2012 Luch-Energiya Vladivostok 36 (1)2013–2015 Luch-Energiya Vladivostok 50 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Dmytro Dmytrovich Semochko (Russian: Дмитрий Дмитриевич Семочко; Ukrainian: Дмитро Дмитрович Семочко; born 25 January 1979) is a Ukrainian former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played in the Ukrainian Premier League with Karpaty Lviv, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk and Metalist Kharkiv and in the Russian Premier League with Uralan Elista, FC Luch Vladivostok and Shinnik Yaroslavl. Career Semochko began his football career in Ukraine, playing as a striker for FC Lviv and Karpaty Lviv. In 2000, he moved abroad joining Russian Premier League side Uralan Elista, where he was expected to be a top performer. However, the club finished bottom of the league, suffering a 9–0 defeat to Lokomotiv Moscow during the process. Semochko stayed with Uralan as the club secured an immediate return to the Russian Premier League. He scored the first Russian Premier League goal at the Lokomotiv Stadium, an own goal in FC Elista's 1–0 loss to FC Lokomotiv Moscow on 5 July 2002. References ^ Tsyba, Serhei (30 March 2009). "СЕМОЧКО: "В моем возрасте поздно ехать на просмотр"" (in Russian). Sport Express. ^ "Украинцы в европейских чемпионатах". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 21 November 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2023. ^ ""Ростов" и "Шинник" попали в офшор?. Российские футбольные клубы дорого заплатили за агентские услуги странной новозеландской компании". Новая газета (in Russian). 28 September 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2023. ^ "ПРОГНОЗ "СЭ"" (in Russian). Sport Express. 14 March 2000. ^ Butnev, Yuri (5 March 2002). "Дмитрий СЕМОЧКО: ОДНАЖДЫ ПОЛУЧИЛ ДВА БАЛЛА ОТ "СЭ"" (in Russian). Sport Express. ^ Rabiner, Igor (11 September 2016). ""Арена ЦСКА": красно-синее новоселье" (in Russian). Sport Express. External links (in Russian) Player page on the official FC Shinnik Yaroslavl website Dmytro Semochko at Russian Premier League Dmytro Semochko at UAF and archived FFU page (in Ukrainian) Dmytro Semochko at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) This biographical article related to a Ukrainian association football defender born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Karpaty Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Karpaty_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dnipro_Dnipropetrovsk"},{"link_name":"Metalist Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Metalist_Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Uralan Elista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Elista"},{"link_name":"FC Luch Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luch_Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Shinnik Yaroslavl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shinnik_Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Dmytro Dmytrovich Semochko (Russian: Дмитрий Дмитриевич Семочко; Ukrainian: Дмитро Дмитрович Семочко; born 25 January 1979) is a Ukrainian former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played in the Ukrainian Premier League with Karpaty Lviv, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk and Metalist Kharkiv and in the Russian Premier League with Uralan Elista, FC Luch Vladivostok and Shinnik Yaroslavl.[1][2][3]","title":"Dmytro Semochko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karpaty Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Karpaty_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Uralan Elista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Elista"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotiv_Stadium_(Moscow)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Semochko began his football career in Ukraine, playing as a striker for FC Lviv and Karpaty Lviv. In 2000, he moved abroad joining Russian Premier League side Uralan Elista, where he was expected to be a top performer.[4] However, the club finished bottom of the league, suffering a 9–0 defeat to Lokomotiv Moscow during the process. Semochko stayed with Uralan as the club secured an immediate return to the Russian Premier League.[5] He scored the first Russian Premier League goal at the Lokomotiv Stadium, an own goal in FC Elista's 1–0 loss to FC Lokomotiv Moscow on 5 July 2002.[6]","title":"Career"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Tsyba, Serhei (30 March 2009). \"СЕМОЧКО: \"В моем возрасте поздно ехать на просмотр\"\" (in Russian). Sport Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.ua/news/65166-semochko-v-moem-vozraste-pozdno-ehat-na-prosmotr","url_text":"\"СЕМОЧКО: \"В моем возрасте поздно ехать на просмотр\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Express","url_text":"Sport Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Украинцы в европейских чемпионатах\". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 21 November 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/723547","url_text":"\"Украинцы в европейских чемпионатах\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Ростов\" и \"Шинник\" попали в офшор?. Российские футбольные клубы дорого заплатили за агентские услуги странной новозеландской компании\". Новая газета (in Russian). 28 September 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2011/01/30/7096-rostov-i-shinnik-popali-v-ofshor","url_text":"\"\"Ростов\" и \"Шинник\" попали в офшор?. Российские футбольные клубы дорого заплатили за агентские услуги странной новозеландской компании\""}]},{"reference":"\"ПРОГНОЗ \"СЭ\"\" (in Russian). Sport Express. 14 March 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2000-03-14/2_2/","url_text":"\"ПРОГНОЗ \"СЭ\"\""}]},{"reference":"Butnev, Yuri (5 March 2002). \"Дмитрий СЕМОЧКО: ОДНАЖДЫ ПОЛУЧИЛ ДВА БАЛЛА ОТ \"СЭ\"\" (in Russian). Sport Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2002-03-05/3_3/","url_text":"\"Дмитрий СЕМОЧКО: ОДНАЖДЫ ПОЛУЧИЛ ДВА БАЛЛА ОТ \"СЭ\"\""}]},{"reference":"Rabiner, Igor (11 September 2016). \"\"Арена ЦСКА\": красно-синее новоселье\" (in Russian). Sport Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport-express.ru/football/rfpl/reviews/arena-cska-krasno-sinee-novosele-1043326/","url_text":"\"\"Арена ЦСКА\": красно-синее новоселье\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Diameter_Bomb
GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb
["1 Description","1.1 Alternative guidance and warheads","2 Development","2.1 Timeline","3 Aircraft","4 Variants","4.1 GBU-39A/B – SDB Focused Lethality Munition (FLM)","4.2 GBU-39B/B – Laser SDB","4.3 Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)","5 Operational history","6 Operators","6.1 Current operators","6.2 Future operators","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
American precision-guided glide bomb For the surface-to-surface variant, see Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb. GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb 4 SDBs (training/ground handling variant) loaded on an F-15E Strike EagleTypeGlide bombPlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service2006–presentUsed byUnited StatesIsraelItalyNetherlandsUkraineSaudi ArabiaAustraliaWarsWar in Afghanistan, Iraq War, Gaza War, Military intervention against ISIL, Syrian Civil War, Russian invasion of UkraineProduction historyManufacturerBoeing Integrated Defense SystemsUnit costUS$40,000 (SDB I, FY 2021)Produced2005–presentNo. built17,000+VariantsGBU-39/BGBU-39A/BGBU-39B/BSpecificationsMass285 lb (129 kg)Length70.8 in (1.80 m)Width5 ft 3.3 in (1.61 m) (wings extended)7.5 in (190 mm) packedWarheadSDB I (GBU-39/B)penetrating blast fragmentation, penetrating steel noseconeSDB FLM (GBU-39A/B)blast ultra low fragmentationLaser SDB (GBU-39B/B)penetrating blast fragmentation, w/o steel noseconeWarhead weightAll SDB I variants206 lb (93 kg) totalSDB I (GBU-39/B)Explosive fill: 36 lb (16 kg) AFX 757 Insensitive munition certified PBXPenetration: greater than 3 ft (0.91 m) of steel reinforced concreteSDB FLM (GBU-39A/B)137 lb (62 kg) AFX 1209 MBX ("multiphase blast explosive"), composite caseLaser SDB (GBU-39B/B)36 lb (16 kg) AFX 757 enhanced blast insensitive explosive, penetrating steel caseOperationalrangeAll SDB I variants over 60 nmi (69 mi; 111 km) when air-dropped, 150 km (93 mi; 81 nmi) when launched as a part of the GLSDB,GuidancesystemSDB I (GBU-39/B)SDB FLM (GBU-39A/B)GPS / INSLaser SDB (GBU-39B/B)GPS / INS with terminal semi-active laser guidanceAccuracySDB I (GBU-39)3 ft (1 m) CEP The GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb (SDB) is a 250-pound (110 kg) precision-guided glide bomb that is intended to provide aircraft with the ability to carry a higher number of more accurate bombs. Most US Air Force aircraft will be able to carry (using the BRU-61/A rack) a pack of four SDBs in place of a single 2,000-pound (910 kg) bomb. It first entered service in 2006. The Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB) was later developed to enable the SDB to be launched from a variety of ground launchers and configurations. Description The GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb The original SDB is equipped with a GPS-aided inertial navigation system to attack fixed/stationary targets such as fuel depots, bunkers, etc. The second variant, Raytheon's GBU-53/B SDB II, will include a thermal seeker and radar with automatic target recognition features for striking mobile targets such as tanks, vehicles, and mobile command posts. The small size of the bomb allows a single strike aircraft to carry more of the munitions than is possible using currently available bomb units. The SDB carries approximately 36 lb (16 kg) of AFX-757 high explosive. It has integrated "DiamondBack" type wings which deploy after release, increasing the glide time and therefore the maximum range. Its size and accuracy allow for an effective munition with less collateral damage. Warhead penetration is 3 ft (1 m) of steel reinforced concrete under 3 ft (1 m) of earth and the fuze has electronic safe and fire (ESAF) cockpit selectable functions, including air burst and delayed options. The SDB I has a circular error probable (CEP) precision of 3 ft (1 m). CEP is reduced by updating differential GPS offsets prior to weapon release. These offsets are calculated using an SDB Accuracy Support Infrastructure, consisting of three or more GPS receivers at fixed locations transmitting calculated location to a correlation station at the theatre Air Operations Center. The corrections are then transmitted by Link 16 to SDB-equipped aircraft. Alternative guidance and warheads In November 2014, the U.S. Air Force began development of a version of the SDB I intended to track and attack sources of electronic warfare jamming directed to disrupt the munitions' guidance. The home-on-GPS jam (HOG-J) seeker works similar to the AGM-88 HARM to follow the source of a radio-frequency jammer to destroy it. In January 2016, the Air Force awarded a contract to Scientific Systems Co. Inc. to demonstrate the company's ImageNav technology, a vision-based navigation and precision targeting system that compares a terrain database with the host platform's sensor to make course corrections. ImageNav technology has demonstrated target geo-location and navigation precision within three meters. In January 2016, Orbital ATK revealed that the Alternative Warhead (AW), designed for the M270's GMLRS to achieve area effects without leaving behind unexploded ordnance, had been successfully tested on the SDB. Development In 2002, while Boeing and Lockheed Martin were competing to develop the Small Diameter Bomb, Darleen A. Druyun – at that time Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition and Management – deleted the requirement for moving target engagement, which favored Boeing. She was later convicted of violating a conflict of interest statute. In May 2009, Raytheon announced that it had completed its first test flight of the GBU-53/B Small Diameter Bomb II, which has a data link and a tri-mode seeker built with technology developed for the Precision Attack Missile. In August 2010 the U.S. Air Force awarded a $450 million contract for engineering and development. Although unit costs were somewhat uncertain as of 2006, the estimated cost for the INS/GPS version was around US$70,000. Boeing and the Italian firm Oto Melara signed a contract covering the license production of 500 GBU-39/B (INS/GPS) and 50 BRU-61/A racks for the Aeronautica Militare, at a cost of nearly US$34 million. Timeline October 2001 – Boeing is awarded SDB development contract in addition to Lockheed Martin to compete to become the prime contractor. April 2005 – Boeing awarded contract as Prime Contractor, beating Lockheed Martin. September 2005 – Small Diameter Bomb certified for operational test, evaluation. September 2006 – SDB team deliver the first SDBs to the USAF. October 2006 – Initial Operational Capability declared for SDB on the F-15E Strike Eagle. October 2006 – First use in combat. February 2008 – 1,000th SDB I and first 50 FLM delivered. September 2008 – Israel received approval from the US Congress to purchase 1,000 bombs. December 2008 – Reportedly used against Hamas facilities in the Gaza Strip, including underground rocket launchers. January 2009 – Unnamed Boeing official stated that they have yet to deliver any SDBs to Israel. June 2010 – FMS request by the Netherlands for 603 units and support equipment valued at US$44 million. August 2010 – U.S. Air Force selects Raytheon over Boeing for the GBU-53/B for Small Diameter Bomb II Program. 2011 – Boeing begins development of Laser SDB I, utilising the same laser from the Laser JDAM to keep costs down. 2014 – Work begins on home-on-GPS jam. 2014 – U.S. Special Operations Command began fielding the Laser SDB. April 2016 – FMS request by Australia for 2,950 units and support equipment valued at US$386 million. Aircraft The GBU-39/B began separation tests on the F-22 Raptor in early September 2007 after more than a year of sometimes difficult work to integrate the weapon in the weapons bay and carry out airborne captive carry tests. The SDB is currently integrated on the F-15E Strike Eagle, Panavia Tornado, JAS-39 Gripen, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-22 Raptor and AC-130W. Future integration is planned for the F-35 Lightning II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, B-1 Lancer, B-2 Spirit, B-52 Stratofortress and AC-130J. Other aircraft, including UCAVs, may also receive the necessary upgrades. The General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger is also planned to carry this weapon. Evidence appeared in May 2024 that Ukraine has modified MiG-29AS fighters to carry eight GBU-39/B. Ukrainian Air Force has used air dropped Small Diameter Bombs since November 2023. The air dropped Small Diameter Bomb "has proved resilient to jamming” and has a “nearly 90 percent" accuracy rate. Previously Ukraine had operated the GLSDB ground launched version of the Small Diameter Bomb. Which was regarded "ineffective" due to Russian jamming. They are also harder to intercept due to their small size. This small size, combined with being air-launched, means that the SDB might hit a target before the Russian Electronic Warfare can jam the weapon. The GLSDB has a "parabolic flight path" of artillery fire that can be detected on radar. Variants GBU-39A/B – SDB Focused Lethality Munition (FLM) Under a contract awarded in September 2006, Boeing developed a version of the SDB I which replaces the steel casing with a lightweight composite casing and the warhead with a focused-blast explosive such as dense inert metal explosive (DIME). This should further reduce collateral damage when using the weapon for pin-point strikes in urban areas. On 28 February 2008, Boeing celebrated the delivery of the first 50 FLM weapons. The USAF intends to use the same FLM casing on a weapon of 500 pounds (227 kg). In December 2013, Boeing delivered the last of the 500 FLMs under contract. GBU-39B/B – Laser SDB In 2011 Boeing began testing on an laser guided version of the baseline SDB, integrating the same Semi Active Laser (SAL) from the GBU-54 Laser JDAM. Boeing claimed to have successfully hit targets moving at 30 mph (48.3 km/h) and 50 mph (80.5 km/h). In mid-2012, the U.S. Senate recommended zeroing out funding for the GBU-53/B SDB II due to fielding delays with the F-35 Lightning II. Commenting on the delay of the SDB II, Debbie Rub, Boeing's VP & GM of Missiles and Unmanned Airborne Systems said, “Until that comes online … this is a nice gap filler to take care of an important warfighting need," stating that Boeing could fill the gap in capability at a fraction of the cost; "As we think about the fiscal constraints that we’re under and DoD is under, it’s the right kind of answer where you get an 80 percent solution at a fraction of the cost.” In June 2013, Boeing secured a contract for the development and testing of the LSDB. Under the contract Boeing was to provide engineering, integration and test, and production support, plus the development of an LSDB Weapon Simulator. According to Boeing, the LSDB can be constructed at a more economical cost compared to the planned Raytheon GBU-53/B SDB II, leveraging the same semi-active laser sensor as the JDAM to effectively target moving and maritime targets. However, Boeing admitted to a capability gap in the ability to engage targets in zero-visibility weather, lacking the millimeter wave radar of the GBU-53/B SDB II. In 2014, U.S. Special Operations Command began fielding the Laser SDB. Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB) Main article: Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb Operational history It was reported that Israel used a GBU-39 SDB during the strike that killed 45 civilians in a Rafah refugee tent camp on May 26, 2024. Its usage in a densely population civilian area was criticized by munitions experts. The size of the debris field indicated that the bombs may have been timed to detonate in air to maximize the area of damage. Operators Current operators  Australia: Foreign Military Sale of up to 2,950 GBU-39 (SDB 1), and 50 Guided Test Vehicles with GBU-39 (T-1)/B (Inert Fuze) for an est. cost of $386 million was approved in April 2016, with bombs delivered to RAAF in 2019.  Israel: In 2012 Israel purchased munitions from the United States at a total value of $1.879 billion, which included 3,450 GBU-39/B (SDB 1), plus 4,100 GBU-39/B purchased in 2015 as part of another munitions purchase.  Italy: In 2010 Italian company OTO Melara signed a $34 million contract with Boeing to manufacture the SBD-1 for the Italian Air Force.  Netherlands: In 2010 the Netherlands purchased 603 GBU-39 (SDB 1) for an estimated cost of $44 million.  Saudi Arabia: In October 2013, Saudi Arabia purchased various munitions from the US, including 1,000 GBU-39 (SDB 1). In Dec 2020 a request to purchase 3,000 GBU-39 (SDB 1) was approved by the US Government.  South Korea: In 2013 South Korea made two purchases of the GBU-39, as part of a purchase of weapons for F-15 SE including 542 GBU-39/B and weapons for the F-35 aircraft, of another 542 GBU-39/B.  Sweden: In 2019, Sweden ordered the GBU-39, to be deployed from the JAS 39 Gripen.  Ukraine: Ukrainian Air Force  United States: the United States is the major operator of the GBU-39 (SDB 1). Future operators  Bahrain: In 2019 The Bahraini Government purchased as part of sale of a number of weapons for the Royal Bahraini Air Force's F16 aircraft fleet 100 GBU-39/B (SDB 1).  Bulgaria: In 2019 Bulgaria agreed to purchase 8 F-16C/D Block 70/72 aircraft with 28 GBU-39 (SDB 1) and other munitions. By 2020 Bulgaria had paid 100% of the $1.673 billion cost, however delivery is not expected until 2026. In 2022 Bulgaria was approved to purchase another 8 F-16 C/D Block 70 aircraft, with another 28 GBU-39 (SDB 1), for the same cost.  Morocco: in 2019 Morocco requested to purchase 25 F-16C/D Block 72 aircraft, including 60 GBU-39/B (SDB 1).  NATO: In 2022, a request by NATO to purchase precision Guided Munitions, including 279 GBU-39/B (SDB 1) was approved by the US Government.  Portugal: Portuguese Air Force is procuring GBU-39/B bombs through the Ammunition Support Partnership.  Turkey: In 2024, the US approved to sell GBU-39/B to Turkey  United Arab Emirates: In 2013 a requested to purchase 5,000 GBU-39/B (SDB 1) as part of a sale of various munitions was approved. In 2020 request to purchase another 2,500 GBU-39/B (SDB 1) was accepted. See also GBU-53/B StormBreaker – Precision guided laser bomb, formerly called Small Diameter Bomb II. US Air Force selected Raytheon over Boeing to develop the SDB II. H-4 SOW – Pakistani precision guided glide bomb Spice (bomb) – Israeli precision bomb convertible unguided to guided KGGB – South Korean precision guided glide bomb References ^ "Saudi Arabia - Various Munitions and Support". Defense Security Cooperation Agency. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. ^ "Twitter status by @BabakTaghvaee". @BabakTaghvaee. 30 April 2018. ^ Stone, Mike (28 November 2022). "Exclusive: U.S. weighs sending 100-mile strike weapon to Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023. ^ Trevithick, Joseph (18 February 2020). "Here Is What Each Of The Pentagon's Air-Launched Missiles And Bombs Actually Cost". The Drive. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ Hoyle, Craig (16 June 2015). "PARIS: Boeing, Saab test ground-launched small diameter bomb". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. ^ a b c d "Small Diameter Bomb". Boeing. 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GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb / Small Smart Bomb - Global Security Small Diameter Bomb SDB Focused Lethality Munition (FLM) - Global Security GBU-39/40/42/B Small Diameter Bomb I/II vteEquipment of the United States Air ForceGroundsystemsC2 AN/USQ-163 Falconer AN/GSQ-272 Sentinel Ground vehicle HMMWV LSSV R-5 Refueler R-9 Refueler R-11 Refueler C300 MunitionsBomb Mk-82 Mk-84 GBU-8 GBU-10 Paveway II GBU-12 Paveway II GBU-15 GBU-24 Paveway III GBU-27 Paveway III GBU-28 GBU-31, GB-32, GB-38 JDAM GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb GBU-44/B Viper Strike GBU-53/B Small Diameter Bomb II GBU-54 Laser JDAM CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition CBU-89 Gator CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon BLU-109 bomb BLU-116 Bunker Buster B61 nuclear bomb B83 nuclear bomb Gun GAU-8 Avenger M61 Vulcan GAU-12 GAU-13 GAU-19 M240 L/60 Bofors M102 howitzer GAU-23/A M2 Browning M134 Minigun Missile AIM-7 Sparrow AIM-9 Sidewinder LGM-30G Minuteman III AGM-65 Maverick AGM-84 Harpoon AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile AGM-84H/K Standoff Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response AGM-86 ALCM AGM-88 HARM AGM-114 Hellfire AIM-120 AMRAAM AGM-130 Powered Standoff Weapon AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon AGM-158 JASSM AGM-176 Griffin Zuni rocket Target BQM-34 Firebee BQM-167 Subscale Aerial Target MQM-107 Streaker QF-4 Aerial Target Small armsSidearm/PDW M11 Pistol M9 Pistol M17 Pistol MP5 submachine gun USAF Pilot's Survival Knife Rifle/carbine GUU-5/P Carbine M4 carbine M14 Stand-off Munitions Disruptor (SMUD) M16A2 Rifle M24 Sniper Weapon System M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle Support/CQB M60 machine gun M2HB Browning machine gun M240B Medium Machine Gun M249 light machine gun M1014 shotgun Remington 870 MCS shotgun Ordnance M136 AT4 Light Anti-tank Weapon M18A1 Claymore Mine M67 Fragmentation Grenade M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW) M79 grenade launcher MK-19 automatic grenade launcher Uniforms andother equipment Airman Battle Uniform Army Combat Uniform Flight Suit Physical Training Uniform Service Dress Uniform Mess dress CMU – 33A/P22P-18
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Launched_Small_Diameter_Bomb"},{"link_name":"precision-guided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision-guided_munition"},{"link_name":"glide bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_bomb"},{"link_name":"US Air Force aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force_aircraft"},{"link_name":"2,000-pound (910 kg) bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_84_bomb"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Launched_Small_Diameter_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmrc-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selinger_2022-18"}],"text":"For the surface-to-surface variant, see Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb.The GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bomb (SDB) is a 250-pound (110 kg) precision-guided glide bomb that is intended to provide aircraft with the ability to carry a higher number of more accurate bombs. Most US Air Force aircraft will be able to carry (using the BRU-61/A rack) a pack of four SDBs in place of a single 2,000-pound (910 kg) bomb.[16] It first entered service in 2006. The Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB) was later developed to enable the SDB to be launched from a variety of ground launchers and configurations.[17][18]","title":"GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_GBU-39_Small_Diameter_Bomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"GPS-aided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"inertial navigation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system"},{"link_name":"fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel"},{"link_name":"depots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_center"},{"link_name":"bunkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker"},{"link_name":"GBU-53/B SDB II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBU-53/B_StormBreaker"},{"link_name":"thermal seeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_seeker"},{"link_name":"automatic target recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_target_recognition"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"high explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"collateral damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damage"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS_SDB-21"},{"link_name":"steel reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"fuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuze"},{"link_name":"air burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_burst"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoeingSpec-6"},{"link_name":"circular error probable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_error_probable"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Start-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Week_2023-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defense_Update:_-_Military_Technology_&_Defense_News_2006-15"},{"link_name":"differential GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_GPS"},{"link_name":"Air Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force#Air_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"Link 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_16"}],"text":"The GBU-39 Small Diameter BombThe original SDB is equipped with a GPS-aided inertial navigation system to attack fixed/stationary targets such as fuel depots, bunkers, etc. The second variant, Raytheon's GBU-53/B SDB II, will include a thermal seeker and radar with automatic target recognition features for striking mobile targets such as tanks, vehicles, and mobile command posts.[19]The small size of the bomb allows a single strike aircraft to carry more of the munitions than is possible using currently available bomb units. The SDB carries approximately 36 lb (16 kg) of AFX-757 high explosive.[20] It has integrated \"DiamondBack\" type wings which deploy after release, increasing the glide time and therefore the maximum range. Its size and accuracy allow for an effective munition with less collateral damage.[21] Warhead penetration is 3 ft (1 m) of steel reinforced concrete under 3 ft (1 m) of earth and the fuze has electronic safe and fire (ESAF) cockpit selectable functions, including air burst and delayed options.[6]The SDB I has a circular error probable (CEP) precision of 3 ft (1 m).[13][14][15] CEP is reduced by updating differential GPS offsets prior to weapon release. These offsets are calculated using an SDB Accuracy Support Infrastructure, consisting of three or more GPS receivers at fixed locations transmitting calculated location to a correlation station at the theatre Air Operations Center. The corrections are then transmitted by Link 16 to SDB-equipped aircraft.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"home-on-GPS jam (HOG-J)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home-on-jam"},{"link_name":"AGM-88 HARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-88_HARM"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"terrain database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERCOM"},{"link_name":"geo-location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-location"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Orbital ATK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_ATK"},{"link_name":"M270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M270"},{"link_name":"unexploded ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Alternative guidance and warheads","text":"In November 2014, the U.S. Air Force began development of a version of the SDB I intended to track and attack sources of electronic warfare jamming directed to disrupt the munitions' guidance. The home-on-GPS jam (HOG-J) seeker works similar to the AGM-88 HARM to follow the source of a radio-frequency jammer to destroy it.[22][23]In January 2016, the Air Force awarded a contract to Scientific Systems Co. Inc. to demonstrate the company's ImageNav technology, a vision-based navigation and precision targeting system that compares a terrain database with the host platform's sensor to make course corrections. ImageNav technology has demonstrated target geo-location and navigation precision within three meters.[24]In January 2016, Orbital ATK revealed that the Alternative Warhead (AW), designed for the M270's GMLRS to achieve area effects without leaving behind unexploded ordnance, had been successfully tested on the SDB.[25]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Integrated_Defense_Systems"},{"link_name":"Darleen A. Druyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darleen_A._Druyun"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Precision Attack Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_Attack_Missile"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Oto Melara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto_Melara"},{"link_name":"Aeronautica Militare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautica_Militare"}],"text":"In 2002, while Boeing and Lockheed Martin were competing to develop the Small Diameter Bomb, Darleen A. Druyun – at that time Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition and Management – deleted the requirement for moving target engagement, which favored Boeing. She was later convicted of violating a conflict of interest statute.[26][27]In May 2009, Raytheon announced that it had completed its first test flight of the GBU-53/B Small Diameter Bomb II, which has a data link and a tri-mode seeker built with technology developed for the Precision Attack Missile.[28] In August 2010 the U.S. Air Force awarded a $450 million contract for engineering and development.[29]Although unit costs were somewhat uncertain as of 2006, the estimated cost for the INS/GPS version was around US$70,000. Boeing and the Italian firm Oto Melara signed a contract covering the license production of 500 GBU-39/B (INS/GPS) and 50 BRU-61/A racks for the Aeronautica Militare, at a cost of nearly US$34 million.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-35"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R000978-36"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R000978-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-40"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-41"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"October 2001 – Boeing is awarded SDB development contract in addition to Lockheed Martin to compete to become the prime contractor.[30]\nApril 2005 – Boeing awarded contract as Prime Contractor, beating Lockheed Martin.[31]\nSeptember 2005 – Small Diameter Bomb certified for operational test, evaluation.[32]\nSeptember 2006 – SDB team deliver the first SDBs to the USAF.[33]\nOctober 2006 – Initial Operational Capability declared for SDB on the F-15E Strike Eagle.[34]\nOctober 2006 – First use in combat.\nFebruary 2008 – 1,000th SDB I and first 50 FLM delivered.[35]\nSeptember 2008 – Israel received approval from the US Congress to purchase 1,000 bombs.[36]\nDecember 2008 – Reportedly used against Hamas facilities in the Gaza Strip, including underground rocket launchers.[36]\nJanuary 2009 – Unnamed Boeing official stated that they have yet to deliver any SDBs to Israel.[37]\nJune 2010 – FMS request by the Netherlands for 603 units and support equipment valued at US$44 million.[38]\nAugust 2010 – U.S. Air Force selects Raytheon over Boeing for the GBU-53/B for Small Diameter Bomb II Program.[39]\n2011 – Boeing begins development of Laser SDB I, utilising the same laser from the Laser JDAM to keep costs down.[40]\n2014 – Work begins on home-on-GPS jam.[23]\n2014 – U.S. Special Operations Command began fielding the Laser SDB.[40]\nApril 2016 – FMS request by Australia for 2,950 units and support equipment valued at US$386 million.[41]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor"},{"link_name":"F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Panavia Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado"},{"link_name":"JAS-39 Gripen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAS-39_Gripen"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor"},{"link_name":"AC-130W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-130W"},{"link_name":"F-35 Lightning II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II"},{"link_name":"A-10 Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II"},{"link_name":"B-1 Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"B-2 Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirit"},{"link_name":"B-52 Stratofortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"AC-130J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130"},{"link_name":"UCAVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_Combat_Air_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"The General Atomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_Aeronautical_Systems"},{"link_name":"MQ-20 Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_C"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"MiG-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"GLSDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLSDB"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Electronic Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Warfare"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The GBU-39/B began separation tests on the F-22 Raptor in early September 2007 after more than a year of sometimes difficult work to integrate the weapon in the weapons bay and carry out airborne captive carry tests.The SDB is currently integrated on the F-15E Strike Eagle, Panavia Tornado, JAS-39 Gripen, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-22 Raptor and AC-130W. Future integration is planned for the F-35 Lightning II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, B-1 Lancer, B-2 Spirit, B-52 Stratofortress and AC-130J. Other aircraft, including UCAVs, may also receive the necessary upgrades.The General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger is also planned to carry this weapon.[42]Evidence appeared in May 2024 that Ukraine has modified MiG-29AS fighters to carry eight GBU-39/B.[43] Ukrainian Air Force has used air dropped Small Diameter Bombs since November 2023. The air dropped Small Diameter Bomb \"has proved resilient to jamming” and has a “nearly 90 percent\" accuracy rate. Previously Ukraine had operated the GLSDB ground launched version of the Small Diameter Bomb. Which was regarded \"ineffective\" due to Russian jamming. They are also harder to intercept due to their small size.[44] This small size, combined with being air-launched, means that the SDB might hit a target before the Russian Electronic Warfare can jam the weapon. The GLSDB has a \"parabolic flight path\" of artillery fire that can be detected on radar.[45]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"dense inert metal explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_inert_metal_explosive"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defense_Update:_-_Military_Technology_&_Defense_News_2006-15"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-35"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"GBU-39A/B – SDB Focused Lethality Munition (FLM)","text":"Under a contract awarded in September 2006, Boeing developed a version of the SDB I which replaces the steel casing with a lightweight composite casing and the warhead with a focused-blast explosive such as dense inert metal explosive (DIME). This should further reduce collateral damage when using the weapon for pin-point strikes in urban areas.[15]On 28 February 2008, Boeing celebrated the delivery of the first 50 FLM weapons.[35]The USAF intends to use the same FLM casing on a weapon of 500 pounds (227 kg).[46]In December 2013, Boeing delivered the last of the 500 FLMs under contract.[47]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semi Active Laser (SAL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_guidance"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-40"},{"link_name":"millimeter wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter_wave"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"GBU-39B/B – Laser SDB","text":"In 2011 Boeing began testing on an laser guided version of the baseline SDB, integrating the same Semi Active Laser (SAL) from the GBU-54 Laser JDAM. Boeing claimed to have successfully hit targets moving at 30 mph (48.3 km/h) and 50 mph (80.5 km/h).In mid-2012, the U.S. Senate recommended zeroing out funding for the GBU-53/B SDB II due to fielding delays with the F-35 Lightning II. Commenting on the delay of the SDB II, Debbie Rub, Boeing's VP & GM of Missiles and Unmanned Airborne Systems said, “Until that [SDB II] comes online … this is a nice gap filler to take care of an important warfighting need,\" stating that Boeing could fill the gap in capability at a fraction of the cost; \"As we think about the fiscal constraints that we’re under and DoD is under, it’s the right kind of answer where you get an 80 percent solution at a fraction of the cost.”[40]In June 2013, Boeing secured a contract for the development and testing of the LSDB. Under the contract Boeing was to provide engineering, integration and test, and production support, plus the development of an LSDB Weapon Simulator. According to Boeing, the LSDB can be constructed at a more economical cost compared to the planned Raytheon GBU-53/B SDB II, leveraging the same semi-active laser sensor as the JDAM to effectively target moving and maritime targets. However, Boeing admitted to a capability gap in the ability to engage targets in zero-visibility weather, lacking the millimeter wave radar of the GBU-53/B SDB II.[48] In 2014, U.S. Special Operations Command began fielding the Laser SDB.[23][49][50]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB)","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"killed 45 civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_al-Sultan_massacre"},{"link_name":"Rafah refugee tent camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafah_Camp"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"It was reported that Israel used a GBU-39 SDB during the strike that killed 45 civilians in a Rafah refugee tent camp on May 26, 2024.[51] Its usage in a densely population civilian area was criticized by munitions experts.[52] The size of the debris field indicated that the bombs may have been timed to detonate in air to maximize the area of damage.[53]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-41"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"OTO Melara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTO_Melara"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-38"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"Australia: Foreign Military Sale of up to 2,950 GBU-39 (SDB 1), and 50 Guided Test Vehicles with GBU-39 (T-1)/B (Inert Fuze) for an est. cost of $386 million was approved in April 2016,[41] with bombs delivered to RAAF in 2019.[54]\n Israel: In 2012 Israel purchased munitions from the United States at a total value of $1.879 billion, which included 3,450 GBU-39/B (SDB 1),[55][56] plus 4,100 GBU-39/B purchased in 2015 as part of another munitions purchase.[57][58]\n Italy: In 2010 Italian company OTO Melara signed a $34 million contract with Boeing to manufacture the SBD-1 for the Italian Air Force.[59]\n Netherlands: In 2010 the Netherlands purchased 603 GBU-39 (SDB 1) for an estimated cost of $44 million.[38]\n Saudi Arabia: In October 2013, Saudi Arabia purchased various munitions from the US, including 1,000 GBU-39 (SDB 1).[60] In Dec 2020 a request to purchase 3,000 GBU-39 (SDB 1) was approved by the US Government.[61][62]\n South Korea: In 2013 South Korea made two purchases of the GBU-39, as part of a purchase of weapons for F-15 SE including 542 GBU-39/B[63][64] and weapons for the F-35 aircraft, of another 542 GBU-39/B.[65][66]\n Sweden: In 2019, Sweden ordered the GBU-39, to be deployed from the JAS 39 Gripen.[67]\n Ukraine: Ukrainian Air Force[68][69]\n United States: the United States is the major operator of the GBU-39 (SDB 1).","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Royal Bahraini Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bahraini_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Future operators","text":"Bahrain: In 2019 The Bahraini Government purchased as part of sale of a number of weapons for the Royal Bahraini Air Force's F16 aircraft fleet 100 GBU-39/B (SDB 1).[70]\n Bulgaria: In 2019 Bulgaria agreed to purchase 8 F-16C/D Block 70/72 aircraft with 28 GBU-39 (SDB 1) and other munitions. By 2020 Bulgaria had paid 100% of the $1.673 billion cost, however delivery is not expected until 2026.[71][72] In 2022 Bulgaria was approved to purchase another 8 F-16 C/D Block 70 aircraft, with another 28 GBU-39 (SDB 1), for the same cost.[73]\n Morocco: in 2019 Morocco requested to purchase 25 F-16C/D Block 72 aircraft, including 60 GBU-39/B (SDB 1).[74]\n NATO: In 2022, a request by NATO to purchase precision Guided Munitions, including 279 GBU-39/B (SDB 1) was approved by the US Government.[75]\n Portugal: Portuguese Air Force is procuring GBU-39/B bombs through the Ammunition Support Partnership.[76]\n Turkey: In 2024, the US approved to sell GBU-39/B to Turkey[77]\n United Arab Emirates: In 2013 a requested to purchase 5,000 GBU-39/B (SDB 1) as part of a sale of various munitions was approved.[78] In 2020 request to purchase another 2,500 GBU-39/B (SDB 1) was accepted.[79]","title":"Operators"}]
[{"image_text":"The GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Boeing_GBU-39_Small_Diameter_Bomb.jpg/220px-Boeing_GBU-39_Small_Diameter_Bomb.jpg"}]
[{"title":"GBU-53/B StormBreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBU-53/B_StormBreaker"},{"title":"H-4 SOW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-4_SOW"},{"title":"Spice (bomb)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_(bomb)"},{"title":"KGGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGGB"}]
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Weapons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230702100113/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/republic-korea-f-35-aircraft-weapons","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/1814812/","external_links_name":"\"Contracts for April 15, 2019\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230903042659/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/1814812//","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukraine-reportedly-uses-glsdb-munitions-for-the-first-time-50392831.html","external_links_name":"https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukraine-reportedly-uses-glsdb-munitions-for-the-first-time-50392831.html"},{"Link":"https://mil.in.ua/en/news/the-invaders-claim-a-glsdb-strike-in-luhansk-region/","external_links_name":"https://mil.in.ua/en/news/the-invaders-claim-a-glsdb-strike-in-luhansk-region/"},{"Link":"https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bahrain-weapons-support-f-16-block-70f-16v-aircraft-fleet","external_links_name":"\"Bahrain – Weapons to Support F-16 Block 70/F-16V Aircraft Fleet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230708124746/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bahrain-weapons-support-f-16-block-70f-16v-aircraft-fleet","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bulgaria-f-16cd-block-7072-aircraft-support","external_links_name":"\"Bulgaria – F-16C/D Block 70/72 Aircraft with Support\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230621045313/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bulgaria-f-16cd-block-7072-aircraft-support","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/05/17/us-refuses-replacement-f-16s-to-bulgaria-recommends-mig-29s/","external_links_name":"\"US refuses replacement F-16s to Bulgaria, recommends 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MilitaryLeak.COM\""},{"Link":"https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/turkiye-f-16-aircraft-acquisition-and-modernization","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye – F-16 Aircraft Acquisition and Modernization | Defense Security Cooperation Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/united-arab-emirates-uae-various-munitions-and-support","external_links_name":"\"United Arab Emirates (UAE) - Various Munitions and Support\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230702035741/https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/united-arab-emirates-uae-various-munitions-and-support","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/united-arab-emirates-munitions-sustainment-and-support-0","external_links_name":"\"United Arab Emirates – Munitions, Sustainment and 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawepie_Lake
Massawepie Lake
["1 Fishing","2 Geography","3 History","4 External links","5 References"]
Coordinates: 44°15′28″N 74°38′44″W / 44.2576722°N 74.6454853°W / 44.2576722; -74.6454853For other uses, see Massawepie (disambiguation). For the similar-sounding lake in Canada, see Lake Massawippi. Massawepie LakeMassawepie LakeLocation within New YorkShow map of New York Adirondack ParkMassawepie LakeMassawepie Lake (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationSt. Lawrence County, New YorkCoordinates44°15′28″N 74°38′44″W / 44.2576722°N 74.6454853°W / 44.2576722; -74.6454853Basin countriesUnited StatesSurface area431 acres (1.74 km2)Average depth23 feet (7.0 m)Max. depth75 feet (23 m)Surface elevation1,512 feet (461 m)Islands1 Massawepie Lake is located in the town of Piercefield, in southern St. Lawrence County, New York, approximately 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the village of Tupper Lake, New York. The lake is also surrounded by the Massawepie Scout Camps. The name of the lake is of Iroquois origin, meaning "the beaver's lake". The outlet flows west into the South Branch Grass River. Fishing The lake offers shore fishing, and there is a carry-down launch on the east shore on Massawepie Road with permission from the Massawepie Scout Camp. Public use is prohibited from June to August. Fish species present in the lake are lake trout, smallmouth bass, whitefish, walleye, yellow perch, black bullhead, rock bass, and white sucker. Geography One of the most notable geographic features is the Massawepie Mire located immediately to the south of the lake. It is bordered by two long north-south eskers. Hundreds of acres in size, the bog is one of the largest of its kind in the Eastern United States and is almost entirely on the Boy Scout camp's property. History In 1890, the Childwold Park House, commonly known as the Childwold Hotel, open on the shore of Massawepie Lake, just east of the main flagpole of the current camp. In the days before air-conditioning, upperclass residents of New York City would retreat to the Adirondacks to escape the summer heat. Visitors to Childwold Park would take the New York Central Railroad north from Utica and get off at Childwold Station. From there they would take a 7-mile (11 km) trip along the Carriage Road to the hotel. The hotel burned down in 1910. External links Rotary Guide to Adirondack canoe routes References ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Massawepie Lake ^ "Massawepie Lake" (PDF). dec.ny.gov. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 4 May 2017. ^ Sportsman's Connection (Firm) (2004-01-01), Western Adirondacks New York fishing map guide: includes lakes & streams for the following counties: Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Oneida, St. Lawrence., Sportsman's Connection, ISBN 1885010672, OCLC 61449593
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massawepie (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawepie_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lake Massawippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Massawippi"},{"link_name":"Piercefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercefield,_New_York"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Tupper Lake, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper_Lake_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Massawepie Scout Camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawepie_Scout_Camp"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"South Branch Grass River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Branch_Grass_River"}],"text":"For other uses, see Massawepie (disambiguation).For the similar-sounding lake in Canada, see Lake Massawippi.Massawepie Lake is located in the town of Piercefield, in southern St. Lawrence County, New York, approximately 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the village of Tupper Lake, New York. The lake is also surrounded by the Massawepie Scout Camps. The name of the lake is of Iroquois origin, meaning \"the beaver's lake\". The outlet flows west into the South Branch Grass River.","title":"Massawepie Lake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massawepie Scout Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawepie_Scout_Camp"},{"link_name":"lake trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_trout"},{"link_name":"smallmouth bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallmouth_bass"},{"link_name":"whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish"},{"link_name":"walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye"},{"link_name":"yellow perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_perch"},{"link_name":"black bullhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bullhead"},{"link_name":"rock bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_bass"},{"link_name":"white sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sucker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The lake offers shore fishing, and there is a carry-down launch on the east shore on Massawepie Road with permission from the Massawepie Scout Camp. Public use is prohibited from June to August. Fish species present in the lake are lake trout, smallmouth bass, whitefish, walleye, yellow perch, black bullhead, rock bass, and white sucker.[3]","title":"Fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massawepie Mire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawepie_Mire"},{"link_name":"eskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskers"},{"link_name":"bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"Eastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States"}],"text":"One of the most notable geographic features is the Massawepie Mire located immediately to the south of the lake. It is bordered by two long north-south eskers. Hundreds of acres in size, the bog is one of the largest of its kind in the Eastern United States and is almost entirely on the Boy Scout camp's property.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Utica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"}],"text":"In 1890, the Childwold Park House, commonly known as the Childwold Hotel, open on the shore of Massawepie Lake, just east of the main flagpole of the current camp. In the days before air-conditioning, upperclass residents of New York City would retreat to the Adirondacks to escape the summer heat. Visitors to Childwold Park would take the New York Central Railroad north from Utica and get off at Childwold Station. From there they would take a 7-mile (11 km) trip along the Carriage Road to the hotel. The hotel burned down in 1910.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacuvia_gens
Pacuvia gens
["1 Origin","2 Members","3 Footnotes","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
Ancient Roman family The gens Pacuvia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the second century BC, and from then down to the first century of the Empire Pacuvii are occasionally encountered in the historians. The first of the Pacuvii to achieve prominence at Rome, and certainly the most illustrious of the family, was the tragic poet Marcus Pacuvius. Origin As a nomen, Pacuvius is evidently derived from a common Oscan praenomen, also rendered Pacuvius. The first certain instance of the name as a gentilicium occurs with the tragedian Marcus Pacuvius, a native of Brundisium in Calabria, who was born circa 220 BC, and was active at Rome for many years before his death, circa 130. Members Marcus Pacuvius, the poet, whom Horace regarded as one of the most important of the early tragedians. He wrote in various genres, and was notable not just for translating the works of the Greek playwrights, but for adapting them, as well as creating original plays depicting traditional Roman stories. Marcus Pacuvius Claudus, together with his brother, Quintus, joined the accusation of repetundarum made by Publius Valerius Triarius against Marcus Aemilius Scaurus in 54 BC. Quintus Pacuvius Claudus, one of the accusers of Scaurus, together with his brother, Marcus. Sextus Pacuvius Taurus, a plebeian aedile mentioned by Pliny the Elder, as having had repaired one of the statues of the Cumaean Sibyl that stood near the Rostra. Probably a different man from the tribune of the plebs under Augustus, who must have lived at a later period. Sextus Pacuvius Taurus, tribune of the plebs in 27 BC, was the pre-eminent flatterer of Augustus, and the proposer of the law by which the month of Sextilis was renamed in honour of the emperor. Macrobius relates an anecdote in which the emperor played a joke upon Pacuvius. Pacuvius Labeo, a jurist, and one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. Mentioned by Aulus Gellius as the recipient of a letter by Sinnius Capito, cited as an authority in a grammatical dispute. His son was the jurist Antistius Labeo. Pacuvius, legate of Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, the governor of Syria in AD 19. He prevented Domitius Celer, an ally of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, from taking charge of the sixth legion at Laodicea. He is probably the same Pacuvius mentioned by the younger Seneca. Pacuvius Hister, a legacy-hunter alluded to by Juvenal. Sextus Pacuvius Restitutus, a fiscal procurator at Prusa ad Olympum. Pacuvia Liciniana, gave an answer to Antoninus Pius, cited by the jurist Ulpian. Footnotes ^ The crime of extorting money from the inhabitants of one's province. See also List of Roman gentes References ^ a b c Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 81, 82 ("Pacuvius"). ^ a b Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Scauro, p. 19 (ed. Orelli). ^ Pliny the Elder, xxxiv. 11. ^ Cassius Dio, liii. 20. ^ Macrobius, i. 12, ii. 4. ^ a b c d e PIR, vol. III, p. 6. ^ Gellius, v. 21. ^ Tacitus, Annales, ii. 79. ^ Seneca the Younger, Epistulae, ii. 12. ^ Juvenal, xii. 111 ff. ^ CIL III, 6994. ^ Digesta, 36 tit. 4. s. 3. § 3. Bibliography Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Seneca the Younger), Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Moral Letters to Lucilius). Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Scauro (Commentary on Cicero's Oration Pro Scauro). Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis Historia (Natural History). Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales. Decimus Junius Juvenalis, Satirae (Satires). Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights). Cassius Dio, Roman History. Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, Saturnalia. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plebeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Marcus Pacuvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacuvius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Pacuvius-1"}],"text":"The gens Pacuvia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Members of this gens are first mentioned during the second century BC, and from then down to the first century of the Empire Pacuvii are occasionally encountered in the historians. The first of the Pacuvii to achieve prominence at Rome, and certainly the most illustrious of the family, was the tragic poet Marcus Pacuvius.[1]","title":"Pacuvia gens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscan_language"},{"link_name":"praenomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"gentilicium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium"},{"link_name":"Brundisium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Pacuvius-1"}],"text":"As a nomen, Pacuvius is evidently derived from a common Oscan praenomen, also rendered Pacuvius. The first certain instance of the name as a gentilicium occurs with the tragedian Marcus Pacuvius, a native of Brundisium in Calabria, who was born circa 220 BC, and was active at Rome for many years before his death, circa 130.[1]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Pacuvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacuvius"},{"link_name":"Horace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Pacuvius-1"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Scaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Scaurus_(praetor_56_BC)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asconius-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asconius-3"},{"link_name":"plebeian aedile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedile"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Cumaean Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Rostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostra"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tribune of the plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIR_III_6-7"},{"link_name":"Pacuvius Labeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacuvius_Labeo"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gellius"},{"link_name":"Antistius Labeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antistius_Labeo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Sentius_Saturninus_(consul_4)"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)"},{"link_name":"sixth legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata"},{"link_name":"Laodicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIR_III_6-7"},{"link_name":"Juvenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIR_III_6-7"},{"link_name":"fiscal procurator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"Prusa ad Olympum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIR_III_6-7"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"Ulpian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIR_III_6-7"}],"text":"Marcus Pacuvius, the poet, whom Horace regarded as one of the most important of the early tragedians. He wrote in various genres, and was notable not just for translating the works of the Greek playwrights, but for adapting them, as well as creating original plays depicting traditional Roman stories.[1]\nMarcus Pacuvius Claudus, together with his brother, Quintus, joined the accusation of repetundarum[i] made by Publius Valerius Triarius against Marcus Aemilius Scaurus in 54 BC.[2]\nQuintus Pacuvius Claudus, one of the accusers of Scaurus, together with his brother, Marcus.[2]\nSextus Pacuvius Taurus, a plebeian aedile mentioned by Pliny the Elder, as having had repaired one of the statues of the Cumaean Sibyl that stood near the Rostra. Probably a different man from the tribune of the plebs under Augustus, who must have lived at a later period.[3]\nSextus Pacuvius Taurus, tribune of the plebs in 27 BC, was the pre-eminent flatterer of Augustus, and the proposer of the law by which the month of Sextilis was renamed in honour of the emperor. Macrobius relates an anecdote in which the emperor played a joke upon Pacuvius.[4][5][6]\nPacuvius Labeo, a jurist, and one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. Mentioned by Aulus Gellius as the recipient of a letter by Sinnius Capito, cited as an authority in a grammatical dispute. His son was the jurist Antistius Labeo.[7]\nPacuvius, legate of Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, the governor of Syria in AD 19. He prevented Domitius Celer, an ally of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, from taking charge of the sixth legion at Laodicea. He is probably the same Pacuvius mentioned by the younger Seneca.[8][9][6]\nPacuvius Hister, a legacy-hunter alluded to by Juvenal.[10][6]\nSextus Pacuvius Restitutus, a fiscal procurator at Prusa ad Olympum.[11][6]\nPacuvia Liciniana, gave an answer to Antoninus Pius, cited by the jurist Ulpian.[12][6]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ The crime of extorting money from the inhabitants of one's province.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seneca the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_morales_ad_Lucilium"},{"link_name":"Quintus Asconius Pedianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asconius_Pedianus"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Naturalis Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Publius Cornelius Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Annales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)"},{"link_name":"Decimus Junius Juvenalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal"},{"link_name":"Satirae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satires_of_Juvenal"},{"link_name":"Aulus Gellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Gellius"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrobius"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Paul von Rohden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Rohden"},{"link_name":"Elimar Klebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimar_Klebs"},{"link_name":"Hermann Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Dessau"},{"link_name":"Prosopographia Imperii Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopographia_Imperii_Romani"}],"text":"Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Seneca the Younger), Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Moral Letters to Lucilius).\nQuintus Asconius Pedianus, Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Scauro (Commentary on Cicero's Oration Pro Scauro).\nGaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis Historia (Natural History).\nPublius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales.\nDecimus Junius Juvenalis, Satirae (Satires).\nAulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights).\nCassius Dio, Roman History.\nMacrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, Saturnalia.\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).\nPaul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Roman gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+03%2C+06994&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"III, 6994"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Copleston
Geoffrey Copleston
["1 Filmography","1.1 Live-action roles","1.2 Partial dubbing roles","2 References","3 External links"]
British actor Geoffrey CoplestonBornGerald Geoffrey Copleston18 March 1921Manchester, UKDied6 October 1998 (age 77)Occupation(s)Actor, voice actor, translator, screenwriterYears active1956–1998 Gerald Geoffrey Copleston (18 March 1921 – 6 October 1998) was an English actor, voice actor, and translator who worked primarily in Italian genre cinema. He appeared in more than one hundred films beginning in 1956, many of which were English-language dubs of European films. Filmography Live-action roles Year Title Role Notes 1956 War and Peace French Officer Uncredited 1965 War Italian Style American Colonel Uncredited James Tont operazione U.N.O. Secret Service Director uncredited 1966 Me, Me, Me... and the Others Traveller in restaurant Uncredited James Tont operazione D.U.E. Secret Service Director The Hills Run Red Brian Horner 7 Golden Women Against Two 07: Treasure Hunt Martin Borman Perry Grant, agente di ferro Chief Bowles Superargo Versus Diabolicus Conrad, the Council President 1967 Matchless Arthur Uncredited Riderà! J.K. Deline 1968 Il profeta Bagni The Girl Who Couldn't Say No Bald Man Uncredited Seven Times Seven Chief Inspector Uncredited 1969 Detective Belli Chief of Police One on Top of the Other District Attorney Uncredited 1971 Scipio the African Senator Uncredited Paid in Blood Alec Quinter Uncredited 1973 Bread and Chocolate Paolo Boegli 1974 The Night Porter Kurt Mahler 1975 Red Coat RCMP Chief 1976 Salon Kitty Dinner Guest Uncredited Mimì Bluette... fiore del mio giardino A Matter of Time Hotel Manager The Big Operator The Texan 1977 A Man Called Magnum German Boss Beyond Good and Evil House Guest Uncredited Emanuelle and the Last Cannibals Wilkes Sahara Cross Colonel 1978 The Greatest Battle SS General Jürgens Io tigro, tu tigri, egli tigra The General Uncredited 1979 Lovers and Liars Male Bystander Lobster for Breakfast Duchamp Dr. Jekyll Likes Them Hot Archibald Gold Velvet Hands Benny 1980 The Pumaman Sir George Bradley S*H*E UN Speaker The Warning Procuratore Vesce Savage Breed Conti Mia moglie è una strega Autista 1981 Bianco, rosso e Verdone Russian Man Uncredited The Black Cat Inspector Flynn Bollenti spiriti Dr. Eric Stainer 1982 Dio li fa poi li accoppia The Burgomaster of Kellenborg Uncredited Buona come il pane Colonel Vittorio Bisceglie 1983 Notturno Ambassador Uncredited Stangata napoletana Il tassinaro American Tourist 1984 One Hundred Days in Palermo Judge Uncredited Vediamoci chiaro Mercalli 1985 The Assisi Underground Police Chief Bertolucci Madman at War German Commander Wild Team Harker 1986 Detective School Dropouts Mr. Hamelfarm 1987 The Belly of an Architect Caspetti The Sicilian Pathe Journalist 1988 Big Man Henry Winterbottom TV movie 1989 Robot Jox Confederation Commissioner Willy Signori e vengo da lontano Direttore del giornale The Betrothed Merchant 3 episodes 1990 The Dark Sun Black Cobra 3: The Manila Connection The Senator Uncredited The Godfather Part III Priest Uncredited Frankenstein Unbound Innkeeper A Season of Giants Taddeo Taddei TV movie C'è posto per tutti Americano 1991 The Pit and the Pendulum Butcher 1992 L'amante scomoda Mr. Manzetti 1993 Killer Rules Chairman of the Board TV movie 1994 The Web of Silence - A.I.D.S. Walter's Father Klon 1995 The Second Time Stefano Uncredited 1996 Fatal Frames Mr. Fairbrain 1998 Besieged Sweaty Man Uncredited Partial dubbing roles Year Title Role Actor Notes 1969 The Battle of El Alamein General Schwartz Gérard Herter Machine Gun McCain Priest Euplio Moscusu 1971 Blackie the Pirate DeLussac Carlo Reali 1972 Don't Torture a Duckling Police Commissioner Virgilio Gazzolo 1974 Emergency Squad Calò Antonio La Raina What Have They Done to Your Daughters? Dr. Concotti Francesco D'Adda 1975 Deep Red Bardi Piero Mazzinghi Manhunt in the City Ludovico Mieli Claudio Gora 1976 Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man Sergeant Sergio Ammirata The Cop in Blue Jeans Barkeep Domenico Cianfriglia Violent Naples Antinori Attilio Duse The Big Racket Chief Edy Biagetti 1977 Suspiria Professor Milius Rudolf Schündler The Cynic, the Rat and the Fist Marchetti Marco Guglielmi The Heroin Busters Ross Ferdinando Poggi La belva col mitra Caroli Vittorio Duse 1978 Convoy Busters Degan Massimo Serato 1979 Master with Cracked Fingers Big Boss Yeong-Mun Kwon 1980 Cannibal Holocaust NYU Chancellor Paolo Paoloni Eaten Alive! Jonas Melvin Ivan Rassimov Nightmare City Mr. Desmond Ugo Bologna 1982 1990: The Bronx Warriors Samuel Fisher Ennio Girolami References ^ http://copleston.net/page54.htm ^ "Geoffrey Copleston". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. ^ "Geoffrey Copleston". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ "Geoffrey Copleston". copleston.net. Retrieved 23 July 2019. External links Geoffrey Copleston at IMDb This article about a British actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silent_War_(2012_film)
The Silent War (2012 film)
["1 Cast","2 Awards and nominations","3 References","4 External links"]
2012 Chinese filmThe Silent WarTraditional Chinese聽風者Simplified Chinese听风者 Directed byAlan MakFelix ChongWritten byAlan MakFelix ChongBased onPlot Againstby Mai JiaProduced byRonald WongCharley ZhuoStarringTony Leung Chiu-WaiZhou XunMavis FanWang Xue BingCinematographyFletcher PoonEdited byCurran PangMusic byChan Kwong-wingProductioncompaniesMei Ah Film ProductionPop MoviesDistributed byMei Ah EntertainmentRelease date 10 August 2012 (2012-08-10) Running time120 minutesCountriesChinaHong KongLanguagesMandarinCantonese The Silent War is a 2012 Chinese-Hong Kong thriller film directed by Alan Mak and Felix Chong. It is an adaptation of the popular novel Plot Against written by Mai Jia. The story is about a recruit with extrasensory perception working for a government unit tasked with stopping an "invisible enemy". The film deals with spies, subterfuge and hidden romance. The film won Best Cinematography at the 32nd Hong Kong Film Award. Cast Tony Leung Chiu-Wai as He Bing Zhou Xun as Zhang Xue Ning Mavis Fan as Shen Jing Wang Xue Bing as Guo Xingzhong Dong Yong as Wu Chang Carrie Ng as Mrs Li Pal Sinn as Luo Saner Lam Wai as Captain Yang Tang Qun as Mother He Jacob Cheung as Sparrow Zhang Haiyan as Mrs. Ma Awards and nominations 32nd Hong Kong Film Awards Nominated: Best Screenplay (Alan Mak & Felix Chong) Nominated: Best Actor (Tony Leung Chiu-Wai) Nominated: Best Actress (Zhou Xun) Nominated: Best Supporting Actress (Mavis Fan) Won: Best Cinematography (Anthony Pun Yiu Ming) Nominated: Best Art Direction (Man Lim Chung) Nominated: Best Costume & Make Up Design (Man Lim Chung) Nominated: Best Original Film Score (Chan Kwong Wing) Golden Horse Awards Nominated: Best Art Direction (Man Lim Chung) Nominated: Best Makeup & Costume Design (Man Lim Chung) Nominated: Best Sound Effects (Traithep Wongpaiboon, Nopawat Likitwong) Nominated: Best Supporting Actress (Mavis Fan) Asian Film Awards Won: Best Costume Designer (Man Lim Chung) Nominated: Best Production Designer (Man Lim Chung) Asia Pacific Film Awards Won: Best Sound Effects (Traithep Wongpaiboon, Nopawat Likitwong) Huading Awards Won: Best Supporting Actress (Mavis Fan) References ^ James Marsh (10 August 2012). "Review: THE SILENT WAR is All Static, No Message". Twitch. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ James Marsh (3 July 2012). "Blinding New Poster For Alan Mak & Felix Chong's THE SILENT WAR". Twitch. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ Hugo Ozman (22 June 2012). "First Teaser for THE SILENT WAR – Latest Film from Creators of OVERHEARD and THE LOST BLADESMAN". Twitch. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ "The Silent War (聽風者) (2012)". ^ "32nd Hong Kong Film Awards 2013". HK Neo Reviews. Retrieved 14 April 2013. External links The Silent War at IMDb vteFilms directed by Felix Chong Lady Cop & Papa Crook (2009) Overheard (2009) Once a Gangster (2010) The Lost Bladesman (2011) Overheard 2 (2011) The Silent War (2012) Overheard 3 (2014) Project Gutenberg (2018) The Goldfinger (2023) vteFilms directed by Alan Mak Nude Fear (1998) Rave Fever (1999) A War Named Desire (2000) Infernal Affairs (2002) Infernal Affairs II (2003) Infernal Affairs III (2003) Initial D (2005) Confession of Pain (2006) Lady Cop & Papa Crook (2009) Overheard (2009) The Lost Bladesman (2011) Overheard 2 (2011) The Silent War (2012) Overheard 3 (2014) Extraordinary Mission (2017) Integrity (2019) The Procurator (2023) Under Current (TBD) See also Infernal Affairs film series This article related to a Hong Kong film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Alan Mak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mak_(director)"},{"link_name":"Felix Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Chong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mai Jia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Jia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"extrasensory perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasensory_perception"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Film_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"2012 Chinese filmThe Silent War is a 2012 Chinese-Hong Kong thriller film directed by Alan Mak and Felix Chong.[1][2][3] It is an adaptation of the popular novel Plot Against written by Mai Jia.[4]The story is about a recruit with extrasensory perception working for a government unit tasked with stopping an \"invisible enemy\". The film deals with spies, subterfuge and hidden romance.The film won Best Cinematography at the 32nd Hong Kong Film Award.[5]","title":"The Silent War (2012 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Leung Chiu-Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu-Wai"},{"link_name":"Zhou Xun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xun"},{"link_name":"Mavis Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Fan"},{"link_name":"Dong Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_Yong_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Carrie Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Ng"},{"link_name":"Pal Sinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_Sinn"},{"link_name":"Jacob Cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Cheung"}],"text":"Tony Leung Chiu-Wai as He Bing\nZhou Xun as Zhang Xue Ning\nMavis Fan as Shen Jing\nWang Xue Bing as Guo Xingzhong\nDong Yong as Wu Chang\nCarrie Ng as Mrs Li\nPal Sinn as Luo Saner\nLam Wai as Captain Yang\nTang Qun as Mother He\nJacob Cheung as Sparrow\nZhang Haiyan as Mrs. Ma","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32nd Hong Kong Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Hong_Kong_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Alan Mak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mak_(director)"},{"link_name":"Felix Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Chong"},{"link_name":"Tony Leung Chiu-Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu-Wai"},{"link_name":"Zhou Xun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xun"},{"link_name":"Mavis Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Fan"},{"link_name":"Mavis Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Fan"},{"link_name":"Huading Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huading_Awards"}],"text":"32nd Hong Kong Film AwardsNominated: Best Screenplay (Alan Mak & Felix Chong)\nNominated: Best Actor (Tony Leung Chiu-Wai)\nNominated: Best Actress (Zhou Xun)\nNominated: Best Supporting Actress (Mavis Fan)\nWon: Best Cinematography (Anthony Pun Yiu Ming)\nNominated: Best Art Direction (Man Lim Chung)\nNominated: Best Costume & Make Up Design (Man Lim Chung)\nNominated: Best Original Film Score (Chan Kwong Wing)Golden Horse AwardsNominated: Best Art Direction (Man Lim Chung)\nNominated: Best Makeup & Costume Design (Man Lim Chung)\nNominated: Best Sound Effects (Traithep Wongpaiboon, Nopawat Likitwong)\nNominated: Best Supporting Actress (Mavis Fan)Asian Film AwardsWon: Best Costume Designer (Man Lim Chung)\nNominated: Best Production Designer (Man Lim Chung)Asia Pacific Film AwardsWon: Best Sound Effects (Traithep Wongpaiboon, Nopawat Likitwong)Huading AwardsWon: Best Supporting Actress (Mavis Fan)","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"James Marsh (10 August 2012). \"Review: THE SILENT WAR is All Static, No Message\". Twitch. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2012/08/review-the-silent-war-is-all-static-no-message.php","url_text":"\"Review: THE SILENT WAR is All Static, No Message\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Film","url_text":"Twitch"}]},{"reference":"James Marsh (3 July 2012). \"Blinding New Poster For Alan Mak & Felix Chong's THE SILENT WAR\". Twitch. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://twitchfilm.com/news/2012/07/blinding-new-poster-for-alan-mak-felix-chongs-the-silent-war.php","url_text":"\"Blinding New Poster For Alan Mak & Felix Chong's THE SILENT WAR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Film","url_text":"Twitch"}]},{"reference":"Hugo Ozman (22 June 2012). \"First Teaser for THE SILENT WAR – Latest Film from Creators of OVERHEARD and THE LOST BLADESMAN\". Twitch. Retrieved 16 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://twitchfilm.com/news/2012/06/first-teaser-for-the-silent-war---latest-film-from-creators-of-overheard-and-the-lost-bladesman.php","url_text":"\"First Teaser for THE SILENT WAR – Latest Film from Creators of OVERHEARD and THE LOST BLADESMAN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Film","url_text":"Twitch"}]},{"reference":"\"The Silent War (聽風者) (2012)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lovehkfilm.com/reviews_2/silent_war.html","url_text":"\"The Silent War (聽風者) (2012)\""}]},{"reference":"\"32nd Hong Kong Film Awards 2013\". HK Neo Reviews. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehkneo.com/blog/?p=3995","url_text":"\"32nd Hong Kong Film Awards 2013\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Life_of_Addie_LaRue
The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue
["1 Plot","2 Reception","3 Film adaptation","4 References"]
2020 book by V.E. Schwab The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue First edition coverAuthorV.E. SchwabCover artistWill StaehleLanguageEnglishGenreFantasy novelPublisherTor BooksPublication dateOctober 6, 2020Pages448ISBN978-0765387561Dewey Decimal813/.6 23 The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue is a fantasy novel by the American author V. E. Schwab. It was published by Tor Books on October 6, 2020. The story follows a young French woman in 1714 who makes a bargain with the Dark that makes her immortal, but curses her to be forgotten by everyone she meets. It was widely praised and nominated for the 2021 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel. Plot The story is balanced between a narrative in present day New York City and flashbacks starting from Addie's childhood in France to her experiences traveling the world and witnessing major historical events. It begins in the early 1700s, following Addie as a young woman burdened by a forced marriage and praying to the gods for her freedom. She accidentally catches the attention of a god of the night, who she would later name Luc, who promises her the time she wants with the caveat being nobody will ever remember her after one encounter. Over time she subtly influences many people, making marks in history and inspiring the creation of songs and art about her. Luc visits her every year after they make their deal, asking for her soul, but she refuses every time. The pair develop a relationship over time that carries on for about two decades. It ends abruptly when Luc asks again for her to surrender her soul, as Addie believes their relationship was just a gambit. In 2014, Addie meets a man named Henry Strauss who can somehow remember her and speak her name. The pair become romantically involved until the day that Addie realizes that Henry only has 35 days left to live per conditions of his deal with Luc. Due to heavy familial pressures placed on him, Henry had felt bogged down in his life, and a failed proposal made him attempt suicide. Luc visited him and granted his wish: whenever someone would see him, they would see what they desire the most. This allowed Henry to remember Addie, fulfilling her wish that somebody would remember her. Reception The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue was on the New York Times Best Seller list for 37 consecutive weeks through July 2021. Caitlyn Paxson at NPR praised the novel, particularly the attention to art: "her seven signature freckles...she has attempted to imprint herself in an artist's mind...fleeting impressions of a forgotten immortal. Together, they give us a sweeping feeling of urgency as we understand Addie's longing to be remembered in such a concrete and visceral way." Kirkus Reviews labeled the novel a "spellbinding story" that would have readers "stay up all night reading—rich and satisfying and strange and impeccably crafted." Ellen Morton from The Washington Post called it a "tour de force," commending the momentum, contemplative story, and explorations of identity. Megan Kallstrom of Slate noted the story's careful attention to detail, ending her review by saying: "Much like the seven freckles that sprinkle Addie’s face, we create our own constellations, and as we live through these darkened days, I feel brighter for having added Addie to mine." Film adaptation In November 2021, it was announced that eOne is planning to produce a film adaptation of the novel. Schwab is reported to have penned the early drafts of the screenplay before handing it off to husband-wife duo Augustine Frizzell and David Lowery; the former of the two also planned to direct the film. Alan Siegel, Danielle Robinson, Gerard Butler, as well as Schwab act as producers on the project. References ^ "See the starry cover for V.E. Schwab's 'The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue'". EW.com. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ locusmag (June 26, 2021). "2021 Locus Awards Winners". Locus Online. Retrieved December 12, 2022. ^ "Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - Books - June 20, 2021 - The New York Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ "'Addie LaRue' Is Invisible — But Memorable". NPR.org. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ THE INVISIBLE LIFE OF ADDIE LARUE | Kirkus Reviews. ^ Morton, Ellen. "Addie LaRue review". The Washington Post. ^ Kallstrom, Megan (October 6, 2020). "In The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue, Isolation Is a Curse. Literally". Slate Magazine. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (October 1, 2020). "V.E. Schwab's Novel 'Invisible Life of Addie LaRue' Getting Film Adaptation at eOne (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 19, 2021. ^ "Augustine Frizzell to Direct 'The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue' Film Adaptation for eOne (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
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It was widely praised and nominated for the 2021 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel.[2]","title":"The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"forced marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriage"},{"link_name":"Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer"},{"link_name":"relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome"}],"text":"The story is balanced between a narrative in present day New York City and flashbacks starting from Addie's childhood in France to her experiences traveling the world and witnessing major historical events.It begins in the early 1700s, following Addie as a young woman burdened by a forced marriage and praying to the gods for her freedom. She accidentally catches the attention of a god of the night, who she would later name Luc, who promises her the time she wants with the caveat being nobody will ever remember her after one encounter. Over time she subtly influences many people, making marks in history and inspiring the creation of songs and art about her.Luc visits her every year after they make their deal, asking for her soul, but she refuses every time. The pair develop a relationship over time that carries on for about two decades. It ends abruptly when Luc asks again for her to surrender her soul, as Addie believes their relationship was just a gambit.In 2014, Addie meets a man named Henry Strauss who can somehow remember her and speak her name. The pair become romantically involved until the day that Addie realizes that Henry only has 35 days left to live per conditions of his deal with Luc.Due to heavy familial pressures placed on him, Henry had felt bogged down in his life, and a failed proposal made him attempt suicide. Luc visited him and granted his wish: whenever someone would see him, they would see what they desire the most. This allowed Henry to remember Addie, fulfilling her wish that somebody would remember her.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times Best Seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue was on the New York Times Best Seller list for 37 consecutive weeks through July 2021.[3]Caitlyn Paxson at NPR praised the novel, particularly the attention to art: \"her seven signature freckles...she has attempted to imprint herself in an artist's mind...fleeting impressions of a forgotten immortal. Together, they give us a sweeping feeling of urgency as we understand Addie's longing to be remembered in such a concrete and visceral way.\"[4]Kirkus Reviews labeled the novel a \"spellbinding story\" that would have readers \"stay up all night reading—rich and satisfying and strange and impeccably crafted.\"[5] Ellen Morton from The Washington Post called it a \"tour de force,\" commending the momentum, contemplative story, and explorations of identity.[6]Megan Kallstrom of Slate noted the story's careful attention to detail, ending her review by saying: \"Much like the seven freckles that sprinkle Addie’s face, we create our own constellations, and as we live through these darkened days, I feel brighter for having added Addie to mine.\"[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eOne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One"},{"link_name":"Augustine Frizzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Frizzell"},{"link_name":"David Lowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lowery_(director)"},{"link_name":"Alan Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Gerard Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Butler"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In November 2021, it was announced that eOne is planning to produce a film adaptation of the novel. Schwab is reported to have penned the early drafts of the screenplay before handing it off to husband-wife duo Augustine Frizzell and David Lowery; the former of the two also planned to direct the film. Alan Siegel, Danielle Robinson, Gerard Butler, as well as Schwab act as producers on the project.[8][9]","title":"Film adaptation"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaghir
Jagir
["1 Definition","2 Succession","3 13th-century origin and successors","4 See also","5 References"]
Feudal land grant in South Asia started in 13th century For the 1984 film, see Jagir (film). "Jagirdar" redirects here. For the 1937 film, see Jagirdar (film). A Maratha Durbar showing the Chief (Raja) and the nobles (Sardars, Jagirdars, Istamuradars and Mankaris) of the state. A jagir (Persian: جاگیر, romanized: Jāgir), (Urdu: جاگیردار) also spelled as jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system.: 57–59  It developed during the Islamic era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state. The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar. There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.: 61–62  The land grant, called iqta'a, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar. The jagirdar system was introduced by the Delhi Sultanate, and continued during the Mughal Empire, but with a difference. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee. After the collapse & takeover of Mughals, the system of jagirs was retained by Marathas, Charans, Rajput, Rajpurohit, Jat, and Sikh jat kingdoms, and later in a form by the British East India Company.: 61–62  Definition Jagir (Persian: جاگیر, Devanagari: जागीर, Bengali: জায়গীর) is a Persian word meaning 'place holder'. In its 1955 judgment of the case Thakur Amar Singhji v. State Of Rajasthan, the Supreme Court of India used the following definition of jagir in interpreting the Rajasthan Land Reforms and Resumption of Jagirs Act (Rajasthan Act VI of 1952): The word 'jagir' connoted originally grants made by Rajput Rulers to their clansmen for military services rendered or to be rendered. Later on grants made for religious and charitable purposes and even to non-Rajputs were called jagirs, and both in its popular sense and legislative practice, the word jagir came to be used as connoting all grants which conferred on the grantees rights in respect of land revenue, and that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed ...— Singhji v. Rajasthan, (15 April 1955; SCR 1955 2 303; AIR 1955 SC 504) Succession A jagir was technically a feudal life estate, as the grant reverted to the state upon the jagirdar's death. However, in practice, jagirs became hereditary to the male lineal heir of the jagirdar. The family was thus the de facto ruler of the territory, earned income from part of the tax revenues and delivered the rest to the treasury of the state during the Islamic rule period, and later in parts of India that came under Afghan, Sikh and Rajput rulers. The jagirdar did not act alone but appointed administrative layers for revenue collection. These positions, according to Shakti Kak, were called, among other titles, patwari, tahsildar, amil, fotedar, munsif, qanungo, chaudhri, and dewan. 13th-century origin and successors This feudal system of land ownership is referred to as the jagirdar system. The system was introduced by the Sultans of Delhi from the 13th century onwards, was later adopted by the Mughal Empire, the Maratha Empire and continued under the British East India Company. Some Hindu jagirdars were converted into Muslim vassal states under Mughal imperial sway, such as the nawwabs of Kurnool. Most princely states of India during the colonial British Raj era were jagirdars such as Mohrampur Jagir. Shortly following independence from the British Crown in 1947, the jagirdar system was abolished by the Indian government in 1951. See also Indian honorifics Desmukh Indian feudalism Feudalism in Pakistan Kulkarni Lambardar Mankari Mansabdar Patil Saranjamdar Sardar Zamindar Ghatwals and Mulraiyats References ^ Davies, H. H.; Blyth, W. (1873). Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District . Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press. p. 29. ^ a b c d e f g h Jāgīrdār system: INDIAN TAX SYSTEM, Encyclopædia Britannica (2009) ^ a b c Roy, Kaushik (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 57–59, pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-317-32127-9. ^ Qadeer, Mohammad (2006). Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. Routledge. pp. ix, 44. ISBN 978-1-134-18617-4. ^ Markovits, Claude (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. p. 567. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2. ^ Malik, Jamal (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. BRILL Academic. p. 491. ISBN 978-90-04-16859-6. ^ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India Before Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–127. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7. ^ Kaur, Madanjit (2008). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Unistar. pp. 31–40. ISBN 978-81-89899-54-7. ^ Thakur Amar Singhji v. State Of Rajasthan, 2 SCR 303, 305 (Supreme Court of India 15 April 1955) ("(iv) ... that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed in Art. 31-A."The object of Art. 31-A was to save legislation which was directed to the abolition of intermediaries so as to establish direct relationship between the State and the tillers of the soil. Construing the word in that sense which would achieve that object in full measure, it must be held that jagir was meant to cover all grants under which the grantees had only rights in respect of revenue and were not tillers of the soil. Maintenance grants in favour of persons who were not cultivators such as members of the ruling family would be jagirs for purposes of Art. 31-A."). 1955 825 SC 1955 AIR SC 504 ^ Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. ^ Pollen, J. (Assistant Commissioner in Sind Province) ; Revenue Department of the Sind Commissioner's Office (1886). History of Alienations in the Province of Sind. Karachi: Government of Bombay. p. 143. ^ Kak, Shakti (2007). "The agrarian system of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir: A study of colonial settlement policies, 1860–1905". In Waltraud Ernst; Biswamoy Pati (eds.). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. pp. 68–84. ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2. See pp. 71–72 ^ "Jagirdar system". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Merriam-Webster. 2000. p. 834. ISBN 0-87779-017-5. Retrieved 9 January 2024. After independence, measures were taken to abolish absentee landownership. ^ Singh, Kumar Suresh; Lal, Rajendra Behari (2003). Gujarat, Part 3. People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India. Vol. 22. Popular Prakashan. p. 1350. ISBN 81-7991-106-3.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jagir (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagir_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jagirdar (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagirdar_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maratha_darbar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Durbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbar_(court)"},{"link_name":"Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"},{"link_name":"Sardars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Jagirdars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagirdar"},{"link_name":"Mankaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankari"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qadeer2006pix-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy_2015-3"},{"link_name":"iqta'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Charans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charans"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Rajpurohit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpurohit"},{"link_name":"Jat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy_2015-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For the 1984 film, see Jagir (film).\"Jagirdar\" redirects here. For the 1937 film, see Jagirdar (film).A Maratha Durbar showing the Chief (Raja) and the nobles (Sardars, Jagirdars, Istamuradars and Mankaris) of the state.A jagir (Persian: جاگیر, romanized: Jāgir), (Urdu: جاگیردار) also spelled as jageer,[1] was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system.[2][3]: 57–59  It developed during the Islamic era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state.[2] The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the jagirdar.[4] There were two forms of jagir, one conditional, the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked.[2][3]: 61–62  The land grant, called iqta'a, was usually for a holder's lifetime; the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.[2][5]The jagirdar system was introduced by the Delhi Sultanate,[2] and continued during the Mughal Empire,[6] but with a difference. In the Mughal times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate Mughal appointee.[7] After the collapse & takeover of Mughals, the system of jagirs was retained by Marathas, Charans, Rajput, Rajpurohit, Jat, and Sikh jat kingdoms, and later in a form by the British East India Company.[2][3]: 61–62 [8]","title":"Jagir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"}],"text":"Jagir (Persian: جاگیر, Devanagari: जागीर, Bengali: জায়গীর) is a Persian word meaning 'place holder'.[2]In its 1955 judgment of the case Thakur Amar Singhji v. State Of Rajasthan, the Supreme Court of India used the following definition of jagir in interpreting the Rajasthan Land Reforms and Resumption of Jagirs Act (Rajasthan Act VI of 1952):[9]The word 'jagir' connoted originally grants made by Rajput Rulers to their clansmen for military services rendered or to be rendered. Later on grants made for religious and charitable purposes and even to non-Rajputs were called jagirs, and both in its popular sense and legislative practice, the word jagir came to be used as connoting all grants which conferred on the grantees rights in respect of land revenue, and that is the sense in which the word jagir should be construed ...— Singhji v. Rajasthan, (15 April 1955; SCR 1955 2 303; AIR 1955 SC 504)","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"life estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_estate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"patwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patwari"},{"link_name":"tahsildar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsildar"},{"link_name":"amil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amils"},{"link_name":"munsif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsif"},{"link_name":"qanungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahsala_system#Qanungo"},{"link_name":"chaudhri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"dewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kak_2007-12"}],"text":"A jagir was technically a feudal life estate, as the grant reverted to the state upon the jagirdar's death. However, in practice, jagirs became hereditary to the male lineal heir of the jagirdar.[10][11] The family was thus the de facto ruler of the territory, earned income from part of the tax revenues and delivered the rest to the treasury of the state during the Islamic rule period, and later in parts of India that came under Afghan, Sikh and Rajput rulers. The jagirdar did not act alone but appointed administrative layers for revenue collection. These positions, according to Shakti Kak, were called, among other titles, patwari, tahsildar, amil, fotedar, munsif, qanungo, chaudhri, and dewan.[12]","title":"Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal"},{"link_name":"Sultans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultans"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Maratha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"British East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjagir-2"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"nawwabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawwab"},{"link_name":"Kurnool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurnool"},{"link_name":"princely states of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_India"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"British Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Crown"},{"link_name":"Indian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"This feudal system of land ownership is referred to as the jagirdar system. The system was introduced by the Sultans of Delhi from the 13th century onwards, was later adopted by the Mughal Empire, the Maratha Empire and continued under the British East India Company.[2]Some Hindu jagirdars were converted into Muslim vassal states under Mughal imperial sway, such as the nawwabs of Kurnool. Most princely states of India during the colonial British Raj era were jagirdars such as Mohrampur Jagir. Shortly following independence from the British Crown in 1947, the jagirdar system was abolished by the Indian government in 1951.[13][14]","title":"13th-century origin and successors"}]
[{"image_text":"A Maratha Durbar showing the Chief (Raja) and the nobles (Sardars, Jagirdars, Istamuradars and Mankaris) of the state.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maratha_darbar.jpg/220px-Maratha_darbar.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Indian honorifics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_honorifics"},{"title":"Desmukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmukh"},{"title":"Indian feudalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_feudalism"},{"title":"Feudalism in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"Kulkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulkarni"},{"title":"Lambardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambardar"},{"title":"Mankari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankari"},{"title":"Mansabdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansabdar"},{"title":"Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patil_(title)"},{"title":"Saranjamdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranjamdar"},{"title":"Sardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"title":"Zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"title":"Ghatwals and Mulraiyats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatwals_and_Mulraiyats"}]
[{"reference":"Davies, H. H.; Blyth, W. (1873). Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District [=Report of the revised settlement of the parganas of Amritsar, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Amritsar District]. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gpkIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29","url_text":"Report of the revised settlement of the pargunnahs of Umritsur, Sowrian & Turun Tarun of the Umritsur District"}]},{"reference":"Roy, Kaushik (2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 57–59, pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-317-32127-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT58","url_text":"57–59"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62","url_text":"pp. 61–62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32127-9","url_text":"978-1-317-32127-9"}]},{"reference":"Qadeer, Mohammad (2006). Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. Routledge. pp. ix, 44. ISBN 978-1-134-18617-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ll02P7G5XD8C","url_text":"Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18617-4","url_text":"978-1-134-18617-4"}]},{"reference":"Markovits, Claude (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950. Anthem Press. p. 567. ISBN 978-1-84331-152-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA567","url_text":"A History of Modern India, 1480-1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2","url_text":"978-1-84331-152-2"}]},{"reference":"Malik, Jamal (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. BRILL Academic. p. 491. ISBN 978-90-04-16859-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=491","url_text":"Islam in South Asia: A Short History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16859-6","url_text":"978-90-04-16859-6"}]},{"reference":"Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). India Before Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–127. ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC","url_text":"India Before Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7","url_text":"978-0-521-80904-7"}]},{"reference":"Kaur, Madanjit (2008). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Unistar. pp. 31–40. ISBN 978-81-89899-54-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4clbRzW8nYkC&pg=PA31","url_text":"Maharaja Ranjit Singh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89899-54-7","url_text":"978-81-89899-54-7"}]},{"reference":"Thakur Amar Singhji v. State Of Rajasthan","urls":[]},{"reference":"Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–293. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA292","url_text":"The Mughal Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2","url_text":"978-0-521-56603-2"}]},{"reference":"Pollen, J. (Assistant Commissioner in Sind Province) ; Revenue Department of the Sind Commissioner's Office (1886). History of Alienations in the Province of Sind. Karachi: Government of Bombay. p. 143.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyalienati00unkngoog","url_text":"History of Alienations in the Province of Sind"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyalienati00unkngoog/page/n211","url_text":"143"}]},{"reference":"Kak, Shakti (2007). \"The agrarian system of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir: A study of colonial settlement policies, 1860–1905\". In Waltraud Ernst; Biswamoy Pati (eds.). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. pp. 68–84. ISBN 978-1-134-11988-2","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/India_s_Princely_States/9eKbW3ukh9oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA68","url_text":"India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11988-2","url_text":"978-1-134-11988-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Jagirdar system\". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Merriam-Webster. 2000. p. 834. ISBN 0-87779-017-5. Retrieved 9 January 2024. After independence, measures were taken to abolish absentee landownership.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Merriam_Webster_s_Collegiate_Encyclopedi/V2d12iZkgOwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=pg=PA834","url_text":"\"Jagirdar system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-017-5","url_text":"0-87779-017-5"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Kumar Suresh; Lal, Rajendra Behari (2003). Gujarat, Part 3. People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Gujarat, Anthropological Survey of India. Vol. 22. Popular Prakashan. p. 1350. ISBN 81-7991-106-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7991-106-3","url_text":"81-7991-106-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_policy_of_Law_and_Justice
History policy of the Law and Justice party
["1 Background","2 Historical policy at the state level","3 \"Pedagogy of shame\"","4 Changes in school curriculum","5 Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance","6 Museums","7 Analysis of the policy","8 Responses","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Law and Justice party views the Jedwabne pogrom, in which hundreds of Jews were killed by Poles, as the center of a "pedagogy of shame". The program of the Polish Law and Justice (PiS) party has chapters on "identity" (tożsamość) and "history policy" (polityka historyczna, which has sometimes been translated "literally" as "politics of history"). The implementation of the PiS history policy consists in promoting, in Poland and internationally, a version of history based on a policy of memory that focuses on protecting the "good name" of the Polish nation. In the opinion of critics, this policy produces a narrative that Poles were victims and heroes during World War II and the communist era, and victims of crimes comparable to the Holocaust against Jews. Discussion of events that does not fit this narrative (such as of antisemitism in Poland) is labelled as "pedagogy of shame." "Pedagogy of shame," they argue, aims at dividing/polarizing and thus weakening the nation. It is also argued that at its core it is an effort to accomplish extracting money from Poland (a victim of Nazi Germany), by Jewish people and/or the State of Israel, which is labelled as an absurd proposition. According to the PiS party, this should be replaced with a "pedagogy of pride" which focuses on positive aspects of Polish history. The party's history policy has divided historians, with some working with PiS to establish a history policy, seeing it as important to building a shared positive identity and historical truth and justice, while others see it as politicizing history and distorting historical facts. Background Jo Harper wrote in 2010 that "the PiS agenda has been clear: Poland will stand up for itself, will look at and raise arguments about things that affected Poles, but will defend against any criticism of Poles in relation to (Polish) Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities... A central collective theme in this version of the national narrative—one that PiS attempts to exploit—is again of a morally clean nation that witnessed horror but was not an active collaborator in it. There persists a large rump in Polish society, and a series of raw cleavages, both defined by attachment... to the historical narrative of cleanliness. It is precisely along these cleavages and to (and for) this rump that PiS seeks to function, obliging waverers to choose between a patriotic party (PiS) and, by implication, a nonpatriotic one (PO)." Adam Leszczyński states that, "according to PiS, the source of the profound rift in Polish politics is historical, and dates back at least to the birth of the democratic opposition in the 1970s. Its most important element – the Workers' Defence Committee – grew from left-wing and (to a lesser extent) liberal roots.. supposedly formed an alliance with part of the communist authorities in 1989... they taught Poles to be ashamed of their own history, for example by exposing events like the massacre in Jedwabne... This 'educating by shaming' served to strengthen their grip on Polish people's minds, teaching them to despise their own heritage... PiS is on a mission to reverse the situation, and a vital component is restoring the truth about the past, to give people genuine dignity and pride in their own glorious history. The movement is therefore revolutionary, conservative and emancipatory, all at the same time..." He clarifies that while "PiS's opponents see this vision of history as proof that the party is obsessed with conspiracies... This version of history is standard for the party in power... and serves as the basis for its political activities regarding history." Historical policy at the state level Part of Law and Justice's platform was its historical policy to promote the Polish point of view on the national and international level, its important instrument being the Institute of National Remembrance (INR). After the electoral victory of Law and Justice, the INR focused on crimes against the Polish nation. Nikolay Koposov, in his criticism of the history policy in modern Russia notices that in 2000s several post-Soviet Bloc countries, including Poland, started development of new narratives in national histories as part of their search for national identity, with an important aspect being their victimization in history. The issue of history politics have risen further when in 2015 it was announced that the works had started on the "Strategy of Polish Historical Policy" ("Strategia Polskiej Polityki Historycznej"). President Andrzej Duda announced that "carrying out the historical policy is one of the most important activities of the president". Waldemar Brenda of the INR stated that the historical policy should not amount to the manipulation of facts, but to their interpretation, which, while not deviating from the historical truth, would serve the "building of pro-social foundations". Several scholars have criticized the INR for turning in recent years, from objective historical research towards historical revisionism. "Pedagogy of shame" Any events that do not support the "nationalist vision of history, education, and upbringing", such as antisemitism in Poland, are viewed as part of a "pedagogy of shame" or "pedagogy of disgrace" (Polish: pedagogika wstydu) that must be reinterpreted or ignored. According to Polish nationalists, the "pedagogy of shame" is promoted by the European Union, Gazeta Wyborcza, and liberalism. In 2018, the Polish Teachers' Union stated that the term "pedagogy of shame" has no scholarly basis and should not be used, as it "justif the denial of parts of historical knowledge". At the center of the "pedagogy of shame" is the Jedwabne pogrom; conclusions of research that the pogrom was carried out by Poles are viewed as an attack on "Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity". The party aims to replace "pedagogy of shame" with "pedagogy of pride", defined by Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs as "emphasizing Polish heroism, the rescue of Jews and noble behavior during WWII in general". She writes that both concepts "are right-wing rhetoric and do not reflect any established pedagogical concepts"; instead, they reflect "the perception of Poles as an exclusively positive nation, not recognized enough in the world for just and courageous actions". Members of the ruling party have used the expression. In 2012, after US president Barack Obama mentioned "Polish death camps" in a speech, Jarosław Kaczyński stated, "We need to make it clear today the end of the pedagogy of shame, the end of this constant expiation of our nation, for whatever reason, self-blame, because this is what makes it easier and even encourages us to do this kind of activity, it causes terrible losses for us." Obama later apologized for using the expression, saying that he misspoke. In 2016, members of PiS called for the reexamination of the Jedwabne and Kielce pogroms, stating that the current understanding underestimated the role of Nazi and Communist perpetrators respectively. Education minister Anna Zalewska, during a TV interview refused to state directly who was responsible for Kielce Pogrom while stating that around Jedwabne there were many misunderstandings, avoiding directly naming perpetrators; she subsequently stated that she acknowledges Polish citizens were co-responsible for Jedwabne but this should be put into context of German occupation, and other events like Polish Underground sentencing people for murdering Jews should also be taken into account when remembering Polish-Jewish relations. Changes in school curriculum The government has changed the school curriculum and commemoration of Holocaust Memorial Day to be dominated by discussions of Polish Righteous Among the Nations rather than Jewish victims of the Holocaust or the reactions of other Poles who did not behave as heroes. According to Piotr Żuk , the changes to the curriculum "in effect reduce education to the process of internalization of major national myths and transfer a simplified vision of reality". Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance A notable element of party's historical policy was the 2018 Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (colloquially known as the Holocaust Law), which bans public speech which attributes responsibility for the Holocaust to Poland or the Polish nation. The law was met with widespread international criticism as it is seen as an infringement on freedom of expression, academic freedom, and a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism. Museums According to Polish journalist Agata Pyzik, the party has tried to "weaponize" museums since the opening of the Warsaw Uprising Museum in 2004. Scholars Irmgard Zündorf and Andreas Etges write that, since 2015, "the Polish museum landscape has turned into a battleground between politicians and historians". The party has fired or tried to fire various museum directors and boards that do not conform to the party line on history. For example, the Museum of the Second World War had its director and original board, including Norman Davies and Timothy Snyder, removed. The new management changed the museum exhibits to place a heavy emphasis on the victimization of ethnic Poles during the war. The new exhibits caused a scandal by portraying Romuald Rajs as a hero and attracted criticism from the United Nations Human Rights Committee. The government also pressured Dariusz Stola, director of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, to leave his position after he won the public competition for the position. The party especially criticized the exhibit "Estranged. March ’68 and Its Aftermath" which includes a wall of antisemitic quotes from 1968 to 2018. Although unattributed, two of them are from sympathizers of the party. The establishment of the Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II plays a major role in PiS's attempts at re-narration of the Holocaust in which PiS casts Poles and Jews as equal victims. Analysis of the policy Joanna Michlic states that "according to PiS’s histor policy, the historian can only be a servant of the state who remakes and reshapes history according to the orders of the state." Jörg Hackmann concludes that "a major interest of current histor policy the government led by the PiS party is to put Poles and Jews upon an equal level of victimization... In internal politics... the main goal is tak control of institutions... and marginaliz opponents shaping a monolithic view of the ethnic Polish nation, which appear... as the first victim of Nazi and Soviet rule... From such a perspective the impact of the Jedwabne debate... has to be ed... because it has been motivated by an aspiration for “disgrace”... In a similar perspective the notion of critical patriotism... was dismissed as politically naïve and harmful. In addition, it has been assumed that the government’s memory polis serve as auxiliary means for securing majorities n other fields of politics..." Hackmann further concludes that "internal as well as international polarization is a major driving force behind the current official Polish memory policy... it seems that the general goal behind this histor policy is not so much turn... the wheel of time back and to revive an antisemitic discourse... to establish a new national vision that equas the Holocaust with the genocide of Poles, or other words aims at “de-Judaizing the Holocaust”. Responses According to Jörg Hackmann "The international scholarly assessment of the historical policy by PiS is widely negative..." Timothy Snyder sees an "implicit alliance" with Russian forms of historical revisionism. In 2017, Norman Davies stated that "PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years". Jan Grabowski referred to "Holocaust distortion" in Poland, stating "Its major selling point is that it delivers the message what people want to hear: the Holocaust happened, but my nation, group, tribe, had nothing to do with it". President of the Polish PEN International chapter, Adam Pomorski , stated that "for the first time since totalitarianism, the rulers want to change people's consciousness". Polish journalist Agata Pyzik describes PiS historical policy as "a pumped-up martyr complex focused on conspiracy theories". The UN special rapporteur on civil and political rights stated that the pressure on museum directors to follow the party line was "unacceptable". According to David Cadier and Kacper Szulecki, "the historical discourse of the PiS government is a reflection of the party’s reliance on populism as a political mode of articulation in that it seeks to promote a Manichean, dichotomic and totalizing re-definition of the categories of victim, hero and perpetrator". See also Called by Name Memory laws References ^ a b c Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 31 (3): 296–306. doi:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793. S2CID 165177860. ^ "Is Poland Retreating from Democracy?", by Elisabeth Zerofsky, July 23, 2018 ^ Majewski, Piotr; Jaskulowski, Krzysztof. "Comments on the article by Piotr Żuk (2018): "Nation, National Remembrance, and Education – Polish Schools as Factories of Nationalism and Prejudice," Nationalities Papers, DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079". doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079. S2CID 158161859. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c d e f Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100. Polish "politics of history" has risen to international political attention in January 2018, when a revised bill was introduced, which in media outside Poland is mostly referred to as "Holocaust law." Although this is not the official term – the act defines the tasks of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN2 ) – there is a seed of truth in such a shortcut, as will be shown below. This act, which met with harsh international criticism, was once again revised end of June 2018. These revisions are part of a broader strategy by the current national-conservative government led by Law and Justice (PiS) party which aims to impose nationally as well as internationally a specific vision, how Polish history shall be publicly presented and commemorated, first of all with regard to World War II and the socialist period. Such a historical or mnemonic policy has been placed high on the political agenda after PiS won the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2015, but seen in a broader context, politics of history has been intensively and broadly debated in Poland already since the beginning of the millennium. ^ Wieliński, Bartosz T. (1 June 2018). "Poland continues purging history books to the beat of PiS drum". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ Mazzini, Mateusz (18 April 2024). "Poland's Historical Revisionism Is Pushing It Into Moscow's Arms". Foreign Policy. ^ Mazzini, Mateusz (27 April 2017). "PiS and Polish History". Foreign Affairs: America and the World. ISSN 0015-7120. ^ Hajdari, Una. "The Demagogue's Cocktail of Victimhood and Strength". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ Holmgren, Beth (2019). "Holocaust History and Jewish Heritage Preservation: Scholars and Stewards Working in PiS-Ruled Poland". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 37 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1353/sho.2019.0004. S2CID 171970702. ^ a b c Żuk, Piotr (2018). "Nation, national remembrance, and education — Polish schools as factories of nationalism and prejudice". Nationalities Papers. 46 (6): 1046–1062. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079. S2CID 158161859. ^ a b c Ray, Larry; Kapralski, Sławomir (2019). "Introduction to the special issue – disputed Holocaust memory in Poland". Holocaust Studies. 25 (3): 209–219. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1567657. S2CID 159345594. ^ https://wyborcza.pl/1,75398,19204298,prezydent-duda-bierze-sie-za-polityke-historyczna-czyli-skonczyc.html Prezydent Duda bierze się za politykę historyczną, czyli skończyć z tą pedagogiką wstydu Paweł Wroński 18 November 2015 Wyborcza.pl ^ https://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/historia/aktualnosci/artykuly/599833,andrzej-nowak-nagroda-lecha-kaczynskiego-pis.html Prof. Andrzej Nowak odebrał z rąk prezesa PiS Nagrodę im. Lecha Kaczyńskiego 9 June 2019, Dziennik.pl ^ Harper, Jo (2010). "Negating Negation: Civic Platform, Law and Justice, and the Struggle over "Polishness"". Problems of Post-Communism. 57 (4): 29. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216570402. ISSN 1075-8216. S2CID 147572499. ^ Leszczyński, Adam (2020). "The Past as a Source of Evil: The Controversy Over History and Historical Policy in Poland, 2016". Cultures of History Forum: 3–4. doi:10.25626/0050. ^ Program of Law and Justice (2019) ^ a b c d e Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, Jolanta. "The uses and the abuses of education about the Holocaust in Poland after 1989.", Holocaust Studies 25.3 (2019): 329-350. ^ "THE ARMORED TRAIN OF MEMORY": THE POLITICS OF HISTORY IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA, by Nikolay Koposov, Jan 1, 2011, Perspectives on History ^ "PREZYDENT ZAINAUGUROWAŁ PRACE NAD STRATEGIĄ POLSKIEJ POLITYKI HISTORYCZNEJ", Radio Maryja, November 17, 2015 ^ "Polityka historyczna służy budowaniu potencjału państwa", November 17, 2015 ^ "Waldemar Brenda: Prowadzenie polityki historycznej powinno być niezależne od zmian politycznych", Radio Olsztyn, August 23, 2016 ^ Benjakob, Omer (2019-10-03). "The Fake Nazi Death Camp: Wikipedia's Longest Hoax, Exposed". Haaretz. Retrieved 2019-10-03. ^ ורדי, מואב (2019-10-06). העולם היום - 06.10.19. Event occurs at 5:28. ^ Kobylarek, Aleksander (2020). "The pedagogy of shame. Education in the face of the demokratur of ignoramuses". Journal of Education Culture and Society. 11 (1): 5–12. doi:10.15503/jecs2020.1.5.12. The expression "the pedagogy of shame" came into being because in Poland it has made a staggering political career during the last five years . The ruling populist party used this expression during the battle for the electorate, suggesting that previous regimes had taught their citizens only shame in relation to the West. ^ a b c Zessin-Jurek, Lidia (2019). "Hide and Seek with History – Holocaust Teaching at Polish Schools". Cultures of History Forum. doi:10.25626/0103. ^ "Pedagogika wstydu, której nigdy nie było". oko.press. Retrieved 22 October 2020. ^ Ware, Doug G. (17 August 2016). "Poland may criminalize term 'Polish death camp' to describe Nazi WWII Holocaust sites". UPI. Retrieved 11 November 2018. ^ "Minister edukacji: Polacy współodpowiedzialni za Jedwabne". 7 September 2016. ^ Soroka, George; Krawatzek, Félix (2019). "Nationalism, Democracy, and Memory Laws". Journal of Democracy. 30 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1353/jod.2019.0032. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 159294126. ^ Noack, Rick (2 February 2018). "Poland's Senate passes Holocaust complicity bill despite concerns from U.S., Israel". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-02-02. ^ a b Pyzik, Agata. "Curating a nation: why the controversy around Gdańsk's new WW2 museum matters". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ Etges, Andreas; Zündorf, Irmgard; Machcewicz, Paweł (2018). "History and Politics and the Politics of History: Poland and Its Museums of Contemporary History". International Public History. 1 (1). doi:10.1515/iph-2018-0006. S2CID 158596801. ^ Clarke, David; Duber, Paweł (2020). "Polish Cultural Diplomacy and Historical Memory: the Case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 33 (1): 49–66. doi:10.1007/s10767-018-9294-x. ISSN 1573-3416. S2CID 53073981. ^ a b Ciobanu, Claudia (15 May 2017). "Poland's WWII museum under political bombardment". POLITICO. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ a b Flieger, Esther (2 April 2020). "Co min. Gliński zrobił z pamięcią o II Wojnie Światowej". oko.press. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ a b Widzyk, Anna (17 February 2020). ""FAZ" o kulturowej kontrrewolucji Jarosława Kaczyńskiego". Deutsche Welle (in Polish). Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ Radonić, Ljiljana (2020). "'Our' vs. 'Inherited' Museums. PiS and Fidesz as Mnemonic Warriors". Südosteuropa. 68 (1): 44–78. doi:10.1515/soeu-2020-0003. S2CID 218666860. ^ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623528.2018.1528743 Ljiljana Radonić, Introduction: The Holocaust/Genocide Template in Eastern Europe, p. 488 ^ Michlic 2017, p. 305. ^ a b Hackmann 2018, pp. 604–606. ^ Snyder, Timothy. "Poland vs. History". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 22 October 2020. ^ Crowcroft, Orlando (27 January 2020). "Holocaust history is being re-written - historians are fighting back". euronews. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ Cadier, David; Szulecki, Kacper (2020). "Populism, historical discourse and foreign policy: the case of Poland's Law and Justice government". International Politics. 57 (6): 990–1011. doi:10.1057/s41311-020-00252-6. S2CID 220505724. Further reading Ágh, Attila (2016). "Cultural War and Reinventing the Past in Poland and Hungary". Polish Political Science Yearbook. 45 (1): 32–44. doi:10.15804/ppsy2016003. ISSN 0208-7375.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-438_Mogi%C5%82a-pomnik,_na_cmentarzu_%C5%BCydowskim,_1941_Jedwabne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Law and Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justice"},{"link_name":"Jedwabne pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michlic-1"},{"link_name":"Law and Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justice"},{"link_name":"history policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_memory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thy-2"},{"link_name":"policy of memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_memory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackmann-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"communist era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michlic-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackmann-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"antisemitism in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zuk-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2019-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackmann-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Law and Justice party views the Jedwabne pogrom, in which hundreds of Jews were killed by Poles, as the center of a \"pedagogy of shame\".[1]The program of the Polish Law and Justice (PiS) party has chapters on \"identity\" (tożsamość) and \"history policy\" (polityka historyczna, which has sometimes been translated \"literally\" as \"politics of history\").[2] The implementation of the PiS history policy consists in promoting, in Poland and internationally, a version of history based on a policy of memory that focuses on protecting the \"good name\" of the Polish nation.[3][4]In the opinion of critics, this policy produces a narrative that Poles were victims and heroes during World War II and the communist era, and victims of crimes comparable to the Holocaust against Jews.[1][4][5][6][7][8][9] Discussion of events that does not fit this narrative (such as of antisemitism in Poland) is labelled as \"pedagogy of shame.\"[10] \"Pedagogy of shame,\" they argue, aims at dividing/polarizing and thus weakening the nation. It is also argued that at its core it is an effort to accomplish extracting money from Poland (a victim of Nazi Germany), by Jewish people and/or the State of Israel, which is labelled as an absurd proposition. According to the PiS party, this should be replaced with a \"pedagogy of pride\" which focuses on positive aspects of Polish history.[11] The party's history policy has divided historians, with some working with PiS to establish a history policy, seeing it as important to building a shared positive identity and historical truth and justice, while others see it as politicizing history and distorting historical facts.[4][12][13]","title":"History policy of the Law and Justice party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Adam Leszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Leszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Jo Harper wrote in 2010 that \"the PiS agenda has been clear: Poland will stand up for itself, will look at and raise arguments about things that affected Poles, but will defend against any criticism of Poles in relation to (Polish) Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities... A central collective theme in this version of the national narrative—one that PiS attempts to exploit—is again of a morally clean nation that witnessed horror but was not an active collaborator in it. There persists a large rump in Polish society, and a series of raw cleavages, both defined by attachment... to the historical narrative of cleanliness. It is precisely along these cleavages and to (and for) this rump that PiS seeks to function, obliging waverers to choose between a patriotic party (PiS) and, by implication, a nonpatriotic one (PO).\"[14]Adam Leszczyński states that, \"according to PiS, the source of the profound rift in Polish politics is historical, and dates back at least to the birth of the democratic opposition in the 1970s. Its most important element – the Workers' Defence Committee – grew from left-wing and (to a lesser extent) liberal roots.. [The WDC] supposedly formed an alliance with part of the communist authorities in 1989... they [supposedly] taught Poles to be ashamed of their own history, for example by exposing events like the massacre in Jedwabne... This 'educating by shaming' served to strengthen their grip on Polish people's minds, teaching them to despise their own heritage... PiS is on a mission to reverse the situation, and a vital component is restoring the truth about the past, to give people genuine dignity and pride in their own glorious history. The movement is therefore revolutionary, conservative and emancipatory, all at the same time...\" He clarifies that while \"PiS's opponents see this vision of history as proof that the party is obsessed with conspiracies... This version of history is standard for the party in power... and serves as the basis for its political activities regarding history.\"[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Institute of National Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambrosewicz-Jacobs-17"},{"link_name":"the history policy in modern Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_memory#Russia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Bloc"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koposov-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"manipulation of facts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsification_of_history"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"historical revisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambrosewicz-Jacobs-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Part of Law and Justice's platform was its historical policy[16] to promote the Polish point of view on the national and international level, its important instrument being the Institute of National Remembrance (INR). After the electoral victory of Law and Justice, the INR focused on crimes against the Polish nation.[17] Nikolay Koposov, in his criticism of the history policy in modern Russia notices that in 2000s several post-Soviet Bloc countries, including Poland, started development of new narratives in national histories as part of their search for national identity, with an important aspect being their victimization in history.[18]The issue of history politics have risen further when in 2015 it was announced that the works had started on the \"Strategy of Polish Historical Policy\" (\"Strategia Polskiej Polityki Historycznej\").[19] President Andrzej Duda announced that \"carrying out the historical policy is one of the most important activities of the president\".[20]Waldemar Brenda of the INR stated that the historical policy should not amount to the manipulation of facts, but to their interpretation, which, while not deviating from the historical truth, would serve the \"building of pro-social foundations\".[21] Several scholars have criticized the INR for turning in recent years, from objective historical research towards historical revisionism.[17][22][23]","title":"Historical policy at the state level"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"antisemitism in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Gazeta Wyborcza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zuk-10"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Polish Teachers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Teachers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHF-25"},{"link_name":"Jedwabne pogrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackmann-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michlic-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambrosewicz-Jacobs-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambrosewicz-Jacobs-17"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2019-11"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Polish death camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_death_camps_(incorrect_term)"},{"link_name":"Jarosław Kaczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Kielce pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce_pogrom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambrosewicz-Jacobs-17"},{"link_name":"Anna Zalewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Zalewska"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"[relevant?]Any events that do not support the \"nationalist vision of history, education, and upbringing\", such as antisemitism in Poland, are viewed as part of a \"pedagogy of shame\" or \"pedagogy of disgrace\" (Polish: pedagogika wstydu) that must be reinterpreted or ignored. According to Polish nationalists, the \"pedagogy of shame\" is promoted by the European Union, Gazeta Wyborcza, and liberalism.[10][24] In 2018, the Polish Teachers' Union stated that the term \"pedagogy of shame\" has no scholarly basis and should not be used, as it \"justif[ies] the denial of parts of historical knowledge\".[25] At the center of the \"pedagogy of shame\" is the Jedwabne pogrom;[4] conclusions of research that the pogrom was carried out by Poles are viewed as an attack on \"Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity\".[1] The party aims to replace \"pedagogy of shame\" with \"pedagogy of pride\", defined by Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs as \"emphasizing Polish heroism, the rescue of\nJews and noble behavior during WWII in general\". She writes that both concepts \"are right-wing rhetoric and do not reflect any established pedagogical concepts\";[17] instead, they reflect \"the perception of Poles as an exclusively positive nation, not recognized enough in the world for just and courageous actions\".[17][11]Members of the ruling party have used the expression. In 2012, after US president Barack Obama mentioned \"Polish death camps\" in a speech, Jarosław Kaczyński stated, \"We need to make it clear today […] the end of the pedagogy of shame, the end of this constant expiation of our nation, for whatever reason, self-blame, because this is what makes it easier and even encourages us to do this kind of activity, it causes terrible losses for us.\"[26] Obama later apologized for using the expression, saying that he misspoke.[27] In 2016, members of PiS called for the reexamination of the Jedwabne and Kielce pogroms, stating that the current understanding underestimated the role of Nazi and Communist perpetrators respectively.[17] Education minister Anna Zalewska, during a TV interview refused to state directly who was responsible for Kielce Pogrom while stating that around Jedwabne there were many misunderstandings, avoiding directly naming perpetrators; she subsequently stated that she acknowledges Polish citizens were co-responsible for Jedwabne but this should be put into context of German occupation, and other events like Polish Underground sentencing people for murdering Jews should also be taken into account when remembering Polish-Jewish relations.[28]","title":"\"Pedagogy of shame\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"Polish Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHF-25"},{"link_name":"Piotr Żuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_%C5%BBuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_%C5%BBuk"},{"link_name":"national myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_myth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zuk-10"}],"text":"[relevant?]The government has changed the school curriculum and commemoration of Holocaust Memorial Day to be dominated by discussions of Polish Righteous Among the Nations rather than Jewish victims of the Holocaust or the reactions of other Poles who did not behave as heroes.[25] According to Piotr Żuk [pl], the changes to the curriculum \"in effect reduce education to the process of internalization of major national myths and transfer a simplified vision of reality\".[10]","title":"Changes in school curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendment_to_the_Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"responsibility for the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackmann-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George2019-29"},{"link_name":"freedom of expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression"},{"link_name":"academic freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_freedom"},{"link_name":"Polish collaborationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hackmann-4"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-30"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2019-11"}],"text":"A notable element of party's historical policy was the 2018 Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (colloquially known as the Holocaust Law), which bans public speech which attributes responsibility for the Holocaust to Poland or the Polish nation.[4][29] The law was met with widespread international criticism as it is seen as an infringement on freedom of expression, academic freedom, and a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism.[4][30][11]","title":"Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"Agata Pyzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agata_Pyzik"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising_Museum"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pyzik-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etges-32"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHF-25"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Norman Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies"},{"link_name":"Timothy Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Snyder"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico-34"},{"link_name":"Romuald Rajs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuald_Rajs"},{"link_name":"United Nations Human Rights Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gdansk-35"},{"link_name":"Dariusz Stola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariusz_Stola"},{"link_name":"POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLIN_Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw-36"},{"link_name":"March ’68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markowa_Ulma-Family_Museum_of_Poles_Who_Saved_Jews_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"[relevant?]According to Polish journalist Agata Pyzik, the party has tried to \"weaponize\" museums since the opening of the Warsaw Uprising Museum in 2004.[31] Scholars Irmgard Zündorf and Andreas Etges write that, since 2015, \"the Polish museum landscape has turned into a battleground between politicians and historians\".[32] The party has fired or tried to fire various museum directors and boards that do not conform to the party line on history.[25][33] For example, the Museum of the Second World War had its director and original board, including Norman Davies and Timothy Snyder, removed.[34] The new management changed the museum exhibits to place a heavy emphasis on the victimization of ethnic Poles during the war. The new exhibits caused a scandal by portraying Romuald Rajs as a hero and attracted criticism from the United Nations Human Rights Committee.[35] The government also pressured Dariusz Stola, director of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, to leave his position after he won the public competition for the position.[36] The party especially criticized the exhibit \"Estranged. March ’68 and Its Aftermath\" which includes a wall of antisemitic quotes from 1968 to 2018. Although unattributed, two of them are from sympathizers of the party.[37]The establishment of the Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II plays a major role in PiS's attempts at re-narration of the Holocaust in which PiS casts Poles and Jews as equal victims.[38]","title":"Museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichlic2017305-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackmann2018604%E2%80%93606-40"}],"text":"Joanna Michlic states that \"according to PiS’s histor[y] policy, the historian can only be a servant of the state who remakes and reshapes history according to the orders of the state.\"[39]Jörg Hackmann concludes that \"a major interest of [the] current histor[y] policy [of] the government led by the PiS party is to put Poles and Jews upon an equal level of victimization... In internal politics... the main goal is [for PiS to] tak[e] control of institutions... and marginaliz[e] opponents [by] shaping a monolithic view of the ethnic Polish nation, which [comes to] appear... as the first victim of Nazi and Soviet rule... From such a perspective the impact of the Jedwabne debate... has to be [oppos]ed... because it has been motivated by an aspiration for “disgrace”... In a similar perspective the notion of critical patriotism... was dismissed as politically naïve and harmful. In addition, it has been assumed that the government’s memory [and history] poli[cie]s serve as auxiliary means for securing majorities [i]n other fields of politics...\" Hackmann further concludes that \"internal as well as international polarization is a major driving force behind the current official Polish memory policy... it seems that the general goal behind this histor[y] policy is not so much [to] turn... the wheel of time back and to revive an antisemitic discourse... [as] to establish a new national vision that equa[te]s the Holocaust with the genocide of Poles, or [in] other words aims at “de-Judaizing the Holocaust”.[40]","title":"Analysis of the policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHackmann2018604%E2%80%93606-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Norman Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-politico-34"},{"link_name":"Jan Grabowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Grabowski"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"PEN International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEN_International"},{"link_name":"Adam Pomorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_Pomorski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Pomorski"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dw-36"},{"link_name":"Agata Pyzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agata_Pyzik"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pyzik-31"},{"link_name":"UN special rapporteur on civil and political rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gdansk-35"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"According to Jörg Hackmann \"The international scholarly assessment of the historical policy by PiS is widely negative...\"[40] Timothy Snyder sees an \"implicit alliance\" with Russian forms of historical revisionism.[41] In 2017, Norman Davies stated that \"PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years\".[34] Jan Grabowski referred to \"Holocaust distortion\" in Poland, stating \"Its major selling point is that it delivers the message what people want to hear: the Holocaust happened, but my nation, group, tribe, had nothing to do with it\".[42] President of the Polish PEN International chapter, Adam Pomorski [pl], stated that \"for the first time since totalitarianism, the rulers want to change people's consciousness\".[36] Polish journalist Agata Pyzik describes PiS historical policy as \"a pumped-up martyr complex focused on conspiracy theories\".[31] The UN special rapporteur on civil and political rights stated that the pressure on museum directors to follow the party line was \"unacceptable\".[35] According to David Cadier and Kacper Szulecki, \"the historical discourse of the PiS government is a reflection of the party’s reliance on populism as a political mode of articulation in that it seeks to promote a Manichean, dichotomic and totalizing re-definition of the categories of victim, hero and perpetrator\".[43]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Cultural War and Reinventing the Past in Poland and Hungary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=466443"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.15804/ppsy2016003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15804%2Fppsy2016003"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0208-7375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0208-7375"}],"text":"Ágh, Attila (2016). \"Cultural War and Reinventing the Past in Poland and Hungary\". Polish Political Science Yearbook. 45 (1): 32–44. doi:10.15804/ppsy2016003. ISSN 0208-7375.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Law and Justice party views the Jedwabne pogrom, in which hundreds of Jews were killed by Poles, as the center of a \"pedagogy of shame\".[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/A-438_Mogi%C5%82a-pomnik%2C_na_cmentarzu_%C5%BCydowskim%2C_1941_Jedwabne.jpg/260px-A-438_Mogi%C5%82a-pomnik%2C_na_cmentarzu_%C5%BCydowskim%2C_1941_Jedwabne.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Called by Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_by_Name"},{"title":"Memory laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_laws"}]
[{"reference":"Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). \"'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust\". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 31 (3): 296–306. doi:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793. S2CID 165177860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23256249.2017.1376793","url_text":"10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165177860","url_text":"165177860"}]},{"reference":"Majewski, Piotr; Jaskulowski, Krzysztof. \"Comments on the article by Piotr Żuk (2018): \"Nation, National Remembrance, and Education – Polish Schools as Factories of Nationalism and Prejudice,\" Nationalities Papers, DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079\". doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079. S2CID 158161859.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36421645","url_text":"\"Comments on the article by Piotr Żuk (2018): \"Nation, National Remembrance, and Education – Polish Schools as Factories of Nationalism and Prejudice,\" Nationalities Papers, DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1381079","url_text":"10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158161859","url_text":"158161859"}]},{"reference":"Hackmann, Jörg (2018). \"Defending the \"Good Name\" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18\". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100. Polish \"politics of history\" has risen to international political attention in January 2018, when a revised bill was introduced, which in media outside Poland is mostly referred to as \"Holocaust law.\" Although this is not the official term – the act defines the tasks of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN2 ) – there is a seed of truth in such a shortcut, as will be shown below. This act, which met with harsh international criticism, was once again revised end of June 2018. These revisions are part of a broader strategy by the current national-conservative government led by Law and Justice (PiS) party which aims to impose nationally as well as internationally a specific vision, how Polish history shall be publicly presented and commemorated, first of all with regard to World War II and the socialist period. Such a historical or mnemonic policy has been placed high on the political agenda after PiS won the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2015, but seen in a broader context, politics of history has been intensively and broadly debated in Poland already since the beginning of the millennium.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2018.1528742","url_text":"10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81922100","url_text":"81922100"}]},{"reference":"Wieliński, Bartosz T. (1 June 2018). \"Poland continues purging history books to the beat of PiS drum\". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euractiv.com/section/freedom-of-thought/news/poland-continues-purging-history-books-and-politics-to-the-beat-of-pis-drum/","url_text":"\"Poland continues purging history books to the beat of PiS drum\""}]},{"reference":"Mazzini, Mateusz (18 April 2024). \"Poland's Historical Revisionism Is Pushing It Into Moscow's Arms\". Foreign Policy.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/12/polands-historical-revisionism-is-pushing-it-into-moscows-arms-smolensk-kaczynski-pis-law-justice-holocaust-law/","url_text":"\"Poland's Historical Revisionism Is Pushing It Into Moscow's Arms\""}]},{"reference":"Mazzini, Mateusz (27 April 2017). \"PiS and Polish History\". Foreign Affairs: America and the World. ISSN 0015-7120.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/poland/2017-04-27/pis-and-polish-history","url_text":"\"PiS and Polish History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","url_text":"0015-7120"}]},{"reference":"Hajdari, Una. \"The Demagogue's Cocktail of Victimhood and Strength\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/12/poland-pis-minorities-lgbtq/604255/","url_text":"\"The Demagogue's Cocktail of Victimhood and Strength\""}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Beth (2019). \"Holocaust History and Jewish Heritage Preservation: Scholars and Stewards Working in PiS-Ruled Poland\". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 37 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1353/sho.2019.0004. S2CID 171970702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsho.2019.0004","url_text":"10.1353/sho.2019.0004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171970702","url_text":"171970702"}]},{"reference":"Żuk, Piotr (2018). \"Nation, national remembrance, and education — Polish schools as factories of nationalism and prejudice\". Nationalities Papers. 46 (6): 1046–1062. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079. S2CID 158161859.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1381079","url_text":"10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158161859","url_text":"158161859"}]},{"reference":"Ray, Larry; Kapralski, Sławomir (2019). \"Introduction to the special issue – disputed Holocaust memory in Poland\". Holocaust Studies. 25 (3): 209–219. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1567657. S2CID 159345594.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17504902.2019.1567657","url_text":"\"Introduction to the special issue – disputed Holocaust memory in Poland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17504902.2019.1567657","url_text":"10.1080/17504902.2019.1567657"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159345594","url_text":"159345594"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Jo (2010). \"Negating Negation: Civic Platform, Law and Justice, and the Struggle over \"Polishness\"\". Problems of Post-Communism. 57 (4): 29. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216570402. ISSN 1075-8216. S2CID 147572499.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2753/PPC1075-8216570402","url_text":"\"Negating Negation: Civic Platform, Law and Justice, and the Struggle over \"Polishness\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2753%2FPPC1075-8216570402","url_text":"10.2753/PPC1075-8216570402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-8216","url_text":"1075-8216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147572499","url_text":"147572499"}]},{"reference":"Leszczyński, Adam (2020). \"The Past as a Source of Evil: The Controversy Over History and Historical Policy in Poland, 2016\". Cultures of History Forum: 3–4. doi:10.25626/0050.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.herder-institut.de/publications/frontdoor/index/index/docId/82","url_text":"\"The Past as a Source of Evil: The Controversy Over History and Historical Policy in Poland, 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.25626%2F0050","url_text":"10.25626/0050"}]},{"reference":"Benjakob, Omer (2019-10-03). \"The Fake Nazi Death Camp: Wikipedia's Longest Hoax, Exposed\". Haaretz. Retrieved 2019-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-the-fake-nazi-death-camp-wikipedia-s-longest-hoax-exposed-1.7942233","url_text":"\"The Fake Nazi Death Camp: Wikipedia's Longest Hoax, Exposed\""}]},{"reference":"ורדי, מואב (2019-10-06). העולם היום - 06.10.19. 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S2CID 158596801.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fiph-2018-0006","url_text":"\"History and Politics and the Politics of History: Poland and Its Museums of Contemporary History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fiph-2018-0006","url_text":"10.1515/iph-2018-0006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158596801","url_text":"158596801"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, David; Duber, Paweł (2020). \"Polish Cultural Diplomacy and Historical Memory: the Case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk\". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 33 (1): 49–66. doi:10.1007/s10767-018-9294-x. ISSN 1573-3416. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai_otak
Gulai
["1 Etymology","2 Ingredients","3 History","4 Variations","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Indonesian curry dish GulaiA plate of chicken gulai.TypeCurry or stewCourseMainPlace of originIndonesiaRegion or stateSumatraAssociated cuisineIndonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and Southern ThailandServing temperatureHot and room temperatureMain ingredientsGround bumbu spice mixture; including turmeric, coriander, black pepper, galangal, ginger, chilli pepper, shallot, garlic, fennel, lemongrass, cinnamon, caraway, cooked in coconut milk  Media: Gulai Gulai is a class of spicy and rich stew commonly found in the Malay Archipelago (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei). The main ingredients of the dish are usually poultry, goat meat, beef, mutton, various kinds of offal, fish, and seafood, as well as vegetables such as cassava leaves, unripe jackfruit, and banana stem. Gulai is often described as Indonesian curry, although it is also considered a local dish in Malaysia and Singapore. Gulai is a common name to refer to curry dishes in the country, although Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean cuisine also recognise kari (curry). In Javanese-Surinamese cuisine, it is known as guleh. Etymology From Malay Gulai. Probably from Tamil குழை (kuḻai, “to become soft, well cooked”). Ingredients Cooking gulai in a kawah, a large vessel akin to a wok. The gulai sauces commonly have a thick consistency with a yellowish colour because of the addition of ground turmeric. Gulai sauce ingredients consist of rich spices such as turmeric, coriander, black pepper, galangal, ginger, chilli pepper, shallot, garlic, fennel, lemongrass, cinnamon, and caraway, ground into paste and cooked in coconut milk with the main ingredients. In Malaysia, kerisik is also added to thicken the gravy. Gulai recipes and ingredients are slightly different across the archipelago. For example, the colour of gulai in Java is mostly light yellow, while in Sumatra, it has a more reddish tone. In Palembang, the gulai is composed of ingredients such as garlic, shallot, turmeric, turmeric leaf, and pineapple. In the Minangkabau lands of West Sumatra, the ruku-ruku leaf (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a must-use ingredient, while in its Javanese counterpart, the coriander is preferred. Another difference is that tamarind is often added in Javanese gulai called gule, giving it a slightly sourer taste than other versions of gulai. History Various types of gulai offered in nasi kapau food stall in Agam Regency. Gulai is very prevalent in Minangkabau cuisine of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Gulai originated on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia and is thought to be a local adaptation of Indian curry, having developed and derived from Indian influence on Southeast Asia. The dish is widely served in the Malay Archipelago, especially in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and Borneo. The thick and yellowish gulai sauce is one of the most common sauces found in Minangkabau cuisine, used to give a rich and spicy taste to meats, fish, and vegetables. Gulai is often described as succulent and spicy, yet subtly combining flavours of different spices into one suave and smooth taste which makes it difficult to figure out the individual spices used. The ingredients are simmered and slowly cooked in coconut milk, a mixture of spices and chili pepper. The thick golden, yellowish, succulent and spicy gulai sauce has become a hallmark that can be seen on window displays of restaurant establishments in Padang, Indonesia. In Padang, smart cooking means being capable of preparing gulai. Rendang (beef simmered in coconut milk and spices), asam padeh (sour and spicy stew) and kalio (watery and light-coloured gravy) are often considered as variations of Padang gulai. In Malaysia, asam pedas, a popular Malay sour fish soup is sometimes called gulai tumis. In the states of Perak and Pahang, gulai tempoyak, a local specialty is commonly served as a daily meal and a meal for festive celebrations such as Hari Raya and wedding ceremonies. Negeri Sembilan is well known nationwide for its spicy dishes. Masak lemak cili api, a type of gulai made with coconut milk spiced with turmeric and bird's eye chili, is described as the hallmark of Negeri Sembilanese cuisine. In some restaurants, roti canai (which is usually served with curry) might also be served with gulai. The gulai sauce found in Minangkabau, Acehnese, and Malay cuisine usually has a thicker consistency than the gulai sauce found in Java which is thinner, served in soup-like dishes containing pieces of mutton, beef or offal. Gulai is usually served with steamed rice. Variations Gulai recipes can be found in various cooking traditions across the Indonesian Archipelago; such as Minangkabau, Malay, Acehnese and Javanese cuisine. However, gulai recipes show exceptional diversity in West Sumatra. Some variations of gulai include: Poultry Gulai ayam (chicken gulai) Gulai itik (duck gulai) Gulai telur (hard boiled chicken egg gulai) Gulai telur itik (duck egg gulai), a specialty of Negeri Sembilan Meat Gulai kambing (mutton gulai) Gulai sapi (beef gulai) Insect Gulai belalang padi (grasshopper gulai), a specialty of Negeri Sembilan. Offal Gulai hati (cattle liver gulai) Gulai limpa (cattle spleen gulai) Gulai gajeboh (cattle hump fat gulai) Gulai iso or gulai usus (cattle intestine gulai) Gulai babat (tripe gulai) Gulai tembusu or tambunsu (intestine gulai filled with egg) Gulai tunjang or kikil (cattle foot tendon, skin and cartilage) Gulai otak (cattle brain gulai) Gulai sumsum (cattle marrow gulai) Gulai hati ampela (chicken gizzard, liver, and intestine gulai) Fish and sea food Gulai ikan mas (carp gulai) Gulai ikan patin (pangasius gulai) Gulai ikan kakap (red snapper gulai) Gulai kepala ikan kakap (red snapper's head gulai) Gulai telur ikan (roe gulai) Gulai ketam, gulai kepiting or gulai rajungan (crab) Gulai cumi or gulai sotong (cuttle fish/squid) Gulai udang (shrimp) Gulai tulang ikan Gulai tumis Vegetable Gulai batang pisang (Banana stem gulai), a specialty of Kedah Gulai cubadak or gulai nangka muda (unripe jackfruit gulai) Gulai daun pakis (fern leaf gulai) Gulai daun singkong (cassava leaf gulai) Gulai kacang panjang (common beans gulai) Gulai jariang or gulai jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum gulai) Gulai pisang muda (Young banana gulai), a specialty of Negeri Sembilan Gulai rebung (bamboo shoot gulai) Gulai sukun (breadfruit gulai) Gulai tahu (tofu gulai) Gulai tempe (tempeh gulai) Gallery Gulai variants Gulai kambing, goat gulai, a Padang food Gulai cancang, chopped meat gulai, a Padang food Gulai tambunsu, intestine gulai sold in Bukittinggi Gulai banak or gulai otak, brain gulai, a nasi kapau dish Gulai limpo, cow's spleen gulai, a Minangkabau dish Gulai gajeboh, cow's hump fat gulai, specialty of Kapau, West Sumatra Gulai tunjang, cow's trotters gulai, sold in Bukittinggi Gulai babat, tripes gulai, a Padang food Gulai kerapu, grouper gulai, a Padang Pariaman food Gulai kapalo lauak, fish head gulai, a Minang dish Gulai kepala ikan, fish head gulai, an Aceh version Gulai sotong, squid gulai Gulai udang, shrimp gulai, a Padang dish Gulai ayam, this one is a Javanese version chicken gulai Gulai cubadak, unripe jackfruit gulai Gulai jariang, jengkol gulai, a Padang food Gulai tempe jo tahu, tofu and tempeh gulai Gulai sukun, breadfruit gulai Gule kambing, goat meat Javanese gulai, It is served with goat satay See also Food portalIndonesia portalMalaysia portal Asam pedas Cuisine of Indonesia Cuisine of Malaysia Ginataan Goulash Jjigae Padang cuisine Thai curry References ^ a b c d "40 Indonesian foods we can't live without". CNN. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ a b Hunt, Kristin (16 March 2014). "A beginner's guide to the curries of the world". Thrillist. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ a b "Gulai" (in Indonesian). Tribunnewswiki. 9 July 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2020. ^ a b c d "Sejarah Asal Mula Masakan Bersantan" (in Indonesian). Republika. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2020. ^ a b "Sejarah dan Jenis-jenis Gulai yang Khas di Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Kumparan. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2020. ^ Raji, Mohd Nazri Abdul; Ab Karim, Shahrim; Ishak, Farah Adibah Che; Arshad, Mohd Mursyid (2017). "Past and present practices of the Malay food heritage and culture in Malaysia". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 4 (4): 221–231. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2017.11.001. ^ a b https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82136975.pdf ^ "Gulai, Traditional Stew From Sumatra". Taste Atlas. Retrieved 12 October 2020. ^ Lilly T. Erwin. "Aroma Rasa Kuliner Indonesia: Sajian Gulai (Indonesian Culinary: Gulai (Curry))". Gramedia International. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ a b "Padang-Style Chicken Curry (Gulai Ayam)". SAVEUR. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ Maryansetro (18 February 2018). "The taste of Guleh an ancestors recipe". Steemit. Retrieved 24 March 2024. ^ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gulai ^ "Resep Gulai Ayam" (in Indonesian). Resep Masakan Indonesia. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ "Resipi Gulai Ayam Sedap, Mesti Naik Selera". 4 December 2019. ^ Pertiwi, Ni Luh Made (17 May 2017). "Apa Bedanya Gulai Jawa dengan Gulai Sumatera?". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 October 2020. ^ Tan, Christopher (24 February 2014). "Spice World". SAVEUR. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ Donny Syofyan (24 November 2013). "By the way ... I just can't live without Padang food". The Jakarta Post. ^ "Mengapa Makanan Khas Minangkabau Banyak Menggunakan Santan?". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 October 2020. ^ "Resepi Gulai Telur Itik" (in Malay). MyResipi. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ "Gulai Kambing" (in Indonesian). Kompas.com. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://malaycivilization.com.my/omeka/files/original/4e675c45b3587aabf71415dcb28d9f16.pdf ^ Kompas Cyber Media (24 May 2016). "Gulai Gajebo, "Makanan Surga" dari Ranah Minang". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Gourmet or Garbage?". My Cooking Without Borders. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Gulai Banak, Perpaduan Otak Sapi yang Gurih dan Lembut Dengan Kuah Kental Berbumbu". 8 November 2017. ^ Kompas Cyber Media (19 October 2009). "Gulai Kepala Ikan". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Kedahan home cook Azah Johari starts YouTube channel to revive traditional Malay recipes (VIDEO) | Life | Malay Mail". 26 August 2020. ^ "Gulai Tumis (Tamarind Fish Curry)". 26 April 2010. ^ "#JOM GO: A taste of kampung life | New Straits Times". 28 August 2019. ^ "Gulai Nangka (Indonesian Unripe Jackfruit Curry)". pimentious.com. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ Setiawati, Odilia Winneke. "Resep Sahur : Gulai Daun Singkong Tumbuk". detikfood (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 July 2018. External links Red snapper's head gulai recipe Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Indonesian) Goat meat gulai recipe Archived 21 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Indonesian) vte Indonesian cuisine by ethnicityDishesCommonIndonesiandishes Abon Acar Ayam bakar Ayam goreng Ayam kecap Ayam kodok Bakmi Bakpau Bakso Bakwan Bihun goreng Bubur ayam Bubur kacang hijau Bubur ketan hitam Bubur sumsum Gado-gado Gorengan Gulai Ikan asin Ikan bakar Ikan goreng Jagung rebus Kacang rebus Kari Kari ayam Kari domba Kari kambing Kari udang Kuaci Ketupat Laksa Lontong Macaroni schotel Martabak Mi bakso Mi goreng Mi kuah Nasi campur Nasi goreng Nasi kari Nasi kuning Nasi bakar Otak-otak Panekuk Pastel tutup Perkedel Perkedel jagung Pindang Rendang Rijsttafel Roti bakar Roti bolen Roti meses Rujak Sambal Sambal goreng udang Satay Sayur bayam Sayur sop Semur Serundeng Sop buntut Soto Soto ayam Soto mi Sup ayam Sup ercis Sup makaroni Sup wortel Tahu Tahu goreng Telur asin Telur pindang Tempeh Tumis kangkung Tumpeng Acehnese Meuseukat Mi aceh Mi caluk Nasi gurih Sate matang Arab Asida Falafel Hummus Kofta Manakish Katayef Nasi kabsah Nasi mandi Maamoul Marak Roti maryam Roti pita Saltah Shawarma Tabbouleh Tharid Balinese Babi guling Betutu Be urutan Iga babi Laklak Lawar Matah Nasi bali Nasi jinggo Pai susu Rawon babi Rujak kuah pindang Sate babi Sate lilit Soto babi Tipat cantok Banjarese Bingka Laksa banjar Pekasam Soto banjar Batak Arsik Babi panggang Karo Dali ni horbo Dengke mas na niura Itak gurgur Lampet Manuk napinadar Mi gomak Na tinombur Ombusombus Pagit-pagit Pohulpohul Saksang Sasagun Sate kerang Tipatipa Tuktuk Betawi Asinan betawi Bubur cha cha Kerak telor Ketoprak Ketupat sayur Laksa betawi Lontong sayur Mi kangkung Nasi goreng kambing Nasi kebuli Nasi uduk Nasi ulam Pindang Roti buaya Roti gambang Rujak juhi Sate taichan Sayur asem Semur jengkol Soto betawi Soto kaki Soto tangkar Sup kambing Buginese andMakassar Burasa Coto makassar Dangke Jalangkote Kaledo Konro Mi kering Pallubasa Sop saudara Chinese Babi hong Babi kecap Bak kut teh Bakkwa Banmian Bihun goreng Cakwe Cap cai Chai tow kway Char kway teow Cha sio Fu yung hai Fish ball Haisom cah Ifumi Kembang tahu Kepiting saus tiram Kuaci Kwetiau ayam Kwetiau goreng Kwetiau siram sapi Lapchiong Locupan Lontong cap go meh Lumpia Mi ayam Mi lor Mi pangsit Mi tarik Mun tahu Nasi ayam hainan Nasi bebek Nasi campur Nasi tim Ngo hiang Pangsit Popiah Rujak shanghai Sapo tahu Sate babi Sekba Siomay Soto Sup hisit Sup sarang burung Swikee Tahu sumedang Tauge ayam Tee long pan Telur pitan Telur teh Tong sui Yong tau fu Yusheng Cirebonese Empal gentong Docang Kue gapit Mi koclok Nasi jamblang Nasi lengko Tahu gejrot Gorontalese Binte biluhuta Sate Tuna Ayam iloni Sagela Ilahe Bilentango Sate Balanga Ilabulo Nasi kuning cakalang Buburu Bubur sagela Nasi goreng sagela Tabu Moitomo Ikan iloni Pilitode Indian Ayam mentega Ayam tandori Chapati Chutney Dosa Idli Laddu Kari kambing Kari kepala ikan Korma Modak Naan Nasi biryani Raita Roti canai Sambar Samosa Satti Sorru Indo Ayam kodok Babi panggang Bitterballen Erwtensoep Hutspot Makaroni schotel Oliebol Ontbijtkoek Pannenkoek Poffertjes Shepherd's pie Spekkoek Javanese Apem Arem-arem Ayam bumbu rujak Ayam geprek Ayam goreng kalasan Ayam penyet Bakso Bakpia Bakpia pathok Botok Brongkos Buntil Gudeg Iga penyet Kamir Kelan antep Krechek Kuluban Lepet Lontong balap Lontong dekem Lontong kupang Lumpia Lumpia goreng Lumpia semarang Sumpia Mendoan Mi bakso Mi goreng Mi jawa Mi rebus Nasi ambeng Nasi bebek Nasi bogana Nasi empal Nasi gandul Nasi goreng Nasi goreng jawa Nasi kare Nasi kucing Nasi liwet Nasi megono Nasi pecel Nasi tempong Opor Opor ayam Pecel Pecel ayam Pecel lele Rambak petis Rawon Roti ganjel rel Roti konde Rujak cingur Rujak soto Sambal ulek Sate ambal Sate blora Sate kambing Sate hati Sate kelinci Sate kikil Sate klatak Sate madura Sate ponorogo Sate tegal Sate udang Sayur lodeh Selat solo Serundeng Soto babat Soto ceker Tahu campur Telur pindang Tempe bacem Tempe goreng Tempe mendoan Timlo  Tongseng Trancam Tumpeng Urap Madurese Rujak Rujak cingur Sate madura Serundeng Soto madura Malay Amplang Ayam goreng Ayam pansuh Bubur cha cha Bubur pedas Cincalok Epok-epok Gulai Ikan bakar Ikan patin Kangkung belacan Kari Kemplang Laksa Mi kari Mi rebus Nasi berlauk Nasi briyani Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi lemak Nasi minyak Otak-otak Pekasam Pulut Roti canai Roti jala Roti john Roti tisu Sayur lodeh Siput gonggong Soto Sup kambing Tahu goreng Tempoyak Ulam Minahasan Ayam rica-rica Brenebon Cakalang fufu Dabu-dabu Klappertaart Mi cakalang Nasi kuning Panada Paniki Rica-rica Rintek wuuk Tinorangsak Tinutuan Woku Minangkabau Asam pedas Ayam pop Balado Daun ubi tumbuk Dendeng Gulai Gulai ayam Gulai kambing Gulai otak Kalio Kepiting saus padang Keripik sanjai Lemang Lontong gulai pakis Nasi kapau Nasi kari Nasi padang Palai bada Rendang Sambal lada muda Sate padang Soto padang Udang balado Moluccanand Papuan Asida Babi bakar Bibingka Colo-colo Papeda Puding sagu Sagu Soto ambon Palembang Burgo Gulai Kemplang Laksan Lakso Mi celor Nasi minyak Otak-otak Pempek Pindang Tekwan Tempoyak ikan patin Peranakan Bubur cha cha Cincalok Laksa Pai ti Swikee Sasak Ayam taliwang Plecing kangkung Sate ampet Sate belut Sate pusut Sundanese Asinan bogor Batagor Empal gepuk Karedok Kupat tahu Laksa bogor Laksa tangerang Lalab Mi kocok Nasi timbel Nasi tutug oncom Oncom Pepes Rujak tumbuk Sate bandeng Sate maranggi Sayur asem Seblak Soto bandung Tauge goreng Uli bakar Timorese Feijoada Ikan bakar Katemak Pastel de nata Se'i SnacksKrupuk Amplang Emping Kemplang Krupuk Krupuk ikan Krupuk kulit Krupuk udang Kripik Kripik sanjai Rempeyek Rengginang Kue Agar-agar Apam Ape Arem-arem Asida Bagea Bahulu Bakcang Bakpau Bakpia Bakpia pathok Bangkit Bibingka Bika ambon Bingka Bitterballen Bolen Bolu gulung Bolu kukus Bolu pandan Bugis Bulan Busa Cakwe Cilok Clorot Cubit Cucur Dadar gulung Dodol Donat jawa Donat kentang Gapit Geplak Gethuk Jalangkote Jemput-jemput Kaak Kaasstengels Kamir Karipap Kembang goyang Keranjang Klappertaart Klepon Kochi Kroket Ku Kukis jagung Laddu Laklak Lapis Lapis legit Leker Lemper Lidah kucing Lumpia Lumpia goreng Lumpia semarang Sumpia Lupis Madumongso Makmur Martabak Mangkok Mochi Modak Nagasari Nastar Ombusombus Onde-onde Pai susu Pai ti Panada Pancong Pastel Pastel de nata Pinyaram Pisang cokelat Pisang goreng Poffertjes Popiah Pukis Putri salju Putu Putu mangkok Putu mayang Rangi Rempah udang Risoles Samosa Satu Semar mendem Semprit Semprong Serabi Seri muka Sus Spekulaas Stroopwafel Talam Tapai Timphan Terang bulan Untir-untir Wajik Wingko BeveragesAlcoholic Arak Beer Brem Cap tikus Ciu Lapen Saguer Sopi Tuak Non-alcoholic Adon-adon coro Angsle Bajigur Bandrek Bir jawa Bir kocok Bir pletok Cendol Chocolate milk Cincau Dadiah Es asam jawa Es buah Es campur Es doger Es durian Es goyobod Es kelapa muda Es kopyor Es selendang mayang Es tebak Es tebu Es teler Hot chocolate Jahe telur Jamu Java coffee Kembang tahu Kopi luwak Kopi susu Kopi tarik Kopi tiam Kopi tubruk Lahang Laksamana mengamuk Legen Milo Moke Ronde Sarsi Badak Indo saparelle Sekoteng Soda gembira Susu kedelai Sweet tea Teh botol Teh krisan Teh liang Teh poci Teh jahe Teh tarik Teh talua Wedang jahe Wedang uwuh BumbuSpices Adas manis Andaliman Asam jawa Bawang bombai Bawang merah Bawang perei Bawang putih Bunga lawang Bunga pala Cabai rawit Cabai merah Cengkih Daun bawang Daun jeruk Daun kari Daun kemangi Daun pandan Daun salam Jahe Jeruk purut Jeruk nipis Jintan Kapulaga Kayu manis Kecombrang Kencur Kemiri Ketumbar Keluak Kunyit Lengkuas Lada hitam Lada putih Lokio Pala Peterseli Seledri Serai Temu kunci Temu lawak Seasoningsand condiments Abon Acar Balado Bawang goreng Budu Coconut jam Cuka Dabu-dabu Hagelslag Kecap asin Kecap ikan Kecap inggris Kecap manis Kerisik Lalab Mayones Minyak samin Minyak wijen Minyak zaitun Moster Muisjes Nata de coco Peanut sauce Petis 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(Kaya toast) Sarawak layer cake Keropok, crackers Amplang Lekor Rempeyek Mee Siput Muar Kuih Apam balik Akok Bingka Borasa Cakoi Cincin Cucur Jemput-jemput Penyaram Pisang goreng Dodol Jala Jelurut Karipap Kelupis Kochi Gelang Kue kembang goyang Gulung Laddu Lapis Lidah Makmur Modak Mooncake Ondeh-ondeh Otokon Pais Red peach cake Red tortoise cake Pie tee Pulut inti Pulut panggang Puto Putu bambu/Putu bumbong Putu mangkuk/piring Qasidah Sapit/Gulong/Kapit Seri Muka Soon kueh Tat/Tae Desserts Lamban Punjung Roti tisu Sagu Gula Melaka Tapai Wajid DrinksNon-alcoholic ABC Bandung Cendol Cheng tng Cincau Chrysanthemum tea Ginger tea Ipoh white coffee Kopi Janda pulang Milo Sarsi Soy milk Teh tarik Alcoholic Jaz Lihing Montoku Sikat Tapai Tuak Condiments Acar Kaya Sambal Belacan Budu Cincalok Tempoyak Taucu Tuhau  Category: Malaysian cuisine List of Malaysian dishes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republika_Gulai-4"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"goat meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat"},{"link_name":"mutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton"},{"link_name":"offal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offal"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"jackfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taste_Atlas-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curries_of_the_World-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padang-Style_Gulai_Ayam-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN_40_Indonesian_foods-1"},{"link_name":"Javanese-Surinamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_Surinamese"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Gulai is a class of spicy and rich stew commonly found in the Malay Archipelago (Indonesia,[4] Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei). The main ingredients of the dish are usually poultry, goat meat, beef, mutton, various kinds of offal, fish, and seafood, as well as vegetables such as cassava leaves, unripe jackfruit, and banana stem.Gulai is often described as Indonesian curry,[8][2][9][10] although it is also considered a local dish in Malaysia and Singapore. Gulai is a common name to refer to curry dishes in the country,[1] although Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean cuisine also recognise kari (curry). In Javanese-Surinamese cuisine, it is known as guleh.[11]","title":"Gulai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"From Malay Gulai. Probably from Tamil குழை (kuḻai, “to become soft, well cooked”).[12]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai-Indonesian_curry-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"kawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wok#Other_Asian_pans"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"coriander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander"},{"link_name":"black pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper"},{"link_name":"galangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galangal"},{"link_name":"ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger"},{"link_name":"chilli pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_pepper"},{"link_name":"shallot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot"},{"link_name":"fennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel"},{"link_name":"lemongrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemongrass"},{"link_name":"cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon"},{"link_name":"caraway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraway"},{"link_name":"coconut milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republika_Gulai-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"kerisik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisik"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ocimum tenuiflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum"},{"link_name":"tamarind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Cooking gulai in a kawah, a large vessel akin to a wok.The gulai sauces commonly have a thick consistency with a yellowish colour because of the addition of ground turmeric. Gulai sauce ingredients consist of rich spices such as turmeric, coriander, black pepper, galangal, ginger, chilli pepper, shallot, garlic, fennel, lemongrass, cinnamon, and caraway, ground into paste and cooked in coconut milk with the main ingredients.[4][13] In Malaysia, kerisik is also added to thicken the gravy.[14]Gulai recipes and ingredients are slightly different across the archipelago. For example, the colour of gulai in Java is mostly light yellow, while in Sumatra, it has a more reddish tone. In Palembang, the gulai is composed of ingredients such as garlic, shallot, turmeric, turmeric leaf, and pineapple. In the Minangkabau lands of West Sumatra, the ruku-ruku leaf (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a must-use ingredient, while in its Javanese counterpart, the coriander is preferred. Another difference is that tamarind is often added in Javanese gulai called gule, giving it a slightly sourer taste than other versions of gulai.[15]","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasi_Kapau_Selera_Minang.jpg"},{"link_name":"nasi kapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_kapau"},{"link_name":"Agam Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agam_Regency"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine"},{"link_name":"West Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN_40_Indonesian_foods-1"},{"link_name":"Indian curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_curry"},{"link_name":"Malay Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"coconut milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk"},{"link_name":"a mixture of spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbu_(seasoning)"},{"link_name":"chili pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang"},{"link_name":"Rendang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendang"},{"link_name":"asam padeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas"},{"link_name":"kalio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP-Padang-17"},{"link_name":"asam pedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"link_name":"Pahang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang"},{"link_name":"tempoyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoyak"},{"link_name":"Hari Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_Mubarak"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-core.ac.uk-7"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan"},{"link_name":"bird's eye chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chili"},{"link_name":"roti canai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai"},{"link_name":"Malay cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republika_Gulai-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribunewswiki_Gulai-3"},{"link_name":"steamed rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamed_rice"}],"text":"Various types of gulai offered in nasi kapau food stall in Agam Regency. Gulai is very prevalent in Minangkabau cuisine of West Sumatra, Indonesia.Gulai originated on the island of Sumatra,[1] Indonesia and is thought to be a local adaptation of Indian curry, having developed and derived from Indian influence on Southeast Asia. The dish is widely served in the Malay Archipelago, especially in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and Borneo. The thick and yellowish gulai sauce is one of the most common sauces found in Minangkabau cuisine, used to give a rich and spicy taste to meats, fish, and vegetables. Gulai is often described as succulent and spicy, yet subtly combining flavours of different spices into one suave and smooth taste which makes it difficult to figure out the individual spices used.[16]The ingredients are simmered and slowly cooked in coconut milk, a mixture of spices and chili pepper. The thick golden, yellowish, succulent and spicy gulai sauce has become a hallmark that can be seen on window displays of restaurant establishments in Padang, Indonesia. In Padang, smart cooking means being capable of preparing gulai. Rendang (beef simmered in coconut milk and spices), asam padeh (sour and spicy stew) and kalio (watery and light-coloured gravy) are often considered as variations of Padang gulai.[17]In Malaysia, asam pedas, a popular Malay sour fish soup is sometimes called gulai tumis. In the states of Perak and Pahang, gulai tempoyak, a local specialty is commonly served as a daily meal and a meal for festive celebrations such as Hari Raya and wedding ceremonies.[7] Negeri Sembilan is well known nationwide for its spicy dishes. Masak lemak cili api, a type of gulai made with coconut milk spiced with turmeric and bird's eye chili, is described as the hallmark of Negeri Sembilanese cuisine. In some restaurants, roti canai (which is usually served with curry) might also be served with gulai.The gulai sauce found in Minangkabau, Acehnese, and Malay cuisine usually has a thicker consistency than the gulai sauce found in Java which is thinner, served in soup-like dishes containing pieces of mutton, beef or offal.[4][3] Gulai is usually served with steamed rice.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padang-Style_Gulai_Ayam-10"},{"link_name":"chicken egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_egg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_(food)"},{"link_name":"spleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"intestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestine"},{"link_name":"tripe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripe"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"marrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow"},{"link_name":"carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp"},{"link_name":"pangasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangasius"},{"link_name":"red snapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_snapper_(fish)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"jackfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Archidendron pauciflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron_pauciflorum"},{"link_name":"bamboo shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_shoot"},{"link_name":"breadfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit"},{"link_name":"tofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu"},{"link_name":"tempeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh"}],"text":"Gulai recipes can be found in various cooking traditions across the Indonesian Archipelago; such as Minangkabau, Malay, Acehnese and Javanese cuisine. However, gulai recipes show exceptional diversity in West Sumatra.[18] Some variations of gulai include:Poultry\n\nGulai ayam (chicken gulai)[10]\nGulai itik (duck gulai)\nGulai telur (hard boiled chicken egg gulai)\nGulai telur itik (duck egg gulai),[19] a specialty of Negeri Sembilan\nMeat\n\nGulai kambing (mutton gulai)[20]\nGulai sapi (beef gulai)\nInsect\n\nGulai belalang padi (grasshopper gulai), a specialty of Negeri Sembilan.[21]\nOffal\n\nGulai hati (cattle liver gulai)\nGulai limpa (cattle spleen gulai)\nGulai gajeboh (cattle hump fat gulai)[22]\nGulai iso or gulai usus (cattle intestine gulai)\nGulai babat (tripe gulai)[23]\nGulai tembusu or tambunsu (intestine gulai filled with egg)\nGulai tunjang or kikil (cattle foot tendon, skin and cartilage)\nGulai otak (cattle brain gulai)[24]\nGulai sumsum (cattle marrow gulai)\nGulai hati ampela (chicken gizzard, liver, and intestine gulai)\n\n\n\n\nFish and sea food\n\nGulai ikan mas (carp gulai)\nGulai ikan patin (pangasius gulai)\nGulai ikan kakap (red snapper gulai)\nGulai kepala ikan kakap (red snapper's head gulai)[25]\nGulai telur ikan (roe gulai)\nGulai ketam, gulai kepiting or gulai rajungan (crab)\nGulai cumi or gulai sotong (cuttle fish/squid)\nGulai udang (shrimp)\nGulai tulang ikan[26]\nGulai tumis[27]\nVegetable\n\nGulai batang pisang (Banana stem gulai), a specialty of Kedah[28]\nGulai cubadak or gulai nangka muda (unripe jackfruit gulai)[29]\nGulai daun pakis (fern leaf gulai)\nGulai daun singkong (cassava leaf gulai)[30]\nGulai kacang panjang (common beans gulai)\nGulai jariang or gulai jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum gulai)\nGulai pisang muda (Young banana gulai), a specialty of Negeri Sembilan\nGulai rebung (bamboo shoot gulai)\nGulai sukun (breadfruit gulai)\nGulai tahu (tofu gulai)\nGulai tempe (tempeh gulai)","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_cancang_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_tambunsu3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_Otak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_Limpo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_gajebo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_tunjang_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"cow's trotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow%27s_trotters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_babat.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_kerapu.JPG"},{"link_name":"grouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_kapalo_lauak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_kepala_ikan_khas_aceh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_sotong_isi_telur_restoran_Padang.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_udang_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_Ayam.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_cubadak_(gulai_nangka).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_jariang.jpg"},{"link_name":"jengkol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jengkol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_tempe_dan_tahu3.jpg"},{"link_name":"tofu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu"},{"link_name":"tempeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulai_sukun2.jpg"},{"link_name":"breadfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sate-gule-kambing_al_maarif.jpg"},{"link_name":"goat meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat"}],"text":"Gulai variants\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai kambing, goat gulai, a Padang food\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai cancang, chopped meat gulai, a Padang food\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai tambunsu, intestine gulai sold in Bukittinggi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai banak or gulai otak, brain gulai, a nasi kapau dish\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai limpo, cow's spleen gulai, a Minangkabau dish\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai gajeboh, cow's hump fat gulai, specialty of Kapau, West Sumatra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai tunjang, cow's trotters gulai, sold in Bukittinggi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai babat, tripes gulai, a Padang food\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai kerapu, grouper gulai, a Padang Pariaman food\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai kapalo lauak, fish head gulai, a Minang dish\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai kepala ikan, fish head gulai, an Aceh version\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai sotong, squid gulai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai udang, shrimp gulai, a Padang dish\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai ayam, this one is a Javanese version chicken gulai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai cubadak, unripe jackfruit gulai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai jariang, jengkol gulai, a Padang food\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai tempe jo tahu, tofu and tempeh gulai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGulai sukun, breadfruit gulai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGule kambing, goat meat Javanese gulai, It is served with goat satay","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Cooking gulai in a kawah, a large vessel akin to a wok.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gulai-Indonesian_curry-01.jpg/220px-Gulai-Indonesian_curry-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Various types of gulai offered in nasi kapau food stall in Agam Regency. Gulai is very prevalent in Minangkabau cuisine of West Sumatra, Indonesia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nasi_Kapau_Selera_Minang.jpg/220px-Nasi_Kapau_Selera_Minang.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"Malaysia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Malaysia"},{"title":"Asam pedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_pedas"},{"title":"Cuisine of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Cuisine of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Malaysia"},{"title":"Ginataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginataan"},{"title":"Goulash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulash"},{"title":"Jjigae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jjigae"},{"title":"Padang cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang_cuisine"},{"title":"Thai curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_curry"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Buck
David Buck
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
For the English footballer, see David Buck (footballer). For the United States Air Force general, see David J. Buck. English actor David BuckBornDavid Keith Rodney Buck(1936-10-17)17 October 1936London, EnglandDied27 January 1989(1989-01-27) (aged 52)Esher, Surrey, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupationActorYears active1959–1989SpouseMadeline Smith (1975–1989) (his death)Children1 David Keith Rodney Buck (17 October 1936 – 27 January 1989) was an English actor. Buck was born in London, the son of Joseph Buck and Enid Marguerite (née Webb). He starred in many television productions from 1959 until 1989. One of his earlier roles was that of Horatio Hornblower in an episode entitled "Hornblower" (1963), in the Alcoa Premiere TV series. He played Winston Smith in Theatre 625: The World of George Orwell: 1984 (1965), a remake of Nigel Kneale's adaptation of the novel. In the first two series of the ITV horror and supernatural anthology series Mystery and Imagination (1966–68) he played the series narrator Richard Beckett (from Sheridan Le Fanu's story "The Flying Dragon") whose character also became involved in some of the other stories adapted. His film career included roles in Dr. Syn, Alias the Scarecrow (1963), The Sandwich Man (1966), the Hammer film The Mummy's Shroud (1967), Deadfall (1968) and Taste of Excitement (1970). He also had a role as Royal Air Force Squadron Leader David "Scotty" Scott in the film Mosquito Squadron (1969), with David McCallum, in which his character is shot down during a low-level bombing raid over Northern France in 1944 and assumed killed. Later, he was a voice actor for the films The Lord of the Rings (1978), for which he provided the voice of Gimli, and The Dark Crystal (1982), where he voiced SkekNa the Slave Master. Buck portrayed Dr. Watson in the 1978 BBC Radio 4 series of 13 Sherlock Holmes short stories. Buck died of cancer in 1989. At the time of his death, he was married to the actress Madeline Smith, who featured in the film version of Up Pompeii (1971) and numerous comedy programmes in the 1970s. Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1963 Dr. Syn, Alias the Scarecrow Harry Banks 1966 The Sandwich Man Steven Mansfield 1967 The Mummy's Shroud Paul Preston 1968 Deadfall Salinas 1969 Mosquito Squadron Sqn. Ldr. David 'Scotty' Scott 1969 Taste of Excitement Paul Hedley 1978 The Lord of the Rings Gimli – Son of Gloin Voice 1982 The Dark Crystal Slave Master Voice References ^ a b "David Buck - About This Person". The New York Times. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2024. ^ Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television, vol. 8, ed. Owen O'Donnell, Sara Steen, Gale, 1990, p. 64 ^ Janet Thurmin Small Screens, Big Ideas: Television in the 1950s, London: IB Tauris, 2002, p.169-70 ^ "HENSON'S 'CRYSTAL' (Published 1982)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. External links David Buck at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data United States Czech Republic Other IdRef This article about an English actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a British voice actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Buck (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Buck_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"David J. Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Buck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_About-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Horatio Hornblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Hornblower"},{"link_name":"Alcoa Premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa_Premiere"},{"link_name":"Nigel Kneale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Kneale"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Mystery and Imagination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_and_Imagination"},{"link_name":"Sheridan Le Fanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dr. Syn, Alias the Scarecrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Syn#The_Scarecrow_of_Romney_Marsh_(1963)"},{"link_name":"The Sandwich Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandwich_Man_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions"},{"link_name":"The Mummy's Shroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy%27s_Shroud"},{"link_name":"Deadfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadfall_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"Taste of Excitement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Excitement"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF"},{"link_name":"Squadron Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_Leader"},{"link_name":"Mosquito Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Squadron"},{"link_name":"David McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McCallum"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Gimli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"The Dark Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Crystal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes_About-1"},{"link_name":"Madeline Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Smith"},{"link_name":"Up Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Pompeii_(film)"}],"text":"For the English footballer, see David Buck (footballer). For the United States Air Force general, see David J. Buck.English actorDavid Keith Rodney Buck (17 October 1936 – 27 January 1989) was an English actor.[1]Buck was born in London, the son of Joseph Buck and Enid Marguerite (née Webb).[2] He starred in many television productions from 1959 until 1989. One of his earlier roles was that of Horatio Hornblower in an episode entitled \"Hornblower\" (1963), in the Alcoa Premiere TV series.He played Winston Smith in Theatre 625: The World of George Orwell: 1984 (1965), a remake of Nigel Kneale's adaptation of the novel. In the first two series of the ITV horror and supernatural anthology series Mystery and Imagination (1966–68) he played the series narrator Richard Beckett (from Sheridan Le Fanu's story \"The Flying Dragon\") whose character also became involved in some of the other stories adapted.[3] His film career included roles in Dr. Syn, Alias the Scarecrow (1963), The Sandwich Man (1966), the Hammer film The Mummy's Shroud (1967), Deadfall (1968) and Taste of Excitement (1970). He also had a role as Royal Air Force Squadron Leader David \"Scotty\" Scott in the film Mosquito Squadron (1969), with David McCallum, in which his character is shot down during a low-level bombing raid over Northern France in 1944 and assumed killed.Later, he was a voice actor for the films The Lord of the Rings (1978), for which he provided the voice of Gimli, and The Dark Crystal (1982),[4] where he voiced SkekNa the Slave Master. Buck portrayed Dr. Watson in the 1978 BBC Radio 4 series of 13 Sherlock Holmes short stories.[1]Buck died of cancer in 1989. At the time of his death, he was married to the actress Madeline Smith, who featured in the film version of Up Pompeii (1971) and numerous comedy programmes in the 1970s.","title":"David Buck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaragua_Massacre
Jaragua massacre
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
Spanish entrap natives in Hispanolia in July 1503 The Jaragua massacre of July 1503, was the killing of indigenous natives from the town of Xaragua on the island of Hispaniola. It was ordered by the Spanish governor of Santo Domingo, Nicolás de Ovando, and carried out by Alonso de Ojeda during a native celebration that was held in the village of Guava near present-day Léogane in the territory of Jaragua of the Cacique Anacaona. History Eighteenth-century depiction of de Ojeda. The sociopolitical structure of the island was thought to have been organized under five Chiefdoms or Cacicazgos, Recent studies however suggest that there may have been well over 30 Chiefdoms and that the 5 which were recorded by Las Casas were the ones who made contact with the Spanish upon their arrival. The Chiefdom of Jaragua was under Cacique Boechio. After Boechío's alleged death of old age, his sister, Anacaona, emerged as successor and intermediate between the natives of Jaragua and the Spanish. She was reputed to have been an efficient administrator, a beautiful woman and highly respected. At that time the Spanish had an alliance with the Chiefdom of Marien through Guacanagaríx. Guacanagarix told the Spanish that the tribe of Xaragua was planning a rebellion. Although Anacaona had always paid her tribute she was then considered a threat by the governor. According to Las Casas in 1503 Ovando advised Anacaona that he would visit the town of Xaragua with his men to celebrate their good relations. During the celebration Ojeda and his men turned on the natives. Anacaona and her fellow native noblemen were arrested and accused of conspiracy and of trying to start a rebellion. Imprisoned, Anacaona answered with these verses: It is not honorable to kill; nor can honor propitiate tragedy. Let us open a bridge of love, so that across it even our enemies may walk and leave for posterity their footprints. Ovando had gone to Jaragua with 300 men plus many local natives of the tribe of Marien. Ovando allegedly enticed the Caciques that were present into a batey (large hut) to witness a tournament by Spaniards. He then gave a prearranged signal and the Spaniards seized and bound the caciques, while others fell on the Indians milling outside." Many of the Indians were thus killed, including 80 caciques burned alive, and Anacaona hanged. Las Casas records that there were children among the massacred. He writes that the Spanish slashed the legs off boys as they ran, and that even when some Spaniards tried to save a child by pulling them onto their horses, that another would come and "pierce the child with a lance." Because of the massacre, King Ferdinand V deposed and recalled Ovando back to Spain in 1509. He died two years later, on 29 May 1511. According to las Casas, some of those who escaped the massacre fled to the island of Guanabo, eight leagues away, but they were later rounded up and enslaved by the Spanish. (He also notes that one of these persons was given to him as a slave). See also Haiti portalHistory portalIndigenous peoples of the Americas portal Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Spanish West Indies Peter Martyr d'Anghiera List of massacres in Haiti References ^ Floyd, Troy (1973). The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 61–63. ^ Las Casas, Bartolomé. "History of the Indies". "Trans. Andrée M. Collard. New York, Evanston and London: Harper & Row, 1971. Book 2, Ch. 9, Pg 99 ^ Las Casas, Bartolomé. "History of the Indies". "Trans. Andrée M. Collard. New York, Evanston and London: Harper & Row, 1971. Book 2, Ch. 9, Pg 99 and Book 3, Ch. 166, pg 287.
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[{"image_text":"Eighteenth-century depiction of de Ojeda.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/AlonsoDeOjeda.jpg/220px-AlonsoDeOjeda.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Haiti portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Haiti"},{"title":"History portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"title":"Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"Captaincy General of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"title":"Spanish West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies"},{"title":"Peter Martyr d'Anghiera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera"},{"title":"List of massacres in Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti"}]
[{"reference":"Floyd, Troy (1973). The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 61–63.","urls":[]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Western_Cape
List of heritage sites in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
["1 References"]
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This is a list of the heritage sites in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, as recognized by the South African Heritage Resource Agency. For additional provincial heritage sites declared by Heritage Western Cape, the provincial heritage resources authority of the Western Cape Province of South Africa, please see the entries at the end of the list. These sites have been declared subsequent to the implementation of the new legislation on 1 April 2000 and unlike those in the SAHRA portion of the list are not former national monuments declared by the former National Monuments Council, the predecessor of both SAHRA and Heritage Western Cape. In the instance of these sites the "identifier" code used is that of Heritage Western Cape rather than SAHRA. For performance reasons, the following districts have been split off: List of heritage sites in Beaufort West List of heritage sites in Bellville List of heritage sites in Caledon List of heritage sites in Cape Town CBD, the Waterfront, and the Bo-Kaap List of heritage sites near Cape Town List of heritage sites in Clanwilliam List of heritage sites in George and Mossel Bay List of heritage sites in Knysna List of heritage sites in Paarl List of heritage sites in Simonstown List of heritage sites in Robertson and Montagu List of heritage sites in Stellenbosch, Somerset West, and Strand List of heritage sites in Swellendam and Riversdale List of heritage sites in Table Mountain List of heritage sites in Tulbagh List of heritage sites in Worcester List of heritage sites in Wynberg SAHRA identifier Site name Description Town District NHRA status Coordinates Image 9/2/013/0001 Fishermen's Cottages, Hotagterklip, Struis Bay, Bredasdorp District Some 32 kilometres from Bredasdorp, at Hotagterklip near Struis Bay, the new macadamized road cuts through one of these villages. A few houses were destroyed in making the road, but there are attractive groups of dwellings on either side of it. The three houses on the grassy slope on the right-hand side are about sixty years old and have recently been well restored by the Divisional Council of Bredasdorp. They have been raised to the status of proclaimed historical monuments. Struisbaai Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°47′42″S 20°02′36″E / 34.794951°S 20.043226°E / -34.794951; 20.043226 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0001 - Fishermen's Cottages, Hotagterklip, Struis Bay, Bredasdorp District) Some 32 kilometres from Bredasdorp, at Hotagterklip near Struis Bay, the new macadamized road cuts through one of these villages. A few houses were destroyed in making the road, but there are attractive groups of dwellings on either side of it. The three houses on the grassy slope on the right-hand side are about sixty years old and have recently been well restored by the Divisional Council of Bredasdorp. They have been raised to the status of proclaimed historical monuments. 9/2/013/0001/001 3 Fishermen's Cottages, Hotagterklip, Struis Bay This property consists of nine fishermen's cottages which are worthy of preservation in view of various architectural and historical consideration. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. Struis Bay Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°47′37″S 20°02′27″E / 34.793630°S 20.040862°E / -34.793630; 20.040862 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0001/001 - 3 Fishermen's Cottages, Hotagterklip, Struis Bay) This property consists of nine fishermen's cottages which are worthy of preservation in view of various architectural and historical consideration. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. 9/2/013/0001/002 4 Fishermen's Cottages, Hotagterklip, Struis Bay Until quite recently the fishermen's villages, most of them hardly more than hamlets, constituted some of the most interesting and picturesque features to be seen along the coast from Saldanha Bay to far beyond Cape L'Agulhas. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. This impressive architectural complex consists of nine fishermen's cottages, which are all typical examples of the traditional vernacular style. Struis Bay Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°47′37″S 20°02′28″E / 34.793570°S 20.041117°E / -34.793570; 20.041117 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0001/002 - 4 Fishermen's Cottages, Hotagterklip, Struis Bay) Until quite recently the fishermen's villages, most of them hardly more than hamlets, constituted some of the most interesting and picturesque features to be seen along the coast from Saldanha Bay to far beyond Cape L'Agulhas. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. This impressive architectural complex consists of nine fishermen's cottages, which are all typical examples of the traditional vernacular style. 9/2/013/0001/3 5 Fishermen's Cottages, Hotagterklip, Struis Bay, Bredasdorp District Struisbaai Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0002 Waenhuiskrans (Kassiesbaai) Fishing Village, Arniston Until quite recently the fishermen's villages, most of them hardly more than hamlets, constituted some of the most interesting and picturesque features to be seen along the coast from Saldanha Bay to far beyond Cape L'Agulhas. Type of site: House Previous use: residential. Current use: House. Arniston Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°39′48″S 20°13′53″E / 34.663213°S 20.231508°E / -34.663213; 20.231508 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0002 - Waenhuiskrans (Kassiesbaai) Fishing Village, Arniston) Until quite recently the fishermen's villages, most of them hardly more than hamlets, constituted some of the most interesting and picturesque features to be seen along the coast from Saldanha Bay to far beyond Cape L'Agulhas. Type of site: House Previous use: residential. Current use: House. 9/2/013/0003 BREDASDORP MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0004 Bredasdorp Museum, Independent Street, Bredasdorp This is the Bredasdorp Museum Complex which is already proclaimed a national monument. The Rectory and the former Anglican Church, now a hall, date from the earliest years of the town. The Rectory is a very fine Old Cape thatched house. Now the complex forms the Bredasdorp Museum. The former house of the Rector of the Anglican Church in Bredasdorp. Type of site: House Previous use: Residence : Parsonage. Current use: Museum. Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°31′58″S 20°02′18″E / 34.532644°S 20.038314°E / -34.532644; 20.038314 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0004 - Bredasdorp Museum, Independent Street, Bredasdorp) This is the Bredasdorp Museum Complex which is already proclaimed a national monument. The Rectory and the former Anglican Church, now a hall, date from the earliest years of the town. The Rectory is a very fine Old Cape thatched house. Now the complex forms the Bredasdorp Museum. The former house of the Rector of the Anglican Church in Bredasdorp. Type of site: House Previous use: Residence : Parsonage. Current use: Museum. 9/2/013/0005 Mountain View, Kreupelhout Drive, Bredasdorp Rectangular building in the vernacular style, hipped, thatched roof, eyebrow gable over front door. Outbuildings to rear This oblong house, with its predominantly Cape Dutch features, dates from approximately 1840. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°32′30″S 20°02′26″E / 34.541676°S 20.040610°E / -34.541676; 20.040610 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0005 - Mountain View, Kreupelhout Drive, Bredasdorp) Rectangular building in the vernacular style, hipped, thatched roof, eyebrow gable over front door. Outbuildings to rear This oblong house, with its predominantly Cape Dutch features, dates from approximately 1840. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. 9/2/013/0006 Proposed memorial for the East Indiaman "Arniston" Arniston Bredasdorp 9/2/013/0007 Dutch Reformed Church, Main Street, Napier This cruciform church was erected in 1926. Despite a variety of architectural styles – as evidenced by the high gable walls in particular – the building forms a harmonious unit. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Napier Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°28′24″S 19°53′58″E / 34.473203°S 19.899561°E / -34.473203; 19.899561 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0007 - Dutch Reformed Church, Main Street, Napier) This cruciform church was erected in 1926. Despite a variety of architectural styles – as evidenced by the high gable walls in particular – the building forms a harmonious unit. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. 9/2/013/0008 Cape L'Agulhas Lighthouse, Bredasdorp District The tower is circular with the former living- quarters on both sides, and of a height of 65 feet. This lighthouse was completed in 1849 at a cost of approximately R24 000 and is the second oldest existing structure of its kind in South Africa. Since then it has contributed largely towards reducing the number of shipwrecks on the most dangerous part of the South African coastline. Type of site: Lighthouse Current use: Lighthouse. Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°49′42″S 20°00′33″E / 34.8283333333°S 20.0091666666°E / -34.8283333333; 20.0091666666 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0008 - Cape L'Agulhas Lighthouse, Bredasdorp District) The tower is circular with the former living- quarters on both sides, and of a height of 65 feet. This lighthouse was completed in 1849 at a cost of approximately R24 000 and is the second oldest existing structure of its kind in South Africa. Since then it has contributed largely towards reducing the number of shipwrecks on the most dangerous part of the South African coastline. Type of site: Lighthouse Current use: Lighthouse. Media related to Cape Agulhas Lighthouse at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/013/0009 25 Church Street, Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Bredasdorp 34°32′03″S 20°02′25″E / 34.534033°S 20.040379°E / -34.534033; 20.040379 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0009 - 25 Church Street, Bredasdorp) Upload Photo 9/2/013/0010 Alfred Dowling Building, Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0011 Dollas Downs 264, Bredasdorp District Bredasdorp Provisional Protection 34°32′00″S 20°02′30″E / 34.533445°S 20.041680°E / -34.533445; 20.041680 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0011 - Dollas Downs 264, Bredasdorp District) Upload Photo 9/2/013/0012 St. Saviours Anglican Church, Napier, Bredasdorp District Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Demolished Upload Photo 9/2/013/0013 NAPIER MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Napier Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0014 ELIM VILLAGE, BREDASDORP DISTRICT, GENERAL Elim Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0015 Burial site of Birkenhead casualties, Danger Point, Bredasdorp Danger Point Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0016 Ratel Rivier, Buffel Jagd, Bredasdorp District Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0017 Springfield 287, Bredasdorp District Originally Soutspansberg, together with Rhenosterkop, first title deed 1747. Came under separate title in 1869. Owned by Lord de Saumarez after WW2. Type of site: Farm Previous use: farm residence. Current use: farm residence. Springfield is one of the earliest farms in the Bredasdorp area and demonstrates a series of ownership by some of the influential personalities of the day. The complex of buildings forms a cohesive and unique group that has remained unspoilt Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°32′05″S 20°02′39″E / 34.534623°S 20.044041°E / -34.534623; 20.044041 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0017 - Springfield 287, Bredasdorp District) Upload Photo 9/2/013/0018 Fisherman's Cottage, Pratt Street, Arniston Type of site: House Current use: Residential. A particularly fine example of the folk architecture of South Africa. Arniston Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°40′09″S 20°13′55″E / 34.669297°S 20.231860°E / -34.669297; 20.231860 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0018 - Fisherman's Cottage, Pratt Street, Arniston) Type of site: House Current use: Residential. A particularly fine example of the folk architecture of South Africa. 9/2/013/0019 14 and 16 Lourens Street, Bredasdorp Two restored and already proclaimed 3-bay thatched cottages. These two houses in the typical vernacular style date from approximately the middle of the nineteenth century. Together they form an interesting unit and an important architectural element of Bredasdorp. Type of site: House Current use: House. Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°32′02″S 20°02′05″E / 34.533764°S 20.034836°E / -34.533764; 20.034836 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0019 - 14 and 16 Lourens Street, Bredasdorp) Two restored and already proclaimed 3-bay thatched cottages. These two houses in the typical vernacular style date from approximately the middle of the nineteenth century. Together they form an interesting unit and an important architectural element of Bredasdorp. Type of site: House Current use: House. 9/2/013/0020 De Hoop Nature Reserve, Bredasdorp District Bredasdorp Bredasdorp 34°25′20″S 20°32′43″E / 34.422266°S 20.545407°E / -34.422266; 20.545407 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0020 - De Hoop Nature Reserve, Bredasdorp District) 9/2/013/0020/001 De Hoop homestead, De Hoop Nature Reserve, Bredasdorp District This farmstead consists of five historic buildings which dates from approximately the late eighteenth century. The group of buildings with its large "werf" and surrounding ring-wall, forms a unique historical and architectural complex. Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°27′18″S 20°23′54″E / 34.454935°S 20.398428°E / -34.454935; 20.398428 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0020/001 - De Hoop homestead, De Hoop Nature Reserve, Bredasdorp District) This farmstead consists of five historic buildings which dates from approximately the late eighteenth century. The group of buildings with its large "werf" and surrounding ring-wall, forms a unique historical and architectural complex. 9/2/013/0020/2 Melkkamer, De Hoop Nature Reserve, Bredasdorp District Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Pending Upload Photo 9/2/013/0021 Old Anglican Church, Main Road, Struisbaai Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Struisbaai Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°48′03″S 20°03′07″E / 34.800870°S 20.051826°E / -34.800870; 20.051826 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0021 - Old Anglican Church, Main Road, Struisbaai) Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. 9/2/013/0023 Cottages, Rhenosterkop, Bredasdorp District This property, which is situated on the coast in the so-called Duineveld and on which large numbers of milk-wood trees are found, is of considerable importance both as a natural resource and from the point of view of ecology. Type of site: House Previous use: residential. Current use: residential – holiday cottages. Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°45′45″S 19°55′52″E / 34.762363°S 19.931195°E / -34.762363; 19.931195 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0023 - Cottages, Rhenosterkop, Bredasdorp District) Upload Photo 9/2/013/0024 White milkwood tree, Rhenosterfontein, Bredasdorp District Type of site: Tree. This milkwood tree on the farm Rhenosterfontein was in 1991 described by the Dendrological Association of SA as the largest identified example of its kind. It is possible that the tree could be between 600 and 1000 years old. Bredasdorp Provincial Heritage Site 34°29′48″S 20°07′37″E / 34.496796°S 20.126822°E / -34.496796; 20.126822 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0024 - White milkwood tree, Rhenosterfontein, Bredasdorp District) Upload Photo 9/2/013/0025 Old Police Station & gaol, 16 Hope Street, Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0026 STRUISBAAI LOCAL AREA, BREDASDORP DISTRICT, GENERAL Struisbaai Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0027 L'AGULHAS LOCAL AREA, BREDASDORP DISTRICT, GENERAL L'Agulhas Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0028 Southernmost tip of Africa, L'Agulhas, Bredasdorp District L'Agulhas Bredasdorp 34°49′51″S 20°00′44″E / 34.830886°S 20.012173°E / -34.830886; 20.012173 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0028 - Southernmost tip of Africa, L'Agulhas, Bredasdorp District) Upload Photo 9/2/013/0029 BREDASDORP MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0030 Agulhas National Park, Bredasdorp District Bredasdorp Bredasdorp 34°44′28″S 19°51′57″E / 34.741023°S 19.865715°E / -34.741023; 19.865715 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0030 - Agulhas National Park, Bredasdorp District) 9/2/013/0031 Baardskeerdersbos, Bredasdorp District Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0032 ARNISTON LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Arniston Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0033 Struis Point Beacon, Arniston Arniston Bredasdorp Upload Photo 9/2/013/0034 17 Matthee Street, Bredasdorp Bredasdorp Bredasdorp 34°32′10″S 20°02′18″E / 34.536034°S 20.038329°E / -34.536034; 20.038329 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/013/0034 - 17 Matthee Street, Bredasdorp) Upload Photo 9/2/016/0001 Dutch Reformed Church, Andries Pretorius Street, Calitzdorp Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Provincial Heritage Site 33°31′44″S 21°41′18″E / 33.528820°S 21.688390°E / -33.528820; 21.688390 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/016/0001 - Dutch Reformed Church, Andries Pretorius Street, Calitzdorp) Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. 9/2/016/0002 1 Queen Street, Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Pending Declaration 33°32′08″S 21°41′07″E / 33.535653°S 21.685173°E / -33.535653; 21.685173 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/016/0002 - 1 Queen Street, Calitzdorp) Upload Photo 9/2/016/0003 Warmwater, Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Calitzdorp 33°39′42″S 21°46′28″E / 33.661550°S 21.774381°E / -33.661550; 21.774381 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/016/0003 - Warmwater, Calitzdorp) Upload Photo 9/2/016/0004 Hermies, 21 Voortrekker Street, Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Calitzdorp 33°31′53″S 21°41′46″E / 33.531448°S 21.696033°E / -33.531448; 21.696033 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/016/0004 - Hermies, 21 Voortrekker Street, Calitzdorp) Upload Photo 9/2/016/0005 Mossienes, Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Upload Photo 9/2/016/0006 CALITZDORP MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Upload Photo 9/2/016/0007 CALITZDORP MAGISTERIAL AREA, GENERAL Calitzdorp Calitzdorp Upload Photo 9/2/021/0001 Old Tollhouse, Michell's Pass, Ceres The Old Tollhouse was built shortly after the completion of Michell's Pass in 1848. From 1 January 1849 toll charges were collected here on animals and vehicles. Since the Michell's Pass opened an easy route to the north and because, when diamonds were subsequently discovered, it was on the main route from the Cape, the tollhouse played an exceptionally important role. Type of site: Toll Ceres Ceres Provincial Heritage Site 33°23′27″S 19°17′10″E / 33.390835°S 19.285995°E / -33.390835; 19.285995 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0001 - Old Tollhouse, Michell's Pass, Ceres) The Old Tollhouse was built shortly after the completion of Michell's Pass in 1848. From 1 January 1849 toll charges were collected here on animals and vehicles. Since the Michell's Pass opened an easy route to the north and because, when diamonds were subsequently discovered, it was on the main route from the Cape, the tollhouse played an exceptionally important role. Type of site: Toll 9/2/021/0002 Zandrug Farm, Kagga Kamma Nature Reserve, Ceres District Ceres Ceres Upload Photo 9/2/021/0003 Michell's Pass, Ceres District Ceres Ceres Pending Declaration 33°22′44″S 19°17′47″E / 33.378796°S 19.296414°E / -33.378796; 19.296414 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0003 - Michell's Pass, Ceres District) Upload Photo 9/2/021/0004 Cemetery, Owen Street, Ceres Ceres Ceres 33°22′32″S 19°18′30″E / 33.375472°S 19.308412°E / -33.375472; 19.308412 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0004 - Cemetery, Owen Street, Ceres) Upload Photo 9/2/021/0005 Karoopoort Outspan, Ceres District Werf wall enclosing two buildings. The first a langhuis with thatched roof and oven attached to the back. The second a large rectangular outhouse with tin roof and dormered loft entrance with ladder. Type of site: House Current use: Vacant. Karoopoort was a well-known and popular outspan for early travellers to the North. It was described, among others, by the travellers Lichtenstein and Burchell at the beginning of the nineteenth century. There are also three historic buildings on the site Ceres Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′06″S 19°42′12″E / 33.218205°S 19.703314°E / -33.218205; 19.703314 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0005 - Karoopoort Outspan, Ceres District) Werf wall enclosing two buildings. The first a langhuis with thatched roof and oven attached to the back. The second a large rectangular outhouse with tin roof and dormered loft entrance with ladder. Type of site: House Current use: Vacant. Karoopoort was a well-known and popular outspan for early travellers to the North. It was described, among others, by the travellers Lichtenstein and Burchell at the beginning of the nineteenth century. There are also three historic buildings on the site 9/2/021/0006 Rocklands, Ceres District Ceres Ceres Upload Photo 9/2/021/0007 Nature Reserve, Ceres Ceres Ceres Upload Photo 9/2/021/0008 CERES MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Ceres Ceres Upload Photo 9/2/021/0009 Boplaas, Ceres District Collection of buildings: H-shaped house with good internal woodwork and partially glazed screen, soap making house, watermill, and outbuilding with stairs to loft door under thatch roof. Exterior of main house somewhat changed. This farm has since 1743 been in the possession of the Van der Merwe family and is well-known in the Afrikaans literature through the works of I. W. van der Merwe (Boerneef). The historic buildings date mostly from the beginning of the 19th century. Type of site: House Current use: Homestead. Ceres Provincial Heritage Site 32°58′45″S 19°21′55″E / 32.979166°S 19.365277°E / -32.979166; 19.365277 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0009 - Boplaas, Ceres District) Upload Photo 9/2/021/0010 Verlorenvlei, Ceres District H-Shaped house, with gables at back and front. Ugly lean-to added along the back. Interesting Dutch detailing on windows, unusual dormer casement in tin roof. Out buildings appear old and in bad repair. This farm previously formed part of the original farm Verloren Valley, which was granted to Schalk Willem Pienaar in 1833. The H-shaped dwelling that dates from 1827 was presumably erected by him. The outbuildings, which date from the early nineteenth century, are also of interest. Type of site: House Current use: Homestead. Take the R46 from Ceres in a north easterly direction. Continue on the R46 when it turns south before Karoopoort. The turn-off to the farm is approx 10 km along this road. Ceres Provincial Heritage Site 33°17′00″S 19°42′30″E / 33.283333°S 19.708333°E / -33.283333; 19.708333 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0010 - Verlorenvlei, Ceres District) H-Shaped house, with gables at back and front. Ugly lean-to added along the back. Interesting Dutch detailing on windows, unusual dormer casement in tin roof. Out buildings appear old and in bad repair. This farm previously formed part of the original farm Verloren Valley, which was granted to Schalk Willem Pienaar in 1833. The H-shaped dwelling that dates from 1827 was presumably erected by him. The outbuildings, which date from the early nineteenth century, are also of interest. Type of site: House Current use: Homestead. Take the R46 from Ceres in a north easterly direction. Continue on the R46 when it turns south before Karoopoort. The turn-off to the farm is approx 10 km along this road. 9/2/021/0011 Nooitgedacht, Ceres District Thatched 5 bayed house with wolfneus gable containing window opening. Impressive loft staircase. Victorian, central double door with fanlight. 2 pairs of French windows with fanlights. Stoep with round steps leading up. Traces of corrugated iron verandah. Type of site: House Current use: Vacant. Take the Port Alfred Hamlet road out of Ceres, over Gydo Pass. 4.5 km north of Gydo take the turn-off to the right (signed Odessa). 4 km further there is a fork, take the road to the left. The turn-off signed 'Malabar' to the farm is 3 km along this road, to the left. This farmhouse is an important and typical example of the traditional building style of the Koue Bokkeveld. Ceres Provincial Heritage Site 33°08′30″S 19°22′30″E / 33.141667°S 19.375000°E / -33.141667; 19.375000 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0011 - Nooitgedacht, Ceres District) Upload Photo 9/2/021/0012 Excelsior, Ceres District Late Victorian farm house, with thatched outbuilding. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. Take the Prince Alfred Hamlet road out of Ceres, over Gydo Pass and on until just after Op die Berg. Turn right just after Op die Berg and continue along the road until Excelsior is reached. Ceres Provincial Heritage Site 32°57′45″S 19°25′55″E / 32.962500°S 19.431944°E / -32.962500; 19.431944 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0012 - Excelsior, Ceres District) Upload Photo 9/2/021/0013 Jan Mostert's Road and Toll House, Michell's Pass, Ceres District Type of site: Toll Ceres Register 33°22′00″S 19°19′01″E / 33.366655°S 19.316883°E / -33.366655; 19.316883 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0013 - Jan Mostert's Road and Toll House, Michell's Pass, Ceres District) Type of site: Toll 9/2/021/0014 CERES MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL. Ceres Ceres Upload Photo 9/2/021/0015 Uintjieskraal, Ceres District Ceres Ceres Pending Upload Photo 9/2/021/0016 Gydo Pass, Ceres District Ceres Ceres 33°14′05″S 19°19′48″E / 33.234741°S 19.329925°E / -33.234741; 19.329925 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0016 - Gydo Pass, Ceres District) Upload Photo 9/2/021/0017 PRINCE ALFRED HAMLET Prince Alfred Hamlet 33°17′07″S 19°19′30″E / 33.285344°S 19.324902°E / -33.285344; 19.324902 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/021/0017 - PRINCE ALFRED HAMLET) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001 Houses in The Mead, Pinelands, Goodwood District Pinelands Goodwood 9/2/031/0001/001 17 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′28″S 18°29′50″E / 33.941010°S 18.497134°E / -33.941010; 18.497134 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/001 - 17 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001/002 16 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House Historical and architectural interest The Pinelands Garden City originated with Richard Stuttaford, who actively promoted this new concept. The town planner and architect Albert J. Thompson drew up the plans in 1919. In 1923 the original section known as the Meadway was laid out and built on State land that previously formed part of the Uitvlugt Forest Reserve. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′27″S 18°29′52″E / 33.940730°S 18.497734°E / -33.940730; 18.497734 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/002 - 16 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House Historical and architectural interest The Pinelands Garden City originated with Richard Stuttaford, who actively promoted this new concept. The town planner and architect Albert J. Thompson drew up the plans in 1919. In 1923 the original section known as the Meadway was laid out and built on State land that previously formed part of the Uitvlugt Forest Reserve. 9/2/031/0001/003 3 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′30″S 18°29′50″E / 33.941715°S 18.497334°E / -33.941715; 18.497334 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/003 - 3 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/004 12 Meadway Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′28″S 18°29′52″E / 33.941130°S 18.497802°E / -33.941130; 18.497802 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/004 - 12 Meadway Pinelands, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001/005 13 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′28″S 18°29′48″E / 33.941068°S 18.496583°E / -33.941068; 18.496583 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/005 - 13 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001/006 4 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′31″S 18°29′52″E / 33.941950°S 18.497722°E / -33.941950; 18.497722 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/006 - 4 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001/007 1 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. Historical and architectural interest The Pinelands Garden City originated with Richard Stuttaford, who actively promoted this new concept. The town planner and architect Albert J. Thompson drew up the plans in 1919. In 1923 the original section known as the Meadway was laid out and built on State land that previously formed part of the Uitvlugt Forest Reserve. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′27″S 18°29′51″E / 33.940728°S 18.497421°E / -33.940728; 18.497421 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/007 - 1 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001/008 19 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′27″S 18°29′49″E / 33.940715°S 18.496993°E / -33.940715; 18.496993 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/008 - 19 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001/009 7 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′31″S 18°29′48″E / 33.941814°S 18.496590°E / -33.941814; 18.496590 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/009 - 7 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/010 11 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′29″S 18°29′48″E / 33.941295°S 18.496577°E / -33.941295; 18.496577 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/010 - 11 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town) 9/2/031/0001/011 15 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′28″S 18°29′48″E / 33.940984°S 18.496803°E / -33.940984; 18.496803 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/011 - 15 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/012 5 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′20″S 18°29′29″E / 33.938935°S 18.491388°E / -33.938935; 18.491388 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/012 - 5 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/013 2 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′32″S 18°29′52″E / 33.942225°S 18.497722°E / -33.942225; 18.497722 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/013 - 2 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/014 10 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House. Historical and architectural interest The Pinelands Garden City originated with Richard Stuttaford, who actively promoted this new concept. The town planner and architect Albert J. Thompson drew up the plans in 1919. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′18″S 18°29′34″E / 33.938389°S 18.492764°E / -33.938389; 18.492764 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/014 - 10 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0001/016 14 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′27″S 18°29′52″E / 33.940926°S 18.497766°E / -33.940926; 18.497766 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/016 - 14 Meadway, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/017 9 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town Type of site: House This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′29″S 18°29′48″E / 33.941511°S 18.496577°E / -33.941511; 18.496577 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/017 - 9 The Mead, Pinelands, Cape Town) Type of site: House This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/018 8 The Mead, Pinelands Type of site: House This is one of the oldest garden cities in South Africa. Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′29″S 18°29′52″E / 33.941521°S 18.497857°E / -33.941521; 18.497857 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/018 - 8 The Mead, Pinelands) Type of site: House This is one of the oldest garden cities in South Africa. 9/2/031/0001/019 The Mead Open Space and Meadway Road Reserve, Pinelands This is one of the oldest garden cities in South Africa Cape Town, Pinelands Goodwood Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′30″S 18°29′51″E / 33.941691°S 18.497382°E / -33.941691; 18.497382 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/019 - The Mead Open Space and Meadway Road Reserve, Pinelands) This is one of the oldest garden cities in South Africa 9/2/031/0001/15 No 6, Meadway, Pinelands, Goodwood District Goodwood Goodwood 33°56′30″S 18°29′52″E / 33.941742°S 18.497889°E / -33.941742; 18.497889 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0001/15 - No 6, Meadway, Pinelands, Goodwood District) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0002 Maitland Cemetery, Voortrekker Road, Maitland Maitland Goodwood 33°55′06″S 18°31′18″E / 33.918401°S 18.521764°E / -33.918401; 18.521764 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0002 - Maitland Cemetery, Voortrekker Road, Maitland) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0003 Alexandra Hospital, Maitland Maitland Goodwood 33°55′45″S 18°29′08″E / 33.929086°S 18.485553°E / -33.929086; 18.485553 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0003 - Alexandra Hospital, Maitland) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0003/1 De Nieuwe Molen, Alexandra Hospital, Maitland Maitland Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0004 GOODWOOD MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Goodwood Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0005 MAITLAND, GOODWOOD DISTRICT, GENERAL Maitland Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0006 Woltemade Cricket Field, Pinelands Pinelands Goodwood 33°55′19″S 18°30′30″E / 33.921989°S 18.508309°E / -33.921989; 18.508309 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0006 - Woltemade Cricket Field, Pinelands) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0007 Milestone IV, Voortrekker Road, Maitland Maitland Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0008 GOODWOOD MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Goodwood Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0009 PINELANDS LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Pinelands Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0010 NDABENI LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Ndabeni Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0011 100 Caledon Street, Goodwood Goodwood Goodwood Register 33°54′28″S 18°32′31″E / 33.907639°S 18.541952°E / -33.907639; 18.541952 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0011 - 100 Caledon Street, Goodwood) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0012 61 Fitzroy Street, Goodwood, Cape Town Cape Town, Goodwood Goodwood Register 33°54′33″S 18°32′43″E / 33.909217°S 18.545208°E / -33.909217; 18.545208 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0012 - 61 Fitzroy Street, Goodwood, Cape Town) 9/2/031/0013 65 Fitzroy Street, Goodwood, Cape Town Cape Town, Goodwood Goodwood Register 33°54′32″S 18°32′43″E / 33.908940°S 18.545147°E / -33.908940; 18.545147 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0013 - 65 Fitzroy Street, Goodwood, Cape Town) 9/2/031/0014 39 Goodwood Street, Goodwood, Cape Town Cape Town, Goodwood Goodwood Register 33°54′38″S 18°32′53″E / 33.910431°S 18.548037°E / -33.910431; 18.548037 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0014 - 39 Goodwood Street, Goodwood, Cape Town) 9/2/031/0015 41 Goodwood Street, Goodwood, Cape Town Cape Town, Goodwood Goodwood Register 33°54′37″S 18°32′53″E / 33.910278°S 18.547992°E / -33.910278; 18.547992 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0015 - 41 Goodwood Street, Goodwood, Cape Town) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0016 43 Church Street, Goodwood Goodwood Goodwood Register 33°54′34″S 18°32′58″E / 33.909331°S 18.549431°E / -33.909331; 18.549431 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0016 - 43 Church Street, Goodwood) Upload Photo 9/2/031/0017 WINGFIELD LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Goodwood Goodwood Upload Photo 9/2/031/0018 Goodwood Museum, cnr Church and Merriman Streets, Goodwood Goodwood Goodwood 33°54′34″S 18°32′58″E / 33.909331°S 18.549431°E / -33.909331; 18.549431 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/031/0018 - Goodwood Museum, cnr Church and Merriman Streets, Goodwood) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0001 Doornboom, cnr Fourie & Rall Streets, Heidelberg Heidelberg Heidelberg 34°05′17″S 20°57′38″E / 34.088124°S 20.960460°E / -34.088124; 20.960460 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0001 - Doornboom, cnr Fourie & Rall Streets, Heidelberg) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0002 HEIDELBERG MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Heidelberg Heidelberg Upload Photo 9/2/039/0003 Vermaaklikheid, Heidelberg District Heidelberg Heidelberg 34°18′10″S 21°01′35″E / 34.302800°S 21.026499°E / -34.302800; 21.026499 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0003 - Vermaaklikheid, Heidelberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0004 Barry Church, Port Beaufort This church was built by the Barry family in 1849 as an interdenominational chapel for the inhabitants of Port Beaufort. Port Beaufort lies at the mouth of the Breede River. Here the little Barry church stands as a memorial to the busy industry that once flourished there. Type of site: Church Current use: Church. Port Beaufort Heidelberg Provincial Heritage Site 34°08′40″S 20°51′32″E / 34.144491°S 20.858864°E / -34.144491; 20.858864 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0004 - Barry Church, Port Beaufort) This church was built by the Barry family in 1849 as an interdenominational chapel for the inhabitants of Port Beaufort. Port Beaufort lies at the mouth of the Breede River. Here the little Barry church stands as a memorial to the busy industry that once flourished there. Type of site: Church Current use: Church. 9/2/039/0005 Benjamin Moodie Memorial, Barracouta Street, Witsand Type of site: Memorial. Benjamin Moodie, his brothers and their descendants have from 1817 contributed to the development of Southern Africa. At his own initiative Moodie brought to the Cape the first large group of settlers from the British Isles. Witsand Heidelberg Register 34°23′43″S 20°50′38″E / 34.395278°S 20.843786°E / -34.395278; 20.843786 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0005 - Benjamin Moodie Memorial, Barracouta Street, Witsand) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0006 Slangrivier, Meerlust, Heidelberg District Heidelberg Heidelberg 34°08′15″S 20°51′43″E / 34.137389°S 20.861947°E / -34.137389; 20.861947 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0006 - Slangrivier, Meerlust, Heidelberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0007 Dutch Reformed Church, Church Square, Heidelberg The corner stone of this impressive cruciform church was laid on 13 February 1913 and the building was officially inaugurated on 7 March 1914. It is the third church building to be erected on this site since the founding of the Dutch Reformed Congregation Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Heidelberg Heidelberg Provincial Heritage Site 34°06′07″S 20°57′58″E / 34.101940°S 20.966107°E / -34.101940; 20.966107 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0007 - Dutch Reformed Church, Church Square, Heidelberg) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0008 Krombeksrivier Homestead, Heidelberg District This farmhouse, built predominantly in the Cape Dutch style, was erected in about 1740—1744. The Krombeksrivier homestead is not only one of the oldest farmhouses in the vicinity but also one of the earliest outspans on the road to the eastern frontier. Heidelberg Provincial Heritage Site 34°05′04″S 20°56′55″E / 34.084574°S 20.948696°E / -34.084574; 20.948696 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0008 - Krombeksrivier Homestead, Heidelberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0009 Southey's Arms, Glamorgan, Heidelberg District Heidelberg Provincial Heritage Site 34°05′06″S 20°58′27″E / 34.085010°S 20.974274°E / -34.085010; 20.974274 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/039/0009 - Southey's Arms, Glamorgan, Heidelberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/039/0010 HEIDELBERG MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Heidelberg Heidelberg Upload Photo 9/2/039/0011 Groot Vaders Bosch, Heidelberg District Heidelberg Heidelberg Upload Photo 9/2/039/0012 Westfield, Heidelberg District Heidelberg Heidelberg Upload Photo 9/2/039/0013 WITSAND MUNICIPAL AREA, HEIDELBERG DISTRICT, GENERAL Witsand Heidelberg Upload Photo 9/2/040/0001 HERMANUS MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Hermanus Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0002 Proposed "HMS Birkenhead" memorial, Danger Point, Hermanus District Danger Point Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0003 Die Kelders Caves, Klipgat, Hermanus District Hermanus Hermanus Pending Declaration Upload Photo 9/2/040/0004 Stanford House, 20 Queen Victoria Street, Hermanus Hermanus Hermanus 34°26′21″S 19°27′20″E / 34.439289°S 19.455627°E / -34.439289; 19.455627 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0004 - Stanford House, 20 Queen Victoria Street, Hermanus) Upload Photo 9/2/040/0005 STANFORD MUNICIPAL AREA, HERMANUS DISTRICT, GENERAL Stanford Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0006 Burgundy Restaurant, Hermanus Type of site: Restaurant These two fishermen's cottages in the vernacular style date from the nineteenth century and are among the earliest buildings erected in Hermanus. Hermanus Hermanus Provincial Heritage Site 34°25′15″S 19°14′35″E / 34.420789°S 19.242975°E / -34.420789; 19.242975 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0006 - Burgundy Restaurant, Hermanus) Type of site: Restaurant These two fishermen's cottages in the vernacular style date from the nineteenth century and are among the earliest buildings erected in Hermanus. 9/2/040/0007 4 De Villiers Street, Onrus River The building is said to be the first in Onrus River. It is a good example of its type – being a simple long stone dwelling. Together with the properties located at 6 & 8 De Villiers Street it forms the core of the old properties in Onrusrivier. Onrus River Hermanus Register 34°24′53″S 19°10′24″E / 34.414728°S 19.173222°E / -34.414728; 19.173222 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0007 - 4 De Villiers Street, Onrus River) Upload Photo 9/2/040/0008 6 De Villiers Street, Onrus River The building is a late Victorian seaside house, twinned with its neighbour, 8 de Villiers Street (which is currently being investigated with a view to a possible recommendation that it be declared). Together with the properties located at 4 & 8 De Villiers Street it forms the core of the old properties in Onrusrivier. Onrus River Hermanus Register 34°24′52″S 19°10′23″E / 34.414480°S 19.173047°E / -34.414480; 19.173047 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0008 - 6 De Villiers Street, Onrus River) Upload Photo 9/2/040/0009 8 De Villiers Street, Onrus River The house is an excellent example of a late 19th / early 20th century purpose built holiday house – one of only a few along this coast. The house is largely in its original condition. One of the owners, Mr C Joel Krige, was a well-known local politician. Together with the properties located at 4 & 6 De Villiers Street it forms the core of the old properties in Onrusrivier. Onrus River Hermanus Register 34°24′53″S 19°10′22″E / 34.414593°S 19.172753°E / -34.414593; 19.172753 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0009 - 8 De Villiers Street, Onrus River) Upload Photo 9/2/040/0010 Windheuwel Farm, Hermanus District Hermanus Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0011 Linkerhandsgat Farm, Hermanus District Hermanus Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0012 Old Harbour, Hermanus Type of site: Harbour Hermanus Hermanus Provincial Heritage Site 34°25′14″S 19°14′38″E / 34.420426°S 19.244026°E / -34.420426; 19.244026 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0012 - Old Harbour, Hermanus) Type of site: Harbour Media related to Old Harbour, Hermanus at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/040/0013 HERMANUS MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Hermanus Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0014 Danger Point Lighthouse, Hermanus District Danger Point Hermanus 34°37′49″S 19°18′09″E / 34.630163°S 19.302423°E / -34.630163; 19.302423 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0014 - Danger Point Lighthouse, Hermanus District) Upload Photo 9/2/040/0014/1 Birkenhead Memorial Tablet, Danger Point, Hermanus District Danger Point Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0015 De Kelders Cave & Mineral Spring, Gansbaai, Hermanus District Gansbaai Hermanus National Monument 34°33′21″S 19°21′51″E / 34.555699°S 19.364238°E / -34.555699; 19.364238 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0015 - De Kelders Cave & Mineral Spring, Gansbaai, Hermanus District) Upload Photo 9/2/040/0016 Conservation Area, Stanford, Hermanus District Stanford Hermanus Conservation area Upload Photo 9/2/040/0017 Proposed Birkenhead Memorial Tablet, Hawston, Hermanus District Hawston Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0018 ONRUSRIVIER LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Onrusrivier Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0019 Old Whaling Station, Stony Point, Betty's Bay, Hermanus District Betty's Bay Hermanus 34°22′17″S 18°53′35″E / 34.371434°S 18.893007°E / -34.371434; 18.893007 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/040/0019 - Old Whaling Station, Stony Point, Betty's Bay, Hermanus District) Upload Photo 9/2/040/0020 Godfrey cottages, Erven 822, 6190 & 6191, Hermanus Hermanus Hermanus Pending Declaration Upload Photo 9/2/040/0021 GANSBAAI MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Gansbaai Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0022 Site of Leper Colony, Hemel-en-aarde, Hermanus District Hemel-en-aarde Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/040/0023 HAWSTON LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Hawston Hermanus Upload Photo 9/2/042/0001 Geelbek, Hopefield District Geelbek Hopefield 33°11′43″S 18°07′24″E / 33.195336°S 18.123284°E / -33.195336; 18.123284 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0001 - Geelbek, Hopefield District) 9/2/042/0001/001 Farmstead, Geelbek 360, Hopefield District Type of site: Farm Complex Hopefield Provincial Heritage Site 33°11′45″S 18°07′30″E / 33.195833°S 18.125000°E / -33.195833; 18.125000 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0001/001 - Farmstead, Geelbek 360, Hopefield District) Type of site: Farm Complex 9/2/042/0001/002 VOC Beacon, Geelbek 360, Hopefield District About 500 m north-east of the farmhouse and not far from the shore of the la goon there stands in the grassy veld about 35 steps from a row of gumtrees, a beacon of blue-black Malmesbury shale with the inscription G \VOC (Geoktrooieerde Verenigde Oos-Indi This black slate stone beacon with the inscription G VOC chiselled thereon was presumably erected in 1785 by Governor Cornelis Jacobus van der Graaff to indicate the western boundary of the Cape District. The farm Geelbek, earlier called Geelbekefontein, Type of site: Beacon Hopefield Provincial Heritage Site 33°11′45″S 18°07′30″E / 33.195833°S 18.125000°E / -33.195833; 18.125000 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0001/002 - VOC Beacon, Geelbek 360, Hopefield District) About 500 m north-east of the farmhouse and not far from the shore of the la goon there stands in the grassy veld about 35 steps from a row of gumtrees, a beacon of blue-black Malmesbury shale with the inscription G \VOC (Geoktrooieerde Verenigde Oos-Indi This black slate stone beacon with the inscription G VOC chiselled thereon was presumably erected in 1785 by Governor Cornelis Jacobus van der Graaff to indicate the western boundary of the Cape District. The farm Geelbek, earlier called Geelbekefontein, Type of site: Beacon 9/2/042/0001/1 Farmstead, Geelbek, Hopefield District Geelbek Hopefield National Monument 33°11′40″S 18°07′31″E / 33.194336°S 18.125258°E / -33.194336; 18.125258 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0001/1 - Farmstead, Geelbek, Hopefield District) Upload Photo 9/2/042/0001/2 VOC Beacon, Geelbek, Hopefield District Geelbek Hopefield National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/042/0002 Bottelary, West Coast National Park, Langebaan, Hopefield District Langebaan Hopefield 33°08′00″S 18°06′00″E / 33.133218°S 18.100087°E / -33.133218; 18.100087 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0002 - Bottelary, West Coast National Park, Langebaan, Hopefield District) Upload Photo 9/2/042/0003 LANGEBAAN MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Langebaan Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/042/0004 HOPEFIELD MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Hopefield Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/042/0005 Old Whaling Station, Salamander Bay, Hopefield District Salamander Bay Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/042/0005/1 Cemetery, Old Whaling Station, Salamander Bay, Hopefield District Salamander Bay Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/042/0007 Meeuwenklip, Egret Street, Langebaan, Hopefield District Langebaan Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/042/0008 Dutch Reformed Church, Oostewal Street, Langebaan This church with its Neo-Gothic features was donated to the parish of Hopefield in 1872 as a chapel of ease by a member of the congregation, Mr Willem van der Byl. The church building was taken into use on 1 April 1872. The yellowwood pulpit inside the church Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church hall. Langebaan Hopefield Provincial Heritage Site 33°05′51″S 18°01′51″E / 33.097551°S 18.030945°E / -33.097551; 18.030945 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0008 - Dutch Reformed Church, Oostewal Street, Langebaan) Upload Photo 9/2/042/0010 Oosterwal, Hopefield District The Oesterwal complex is a typical West Coast farm complex in simple vernacular style architecture with straight end gables and parapets. It consists of a large quadrangled structure which was originally an H-shaped house altered to serve as Residency Type of site: Farmhouse The farm Oostewal, which borders on the Langebaan Lagoon, with its springs of fresh water was a favourite port of call of ships and vessels from all over the world during the 17th and 18th centuries as this was the only source of fresh water in the area. Hopefield Provincial Heritage Site 33°07′10″S 18°03′15″E / 33.119444°S 18.054166°E / -33.119444; 18.054166 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0010 - Oosterwal, Hopefield District) Upload Photo 9/2/042/0011 HOPEFIELD MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Hopefield Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/042/0011/1 Coastal archaeology, Hopefield District Hopefield Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/042/0012 Langrietvlei, Hopefield District Hopefield Hopefield National Monument 32°52′23″S 18°13′28″E / 32.873183°S 18.224445°E / -32.873183; 18.224445 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0012 - Langrietvlei, Hopefield District) 9/2/042/0012-001 Homestead, Langrietvlei 72, Hopefield District Granted in 1715 to Hendrik Oostwald Eksteen. When Lichtenstein and Holman stopped at the farm it belonged to Jacob Laubscher. It has been in the Kotze family since 1834. This T-shaped Cape Dutch house, with its impressive concavo-convex gables, was probably erected in 1789. At that time the property belonged to Jacob Laubscher who, according to Lichtenstein, was one of the most prosperous colonists in the country. Type of site: House Current use: Dwelling. Hopefield Provincial Heritage Site 32°53′20″S 18°16′15″E / 32.888888°S 18.270833°E / -32.888888; 18.270833 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0012-001 - Homestead, Langrietvlei 72, Hopefield District) Granted in 1715 to Hendrik Oostwald Eksteen. When Lichtenstein and Holman stopped at the farm it belonged to Jacob Laubscher. It has been in the Kotze family since 1834. This T-shaped Cape Dutch house, with its impressive concavo-convex gables, was probably erected in 1789. At that time the property belonged to Jacob Laubscher who, according to Lichtenstein, was one of the most prosperous colonists in the country. Type of site: House Current use: Dwelling. 9/2/042/0013 Oude Post Fortification, Langebaan Lagoon, Hopefield District Hopefield Hopefield Pending Declaration Upload Photo 9/2/042/0014 Langebaanweg quarry fossil site, Hopefield District Hopefield Provincial Heritage Site 32°57′54″S 18°06′51″E / 32.964963°S 18.114138°E / -32.964963; 18.114138 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0014 - Langebaanweg quarry fossil site, Hopefield District) 9/2/042/0015 Oude Post 11, Hopefield District Hopefield Hopefield Pending Declaration Upload Photo 9/2/042/0016 Elandsfontein Farm, Hopefield District Hopefield Hopefield 33°05′39″S 18°12′08″E / 33.094291°S 18.202092°E / -33.094291; 18.202092 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/042/0016 - Elandsfontein Farm, Hopefield District) Upload Photo 9/2/042/0017 Fossilised Footprints, Langebaan Lagoon Langebaan Hopefield Upload Photo 9/2/054/0001 KUILS RIVER MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Kuils River Kuils River Upload Photo 9/2/054/0002 Saxenbug, Kuils River District Kuils River Kuils River 33°56′48″S 18°43′08″E / 33.946733°S 18.718783°E / -33.946733; 18.718783 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/054/0002 - Saxenbug, Kuils River District) Upload Photo 9/2/054/0003 Hazendal, Bottelary Road, Kuils River District Kuils River Provincial Heritage Site 33°54′10″S 18°42′12″E / 33.902905°S 18.703420°E / -33.902905; 18.703420 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/054/0003 - Hazendal, Bottelary Road, Kuils River District) 9/2/054/0004 Zevenfontein, Kuils River District Type of site: Farmstead This fine Old-Cape house with its attractive front gable and garden wall was built about 1800. Kuils River Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′19″S 18°42′28″E / 33.938646°S 18.707646°E / -33.938646; 18.707646 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/054/0004 - Zevenfontein, Kuils River District) Upload Photo 9/2/054/0005 Milestone XV, Kuils River Municipality, Kuils River This elongated sandstone milestone, with the Roman numerals XV thereon, presumably dates from the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century and was previously situated on the road between Bellville and Kuils River. Type of site: Milestone Kuils River Kuils River Provincial Heritage Site 33°55′36″S 18°40′48″E / 33.926594°S 18.680052°E / -33.926594; 18.680052 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/054/0005 - Milestone XV, Kuils River Municipality, Kuils River) This elongated sandstone milestone, with the Roman numerals XV thereon, presumably dates from the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century and was previously situated on the road between Bellville and Kuils River. Type of site: Milestone 9/2/054/0006 Leeuwenhof, 6 Bosman Street, Kuils River Kuils River Kuils River 33°55′16″S 18°40′39″E / 33.921108°S 18.677412°E / -33.921108; 18.677412 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/054/0006 - Leeuwenhof, 6 Bosman Street, Kuils River) Upload Photo 9/2/054/0007 KUILS RIVER MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Kuils River Kuils River Upload Photo 9/2/054/0008 BRACKENFELL LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Brackenfell Kuils River Upload Photo 9/2/054/0009 KRAAIFONTEIN LOCAL AREA Kraaifontein Kuils River Upload Photo 9/2/054/0010 Mooiplaas, Kuils River District Type of site: Farm Complex Kuils River Provincial Heritage Site 33°56′34″S 18°41′37″E / 33.942915°S 18.693581°E / -33.942915; 18.693581 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/054/0010 - Mooiplaas, Kuils River District) Type of site: Farm Complex 9/2/056/0001 Olyve River, Van Wyksdorp, Ladismith District Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0002 76 Albert Street, Ladismith Van Wyksdorp Ladismith 33°29′34″S 21°16′09″E / 33.492827°S 21.269296°E / -33.492827; 21.269296 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0002 - 76 Albert Street, Ladismith) Upload Photo 9/2/056/0003 LADISMITH MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0004 Old Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Ladismith This church was consecrated on 30 May 1874. It was designed and built in the neo-Gothic style by the well-known architect Carl Otto Hager. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Vacant. Ladismith Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′36″S 21°15′56″E / 33.493351°S 21.265423°E / -33.493351; 21.265423 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0004 - Old Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Ladismith) This church was consecrated on 30 May 1874. It was designed and built in the neo-Gothic style by the well-known architect Carl Otto Hager. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Vacant. 9/2/056/0005 Anglican Church, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0005/1 Grave in churchyard of Anglican Church, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0007 Van Wyksdorp Military Graves, Van Wyksdorp Van Wyksdorp Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0008 Town Cemetery, Van Wyksdorp, Ladismith Van Wyksdorp Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0009 Amalienstein Mission Complex, Ladismith District Type of site: Mission Station Amalienstein Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′00″S 21°28′00″E / 33.483333°S 21.466667°E / -33.483333; 21.466667 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0009 - Amalienstein Mission Complex, Ladismith District) Type of site: Mission Station 9/2/056/0009/001 Church, Amalienstein Mission Complex, Ladismith District Type of site: Church Amalienstein Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′00″S 21°28′00″E / 33.483333°S 21.466667°E / -33.483333; 21.466667 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0009/001 - Church, Amalienstein Mission Complex, Ladismith District) Type of site: Church 9/2/056/0009/1 Lutheran Church Building, Amalienstein, Ladismith District Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0009/2 Cemetery, Amalienstein Mission Complex, Ladismith District Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0010 Lutheran Church complex, Church Street, Ladismith Type of site: Church Complex Ladismith Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′07″S 21°15′56″E / 33.485334°S 21.265423°E / -33.485334; 21.265423 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0010 - Lutheran Church complex, Church Street, Ladismith) Type of site: Church Complex 9/2/056/0010/1 Lutheran Church, Church Street, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/056/0010/2 Old Lutheran Church Parsonage, Church Street, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/056/0010/3 Lutheran Church Hall, Church Street, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/056/0010/4 Lutheran Church Offices, Church Street, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/056/0011 Old Wesleyan Church, Becker Street, Ladismith Type of site: Church. Current use: Church. Ladismith Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′35″S 21°15′52″E / 33.493181°S 21.264369°E / -33.493181; 21.264369 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0011 - Old Wesleyan Church, Becker Street, Ladismith) Type of site: Church. Current use: Church. 9/2/056/0012 Fossil site, Besemfontein, Ladismith District Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0013 Oakdene, 50 Church Street, Ladismith This stately double-storeyed house was erect by the immigrant Heinrich Wilhelm Becker in 1876. He was Mayor of Ladismith for an unbroken period of 32 years. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. This stately double-storeyed house was erect by the immigrant Heinrich Wilhelm Becker in 1876. He was Mayor of Ladismith for an unbroken period of 32 years. Ladismith Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′35″S 21°15′56″E / 33.493154°S 21.265498°E / -33.493154; 21.265498 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0013 - Oakdene, 50 Church Street, Ladismith) This stately double-storeyed house was erect by the immigrant Heinrich Wilhelm Becker in 1876. He was Mayor of Ladismith for an unbroken period of 32 years. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. This stately double-storeyed house was erect by the immigrant Heinrich Wilhelm Becker in 1876. He was Mayor of Ladismith for an unbroken period of 32 years. 9/2/056/0014 58 Church Street, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′48″S 21°15′52″E / 33.4966722222°S 21.2645444444°E / -33.4966722222; 21.2645444444 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0014 - 58 Church Street, Ladismith) 9/2/056/0015 19 Queen Street, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′37″S 21°16′02″E / 33.493678°S 21.267248°E / -33.493678; 21.267248 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0015 - 19 Queen Street, Ladismith) Upload Photo 9/2/056/0016 Birthplace of C J Langenhoven, Hoeko, Ladismith District Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0017 Seweweekspoort, Ladismith District Ladismith Ladismith 33°24′01″S 21°24′00″E / 33.400246°S 21.400005°E / -33.400246; 21.400005 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0017 - Seweweekspoort, Ladismith District) Upload Photo 9/2/056/0018 Albert Manor, 44 Albert Street, Ladismith Type of site: Residence. Previous use: Residence. Current use: Guest House. Ladismith Ladismith Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′38″S 21°16′09″E / 33.493825°S 21.269107°E / -33.493825; 21.269107 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/056/0018 - Albert Manor, 44 Albert Street, Ladismith) Type of site: Residence. Previous use: Residence. Current use: Guest House. 9/2/056/0019 Hoffland House, Church Street, Ladismith Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0020 LADISMITH MAGISTERIAL GENERAL Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0021 ZOAR LOCAL AREA Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/056/0022 Military Graves, Van Zylsdam Farm, Ladismith District Ladismith Ladismith Upload Photo 9/2/058/0001 Matjiesfontein Village, Laingsburg District Victorian village developed as health resort by James Logan in the 1880s. Used as military base and hospital by British forces in Anglo-Boer War. Entire village bought in 1965 by David Rawdon and redeveloped. Type of site: Village Turn off from N1. Village is 1 km from turn-off. The historic Matjiesfontein Village was built between 1895 and 1907 by Mr J. Logan. It was developed as a spa and as such it became the meeting place of historical figures like Cecil Rhodes and Olive Schreiner. Matjiesfontein Laingsburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′51″S 20°34′57″E / 33.230735°S 20.582626°E / -33.230735; 20.582626 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/058/0001 - Matjiesfontein Village, Laingsburg District) Victorian village developed as health resort by James Logan in the 1880s. Used as military base and hospital by British forces in Anglo-Boer War. Entire village bought in 1965 by David Rawdon and redeveloped. Type of site: Village Turn off from N1. Village is 1 km from turn-off. The historic Matjiesfontein Village was built between 1895 and 1907 by Mr J. Logan. It was developed as a spa and as such it became the meeting place of historical figures like Cecil Rhodes and Olive Schreiner. Media related to Matjiesfontein at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/058/0002 Railway Station building, Matjiesfontein, Laingsburg District Type of site: Railway Station Current use: Railway station. Matjiesfontein Laingsburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′53″S 20°34′57″E / 33.231358°S 20.582494°E / -33.231358; 20.582494 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/058/0002 - Railway Station building, Matjiesfontein, Laingsburg District) Type of site: Railway Station Current use: Railway station. Media related to Matjiesfontein station at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/058/0003 Dutch Reformed Church, Voortrekker Street, Laingsburg Stone church with plaster decoration and corrugated iron roof. Square tower with squat spire. First church building consecrated 1881. Congregation established 6 December 1882. Second building designed by W H Ford, consecrated 20 April 1905. Damaged by flood waters in 1981. Restored by Gabriel Fagan. Commemorative plaque unveiled 5 Dec 1982. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Laingsburg Laingsburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°11′42″S 20°51′06″E / 33.195117°S 20.851648°E / -33.195117; 20.851648 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/058/0003 - Dutch Reformed Church, Voortrekker Street, Laingsburg) Stone church with plaster decoration and corrugated iron roof. Square tower with squat spire. First church building consecrated 1881. Congregation established 6 December 1882. Second building designed by W H Ford, consecrated 20 April 1905. Damaged by flood waters in 1981. Restored by Gabriel Fagan. Commemorative plaque unveiled 5 Dec 1982. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. 9/2/058/0004 Matjiesfontein Cemetery, Pieter Meintjiesfontein, Laingsburg District A small cemetery containing the graves of, amongst others, Maj Gen A G Wauchope and James Logan. Type of site: Graveyard East of N1 and south of Koppie approx 10 kilometres south of Matjiesfontein. Laingsburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°14′00″S 20°35′16″E / 33.233351°S 20.587645°E / -33.233351; 20.587645 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/058/0004 - Matjiesfontein Cemetery, Pieter Meintjiesfontein, Laingsburg District) A small cemetery containing the graves of, amongst others, Maj Gen A G Wauchope and James Logan. Type of site: Graveyard East of N1 and south of Koppie approx 10 kilometres south of Matjiesfontein. Media related to Matjiesfontein cemetery at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/058/0005 Municipal Cemetery, Laingsburg Laingsburg Laingsburg Pending Declaration Upload Photo 9/2/058/0006 LAINGSBURG MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Laingsburg Laingsburg Upload Photo 9/2/058/0007 Anglo-Boer War blockhouse, Geelbek River, Laingsburg District This blockhouse stands some 14 km north of Laingsburg at a point where the national road and the railway line cross a tributary of the Buffalo River. It is one of the best preserved examples of the blockhouses built during the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902). This blockhouse belongs to the type that was erected to protect key positions and especially bridges. It is a double-storeyed stone building Type of site: Blockhouse Previous use: Fortification. A very fine example of the blockhouses erected during the Anglo-Boer War. Laingsburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°10′32″S 20°59′08″E / 33.175563°S 20.985507°E / -33.175563; 20.985507 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/058/0007 - Anglo-Boer War blockhouse, Geelbek River, Laingsburg District) This blockhouse stands some 14 km north of Laingsburg at a point where the national road and the railway line cross a tributary of the Buffalo River. It is one of the best preserved examples of the blockhouses built during the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902). This blockhouse belongs to the type that was erected to protect key positions and especially bridges. It is a double-storeyed stone building Type of site: Blockhouse Previous use: Fortification. A very fine example of the blockhouses erected during the Anglo-Boer War. 9/2/058/0008 Anysberg Nature Reserve, Laingsburg District Laingsburg Laingsburg National Monument 33°27′25″S 20°35′27″E / 33.456983°S 20.590875°E / -33.456983; 20.590875 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/058/0008 - Anysberg Nature Reserve, Laingsburg District) Upload Photo 9/2/058/0009 Lutheran Church Complex, Laingsburg Laingsburg Laingsburg Upload Photo 9/2/058/0010 LAINGSBURG MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Laingsburg Laingsburg Upload Photo 9/2/060/0001 MALMESBURY MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0002 Oude Kerk Museum, Main Street, Riebeeck-Kasteel Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Church. Current use: Museum. Riebeeck-Kasteel Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°23′00″S 18°53′25″E / 33.3833333333°S 18.8902777777°E / -33.3833333333; 18.8902777777 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0002 - Oude Kerk Museum, Main Street, Riebeeck-Kasteel) Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Church. Current use: Museum. 9/2/060/0003 Old Station Building, Arcadia Street, Darling Malmesbury District Darling Malmesbury 33°22′30″S 18°22′58″E / 33.375099°S 18.382824°E / -33.375099; 18.382824 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0003 - Old Station Building, Arcadia Street, Darling Malmesbury District) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0004 Mission station, Mamre The Mission Station was founded in 1808 by Moravian missionaries on the site occupied by the Dutch East India Company's military outpost, "'t Groenekloof", from 1701 to 1791. The old farm house (now the parsonage) was certainly built before 1770, and the original gable of the church building bears the date 1818, although later it was slightly altered. Type of site: Mission Station. The Mission Station which is an important place of interest because of both its history and its architectural beauty, was founded in 1808 by Moravian missionaries on the site occupied by the Dutch East India Company's military outpost, "'t Groenekloof". Mamre Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°30′45″S 18°28′25″E / 33.512377°S 18.473601°E / -33.512377; 18.473601 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0004 - Mission station, Mamre) The Mission Station was founded in 1808 by Moravian missionaries on the site occupied by the Dutch East India Company's military outpost, "'t Groenekloof", from 1701 to 1791. The old farm house (now the parsonage) was certainly built before 1770, and the original gable of the church building bears the date 1818, although later it was slightly altered. Type of site: Mission Station. The Mission Station which is an important place of interest because of both its history and its architectural beauty, was founded in 1808 by Moravian missionaries on the site occupied by the Dutch East India Company's military outpost, "'t Groenekloof". Media related to Mamre mission station at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/060/0004/001 Watermill, Mission station, Mamre This water-mill dates from about 1840 and is an important part of the existing historic building complex of the mission station at Mamre which was founded in 1808. Type of site: Water Mill Previous use: Mill. Mamre Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°30′45″S 18°28′25″E / 33.512377°S 18.473601°E / -33.512377; 18.473601 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0004/001 - Watermill, Mission station, Mamre) This water-mill dates from about 1840 and is an important part of the existing historic building complex of the mission station at Mamre which was founded in 1808. Type of site: Water Mill Previous use: Mill. Media related to Mamre Mill at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/060/0005 see 9/2/112/0007 Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0006 see 9/2/112/0010 Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0007 Peppertree House, 17 Station Road, Darling, Malmesbury District Darling Malmesbury 33°22′47″S 18°22′47″E / 33.379782°S 18.379610°E / -33.379782; 18.379610 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0007 - Peppertree House, 17 Station Road, Darling, Malmesbury District) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0008 20 Station Road, Darling, Malmesbury District Darling Malmesbury 33°22′47″S 18°22′47″E / 33.379826°S 18.379643°E / -33.379826; 18.379643 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0008 - 20 Station Road, Darling, Malmesbury District) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0009 Old Police Station, Darling, Malmesbury District Darling Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0010 Groote Post, Malmesbury District In this area Henning Huising had the right to graze his cattle for he was one of the few who had a meat contract with the Company. These contracts were valuable monopolies and considerable sums were paid for them. It became necessary to establish guards. In 1752 Groote Post was already one of the largest and most important farms in the vicinity of Malmesbury. The impressive homestead and outbuildings date from the early nineteenth century. From 1814 to 1827 it was the country house of Lord Charles Somerset. Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°26′50″S 18°24′15″E / 33.4472222222°S 18.4041666666°E / -33.4472222222; 18.4041666666 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0010 - Groote Post, Malmesbury District) In this area Henning Huising had the right to graze his cattle for he was one of the few who had a meat contract with the Company. These contracts were valuable monopolies and considerable sums were paid for them. It became necessary to establish guards. In 1752 Groote Post was already one of the largest and most important farms in the vicinity of Malmesbury. The impressive homestead and outbuildings date from the early nineteenth century. From 1814 to 1827 it was the country house of Lord Charles Somerset. 9/2/060/0011 Ganzekraal, Malmesbury District Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0012 Loedolf House, 6 Loedolf Street, Malmesbury Malmesbury Malmesbury 33°27′51″S 18°43′56″E / 33.464044°S 18.732100°E / -33.464044; 18.732100 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0012 - Loedolf House, 6 Loedolf Street, Malmesbury) 9/2/060/0013 Duinefontein, Malmesbury District Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0014 Lime kiln, De la Rey, Malmesbury District This lime kiln is one of two similar structures in the area and one of the few remaining examples of the open kiln type in South Africa. Type of site: Lime kiln Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°20′30″S 18°13′00″E / 33.3416666666°S 18.2166666666°E / -33.3416666666; 18.2166666666 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0014 - Lime kiln, De la Rey, Malmesbury District) This lime kiln is one of two similar structures in the area and one of the few remaining examples of the open kiln type in South Africa. Type of site: Lime kiln 9/2/060/0015 Lime kiln, Jacobus Kraal, Malmesbury District Type of site: Lime kiln This lime kiln is one of two similar structures in the area and one of the few remaining examples of the open kiln type in South Africa. Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°20′30″S 18°13′00″E / 33.3416666666°S 18.2166666666°E / -33.3416666666; 18.2166666666 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0015 - Lime kiln, Jacobus Kraal, Malmesbury District) Type of site: Lime kiln This lime kiln is one of two similar structures in the area and one of the few remaining examples of the open kiln type in South Africa. 9/2/060/0016 Malmesbury Museum, Prospect Street, Malmesbury Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Synagogue. Current use: Museum. With a flourishing Jewish community in Malmesbury, the old Synagogue, designed by architect B. Goldman, was built in 1911. After the Jewish community started to diminish, the building was transferred to the Municipality of Malmesbury in 1974. Malmesbury Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°27′58″S 18°43′47″E / 33.466226°S 18.729717°E / -33.466226; 18.729717 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0016 - Malmesbury Museum, Prospect Street, Malmesbury) Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Synagogue. Current use: Museum. With a flourishing Jewish community in Malmesbury, the old Synagogue, designed by architect B. Goldman, was built in 1911. After the Jewish community started to diminish, the building was transferred to the Municipality of Malmesbury in 1974. 9/2/060/0017 Birthplace of General Smuts, Ongegund, Malmesbury District Birthplace of General J. C. Smuts, Riebeek West About six kilometres due north of Riebeek West, along the road to Moorreesburg, there is a large cement factory. Right in this industrial development, at the edge of a deep quarry, stands a long, narrow house. Jan Christiaan Smuts was born in this house on 24 May 1870. Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°19′25″S 18°51′00″E / 33.3236111111°S 18.85°E / -33.3236111111; 18.85 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0017 - Birthplace of General Smuts, Ongegund, Malmesbury District) Birthplace of General J. C. Smuts, Riebeek West About six kilometres due north of Riebeek West, along the road to Moorreesburg, there is a large cement factory. Right in this industrial development, at the edge of a deep quarry, stands a long, narrow house. Jan Christiaan Smuts was born in this house on 24 May 1870. 9/2/060/0018 Old well, Lewis Stores, 11 Piet Retief Street, Malmesbury This well is one of three similar structures which was erected in 1751 for the use of communicants on the church square adjoining the original church at Malmesbury. Type of site: Well Previous use: Well. This well is one of three similar structures which was erected in 1751 for the use of communicants on the church square adjoining the original church at Malmesbury. Malmesbury Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°27′42″S 18°43′51″E / 33.461782°S 18.730807°E / -33.461782; 18.730807 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0018 - Old well, Lewis Stores, 11 Piet Retief Street, Malmesbury) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0019 Dutch Reformed Church, Kerk Street, Philadelphia Typical Neo-Gothic cruciform church with decorative corner buttresses. Square bell tower at entrance. This imposing church, the nave of which was consecrated in 1864, was enlarged in 1910 by the addition of two wings, the vestibule and the stately tower. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Fine example of ecclesiastical building providing an architectural landmark in the village. Historically and culturally significant in the village history. Philadelphia Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°40′00″S 18°35′00″E / 33.6666666666°S 18.5833333333°E / -33.6666666666; 18.5833333333 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0019 - Dutch Reformed Church, Kerk Street, Philadelphia) Typical Neo-Gothic cruciform church with decorative corner buttresses. Square bell tower at entrance. This imposing church, the nave of which was consecrated in 1864, was enlarged in 1910 by the addition of two wings, the vestibule and the stately tower. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Fine example of ecclesiastical building providing an architectural landmark in the village. Historically and culturally significant in the village history. 9/2/060/0020 New Apostolic Church, 42 Voortrekker Road, Malmesbury This Neo-Gothic Church, which was designed by Sophia Gray and consecrated in 1859 by Bishop Robert Gray, served the Anglican community until 1975 when a new church was consecrated in Wesbank, resulting in the property being sold to the New Apostolic Church. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : New Apostolic. Malmesbury Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°27′51″S 18°43′46″E / 33.464217°S 18.729335°E / -33.464217; 18.729335 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0020 - New Apostolic Church, 42 Voortrekker Road, Malmesbury) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0021 Swartland survey beacon, Klipvlei, Malmesbury District This pyramid-shaped sandstone beacon, with its mounted platinum pin, forms the western terminal point of Sir Thomas Maclear's Zwartland survey baseline, which was laid in 1840/41. It is closely associated with the development of surveying in South Africa. Type of site: Beacon. Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°16′10″S 18°22′35″E / 33.2694444444°S 18.3763888888°E / -33.2694444444; 18.3763888888 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0021 - Swartland survey beacon, Klipvlei, Malmesbury District) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0022 Bokkerivier, Bokbaai, Malmesbury District Type of site: Farm. The farm Bokke Rivier is world-renowned for the Bokbaaivygies, Nemesia and the wealth of other flowers and wild life that flourish there. The farm buildings of Buck Bay are of outstanding historical and aesthetic value. Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°34′25″S 18°19′30″E / 33.5736111111°S 18.325°E / -33.5736111111; 18.325 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0022 - Bokkerivier, Bokbaai, Malmesbury District) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0023 Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Malmesbury This neo-Gothic church building was officially opened on 30 September 1860. The tower, which was added in 1864, collapsed in 1877 and was rebuilt in 1880. The church is closely associated with the establishment of the Swartland congregation, as well as the founding of the town Malmesbury itself. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Malmesbury Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°27′47″S 18°43′48″E / 33.462974°S 18.730048°E / -33.462974; 18.730048 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0023 - Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Malmesbury) This neo-Gothic church building was officially opened on 30 September 1860. The tower, which was added in 1864, collapsed in 1877 and was rebuilt in 1880. The church is closely associated with the establishment of the Swartland congregation, as well as the founding of the town Malmesbury itself. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Media related to Dutch Reformed Church, Malmesbury at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/060/0024 14 Faure Street, Malmesbury This magnificent Victorian double-storeyed house was built at the turn of the century of material imported from abroad. Type of site: House Current use: Dwelling. Malmesbury Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°27′41″S 18°43′33″E / 33.461338°S 18.725915°E / -33.461338; 18.725915 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0024 - 14 Faure Street, Malmesbury) This magnificent Victorian double-storeyed house was built at the turn of the century of material imported from abroad. Type of site: House Current use: Dwelling. 9/2/060/0025 C P Hildebran Grave, Stryderfontin, Malmesbury District Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0026 Springfontein, Malmesbury District Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0027 Klipheuwel Pinkster Tabernakel, San Remo Road, Klipheuwel, Malmesbury Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0028 MALMESBURY MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0029 Klawervallei, Malmesbury District Malmesbury Provincial Heritage Site 33°26′56″S 18°43′18″E / 33.448756°S 18.721733°E / -33.448756; 18.721733 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0029 - Klawervallei, Malmesbury District) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0030 PHILADELPHIA LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0031 Rondeberg Farm, Malmesbury District Malmesbury Malmesbury 33°25′07″S 18°17′58″E / 33.418688°S 18.299575°E / -33.418688; 18.299575 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0031 - Rondeberg Farm, Malmesbury District) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0032 Loedolf Stree Precinct, Malmesbury Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0033 Goedgedacht, Ptn 1 of Farm 1064, Malmesbury District Malmesbury Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0034 RIEBEECK WEST LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Riebeeck West Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0035 Trafalgar House Precinct, Block Bounded by Church, Rainier, Loedolf & Riebeeck Streets, Malmesbury Malmesbury Malmesbury 33°27′49″S 18°43′54″E / 33.463649°S 18.731591°E / -33.463649; 18.731591 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/060/0035 - Trafalgar House Precinct, Block Bounded by Church, Rainier, Loedolf & Riebeeck Streets, Malmesbury) Upload Photo 9/2/060/0036 BOTTERBERG LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Botterberg Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0037 KALBASKRAAL LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Kalbaskraal Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0038 DARLING LOCAL AREA GENERAL Darling Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0039 RIEBEECK KASTEEL LOCAL AREA, GENERAL, Malmesbury District Riebeeck Kasteel Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/060/0040 PELLA LOCAL AREA GENERAL, Malmesbury District Pella Malmesbury Upload Photo 9/2/065/0001 MURRAYSBURG MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Murraysburg Murraysburg Upload Photo 9/2/065/0002 MURRAYSBURG MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Murraysburg Murraysburg Upload Photo 9/2/065/0003 Victorian Cottage, 33 Darling Street, Murraysburg Murraysburg Murraysburg 31°57′40″S 23°45′40″E / 31.961013°S 23.761009°E / -31.961013; 23.761009 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/065/0003 - Victorian Cottage, 33 Darling Street, Murraysburg) Upload Photo 9/2/065/0004 Old Powder Magazine, Murraysburg This powder magazine was erected in 1878 on land which was granted to the Municipality by the local church council in 1859. The powder magazine is a simple, rectangular structure with two gables on both sides and a solid copper door in front. Murraysburg Murraysburg Provincial Heritage Site 31°57′34″S 23°46′04″E / 31.959556°S 23.767886°E / -31.959556; 23.767886 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/065/0004 - Old Powder Magazine, Murraysburg) Upload Photo 9/2/065/0005 Military Graves, Vleiplaats Murraysburg Murraysburg Upload Photo 9/2/065/0007 Military Graves, Stellenboschvlei, Murraysburg District Murraysburg Murraysburg Upload Photo 9/2/068/0001 Cango Caves, De Kombuis, Oudtshoorn District This famous attraction is situated in the Cango ward 29 kilometres north of Oudtshoorn. The entrance is in the face of a hill beside the Grobbelaar's River. The maze of caves with their beautiful stalactite formations are most impressive. It is generally accepted that the Caves were discovered in 1780 by a herdsman of a farmer called Van Zyl of Doornrivier (now Herold) while he was looking for lost cattle. Later, this man paid a second visit to the caves accompanied by a schoolmaster. Type of site: Karst cavern Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°23′32″S 22°12′52″E / 33.392290°S 22.214380°E / -33.392290; 22.214380 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0001 - Cango Caves, De Kombuis, Oudtshoorn District) This famous attraction is situated in the Cango ward 29 kilometres north of Oudtshoorn. The entrance is in the face of a hill beside the Grobbelaar's River. The maze of caves with their beautiful stalactite formations are most impressive. It is generally accepted that the Caves were discovered in 1780 by a herdsman of a farmer called Van Zyl of Doornrivier (now Herold) while he was looking for lost cattle. Later, this man paid a second visit to the caves accompanied by a schoolmaster. Type of site: Karst cavern Media related to Cango Caves at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/068/0002 Arbeidsgenot, 217 Jan van Riebeeck Road, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°35′10″S 22°11′41″E / 33.586120°S 22.194635°E / -33.586120; 22.194635 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0002 - Arbeidsgenot, 217 Jan van Riebeeck Road, Oudtshoorn) 9/2/068/0003 Rus-in-Urbe, Oudtshoorn Type of site: House Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°36′03″S 22°12′09″E / 33.600723°S 22.202635°E / -33.600723; 22.202635 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0003 - Rus-in-Urbe, Oudtshoorn) Type of site: House 9/2/068/0004 Old Drill Hall, Camp Street, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/068/0005 OUDTSHOORN MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/068/0006 Hazenjacht Farmstead, Oudtshoorn District Type of site: Farmstead Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°31′30″S 22°11′13″E / 33.525082°S 22.186890°E / -33.525082; 22.186890 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0006 - Hazenjacht Farmstead, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0007 CP Nel Museum, Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn This building, now a museum, dates from about 1909 and for some half a century served as a boys' school. Designed in part by Bullock and Vixseboxe, the well known architects, it reflects the former's copiousness and the latter's Transvaal Republic influence. Especially worthy of note is the facade, with its harmonious blending of styles. Type of site: Educational Previous use: School. Current use: Museum. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°35′31″S 22°12′07″E / 33.592069°S 22.201964°E / -33.592069; 22.201964 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0007 - CP Nel Museum, Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn) This building, now a museum, dates from about 1909 and for some half a century served as a boys' school. Designed in part by Bullock and Vixseboxe, the well known architects, it reflects the former's copiousness and the latter's Transvaal Republic influence. Especially worthy of note is the facade, with its harmonious blending of styles. Type of site: Educational Previous use: School. Current use: Museum. Media related to CP Nel Museum at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/068/0007/1 Memorial, C P Nel Museum, Baron van Reede Street, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn National Monument 33°35′32″S 22°12′07″E / 33.592167°S 22.201915°E / -33.592167; 22.201915 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0007/1 - Memorial, C P Nel Museum, Baron van Reede Street, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0008 Welgeluk Ostrich Palace, Oudtshoorn District Type of site: House Constructed during 1910, Welgeluk is regarded as one of the finest examples of the so-called "ostrich palaces" Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°33′55″S 22°11′03″E / 33.565285°S 22.184143°E / -33.565285; 22.184143 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0008 - Welgeluk Ostrich Palace, Oudtshoorn District) Type of site: House Constructed during 1910, Welgeluk is regarded as one of the finest examples of the so-called "ostrich palaces" 9/2/068/0009 Greylands Ostrich Palace, Oudtshoorn District Type of site: House Constructed during 1911, Greylands is regarded as one of the best examples of the so-called "ostrich palaces" Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°33′42″S 22°13′11″E / 33.561709°S 22.219849°E / -33.561709; 22.219849 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0009 - Greylands Ostrich Palace, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0010 Herrie's Stone, Meiringspoort, Oudtshoorn District C.J. Langenhoven (1873–1932), Afrikaans writer, champion of the Afrikaans language and author of the South African National Anthem, chiselled the name of the well-known elephant Herrie, from his book Sonde met die Bure, on this rock in July 1929. Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°32′49″S 22°15′20″E / 33.546975°S 22.255554°E / -33.546975; 22.255554 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0010 - Herrie's Stone, Meiringspoort, Oudtshoorn District) C.J. Langenhoven (1873–1932), Afrikaans writer, champion of the Afrikaans language and author of the South African National Anthem, chiselled the name of the well-known elephant Herrie, from his book Sonde met die Bure, on this rock in July 1929. 9/2/068/0011 Methodist Church Complex, 77 St. Saviour Street, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn National Monument 33°35′12″S 22°12′17″E / 33.586586°S 22.204671°E / -33.586586; 22.204671 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0011 - Methodist Church Complex, 77 St. Saviour Street, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0012 Magistrate's Residence, 77 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn 33°35′08″S 22°12′10″E / 33.585524°S 22.202697°E / -33.585524; 22.202697 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0012 - Magistrate's Residence, 77 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0013 Hartebeeshuisie, 6 Plein Street, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn 33°36′22″S 22°12′45″E / 33.606222°S 22.212425°E / -33.606222; 22.212425 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0013 - Hartebeeshuisie, 6 Plein Street, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0014 Montagu House, Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Upload Photo 9/2/068/0015 Gottland House, 72 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Old age home. Gottland House was built by Charles Bullock in 1902 in the opulent style prevailing during the ostrich feather boom. It is in the Victorian style with Art Nouveau elements. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°36′03″S 22°12′09″E / 33.600723°S 22.202635°E / -33.600723; 22.202635 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0015 - Gottland House, 72 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn) Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Old age home. Gottland House was built by Charles Bullock in 1902 in the opulent style prevailing during the ostrich feather boom. It is in the Victorian style with Art Nouveau elements. 9/2/068/0016 Dutch Reformed Church and Parsonage, Le Roux Street, De Rust This cruciform church with its neo-Gothic characteristics, was designed by the architect George Wallis of Oudtshoorn. The corner-stone was laid on 28 November 1900 by the Rev. J. A. Beyers and the building was officially inaugurated on 28 November 1902. The impressive pulpit designed by another local architect, J. E. Vixseboxse, and installed in 1911, is also noteworthy. The old hall, which was erected in 1904, was used as school from 1904 to 1913. At present it serves as church hall. Type of site: Church and Parsonage De Rust Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′25″S 22°32′10″E / 33.490393°S 22.536062°E / -33.490393; 22.536062 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0016 - Dutch Reformed Church and Parsonage, Le Roux Street, De Rust) This cruciform church with its neo-Gothic characteristics, was designed by the architect George Wallis of Oudtshoorn. The corner-stone was laid on 28 November 1900 by the Rev. J. A. Beyers and the building was officially inaugurated on 28 November 1902. The impressive pulpit designed by another local architect, J. E. Vixseboxse, and installed in 1911, is also noteworthy. The old hall, which was erected in 1904, was used as school from 1904 to 1913. At present it serves as church hall. Type of site: Church and Parsonage 9/2/068/0017 Watermill, Voelgesang, De Rust, Oudtshoorn District This double-storeyed water-mill with its enormous iron wheel dates from the 1890s. Type of site: Water Mill. Previous use: Mill. OudtshoornTh Provincial Heritage Site 33°31′38″S 22°17′29″E / 33.527086°S 22.291260°E / -33.527086; 22.291260 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0017 - Watermill, Voelgesang, De Rust, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0018 Dutch Reformed Church, Volmoed, Oudtshoorn District Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°34′12″S 22°13′21″E / 33.569862°S 22.222595°E / -33.569862; 22.222595 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0018 - Dutch Reformed Church, Volmoed, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0019 Oakdene, 99 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn Type of site: House. Current use: House. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°34′42″S 22°12′20″E / 33.578305°S 22.205440°E / -33.578305; 22.205440 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0019 - Oakdene, 99 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn) Type of site: House. Current use: House. 9/2/068/0020 146 High Street, Oudtshoorn This richly ornamented Victorian, house is one of the so-called "ostrich palaces" and was designed by the well known architect Charles Bullock. It was erected during 1909/10 for J. H. J. le Roux of the farm Baakenskraal at a stage when the ostrich feather industry was its peak. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°34′46″S 22°12′12″E / 33.579507°S 22.203197°E / -33.579507; 22.203197 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0020 - 146 High Street, Oudtshoorn) This richly ornamented Victorian, house is one of the so-called "ostrich palaces" and was designed by the well known architect Charles Bullock. It was erected during 1909/10 for J. H. J. le Roux of the farm Baakenskraal at a stage when the ostrich feather industry was its peak. 9/2/068/0021 Mimosa Lodge, 85 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn Type of site: House Current use: House. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°34′43″S 22°12′20″E / 33.578745°S 22.205472°E / -33.578745; 22.205472 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0021 - Mimosa Lodge, 85 Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn) Type of site: House Current use: House. 9/2/068/0022 St. Jude's Church complex, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn National Monument Media related to St Jude's Church, Oudtshoorn at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/068/0022/001 St Jude's Church, Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn The historical St Jude's Church was originally designed by Sophia Gray, wife of Bishop Robert Gray and completed in 1863. The building is closely linked with the history of Oudtshoorn and of the Anglican Church in South Africa. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Anglican. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°34′43″S 22°12′20″E / 33.578674°S 22.205472°E / -33.578674; 22.205472 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0022/001 - St Jude's Church, Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn) The historical St Jude's Church was originally designed by Sophia Gray, wife of Bishop Robert Gray and completed in 1863. The building is closely linked with the history of Oudtshoorn and of the Anglican Church in South Africa. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Anglican. Media related to St Jude's Church, Oudtshoorn at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/068/0023 Dutch Reformed Church, High Street, Oudtshoorn The foundation stone of this church was laid on 15 January 1861, but because of financial and other problems it could only be consecrated on 7 June 1879. George Wallace was responsible for the building plans. Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°36′27″S 22°02′38″E / 33.607428°S 22.043965°E / -33.607428; 22.043965 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0023 - Dutch Reformed Church, High Street, Oudtshoorn) The foundation stone of this church was laid on 15 January 1861, but because of financial and other problems it could only be consecrated on 7 June 1879. George Wallace was responsible for the building plans. Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Media related to Dutch Reformed Church, Oudtshoorn at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/068/0024 Pinehurst, Oudtshoorn Pinehurst, one of the best known of the so called "ostrich palaces" stands on the western side of the Grobbelaar's River almost in the centre of Oudtshoorn. It is now a part of the men's hostel of the Teachers' Training College. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°36′02″S 22°12′07″E / 33.600481°S 22.202039°E / -33.600481; 22.202039 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0024 - Pinehurst, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0025 Suspension Bridge, Church Street, Oudtshoorn At the same time as the coastal area from Swellendam to George was being settled, the Little Karoo and its extension beyond the Langeberg and Outeniqua Mountains, the Langkloof, were being explored and occupied by cattle farmers. The break-through to this area occurred successively through the Cogman’s Kloof at Montagu, then through the Attaqua Kloof (or Robinson's Pass) opposite Mossel Bay, and the Cradock Kloof which is traversed by the Outeniqua Pass today. Type of site: Bridge Current use: Bridge. An attractive suspension bridge built in 1913-1914 and an interesting feature in Oudtshoorn. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°35′17″S 22°12′04″E / 33.588127°S 22.200980°E / -33.588127; 22.200980 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0025 - Suspension Bridge, Church Street, Oudtshoorn) At the same time as the coastal area from Swellendam to George was being settled, the Little Karoo and its extension beyond the Langeberg and Outeniqua Mountains, the Langkloof, were being explored and occupied by cattle farmers. The break-through to this area occurred successively through the Cogman’s Kloof at Montagu, then through the Attaqua Kloof (or Robinson's Pass) opposite Mossel Bay, and the Cradock Kloof which is traversed by the Outeniqua Pass today. Type of site: Bridge Current use: Bridge. An attractive suspension bridge built in 1913-1914 and an interesting feature in Oudtshoorn. Media related to Oudtshoorn suspension bridge at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/068/0026 Schoeman House, Rietvallei, Oudtshoorn District Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°31′58″S 22°32′28″E / 33.532688°S 22.541081°E / -33.532688; 22.541081 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0026 - Schoeman House, Rietvallei, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0027 Vredelus homestead, De Rust, Oudtshoorn District Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°29′24″S 22°31′46″E / 33.489981°S 22.529402°E / -33.489981; 22.529402 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0027 - Vredelus homestead, De Rust, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0028 Mons Ruber Estate Wine tasting room, Rietvlei, Oudtshoorn District Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°30′46″S 22°29′48″E / 33.512862°S 22.496696°E / -33.512862; 22.496696 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0028 - Mons Ruber Estate Wine tasting room, Rietvlei, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0029 Municipal Cemetery, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn National Monument 33°35′19″S 22°13′13″E / 33.588577°S 22.220386°E / -33.588577; 22.220386 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0029 - Municipal Cemetery, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0030 Oude Muragie, Oudtshoorn District Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn 33°27′16″S 22°26′16″E / 33.454526°S 22.437807°E / -33.454526; 22.437807 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0030 - Oude Muragie, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0031 Saffraanrivier, Oudtshoorn District Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn 33°44′11″S 22°02′13″E / 33.736283°S 22.037039°E / -33.736283; 22.037039 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0031 - Saffraanrivier, Oudtshoorn District) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0032 Dutch Reformed Church Parsonage, High Street, Oudtshoorn This parsonage is a double-storeyed building which was constructed in the Victorian style and completed in 1882. Type of site: Parsonage. Current use: Parsonage. Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Provincial Heritage Site 33°36′25″S 22°02′40″E / 33.607021°S 22.044456°E / -33.607021; 22.044456 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0032 - Dutch Reformed Church Parsonage, High Street, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0033 Queen's Hotel, Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn National Monument 33°35′29″S 22°12′09″E / 33.591503°S 22.202567°E / -33.591503; 22.202567 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/068/0033 - Queen's Hotel, Baron van Rheede Street, Oudtshoorn) Upload Photo 9/2/068/0034 Boomplaas Cave, Cango Valley, Oudtshoorn District Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Upload Photo 9/2/068/0035 Nooitgedacht Fossil Site, Cango Valley, Oudtshoorn District Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Upload Photo 9/2/068/0036 OUDTSHOORN MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Oudtshoorn Oudtshoorn Upload Photo 9/2/072/0001 Kersefontein, Piketberg District Piketberg Piketberg 32°54′14″S 18°19′56″E / 32.903913°S 18.332268°E / -32.903913; 18.332268 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0001 - Kersefontein, Piketberg District) 9/2/072/0001-001 Farmstead, Kersefontein, Piketberg District Kersefontein came into the possession of the Melck family in 1770. Successive generations built and maintained the gracious homestead and outbuildings. Type of site: Farmstead Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°54′05″S 18°46′02″E / 32.901483°S 18.767256°E / -32.901483; 18.767256 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0001-001 - Farmstead, Kersefontein, Piketberg District) Kersefontein came into the possession of the Melck family in 1770. Successive generations built and maintained the gracious homestead and outbuildings. Type of site: Farmstead 9/2/072/0001-002 Outbuildings, Kersefontein, Piketberg District Type of site: Outbuilding Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°54′00″S 18°45′58″E / 32.900136°S 18.766172°E / -32.900136; 18.766172 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0001-002 - Outbuildings, Kersefontein, Piketberg District) Type of site: Outbuilding 9/2/072/0002 Northern terminal of Maclear's Arc of Meridian, Klipfontein, Piketberg District Type of site: Survey beacon Drive out of Auroa on the road to Redelinghuys. The site is situated on the left side of the road about 2 kilometres from the town. There is a cairn marking the site. Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°53′59″S 18°46′00″E / 32.899732°S 18.766708°E / -32.899732; 18.766708 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0002 - Northern terminal of Maclear's Arc of Meridian, Klipfontein, Piketberg District) Type of site: Survey beacon Drive out of Auroa on the road to Redelinghuys. The site is situated on the left side of the road about 2 kilometres from the town. There is a cairn marking the site. 9/2/072/0003 Banghoek Farm, Piketberg District Piketberg Piketberg National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/072/0004 Goedverwacht/Wittewater Mission Complex, Piketberg District Type of site: Mission Station Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′40″S 21°51′25″E / 33.227792°S 21.856859°E / -33.227792; 21.856859 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0004 - Goedverwacht/Wittewater Mission Complex, Piketberg District) Type of site: Mission Station 9/2/072/0005 Verlorevlei, Elands Bay, Piketberg District Elands Bay Piketberg National Monument 32°20′01″S 18°25′06″E / 32.333598°S 18.418430°E / -32.333598; 18.418430 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0005 - Verlorevlei, Elands Bay, Piketberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0006 Fisherman's Cottage, Alana Avenue, Velddrif, Piketberg District Velddrif Piketberg Upload Photo 9/2/072/0007 Old Municipal Cemetery, Piketberg Piketberg Piketberg Upload Photo 9/2/072/0008 Fisherman's Cottage, 71 Voortrekker Road, Velddrif, Piketberg Velddrif Piketberg 32°54′50″S 18°45′19″E / 32.913806°S 18.755274°E / -32.913806; 18.755274 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0008 - Fisherman's Cottage, 71 Voortrekker Road, Velddrif, Piketberg) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0009 PIKETBERG MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Piketberg Piketberg Upload Photo 9/2/072/0010 Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Piketberg Very fine Cape Gothic dressed stone church with white plaster detailing. Decoration is unusually 'spiky'. This church in the Neo-Gothic style, was designed by Carl Otto Hager. The foundation stone was laid on 12 August 1880. The building was completed early in 1882 and was officially inaugurated on 28 April. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Piketberg Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°54′09″S 18°45′55″E / 32.902480°S 18.765270°E / -32.902480; 18.765270 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0010 - Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Piketberg) Very fine Cape Gothic dressed stone church with white plaster detailing. Decoration is unusually 'spiky'. This church in the Neo-Gothic style, was designed by Carl Otto Hager. The foundation stone was laid on 12 August 1880. The building was completed early in 1882 and was officially inaugurated on 28 April. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Media related to Dutch Reformed Church, Piketberg at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/072/0011 Rock painting of galleon, Heidedal Farm, Porterville Porterville Piketberg National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/072/0012 Woburn Lodge, 12 Waterkant Street, Piketberg Type of site: House Current use: House. This is the only surviving thatched pioneer-type house in central Piketberg. It retains its original appearance to a great extent and is associated with the early history of the town as it once belonged to the first Magistrate of Piketberg. Piketberg Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°54′02″S 18°45′18″E / 32.900486°S 18.755101°E / -32.900486; 18.755101 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0012 - Woburn Lodge, 12 Waterkant Street, Piketberg) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0013 Archaeological excavations, Piketberg Piketberg Piketberg National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/072/0014 Deze Hoek, Piketberg District Piketberg Piketberg 32°51′48″S 18°44′53″E / 32.863348°S 18.748154°E / -32.863348; 18.748154 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0014 - Deze Hoek, Piketberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0014/001 Watermill, Deze Hoek, Piketberg District Small mill structure. Stone with mud plaster, under thatch. Overshot wooden wheel. All workings present. This watermill was erected during the years 1863-1864 by Jacob Johannes Eksteen, the then owner of Deze Hoek. The impressive overshot mill wheel was manufactured during the same period by Jan Dommisse. Type of site: Water Mill Previous use: Mill. Current use: Disused. Leave Piketberg on Versveldpass road. 2.9 km along road. Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°51′50″S 18°44′55″E / 32.8638888888°S 18.7486111111°E / -32.8638888888; 18.7486111111 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0014/001 - Watermill, Deze Hoek, Piketberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0015 St Helenafontein, Piketberg District The original St Helenafontein farmhouse was presumably erected in 1835 by Pierre Rocher. In the 1880s a second storey replaced the pitched roof and the building was converted to the Georgian style. Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°36′S 18°21′E / 32.6°S 18.35°E / -32.6; 18.35 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0015 - St Helenafontein, Piketberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0016 Koopmanskraal, Piketberg District The Koopmanskraal homestead, together with the nearby outbuilding in which a horse-mill is located, forms a unique thatched complex that dates from the 19th century. The ground plan of the homestead, which is in the shape of a rough crucifix, is more common in ecclesiastical than in domestic architecture. The building was accidentally destroyed by a fire in 1993. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Destroyed. Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 32°32′00″S 18°39′40″E / 32.5333333333°S 18.6611111111°E / -32.5333333333; 18.6611111111 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0016 - Koopmanskraal, Piketberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0017 Museum, Porterville Current use: Museum. Porterville Piketberg Provincial Heritage Site 33°00′46″S 18°59′41″E / 33.012656°S 18.994647°E / -33.012656; 18.994647 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0017 - Museum, Porterville) Current use: Museum. 9/2/072/0018 Fishhouse Museum, Velddrif, Piketberg District Piketberg Piketberg National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/072/0019 16-18 Main Street, Piketberg Piketberg Piketberg 32°54′24″S 18°45′20″E / 32.906754°S 18.755519°E / -32.906754; 18.755519 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0019 - 16-18 Main Street, Piketberg) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0020 Klaarefontein, Piketberg District Piketberg Piketberg 9/2/072/0021 Dunn's Castle, Piketberg District Piketberg Piketberg 32°54′50″S 18°45′27″E / 32.913929°S 18.757478°E / -32.913929; 18.757478 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/072/0021 - Dunn's Castle, Piketberg District) Upload Photo 9/2/072/0022 VELDDRIF MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Piketberg Piketberg Pending Declaration Upload Photo 9/2/072/0023 PIKETBERG MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Velddrif Piketberg Upload Photo 9/2/072/0024 Doornboom Farmstead, Piketberg District Piketberg Piketberg Upload Photo 9/2/072/0025 DWARSKERSBOS GENERAL, PIKETBERG DISTRICT Piketberg Piketberg Upload Photo 9/2/072/0026 PORTERVILLE MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Porterville Picketberg Upload Photo 9/2/076/0001 2 Church Street, Prince Albert Prince Albert Prince Albert 33°13′57″S 22°01′53″E / 33.232567°S 22.031317°E / -33.232567; 22.031317 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0001 - 2 Church Street, Prince Albert) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0002 Homestead, Baviaanskloof, Prince Albert District This farmhouse has fine gables, including a front gable which bears the date 1837. The house itself, together with its stone step in front, is a good example of Boland farm culture in the Karoo. Type of site: House This farmhouse has fine gables, including a front gable which bears the date 1837. The house itself, together with its stone step in front, is a good example of Boland farm culture in the Karoo. Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°14′13″S 21°50′55″E / 33.236861°S 21.848567°E / -33.236861; 21.848567 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0002 - Homestead, Baviaanskloof, Prince Albert District) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0004 Gamkaskloof, Prince Albert District Type of site: Settlement Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°14′46″S 22°02′39″E / 33.246230°S 22.044140°E / -33.246230; 22.044140 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0004 - Gamkaskloof, Prince Albert District) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0005 Historical Graveyard, John Nutt se Draai, Prince Albert Prince Albert Prince Albert Pending Declaration Upload Photo 9/2/076/0006 Erf 193, Swartberg Hotel, Church Street, Prince Albert Type of site: Hotel Current use: Hotel. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′23″S 22°01′46″E / 33.222947°S 22.029467°E / -33.222947; 22.029467 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0006 - Erf 193, Swartberg Hotel, Church Street, Prince Albert) Type of site: Hotel Current use: Hotel. Media related to Swartberg Hotel, Prince Albert at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/076/0007 Scholtzkloof, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/076/0008 Albert's Mill, Christina de Wit Street, Prince Albert Prince Albert lies at the foot of the Swartberg Pass, 72 km from Oudtshoorn and 45 km from the national road between Laingsburg and Beaufort West. It is an interesting old town, with its whitewashed gabled houses which strongly reflect the characteristic architecture of the Cape. Type of site: Mill. Previous use: Mill. This old watermill was built by HJ Botes in 1850 and is still in working order. Situated at the foot of the Swart Berg Pass it is an outstanding feature on this popular tourist route. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°12′40″S 22°01′17″E / 33.211196°S 22.021491°E / -33.211196; 22.021491 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0008 - Albert's Mill, Christina de Wit Street, Prince Albert) Prince Albert lies at the foot of the Swartberg Pass, 72 km from Oudtshoorn and 45 km from the national road between Laingsburg and Beaufort West. It is an interesting old town, with its whitewashed gabled houses which strongly reflect the characteristic architecture of the Cape. Type of site: Mill. Previous use: Mill. This old watermill was built by HJ Botes in 1850 and is still in working order. Situated at the foot of the Swart Berg Pass it is an outstanding feature on this popular tourist route. Media related to Albert's Mill at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/076/0009 Witbergie Rockshelter, Tierberg, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert National Monument 33°08′18″S 22°15′08″E / 33.138340°S 22.252227°E / -33.138340; 22.252227 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0009 - Witbergie Rockshelter, Tierberg, Prince Albert District) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0010 Farm Klein Sleutelfontein (Part of Vrolikheid), Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0011 PRINCE ALBERT MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0012 Krige House, 24 Church Street, Prince Albert Prince Albert Prince Albert 33°13′34″S 22°01′49″E / 33.226171°S 22.030323°E / -33.226171; 22.030323 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0012 - Krige House, 24 Church Street, Prince Albert) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0013 Swartberg Pass, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert Pending Declaration 33°21′08″S 22°02′47″E / 33.352108°S 22.046461°E / -33.352108; 22.046461 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0013 - Swartberg Pass, Prince Albert District) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0014 Old Mission Church Parsonage, 5 Church Street, Prince Albert This cottage, with its typical Prince Albert front sable, was erected in 1858 by Helmuth Luttig. It was occupied by the Luttig family until 1907 when the property was purchased by the Dutch Reformed Church and converted into a mission parsonage. Type of site: Parsonage. Previous use: Parsonage. Current use: Residential. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′34″S 22°01′49″E / 33.226175°S 22.030307°E / -33.226175; 22.030307 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0014 - Old Mission Church Parsonage, 5 Church Street, Prince Albert) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0015 Homestead, Vrolikheid, Prince Albert District Type of site: Farmstead Current use: Residential. This historic Cape Dutch house, with its elements of Karoo architecture, bears the date 1821 on its front gable. The farmhouse forms an important link with the history of the district and the front gable served as a prototype for other gables in the vicinity. Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′40″S 21°51′25″E / 33.227792°S 21.856859°E / -33.227792; 21.856859 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0015 - Homestead, Vrolikheid, Prince Albert District) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0016 Dutch Reformed Church, Zeekoegat, Prince Albert District This church was erected in 1906 free of charge by Mr F. Oosthuizen of Zwartkraal, who was also the owner of Zeekoegat. The building was inaugurated on 23 February 1907 by Rev. D. Wilcocks of Prince Albert and Rev. Albertyn of Willowmore.Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′40″S 21°51′25″E / 33.227792°S 21.856859°E / -33.227792; 21.856859 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0016 - Dutch Reformed Church, Zeekoegat, Prince Albert District) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0017 57 Church Street, Prince Albert Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′33″S 22°01′49″E / 33.225951°S 22.030294°E / -33.225951; 22.030294 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0017 - 57 Church Street, Prince Albert) Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. 9/2/076/0018 Bona Vista, 7 Parsonage Street cnr de Beer Street, Prince Albert Type of site: House. Current use: House. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′40″S 22°01′50″E / 33.227780°S 22.030672°E / -33.227780; 22.030672 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0018 - Bona Vista, 7 Parsonage Street cnr de Beer Street, Prince Albert) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0019 Dutch Reformed Church and Hall, Prince Albert Type of site: Church Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′31″S 22°01′48″E / 33.225278°S 22.030000°E / -33.225278; 22.030000 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0019 - Dutch Reformed Church and Hall, Prince Albert) Type of site: Church Media related to Dutch Reformed Church, Prince Albert at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/076/0019-001 Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Prince Albert Type of site: Church Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′15″S 22°01′45″E / 33.220894°S 22.029029°E / -33.220894; 22.029029 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0019-001 - Dutch Reformed Church, Church Street, Prince Albert) Type of site: Church 9/2/076/0019-002 Dutch Reformed Church Hall, Market Street cnr Parsonage Street, Prince Albert Type of site: Church Hall Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′41″S 22°01′47″E / 33.227964°S 22.029754°E / -33.227964; 22.029754 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0019-002 - Dutch Reformed Church Hall, Market Street cnr Parsonage Street, Prince Albert) Type of site: Church Hall 9/2/076/0020 Dutch Reformed Church Parsonage, 2 Parsonage Street, Prince Albert Type of site: House. Current use: Parsonage. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′38″S 22°01′45″E / 33.227135°S 22.029092°E / -33.227135; 22.029092 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0020 - Dutch Reformed Church Parsonage, 2 Parsonage Street, Prince Albert) Type of site: House. Current use: Parsonage. 9/2/076/0021 15 Church Street, Prince Albert Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′34″S 22°01′49″E / 33.226175°S 22.030307°E / -33.226175; 22.030307 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0021 - 15 Church Street, Prince Albert) Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. 9/2/076/0022 20 Church Street, cnr Jan Louw Street, Prince Albert Type of site: House. Current use: Residential. Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′48″S 22°01′53″E / 33.230059°S 22.031398°E / -33.230059; 22.031398 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0022 - 20 Church Street, cnr Jan Louw Street, Prince Albert) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0023 Military Graves, Leeu-Gamka, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/076/0024 Conservation area, Prince Albert Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0025 Anglican Church Cemetery, Klaarstroom, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0026 Grave of Private W Calver, Goeiemoed, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0027 Erf 1513, Church Street, Prince Albert Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0028 Klaarstroom General, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0029 26 Church Street cnr Parsonage Street, Prince Albert Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′42″S 22°01′51″E / 33.228195°S 22.030773°E / -33.228195; 22.030773 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0029 - 26 Church Street cnr Parsonage Street, Prince Albert) 9/2/076/0030 St John the Baptist Anglican Church, Bank Street, Prince Albert Type of site: Church Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′35″S 22°01′46″E / 33.226301°S 22.029324°E / -33.226301; 22.029324 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0030 - St John the Baptist Anglican Church, Bank Street, Prince Albert) Type of site: Church Media related to St John the Baptist Anglican Church, Prince Albert at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/076/0031 Dennehof, Christina de Wit Street, Prince Albert Prince Albert Prince Albert Provincial Heritage Site 33°12′39″S 22°01′17″E / 33.210888°S 22.021463°E / -33.210888; 22.021463 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/076/0031 - Dennehof, Christina de Wit Street, Prince Albert) Upload Photo 9/2/076/0032 PRINCE ALBERT MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/076/0033 Grave of Lt. Klue, Farm Riemhoogte, Prince Albert District Prince Albert Prince Albert Upload Photo 9/2/096/0001 UNIONDALE MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Uniondale Uniondale National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/096/0002 UNIONDALE MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Uniondale Uniondale Upload Photo 9/2/096/0003 HAARLEM, UNIONDALE DISTRICT, GENERAL Uniondale Uniondale Upload Photo 9/2/096/0004 Dutch Reformed Church, Kerk Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale 33°39′29″S 23°07′37″E / 33.658158°S 23.126872°E / -33.658158; 23.126872 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0004 - Dutch Reformed Church, Kerk Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0005 Old Congregational Church complex, Voortrekker Street, Uniondale Type of site: Church Complex. Current use: Disused. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°39′08″S 23°08′05″E / 33.652140°S 23.134620°E / -33.652140; 23.134620 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0005 - Old Congregational Church complex, Voortrekker Street, Uniondale) Type of site: Church Complex. Current use: Disused. Media related to Old Congregational Church complex, Uniondale at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/096/0006 Evangelical Lutheran Church, Haarlem The historic Lutheran Mission Church, built in the shape of a Greek crucifix, was erected at Haarlem between 1877and 1880 and is one of the few churches in South Africa built in this traditional style. Type of site: Church Current use: Religious. Haarlem Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°44′01″S 23°20′21″E / 33.733584°S 23.339217°E / -33.733584; 23.339217 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0006 - Evangelical Lutheran Church, Haarlem) The historic Lutheran Mission Church, built in the shape of a Greek crucifix, was erected at Haarlem between 1877and 1880 and is one of the few churches in South Africa built in this traditional style. Type of site: Church Current use: Religious. 9/2/096/0007 Old Residency, 6 Victoria Street, Uniondale The residency is typical of the late nineteenth century house architecture of Uniondale. This house, of which the floors, loft, crib and stable are of yellow-wood, undoubtedly contributes to the historic character of this town. Type of site: Residency Current use: House. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°39′19″S 23°07′34″E / 33.655162°S 23.126241°E / -33.655162; 23.126241 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0007 - Old Residency, 6 Victoria Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0008 Old Dutch Reformed Church, Voortrekker Street, Uniondale This church was erected in 1862, the style being predominantly neo-Gothic. It is closely connected with the history of the town. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Disused. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°39′08″S 23°08′05″E / 33.652140°S 23.134620°E / -33.652140; 23.134620 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0008 - Old Dutch Reformed Church, Voortrekker Street, Uniondale) This church was erected in 1862, the style being predominantly neo-Gothic. It is closely connected with the history of the town. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Disused. 9/2/096/0009 Old Watermills, Haarlem Type of site: Water Mill. Previous use: Mill. Haarlem Uniondale Provisional Protection 33°44′45″S 23°20′26″E / 33.745932°S 23.340676°E / -33.745932; 23.340676 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0009 - Old Watermills, Haarlem) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0010 Anglican Cemetery, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Monument 33°39′22″S 23°07′42″E / 33.656099°S 23.128399°E / -33.656099; 23.128399 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0010 - Anglican Cemetery, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0011 Prince Alfred's Pass, Uniondale District Uniondale Uniondale 33°50′00″S 23°10′00″E / 33.833332°S 23.166664°E / -33.833332; 23.166664 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0011 - Prince Alfred's Pass, Uniondale District) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0012 Old Synagogue, Victoria Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale Pending Declaration 33°39′22″S 23°07′30″E / 33.656071°S 23.124914°E / -33.656071; 23.124914 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0012 - Old Synagogue, Victoria Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0013 Police Station and Magistrate's Court, 51 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale 33°39′26″S 23°07′33″E / 33.657213°S 23.125768°E / -33.657213; 23.125768 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0013 - Police Station and Magistrate's Court, 51 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0014 Standard Bank, 31 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale 33°39′21″S 23°07′44″E / 33.655698°S 23.128845°E / -33.655698; 23.128845 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0014 - Standard Bank, 31 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0015 All Saints Church 33 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Anglican. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°39′22″S 23°07′42″E / 33.656085°S 23.128385°E / -33.656085; 23.128385 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0015 - All Saints Church 33 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale) Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Anglican. 9/2/096/0016 35 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale 33°39′25″S 23°07′34″E / 33.656880°S 23.125998°E / -33.656880; 23.125998 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0016 - 35 Voortrekker Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0017 26 Victoria Street, Uniondale Current use: Office. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°39′19″S 23°07′34″E / 33.655162°S 23.126241°E / -33.655162; 23.126241 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0017 - 26 Victoria Street, Uniondale) Current use: Office. 9/2/096/0018 28 Victoria Street, Uniondale Type of site: House. Current use: House. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°39′19″S 23°07′34″E / 33.655162°S 23.126241°E / -33.655162; 23.126241 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0018 - 28 Victoria Street, Uniondale) Type of site: House. Current use: House. 9/2/096/0019 14 Victoria Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale National Monument 33°39′20″S 23°07′33″E / 33.655425°S 23.125716°E / -33.655425; 23.125716 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0019 - 14 Victoria Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0020 2 Victoria Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale 33°39′14″S 23°07′43″E / 33.653927°S 23.128690°E / -33.653927; 23.128690 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0020 - 2 Victoria Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0021 18 Victoria Street, Uniondale Uniondale Uniondale 33°39′16″S 23°07′38″E / 33.654577°S 23.127144°E / -33.654577; 23.127144 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0021 - 18 Victoria Street, Uniondale) Upload Photo 9/2/096/0022 Anglo-Boer War blockhouse, Uniondale This historic fort was erected during the Anglo-Boer War by the British military authorities and the so-called Town Guards for the defence of Uniondale. Four similar structures were built at the time at Uniondale. These fortifications differed considerably Type of site: Blockhouse Previous use: Fortification. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′55″S 23°08′18″E / 33.648626°S 23.138200°E / -33.648626; 23.138200 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0022 - Anglo-Boer War blockhouse, Uniondale) This historic fort was erected during the Anglo-Boer War by the British military authorities and the so-called Town Guards for the defence of Uniondale. Four similar structures were built at the time at Uniondale. These fortifications differed considerably Type of site: Blockhouse Previous use: Fortification. 9/2/096/0023 Watermill, Uniondale The structure consists of a double-storeyed building and the mill's wooden wheel is of the undershot type. This water mill was built in 1854 by J. A.van Rooyen and is the only remaining water mill in Uniondale. Type of site: Water Mill Previous use: Mill. Current use: Museum. Uniondale Uniondale Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′55″S 23°08′18″E / 33.648626°S 23.138200°E / -33.648626; 23.138200 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/096/0023 - Watermill, Uniondale) The structure consists of a double-storeyed building and the mill's wooden wheel is of the undershot type. This water mill was built in 1854 by J. A.van Rooyen and is the only remaining water mill in Uniondale. Type of site: Water Mill Previous use: Mill. Current use: Museum. Media related to Watermill, Uniondale at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/096/0024 Anhalt-Schmidt Parsonage, Burg Street, Haarlem Haarlem Uniondale National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/097/0001 Rock Paintings, Wiedou, Vanrhynsdorp District Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0002 Vondeling, Vanrhynsdorp District Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0003 Heerenlogement Cave, Olifantsrivier, Van Rhynsdorp District see 9/2/102/0002 & 9/2/022/0037 Heerenlogement Provincial Heritage Site see 9/2/102/0002 & 9/2/022/0037 Heerenlogement 9/2/097/0004 44 Voortrekker Street, Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp 31°36′34″S 18°44′10″E / 31.609420°S 18.736125°E / -31.609420; 18.736125 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/097/0004 - 44 Voortrekker Street, Vanrhynsdorp) Upload Photo 9/2/097/0005 VANRHYNSDORP MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0006 St Theresa Roman Catholic Church, Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0007 Municipal cemetery, Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0008 VANRHYNSDORP MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0009 Rock Paintings, Vanrhynsdorp District Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0010 Van Rhyn Museum, Van Riebeeck Street, Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp 31°36′33″S 18°44′09″E / 31.609100°S 18.735838°E / -31.609100; 18.735838 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/097/0010 - Van Rhyn Museum, Van Riebeeck Street, Vanrhynsdorp) Upload Photo 9/2/097/0011 Anglo-Boer War Fort, Aties 308, Vanrhynsdorp District Type of site: Military Vanrhynsdorp Provincial Heritage Site 31°40′31″S 18°41′14″E / 31.675329°S 18.687143°E / -31.675329; 18.687143 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/097/0011 - Anglo-Boer War Fort, Aties 308, Vanrhynsdorp District) Upload Photo 9/2/097/0012 Grave of Lemuel Colyn, Farm Onder-Aties, Vanrhynsdorp Dist Vanrhynsdorp Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/097/0013 Windhoek Farm, Klawer, Vanrhynsdorp Dist Klawer Vanrhynsdorp Upload Photo 9/2/101/0001 VREDENBURG MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0002 Grave of gunner Jeffries, Abandoned Cemetery, Saldanha, Vredenburg Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0003 ST HELENA BAY, GENERAL Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0004 Hoedjiespunt, Saldanha, Vredenburg District Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0005 Besterskraal farm, Varswater Bay, Vredenburg District Vredenburg Vredenburg National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/101/0006 VREDENBURG MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0006/1 Coastal Archaeology, Vredenburg Magisterial District Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0006/2 Varswaterbaai, Vredenburg District Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0007 Fishermen's cottages, Saldanha These oval-shaped cottages were built by George Goode Busch in 1918 and are the only remaining fishermen's cottages of this type in the vicinity of Saldanha. Saldanha Vredenburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°00′18″S 17°56′39″E / 33.005000°S 17.944170°E / -33.005000; 17.944170 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/101/0007 - Fishermen's cottages, Saldanha) These oval-shaped cottages were built by George Goode Busch in 1918 and are the only remaining fishermen's cottages of this type in the vicinity of Saldanha. 9/2/101/0008 Die Krans rock shelter, Vredenburg District Vredenburg Vredenburg National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/101/0010 Grave of Lt Simeon W Cummings, Kliprug, Vredenbrug District Vredenburg Vredenburg 9/2/101/0011 Varswaterbaai, Vredenburg Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0012 Kasteelberg, Vredenburg District Vredenburg Vredenburg 33°22′15″S 18°51′28″E / 33.370698°S 18.857704°E / -33.370698; 18.857704 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/101/0012 - Kasteelberg, Vredenburg District) Upload Photo 9/2/101/0013 PATERNOSTER LOCAL AREA, GENERAL Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0014 SALDANHA MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0015 Alpha Saldanha Cement Project, Saldanha Saldahna Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/101/0016 Cape Columbine Lighthouse, Castle rock, Paternoster, Vredenburg Vredenburg Vredenburg Upload Photo 9/2/102/0001 VREDENDAL MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Vredendal Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0002 Heerenlogement Cave, Graafwater, Vredendal Dist (See 9/2/097/0003; 9/2/022/0037) Vredendal Vredendal 31°57′42″S 18°32′59″E / 31.961755°S 18.549689°E / -31.961755; 18.549689 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/102/0002 - Heerenlogement Cave, Graafwater, Vredendal Dist (See 9/2/097/0003; 9/2/022/0037)) Upload Photo 9/2/102/0003 Bergh Fountain, Klipfontein, Vredendal District On a rock in this area the name of O Slotsbo, IT Rhenius and O Bergh are engraved. On 30 October 1682, a party under the leadership of Oloff Bergh left the Castle to investigate the area from which the Namakwas brought samples of copper-ore the previous year. Bergh engraved his name and 1682 on the rock. Type of site: Spring Current use: Tourist attraction. On 30 October 1682, a party under the leadership of Oloff Bergh left the Castle to investigate the area from which the Namakwas brought samples of copper-ore Vredendal Provincial Heritage Site 32°00′20″S 18°31′00″E / 32.0055555555°S 18.5166666666°E / -32.0055555555; 18.5166666666 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/102/0003 - Bergh Fountain, Klipfontein, Vredendal District) Upload Photo 9/2/102/0004 Anglo-Boer War blockhouses, Klipfontein, Vredendal District Vredendal Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0005 Melkboomsdrift 184, Vredendal District Dwelling & agricultural building. Type of site: House The buildings at Melkboomsdrift represent the only remaining pioneer farmstead in the area. Vredendal Register 33°13′40″S 21°51′25″E / 33.227792°S 21.856859°E / -33.227792; 21.856859 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/102/0005 - Melkboomsdrift 184, Vredendal District) Upload Photo 9/2/102/0006 Jerusalom, Farm Hollebaks, Vredendal District Vredendal Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0007 Brand se baai, Vredendal District Vredendal Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0008 Van Zyl House, Vredendal Vredendal Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0009 Vlermuisklip, Lutzville, Vredendal District Vredendal Vredendal 31°33′28″S 18°20′30″E / 31.557739°S 18.341567°E / -31.557739; 18.341567 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/102/0009 - Vlermuisklip, Lutzville, Vredendal District) Upload Photo 9/2/102/0010 Fryer Cemetery, Farm 270, Strandfontein, Vredendal District Type of site: Cemetery. This cemetery is a typical example of vernacular Strandfontein construction, having been built of slate stone by the local inhabitants. The Fryers of Clanwilliams, came to settle and farm in this area and were very involved in establishing a school. Vredendal Register 31°45′19″S 18°14′02″E / 31.755395°S 18.233888°E / -31.755395; 18.233888 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/102/0010 - Fryer Cemetery, Farm 270, Strandfontein, Vredendal District) Upload Photo 9/2/102/0011 Meerhoff's Castle, Vredendal Dist Vredendal Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0012 Corrugated iron Fort and Dovecote, Farm Graafwater Vredendal Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0013 EBENHAESER HISTORICAL RURAL SETTLEMENT Ebenhaeser Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0014 LUTZVILLE MUNICIPAL AREA GENERAL Lutzville Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0015 KOEKENAAP LOCAL AREA GENERAL, Vredendal District Koekenaap Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/102/0016 PAPENDORP LOCAL AREA GENERAL, Vredendal District Papendorp Vredendal Upload Photo 9/2/106/0001 Doolhof, Wellington District Wellington Wellington 33°37′34″S 19°05′02″E / 33.626054°S 19.083880°E / -33.626054; 19.083880 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0001 - Doolhof, Wellington District) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0002 Groenberg School, Wellington District The school was built in the sixties of the 19th century. C. P. Hoogenhout, who played an important part in the first phase of the Afrikaans Language Movement, was the teacher there from 3 August 1874 until the beginning of the 20th century. Type of site: School Previous use: School. Current use: School. Paarl Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°40′04″S 18°59′14″E / 33.66781°S 18.987184°E / -33.66781; 18.987184 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0002 - Groenberg School, Wellington District) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0003 Anglo-Boer War blockhouse, Wellington District Some of the historical monuments in the Berg River Valley link the history of the area with that of the far interior of the country. This is especially true of the blockhouse on the farm Versailles just north of Welling ton railway station. It guarded the railway bridge over the Berg River and is reached from the road to Hermon. Paarl Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°37′54″S 18°59′28″E / 33.631666°S 18.991141°E / -33.631666; 18.991141 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0003 - Anglo-Boer War blockhouse, Wellington District) Some of the historical monuments in the Berg River Valley link the history of the area with that of the far interior of the country. This is especially true of the blockhouse on the farm Versailles just north of Welling ton railway station. It guarded the railway bridge over the Berg River and is reached from the road to Hermon. 9/2/106/0004 Dutch Reformed Church Complex, Main Street, Wellington The cornerstone of the original church building was laid on 27 June 1838 and the building was completed in 1840. In 1861 it was converted into a crucifix church by the addition of two wings. The prominent tower was designed by C. Freeman and H.J. Jones. Type of site: Church Complex Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′07″S 18°59′46″E / 33.635164°S 18.996125°E / -33.635164; 18.996125 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0004 - Dutch Reformed Church Complex, Main Street, Wellington) The cornerstone of the original church building was laid on 27 June 1838 and the building was completed in 1840. In 1861 it was converted into a crucifix church by the addition of two wings. The prominent tower was designed by C. Freeman and H.J. Jones. Type of site: Church Complex 9/2/106/0005 Old Market Hall, Main Street, Wellington The cornerstone of the original church building was laid on 27 June 1838 and the building was completed in 1840. In 1861 it was converted into a crucifix church by the addition of two wings. The prominent tower was designed by C. Freeman and H.J. Jones. Type of site: Market Hall Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′07″S 18°59′46″E / 33.635164°S 18.996125°E / -33.635164; 18.996125 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0005 - Old Market Hall, Main Street, Wellington) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0006 Welvanpas, Wellington District Wellington Wellington National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/106/0007 Bainskloof, Wellington District Andrew Geddes Bain discovered the kloof in 1846 when the Colonial Secretary, John Montagu, was searching for a direct route through the mountains between Cape Town and the new Michell's Pass. Montagu accepted the route for his highway and named it Bain's Kloof. Bain commenced construction work in February 1849 and the pass was opened on 12 September 1853 by the Chairman of the Central Road Board, P. B. Borcherds. Type of site: Pass Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′40″S 21°51′25″E / 33.227792°S 21.856859°E / -33.227792; 21.856859 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0007 - Bainskloof, Wellington District) Andrew Geddes Bain discovered the kloof in 1846 when the Colonial Secretary, John Montagu, was searching for a direct route through the mountains between Cape Town and the new Michell's Pass. Montagu accepted the route for his highway and named it Bain's Kloof. Bain commenced construction work in February 1849 and the pass was opened on 12 September 1853 by the Chairman of the Central Road Board, P. B. Borcherds. Type of site: Pass Media related to Bain's Kloof Pass at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/106/0008 Rem. of Farm 1364, Wellington District Wellington Wellington National Monument Upload Photo 9/2/106/0009 WELLINGTON MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Wellington Wellington Upload Photo 9/2/106/0010 Anglo-Boer War blockhouse, Hermon, Wellington District Hermon Wellington Upload Photo 9/2/106/0011 20 Bain Street, Wellington This predominantly Victorian house dates from about 1855 and originally served as the first school building in Wellington. Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′32″S 19°00′30″E / 33.642194°S 19.008257°E / -33.642194; 19.008257 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0011 - 20 Bain Street, Wellington) This predominantly Victorian house dates from about 1855 and originally served as the first school building in Wellington. 9/2/106/0012 Ouma Granny's House, 37 Fountain Street, Wellington Type of site: House The property was first granted to P B Marchant in 1876. It is now a museum. The building is an intact example of Victorian architecture of the area and houses the valuable C P Hoogenhout collection. Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′00″S 18°59′00″E / 33.633333°S 18.983333°E / -33.633333; 18.983333 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0012 - Ouma Granny's House, 37 Fountain Street, Wellington) Type of site: House The property was first granted to P B Marchant in 1876. It is now a museum. The building is an intact example of Victorian architecture of the area and houses the valuable C P Hoogenhout collection. 9/2/106/0013 Mission Church, Bovlei, Wellington District The road to Bovlei branches off the Bains Kloof road just beyond Wellington. Three kilometres along this road, on the left, stands the group of buildings of the mission station known as the Dutch Reformed Mission of Wagenmakersvallei. The building which, like other missionary churches of the time, was known as the "Gesticht" (Institute) or "Oefeninghuis", was rectangular in shape and had a thatched roof and earth floor. The two side gables were added during the 1860s and inaugurated on 21st October, 1869. This gave the building the shape of a T, the vertical stroke of the T being the original church with the gable bearing the date 1820. The thatched roof was replaced by corrugated iron in 1896 and in 1927 a wooden floor was built into the church. Only three church buildings and only one mission church in South Africa are older than the Wagenmakersvallei Church. The first man to do missionary work amongst the slaves and coloured people in the Wagenmakersvallei was Jan Jacob van Zulch, a convert of the well-known Cape Town minister, the Rev. Helperus Ritzema van Lier. He started this work here in 1796 and built a meeting house or "oefeninghuis" somewhere in the vicinity. In 1800 Van Zulch had to give up the work because of ill health, but it was continued by James Read, the Rev, van der Lingen and Bastiaan Tromp successively, all of them working under the aegis of the Suid-Afrikaanse Sendinggenootskap of Cape Town. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed Mission. This fine church is one of the oldest mission churches in South Africa. It was consecrated in 1820. The Rev. Isaac Bisseux ministered to the congregation from 1829 for about 50 years. Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°13′40″S 21°51′25″E / 33.227792°S 21.856859°E / -33.227792; 21.856859 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0013 - Mission Church, Bovlei, Wellington District) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0014 Twist Niet, 31 Burg Street, Wellington In Berg Street, almost in the heart of Wellington, stands an old Cape-Dutch T-shaped house, round which the town, as it were, originated. In the course of time it has lost much of its glory. The thatched roof has been replaced by one of galvanised iron and the front and back gable did not remain intact in the process. Type of site: House. Current use: House. Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′38″S 19°00′29″E / 33.643824°S 19.008041°E / -33.643824; 19.008041 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0014 - Twist Niet, 31 Burg Street, Wellington) In Berg Street, almost in the heart of Wellington, stands an old Cape-Dutch T-shaped house, round which the town, as it were, originated. In the course of time it has lost much of its glory. The thatched roof has been replaced by one of galvanised iron and the front and back gable did not remain intact in the process. Type of site: House. Current use: House. 9/2/106/0015 Clairvaux, Wellington This house was from 1892 up to his death on 17 January 1917, the dwelling of the well-known theologian, Dr Andrew Murray. Here Andrew Murray wrote many of his theological books. Type of site: Farm Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′00″S 18°59′00″E / 33.633333°S 18.983333°E / -33.633333; 18.983333 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0015 - Clairvaux, Wellington) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0016 34 Bain Street, Wellington These two erven originally formed part of the farm Champagne, which was granted to the Huguenot Hercule Verdeaux in 1699. The dwellings, one of which dates from the 1830s and the other from the 1850s, were originally in the Cape Dutch style. Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′27″S 19°00′42″E / 33.640777°S 19.011533°E / -33.640777; 19.011533 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0016 - 34 Bain Street, Wellington) These two erven originally formed part of the farm Champagne, which was granted to the Huguenot Hercule Verdeaux in 1699. The dwellings, one of which dates from the 1830s and the other from the 1850s, were originally in the Cape Dutch style. 9/2/106/0017 35 Bain Street, Wellington These two erven originally formed part of the farm Champagne, which was granted to the Huguenot Hercule Verdeaux in 1699. The dwellings, one of which dates from the 1830s and the other from the 1850s, were originally in the Cape Dutch style. Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′28″S 19°00′36″E / 33.641237°S 19.009906°E / -33.641237; 19.009906 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0017 - 35 Bain Street, Wellington) These two erven originally formed part of the farm Champagne, which was granted to the Huguenot Hercule Verdeaux in 1699. The dwellings, one of which dates from the 1830s and the other from the 1850s, were originally in the Cape Dutch style. 9/2/106/0018 Lady Loch Bridge, Berg River, Wellington Type of site: Bridge. Current use: Bridge. Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′23″S 19°00′47″E / 33.639747°S 19.013004°E / -33.639747; 19.013004 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0018 - Lady Loch Bridge, Berg River, Wellington) Type of site: Bridge. Current use: Bridge. Media related to Lady Loch bridge at Wikimedia Commons 9/2/106/0019 Victoria Jubilee Park, Church Street, Wellington Wellington Wellington National Monument 9/2/106/0019/001 Coronation Arch, Victoria Jubilee Park, Church Street, Wellington Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′18″S 19°01′08″E / 33.638262°S 19.018813°E / -33.638262; 19.018813 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0019/001 - Coronation Arch, Victoria Jubilee Park, Church Street, Wellington) 9/2/106/0020 Huguenot College Complex, Wellington Type of site: Hostel Wellington Wellington Provincial Heritage Site 33°38′26″S 19°00′35″E / 33.640479°S 19.009656°E / -33.640479; 19.009656 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0020 - Huguenot College Complex, Wellington) Type of site: Hostel 9/2/106/0020/1 Goodnow Hall, Huguenot College, Wellington Wellington Wellington National Monument 33°38′13″S 19°00′36″E / 33.636905°S 19.009986°E / -33.636905; 19.009986 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0020/1 - Goodnow Hall, Huguenot College, Wellington) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0020/2 House Bliss, Huguenot College Complex, Wellington Wellington Wellington 33°38′13″S 19°00′36″E / 33.636905°S 19.009986°E / -33.636905; 19.009986 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0020/2 - House Bliss, Huguenot College Complex, Wellington) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0021 WELLINGTON MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Wellington Wellington Upload Photo 9/2/106/0022 Slangrivier Homestead, Wellington District Wellington Wellington 33°36′39″S 19°02′14″E / 33.610886°S 19.037249°E / -33.610886; 19.037249 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0022 - Slangrivier Homestead, Wellington District) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0023 "Gawie se Water", Wit River Dam, Bains Kloof, Wellington District Bain's Kloof Wellington 33°32′38″S 19°10′16″E / 33.544023°S 19.171237°E / -33.544023; 19.171237 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0023 - "Gawie se Water", Wit River Dam, Bains Kloof, Wellington District) Upload Photo 9/2/106/0024 53-59 Bain Street, Wellington These six early Cape buildings from c.1830 have a history, scale and texture which is characteristic of Wellington, and they form an aesthetically pleasing group which contributes to its sensitive old town area. Wellington Wellington Register 33°38′26″S 19°00′42″E / 33.640434°S 19.011573°E / -33.640434; 19.011573 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0024 - 53-59 Bain Street, Wellington) These six early Cape buildings from c.1830 have a history, scale and texture which is characteristic of Wellington, and they form an aesthetically pleasing group which contributes to its sensitive old town area. 9/2/106/0025 Welgegund 300, Wellington District Type of site: Farm Complex. This is a mid to late 19th century building complex, which comprises a main building and three outbuildings. The buildings are well maintained and retain much of their original joinery, architectural features and character. Wellington Register 33°13′40″S 21°51′25″E / 33.227792°S 21.856859°E / -33.227792; 21.856859 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/106/0025 - Welgegund 300, Wellington District) Upload Photo 9/2/112/0001 MOORREESBURG DISTRICT, GENERAL Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Upload Photo 9/2/112/0002 MOORREESBURG MUNICIPAL AREA, GENERAL Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Upload Photo 9/2/112/0003 Carnegie Library, Church Street, Moorreesburg Single storey stone Arts & Crafts style building with white plaster decoration to windows and corners. Doric columns to porch between two forward facing wings with triangular barge-boarded gable. Architectural style: Arts & crafts. Type of site: Library. Current use: Library. Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°09′13″S 18°39′46″E / 33.153542°S 18.662844°E / -33.153542; 18.662844 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/112/0003 - Carnegie Library, Church Street, Moorreesburg) Single storey stone Arts & Crafts style building with white plaster decoration to windows and corners. Doric columns to porch between two forward facing wings with triangular barge-boarded gable. Architectural style: Arts & crafts. Type of site: Library. Current use: Library. 9/2/112/0004 ACVV offices, Retief Street, Moorreesburg Neat and substantial late Victorian school building. This building, which was erected in 1905 by the Dutch Reformed Church at a cost of £2000. was the first true school building in the town. In 1906 the school opened with 209 scholars and a staff of five. Since 1962, after the transfer of the remaining scholars to the new school, the building has been used for community functions. Type of site: Educational Previous use: School. Current use: Offices. Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°09′08″S 18°39′42″E / 33.152197°S 18.661686°E / -33.152197; 18.661686 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/112/0004 - ACVV offices, Retief Street, Moorreesburg) Neat and substantial late Victorian school building. This building, which was erected in 1905 by the Dutch Reformed Church at a cost of £2000. was the first true school building in the town. In 1906 the school opened with 209 scholars and a staff of five. Since 1962, after the transfer of the remaining scholars to the new school, the building has been used for community functions. Type of site: Educational Previous use: School. Current use: Offices. 9/2/112/0005 Town Hall, Church Street, Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Moorreesburg National Monument 33°09′12″S 18°39′46″E / 33.153304°S 18.662686°E / -33.153304; 18.662686 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/112/0005 - Town Hall, Church Street, Moorreesburg) Upload Photo 9/2/112/0006 Railway Station, Railway Street, Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Moorreesburg 33°09′08″S 18°40′13″E / 33.152205°S 18.670253°E / -33.152205; 18.670253 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/112/0006 - Railway Station, Railway Street, Moorreesburg) Upload Photo 9/2/112/0007 20 Railway Street, Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Moorreesburg 33°09′13″S 18°40′10″E / 33.153741°S 18.669430°E / -33.153741; 18.669430 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/112/0007 - 20 Railway Street, Moorreesburg) Upload Photo 9/2/112/0008 Klipvlei, Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Moorreesburg 33°08′47″S 18°39′58″E / 33.146309°S 18.665994°E / -33.146309; 18.665994 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/112/0008 - Klipvlei, Moorreesburg) Upload Photo 9/2/112/0009 Tontelberg, Moorreesburg District Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Upload Photo 9/2/112/0010 Eastern Terminal Beacon of Sir Thomas Maclear's Zwartland survey base line, Geelekuil 432 (Eendrag), Moorreesburg District Type of site: Beacon. Moorreesburg Provincial Heritage Site 33°14′00″S 18°30′30″E / 33.2333333333°S 18.5083333333°E / -33.2333333333; 18.5083333333 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/112/0010 - Eastern Terminal Beacon of Sir Thomas Maclear's Zwartland survey base line, Geelekuil 432 (Eendrag), Moorreesburg District) Upload Photo 9/2/112/0011 Old School Building, Church Street, Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Upload Photo 9/2/112/0012 Tiger Oats Complex, Moorreesburg Dist Moorreesburg Moorreesburg Upload Photo 9/2/113/0001 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND GROUP, GENERAL 46°37′51″S 37°56′29″E / 46.630859°S 37.941252°E / -46.630859; 37.941252 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/113/0001 - PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND GROUP, GENERAL) Upload Photo 9/2/113/0002 MARION ISLAND, GENERAL 46°54′13″S 37°45′50″E / 46.903521°S 37.763765°E / -46.903521; 37.763765 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/113/0002 - MARION ISLAND, GENERAL) Upload Photo 9/2/113/0003 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, GENERAL 46°37′51″S 37°56′29″E / 46.630859°S 37.941252°E / -46.630859; 37.941252 (SAHRA identifier 9/2/113/0003 - PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, GENERAL) Upload Photo 9/2/114/0001 MITCHELLS PLAIN MAGISTERIAL DISTRICT, GENERAL Upload Photo 9/2/700 SHIPWRECKS GENERAL Upload Photo HM\EDEN\MOSSEL BAY\PINNACLE POINT Pinnacle Point Mossel Bay Provincial Heritage Site 34°12′23″S 22°05′28″E / 34.206510°S 22.091110°E / -34.206510; 22.091110 (SAHRA identifier HM\EDEN\MOSSEL BAY\PINNACLE POINT - Pinnacle Point) Upload Photo HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\CAPE DESEADA Baboon Point (also known as Cape Deseada) A range of heritage resources of high significance is located on Baboon Point. The heritage significance of Baboon Point is particularly high in terms of the scientific value of archaeological and palaeontological sites that contribute to a wider understanding of southern African indigenous cultural history, local past environment and identification of original animal populations and their changes through time. Its aesthetic value also ranks high due to its almost unparalleled landmark qualities and by its role in defining important elements of the West Coast landscape character. The historical significance of Baboon Point is not only highlighted by the cultural sequence encapsulated in a number of ancient archaeological sites, but also by several World War 2 Radar station buildings. These structures are the testimony of South Africa’s role in a global historic event. These buildings also have a particular association with important social developments in South Africa as a result of the institutionalised Apartheid system, namely their use to house migrant labourers serving the local fishing industry. The high degree of significance of Baboon Point is also supported by the presence of rare and/or endangered aspects of natural and cultural heritage. Elands Bay Provincial Heritage Site 32°19′05″S 18°19′02″E / 32.317974°S 18.317342°E / -32.317974; 18.317342 (SAHRA identifier HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\CAPE DESEADA - Baboon Point (also known as Cape Deseada)) Upload Photo HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\DIEP KLOOF ROCK SHELTER Diepkloof Rock Shelter Elands Bay Provincial Heritage Site 32°23′12″S 18°27′10″E / 32.386665°S 18.452776°E / -32.386665; 18.452776 (SAHRA identifier HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\DIEP KLOOF ROCK SHELTER - Diepkloof Rock Shelter) HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\MUSSEL POINT Mussel Point (also known as Mike Taylor's Midden) There are only a handful of shell middens along the West Coast of South Africa that are as large and deep as Mike Taylor's Midden (MTM). These very large sites, named "megamiddens", are the expression of unique social and economic (subsistence) solutions to environmental and demographic challenges that pre-colonial san hunter-gatherers had to face between 3000 and 2000 years before present (BP). MTM megamidden is at least 350m long and 200m wide and has a depth that varies between 1.0 and 1.5m. MTM dates to between 980 and 2800 BP, however, much of this occupational sequence dates to between 2100 and 2500 BP. For this reason, MTM is singular among megamiddens in that it offers the best chronological resolution (greatest volume for shortest period of time) for the later part of this unique period of the precolonial history of South Africa. Elands Bay Provincial Heritage Site 32°20′12″S 18°19′03″E / 32.336591°S 18.317471°E / -32.336591; 18.317471 (SAHRA identifier HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\MUSSEL POINT - Mussel Point (also known as Mike Taylor's Midden)) There are only a handful of shell middens along the West Coast of South Africa that are as large and deep as Mike Taylor's Midden (MTM). These very large sites, named "megamiddens", are the expression of unique social and economic (subsistence) solutions to environmental and demographic challenges that pre-colonial san hunter-gatherers had to face between 3000 and 2000 years before present (BP). MTM megamidden is at least 350m long and 200m wide and has a depth that varies between 1.0 and 1.5m. MTM dates to between 980 and 2800 BP, however, much of this occupational sequence dates to between 2100 and 2500 BP. For this reason, MTM is singular among megamiddens in that it offers the best chronological resolution (greatest volume for shortest period of time) for the later part of this unique period of the precolonial history of South Africa. HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\VELORNEVLEI HERITAGE VILLAGE Velorenvlei Heritage Village Elands Bay Provincial Heritage Site 32°19′44″S 18°22′21″E / 32.329019°S 18.372603°E / -32.329019; 18.372603 (SAHRA identifier HM\WEST COAST\CEDERBERG\VELORNEVLEI HERITAGE VILLAGE - Velorenvlei Heritage Village) HM\WEST COAST\MATZIKAMA\RATELGAT Ratelgat Vanrhynsdorp Provincial Heritage Site Upload Photo HM\WEST COAST\SALDANHA BAY\PATERNOSTER MIDDEN Pasternoster Midden Paternoster Provincial Heritage Site 32°48′17″S 17°54′02″E / 32.804591°S 17.900650°E / -32.804591; 17.900650 (SAHRA identifier HM\WEST COAST\SALDANHA BAY\PATERNOSTER MIDDEN - Pasternoster Midden) Upload Photo HM\WINELANDS\WITZENBERG \SARON Saron Mission Saron Provincial Heritage Site References ^ "Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (previously National Monuments)" (PDF). 19 September 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ Heritage Western Cape ^ "Excursion to the Sandveld (Verlorenvlei and Piketberg)" (PDF). Vernacular Architecture Society of South Africa. 29–30 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2022. South Africa portal vteLists of South African Heritage ResourcesSAHRA Heritage sitesEastern Cape Albany Graaff-Reinet Port Elizabeth Free State Free State Gauteng Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Limpopo Limpopo Mpumalanga Mpumalanga North West North West Northern Cape Colesberg Kimberley Richmond Victoria West Western Cape Beaufort West Belville Caledon Cape Town environs Cape Town CBD Clanwilliam George Knysna Montagu Mossel Bay Paarl Robertson Simonstown Stellenbosch Swellendam Table Mountain Tulbagh Worcester Wynberg Flag of South AfricaWorld heritage sites Cape Floral Region Protected Areas Cradle of Humankind iSimangaliso Wetland Park Kingdom of Mapungubwe Richtersveld Robben Island uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park Vredefort Dome List of heritage sites in South Africa South African Heritage Resources Agency
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_heritage_sites_in_the_Western_Cape_Province%2C_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_heritage_sites_in_the_Western_Cape_Province,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_heritage_sites_in_the_Western_Cape_Province,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_heritage_sites_in_the_Western_Cape_Province,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_heritage_sites_in_the_Western_Cape_Province,_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South African Heritage Resource Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Heritage_Resource_Agency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Heritage Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"Western Cape Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"National Monuments Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monuments_Council_(South_Africa_and_Namibia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Beaufort West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Beaufort_West"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Bellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Bellville"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Caledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Caledon"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Cape Town CBD, the Waterfront, and the Bo-Kaap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Cape_Town_CBD,_the_Waterfront,_and_the_Bo-Kaap"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites near Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_near_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Clanwilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Clanwilliam"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in George and Mossel Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_George_and_Mossel_Bay"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Knysna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Knysna"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Paarl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Paarl"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Simonstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Simonstown"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Robertson and Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Robertson_and_Montagu"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Stellenbosch, Somerset West, and Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Stellenbosch,_Somerset_West,_and_Strand"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Swellendam and Riversdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Swellendam_and_Riversdale"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Table Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Table_Mountain"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Tulbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Tulbagh"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Worcester"},{"link_name":"List of heritage sites in Wynberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Wynberg"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)This is a list of the heritage sites in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, as recognized by the South African Heritage Resource Agency.[1]For additional provincial heritage sites declared by Heritage Western Cape, the provincial heritage resources authority of the Western Cape Province of South Africa, please see the entries at the end of the list. These sites have been declared subsequent to the implementation of the new legislation on 1 April 2000 and unlike those in the SAHRA portion of the list are not former national monuments declared by the former National Monuments Council, the predecessor of both SAHRA and Heritage Western Cape.[2] In the instance of these sites the \"identifier\" code used is that of Heritage Western Cape rather than SAHRA.For performance reasons, the following districts have been split off:List of heritage sites in Beaufort West\nList of heritage sites in Bellville\nList of heritage sites in Caledon\nList of heritage sites in Cape Town CBD, the Waterfront, and the Bo-Kaap\nList of heritage sites near Cape Town\nList of heritage sites in Clanwilliam\nList of heritage sites in George and Mossel Bay\nList of heritage sites in Knysna\nList of heritage sites in Paarl\nList of heritage sites in Simonstown\nList of heritage sites in Robertson and Montagu\nList of heritage sites in Stellenbosch, Somerset West, and Strand\nList of heritage sites in Swellendam and Riversdale\nList of heritage sites in Table Mountain\nList of heritage sites in Tulbagh\nList of heritage sites in Worcester\nList of heritage sites in Wynberg","title":"List of heritage sites in the Western Cape Province, South Africa"}]
[{"image_text":"Some 32 kilometres from Bredasdorp, at Hotagterklip near Struis Bay, the new macadamized road cuts through one of these villages. A few houses were destroyed in making the road, but there are attractive groups of dwellings on either side of it. The three houses on the grassy slope on the right-hand side are about sixty years old and have recently been well restored by the Divisional Council of Bredasdorp. They have been raised to the status of proclaimed historical monuments.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fisherman%27s_Cottages_Hotagterklip%2C_Struisbaai._06.jpg/150px-Fisherman%27s_Cottages_Hotagterklip%2C_Struisbaai._06.jpg"},{"image_text":"This property consists of nine fishermen's cottages which are worthy of preservation in view of various architectural and historical consideration. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fisherman%27s_Cottages%2C_Hotageterkilp%2C_Struisbaai%2C_Western_Cape%2C_South_Africa.jpg/150px-Fisherman%27s_Cottages%2C_Hotageterkilp%2C_Struisbaai%2C_Western_Cape%2C_South_Africa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Until quite recently the fishermen's villages, most of them hardly more than hamlets, constituted some of the most interesting and picturesque features to be seen along the coast from Saldanha Bay to far beyond Cape L'Agulhas. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House. This impressive architectural complex consists of nine fishermen's cottages, which are all typical examples of the traditional vernacular style.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Hotagterklip%2C_Struisbaai.jpg/150px-Fisherman%27s_Cottage%2C_Hotagterklip%2C_Struisbaai.jpg"},{"image_text":"Until quite recently the fishermen's villages, most of them hardly more than hamlets, constituted some of the most interesting and picturesque features to be seen along the coast from Saldanha Bay to far beyond Cape L'Agulhas. Type of site: House Previous use: residential. Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Last_light%2C_Kassies_Bay.jpg/150px-Last_light%2C_Kassies_Bay.jpg"},{"image_text":"This is the Bredasdorp Museum Complex which is already proclaimed a national monument. The Rectory and the former Anglican Church, now a hall, date from the earliest years of the town. The Rectory is a very fine Old Cape thatched house. Now the complex forms the Bredasdorp Museum. The former house of the Rector of the Anglican Church in Bredasdorp. Type of site: House Previous use: Residence : Parsonage. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bredasdorp_Museum.JPG/150px-Bredasdorp_Museum.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rectangular building in the vernacular style, hipped, thatched roof, eyebrow gable over front door. Outbuildings to rear This oblong house, with its predominantly Cape Dutch features, dates from approximately 1840. Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mountain_View%2C_Kreupelhout_Drive%2C_Bredasdorp%2C_South_Africa.jpg/150px-Mountain_View%2C_Kreupelhout_Drive%2C_Bredasdorp%2C_South_Africa.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Memorial_to_those_who_perished_in_the_Arniston_Transport_03_May_1815._05.jpg/100px-Memorial_to_those_who_perished_in_the_Arniston_Transport_03_May_1815._05.jpg"},{"image_text":"This cruciform church was erected in 1926. Despite a variety of architectural styles – as evidenced by the high gable walls in particular – the building forms a harmonious unit. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/NG_Kerk_Napier.JPG/132px-NG_Kerk_Napier.JPG"},{"image_text":"The tower is circular with the former living- quarters on both sides, and of a height of 65 feet. This lighthouse was completed in 1849 at a cost of approximately R24 000 and is the second oldest existing structure of its kind in South Africa. Since then it has contributed largely towards reducing the number of shipwrecks on the most dangerous part of the South African coastline. Type of site: Lighthouse Current use: Lighthouse.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cape_L%27Agulhas_Lighthouse.jpg/150px-Cape_L%27Agulhas_Lighthouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: Residential. A particularly fine example of the folk architecture of South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arniston_cottage_in_Pratt_Street.jpg/150px-Arniston_cottage_in_Pratt_Street.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two restored and already proclaimed 3-bay thatched cottages. These two houses in the typical vernacular style date from approximately the middle of the nineteenth century. Together they form an interesting unit and an important architectural element of Bredasdorp. Type of site: House Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lourensstraat_14-16%2C_Bredasdorp.JPG/150px-Lourensstraat_14-16%2C_Bredasdorp.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/De_Hoop_homestead.JPG/150px-De_Hoop_homestead.JPG"},{"image_text":"This farmstead consists of five historic buildings which dates from approximately the late eighteenth century. The group of buildings with its large \"werf\" and surrounding ring-wall, forms a unique historical and architectural complex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/De_Hoop_homestead.JPG/150px-De_Hoop_homestead.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/National_Monument_church_-_Struisbaai_%286275999713%29_%282%29.jpg/150px-National_Monument_church_-_Struisbaai_%286275999713%29_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cape_Agulhas%2C_South_Africa_%283225996586%29.jpg/150px-Cape_Agulhas%2C_South_Africa_%283225996586%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NG_Kerk_Calitzdorp.JPG/150px-NG_Kerk_Calitzdorp.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Old Tollhouse was built shortly after the completion of Michell's Pass in 1848. From 1 January 1849 toll charges were collected here on animals and vehicles. Since the Michell's Pass opened an easy route to the north and because, when diamonds were subsequently discovered, it was on the main route from the Cape, the tollhouse played an exceptionally important role. Type of site: Toll","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Old_Tollhouse%2C_Michell%27s_Pass%2C_Ceres-002.jpg/150px-Old_Tollhouse%2C_Michell%27s_Pass%2C_Ceres-002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Werf wall enclosing two buildings. The first a langhuis with thatched roof and oven attached to the back. The second a large rectangular outhouse with tin roof and dormered loft entrance with ladder. Type of site: House Current use: Vacant. Karoopoort was a well-known and popular outspan for early travellers to the North. It was described, among others, by the travellers Lichtenstein and Burchell at the beginning of the nineteenth century. There are also three historic buildings on the site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Karoopoort_Outspan.jpg/150px-Karoopoort_Outspan.jpg"},{"image_text":"H-Shaped house, with gables at back and front. Ugly lean-to added along the back. Interesting Dutch detailing on windows, unusual dormer casement in tin roof. Out buildings appear old and in bad repair. This farm previously formed part of the original farm Verloren Valley, which was granted to Schalk Willem Pienaar in 1833. The H-shaped dwelling that dates from 1827 was presumably erected by him. The outbuildings, which date from the early nineteenth century, are also of interest. Type of site: House Current use: Homestead. Take the R46 from Ceres in a north easterly direction. Continue on the R46 when it turns south before Karoopoort. The turn-off to the farm is approx 10 km along this road.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Verlorenvlei_03.jpg/150px-Verlorenvlei_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Toll","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Michell%27s_Pass_Toll_House_1848.jpg/150px-Michell%27s_Pass_Toll_House_1848.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Mead_Open_Space_and_Meadway_Road_Reserve%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-The_Mead_Open_Space_and_Meadway_Road_Reserve%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Historical and architectural interest The Pinelands Garden City originated with Richard Stuttaford, who actively promoted this new concept. The town planner and architect Albert J. Thompson drew up the plans in 1919. In 1923 the original section known as the Meadway was laid out and built on State land that previously formed part of the Uitvlugt Forest Reserve.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/16_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-16_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/3_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-3_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/7_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-7_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/11_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-11_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/15_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-15_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/5_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-5_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-2_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/14_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-14_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House This is part of the oldest so-called garden city in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/9_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-9_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House This is one of the oldest garden cities in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/8_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-8_The_Mead%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_text":"This is one of the oldest garden cities in South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Mead_Open_Space_and_Meadway_Road_Reserve%2C_Pinelands.JPG/150px-The_Mead_Open_Space_and_Meadway_Road_Reserve%2C_Pinelands.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Goodwood_61_Fitzroy_Street.jpg/150px-Goodwood_61_Fitzroy_Street.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goodwood_65_Fitzroy_St.JPG/150px-Goodwood_65_Fitzroy_St.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Goodwood_39_Goodwood_St.JPG/150px-Goodwood_39_Goodwood_St.JPG"},{"image_text":"This church was built by the Barry family in 1849 as an interdenominational chapel for the inhabitants of Port Beaufort. Port Beaufort lies at the mouth of the Breede River. Here the little Barry church stands as a memorial to the busy industry that once flourished there. Type of site: Church Current use: Church.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Barry_church.jpg/150px-Barry_church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Restaurant These two fishermen's cottages in the vernacular style date from the nineteenth century and are among the earliest buildings erected in Hermanus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Burgundy_Restaurant.JPG/150px-Burgundy_Restaurant.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Harbour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/01_H_Old_Harbour.jpg/150px-01_H_Old_Harbour.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Geelbek.JPG/150px-Geelbek.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Farm Complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Geelbek.JPG/150px-Geelbek.JPG"},{"image_text":"About 500 m north-east of the farmhouse and not far from the shore of the la goon there stands in the grassy veld about 35 steps from a row of gumtrees, a beacon of blue-black Malmesbury shale with the inscription G \\VOC (Geoktrooieerde Verenigde Oos-Indi This black slate stone beacon with the inscription G VOC chiselled thereon was presumably erected in 1785 by Governor Cornelis Jacobus van der Graaff to indicate the western boundary of the Cape District. The farm Geelbek, earlier called Geelbekefontein, Type of site: Beacon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VOC_Beacon_in_Hopefield_district.JPG/150px-VOC_Beacon_in_Hopefield_district.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Langrietvlei_opstal.jpg/150px-Langrietvlei_opstal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Granted in 1715 to Hendrik Oostwald Eksteen. When Lichtenstein and Holman stopped at the farm it belonged to Jacob Laubscher. It has been in the Kotze family since 1834. This T-shaped Cape Dutch house, with its impressive concavo-convex gables, was probably erected in 1789. At that time the property belonged to Jacob Laubscher who, according to Lichtenstein, was one of the most prosperous colonists in the country. Type of site: House Current use: Dwelling.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Langrietvlei_opstal.jpg/150px-Langrietvlei_opstal.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Langebaanweg_Quarry_Fossil_Site_02.jpg/150px-Langebaanweg_Quarry_Fossil_Site_02.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kuils_River_Milestone_XV.jpg/69px-Kuils_River_Milestone_XV.jpg"},{"image_text":"This elongated sandstone milestone, with the Roman numerals XV thereon, presumably dates from the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century and was previously situated on the road between Bellville and Kuils River. Type of site: Milestone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kuils_River_Milestone_XV.jpg/69px-Kuils_River_Milestone_XV.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Farm Complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mooiplaas_wine_Estate_manor_and_slave_bell.jpg/150px-Mooiplaas_wine_Estate_manor_and_slave_bell.jpg"},{"image_text":"This church was consecrated on 30 May 1874. It was designed and built in the neo-Gothic style by the well-known architect Carl Otto Hager. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Vacant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NG_Kerk_Ladismith.JPG/150px-NG_Kerk_Ladismith.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Mission Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amalienstein_Church_and_School.jpg/150px-Amalienstein_Church_and_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amalienstein_Church_and_School.jpg/150px-Amalienstein_Church_and_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church Complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lutheran_Church_complex_Ladismith.JPG/150px-Lutheran_Church_complex_Ladismith.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church. Current use: Church.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Old_Wesleyan_Church%2C_Ladismith.jpg/150px-Old_Wesleyan_Church%2C_Ladismith.jpg"},{"image_text":"This stately double-storeyed house was erect by the immigrant Heinrich Wilhelm Becker in 1876. He was Mayor of Ladismith for an unbroken period of 32 years. Type of site: House Current use: Residential. This stately double-storeyed house was erect by the immigrant Heinrich Wilhelm Becker in 1876. He was Mayor of Ladismith for an unbroken period of 32 years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Oakdene%2C_Ladismith.jpg/150px-Oakdene%2C_Ladismith.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/58_Church_Street_Ladismith.JPG/150px-58_Church_Street_Ladismith.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Residence. Previous use: Residence. Current use: Guest House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Albert_Manor%2C_Ladismith.jpg/150px-Albert_Manor%2C_Ladismith.jpg"},{"image_text":"Victorian village developed as health resort by James Logan in the 1880s. Used as military base and hospital by British forces in Anglo-Boer War. Entire village bought in 1965 by David Rawdon and redeveloped. Type of site: Village Turn off from N1. Village is 1 km from turn-off. The historic Matjiesfontein Village was built between 1895 and 1907 by Mr J. Logan. It was developed as a spa and as such it became the meeting place of historical figures like Cecil Rhodes and Olive Schreiner.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LordMilner2-HGG.jpg/150px-LordMilner2-HGG.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Railway Station Current use: Railway station.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Station_Matjiesfontein_N1.JPG/150px-Station_Matjiesfontein_N1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Stone church with plaster decoration and corrugated iron roof. Square tower with squat spire. First church building consecrated 1881. Congregation established 6 December 1882. Second building designed by W H Ford, consecrated 20 April 1905. Damaged by flood waters in 1981. Restored by Gabriel Fagan. Commemorative plaque unveiled 5 Dec 1982. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Laingsburg%2C_Dutch_Reformed_Church.JPG/150px-Laingsburg%2C_Dutch_Reformed_Church.JPG"},{"image_text":"A small cemetery containing the graves of, amongst others, Maj Gen A G Wauchope and James Logan. Type of site: Graveyard East of N1 and south of Koppie approx 10 kilometres south of Matjiesfontein.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Matjiesfontein_Cemetery_02.jpg/150px-Matjiesfontein_Cemetery_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"This blockhouse stands some 14 km north of Laingsburg at a point where the national road and the railway line cross a tributary of the Buffalo River. It is one of the best preserved examples of the blockhouses built during the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902). This blockhouse belongs to the type that was erected to protect key positions and especially bridges. It is a double-storeyed stone building Type of site: Blockhouse Previous use: Fortification. A very fine example of the blockhouses erected during the Anglo-Boer War.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Laingsburg_blockhouse_where_have_all_the_flowers_gone.JPG/150px-Laingsburg_blockhouse_where_have_all_the_flowers_gone.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Church. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Oude_Kerk_Museum%2C_Main_Street%2C_Riebeek-Kasteel.jpg/150px-Oude_Kerk_Museum%2C_Main_Street%2C_Riebeek-Kasteel.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mission Station was founded in 1808 by Moravian missionaries on the site occupied by the Dutch East India Company's military outpost, \"'t Groenekloof\", from 1701 to 1791. The old farm house (now the parsonage) was certainly built before 1770, and the original gable of the church building bears the date 1818, although later it was slightly altered. Type of site: Mission Station. The Mission Station which is an important place of interest because of both its history and its architectural beauty, was founded in 1808 by Moravian missionaries on the site occupied by the Dutch East India Company's military outpost, \"'t Groenekloof\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mamre_Moravian_Mission_Church_Gable_1818.jpg/150px-Mamre_Moravian_Mission_Church_Gable_1818.jpg"},{"image_text":"This water-mill dates from about 1840 and is an important part of the existing historic building complex of the mission station at Mamre which was founded in 1808. Type of site: Water Mill Previous use: Mill.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mamre_Mill_3.jpg/120px-Mamre_Mill_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"In this area Henning Huising had the right to graze his cattle for he was one of the few who had a meat contract with the Company. These contracts were valuable monopolies and considerable sums were paid for them. It became necessary to establish guards. In 1752 Groote Post was already one of the largest and most important farms in the vicinity of Malmesbury. The impressive homestead and outbuildings date from the early nineteenth century. From 1814 to 1827 it was the country house of Lord Charles Somerset.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Groote_Post_Cellar.jpg/150px-Groote_Post_Cellar.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Loedolf_House%2C_6_Loedolf_Street%2C_Malmesbury.jpg/150px-Loedolf_House%2C_6_Loedolf_Street%2C_Malmesbury.jpg"},{"image_text":"This lime kiln is one of two similar structures in the area and one of the few remaining examples of the open kiln type in South Africa. Type of site: Lime kiln","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lime_kiln_Yzerfontein.JPG/150px-Lime_kiln_Yzerfontein.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Lime kiln This lime kiln is one of two similar structures in the area and one of the few remaining examples of the open kiln type in South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lime_kiln_Yzerfontein_2.JPG/150px-Lime_kiln_Yzerfontein_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church, Museum Previous use: Synagogue. Current use: Museum. With a flourishing Jewish community in Malmesbury, the old Synagogue, designed by architect B. Goldman, was built in 1911. After the Jewish community started to diminish, the building was transferred to the Municipality of Malmesbury in 1974.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Malmesbury_Museum.jpg/150px-Malmesbury_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Birthplace of General J. C. Smuts, Riebeek West About six kilometres due north of Riebeek West, along the road to Moorreesburg, there is a large cement factory. Right in this industrial development, at the edge of a deep quarry, stands a long, narrow house. Jan Christiaan Smuts was born in this house on 24 May 1870.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/9_2_060_0017-Ongegund-Riebeek_West-Malmesbury-s.jpg/147px-9_2_060_0017-Ongegund-Riebeek_West-Malmesbury-s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical Neo-Gothic cruciform church with decorative corner buttresses. Square bell tower at entrance. This imposing church, the nave of which was consecrated in 1864, was enlarged in 1910 by the addition of two wings, the vestibule and the stately tower. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed. Fine example of ecclesiastical building providing an architectural landmark in the village. Historically and culturally significant in the village history.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dutch_Reformed_Church_and_Square%2C_Church_Street%2C_Philadelphia_03.JPG/112px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_and_Square%2C_Church_Street%2C_Philadelphia_03.JPG"},{"image_text":"This neo-Gothic church building was officially opened on 30 September 1860. The tower, which was added in 1864, collapsed in 1877 and was rebuilt in 1880. The church is closely associated with the establishment of the Swartland congregation, as well as the founding of the town Malmesbury itself. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dutch_Reformed_Church_30.JPG/86px-Dutch_Reformed_Church_30.JPG"},{"image_text":"This magnificent Victorian double-storeyed house was built at the turn of the century of material imported from abroad. Type of site: House Current use: Dwelling.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1.Von_Elgg_Huis%2C_front_%28a%29.jpg/150px-1.Von_Elgg_Huis%2C_front_%28a%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"This famous attraction is situated in the Cango ward 29 kilometres north of Oudtshoorn. The entrance is in the face of a hill beside the Grobbelaar's River. The maze of caves with their beautiful stalactite formations are most impressive. It is generally accepted that the Caves were discovered in 1780 by a herdsman of a farmer called Van Zyl of Doornrivier (now Herold) while he was looking for lost cattle. Later, this man paid a second visit to the caves accompanied by a schoolmaster. Type of site: Karst cavern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cango_Caves-001.JPG/150px-Cango_Caves-001.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arbeidsgenot.JPG/150px-Arbeidsgenot.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rus-in-Urbe_behind_trees.JPG/150px-Rus-in-Urbe_behind_trees.JPG"},{"image_text":"This building, now a museum, dates from about 1909 and for some half a century served as a boys' school. Designed in part by Bullock and Vixseboxe, the well known architects, it reflects the former's copiousness and the latter's Transvaal Republic influence. Especially worthy of note is the facade, with its harmonious blending of styles. Type of site: Educational Previous use: School. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CP_Nel_Museum.JPG/100px-CP_Nel_Museum.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Constructed during 1910, Welgeluk is regarded as one of the finest examples of the so-called \"ostrich palaces\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/ZA-WC-Oudtshoorn-str-farm.jpg/150px-ZA-WC-Oudtshoorn-str-farm.jpg"},{"image_text":"C.J. Langenhoven (1873–1932), Afrikaans writer, champion of the Afrikaans language and author of the South African National Anthem, chiselled the name of the well-known elephant Herrie, from his book Sonde met die Bure, on this rock in July 1929.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Herrie%27s_Stone_Meiringspoort_1.JPG/150px-Herrie%27s_Stone_Meiringspoort_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Previous use: Residential. Current use: Old age home. Gottland House was built by Charles Bullock in 1902 in the opulent style prevailing during the ostrich feather boom. It is in the Victorian style with Art Nouveau elements.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gottland_House_2.JPG/150px-Gottland_House_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"This cruciform church with its neo-Gothic characteristics, was designed by the architect George Wallis of Oudtshoorn. The corner-stone was laid on 28 November 1900 by the Rev. J. A. Beyers and the building was officially inaugurated on 28 November 1902. The impressive pulpit designed by another local architect, J. E. Vixseboxse, and installed in 1911, is also noteworthy. The old hall, which was erected in 1904, was used as school from 1904 to 1913. At present it serves as church hall. Type of site: Church and Parsonage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/De_Rust_Dutch_Reformed_Church.JPG/150px-De_Rust_Dutch_Reformed_Church.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Oakdene_House.JPG/150px-Oakdene_House.JPG"},{"image_text":"This richly ornamented Victorian, house is one of the so-called \"ostrich palaces\" and was designed by the well known architect Charles Bullock. It was erected during 1909/10 for J. H. J. le Roux of the farm Baakenskraal at a stage when the ostrich feather industry was its peak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Le_Roux_Town_House.JPG/150px-Le_Roux_Town_House.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Mimosa_Lodge_Oudtshoorn.JPG/150px-Mimosa_Lodge_Oudtshoorn.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St_Jude_Church3.JPG/150px-St_Jude_Church3.JPG"},{"image_text":"The historical St Jude's Church was originally designed by Sophia Gray, wife of Bishop Robert Gray and completed in 1863. The building is closely linked with the history of Oudtshoorn and of the Anglican Church in South Africa. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Anglican.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/St_Jude%27s_Church_Oudtshoorn.JPG/150px-St_Jude%27s_Church_Oudtshoorn.JPG"},{"image_text":"The foundation stone of this church was laid on 15 January 1861, but because of financial and other problems it could only be consecrated on 7 June 1879. George Wallace was responsible for the building plans. Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oudtshoorn_NG_Kerk.JPG/150px-Oudtshoorn_NG_Kerk.JPG"},{"image_text":"At the same time as the coastal area from Swellendam to George was being settled, the Little Karoo and its extension beyond the Langeberg and Outeniqua Mountains, the Langkloof, were being explored and occupied by cattle farmers. The break-through to this area occurred successively through the Cogman’s Kloof at Montagu, then through the Attaqua Kloof (or Robinson's Pass) opposite Mossel Bay, and the Cradock Kloof which is traversed by the Outeniqua Pass today. Type of site: Bridge Current use: Bridge. An attractive suspension bridge built in 1913-1914 and an interesting feature in Oudtshoorn.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Oudtshoorn_suspension_bridge.JPG/150px-Oudtshoorn_suspension_bridge.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kersefontein_14.09.13-01.jpg/150px-Kersefontein_14.09.13-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kersefontein came into the possession of the Melck family in 1770. Successive generations built and maintained the gracious homestead and outbuildings. Type of site: Farmstead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kersefontein_14.09.13-01.jpg/150px-Kersefontein_14.09.13-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Outbuilding","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kersefontein_out.jpg/150px-Kersefontein_out.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Survey beacon Drive out of Auroa on the road to Redelinghuys. The site is situated on the left side of the road about 2 kilometres from the town. There is a cairn marking the site.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Beacon_002.jpg/100px-Beacon_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Mission Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Goedverwacht.jpg/150px-Goedverwacht.jpg"},{"image_text":"Very fine Cape Gothic dressed stone church with white plaster detailing. Decoration is unusually 'spiky'. This church in the Neo-Gothic style, was designed by Carl Otto Hager. The foundation stone was laid on 12 August 1880. The building was completed early in 1882 and was officially inaugurated on 28 April. Type of site: Church Current use: Church : Dutch Reformed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/NG_Kerk_Piketberg.JPG/150px-NG_Kerk_Piketberg.JPG"},{"image_text":"Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jan_Danckaert_Museum.JPG/150px-Jan_Danckaert_Museum.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Klaarfontein.jpg/150px-Klaarfontein.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Hotel Current use: Hotel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Swartberg_Hotel._Prince_Albert%2C_Western_Cape_2.JPG/150px-Swartberg_Hotel._Prince_Albert%2C_Western_Cape_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Prince Albert lies at the foot of the Swartberg Pass, 72 km from Oudtshoorn and 45 km from the national road between Laingsburg and Beaufort West. It is an interesting old town, with its whitewashed gabled houses which strongly reflect the characteristic architecture of the Cape. Type of site: Mill. Previous use: Mill. This old watermill was built by HJ Botes in 1850 and is still in working order. Situated at the foot of the Swart Berg Pass it is an outstanding feature on this popular tourist route.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/AlbertsMill.PrinceAlbert.jpg/112px-AlbertsMill.PrinceAlbert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Prince_Albert_Seven_Arches.jpg/150px-Prince_Albert_Seven_Arches.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Prince_Albert_Dutch_Reformed_Church_and_hall.jpg/150px-Prince_Albert_Dutch_Reformed_Church_and_hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DutchReformedChurch.PrinceAlbert.jpg/112px-DutchReformedChurch.PrinceAlbert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Prince_Albert_Dutch_Reformed_Church_and_hall.jpg/150px-Prince_Albert_Dutch_Reformed_Church_and_hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. Current use: Parsonage.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/DutchReformedChurchAndParsonage.PrinceAlbert.jpg/150px-DutchReformedChurchAndParsonage.PrinceAlbert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. Current use: Residential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Prince_Albert%2C_Ou_Doktors_Huis.JPG/150px-Prince_Albert%2C_Ou_Doktors_Huis.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Prince_Albert_Pep_Stores.jpg/150px-Prince_Albert_Pep_Stores.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prince_Albert_St_John_the_Baptist_Church.jpg/150px-Prince_Albert_St_John_the_Baptist_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church Complex. Current use: Disused.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Uniondale%2C_Old_Congregational_Church_side.JPG/150px-Uniondale%2C_Old_Congregational_Church_side.JPG"},{"image_text":"The historic Lutheran Mission Church, built in the shape of a Greek crucifix, was erected at Haarlem between 1877and 1880 and is one of the few churches in South Africa built in this traditional style. Type of site: Church Current use: Religious.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Haarlem_church_001.jpg/150px-Haarlem_church_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"This church was erected in 1862, the style being predominantly neo-Gothic. It is closely connected with the history of the town. Type of site: Church Previous use: Church. Current use: Disused.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Uniondale%2C_Old_Dutch_Reformed_Church_from_the_fort.JPG/150px-Uniondale%2C_Old_Dutch_Reformed_Church_from_the_fort.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Church. Current use: Church : Anglican.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Uniondale%2C_All_Saints_Church.JPG/150px-Uniondale%2C_All_Saints_Church.JPG"},{"image_text":"Current use: Office.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Uniondale%2C_26_Victoria_Street_from_corner.JPG/150px-Uniondale%2C_26_Victoria_Street_from_corner.JPG"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House. Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Uniondale%2C_28_Victoria_Street_front.JPG/150px-Uniondale%2C_28_Victoria_Street_front.JPG"},{"image_text":"This historic fort was erected during the Anglo-Boer War by the British military authorities and the so-called Town Guards for the defence of Uniondale. Four similar structures were built at the time at Uniondale. These fortifications differed considerably Type of site: Blockhouse Previous use: Fortification.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Uniondale_FORT_658_copy.jpg/150px-Uniondale_FORT_658_copy.jpg"},{"image_text":"The structure consists of a double-storeyed building and the mill's wooden wheel is of the undershot type. This water mill was built in 1854 by J. A.van Rooyen and is the only remaining water mill in Uniondale. Type of site: Water Mill Previous use: Mill. Current use: Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Uniondale%2C_detail_of_the_old_mill_gear_mechanism_in_gallery.JPG/99px-Uniondale%2C_detail_of_the_old_mill_gear_mechanism_in_gallery.JPG"},{"image_text":"see 9/2/102/0002 & 9/2/022/0037 Heerenlogement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Heeren_scape_003.jpg/150px-Heeren_scape_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"These oval-shaped cottages were built by George Goode Busch in 1918 and are the only remaining fishermen's cottages of this type in the vicinity of Saldanha.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Fishermen%27s_Cottages%2C_Saldanha._1918._Oval_shaped_cottages%2C_built_by_George_Goode_Busch._02.JPG/150px-Fishermen%27s_Cottages%2C_Saldanha._1918._Oval_shaped_cottages%2C_built_by_George_Goode_Busch._02.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Grave_SW_Cummings.JPG/150px-Grave_SW_Cummings.JPG"},{"image_text":"Some of the historical monuments in the Berg River Valley link the history of the area with that of the far interior of the country. This is especially true of the blockhouse on the farm Versailles just north of Welling ton railway station. It guarded the railway bridge over the Berg River and is reached from the road to Hermon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Anglo-Boer_War_Block_House.jpg/150px-Anglo-Boer_War_Block_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cornerstone of the original church building was laid on 27 June 1838 and the building was completed in 1840. In 1861 it was converted into a crucifix church by the addition of two wings. The prominent tower was designed by C. Freeman and H.J. Jones. Type of site: Church Complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wellington_Dutch_Reformed_Church.jpg/129px-Wellington_Dutch_Reformed_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrew Geddes Bain discovered the kloof in 1846 when the Colonial Secretary, John Montagu, was searching for a direct route through the mountains between Cape Town and the new Michell's Pass. Montagu accepted the route for his highway and named it Bain's Kloof. Bain commenced construction work in February 1849 and the pass was opened on 12 September 1853 by the Chairman of the Central Road Board, P. B. Borcherds. Type of site: Pass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bainskloof_pass01.jpg/150px-Bainskloof_pass01.jpg"},{"image_text":"This predominantly Victorian house dates from about 1855 and originally served as the first school building in Wellington.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg/150px-20_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: House The property was first granted to P B Marchant in 1876. It is now a museum. The building is an intact example of Victorian architecture of the area and houses the valuable C P Hoogenhout collection.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Granny%27s_House%2C_Wellington_22.JPG/150px-Granny%27s_House%2C_Wellington_22.JPG"},{"image_text":"In Berg Street, almost in the heart of Wellington, stands an old Cape-Dutch T-shaped house, round which the town, as it were, originated. In the course of time it has lost much of its glory. The thatched roof has been replaced by one of galvanised iron and the front and back gable did not remain intact in the process. Type of site: House. Current use: House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/31_Burg_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg/150px-31_Burg_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg"},{"image_text":"These two erven originally formed part of the farm Champagne, which was granted to the Huguenot Hercule Verdeaux in 1699. The dwellings, one of which dates from the 1830s and the other from the 1850s, were originally in the Cape Dutch style.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/34_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg/150px-34_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg"},{"image_text":"These two erven originally formed part of the farm Champagne, which was granted to the Huguenot Hercule Verdeaux in 1699. The dwellings, one of which dates from the 1830s and the other from the 1850s, were originally in the Cape Dutch style.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/35_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg/150px-35_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Bridge. Current use: Bridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lady_Loch_Bridge%2C_Wellington_-_003.jpg/150px-Lady_Loch_Bridge%2C_Wellington_-_003.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Victoria_Jubilee_Park_ornamenting.jpg/126px-Victoria_Jubilee_Park_ornamenting.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Victoria_Jubilee_Park_Coronation_Arch.jpg/150px-Victoria_Jubilee_Park_Coronation_Arch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Type of site: Hostel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Huguenot_College_2.jpg/150px-Huguenot_College_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"These six early Cape buildings from c.1830 have a history, scale and texture which is characteristic of Wellington, and they form an aesthetically pleasing group which contributes to its sensitive old town area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/53-59_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-002.jpg/150px-53-59_Bain_Street%2C_Wellington-002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Single storey stone Arts & Crafts style building with white plaster decoration to windows and corners. Doric columns to porch between two forward facing wings with triangular barge-boarded gable. Architectural style: Arts & crafts. Type of site: Library. Current use: Library.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Carnegie_library_002.jpg/150px-Carnegie_library_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neat and substantial late Victorian school building. This building, which was erected in 1905 by the Dutch Reformed Church at a cost of £2000. was the first true school building in the town. In 1906 the school opened with 209 scholars and a staff of five. Since 1962, after the transfer of the remaining scholars to the new school, the building has been used for community functions. Type of site: Educational Previous use: School. Current use: Offices.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Old_school_mburg_006.jpg/150px-Old_school_mburg_006.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diepkloof-general-view.JPG/150px-Diepkloof-general-view.JPG"},{"image_text":"There are only a handful of shell middens along the West Coast of South Africa that are as large and deep as Mike Taylor's Midden (MTM). These very large sites, named \"megamiddens\", are the expression of unique social and economic (subsistence) solutions to environmental and demographic challenges that pre-colonial san hunter-gatherers had to face between 3000 and 2000 years before present (BP). MTM megamidden is at least 350m long and 200m wide and has a depth that varies between 1.0 and 1.5m. MTM dates to between 980 and 2800 BP, however, much of this occupational sequence dates to between 2100 and 2500 BP. For this reason, MTM is singular among megamiddens in that it offers the best chronological resolution (greatest volume for shortest period of time) for the later part of this unique period of the precolonial history of South Africa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mussel_Point_%28Mike_Taylor%27s_Midden%29%2C_Elands_Bay%2C_South_Africa.jpg/150px-Mussel_Point_%28Mike_Taylor%27s_Midden%29%2C_Elands_Bay%2C_South_Africa.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Verloren_Vlei_Heritage_Village%2C_Elands_Bay_3.jpg/150px-Verloren_Vlei_Heritage_Village%2C_Elands_Bay_3.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Church%2C_Saron_Mission%2C_Saron_2.jpg/150px-Church%2C_Saron_Mission%2C_Saron_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (previously National Monuments)\" (PDF). 19 September 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westerncape.gov.za/other/2010/11/provincial_heritage_sites_2002_09_19_-_old_national_monuments.pdf","url_text":"\"Western Cape Provincial Heritage Sites (previously National Monuments)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Excursion to the Sandveld (Verlorenvlei and Piketberg)\" (PDF). Vernacular Architecture Society of South Africa. 29–30 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vassa.org.za/wp-content/uploads//2013/01/VASSA_Excursion_Notes_-_Verlorenvlei_Piketberg_September_2012_-_revised_Dec.pdf","url_text":"\"Excursion to the Sandveld (Verlorenvlei and Piketberg)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fame_(1759)
HMS Fame (1759)
["1 Construction","2 Naval career","3 Notes","4 References","5 References"]
18th-century Royal Navy ship For other ships with the same name, see HMS Fame. HMS Fame in foul weather by Charles Dixon History Great Britain NameHMS Fame Ordered13 April 1756 BuilderBird, Deptford Laid down28 May 1756 Launched1 January 1759 RenamedHMS Guildford, December 1799 Honours andawards Participated in: Battle of Grenada Battle of the Saintes FateSold out of the service, 1814 General characteristics Class and type74-gun third rate ship of the line Tons burthen1565 89⁄94 (bm) Length165 ft 6 in (50.44 m) (gundeck) Beam46 ft 7 in (14.20 m) Depth of hold19 ft 10 in (6.05 m) PropulsionSails Sail planFull-rigged ship Armament 74 guns: Gundeck: 28 × 32 pdrs Upper gundeck: 28 × 18 pdrs Quarterdeck: 14 × 9 pdrs Forecastle: 4 × 9 pdrs HMS Fame was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, in service during the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Construction Orders for Fame's construction were issued by Admiralty in April 1756, in the months before the outbreak of the Seven Years' War against France. She was designed by naval architect William Bately, newly appointed as co-Surveyor of the Navy alongside his more senior colleague Sir Thomas Slade. It was Bately's first design for a vessel of this size, and borrowed heavily from Slade's specifications for the older 74-gun Dublin-class ships which were then under construction at England's Royal Dockyards. Bately's drawings also drew inspiration from the dimensions and sailing qualities of the King's yacht Royal Caroline. It was the only vessel built to these specifications; all subsequent 74-gun vessels launched during the Seven Years' War were designed directly by Slade. There was little room available in the Royal Dockyards for the new vessel. Consequently, despite some Navy Board misgivings regarding quality and cost, contracts for her construction were issued to a private shipwright, Henry Bird of Rotherhithe, for £17.2s per ton burthen and with an emphasis on completion and launch by May 1758. Fame's keel was laid down 28 May 1756 but work proceeded slowly, with the vessel not finally ready for launch until 1 January 1759. As built Fame was comparable in size to Slade's Dublin–class vessels, being 165 ft 6 in (50.4 m) long with a 134 ft 0 in (40.8 m) keel, a beam of 46 ft 6 in (14.17 m), and a hold depth of 19 ft 10.5 in (6.1 m). Construction expenses were £26,392.10s with an additional £9,169.9s for fitting-out – significantly less than costs for the majority of Dublin–class ships. Her designated complement was 550, comprising five commissioned officers – a captain and four lieutenants – overseeing 80 warrant and petty officers, 304 naval ratings, 99 Marines and 62 servants and other ranks. Naval career In 1762, while in company with Lion, she captured the French 10-gun ship Ecureuil. On 20 January 1768, she was driven from her moorings at Plymouth, Devon onto St. Nicholas Island and was severely damaged. She collided with the Irish ships Freemason and Valentine. The former was also driven ashore on St. Nicholas Island, the latter sank in the Hamoaze. HMS Fame was refloated on 5 February and taken in to Plymouth for repairs. In 1778, commanded by Captain Stephen Colby, she proceeded to the North American station in a fleet of 14 ships commanded by Vice-Admiral the Hon. John Byron with his flag in Princess Royal. On 6 July 1779, commanded by Captain John Butchart, Fame took part in the Battle of Grenada against the French. The French fleet, under Admiral D’Estaing, consisted of 25 ships of the line and several frigates. The British fleet, under Vice-Admiral Byron, had 21 ships of the line and 1 frigate. The French were anchored off Georgetown on the south-west of the island, and the English approached during the night. D’Estaing weighed at 4 am and Byron chased. The British ships attacked in utter disorder and confusion. Fame and three other ships got separated from the main body, and were very badly mauled. The French lost no ships and eventually hauled off. The British lost 183 killed and 346 wounded. Fame lost 4 killed and 9 wounded. The French lost 190 killed and 759 wounded. This action reflected no credit on either side. In 1782, commanded by Captain Robert Barbor, she was one of a fleet of 36 ships of the line under Admiral Sir George Rodney, who flew his flag in Formidable. They met in the West Indies between Dominica and Guadeloupe a French fleet of 33 ships of the line commanded by Vice-Admiral Comte de Grasse with his flag in Ville de Paris. The fighting was spread over several days, and the French were defeated in the Battle of the Saintes. George Vancouver served as lieutenant on this Fame under Captain Robert Barbor during this engagement. Vancouver later went on captain his own ship, HMS Discovery, on a voyage of discovery to the Pacific Northwest in search of the Northwest passage. In December 1799, Fame was renamed Guilford and fitted as a prison ship. She was eventually sold out of the service in 1814. Notes ^ The 62 servants and other ranks on board were 39 personal servants and clerical staff, 10 assistant sailmakers and carpenters, a steward's assistant and 12 widow's men – fictitious crew members whose pay was intended to be reallocated to the families of sailors who died at sea. References ^ a b Lavery, Ships of the Line vol.1, p176. ^ a b c d Winfield 2007, pp. 58–59 ^ Rosier, Barrington (2010). "The Construction Costs of Eighteenth-Century Warships". The Mariner's Mirror. 92 (2): 164. doi:10.1080/00253359.2010.10657134. S2CID 161774448. ^ a b Rodger 1986, pp.348–351 ^ "(untitled)". Lloyd's List (3341): 78 v. 26 January 1768. ^ "(untitled)". Lloyd's List (3346): 78 v. 12 February 1768. ^ Ships of the Old Navy, Fame. References Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-252-8. Michael Phillips. Fame (74) (1759). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 31 August 2008. Rodger, N. A. M. (1986). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870219871. Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth. ISBN 9781844157006.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fame"},{"link_name":"third-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-rate"},{"link_name":"ship of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Fame.HMS Fame was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, in service during the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War.","title":"HMS Fame (1759)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"naval architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture"},{"link_name":"Surveyor of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Thomas Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Slade"},{"link_name":"Dublin-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Royal Dockyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"Royal Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMY_Royal_Caroline_(1750)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winfield58-2"},{"link_name":"Navy Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Board"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"},{"link_name":"ton burthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosier164-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winfield58-2"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winfield58-2"},{"link_name":"fitting-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting-out"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winfield58-2"},{"link_name":"commissioned officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)#Commissioned_officers"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"lieutenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)"},{"link_name":"warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer"},{"link_name":"petty officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_officer"},{"link_name":"naval ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_rating"},{"link_name":"Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodger348-4"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Orders for Fame's construction were issued by Admiralty in April 1756, in the months before the outbreak of the Seven Years' War against France. She was designed by naval architect William Bately, newly appointed as co-Surveyor of the Navy alongside his more senior colleague Sir Thomas Slade. It was Bately's first design for a vessel of this size, and borrowed heavily from Slade's specifications for the older 74-gun Dublin-class ships which were then under construction at England's Royal Dockyards. Bately's drawings also drew inspiration from the dimensions and sailing qualities of the King's yacht Royal Caroline.[2] It was the only vessel built to these specifications; all subsequent 74-gun vessels launched during the Seven Years' War were designed directly by Slade.There was little room available in the Royal Dockyards for the new vessel. Consequently, despite some Navy Board misgivings regarding quality and cost, contracts for her construction were issued to a private shipwright, Henry Bird of Rotherhithe, for £17.2s per ton burthen and with an emphasis on completion and launch by May 1758.[3][2] Fame's keel was laid down 28 May 1756 but work proceeded slowly, with the vessel not finally ready for launch until 1 January 1759. As built Fame was comparable in size to Slade's Dublin–class vessels, being 165 ft 6 in (50.4 m) long with a 134 ft 0 in (40.8 m) keel, a beam of 46 ft 6 in (14.17 m), and a hold depth of 19 ft 10.5 in (6.1 m).[2] Construction expenses were £26,392.10s with an additional £9,169.9s for fitting-out – significantly less than costs for the majority of Dublin–class ships.[2]Her designated complement was 550, comprising five commissioned officers – a captain and four lieutenants – overseeing 80 warrant and petty officers, 304 naval ratings, 99 Marines and 62 servants and other ranks.[4][a]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Lion_(1753)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ecureuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_ship_Ecureuil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Island"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Hamoaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamoaze"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL260168-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL120268-7"},{"link_name":"Stephen Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Colby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"John Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byron"},{"link_name":"Princess Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess_Royal_(1773)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Butchart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Butchart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada"},{"link_name":"D’Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Grenada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Barbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Barbor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Formidable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1777)"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Comte de Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Grasse"},{"link_name":"Ville de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Ville_de_Paris_(1764)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes"},{"link_name":"George Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"HMS Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1789)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"prison ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavery,_SoLv1_p176-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoN-8"}],"text":"In 1762, while in company with Lion, she captured the French 10-gun ship Ecureuil.[citation needed] On 20 January 1768, she was driven from her moorings at Plymouth, Devon onto St. Nicholas Island and was severely damaged. She collided with the Irish ships Freemason and Valentine. The former was also driven ashore on St. Nicholas Island, the latter sank in the Hamoaze.[5] HMS Fame was refloated on 5 February and taken in to Plymouth for repairs.[6]In 1778, commanded by Captain Stephen Colby, she proceeded to the North American station in a fleet of 14 ships commanded by Vice-Admiral the Hon. John Byron with his flag in Princess Royal.[citation needed]On 6 July 1779, commanded by Captain John Butchart, Fame took part in the Battle of Grenada against the French. The French fleet, under Admiral D’Estaing, consisted of 25 ships of the line and several frigates. The British fleet, under Vice-Admiral Byron, had 21 ships of the line and 1 frigate. The French were anchored off Georgetown on the south-west of the island, and the English approached during the night. D’Estaing weighed at 4 am and Byron chased. The British ships attacked in utter disorder and confusion. Fame and three other ships got separated from the main body, and were very badly mauled. The French lost no ships and eventually hauled off. The British lost 183 killed and 346 wounded. Fame lost 4 killed and 9 wounded. The French lost 190 killed and 759 wounded. This action reflected no credit on either side.[citation needed]In 1782, commanded by Captain Robert Barbor, she was one of a fleet of 36 ships of the line under Admiral Sir George Rodney, who flew his flag in Formidable. They met in the West Indies between Dominica and Guadeloupe a French fleet of 33 ships of the line commanded by Vice-Admiral Comte de Grasse with his flag in Ville de Paris. The fighting was spread over several days, and the French were defeated in the Battle of the Saintes.George Vancouver served as lieutenant on this Fame under Captain Robert Barbor during this engagement. Vancouver later went on captain his own ship, HMS Discovery, on a voyage of discovery to the Pacific Northwest in search of the Northwest passage.[citation needed]In December 1799, Fame was renamed Guilford and fitted as a prison ship. She was eventually sold out of the service in 1814.[1][7]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"steward's assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steward%27s_assistant"},{"link_name":"widow's men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow%27s_man"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodger348-4"}],"text":"^ The 62 servants and other ranks on board were 39 personal servants and clerical staff, 10 assistant sailmakers and carpenters, a steward's assistant and 12 widow's men – fictitious crew members whose pay was intended to be reallocated to the families of sailors who died at sea.[4]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vizinho
José Vizinho
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
15th-century Portuguese court physician and scientist José Vizinho, (also known in English as Joseph Vecinho), was a Portuguese Jew, born in the town of Covilhã, court physician and scientist at the end of the fifteenth century. He was a pupil of Abraham Zacuto, with whom he studied mathematics and cosmography, and was regarded as an authority on the subject by King John II of Portugal. He was sent by the king to the Gulf of Guinea in 1483, to measure the altitude of the sun, using an astrolabe improved by Jacob ben Machir. This was one of several voyages that resulted in the production of detailed maps of areas of the eastern Atlantic that had been unknown to Europeans until then. In 1484, Christopher Columbus presented his plans to the king for a western route to the Indies, which was evaluated by a committee of experts headed by Martin Behaim and "Mestre José", as José Vizinho was called, and also including the Bishop of Ceuta, the court physician Rodrigo, and a Jewish mathematician named Moisés. The Committee finally decided against Columbus' plans to sail west across the Atlantic to the Indies, correctly judging that Columbus had seriously underestimated the size of the world. When the matter came up before the council of state, Pedro de Menezes opposed them also, basing his arguments on José Vizinho's criticisms. Although Vizinho had not favored Columbus' plan, Columbus interacted with him, and obtained a translation of Zacuto's astronomical tables from him. Columbus carried this translation with him on his voyage, and found it extremely useful; it was found in his library after his death. José Vizinho's translation of Zacuto's tables was published by the Jewish printer Samuel d'Ortas in Leiria under the title "Almanach Perpetuum," 1496. References ^ a b c  Singer, Isidore; Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "Vecinho (Vizino), Joseph". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 404. ^ a b c Wilson, Ben (2020). Metropolis: a history of the city, humankind's greatest invention (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 134. ISBN 978-0385543460. Further reading Kayserling, Meyer (1894). Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 9, 12–13, 16–18, 47–48. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Sweden Netherlands Portugal Other IdRef
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He was sent by the king to the Gulf of Guinea in 1483, to measure the altitude of the sun, using an astrolabe improved by Jacob ben Machir. This was one of several voyages that resulted in the production of detailed maps of areas of the eastern Atlantic that had been unknown to Europeans until then.[1][2]In 1484, Christopher Columbus presented his plans to the king for a western route to the Indies, which was evaluated by a committee of experts headed by Martin Behaim and \"Mestre José\", as José Vizinho was called, and also including the Bishop of Ceuta, the court physician Rodrigo, and a Jewish mathematician named Moisés. The Committee finally decided against Columbus' plans to sail west across the Atlantic to the Indies, correctly judging that Columbus had seriously underestimated the size of the world. When the matter came up before the council of state, Pedro de Menezes opposed them also, basing his arguments on José Vizinho's criticisms. Although Vizinho had not favored Columbus' plan, Columbus interacted with him, and obtained a translation of Zacuto's astronomical tables from him. Columbus carried this translation with him on his voyage, and found it extremely useful; it was found in his library after his death.[1][2]José Vizinho's translation of Zacuto's tables was published by the Jewish printer Samuel d'Ortas in Leiria under the title \"Almanach Perpetuum,\" 1496.[1][2]","title":"José Vizinho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t9959cs8x&view=1up&seq=7"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1526358#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1855674/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000055260142"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/7770983"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHCfH9c4H7fMy3xKgBT3"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/137406258"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007136309"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/jgvz4ph22tn7xwp"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p18308361X"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/592623"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/149887108"}],"text":"Kayserling, Meyer (1894). Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 9, 12–13, 16–18, 47–48.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nSweden\nNetherlands\nPortugal\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Singer, Isidore; Jacobs, Joseph (1906). \"Vecinho (Vizino), Joseph\". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 404.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14654-vecinho-vizino-joseph","url_text":"\"Vecinho (Vizino), Joseph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Ben (2020). Metropolis: a history of the city, humankind's greatest invention (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 134. ISBN 978-0385543460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385543460","url_text":"978-0385543460"}]},{"reference":"Kayserling, Meyer (1894). Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 9, 12–13, 16–18, 47–48.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t9959cs8x&view=1up&seq=7","url_text":"Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinate_and_nicotinamide_metabolism
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
["1 Physical and chemical properties","2 Concentration and state in cells","3 Biosynthesis","3.1 De novo production","3.2 Salvage pathways","4 Functions","4.1 Oxidoreductase binding of NAD","4.2 Role in redox metabolism","4.3 Non-redox roles","4.4 Extracellular actions of NAD+","5 Clinical significance","6 History","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","9.1 Function","9.2 History","10 External links"]
Chemical compound which is reduced and oxidized "NAD(P)+" and "NAD(P)H" redirect here. For the phosphates (NADP+/NADPH), see Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Names Other names Diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN+), Coenzyme I Identifiers CAS Number 53-84-9 Y53-59-8 (phosphate) Y58-68-4 (NADH) Y 3D model (JSmol) NAD+: Interactive imageNADH: Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:16908 N ChEMBL ChEMBL1628272 N ChemSpider 5681 Y DrugBank DB00157 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.000.169 IUPHAR/BPS 2451 KEGG C00003 N PubChem CID 925 RTECS number UU3450000 UNII 0U46U6E8UK YBY8P107XEP (phosphate) Y4J24DQ0916 (NADH) Y InChI InChI=1S/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1 YKey: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N YInChI=1/C21H27N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,5-6H2,(H5-,22,23,24,25,33,34,35,36,37)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1Key: BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSBR SMILES NAD+: O=C(N)c1ccc(c1)2O((O)2O)COP()(=O)OP(=O)()OC5O(n4cnc3c(ncnc34)N)(O)5ONADH: O=C(N)C1CC=C(C=1)2O((O)2O)COP()(=O)OP(=O)()OC5O(n4cnc3c(ncnc34)N)(O)5O Properties Chemical formula C21H28N7O14P2 Molar mass 663.43 g/mol Appearance White powder Melting point 160 °C (320 °F; 433 K) Hazards Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): Main hazards Not hazardous NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1 1 0 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen), respectively. In cellular metabolism, NAD is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another, so it is found in two forms: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent, accepting electrons from other molecules and becoming reduced; with H+, this reaction forms NADH, which can be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. It is also used in other cellular processes, most notably as a substrate of enzymes in adding or removing chemical groups to or from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery. In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from either tryptophan or aspartic acid, each a case of an amino acid. Alternatively, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from nutritive compounds such as niacin; similar compounds are produced by reactions that break down the structure of NAD, providing a salvage pathway that recycles them back into their respective active form. Some NAD is converted into the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), whose chemistry largely parallels that of NAD, though its predominant role is as a coenzyme in anabolic metabolism. In the name NAD+, the superscripted plus sign indicates the positive formal charge on one of its nitrogen atoms. Physical and chemical properties Further information: Redox Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consists of two nucleosides joined by pyrophosphate. The nucleosides each contain a ribose ring, one with adenine attached to the first carbon atom (the 1' position) (adenosine diphosphate ribose) and the other with nicotinamide at this position. The redox reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide The compound accepts or donates the equivalent of H−. Such reactions (summarized in formula below) involve the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the reactant (R), in the form of a hydride ion (H−), and a proton (H+). The proton is released into solution, while the reductant RH2 is oxidized and NAD+ reduced to NADH by transfer of the hydride to the nicotinamide ring. RH2 + NAD+ → NADH + H+ + R; From the hydride electron pair, one electron is attracted to the slightly more electronegative atom of the nicotinamide ring of NAD+, becoming part of the nicotinamide moiety. The second electron and proton atom are transferred to the carbon atom adjacent to the N atom. The midpoint potential of the NAD+/NADH redox pair is −0.32 volts, which makes NADH a moderately strong reducing agent. The reaction is easily reversible, when NADH reduces another molecule and is re-oxidized to NAD+. This means the coenzyme can continuously cycle between the NAD+ and NADH forms without being consumed. In appearance, all forms of this coenzyme are white amorphous powders that are hygroscopic and highly water-soluble. The solids are stable if stored dry and in the dark. Solutions of NAD+ are colorless and stable for about a week at 4 °C and neutral pH, but decompose rapidly in acidic or alkaline solutions. Upon decomposition, they form products that are enzyme inhibitors. UV absorption spectra of NAD+ and NADH Both NAD+ and NADH strongly absorb ultraviolet light because of the adenine. For example, peak absorption of NAD+ is at a wavelength of 259 nanometers (nm), with an extinction coefficient of 16,900 M−1cm−1. NADH also absorbs at higher wavelengths, with a second peak in UV absorption at 339 nm with an extinction coefficient of 6,220 M−1cm−1. This difference in the ultraviolet absorption spectra between the oxidized and reduced forms of the coenzymes at higher wavelengths makes it simple to measure the conversion of one to another in enzyme assays – by measuring the amount of UV absorption at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer. NAD+ and NADH also differ in their fluorescence. Freely diffusing NADH in aqueous solution, when excited at the nicotinamide absorbance of ~335 nm (near-UV), fluoresces at 445–460 nm (violet to blue) with a fluorescence lifetime of 0.4 nanoseconds, while NAD+ does not fluoresce. The properties of the fluorescence signal changes when NADH binds to proteins, so these changes can be used to measure dissociation constants, which are useful in the study of enzyme kinetics. These changes in fluorescence are also used to measure changes in the redox state of living cells, through fluorescence microscopy. NADH can be converted to NAD+ in a reaction catalysed by copper, which requires hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the supply of NAD+ in cells requires mitochondrial copper(II). Concentration and state in cells In rat liver, the total amount of NAD+ and NADH is approximately 1 μmole per gram of wet weight, about 10 times the concentration of NADP+ and NADPH in the same cells. The actual concentration of NAD+ in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM, and approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mM in yeast. However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower. NAD+ concentrations are highest in the mitochondria, constituting 40% to 70% of the total cellular NAD+. NAD+ in the cytosol is carried into the mitochondrion by a specific membrane transport protein, since the coenzyme cannot diffuse across membranes. The intracellular half-life of NAD+ was claimed to be between 1–2 hours by one review, whereas another review gave varying estimates based on compartment: intracellular 1–4 hours, cytoplasmic 2 hours, and mitochondrial 4–6 hours. The balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD+/NADH ratio. This ratio is an important component of what is called the redox state of a cell, a measurement that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of cells. The effects of the NAD+/NADH ratio are complex, controlling the activity of several key enzymes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. In healthy mammalian tissues, estimates of the ratio of free NAD+ to NADH in the cytoplasm typically lie around 700:1; the ratio is thus favorable for oxidative reactions. The ratio of total NAD+/NADH is much lower, with estimates ranging from 3–10 in mammals. In contrast, the NADP+/NADPH ratio is normally about 0.005, so NADPH is the dominant form of this coenzyme. These different ratios are key to the different metabolic roles of NADH and NADPH. Biosynthesis NAD+ is synthesized through two metabolic pathways. It is produced either in a de novo pathway from amino acids or in salvage pathways by recycling preformed components such as nicotinamide back to NAD+. Although most tissues synthesize NAD+ by the salvage pathway in mammals, much more de novo synthesis occurs in the liver from tryptophan, and in the kidney and macrophages from nicotinic acid. De novo production Some metabolic pathways that synthesize and consume NAD+ in vertebrates. The abbreviations are defined in the text. Most organisms synthesize NAD+ from simple components. The specific set of reactions differs among organisms, but a common feature is the generation of quinolinic acid (QA) from an amino acid – either tryptophan (Trp) in animals and some bacteria, or aspartic acid (Asp) in some bacteria and plants. The quinolinic acid is converted to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfer of a phosphoribose moiety. An adenylate moiety is then transferred to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Finally, the nicotinic acid moiety in NaAD is amidated to a nicotinamide (Nam) moiety, forming nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. In a further step, some NAD+ is converted into NADP+ by NAD+ kinase, which phosphorylates NAD+. In most organisms, this enzyme uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the source of the phosphate group, although several bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, use inorganic polyphosphate as an alternative phosphoryl donor. Salvage pathways use three precursors for NAD+. Salvage pathways Despite the presence of the de novo pathway, the salvage reactions are essential in humans; a lack of niacin in the diet causes the vitamin deficiency disease pellagra. This high requirement for NAD+ results from the constant consumption of the coenzyme in reactions such as posttranslational modifications, since the cycling of NAD+ between oxidized and reduced forms in redox reactions does not change the overall levels of the coenzyme. The major source of NAD+ in mammals is the salvage pathway which recycles the nicotinamide produced by enzymes utilizing NAD+. The first step, and the rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), which produces nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NMN is the immediate precursor to NAD+ in the salvage pathway. Besides assembling NAD+ de novo from simple amino acid precursors, cells also salvage preformed compounds containing a pyridine base. The three vitamin precursors used in these salvage metabolic pathways are nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (Nam) and nicotinamide riboside (NR). These compounds can be taken up from the diet and are termed vitamin B3 or niacin. However, these compounds are also produced within cells and by digestion of cellular NAD+. Some of the enzymes involved in these salvage pathways appear to be concentrated in the cell nucleus, which may compensate for the high level of reactions that consume NAD+ in this organelle. There are some reports that mammalian cells can take up extracellular NAD+ from their surroundings, and both nicotinamide and nicotinamide riboside can be absorbed from the gut. The salvage pathways used in microorganisms differ from those of mammals. Some pathogens, such as the yeast Candida glabrata and the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae are NAD+ auxotrophs – they cannot synthesize NAD+ – but possess salvage pathways and thus are dependent on external sources of NAD+ or its precursors. Even more surprising is the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, which lacks recognizable candidates for any genes involved in the biosynthesis or salvage of both NAD+ and NADP+, and must acquire these coenzymes from its host. Functions Rossmann fold in part of the lactate dehydrogenase of Cryptosporidium parvum, showing NAD+ in red, beta sheets in yellow, and alpha helices in purple Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has several essential roles in metabolism. It acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions, as a precursor of the second messenger molecule cyclic ADP-ribose, as well as acting as a substrate for bacterial DNA ligases and a group of enzymes called sirtuins that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins. In addition to these metabolic functions, NAD+ emerges as an adenine nucleotide that can be released from cells spontaneously and by regulated mechanisms, and can therefore have important extracellular roles. Oxidoreductase binding of NAD Further information: Protein structure and Oxidoreductase The main role of NAD+ in metabolism is the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Reactions of this type are catalyzed by a large group of enzymes called oxidoreductases. The correct names for these enzymes contain the names of both their substrates: for example NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase catalyzes the oxidation of NADH by coenzyme Q. However, these enzymes are also referred to as dehydrogenases or reductases, with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase commonly being called NADH dehydrogenase or sometimes coenzyme Q reductase. There are many different superfamilies of enzymes that bind NAD+ / NADH. One of the most common superfamilies includes a structural motif known as the Rossmann fold. The motif is named after Michael Rossmann, who was the first scientist to notice how common this structure is within nucleotide-binding proteins. An example of a NAD-binding bacterial enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism that does not have the Rossmann fold is found in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PDB: 2CWH​; InterPro: IPR003767). In this diagram, the hydride acceptor C4 carbon is shown at the top. When the nicotinamide ring lies in the plane of the page with the carboxy-amide to the right, as shown, the hydride donor lies either "above" or "below" the plane of the page. If "above" hydride transfer is class A, if "below" hydride transfer is class B. When bound in the active site of an oxidoreductase, the nicotinamide ring of the coenzyme is positioned so that it can accept a hydride from the other substrate. Depending on the enzyme, the hydride donor is positioned either "above" or "below" the plane of the planar C4 carbon, as defined in the figure. Class A oxidoreductases transfer the atom from above; class B enzymes transfer it from below. Since the C4 carbon that accepts the hydrogen is prochiral, this can be exploited in enzyme kinetics to give information about the enzyme's mechanism. This is done by mixing an enzyme with a substrate that has deuterium atoms substituted for the hydrogens, so the enzyme will reduce NAD+ by transferring deuterium rather than hydrogen. In this case, an enzyme can produce one of two stereoisomers of NADH. Despite the similarity in how proteins bind the two coenzymes, enzymes almost always show a high level of specificity for either NAD+ or NADP+. This specificity reflects the distinct metabolic roles of the respective coenzymes, and is the result of distinct sets of amino acid residues in the two types of coenzyme-binding pocket. For instance, in the active site of NADP-dependent enzymes, an ionic bond is formed between a basic amino acid side-chain and the acidic phosphate group of NADP+. On the converse, in NAD-dependent enzymes the charge in this pocket is reversed, preventing NADP+ from binding. However, there are a few exceptions to this general rule, and enzymes such as aldose reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase can use both coenzymes in some species. Role in redox metabolism A simplified outline of redox metabolism, showing how NAD+ and NADH link the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation Further information: Cellular respiration and Oxidative phosphorylation The redox reactions catalyzed by oxidoreductases are vital in all parts of metabolism, but one particularly important area where these reactions occur is in the release of energy from nutrients. Here, reduced compounds such as glucose and fatty acids are oxidized, thereby releasing energy. This energy is transferred to NAD+ by reduction to NADH, as part of beta oxidation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle. In eukaryotes the electrons carried by the NADH that is produced in the cytoplasm are transferred into the mitochondrion (to reduce mitochondrial NAD+) by mitochondrial shuttles, such as the malate-aspartate shuttle. The mitochondrial NADH is then oxidized in turn by the electron transport chain, which pumps protons across a membrane and generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. These shuttle systems also have the same transport function in chloroplasts. Since both the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are used in these linked sets of reactions, the cell maintains significant concentrations of both NAD+ and NADH, with the high NAD+/NADH ratio allowing this coenzyme to act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent. In contrast, the main function of NADPH is as a reducing agent in anabolism, with this coenzyme being involved in pathways such as fatty acid synthesis and photosynthesis. Since NADPH is needed to drive redox reactions as a strong reducing agent, the NADP+/NADPH ratio is kept very low. Although it is important in catabolism, NADH is also used in anabolic reactions, such as gluconeogenesis. This need for NADH in anabolism poses a problem for prokaryotes growing on nutrients that release only a small amount of energy. For example, nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrobacter oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which releases sufficient energy to pump protons and generate ATP, but not enough to produce NADH directly. As NADH is still needed for anabolic reactions, these bacteria use a nitrite oxidoreductase to produce enough proton-motive force to run part of the electron transport chain in reverse, generating NADH. Non-redox roles The coenzyme NAD+ is also consumed in ADP-ribose transfer reactions. For example, enzymes called ADP-ribosyltransferases add the ADP-ribose moiety of this molecule to proteins, in a posttranslational modification called ADP-ribosylation. ADP-ribosylation involves either the addition of a single ADP-ribose moiety, in mono-ADP-ribosylation, or the transferral of ADP-ribose to proteins in long branched chains, which is called poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Mono-ADP-ribosylation was first identified as the mechanism of a group of bacterial toxins, notably cholera toxin, but it is also involved in normal cell signaling. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is carried out by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. The poly(ADP-ribose) structure is involved in the regulation of several cellular events and is most important in the cell nucleus, in processes such as DNA repair and telomere maintenance. In addition to these functions within the cell, a group of extracellular ADP-ribosyltransferases has recently been discovered, but their functions remain obscure. NAD+ may also be added onto cellular RNA as a 5'-terminal modification. The structure of cyclic ADP-ribose Another function of this coenzyme in cell signaling is as a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose, which is produced from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclases, as part of a second messenger system. This molecule acts in calcium signaling by releasing calcium from intracellular stores. It does this by binding to and opening a class of calcium channels called ryanodine receptors, which are located in the membranes of organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, and inducing the activation of the transcription factor NAFC3 NAD+ is also consumed by different NAD+-consuming enzymes, such as CD38, CD157, PARPs and the NAD-dependent deacetylases (sirtuins,such as Sir2.). These enzymes act by transferring an acetyl group from their substrate protein to the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+; this cleaves the coenzyme and releases nicotinamide and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. The sirtuins mainly seem to be involved in regulating transcription through deacetylating histones and altering nucleosome structure. However, non-histone proteins can be deacetylated by sirtuins as well. These activities of sirtuins are particularly interesting because of their importance in the regulation of aging. Other NAD-dependent enzymes include bacterial DNA ligases, which join two DNA ends by using NAD+ as a substrate to donate an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) moiety to the 5' phosphate of one DNA end. This intermediate is then attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the other DNA end, forming a new phosphodiester bond. This contrasts with eukaryotic DNA ligases, which use ATP to form the DNA-AMP intermediate. Li et al. have found that NAD+ directly regulates protein-protein interactions. They also show that one of the causes of age-related decline in DNA repair may be increased binding of the protein DBC1 (Deleted in Breast Cancer 1) to PARP1 (poly polymerase 1) as NAD+ levels decline during aging. The decline in cellular concentrations of NAD+ during aging likely contributes to the aging process and to the pathogenesis of the chronic diseases of aging. Thus, the modulation of NAD+ may protect against cancer, radiation, and aging. Extracellular actions of NAD+ In recent years, NAD+ has also been recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule involved in cell-to-cell communication. NAD+ is released from neurons in blood vessels, urinary bladder, large intestine, from neurosecretory cells, and from brain synaptosomes, and is proposed to be a novel neurotransmitter that transmits information from nerves to effector cells in smooth muscle organs. In plants, the extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide induces resistance to pathogen infection and the first extracellular NAD receptor has been identified. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of its extracellular actions and their importance for human health and life processes in other organisms. Clinical significance The enzymes that make and use NAD+ and NADH are important in both pharmacology and the research into future treatments for disease. Drug design and drug development exploits NAD+ in three ways: as a direct target of drugs, by designing enzyme inhibitors or activators based on its structure that change the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, and by trying to inhibit NAD+ biosynthesis. Because cancer cells utilize increased glycolysis, and because NAD enhances glycolysis, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAD salvage pathway) is often amplified in cancer cells. It has been studied for its potential use in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease as well as multiple sclerosis. A placebo-controlled clinical trial of NADH (which excluded NADH precursors) in people with Parkinson's failed to show any effect. NAD+ is also a direct target of the drug isoniazid, which is used in the treatment of tuberculosis, an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Isoniazid is a prodrug and once it has entered the bacteria, it is activated by a peroxidase enzyme, which oxidizes the compound into a free radical form. This radical then reacts with NADH, to produce adducts that are very potent inhibitors of the enzymes enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, and dihydrofolate reductase. Since many oxidoreductases use NAD+ and NADH as substrates, and bind them using a highly conserved structural motif, the idea that inhibitors based on NAD+ could be specific to one enzyme is surprising. However, this can be possible: for example, inhibitors based on the compounds mycophenolic acid and tiazofurin inhibit IMP dehydrogenase at the NAD+ binding site. Because of the importance of this enzyme in purine metabolism, these compounds may be useful as anti-cancer, anti-viral, or immunosuppressive drugs. Other drugs are not enzyme inhibitors, but instead activate enzymes involved in NAD+ metabolism. Sirtuins are a particularly interesting target for such drugs, since activation of these NAD-dependent deacetylases extends lifespan in some animal models. Compounds such as resveratrol increase the activity of these enzymes, which may be important in their ability to delay aging in both vertebrate, and invertebrate model organisms. In one experiment, mice given NAD for one week had improved nuclear-mitochrondrial communication. Because of the differences in the metabolic pathways of NAD+ biosynthesis between organisms, such as between bacteria and humans, this area of metabolism is a promising area for the development of new antibiotics. For example, the enzyme nicotinamidase, which converts nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, is a target for drug design, as this enzyme is absent in humans but present in yeast and bacteria. In bacteriology, NAD, sometimes referred to factor V, is used as a supplement to culture media for some fastidious bacteria. History Arthur Harden, co-discoverer of NAD Further information: History of biochemistry The coenzyme NAD+ was first discovered by the British biochemists Arthur Harden and William John Young in 1906. They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a coferment. Through a long and difficult purification from yeast extracts, this heat-stable factor was identified as a nucleotide sugar phosphate by Hans von Euler-Chelpin. In 1936, the German scientist Otto Heinrich Warburg showed the function of the nucleotide coenzyme in hydride transfer and identified the nicotinamide portion as the site of redox reactions. Vitamin precursors of NAD+ were first identified in 1938, when Conrad Elvehjem showed that liver has an "anti-black tongue" activity in the form of nicotinamide. Then, in 1939, he provided the first strong evidence that niacin is used to synthesize NAD+. In the early 1940s, Arthur Kornberg was the first to detect an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway. In 1949, the American biochemists Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that NADH linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle with the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. In 1958, Jack Preiss and Philip Handler discovered the intermediates and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+; salvage synthesis from nicotinic acid is termed the Preiss-Handler pathway. In 2004, Charles Brenner and co-workers uncovered the nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway to NAD+. The non-redox roles of NAD(P) were discovered later. The first to be identified was the use of NAD+ as the ADP-ribose donor in ADP-ribosylation reactions, observed in the early 1960s. Studies in the 1980s and 1990s revealed the activities of NAD+ and NADP+ metabolites in cell signaling – such as the action of cyclic ADP-ribose, which was discovered in 1987. The metabolism of NAD+ remained an area of intense research into the 21st century, with interest heightened after the discovery of the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases called sirtuins in 2000, by Shin-ichiro Imai and coworkers in the laboratory of Leonard P. Guarente. In 2009 Imai proposed the "NAD World" hypothesis that key regulators of aging and longevity in mammals are sirtuin 1 and the primary NAD+ synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). In 2016 Imai expanded his hypothesis to "NAD World 2.0", which postulates that extracellular NAMPT from adipose tissue maintains NAD+ in the hypothalamus (the control center) in conjunction with myokines from skeletal muscle cells. 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A History of Science: in Five Volumes. Vol. IV. New York: Harper and Brothers., a textbook from the 19th century. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NAD bound to proteins in the Protein Data Bank NAD Animation (Flash Required) β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, oxidized) and NADH (reduced) Chemical data sheet from Sigma-Aldrich NAD+, NADH and NAD synthesis pathway at the MetaCyc database List of oxidoreductases at the SWISS-PROT database NAD+ NAD+ The Molecule of Youth vteEnzyme cofactorsActive formsvitamins TPP / ThDP (B1) FMN, FAD (B2) NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH (B3) Coenzyme A (B5) PLP / P5P (B6) Biotin (B7) THFA / H4FA, DHFA / H2FA, MTHF (B9) AdoCbl, MeCbl (B12) Ascorbic acid (C) Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem (A, B, C, O) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin Mycofactocin PQQ THB / BH4 THMPT / H4MPT metal ions Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe2+, Fe3+ Mg2+ Mn2+ Mo Ni2+ Zn2+ Base forms vitamins: see vitamins
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For the phosphates (NADP+/NADPH), see Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.Chemical compoundNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.[3] Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other, nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen), respectively.In cellular metabolism, NAD is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another, so it is found in two forms: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent, accepting electrons from other molecules and becoming reduced; with H+, this reaction forms NADH, which can be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. It is also used in other cellular processes, most notably as a substrate of enzymes in adding or removing chemical groups to or from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from either tryptophan or aspartic acid, each a case of an amino acid. Alternatively, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from nutritive compounds such as niacin; similar compounds are produced by reactions that break down the structure of NAD, providing a salvage pathway that recycles them back into their respective active form.Some NAD is converted into the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), whose chemistry largely parallels that of NAD, though its predominant role is as a coenzyme in anabolic metabolism.In the name NAD+, the superscripted plus sign indicates the positive formal charge on one of its nitrogen atoms.","title":"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"nucleosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside"},{"link_name":"pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose"},{"link_name":"adenine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine"},{"link_name":"1'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"adenosine diphosphate ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollak-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAD_oxidation_reduction.svg"},{"link_name":"redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belenky-6"},{"link_name":"hydride ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydride"},{"link_name":"proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"midpoint potential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential#Non-standard_condition"},{"link_name":"volts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unden-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollak-5"},{"link_name":"amorphous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solid"},{"link_name":"hygroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"enzyme inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NADNADH.svg"},{"link_name":"UV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"image reference needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"nanometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer"},{"link_name":"extinction coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_absorptivity"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration#Molarity"},{"link_name":"cm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson-10"},{"link_name":"absorption spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectra"},{"link_name":"enzyme assays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_assay"},{"link_name":"spectrophotometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawson-10"},{"link_name":"fluorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence"},{"link_name":"fluorescence lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence#Lifetime"},{"link_name":"nanoseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosecond"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blacker_Mann_Gale_Ziegler_p.-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lakowicz-12"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"dissociation constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociation_constant"},{"link_name":"enzyme kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lakowicz-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"fluorescence microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kasimova-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Further information: RedoxNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide consists of two nucleosides joined by pyrophosphate. The nucleosides each contain a ribose ring, one with adenine attached to the first carbon atom (the 1' position) (adenosine diphosphate ribose) and the other with nicotinamide at this position.[4][5]The redox reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideThe compound accepts or donates the equivalent of H−.[6] Such reactions (summarized in formula below) involve the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the reactant (R), in the form of a hydride ion (H−), and a proton (H+). The proton is released into solution, while the reductant RH2 is oxidized and NAD+ reduced to NADH by transfer of the hydride to the nicotinamide ring.RH2 + NAD+ → NADH + H+ + R;From the hydride electron pair, one electron is attracted to the slightly more electronegative atom of the nicotinamide ring of NAD+, becoming part of the nicotinamide moiety. The second electron and proton atom are transferred to the carbon atom adjacent to the N atom. The midpoint potential of the NAD+/NADH redox pair is −0.32 volts, which makes NADH a moderately strong reducing agent.[7] The reaction is easily reversible, when NADH reduces another molecule and is re-oxidized to NAD+. This means the coenzyme can continuously cycle between the NAD+ and NADH forms without being consumed.[5]In appearance, all forms of this coenzyme are white amorphous powders that are hygroscopic and highly water-soluble.[8] The solids are stable if stored dry and in the dark. Solutions of NAD+ are colorless and stable for about a week at 4 °C and neutral pH, but decompose rapidly in acidic or alkaline solutions. Upon decomposition, they form products that are enzyme inhibitors.[9]UV absorption spectra of NAD+ and NADH[image reference needed]Both NAD+ and NADH strongly absorb ultraviolet light because of the adenine. For example, peak absorption of NAD+ is at a wavelength of 259 nanometers (nm), with an extinction coefficient of 16,900 M−1cm−1. NADH also absorbs at higher wavelengths, with a second peak in UV absorption at 339 nm with an extinction coefficient of 6,220 M−1cm−1.[10] This difference in the ultraviolet absorption spectra between the oxidized and reduced forms of the coenzymes at higher wavelengths makes it simple to measure the conversion of one to another in enzyme assays – by measuring the amount of UV absorption at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer.[10]NAD+ and NADH also differ in their fluorescence. Freely diffusing NADH in aqueous solution, when excited at the nicotinamide absorbance of ~335 nm (near-UV), fluoresces at 445–460 nm (violet to blue) with a fluorescence lifetime of 0.4 nanoseconds, while NAD+ does not fluoresce.[11][12] The properties of the fluorescence signal changes when NADH binds to proteins, so these changes can be used to measure dissociation constants, which are useful in the study of enzyme kinetics.[12][13] These changes in fluorescence are also used to measure changes in the redox state of living cells, through fluorescence microscopy.[14]NADH can be converted to NAD+ in a reaction catalysed by copper, which requires hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the supply of NAD+ in cells requires mitochondrial copper(II).[15][16]","title":"Physical and chemical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"μmole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromole"},{"link_name":"gram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"cytosol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol"},{"link_name":"mM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang-19"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belenky2-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid31412683-22"},{"link_name":"membrane transport protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein"},{"link_name":"diffuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_half-life"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27465020-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29413178-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"pyruvate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williamson-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhang-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"NADP+/NADPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"In rat liver, the total amount of NAD+ and NADH is approximately 1 μmole per gram of wet weight, about 10 times the concentration of NADP+ and NADPH in the same cells.[17] The actual concentration of NAD+ in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM,[18][19] and approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mM in yeast.[20] However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower.[21]NAD+ concentrations are highest in the mitochondria, constituting 40% to 70% of the total cellular NAD+.[22] NAD+ in the cytosol is carried into the mitochondrion by a specific membrane transport protein, since the coenzyme cannot diffuse across membranes.[23] The intracellular half-life of NAD+ was claimed to be between 1–2 hours by one review,[24] whereas another review gave varying estimates based on compartment: intracellular 1–4 hours, cytoplasmic 2 hours, and mitochondrial 4–6 hours.[25]The balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD+/NADH ratio. This ratio is an important component of what is called the redox state of a cell, a measurement that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of cells.[26] The effects of the NAD+/NADH ratio are complex, controlling the activity of several key enzymes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. In healthy mammalian tissues, estimates of the ratio of free NAD+ to NADH in the cytoplasm typically lie around 700:1; the ratio is thus favorable for oxidative reactions.[27][28] The ratio of total NAD+/NADH is much lower, with estimates ranging from 3–10 in mammals.[29] In contrast, the NADP+/NADPH ratio is normally about 0.005, so NADPH is the dominant form of this coenzyme.[30] These different ratios are key to the different metabolic roles of NADH and NADPH.","title":"Concentration and state in cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_novo_synthesis"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"nicotinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acid"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32097708-31"}],"text":"NAD+ is synthesized through two metabolic pathways. It is produced either in a de novo pathway from amino acids or in salvage pathways by recycling preformed components such as nicotinamide back to NAD+. Although most tissues synthesize NAD+ by the salvage pathway in mammals, much more de novo synthesis occurs in the liver from tryptophan, and in the kidney and macrophages from nicotinic acid.[31]","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAD_metabolism.svg"},{"link_name":"metabolic pathways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_pathway"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"image reference needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belenky-6"},{"link_name":"quinolinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolinic_acid"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"aspartic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_acid"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"amidated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belenky-6"},{"link_name":"NAD+ kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD%2B_kinase"},{"link_name":"phosphorylates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylates"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"adenosine triphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"archaeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeon"},{"link_name":"Pyrococcus horikoshii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrococcus"},{"link_name":"polyphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphate"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NA,_N_and_NR.svg"}],"sub_title":"De novo production","text":"Some metabolic pathways that synthesize and consume NAD+ in vertebrates.[image reference needed] The abbreviations are defined in the text.Most organisms synthesize NAD+ from simple components.[6] The specific set of reactions differs among organisms, but a common feature is the generation of quinolinic acid (QA) from an amino acid – either tryptophan (Trp) in animals and some bacteria, or aspartic acid (Asp) in some bacteria and plants.[32][33] The quinolinic acid is converted to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) by transfer of a phosphoribose moiety. An adenylate moiety is then transferred to form nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD). Finally, the nicotinic acid moiety in NaAD is amidated to a nicotinamide (Nam) moiety, forming nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.[6]In a further step, some NAD+ is converted into NADP+ by NAD+ kinase, which phosphorylates NAD+.[34] In most organisms, this enzyme uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the source of the phosphate group, although several bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii, use inorganic polyphosphate as an alternative phosphoryl donor.[35][36]Salvage pathways use three precursors for NAD+.","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"niacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin"},{"link_name":"vitamin deficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency"},{"link_name":"pellagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellagra"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belenky-6"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29514064-38"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_phosphoribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide mononucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_mononucleotide"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid29514064-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide riboside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_riboside"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belenky-6"},{"link_name":"cell nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"organelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rongvaux-43"},{"link_name":"Candida glabrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_glabrata"},{"link_name":"Haemophilus influenzae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae"},{"link_name":"auxotrophs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxotroph"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"pathogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"Chlamydia trachomatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis"},{"link_name":"host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Salvage pathways","text":"Despite the presence of the de novo pathway, the salvage reactions are essential in humans; a lack of niacin in the diet causes the vitamin deficiency disease pellagra.[37] This high requirement for NAD+ results from the constant consumption of the coenzyme in reactions such as posttranslational modifications, since the cycling of NAD+ between oxidized and reduced forms in redox reactions does not change the overall levels of the coenzyme.[6]\nThe major source of NAD+ in mammals is the salvage pathway which recycles the nicotinamide produced by enzymes utilizing NAD+.[38] The first step, and the rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), which produces nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).[38] NMN is the immediate precursor to NAD+ in the salvage pathway.[39]Besides assembling NAD+ de novo from simple amino acid precursors, cells also salvage preformed compounds containing a pyridine base. The three vitamin precursors used in these salvage metabolic pathways are nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (Nam) and nicotinamide riboside (NR).[6] These compounds can be taken up from the diet and are termed vitamin B3 or niacin. However, these compounds are also produced within cells and by digestion of cellular NAD+. Some of the enzymes involved in these salvage pathways appear to be concentrated in the cell nucleus, which may compensate for the high level of reactions that consume NAD+ in this organelle.[40] There are some reports that mammalian cells can take up extracellular NAD+ from their surroundings,[41] and both nicotinamide and nicotinamide riboside can be absorbed from the gut.[42]The salvage pathways used in microorganisms differ from those of mammals.[43] Some pathogens, such as the yeast Candida glabrata and the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae are NAD+ auxotrophs – they cannot synthesize NAD+ – but possess salvage pathways and thus are dependent on external sources of NAD+ or its precursors.[44][45] Even more surprising is the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, which lacks recognizable candidates for any genes involved in the biosynthesis or salvage of both NAD+ and NADP+, and must acquire these coenzymes from its host.[46]","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rossman_fold.png"},{"link_name":"Rossmann fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossmann_fold"},{"link_name":"lactate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"Cryptosporidium parvum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"coenzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme"},{"link_name":"redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox"},{"link_name":"ADP-ribosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation"},{"link_name":"second messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messenger"},{"link_name":"cyclic ADP-ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_ADP-ribose"},{"link_name":"DNA ligases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase"},{"link_name":"sirtuins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin"},{"link_name":"acetyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smyth-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billington-49"},{"link_name":"extracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billington-49"}],"text":"Rossmann fold in part of the lactate dehydrogenase of Cryptosporidium parvum, showing NAD+ in red, beta sheets in yellow, and alpha helices in purple[47]Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has several essential roles in metabolism. It acts as a coenzyme in redox reactions, as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions, as a precursor of the second messenger molecule cyclic ADP-ribose, as well as acting as a substrate for bacterial DNA ligases and a group of enzymes called sirtuins that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins. In addition to these metabolic functions, NAD+ emerges as an adenine nucleotide that can be released from cells spontaneously and by regulated mechanisms,[48][49] and can therefore have important extracellular roles.[49]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protein structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure"},{"link_name":"Oxidoreductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"coenzyme Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Q"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"structural motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_motif"},{"link_name":"Rossmann fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossmann_fold"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015-Hanukoglu-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Michael Rossmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rossmann"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rao-54"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas syringae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"2CWH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rcsb.org/structure/2CWH"},{"link_name":"InterPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro"},{"link_name":"IPR003767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR003767"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAD%2B_phys_alt.svg"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellamacina-56"},{"link_name":"prochiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochiral"},{"link_name":"enzyme kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics"},{"link_name":"deuterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium"},{"link_name":"stereoisomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoisomerism"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellamacina-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"ionic bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond"},{"link_name":"aldose reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose_reductase"},{"link_name":"glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenetetrahydrofolate_reductase"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Oxidoreductase binding of NAD","text":"Further information: Protein structure and OxidoreductaseThe main role of NAD+ in metabolism is the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Reactions of this type are catalyzed by a large group of enzymes called oxidoreductases. The correct names for these enzymes contain the names of both their substrates: for example NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase catalyzes the oxidation of NADH by coenzyme Q.[50] However, these enzymes are also referred to as dehydrogenases or reductases, with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase commonly being called NADH dehydrogenase or sometimes coenzyme Q reductase.[51]There are many different superfamilies of enzymes that bind NAD+ / NADH. One of the most common superfamilies includes a structural motif known as the Rossmann fold.[52][53] The motif is named after Michael Rossmann, who was the first scientist to notice how common this structure is within nucleotide-binding proteins.[54]An example of a NAD-binding bacterial enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism that does not have the Rossmann fold is found in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PDB: 2CWH​; InterPro: IPR003767).[55]In this diagram, the hydride acceptor C4 carbon is shown at the top. When the nicotinamide ring lies in the plane of the page with the carboxy-amide to the right, as shown, the hydride donor lies either \"above\" or \"below\" the plane of the page. If \"above\" hydride transfer is class A, if \"below\" hydride transfer is class B.[56]When bound in the active site of an oxidoreductase, the nicotinamide ring of the coenzyme is positioned so that it can accept a hydride from the other substrate. Depending on the enzyme, the hydride donor is positioned either \"above\" or \"below\" the plane of the planar C4 carbon, as defined in the figure. Class A oxidoreductases transfer the atom from above; class B enzymes transfer it from below. Since the C4 carbon that accepts the hydrogen is prochiral, this can be exploited in enzyme kinetics to give information about the enzyme's mechanism. This is done by mixing an enzyme with a substrate that has deuterium atoms substituted for the hydrogens, so the enzyme will reduce NAD+ by transferring deuterium rather than hydrogen. In this case, an enzyme can produce one of two stereoisomers of NADH.[56]Despite the similarity in how proteins bind the two coenzymes, enzymes almost always show a high level of specificity for either NAD+ or NADP+.[57] This specificity reflects the distinct metabolic roles of the respective coenzymes, and is the result of distinct sets of amino acid residues in the two types of coenzyme-binding pocket. For instance, in the active site of NADP-dependent enzymes, an ionic bond is formed between a basic amino acid side-chain and the acidic phosphate group of NADP+. On the converse, in NAD-dependent enzymes the charge in this pocket is reversed, preventing NADP+ from binding. However, there are a few exceptions to this general rule, and enzymes such as aldose reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase can use both coenzymes in some species.[58]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catabolism_schematic.svg"},{"link_name":"metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"citric acid cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"image reference needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cellular respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration"},{"link_name":"Oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"beta oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidation"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"citric acid cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"mitochondrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial shuttles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_shuttle"},{"link_name":"malate-aspartate shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate-aspartate_shuttle"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"electron transport chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain"},{"link_name":"oxidative phosphorylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"chloroplasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholls-62"},{"link_name":"anabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolism"},{"link_name":"fatty acid synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_synthesis"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholls-62"},{"link_name":"gluconeogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"nitrifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrification"},{"link_name":"Nitrobacter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobacter"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"nitrite oxidoreductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite_oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"proton-motive force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Role in redox metabolism","text":"A simplified outline of redox metabolism, showing how NAD+ and NADH link the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation[image reference needed]Further information: Cellular respiration and Oxidative phosphorylationThe redox reactions catalyzed by oxidoreductases are vital in all parts of metabolism, but one particularly important area where these reactions occur is in the release of energy from nutrients. Here, reduced compounds such as glucose and fatty acids are oxidized, thereby releasing energy. This energy is transferred to NAD+ by reduction to NADH, as part of beta oxidation, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle. In eukaryotes the electrons carried by the NADH that is produced in the cytoplasm are transferred into the mitochondrion (to reduce mitochondrial NAD+) by mitochondrial shuttles, such as the malate-aspartate shuttle.[59] The mitochondrial NADH is then oxidized in turn by the electron transport chain, which pumps protons across a membrane and generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.[60] These shuttle systems also have the same transport function in chloroplasts.[61]Since both the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are used in these linked sets of reactions, the cell maintains significant concentrations of both NAD+ and NADH, with the high NAD+/NADH ratio allowing this coenzyme to act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent.[62] In contrast, the main function of NADPH is as a reducing agent in anabolism, with this coenzyme being involved in pathways such as fatty acid synthesis and photosynthesis. Since NADPH is needed to drive redox reactions as a strong reducing agent, the NADP+/NADPH ratio is kept very low.[62]Although it is important in catabolism, NADH is also used in anabolic reactions, such as gluconeogenesis.[63] This need for NADH in anabolism poses a problem for prokaryotes growing on nutrients that release only a small amount of energy. For example, nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrobacter oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which releases sufficient energy to pump protons and generate ATP, but not enough to produce NADH directly.[64] As NADH is still needed for anabolic reactions, these bacteria use a nitrite oxidoreductase to produce enough proton-motive force to run part of the electron transport chain in reverse, generating NADH.[65]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ADP-ribosyltransferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"posttranslational modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posttranslational_modification"},{"link_name":"ADP-ribosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diefenbach-67"},{"link_name":"toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"cholera toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_toxin"},{"link_name":"cell signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diefenbach-67"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burkle-70"},{"link_name":"cell nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"DNA repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair"},{"link_name":"telomere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burkle-70"},{"link_name":"extracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclic_ADP_ribose.svg"},{"link_name":"cyclic ADP-ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_ADP-ribose"},{"link_name":"cyclic ADP-ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_ADP-ribose"},{"link_name":"second messenger system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_messenger_system"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"calcium signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_signaling"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"ryanodine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"transcription factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor"},{"link_name":"NAFC3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFATC3"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"CD38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD38"},{"link_name":"CD157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BST1"},{"link_name":"PARPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_(ADP-ribose)_polymerase"},{"link_name":"deacetylases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase"},{"link_name":"sirtuins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin"},{"link_name":"Sir2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir2"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-77"},{"link_name":"acetyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"nucleosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-80"},{"link_name":"DNA ligases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase"},{"link_name":"adenosine monophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"phosphodiester bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li_2017-83"},{"link_name":"DBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIAA1967"},{"link_name":"PARP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP1"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li_2017-83"},{"link_name":"aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing"},{"link_name":"pathogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li_2017-83"}],"sub_title":"Non-redox roles","text":"The coenzyme NAD+ is also consumed in ADP-ribose transfer reactions. For example, enzymes called ADP-ribosyltransferases add the ADP-ribose moiety of this molecule to proteins, in a posttranslational modification called ADP-ribosylation.[66] ADP-ribosylation involves either the addition of a single ADP-ribose moiety, in mono-ADP-ribosylation, or the transferral of ADP-ribose to proteins in long branched chains, which is called poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.[67] Mono-ADP-ribosylation was first identified as the mechanism of a group of bacterial toxins, notably cholera toxin, but it is also involved in normal cell signaling.[68][69] Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is carried out by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases.[67][70] The poly(ADP-ribose) structure is involved in the regulation of several cellular events and is most important in the cell nucleus, in processes such as DNA repair and telomere maintenance.[70] In addition to these functions within the cell, a group of extracellular ADP-ribosyltransferases has recently been discovered, but their functions remain obscure.[71]\nNAD+ may also be added onto cellular RNA as a 5'-terminal modification.[72]The structure of cyclic ADP-riboseAnother function of this coenzyme in cell signaling is as a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose, which is produced from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclases, as part of a second messenger system.[73] This molecule acts in calcium signaling by releasing calcium from intracellular stores.[74] It does this by binding to and opening a class of calcium channels called ryanodine receptors, which are located in the membranes of organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, and inducing the activation of the transcription factor NAFC3[75]NAD+ is also consumed by different NAD+-consuming enzymes, such as CD38, CD157, PARPs and the NAD-dependent deacetylases (sirtuins,such as Sir2.[76]).[77] These enzymes act by transferring an acetyl group from their substrate protein to the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+; this cleaves the coenzyme and releases nicotinamide and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. The sirtuins mainly seem to be involved in regulating transcription through deacetylating histones and altering nucleosome structure.[78] However, non-histone proteins can be deacetylated by sirtuins as well. These activities of sirtuins are particularly interesting because of their importance in the regulation of aging.[79][80]Other NAD-dependent enzymes include bacterial DNA ligases, which join two DNA ends by using NAD+ as a substrate to donate an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) moiety to the 5' phosphate of one DNA end. This intermediate is then attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the other DNA end, forming a new phosphodiester bond.[81] This contrasts with eukaryotic DNA ligases, which use ATP to form the DNA-AMP intermediate.[82]Li et al. have found that NAD+ directly regulates protein-protein interactions.[83] They also show that one of the causes of age-related decline in DNA repair may be increased binding of the protein DBC1 (Deleted in Breast Cancer 1) to PARP1 (poly[ADP–ribose] polymerase 1) as NAD+ levels decline during aging.[83] The decline in cellular concentrations of NAD+ during aging likely contributes to the aging process and to the pathogenesis of the chronic diseases of aging.[84] Thus, the modulation of NAD+ may protect against cancer, radiation, and aging.[83]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billington-49"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ziegler-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koch-Nolte-86"},{"link_name":"neurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smyth-48"},{"link_name":"urinary bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladder"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smyth-48"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breen-87"},{"link_name":"large intestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutafova-Yambolieva-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hwang-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamboliev-90"},{"link_name":"synaptosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptosome"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durnin-91"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve"},{"link_name":"smooth muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutafova-Yambolieva-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hwang-89"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou&Wang-92"}],"sub_title":"Extracellular actions of NAD+","text":"In recent years, NAD+ has also been recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule involved in cell-to-cell communication.[49][85][86] NAD+ is released from neurons in blood vessels,[48] urinary bladder,[48][87] large intestine,[88][89] from neurosecretory cells,[90] and from brain synaptosomes,[91] and is proposed to be a novel neurotransmitter that transmits information from nerves to effector cells in smooth muscle organs.[88][89] In plants, the extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide induces resistance to pathogen infection and the first extracellular NAD receptor has been identified.[92] Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of its extracellular actions and their importance for human health and life processes in other organisms.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Drug design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_design"},{"link_name":"enzyme inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid30631755-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32111066-96"},{"link_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"multiple sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belenky-6"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-80"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-77"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_target"},{"link_name":"isoniazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"peroxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxidase"},{"link_name":"free radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoyl-acyl_carrier_protein_reductase"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"dihydrofolate reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pankiewicz-102"},{"link_name":"mycophenolic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid"},{"link_name":"tiazofurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiazofurin"},{"link_name":"IMP dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMP_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"purine metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_metabolism"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressive drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pankiewicz-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Sirtuins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-104"},{"link_name":"resveratrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"model organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"metabolic pathways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_pathway"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"nicotinamidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamidase"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rongvaux-43"},{"link_name":"fastidious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastidious_organism"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"The enzymes that make and use NAD+ and NADH are important in both pharmacology and the research into future treatments for disease.[93] Drug design and drug development exploits NAD+ in three ways: as a direct target of drugs, by designing enzyme inhibitors or activators based on its structure that change the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, and by trying to inhibit NAD+ biosynthesis.[94]Because cancer cells utilize increased glycolysis, and because NAD enhances glycolysis, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAD salvage pathway) is often amplified in cancer cells.[95][96]It has been studied for its potential use in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease as well as multiple sclerosis.[6][80][97][77] A placebo-controlled clinical trial of NADH (which excluded NADH precursors) in people with Parkinson's failed to show any effect.[98]NAD+ is also a direct target of the drug isoniazid, which is used in the treatment of tuberculosis, an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Isoniazid is a prodrug and once it has entered the bacteria, it is activated by a peroxidase enzyme, which oxidizes the compound into a free radical form.[99] This radical then reacts with NADH, to produce adducts that are very potent inhibitors of the enzymes enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase,[100] and dihydrofolate reductase.[101]Since many oxidoreductases use NAD+ and NADH as substrates, and bind them using a highly conserved structural motif, the idea that inhibitors based on NAD+ could be specific to one enzyme is surprising.[102] However, this can be possible: for example, inhibitors based on the compounds mycophenolic acid and tiazofurin inhibit IMP dehydrogenase at the NAD+ binding site. Because of the importance of this enzyme in purine metabolism, these compounds may be useful as anti-cancer, anti-viral, or immunosuppressive drugs.[102][103] Other drugs are not enzyme inhibitors, but instead activate enzymes involved in NAD+ metabolism. Sirtuins are a particularly interesting target for such drugs, since activation of these NAD-dependent deacetylases extends lifespan in some animal models.[104] Compounds such as resveratrol increase the activity of these enzymes, which may be important in their ability to delay aging in both vertebrate,[105] and invertebrate model organisms.[106][107] In one experiment, mice given NAD for one week had improved nuclear-mitochrondrial communication.[108]Because of the differences in the metabolic pathways of NAD+ biosynthesis between organisms, such as between bacteria and humans, this area of metabolism is a promising area for the development of new antibiotics.[109][110] For example, the enzyme nicotinamidase, which converts nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, is a target for drug design, as this enzyme is absent in humans but present in yeast and bacteria.[43]In bacteriology, NAD, sometimes referred to factor V, is used as a supplement to culture media for some fastidious bacteria.[111]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArthurHarden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Harden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Harden"},{"link_name":"History of biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biochemistry"},{"link_name":"Arthur Harden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Harden"},{"link_name":"William John Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Young_(biochemist)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"alcoholic fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation"},{"link_name":"nucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide"},{"link_name":"Hans von Euler-Chelpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Otto Heinrich Warburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Conrad Elvehjem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Elvehjem"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Arthur Kornberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Albert L. Lehninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_L._Lehninger"},{"link_name":"citric acid cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Charles Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brenner_(biochemist)"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide riboside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_riboside"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bieganowski,_P,_Brenner,_C_2004_495%E2%80%93502-121"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollak-5"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"cyclic ADP-ribose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_ADP-ribose"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"sirtuins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin"},{"link_name":"Leonard P. Guarente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_P._Guarente"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"sirtuin 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin_1"},{"link_name":"nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_phosphoribosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19130305-125"},{"link_name":"adipose tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue"},{"link_name":"hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"myokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myokine"},{"link_name":"skeletal muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid28725474-126"},{"link_name":"Eric Verdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Verdin"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"text":"Arthur Harden, co-discoverer of NADFurther information: History of biochemistryThe coenzyme NAD+ was first discovered by the British biochemists Arthur Harden and William John Young in 1906.[112] They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a coferment. Through a long and difficult purification from yeast extracts, this heat-stable factor was identified as a nucleotide sugar phosphate by Hans von Euler-Chelpin.[113] In 1936, the German scientist Otto Heinrich Warburg showed the function of the nucleotide coenzyme in hydride transfer and identified the nicotinamide portion as the site of redox reactions.[114]Vitamin precursors of NAD+ were first identified in 1938, when Conrad Elvehjem showed that liver has an \"anti-black tongue\" activity in the form of nicotinamide.[115] Then, in 1939, he provided the first strong evidence that niacin is used to synthesize NAD+.[116] In the early 1940s, Arthur Kornberg was the first to detect an enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway.[117] In 1949, the American biochemists Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that NADH linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle with the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.[118] In 1958, Jack Preiss and Philip Handler discovered the intermediates and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+;[119][120] salvage synthesis from nicotinic acid is termed the Preiss-Handler pathway. In 2004, Charles Brenner and co-workers uncovered the nicotinamide riboside kinase pathway to NAD+.[121]The non-redox roles of NAD(P) were discovered later.[5] The first to be identified was the use of NAD+ as the ADP-ribose donor in ADP-ribosylation reactions, observed in the early 1960s.[122] Studies in the 1980s and 1990s revealed the activities of NAD+ and NADP+ metabolites in cell signaling – such as the action of cyclic ADP-ribose, which was discovered in 1987.[123]The metabolism of NAD+ remained an area of intense research into the 21st century, with interest heightened after the discovery of the NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases called sirtuins in 2000, by Shin-ichiro Imai and coworkers in the laboratory of Leonard P. Guarente.[124] In 2009 Imai proposed the \"NAD World\" hypothesis that key regulators of aging and longevity in mammals are sirtuin 1 and the primary NAD+ synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).[125] In 2016 Imai expanded his hypothesis to \"NAD World 2.0\", which postulates that extracellular NAMPT from adipose tissue maintains NAD+ in the hypothalamus (the control center) in conjunction with myokines from skeletal muscle cells.[126] In 2018, Napa Therapeutics was formed to develop drugs against a novel aging related target based on the research in NAD metabolism conducted in the lab of Eric Verdin.[127]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lehningerprincip00lehn_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7167-4339-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4339-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4051-1452-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1452-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4020-7281-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7281-9"},{"link_name":"\"Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040701215032/http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/documents/en/hinfluenzaeb_surveillance.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.who.int/vaccine_research/documents/en/hinfluenzaeb_surveillance.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a photocatalyst\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6641943"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2019SciA....5..501K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5..501K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/sciadv.aax0501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax0501"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6641943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6641943"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31334353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31334353"}],"sub_title":"Function","text":"Nelson DL; Cox MM (2004). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4339-2.\nBugg T (2004). Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4051-1452-3.\nLee HC (2002). Cyclic ADP-Ribose and NAADP: Structure, Metabolism and Functions. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-7281-9.\nLevine OS, Schuchat A, Schwartz B, Wenger JD, Elliott J (1997). \"Generic protocol for population-based surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type B\" (PDF). World Health Organization. Centers for Disease Control. p. 13. WHO/VRD/GEN/95.05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2004.\nKim, Jinhyun; Lee, Sahng Ha; Tieves, Florian; Paul, Caroline E.; Hollmann, Frank; Park, Chan Beum (5 July 2019). \"Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a photocatalyst\". Science Advances. 5 (7): eaax0501. Bibcode:2019SciA....5..501K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax0501. PMC 6641943. PMID 31334353.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornish-Bowden, Athel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athel_Cornish-Bowden"},{"link_name":"New Beer in an Old Bottle. Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bip.cnrs-mrs.fr/bip10/buchner.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-370-3328-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-370-3328-0"},{"link_name":"Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Wil4Sci.html"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Cornish-Bowden, Athel (1997). New Beer in an Old Bottle. Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. ISBN 978-84-370-3328-0., A history of early enzymology.\nWilliams, Henry Smith (1904). Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences. A History of Science: in Five Volumes. Vol. IV. New York: Harper and Brothers., a textbook from the 19th century.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The redox reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NAD_oxidation_reduction.svg/220px-NAD_oxidation_reduction.svg.png"},{"image_text":"UV absorption spectra of NAD+ and NADH[image reference needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NADNADH.svg/220px-NADNADH.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Some metabolic pathways that synthesize and consume NAD+ in vertebrates.[image reference needed] The abbreviations are defined in the text.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NAD_metabolism.svg/330px-NAD_metabolism.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Salvage pathways use three precursors for NAD+.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NA%2C_N_and_NR.svg/290px-NA%2C_N_and_NR.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Rossmann fold in part of the lactate dehydrogenase of Cryptosporidium parvum, showing NAD+ in red, beta sheets in yellow, and alpha helices in purple[47]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rossman_fold.png/220px-Rossman_fold.png"},{"image_text":"In this diagram, the hydride acceptor C4 carbon is shown at the top. When the nicotinamide ring lies in the plane of the page with the carboxy-amide to the right, as shown, the hydride donor lies either \"above\" or \"below\" the plane of the page. If \"above\" hydride transfer is class A, if \"below\" hydride transfer is class B.[56]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NAD%2B_phys_alt.svg/220px-NAD%2B_phys_alt.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A simplified outline of redox metabolism, showing how NAD+ and NADH link the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation[image reference needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Catabolism_schematic.svg/220px-Catabolism_schematic.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The structure of cyclic ADP-ribose","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cyclic_ADP_ribose.svg/240px-Cyclic_ADP_ribose.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arthur Harden, co-discoverer of NAD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ArthurHarden.jpg/220px-ArthurHarden.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Enzyme catalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis"},{"title":"List of oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)"}]
[{"reference":"\"NAD+ | C21H28N7O14P2 | ChemSpider\". www.chemspider.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5682.html","url_text":"\"NAD+ | C21H28N7O14P2 | ChemSpider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide\". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide","url_text":"\"Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005). Principles of Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-4339-6","url_text":"0-7167-4339-6"}]},{"reference":"Pollak N, Dölle C, Ziegler M (2007). \"The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotides – small molecules with a multitude of functions\". Biochem. J. 402 (2): 205–218. doi:10.1042/BJ20061638. PMC 1798440. PMID 17295611.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1798440","url_text":"\"The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotides – small molecules with a multitude of functions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBJ20061638","url_text":"10.1042/BJ20061638"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1798440","url_text":"1798440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17295611","url_text":"17295611"}]},{"reference":"Belenky, Peter; Bogan, Katrina L.; Brenner, Charles (January 2007). \"NAD+ metabolism in health and disease\". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 32 (1): 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.006. PMID 17161604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2006.11.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17161604","url_text":"17161604"}]},{"reference":"Unden G, Bongaerts J (1997). \"Alternative respiratory pathways of Escherichia coli: energetics and transcriptional regulation in response to electron acceptors\". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1320 (3): 217–234. doi:10.1016/S0005-2728(97)00034-0. PMID 9230919.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0005-2728%2897%2900034-0","url_text":"\"Alternative respiratory pathways of Escherichia coli: energetics and transcriptional regulation in response to electron acceptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0005-2728%2897%2900034-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0005-2728(97)00034-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9230919","url_text":"9230919"}]},{"reference":"Windholz, Martha (1983). The Merck Index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals (10th ed.). Rahway NJ: Merck. p. 909. ISBN 978-0-911910-27-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merck_Index","url_text":"The Merck Index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/merckindexencycl00wind/page/909","url_text":"909"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-27-8","url_text":"978-0-911910-27-8"}]},{"reference":"Biellmann JF, Lapinte C, Haid E, Weimann G (1979). \"Structure of lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor generated from coenzyme\". Biochemistry. 18 (7): 1212–1217. doi:10.1021/bi00574a015. PMID 218616.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi00574a015","url_text":"10.1021/bi00574a015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/218616","url_text":"218616"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, R. Ben (1985). Data for biochemical research (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-19-855358-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-855358-8","url_text":"978-0-19-855358-8"}]},{"reference":"Blacker, Thomas S.; Mann, Zoe F.; Gale, Jonathan E.; Ziegler, Mathias; Bain, Angus J.; Szabadkai, Gyorgy; Duchen, Michael R. (29 May 2014). \"Separating NADH and NADPH fluorescence in live cells and tissues using FLIM\". Nature Communications. 5 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 3936. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3936B. doi:10.1038/ncomms4936. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4046109. PMID 24874098.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046109","url_text":"\"Separating NADH and NADPH fluorescence in live cells and tissues using FLIM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.3936B","url_text":"2014NatCo...5.3936B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms4936","url_text":"10.1038/ncomms4936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046109","url_text":"4046109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24874098","url_text":"24874098"}]},{"reference":"Lakowicz JR, Szmacinski H, Nowaczyk K, Johnson ML (1992). \"Fluorescence lifetime imaging of free and protein-bound NADH\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (4): 1271–1275. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.1271L. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.4.1271. PMC 48431. 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Acta. 994 (2): 187–190. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(89)90159-3. PMID 2910350.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-4838%2889%2990159-3","url_text":"10.1016/0167-4838(89)90159-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2910350","url_text":"2910350"}]},{"reference":"Kasimova MR, Grigiene J, Krab K, Hagedorn PH, Flyvbjerg H, Andersen PE, Møller IM (2006). \"The Free NADH Concentration Is Kept Constant in Plant Mitochondria under Different Metabolic Conditions\". Plant Cell. 18 (3): 688–698. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.039354. PMC 1383643. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Bett1Hulks_Championship
2020 Bett1Hulks Championship
["1 Singles main-draw entrants","1.1 Seeds","1.2 Other entrants","1.3 Withdrawals","2 Doubles main-draw entrants","2.1 Seeds","2.2 Other entrants","3 Champions","3.1 Singles","3.2 Doubles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Tennis tournament2020 Bett1Hulks ChampionshipDate19–25 OctoberEdition1stCategoryATP Tour 250Draw28S / 16DPrize money€325,610SurfaceHard / indoorsLocationCologne, GermanyVenueLanxess ArenaChampionsSingles Alexander ZverevDoubles Raven Klaasen / Ben McLachlan Bett1Hulks Championship · 2021 → The 2020 Bett1Hulks Championship is a ATP tournament organised for male professional tennis players, held in Cologne, Germany, in mid-October 2020 on indoor hard courts. It was primarily organised due to the cancellation of many tournaments during the 2020 season, because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first edition of the tournament and it took place at the Lanxess Arena in Cologne, Germany, from October 19 through 25, 2020. Singles main-draw entrants Seeds Country Player Rank1 Seed  GER Alexander Zverev 7 1  ARG Diego Schwartzman 8 2  CAN Denis Shapovalov 12 3  ESP Roberto Bautista Agut 13 4  CAN Félix Auger-Aliassime 22 5  POL Hubert Hurkacz 31 6  GER Jan-Lennard Struff 32 7  FRA Adrian Mannarino 38 8  CRO Marin Čilić 40 9 Rankings are as of 12 October 2020. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Daniel Altmaier Andy Murray Jannik Sinner The following players received entry using a special exempt: Marco Cecchinato Danilo Petrović The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Damir Džumhur Egor Gerasimov Pierre-Hugues Herbert Dennis Novak The following players received entry as lucky losers: James Duckworth Sumit Nagal Oscar Otte Alexei Popyrin Withdrawals Roberto Bautista Agut → replaced by Sumit Nagal Hubert Hurkacz → replaced by James Duckworth Filip Krajinović → replaced by Yoshihito Nishioka Andy Murray → replaced by Alexei Popyrin Gaël Monfils → replaced by Steve Johnson Benoît Paire → replaced by Gilles Simon Guido Pella → replaced by Tennys Sandgren Danilo Petrović → replaced by Oscar Otte Sam Querrey → replaced by Fernando Verdasco Lorenzo Sonego → replaced by Jordan Thompson Stan Wawrinka → replaced by Alejandro Davidovich Fokina Doubles main-draw entrants Seeds Country Player Country Player Rank1 Seed  POL Łukasz Kubot  BRA Marcelo Melo 24 1  AUT Oliver Marach  CRO Mate Pavić 32 2  GER Kevin Krawietz  GER Andreas Mies 37 3  AUT Jürgen Melzer  FRA Édouard Roger-Vasselin 55 4 Rankings are as of 12 October 2020 Other entrants The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw: Daniel Altmaier / Oscar Otte Alexander Zverev / Mischa Zverev Champions Singles Main article: 2020 Bett1Hulks Championship – Singles Alexander Zverev def. Diego Schwartzman, 6–2, 6–1 Doubles Main article: 2020 Bett1Hulks Championship – Doubles Raven Klaasen / Ben McLachlan def. Kevin Krawietz / Andreas Mies, 6–2, 6–4 See also 2020 Bett1Hulks Indoors References ^ "ATP Announces Four New Events For 2020". ATP Tour. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ "Bett1HULKS Indoors Entry List Announced". Tennis Tour Talk. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. External links Official website vte2020 ATP Tour « 2019 2021 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon† US Open (S, D) French Open (S, D)† ATP Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells† New York 1 (S, D) Rome (S, D)† Shanghai† Paris (S, D) ATP Tour 500 Rotterdam (S, D) Rio de Janeiro (S, D) Dubai (S, D) Acapulco (S, D) Barcelona† Halle† London† Washington† Hamburg (S, D)† Beijing† Tokyo† St. Petersburg (S, D)† Basel† Vienna (S, D) ATP Tour 250 Doha (S, D) Adelaide (S, D) Auckland (S, D) Montpellier (S, D) Pune (S, D) Córdoba (S, D) Uniondale (S, D) Buenos Aires (S, D) Delray Beach (S, D) Marseille (S, D) Santiago (S, D) Kitzbühel (S, D)† Cologne I (S, D)* Sardinia (S, D)* Cologne II (S, D)* Antwerp (S, D) Astana (S, D)* Sofia (S, D)† Team events ATP Cup Davis Cup Qualifying round † – Tournaments affected by the COVID-19 pandemic* – Tournaments were introduced due to cancellations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic ATP Finals, London (S, D) Next Generation ATP Finals, Milan vteATP Tour 250 (since 2009)Present Buenos Aires Marseille Delray Beach New Haven / Winston-Salem 2009, 2011–present: Kitzbühel 2009–2010, 2012–present: Lyon / Montpellier 2009–2014, 2017–2019, 2021–present: Eastbourne 2009–2014, 2020–present: Viña del Mar / Santiago 2009–2019, 2024–present: Brisbane 2009–2016, 2024–present: Bucharest Stuttgart Båstad Gstaad Umag Stockholm Metz 2009–2019, 2022–present: Houston Casablanca / Marrakech 's-Hertogenbosch 2009–2020, 2023–present: Auckland 2015–2019, 2021–present: Geneva 2015–2019, 2023–present: Chengdu 2016–present: Antwerp 2016–2019, 2021–present: Los Cabos 2019, 2023–present: Zhuhai 2020, 2022–present: Adelaide 2020–2021, 2023–present: Astana/Almaty 2021–present: Mallorca 2022, 2024-present: Gijón 2024-present: Hong Kong Past Marbella Kuala Lumpur Costa do Sauípe / São Paulo Parma Estoril (Cascais) Newport Istanbul Seoul Estoril (Oeiras) San Diego London Tel Aviv Bangkok Vienna 2009–2011: Johannesburg 2009–2012: Los Angeles 2009–2012, 2021–2022: Belgrade 2009–2013: San Jose 2009–2013, 2015–2019, 2021: St. Petersburg 2009–2014: Halle 2009–2015: Zagreb 2009–2019, 2022: Sydney 2009–2019, 2021–2024: Munich 2009–2020, 2022–2023: Chennai / Pune 2009–2021: Moscow 2009–2024: Doha 2010–2019, 2021–2024: Atlanta 2010–2016: Nice 2013–2014: Düsseldorf 2013–2015: Bogotá 2014–2017: Memphis 2014–2018: Shenzhen 2015: Valencia 2015–2016: Nottingham 2015–2018: Quito 2016–2023: Sofia 2017–2019: Budapest 2017–2019, 2021–2024: Lyon 2017–2021: Antalya 2018–2020: New York 2019–2024: Córdoba 2020: Cologne Cologne 2 2020–2021: Cagliari 2021: Singapore Belgrade 2 2021–2022: Melbourne 2022: Florence Naples 2022–2023: Adelaide 2 2022–2024: Dallas 2023: Banja Luka Predecessors: ATP World Series (1990–1999) ATP International Series (2000–2008) This tennis competition on the ATP Tour article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"2020 Bett1Hulks Indoors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Bett1Hulks_Indoors"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Pierce
Elijah Pierce
["1 Early life","2 Artistry","3 Accomplishments","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
American wood carver (1892–1984) Elijah PierceSculpture of Pierce in downtown ColumbusBorn(1892-03-05)March 5, 1892Baldwyn, Mississippi, U.S.DiedMay 7, 1984(1984-05-07) (aged 92)Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Elijah Pierce (1892–1984) was a 20th-century wood carver. He began carving at a young age using a pocket knife. He first started carving animals because of his prior life of growing up on a farm. Pierce was honored in 1982 with a National Heritage Fellowship for his art and influence in the woodcarving community. Early life Pierce was the youngest son in his family, born on a farm in Baldwyn, Mississippi, on March 5, 1892. His father was formerly enslaved, and was sold away from his mother by the age of four. Pierce began woodcarving at the age of seven, when his father gave him his first pocketknife. His uncle, Lewis Wallace, taught him how to carve more complex pieces. Pierce would give away his carvings to other children at his school. As a teenager, Pierce decided he did not want to work as a farmer like his father. He began to hang out at the local barbershop, and this is where he found another passion of his. In 1908, he began barbering as a trade, eventually becoming a renowned barber. A spiritual man, he earned a Baptist preacher's license in 1920. He left the South and worked itinerantly across the Mississippi River valley, settling in Columbus, Ohio, in 1923 to work as a barber. Artistry Many of Pierce's carving were done for his wives. In the 1920s, Pierce made an entire zoo of wood carved animals for his wife, Cornelia. Each animal represented a different story, sometimes referencing the beasts of Genesis, or animals from folktales of his youth. Pierce's favorite work of his own was the Book of Wood, quite literally a large wooden book that Pierce carved into. The book portrayed the story of Jesus. The Book of Wood was the first type of carving Pierce ever made differing from his typical small sculptures. He would go on to make many more carvings similar to the Book of Wood, each with its own story and universal theme. Accomplishments Pierce's work was discovered by the mainstream art world in the early 1970s, and was included in exhibitions at galleries such as the Krannert Art Museum, the Phyllis Kind Gallery of New York, the National Museum of American Art, and the Renwick Gallery. His work is in the collection of the American Folk Art Museum, and in the permanent collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. In 1973, Pierce won first prize in the International Meeting of Naive Art in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. He was a recipient of a 1982 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. That year's fellowships were the first bestowed by the NEA. In 1991, he was inducted into the National Barber Museum Hall of Fame. Pierce is generally regarded and commemorated as one of the greatest and most influential woodcarvers from within the past few centuries. The Martin Luther King Jr. Performing and Cultural Arts Complex in Columbus, Ohio, named the Elijah Pierce Gallery in his honor. The Columbus Museum of Art has over 300 pieces of his work. Much of Pierce's work and influence was not appreciated until after his death. Personal life Pierce was born to a formerly enslaved father. His uncle, Lewis Wallace, taught him how to develop his talent for woodcarving. Pierce married his first wife, Zetta Palm, and had a son with her. Palm died during the birth of their son. In September 1923, Pierce would marry Cornelia Houeston, his second wife. At the age of 61, Houeston died of cancer in 1948. In 1949, Pierce would marry his third and final wife, Estelle Green. Pierce remained distant from his only son. Pierce died on May 7, 1984, at St. Anthony's Hospital in Columbus, of an apparent heart attack. See also Elijah Pierce Properties References ^ a b c "Elijah Pierce Biography". www.cscc.edu. Retrieved November 3, 2016. ^ "Enter the World of Elijah Pierce at Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia". Forbes. ^ "Your life is a book: the artistic legacy of Elijah Pierce". American Visions. 8. ^ Wertkin, Gerard (2003). Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. Routledge. pp. 436–437. ^ a b c d Lloyd, Timothy (July 1, 1995). "Elijah Pierce, woodcarver". The Journal of American Folklore. 108 (429): 357–359. doi:10.2307/541891. JSTOR 541891. ^ a b "1991 Elijah Pierce". The National Barber Museum and Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 28, 2023. ^ a b Stamberg, Susan (October 1, 2020). "'Every Piece I Carve Is A Message': Elijah Pierce Aimed To Do God's Work In Wood". NPR News. Retrieved October 7, 2020. ^ ""Father Time", Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved March 26, 2017. ^ "NEA National Heritage Fellowships 1982". www.arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020. ^ "Artists to commemorate life of Elijah Pierce". Call & Post. March 4, 1993. ^ Bournea, Chris (September 12, 2012). "'Essential Elijah Pierce' focus of museum's new exhibit". Call & Post. ^ Litt, Steven (1993). Barber who carved world of his dreams. Cleveland Plain Dealer. ^ "Elijah Pierce, one of nation's great woodcarvers, dead at 92". UPI. May 8, 1984. ^ "Deaths elsewhere". The Philadelphia Enquirer. May 10, 1984. p. B14. External links Media related to Elijah Pierce at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists ULAN Other IdRef
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Pierce was honored in 1982 with a National Heritage Fellowship for his art and influence in the woodcarving community.","title":"Elijah Pierce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldwyn, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwyn,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-5"}],"text":"Pierce was the youngest son in his family, born on a farm in Baldwyn, Mississippi, on March 5, 1892.[1] His father was formerly enslaved, and was sold away from his mother by the age of four.[2] Pierce began woodcarving at the age of seven, when his father gave him his first pocketknife. His uncle, Lewis Wallace, taught him how to carve more complex pieces.[3] Pierce would give away his carvings to other children at his school. As a teenager, Pierce decided he did not want to work as a farmer like his father.[4] He began to hang out at the local barbershop, and this is where he found another passion of his. In 1908, he began barbering as a trade,[5] eventually becoming a renowned barber.[6] A spiritual man, he earned a Baptist preacher's license in 1920. He left the South and worked itinerantly across the Mississippi River valley, settling in Columbus, Ohio, in 1923 to work as a barber.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR_2020/10/01-7"}],"text":"Many of Pierce's carving were done for his wives. In the 1920s, Pierce made an entire zoo of wood carved animals for his wife, Cornelia. Each animal represented a different story, sometimes referencing the beasts of Genesis, or animals from folktales of his youth.[1] Pierce's favorite work of his own was the Book of Wood, quite literally a large wooden book that Pierce carved into. The book portrayed the story of Jesus. The Book of Wood was the first type of carving Pierce ever made differing from his typical small sculptures. He would go on to make many more carvings similar to the Book of Wood, each with its own story and universal theme.[7]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-5"},{"link_name":"Krannert Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krannert_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Kind Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Kind_Gallery"},{"link_name":"National Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Renwick Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renwick_Gallery"},{"link_name":"American Folk Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Folk_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Heritage Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Columbus Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR_2020/10/01-7"}],"text":"Pierce's work was discovered by the mainstream art world in the early 1970s,[5] and was included in exhibitions at galleries such as the Krannert Art Museum, the Phyllis Kind Gallery of New York, the National Museum of American Art, and the Renwick Gallery. His work is in the collection of the American Folk Art Museum, and in the permanent collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.[8]In 1973, Pierce won first prize in the International Meeting of Naive Art in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. He was a recipient of a 1982 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.[9] That year's fellowships were the first bestowed by the NEA.In 1991, he was inducted into the National Barber Museum Hall of Fame.[6]Pierce is generally regarded and commemorated as one of the greatest and most influential woodcarvers from within the past few centuries.[10]The Martin Luther King Jr. Performing and Cultural Arts Complex in Columbus, Ohio, named the Elijah Pierce Gallery in his honor.[11] The Columbus Museum of Art has over 300 pieces of his work.[7] Much of Pierce's work and influence was not appreciated until after his death.","title":"Accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lloyd-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St. Anthony's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_East_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Pierce was born to a formerly enslaved father. His uncle, Lewis Wallace, taught him how to develop his talent for woodcarving.[5]Pierce married his first wife, Zetta Palm, and had a son with her. Palm died during the birth of their son. In September 1923, Pierce would marry Cornelia Houeston, his second wife.[1] At the age of 61, Houeston died of cancer in 1948. In 1949, Pierce would marry his third and final wife, Estelle Green.Pierce remained distant from his only son.[12]Pierce died on May 7, 1984, at St. Anthony's Hospital in Columbus, of an apparent heart attack.[13][14]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
[{"title":"Elijah Pierce Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Pierce_Properties"}]
[{"reference":"\"Elijah Pierce Biography\". www.cscc.edu. Retrieved November 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cscc.edu/elijahpierce/bio.htm","url_text":"\"Elijah Pierce Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enter the World of Elijah Pierce at Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/chaddscott/2020/10/25/enter-the-world-of-elijah-pierce-at-barnes-foundation-in-philadelphia/?sh=28dbff8570ac","url_text":"\"Enter the World of Elijah Pierce at Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Your life is a book: the artistic legacy of Elijah Pierce\". American Visions. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wertkin, Gerard (2003). Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. Routledge. pp. 436–437.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Timothy (July 1, 1995). \"Elijah Pierce, woodcarver\". The Journal of American Folklore. 108 (429): 357–359. doi:10.2307/541891. JSTOR 541891.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F541891","url_text":"10.2307/541891"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/541891","url_text":"541891"}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Elijah Pierce\". The National Barber Museum and Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalbarbermuseum.org/about/hall-of-fame/38-1991-elijah-pierce-ohio","url_text":"\"1991 Elijah Pierce\""}]},{"reference":"Stamberg, Susan (October 1, 2020). \"'Every Piece I Carve Is A Message': Elijah Pierce Aimed To Do God's Work In Wood\". NPR News. Retrieved October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/01/917512371/every-piece-i-carve-is-a-message-elijah-pierce-aimed-to-do-god-s-work-in-wood","url_text":"\"'Every Piece I Carve Is A Message': Elijah Pierce Aimed To Do God's Work In Wood\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Father Time\", Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection\". Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved March 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/312331.html","url_text":"\"\"Father Time\", Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEA National Heritage Fellowships 1982\". www.arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929133224/https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/year/1982","url_text":"\"NEA National Heritage Fellowships 1982\""},{"url":"https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/year/1982","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Artists to commemorate life of Elijah Pierce\". Call & Post. March 4, 1993.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bournea, Chris (September 12, 2012). \"'Essential Elijah Pierce' focus of museum's new exhibit\". Call & Post.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Litt, Steven (1993). Barber who carved world of his dreams. Cleveland Plain Dealer.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Elijah Pierce, one of nation's great woodcarvers, dead at 92\". UPI. May 8, 1984.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Deaths elsewhere\". The Philadelphia Enquirer. May 10, 1984. p. B14.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Aerospace_International_Holdings
China Aerospace International Holdings
["1 History","1.1 Conic Investment","1.2 China Aerospace International Holdings","2 Subsidiaries","3 Joint ventures","4 Shareholders","5 See also","6 Further reading","7 Footnotes","8 References","9 External links"]
China Aerospace International HoldingsTrade nameCASILFormerlyConic Investment Co., Ltd.Company typepublic companyTraded asSEHK: 31Industryconglomerateelectronicreal estate developmentPredecessorChee Yuen IndustrialFounded25 July 1975; 48 years ago (1975-07-25)FounderAlex AuHeadquartersHung Hom, Kowloon, Hong KongKey peopleGong Bo(non-executive chairman)Li Hongjun(president & director)Jin Xuesheng(vice-president & director)Productselectronic goodsCRT television (discontinued)BrandsContec (discontinued)Revenue HK$03.088 billion (2016)Net income HK$00796 million (2016)Total assets HK$12.785 billion (2016)Total equity HK$06.190 billion (2016)ParentChina Aerospace Science and Technology CorporationChinese nameTraditional Chinese中國航天國際控股有限公司Simplified Chinese中国航天国际控股有限公司Literal meaningChina Aerospace International Holdings Limited CompanyTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōng guó háng tiān guó jì kòng gǔ yǒu xiàn gōng sīYue: CantoneseJyutpingzung1 gwok3 hong4 tin1 gwok3 zai3 hung3 gu2 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1Chinese short nameTraditional Chinese航天控股Simplified Chinese航天控股TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyinháng tiān kòng gǔYue: CantoneseJyutpinghong4 tin1 hung3 gu2former Chinese nameTraditional Chinese康力投資Simplified Chinese康力投资Literal meaningConic InvestmentTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinKāng lì tóu zīYue: CantoneseJyutpinghong1 lik6 tau4 zi1 Websitecasil-group.comFootnotes / referencesin consolidated financial statement China Aerospace International Holdings Limited (abb. CASIL) is a Hong Kong incorporated holding company. The company itself is a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and a listed company on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. It is a red chip company, but not part of the "red chip index" of the stock exchange. The holding company in the past was involved in electronic goods as well as their plastic components; since acquired by stated-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, according to the company, it became a conglomerate that involved in manufacturing and sale of hi-tech products, as well as property investment. History Conic Investment China Aerospace International Holdings Ltd. was previously known as Conic Investment Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 康力投資有限公司). It was incorporated on 25 July 1975 in British Hong Kong. It was acted as the holding company of Conic Group (Chinese: 康力集團; Jyutping: hong1 lik6 zaap6 tyun4), which including Cony Electronic Products (Chinese: 康力電子製品, incorporated in 1973),: 34–35  Chee Yuen Industrial Company (incorporated in 1969 and was majority owned by Alex Au),: 34–35  Far East United Electronics (incorporated in 1970),: 34–35  Grand Precision Works,: 34–35  Jeckson Electric Company,: 34–35  Hong Yuen Electronics,: 34–35  Soundic Electronics,: 34–35  as well as other electronic and plastic manufacturers.: 34–35  Conic Investment also owned the brand Contec (Chinese: 康藝). Conic Group also had a film production company, Conic Film Productions Limited (Chinese: 康力電影製作有限公司) that was incorporated in October 1979. 康力電影 signed a contract to publish the album of Sam Hui in 1984. The audio department of the Conic Group, which publish albums for aforementioned Sam Hui, as well as Michael Kwan and Paula Tsui, was operated by Contec Sound Media Limited (Chinese: 康藝成音有限公司, incorporated in April 1981) according to other news report. The larger Conic Group also had a TV studio called Conic TV Studio, which was now known as Centro TV (Chinese: 先濤電視企業), a predecessor of Centro Digital Pictures. Conic TV was led by Robert Chua and John Chu (Chinese: 朱家欣); Chu later bought the company from Conic Group. A sister company, Conic Video Club, was opened in 1982. In 1980, Conic Investment was already one of the largest electronic manufacturer in Hong Kong. In November 1980, Conic Investment signed a land lease with a government-owned corporation, Hong Kong Industrial Estates Corporation, in order to open a CRT television factory in the Tai Po Industrial Estate. Conic Investment also invested in the mainland China shortly after the marketisation, which a Sino-foreign joint venture repairing factory in Fuzhou, for Conic and Contec branded products, was opened in April 1980. It became a listed company on the Hong Kong stock exchange on 25 August 1981. The listed company received half of the former Conic Group, while some of the former subsidiaries remained private, under another holding company Honic Holdings (Chinese: 雄力集團; Jyutping: hung4 lik6 zaap6 tyun4),: 138  which was incorporated on 18 December 1979. Conic TV, Conic Film Productions, Contec Sound Media, Conic Video Club, Grand Precision Works, Soundic Electronics, as well as Conic Semiconductor, etc. were remained private. In 1983, Conic Investment purchased Conic Investment Building from the developer Cheung Kong Holdings, by paying HK$53.3 million cash and issuing new shares worth HK$56.7 million (HK$2.1 per share) to Cheung Kong, that equal to 7.2% of the original share capital according to news report. The building became the headquarter of Conic Investment. In February 1983, Conic Semiconductor, was acquired from Honic, the unlisted portion of the larger Conic Group, for HK$55 million cash. The subsidiary was the largest producer of liquid-crystal display panel in Hong Kong according to the narrative of the company. However, in 1982, : 138  in order to cover a financial loss, Alex Au (Au Yan Din; Chinese: 柯俊文; Jyutping: o1 zeon3 man4), chairman and the majority shareholder of Conic Investment at that time, invited Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) China Resources to subscribe a capital increase of the company (which an agreement was signed in January 1984 for 100 million number of new shares for HK$1 each), via a subsidiary Sin King Enterprises Company Limited (Chinese: 新瓊企業有限公司),: 138  as well as purchase 80 million number of shares from Au. After the completion of the capital increase, China Resources and Bank of China Group (at that time as unincorporated group of companies) became the controlling shareholder in 1984 for 35% ordinary shares via Sin King.: 139  Conic at that time declared that the company did not faced any difficulties, thus the takeover was not related to the situation of the company. However, Alex Au and 5 other directors were resigned and replaced by directors that were nominated by Sin King shortly after the takeover. A scandal that involves false accounting as well as illegal withdrew of the capital of the listed company was also reveal in 1984–85, with 2 of the resigned directors Tam Chun Shing (Chinese: 譚頌聲) and Lam Chun Kiu (Chinese: 林中翹), as well as 7 managers were arrested. It was also reported that Alex Au was fled to Taiwan in 1984, who refused to refurbish the loan of Honic from Conic. Au also involved in a kidnapping crime in 1985 which he was reportedly kidnapped his new business partner. Lam Chun Kiu later also founded his own electronics company, including a joint venture that now known as Konka Group (Chinese: 康佳集团). Since then, Conic Investment was shifted its focus to the mainland China under the new owner. Sin King also attempted to privatise and delist the company in 1987. However, the plan was abandoned in the same year. It was revealed that the company had a heavy net loss in 1986 financial year. China Aerospace International Holdings In 1993 Conic Investment was acquired by fellow SOE China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) as a backdoor listing, renaming to China Aerospace International Holdings Limited (Chinese: 航天科技國際集團有限公司). The English name of the company was remained unchanged since 1993, but the Chinese name had changed to the current one in 2008. Some of the subsidiaries of former Conic Investment remained intact as live subsidiaries, although the economic transformation of Hong Kong had made most of the factories of the group were shifted to mainland China. The company was headed by Lt. Col. Liu Chaoying (刘超英) in the late 1990s, the daughter of Liu Huaqing (刘华清). In 2000, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong publicly criticised four (former) directors of CASIL for not disclosing related-parties deals of CASIL and CASC properly, as well as disclosing the deals with XCOM Multimedia Communications, a company that owned a stake in CASIL's joint venture CXSAT. XCOM Multimedia Communications and CXSAT were makers of digital satellite receiver decoder. In 2005, the company sold the former headquarter Conic Investment Building which was located in Hung Hom to Global Coin Limited, a subsidiary Cheung Kong Holdings, for HK$330 million. The company also owned 14.29% shares of APT Satellite International (via a subsidiary CASIL Satellite), the parent company of listed company APT Satellite Holdings, the operator Apstar satellites. CASIL Satellite was sold to CASIL's parent company CASC in 2011 for HK$132.3 million. In 2014, Li Guolei, a director of CASIL's subsidiary China Aerospace Industrial Limited, committed suicide by jumping off from China Aerospace Centre, Kwun Tong. According to his wife, he was under investigation for corruption by mainland Chinese authorities. CASIL had a joint venture, Hainan Aerospace Investment Management (Chinese: 海南航天投资管理), which was a developer of the complex zone of Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site. However, the joint venture withdrew from the development in 2016. It was reported the complex would be developed into a theme park. Subsidiaries As of 31 December 2016 current CASIL Semiconductor (100%) CASIL Electronic Products (100%) Chee Yuen Industrial Company (100%) Jeckson Electric Company (100%) Jeckson Electronics Company (100%) Hong Yuen Electronics (100%) former CASIL Satellite (100%) CASIL Telecommunications former, Conic era Bony Electronics (100%) Contec Electronics, Inc. (80%) Hop Cheong Plastic Manufactory (100%) Hung Nien Electronics (100%) Jecko Electronics (100%) Jeckwell Electronics (100%) This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2018) Joint ventures former Xiamen Overseas Chinese Electronic Company (50%) Shareholders As of 31 December 2016: 43  Rank Name Chinese name Percentage Footnotes 1 China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation 中国航天科技集团公司 38.37% state-owned enterprise, supervised by the Central Government;owned via Jetcote Investments Limited,Burhill Company Limited andSin King Enterprises Company Limited See also China Healthcare Enterprise Group , former known as Telefield International (Holdings), a former electronic company that was founded by a former employee of Conic Investment, Cheng Han Ngok (Steve Cheng; Chinese: 鄭衡嶽) APT Satellite Holdings, sister company in Hong Kong China Energine, sister company in Hong Kong Further reading Atari Incorporated and others v. Soundic Electronics Ltd and others (case law) 沁雨 (3 July 1984) . "Yī yì yuán de "xué fèi"" 一亿元的「学费」 . Lian He Wan Bao (in Chinese (Singapore)). Singapore Press Holdings. p. 13. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Singapore National Library. Carr, Jennifer L., ed. (1990). Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1990/91: Volume 2: East Asia. Graham & Trotman. p. 35. ISBN 978-94-010-6850-5. ISSN 0961-3234. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Carr, Jennifer L., ed. (1991). Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1991/92: Volume 2: East Asia. Graham & Trotman. p. 35. ISBN 1-85333-605-X. ISSN 0961-3234. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Footnotes ^ Known as Sun Hing Commercial and Industrial Building (Chinese: 新興工商業大廈) at that time. Not to be confused with the namesake in Tuen Mun. ^ According to a book, quoting Gerald "Jerry" Garies' narrative, a former manager of the group, the capital increase was a consequence of a financial loss that was reported to the annual board meeting, however, it was contradicted by the narrative of the listed company which presented to the public and the press in the 1983 annual general meeting that the net profit of 1982 financial year was HK$32.6 million, excluding extraordinary items. Nevertheless, an accounting scandal was later discovered by the auditor, regarding 1983 Interim Report which was followed up by the police; under the new board of directors, the annual general meeting approved the 1983 Annual Report on 31 August 1984, which the net loss (excluding extraordinary item) of that year was HK$262.7 million, mainly due to a HK$217 million provision on a bad loan that was lent from Conic to Alex Au controlled Honic and its subsidiaries. ^ Despite it was reported that Bank of China Group owned 50% joint venture via its member bank and insurance company, according to "1984 Annual Return" of Sin King Enterprises to Hong Kong Companies Registry, the company was owned by Commotra and Feng Ming Investment (Chinese: 豐民投資) in a 50–50 ratio. The former was owned by China Resources and the latter, a company with a licence as a money lender, was owned by various shareholders (13 individuals and 3 companies), according to their filings "Return of Allotments on 14 November 1983" and "1986 Annual Return" to the registry. Those individuals were the managers of the member banks of the Bank of China Group. The largest shareholder of Feng Ming Investment was Mellow Trading Limited for 25% shares. Both Feng Ming and Mellow were headquartered in Bank of China Building, while Sin King was headquartered in China Resources Building. At some time later, Feng Ming Investment formally became a wholly owned direct subsidiary of Bank of China Group Investment Limited,: 1–1–38  in turn, Bank of China Group Investment Limited was another indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Bank of China; Bank of China Group Investment Limited was incorporated on 11 December 1984 as China Development Investment (Hong Kong) (renamed in 1993).: 1–1–32  References ^ a b c d e f g h i "2016 Annual Report" (PDF). China Aerospace International Holdings. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017 – via Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited website. ^ a b 中資紅籌股公司名單 (主板) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017. ^ "Company Profile". Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing. Retrieved 5 May 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Filings in Hong Kong Companies Registry ^ a b c d e f g h i Conic TV: A New Force in Commercial TV Production in Hong Kong (PDF). Conic TV Studio. July 1977. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via printed by South China Morning Post, digitalized and republished by robertchua.com. ^ "State Dept cable 1975-60264". United States Department of State. 17 December 1975 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 – via archive.org. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Conic Investment Company Limited 1982 Annual Report. Cyber Search Centre (statutory filing). Hong Kong: Companies Registry. July 1983 . ^ 片商兴风作浪《女皇密令》迎击《铁板烧》. Lian He Wan Bao (in Chinese (Singapore)). Singapore Press Holdings. 4 February 1984 . p. 16. Retrieved 5 May 2018 – via Singapore National Library. ^ 新藝城與德寶爭相邀簽約許冠傑左右做人難. Chinese Express Daily News (in Traditional Chinese). Toronto. 13 June 1985 . p. 13 – via Simon Fraser University Library. ^ 翟浩然 (6 October 2012). 不惜工本劃空而過 三巨星匯聚康藝成音. Ming Pao Weekly (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). No. 2291. Hong Kong: Media Chinese International. ^ 李雪廬 (2010). "電視業帶動廣告業". 李雪廬回憶錄 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). p. 218. ISBN 9789620429231. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Google Books Preview. ^ Ebert, Hans (16 October 1982). "Hope in Hong Kong". Billboard. pp. 16, 39. Retrieved 6 May 2018. ^ a b 電子業康力投資公司已簽約大埔工業邨. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 19 November 1980. p. 17 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 康藝牌高級收音錄音機福州維修站開幕. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 25 April 1980. p. 14 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 康力投資招收新股今起接受申請認購八月六日中午截止收件. Ta Kung Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 31 July 1981. p. 9 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ a b c d e Castellano, Joseph (2005). "An Industry in Transition". Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry. World Scientific. ISBN 981-238-956-3 – via Google Books Preview. ^ 長實出售工厦獲得康力新股. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 31 March 1983. p. 7 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 康力斥資億餘元購長實名下廠厦. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 3 May 1983. p. 6 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ a b c d e f g Conic Investment Company Limited 1983 Annual Report. Cyber Search Centre (statutory filing). Hong Kong: Companies Registry. December 1984 . ^ a b 康力新產品面世有助收益現價位已高再上升比較難. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 21 June 1983. p. 7 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 康力純利下降今年接單增加. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 12 May 1983. p. 6 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 康力投資主席柯俊文表示發展目標轉向高技術電子產品. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 28 June 1983. p. 24 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ a b c d 新瓊購康力投資非公司出現困難. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 22 January 1984. p. 7 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ "China Report ECONOMIC AFFAIRS". Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 18 July 1985. p. 131. Retrieved 19 July 2017. ^ 郭, 國燦 (2009). 香港中資財團 (in Chinese). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). p. 220. ISBN 9789620428869. ^ a b 康力投資七位董事先後辭職. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 22 June 1984. p. 7 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ "Commotra Company Limited 合貿有限公司". ^ "List of Expired Money Lenders Licences (as at 30 June 2017)" (PDF). Hong Kong Companies Registry. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ a b c 公开发行20，000万股A股路演公告 (PDF) (in Chinese). Shanghai Airlines. 16 September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2017 – via cninfo.com.cn. ^ 康力投資委新主席. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 21 September 1984. p. 7 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 康力投資前九名職員分別被控六十三項罪. Ta Kung Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 20 November 1985. p. 8 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ a b 地產商人被綁架案台警方找尋柯俊文. Ta Kung Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 9 August 1985. p. 4 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 柯俊文被扣留. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 10 August 1985. p. 9 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 林保華. 香港回憶錄之「中英談判」. 看雜誌 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). No. 180 – via inmediahk.net. ^ 涉買兇綁架男子 台灣緝港商柯俊文. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 9 August 1985. p. 9 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 急流勇退的香港电视机大王林中翘. 华人世界 (in Chinese (China)). China Central Television. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2018. ^ Castellano, Joseph (2005). "An Industry in Transition". Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry. World Scientific. p. 139. ISBN 981-238-956-3. Retrieved 5 May 2018 – via Google Books Preview. By 1987, a new director from Sin King was appointed to the board of Conic Semiconductor and it soon became clear that the intent was to move much of Conic Semiconductor's operations into Mainland China ^ 康力投資股份復牌. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 27 October 1987. p. 19 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ 康力投資去年度虧損一億八千萬. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 23 June 1987. p. 18 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS. ^ a b c "PUBLIC STATEMENT" (Press release). Hong Kong Stock Exchange. 15 August 2000. Retrieved 25 July 2017. ^ "MAJOR TRANSACTION: DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY AND NOTICE OF EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING" (PDF) (Press release). China Aerospace International Holdings. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ 航天科技售樓料賺1.4億. Sing Tao Daily (in Chinese). 9 May 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ "THE CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT FOR 2014 HIGHLIGHTS" (PDF). Cheung Kong Holdings. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ a b "ANNOUNCEMENT: CONNECTED TRANSACTION IN RESPECT OF THE DISPOSAL OF THE ENTIRE ISSUED SHARE CAPITAL OF CASIL SATELLITE HOLDINGS LIMITED" (PDF). China Aerospace International Holdings. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2017. ^ "Director of Chinese aerospace company leaps to his death in Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2017. ^ "China's first aerospace themed park to locate in Wenchang, Hainan". tradingmarkets. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2017 – via whatsonsanya.com. ^ "Home". casilsemi.com. ^ "Home". casil-cheeyuen.com. ^ "Home". casil-jeckson.com. ^ "Home". hongyuen.com. External links Official website (in Chinese) vte Real estate companies of ChinaState-owned BBMG China Aerospace International Holdings China Merchants Shekou Industrial Zone Holdings China Overseas Land and Investment China Railway Construction Corporation China Railway Group China Resources Land Financial Street Holding China Jinmao China Poly Group Poly Property Poly Real Estate Peking University Resources Sino-Ocean Group Yuexiu Property CRRC Group Civilian-run Agile Property Aoyuan China Properties Group China SCE Property China Vanke Coastal Greenland Country Garden Dalian Wanda Evergrande Real Estate Group Fantasia Holdings Glorious Property Holdings Greentown China Hopson Development KE Holdings KWG Property Nenking Group Oceanwide Holdings R&F Properties SOHO China Shanghai Forte Land Shimao Group Sunac Xinyuan Real Estate Foreign investment C C Land Henderson China Hongkong Chinese Limited K. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Stock Exchange of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"red chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_chip"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redchip-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"China Aerospace International Holdings Limited (abb. CASIL) is a Hong Kong incorporated holding company. The company itself is a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and a listed company on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. It is a red chip company,[2] but not part of the \"red chip index\" of the stock exchange.The holding company in the past was involved in electronic goods as well as their plastic components; since acquired by stated-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, according to the company, it became a conglomerate that involved in manufacturing and sale of hi-tech products, as well as property investment.[3]","title":"China Aerospace International Holdings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"British Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Sam Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hui"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Michael Kwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kwan"},{"link_name":"Paula Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Tsui"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConicTV-5"},{"link_name":"Centro TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centro_TV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Centro Digital Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Digital_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Robert Chua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chua"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980TV-13"},{"link_name":"land lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_lease"},{"link_name":"CRT television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#CRT"},{"link_name":"Tai Po Industrial Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Po_Industrial_Estate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980TV-13"},{"link_name":"marketisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong stock exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_stock_exchange"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redchip-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Cheung Kong Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Kong_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1983AR-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semiconductor-21"},{"link_name":"liquid-crystal display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-semiconductor-21"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-16"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Jyutping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping"},{"link_name":"state-owned enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise"},{"link_name":"China Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Resources"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1983AR-20"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takeover-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1983AR-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takeover-25"},{"link_name":"Bank of China Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Group"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1983AR-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-28"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takeover-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidnap-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kidnap-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Konka Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konka_Group"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Conic Investment","text":"China Aerospace International Holdings Ltd. was previously known as Conic Investment Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 康力投資有限公司). It was incorporated on 25 July 1975 in British Hong Kong.[4] It was acted as the holding company of Conic Group (Chinese: 康力集團; Jyutping: hong1 lik6 zaap6 tyun4), which including Cony Electronic Products (Chinese: 康力電子製品, incorporated in 1973[4]),[5]: 34–35  Chee Yuen Industrial Company (incorporated in 1969[4] and was majority owned by Alex Au[6]),[5]: 34–35  Far East United Electronics (incorporated in 1970[4]),[5]: 34–35  Grand Precision Works,[5]: 34–35  Jeckson Electric Company,[5]: 34–35  Hong Yuen Electronics,[5]: 34–35  Soundic Electronics,[5]: 34–35  as well as other electronic and plastic manufacturers.[5]: 34–35  Conic Investment also owned the brand Contec (Chinese: 康藝).[7][the larger] Conic Group also had a film production company, Conic Film Productions Limited (Chinese: 康力電影製作有限公司) that was incorporated in October 1979.[4] 康力電影 [sic] signed a contract to publish the album of Sam Hui in 1984.[8] The audio department of the [larger] Conic Group, which publish albums for aforementioned Sam Hui, as well as Michael Kwan and Paula Tsui, was operated by Contec Sound Media Limited (Chinese: 康藝成音有限公司, incorporated in April 1981) according to other news report.[9][10] The larger Conic Group also had a TV studio called Conic TV Studio,[5] which was now known as Centro TV (Chinese: 先濤電視企業), a predecessor of Centro Digital Pictures. Conic TV was led by Robert Chua and John Chu (Chinese: 朱家欣); Chu later bought the company from [the larger] Conic Group.[11] A sister company, Conic Video Club, was opened in 1982.[12]In 1980, Conic Investment was already one of the largest electronic manufacturer in Hong Kong.[13] In November 1980, Conic Investment signed a land lease with a government-owned corporation, Hong Kong Industrial Estates Corporation, in order to open a CRT television factory in the Tai Po Industrial Estate.[13] Conic Investment also invested in the mainland China shortly after the marketisation, which a Sino-foreign joint venture repairing factory in Fuzhou, for Conic and Contec branded products, was opened in April 1980.[14]It became a listed company on the Hong Kong stock exchange on 25 August 1981.[2][15] The listed company received half of the former Conic Group, while some of the former subsidiaries remained private, under another holding company Honic Holdings (Chinese: 雄力集團; Jyutping: hung4 lik6 zaap6 tyun4),[16]: 138  which was incorporated on 18 December 1979.[4] Conic TV, Conic Film Productions, Contec Sound Media, Conic Video Club, Grand Precision Works, Soundic Electronics, as well as Conic Semiconductor, etc. were remained private.[7]In 1983, Conic Investment purchased Conic Investment Building[nb 1] from the developer Cheung Kong Holdings, by paying HK$53.3 million cash and issuing new shares worth HK$56.7 million (HK$2.1 per share) to Cheung Kong, that equal to 7.2% of the original share capital according to news report.[7][17][18] The building became the headquarter of Conic Investment.[19] In February 1983, Conic Semiconductor, was acquired from Honic, the unlisted portion of the larger Conic Group, for HK$55 million cash.[7][20] The subsidiary was the largest producer of liquid-crystal display panel in Hong Kong according to the narrative of the company.[7][20]However, in 1982, [sic][16]: 138  in order to cover a financial loss,[nb 2] Alex Au (Au Yan Din; Chinese: 柯俊文; Jyutping: o1 zeon3 man4), chairman and the majority shareholder of Conic Investment at that time, invited Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) China Resources to subscribe a capital increase of the company (which an agreement was signed in January 1984 for 100 million number of new shares for HK$1 each[19]), via a subsidiary Sin King Enterprises Company Limited (Chinese: 新瓊企業有限公司),[16]: 138 [23] as well as purchase 80 million number of shares from Au.[19][23] After the completion of the capital increase, China Resources and Bank of China Group (at that time as unincorporated group of companies) became the controlling shareholder in 1984 for 35% ordinary shares via Sin King.[16]: 139 [19][24][25][26][nb 3] Conic at that time declared that the company did not faced any difficulties, thus the takeover was not related to the situation of the company.[23] However, Alex Au and 5 other directors were resigned[26] and replaced by directors that were nominated by Sin King shortly after the takeover.[30] A scandal that involves false accounting as well as illegal withdrew of the capital of the listed company was also reveal in 1984–85, with 2 of the resigned directors Tam Chun Shing (Chinese: 譚頌聲) and Lam Chun Kiu (Chinese: 林中翹), as well as 7 managers were arrested.[31] It was also reported that Alex Au was fled to Taiwan in 1984,[32] who refused to refurbish the loan of Honic from Conic.[33][34] Au also involved in a kidnapping crime in 1985 which he was reportedly kidnapped his new business partner.[32][35] Lam Chun Kiu later also founded his own electronics company, including a joint venture that now known as Konka Group (Chinese: 康佳集团).[36]Since then, Conic Investment was shifted its focus to the mainland China under the new owner.[37] Sin King also attempted to privatise and delist the company in 1987. However, the plan was abandoned in the same year.[38] It was revealed that the company had a heavy net loss in 1986 financial year.[39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation"},{"link_name":"backdoor listing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_listing"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"Liu Chaoying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Chaoying"},{"link_name":"Liu Huaqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Huaqing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stock Exchange of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEHK2000-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEHK2000-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEHK2000-43"},{"link_name":"Hung Hom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Hom"},{"link_name":"Cheung Kong Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Kong_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"APT Satellite Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASILSatellite-47"},{"link_name":"Kwun Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwun_Tong"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"China Aerospace International Holdings","text":"In 1993 Conic Investment was acquired by fellow SOE China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) as a backdoor listing, renaming to China Aerospace International Holdings Limited (Chinese: 航天科技國際集團有限公司).[4] The English name of the company was remained unchanged since 1993, but the Chinese name had changed to the current one in 2008.[4] Some of the subsidiaries of former Conic Investment remained intact as live subsidiaries, although the economic transformation of Hong Kong had made most of the factories of the group were shifted to mainland China.The company was headed by Lt. Col. Liu Chaoying (刘超英) in the late 1990s, the daughter of Liu Huaqing (刘华清).[citation needed]In 2000, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong publicly criticised four (former) directors of CASIL for not disclosing related-parties deals of CASIL and CASC properly,[40] as well as disclosing the deals with XCOM Multimedia Communications, a company that owned a stake in CASIL's joint venture CXSAT.[40] XCOM Multimedia Communications and CXSAT were makers of digital satellite receiver decoder.[40]In 2005, the company sold the former headquarter Conic Investment Building which was located in Hung Hom to Global Coin Limited, a subsidiary Cheung Kong Holdings, for HK$330 million.[41][42][43]The company also owned 14.29% shares of APT Satellite International (via a subsidiary CASIL Satellite), the parent company of listed company APT Satellite Holdings, the operator Apstar satellites. CASIL Satellite was sold to CASIL's parent company CASC in 2011 for HK$132.3 million.[44]In 2014, Li Guolei, a director of CASIL's subsidiary China Aerospace Industrial Limited, committed suicide by jumping off from China Aerospace Centre, Kwun Tong. According to his wife, he was under investigation for corruption by mainland Chinese authorities.[45]CASIL had a joint venture, Hainan Aerospace Investment Management (Chinese: 海南航天投资管理), which was a developer of the complex zone of Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site. However, the joint venture withdrew from the development in 2016.[1] It was reported the complex would be developed into a theme park.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASILSatellite-47"},{"link_name":"CASIL Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Energine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"}],"text":"As of 31 December 2016current\nCASIL Semiconductor [(Chinese: 航天科技半導體); formerly known as Conic Semiconductor (Chinese: 康力半導體)] (100%)[1][47]\nCASIL Electronic Products [(Chinese: 航天科技電子製品); formerly known as Cony Electronic Products (Chinese: 康力電子製品)] (100%)[1][4]\nChee Yuen Industrial Company [(Chinese: 志源實業)] (100%)[1][4][7][48]\nJeckson Electric Company [(Chinese: 志順電業)] (100%)[1][4][7][49]\nJeckson Electronics Company [(Chinese: 志順電子), formerly known as Far East United Electronics (Chinese: 聯華電子廠)] (100%)[1][4][7]\nHong Yuen Electronics [(Chinese: 康源電子廠)] (100%)[1][7][50]\nformer\nCASIL Satellite (100%)[44]\nCASIL Telecommunications\n\n\nformer, Conic era\nBony Electronics (100%)[7] [(Chinese: 邦力電子), dissolved][4]\nContec Electronics, Inc. (80%) [incorporated in the United States][7]\nHop Cheong Plastic Manufactory (100%)[7] [(Chinese: 合昌塑膠製品廠), dissolved][4]\nHung Nien Electronics (100%)[7] [(Chinese: 鴻年電子), dissolved][4]\nJecko Electronics (100%)[7] [(Chinese: 志豪電子廠 or 志豪電業), dissolved][4]\nJeckwell Electronics (100%)[7] [(Chinese: 志威電子業製品), dissolved][4]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiamen Overseas Chinese Electronic Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiamen_Overseas_Chinese_Electronic_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1983AR-20"}],"text":"formerXiamen Overseas Chinese Electronic Company [(Chinese: 厦门华侨电子)] (50%)[19]","title":"Joint ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Aerospace_International_Holdings&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CASIL2016AR-1"}],"text":"As of 31 December 2016[update][1]: 43","title":"Shareholders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Yī yì yuán de \"xué fèi\"\" 一亿元的「学费」","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/lhwb19840703-1.2.38.1.1"},{"link_name":"Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1990/91: Volume 2: East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=UFf-CAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-94-010-6850-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-6850-5"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0961-3234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-3234"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1991/92: Volume 2: East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9wPoCAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85333-605-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85333-605-X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0961-3234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-3234"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"}],"text":"Atari Incorporated and others v. Soundic Electronics Ltd and others (case law)\n沁雨 (3 July 1984) [digitalised in 2010s]. \"Yī yì yuán de \"xué fèi\"\" 一亿元的「学费」 [100 million \"tuition fee\"]. Lian He Wan Bao (in Chinese (Singapore)). Singapore Press Holdings. p. 13. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Singapore National Library.\nCarr, Jennifer L., ed. (1990). Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1990/91: Volume 2: East Asia. Graham & Trotman. p. 35. ISBN 978-94-010-6850-5. ISSN 0961-3234. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)\nCarr, Jennifer L., ed. (1991). Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1991/92: Volume 2: East Asia. Graham & Trotman. p. 35. ISBN 1-85333-605-X. ISSN 0961-3234. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1982AR-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1983AR-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conic1983AR-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Bank of China Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takeover-25"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_person"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"Bank of China Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Building_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"China Resources Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Resources_Building"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShanghaiAirlines-31"},{"link_name":"Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShanghaiAirlines-31"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKCR-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ShanghaiAirlines-31"}],"text":"^ Known as Sun Hing Commercial and Industrial Building (Chinese: 新興工商業大廈) at that time.[7] Not to be confused with the namesake in Tuen Mun.\n\n^ According to a book, quoting Gerald \"Jerry\" Garies' narrative, a former manager of the group, the capital increase was a consequence of a financial loss that was reported to the annual board meeting,[16] however, it was contradicted by the narrative of the listed company which presented to the public and the press in the 1983 annual general meeting that the net profit of 1982 financial year was HK$32.6 million, excluding extraordinary items.[7][21][22] Nevertheless, an accounting scandal was later discovered by the auditor, regarding 1983 Interim Report[19] which was followed up by the police; under the new board of directors, the annual general meeting approved the 1983 Annual Report on 31 August 1984, which the net loss (excluding extraordinary item) of that year was HK$262.7 million, mainly due to a HK$217 million provision on a bad loan that was lent from Conic to Alex Au controlled Honic and its subsidiaries.[19] \n\n^ Despite it was reported that Bank of China Group owned 50% joint venture via its member bank and insurance company,[23] according to \"1984 Annual Return\" of Sin King Enterprises to Hong Kong Companies Registry, the company was owned by Commotra and Feng Ming Investment (Chinese: 豐民投資) in a 50–50 ratio.[4] The former was owned by China Resources[27] and the latter, a company with a licence as a money lender,[28] was owned by various shareholders (13 individuals and 3 companies), according to their filings \"Return of Allotments on 14 November 1983\" and \"1986 Annual Return\" to the registry.[4] Those individuals were the managers of the member banks of the Bank of China Group. The largest shareholder of Feng Ming Investment was Mellow Trading Limited for 25% shares.[4] Both Feng Ming and Mellow were headquartered in Bank of China Building, while Sin King was headquartered in China Resources Building. At some time later, Feng Ming Investment formally became a wholly owned direct subsidiary of Bank of China Group Investment Limited,[29]: 1–1–38  in turn, Bank of China Group Investment Limited was another indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Bank of China;[29] Bank of China Group Investment Limited was incorporated on 11 December 1984 as China Development Investment (Hong Kong) (renamed in 1993).[4][29]: 1–1–32","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
[{"title":"China Healthcare Enterprise Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Healthcare_Enterprise_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD"},{"title":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"title":"APT Satellite Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings"},{"title":"China Energine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Energine"}]
[{"reference":"沁雨 (3 July 1984) [digitalised in 2010s]. \"Yī yì yuán de \"xué fèi\"\" 一亿元的「学费」 [100 million \"tuition fee\"]. Lian He Wan Bao (in Chinese (Singapore)). Singapore Press Holdings. p. 13. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Singapore National Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/lhwb19840703-1.2.38.1.1","url_text":"\"Yī yì yuán de \"xué fèi\"\" 一亿元的「学费」"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Jennifer L., ed. (1990). Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1990/91: Volume 2: East Asia. Graham & Trotman. p. 35. ISBN 978-94-010-6850-5. ISSN 0961-3234.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UFf-CAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1990/91: Volume 2: East Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-6850-5","url_text":"978-94-010-6850-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-3234","url_text":"0961-3234"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Jennifer L., ed. (1991). Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1991/92: Volume 2: East Asia. Graham & Trotman. p. 35. ISBN 1-85333-605-X. ISSN 0961-3234.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9wPoCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1991/92: Volume 2: East Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85333-605-X","url_text":"1-85333-605-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-3234","url_text":"0961-3234"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Annual Report\" (PDF). China Aerospace International Holdings. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017 – via Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/SEHK/2017/0427/LTN20170427185.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"中資紅籌股公司名單 (主板) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hkex.com.hk/chi/stat/smstat/chidimen/cd_rcmb_c.htm","url_text":"中資紅籌股公司名單 (主板)"}]},{"reference":"\"Company Profile\". Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing. Retrieved 5 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hkex.com.hk/Market-Data/Securities-Prices/Equities/Equities-Quote?sym=31&sc_lang=en","url_text":"\"Company Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Conic TV: A New Force in Commercial TV Production in Hong Kong (PDF). Conic TV Studio. July 1977. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via printed by South China Morning Post, digitalized and republished by robertchua.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertchua.com/robertchua.com/pdf/ConicTV.pdf","url_text":"Conic TV: A New Force in Commercial TV Production in Hong Kong"}]},{"reference":"\"State Dept cable 1975-60264\". United States Department of State. 17 December 1975 [Declassified in 2006]. Retrieved 8 May 2018 – via archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/State-Dept-cable-1975-60264/State%20Dept%20cable%201975-60264_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"State Dept cable 1975-60264\""}]},{"reference":"Conic Investment Company Limited 1982 Annual Report. Cyber Search Centre (statutory filing). Hong Kong: Companies Registry. July 1983 [digitalized circa 2000s].","urls":[]},{"reference":"片商兴风作浪《女皇密令》迎击《铁板烧》. Lian He Wan Bao (in Chinese (Singapore)). Singapore Press Holdings. 4 February 1984 [digitalized circa 2010s]. p. 16. Retrieved 5 May 2018 – via Singapore National Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/lhwb19840204-1.2.33.1","url_text":"片商兴风作浪《女皇密令》迎击《铁板烧》"}]},{"reference":"新藝城與德寶爭相邀簽約許冠傑左右做人難. Chinese Express Daily News (in Traditional Chinese). Toronto. 13 June 1985 [digitalized circa 2010s]. p. 13 – via Simon Fraser University Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://newspapers.lib.sfu.ca/cexpress-9240/page-13","url_text":"新藝城與德寶爭相邀簽約許冠傑左右做人難"}]},{"reference":"翟浩然 (6 October 2012). 不惜工本劃空而過 三巨星匯聚康藝成音. Ming Pao Weekly (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). No. 2291. Hong Kong: Media Chinese International.","urls":[]},{"reference":"李雪廬 (2010). \"電視業帶動廣告業\". 李雪廬回憶錄 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). p. 218. ISBN 9789620429231. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Google Books Preview.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OTGvAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"李雪廬回憶錄"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789620429231","url_text":"9789620429231"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Hans (16 October 1982). \"Hope in Hong Kong\". Billboard. pp. 16, 39. 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Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 22 January 1984. p. 7 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"China Report ECONOMIC AFFAIRS\". Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 18 July 1985. p. 131. Retrieved 19 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA352716","url_text":"\"China Report ECONOMIC AFFAIRS\""}]},{"reference":"郭, 國燦 (2009). 香港中資財團 (in Chinese). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). p. 220. ISBN 9789620428869.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789620428869","url_text":"9789620428869"}]},{"reference":"康力投資七位董事先後辭職. The Kung Sheung Evening News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Industrial and Commercial Daily Press. 22 June 1984. p. 7 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Commotra Company Limited 合貿有限公司\".","urls":[{"url":"https://webb-site.com/dbpub/orgdata.asp?p=186531","url_text":"\"Commotra Company Limited 合貿有限公司\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Expired Money Lenders Licences (as at 30 June 2017)\" (PDF). Hong Kong Companies Registry. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cr.gov.hk/en/public/docs/ml_list2.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Expired Money Lenders Licences (as at 30 June 2017)\""}]},{"reference":"公开发行20，000万股A股路演公告 (PDF) (in Chinese). Shanghai Airlines. 16 September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2005. 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Hong Kong. 10 August 1985. p. 9 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"林保華. 香港回憶錄之「中英談判」. 看雜誌 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). No. 180 – via inmediahk.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1052321","url_text":"香港回憶錄之「中英談判」"}]},{"reference":"涉買兇綁架男子 台灣緝港商柯俊文. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 9 August 1985. p. 9 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"急流勇退的香港电视机大王林中翘. 华人世界 (in Chinese (China)). China Central Television. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://tv.cntv.cn/video/C17604/bc8969f0e50d45a3802642119258e796","url_text":"急流勇退的香港电视机大王林中翘"}]},{"reference":"Castellano, Joseph (2005). \"An Industry in Transition\". Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry. World Scientific. p. 139. ISBN 981-238-956-3. Retrieved 5 May 2018 – via Google Books Preview. By 1987, a new director from Sin King was appointed to the board of Conic Semiconductor and it soon became clear that the intent was to move much of Conic Semiconductor's operations into Mainland China","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tkQseovv_nYC","url_text":"Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Scientific","url_text":"World Scientific"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-238-956-3","url_text":"981-238-956-3"}]},{"reference":"康力投資股份復牌. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 27 October 1987. p. 19 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"康力投資去年度虧損一億八千萬. Wah Kiu Yat Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 23 June 1987. p. 18 – via Hong Kong Public Libraries MMIS.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"PUBLIC STATEMENT\" (Press release). Hong Kong Stock Exchange. 15 August 2000. Retrieved 25 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hkex.com.hk/eng/newsconsul/hkexnews/2000/sehk/0815a.htm","url_text":"\"PUBLIC STATEMENT\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAJOR TRANSACTION: DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY AND NOTICE OF EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING\" (PDF) (Press release). China Aerospace International Holdings. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.casil-group.com/download/eng/2005_announcement/LTN20050613079.pdf","url_text":"\"MAJOR TRANSACTION: DISPOSAL OF PROPERTY AND NOTICE OF EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING\""}]},{"reference":"航天科技售樓料賺1.4億. Sing Tao Daily (in Chinese). 9 May 2005. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://std.stheadline.com/archive/fullstory.asp?andor=or&year1=2005&month1=5&day1=9&year2=2005&month2=5&day2=9&category=all&id=20050509d05&keyword1=&keyword2=","url_text":"航天科技售樓料賺1.4億"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Tao_Daily","url_text":"Sing Tao Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"THE CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT FOR 2014 HIGHLIGHTS\" (PDF). Cheung Kong Holdings. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ckh.com.hk/upload/attachments/en/pr/ckhp150226.pdf","url_text":"\"THE CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT FOR 2014 HIGHLIGHTS\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANNOUNCEMENT: CONNECTED TRANSACTION IN RESPECT OF THE DISPOSAL OF THE ENTIRE ISSUED SHARE CAPITAL OF CASIL SATELLITE HOLDINGS LIMITED\" (PDF). China Aerospace International Holdings. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.casil-group.com/download/eng/2011_announcement/e_A110214.PDF","url_text":"\"ANNOUNCEMENT: CONNECTED TRANSACTION IN RESPECT OF THE DISPOSAL OF THE ENTIRE ISSUED SHARE CAPITAL OF CASIL SATELLITE HOLDINGS LIMITED\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director of Chinese aerospace company leaps to his death in Hong Kong\". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1518527/director-chinese-aerospace-company-leaps-his-death-hong-kong","url_text":"\"Director of Chinese aerospace company leaps to his death in Hong Kong\""}]},{"reference":"\"China's first aerospace themed park to locate in Wenchang, Hainan\". tradingmarkets. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Yarkant_attacks
2014 Yarkant attacks
["1 Background","2 Attack","3 Aftermath","4 References"]
Coordinates: 38°23′27″N 77°13′24″E / 38.3909°N 77.2232°E / 38.3909; 77.2232Terrorist attack in Xinjiang, China 2014 Yarkant attacksPart of the Xinjiang conflictLocationYarkant/Shache County, XinjiangCoordinates38°23′27″N 77°13′24″E / 38.3909°N 77.2232°E / 38.3909; 77.2232Date28 July 2014TargetCivilians, policeDeaths96 (37 civilians, 59 attackers)Injured13 vteXinjiang conflict1930–1989 Xinjiang Wars Kazakh exodus Yi–Ta incident 1989–2006 Ürümqi (1989) Barin (1990) Ürümqi (1992) Gulja (1997) Ürümqi (1997) 2007–present Akto County raid (2007) Qaraqash County unrest (2008) Kashgar (2008) Shaoguan Incident (2009) Ürümqi (2009) Xinjiang (2009) Aksu (2010) Hotan (2011) Kashgar (2011) Pishan (2011) Yecheng (2012) Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 Korla (2013) Bachu (2013) Shanshan (2013) Tiananmen (2013) Xinhe (2014) Kunming (2014) China–Vietnam border (2014) Ürümqi south railway station (2014) Ürümqi market (2014) Yarkant (2014) Juma Tayir assassination (2014) Luntai (2014) Bangkok (2015) Aksu (2015) Chinese Embassy in Bishkek (2016) The 2014 Yarkant attacks occurred in Yarkant County in Xinjiang on 28 July. Authorities stated that an armed gang of masked militants carried out attacks against civilians as well as local police across towns in the county. Background The year of 2014 saw an increase in the intensity of Xinjiang-linked violence, attributed to Uighur separatist activity in the region. The attacks took place towards the end of the month of Ramadan. Authorities stated the gang members had gatherings during this month during which they planned out and prepared the attack. According to Radio Free Asia, locals linked the attacks to government restrictions and crackdowns on Ramadan as well as the alleged extrajudicial killing of a Uighur family. Attack Authorities stated that armed militants carried out acts of violence in the towns of Elixku and Huangdi. The militants attacked a police station and government offices in Elixku, before moving on to Huangdi, targeting civilians and smashing vehicles. They also reportedly set up roadblocks to stop vehicles and attack passengers, and according to locals, attempted to coerce civilians into joining the attack. During the attacks, some 30 police cars were reported damaged or destroyed. Police shot dead 59 attackers and arrested 215 suspects. Banners calling for jihad, as well as weapons including long knives and axes were confiscated. Aftermath Dilxat Raxit, a representative of the exiled World Uyghur Congress, spoke out against the Chinese government's policies in Xinjiang, stating, "If Beijing does not change its policy of extreme repression, this could lead to even more clashes". Authorities named Nuramat Sawut as the ringleader of the attacks, accusing him of having close links to the militant East Turkestan Islamic Movement. In a statement following the attacks, Xinjiang's top official Zhang Chunxian said there would be no let-up in the government fight against militants. References ^ a b c "37 civilians and 59 'terrorists' died in Xinjiang attack, China says". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 9 January 2023. ^ a b "China Now Says Almost 100 Were Killed in Xinjiang Violence". 4 August 2014. ^ a b c d "Almost 100 killed during attacks in China's Xinjiang last week". Reuters. Retrieved 9 January 2023. ^ Clarke, Michael (1 November 2018). Clarke, Michael (ed.). Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in China: Domestic and Foreign Policy Dimensions. p. 26. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190922610.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-092261-0. Retrieved 9 January 2023. ^ a b "Xinjiang violence: China says 'gang' killed 37 last week". BBC News. 3 August 2014. ^ a b c d e "Xinjiang Conflict 2014: July 28 Attacks Deadly To Almost 100 Newly Detailed By China". IB Times. Retrieved 9 January 2023. ^ "Dozens of Uyghurs Shot Dead in Riots in Xinjiang's Yarkand County". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ "Villagers recount narrow escapes in Kashgar attack as CCTV airs scenes of aftermath". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Xinjiang_conflict"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Xinjiang_conflict"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Xinjiang_conflict"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars"},{"link_name":"Kazakh exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_exodus_from_Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"Yi–Ta incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Ta_incident"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest"},{"link_name":"Barin (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barin_uprising"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings"},{"link_name":"Gulja (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulja_incident"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings"},{"link_name":"Akto County raid (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid"},{"link_name":"Qaraqash County unrest (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest"},{"link_name":"Kashgar (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack"},{"link_name":"Shaoguan Incident (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoguan_incident"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest"},{"link_name":"Aksu (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing"},{"link_name":"Hotan (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack"},{"link_name":"Kashgar (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks"},{"link_name":"Pishan (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Yecheng (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554"},{"link_name":"Korla (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013_Korla_attack&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bachu (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest"},{"link_name":"Shanshan (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack"},{"link_name":"Xinhe (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Xinhe_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kunming (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack"},{"link_name":"China–Vietnam border (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi south railway station (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack"},{"link_name":"Ürümqi market (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack"},{"link_name":"Yarkant (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Juma Tayir assassination (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir"},{"link_name":"Luntai (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Luntai_County_bombings"},{"link_name":"Bangkok (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bangkok_bombing"},{"link_name":"Aksu (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Aksu_colliery_attack"},{"link_name":"Chinese Embassy in Bishkek (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Embassy_in_Bishkek_bombing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIME-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarke-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scmp-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"}],"text":"Terrorist attack in Xinjiang, ChinavteXinjiang conflict1930–1989\nXinjiang Wars\nKazakh exodus\nYi–Ta incident\n1989–2006\n\nÜrümqi (1989)\nBarin (1990)\nÜrümqi (1992)\nGulja (1997)\nÜrümqi (1997)\n2007–present\n\nAkto County raid (2007)\nQaraqash County unrest (2008)\nKashgar (2008)\nShaoguan Incident (2009)\nÜrümqi (2009)\nXinjiang (2009)\nAksu (2010)\nHotan (2011)\nKashgar (2011)\nPishan (2011)\nYecheng (2012)\nTianjin Airlines Flight 7554\nKorla (2013)\nBachu (2013)\nShanshan (2013)\nTiananmen (2013)\nXinhe (2014)\nKunming (2014)\nChina–Vietnam border (2014)\nÜrümqi south railway station (2014)\nÜrümqi market (2014)\nYarkant (2014)\nJuma Tayir assassination (2014)\nLuntai (2014)\nBangkok (2015)\nAksu (2015)\nChinese Embassy in Bishkek (2016)The 2014 Yarkant attacks occurred in Yarkant County in Xinjiang on 28 July.[2][3][4] Authorities stated that an armed gang of masked militants carried out attacks against civilians as well as local police across towns in the county.[1][5]","title":"2014 Yarkant attacks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uighur separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IB-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIME-2"}],"text":"The year of 2014 saw an increase in the intensity of Xinjiang-linked violence, attributed to Uighur separatist activity in the region.[5] The attacks took place towards the end of the month of Ramadan. Authorities stated the gang members had gatherings during this month during which they planned out and prepared the attack.[6] According to Radio Free Asia, locals linked the attacks to government restrictions and crackdowns on Ramadan as well as the alleged extrajudicial killing of a Uighur family.[7][2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IB-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IB-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scmp-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-3"}],"text":"Authorities stated that armed militants carried out acts of violence in the towns of Elixku and Huangdi. The militants attacked a police station and government offices in Elixku, before moving on to Huangdi, targeting civilians and smashing vehicles. They also reportedly set up roadblocks to stop vehicles and attack passengers, and according to locals, attempted to coerce civilians into joining the attack.[3][8][6] During the attacks, some 30 police cars were reported damaged or destroyed. Police shot dead 59 attackers and arrested 215 suspects.[6][1] Banners calling for jihad, as well as weapons including long knives and axes were confiscated.[3]","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-3"},{"link_name":"East Turkestan Islamic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IB-6"},{"link_name":"Zhang Chunxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IB-6"}],"text":"Dilxat Raxit, a representative of the exiled World Uyghur Congress, spoke out against the Chinese government's policies in Xinjiang, stating, \"If Beijing does not change its policy of extreme repression, this could lead to even more clashes\".[3] Authorities named Nuramat Sawut as the ringleader of the attacks, accusing him of having close links to the militant East Turkestan Islamic Movement.[6] In a statement following the attacks, Xinjiang's top official Zhang Chunxian said there would be no let-up in the government fight against militants.[6]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapius_(Manichaean)
Agapius (Manichaean)
["1 Identity","2 Writings","3 References"]
Agapius (or Agapios) was a philosopher associated with Manichaeism. He is believed to have lived in the fourth or fifth century. Identity He is chiefly known for being mentioned in the Bibliotheca, a work by Photius, the ninth-century Patriarch of Constantinople. He is listed by Photius, as well as Peter of Sicily, as being among the twelve disciples of Mani. However, in earlier sixth-century works, such as the abjuration formula of Zacharias of Mytilene and the handbook on abjuration of heresies by Presbyter Timothy of Constantinople, he is not listed as a Manichean but merely as the author of a work entitled the Heptalogue (Heptalogus). Photius also describes Agapius as challenging the teachings of Eunomius, who, according to Samuel N.C. Lieu, may be identified as Eunomius of Cyzicus, the Arian bishop of Cyzicus in Mysia. Agapius, however, could not have both been a disciple of Mani, who died in 276, and have lived long enough to write against Eunomius of Cyzicus, who began as bishop in 360. Writings Photius described reading an unidentified work, possibly the Heptalogue, by Agapius that contained "23 fables and 102 other sections", where Agapius feigns his own Christianity but reveals himself as an "enemy" of Christ. Agapius dedicated his work of twenty-three chapters to his female fellow philosopher Urania. Photius summarizes Agapius' apparently Manichaean teachings as follows: "He establishes against God for evermore a wicked, self-subsisting principle, which sometimes he calls nature, sometimes matter and sometimes Satan and the Devil and the ruler of the world and God of This Age, and by countless other names. He maintains that men stumble by necessity and against their will, and that the body belongs to the evil portion but the soul to the divine and (alas what madness!) is of one substance with God. And he mocks the Old Testament (Oh the impiety!) to the evil principle which stands opposed to God. In his telling of fantastic tales he also says that the tree in Paradise is Christ whom he professes with his lips to honour, but whom by his deeds and beliefs he blasphemes more than words can tell." Agapius, however, appears to have also endorsed ideas unrelated to Manichaeism, such as Orthodox Christian concepts like "the Trinity, the Incarnation, the Baptism, Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ, the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment." Photius claims Agapius was able to do so by "altering and translating almost all the terms of piety and of the Christian religion into other meanings..." Photius mentions that Agapius made use of apocryphal Christian literature, especially the Acts of Andrew, and pagan philosophy in his arguments: "He adduces arguments by relying on the so-called Acts of the twelve apostles, especially those of Andrew, maintaining that his thought is lifted from them. He also holds to mempsychosis. He sends off to God those who have achieved the zenith of virtue, consigns to fire and darkness those who achieved the nadir of wickednesses, and brings down into bodies once more those who conducted their lives somewhere between these two extremes. He shamelessly employs martyrs and the lovers of Greek religion, especially Plato, to support his fight with God." Agapius is also described as an author of hymns. References ^ a b c Obolensky, Dimitri. The Bogomils: a Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism. Pages 25-26. Anthony C. Hall, 1972 (reprint) ^ Schneemelcher, Wilhelm & Robert McLachlan Wilson. New Testament Apocrypha: Writings Relating to the Apostles Apocalypses and Related Subjects. Page 91. John Knox Press, 2003. ^ a b c d Lieu, Samuel N.C. Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China: a Historical Survey. Pages 106-107. Manchester University Press, 1985. ^ Smith, Henry & Henry Wace. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines, Vol. I. Page 58. John Murray, 1877. ^ MacDonald, Dennis Ronald. Christianizing Homer: the Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew. Page 94. Oxford University Press, 1994. vteManichaeismProphets Mani (Founder) Jesus Sakyamuni Zarathustra Narayana Seth Scripture Seven treatises of Manichaeism (Gospel of Mani, Treasure of Life, The Epistles, The Book of Mysteries, Pragmateia, The Book of Giants, Psalms and Prayers) Book of Pictures Shabuhragan Extracanonical literature New Testament Fundamental Epistle Manichaean Psalm Book Psalms of Thomas Kephalaia Xuastvanift Cologne Mani-Codex Medinet Madi library Dunhuang Manichaean texts Xiabuzan Manichaean Compendium Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism Irk Bitig† Turpan Manichaean texts Sogdian-language Manichaean letter Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts Moni Guangfo Theology Father of Greatness Prince of Darkness Zarathustra in Manichaeism The Buddha in Manichaeism Jesus in Manichaeism Two Principles and Three Moments Gnosis Messenger of Light Xroshtag and Padvaxtag Archon Asrestar History Apostles Mar Ammo Mar Sisin Mar Zaku Mar Adda Shad Ohrmazd Mihr Faustus Agapius Aphthonius Hegemonius Marcus Three Persian religions Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism Bögü Qaghan Sergius-Tychicus East-West Schism Amr ibn Adi Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri Lü Shinang Synod of Gangra Lin Deng Persecution Uyghur Khaganate Cangnan Stele Qianku Sects See of Babylon Denawars Astati Chinese Manichaeism Miqlāsiyya Organisation Archegos Patriarch Apostle Bishop Presbyter Elect Hearers Commandments Three Seals Pañcavidyā Rituals Eucharist Evangelism Repentance Fasting Buildings Cao'an Puxi Fushou Palace  Flying Road Pagoda  Leshan Temple  Visual art Birth of Mani Book of Pictures Diagram of the Universe Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work Icon of Mani Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368 Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259 Mani's Community Established Mani's Parents Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286 Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918 Painting of the Buddha Jesus Sealstone of Mani Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation Veneration of the Tree of Life Writing system Manichaean script Manichaean (Unicode block) In fiction Ming Cult The Gardens of Light Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang The Secret of Heaven Notes: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Agapius (Manichaean)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliotheca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Photius)"},{"link_name":"Photius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schneemelcher-2"},{"link_name":"Zacharias of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Timothy of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieu-3"},{"link_name":"Eunomius of Cyzicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunomius_of_Cyzicus"},{"link_name":"Arian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"Cyzicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyzicus"},{"link_name":"Mysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieu-3"},{"link_name":"Eunomius of Cyzicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunomius_of_Cyzicus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-4"}],"text":"He is chiefly known for being mentioned in the Bibliotheca, a work by Photius, the ninth-century Patriarch of Constantinople. He is listed by Photius, as well as Peter of Sicily, as being among the twelve disciples of Mani.[2] However, in earlier sixth-century works, such as the abjuration formula of Zacharias of Mytilene and the handbook on abjuration of heresies by Presbyter Timothy of Constantinople, he is not listed as a Manichean but merely as the author of a work entitled the Heptalogue (Heptalogus).[3]Photius also describes Agapius as challenging the teachings of Eunomius, who, according to Samuel N.C. Lieu, may be identified as Eunomius of Cyzicus, the Arian bishop of Cyzicus in Mysia.[3] Agapius, however, could not have both been a disciple of Mani, who died in 276, and have lived long enough to write against Eunomius of Cyzicus, who began as bishop in 360.[4]","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieu-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieu-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obolensky-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obolensky-1"},{"link_name":"apocryphal Christian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha"},{"link_name":"Acts of Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-5"}],"text":"Photius described reading an unidentified work, possibly the Heptalogue, by Agapius that contained \"23 fables and 102 other sections\", where Agapius feigns his own Christianity but reveals himself as an \"enemy\" of Christ.[3] Agapius dedicated his work of twenty-three chapters to his female fellow philosopher Urania.Photius summarizes Agapius' apparently Manichaean teachings as follows:\"He establishes against God for evermore a wicked, self-subsisting principle, which sometimes he calls nature, sometimes matter and sometimes Satan and the Devil and the ruler of the world and God of This Age, and by countless other names. He maintains that men stumble by necessity and against their will, and that the body belongs to the evil portion but the soul to the divine and (alas what madness!) is of one substance with God. And he mocks the Old Testament (Oh the impiety!) to the evil principle which stands opposed to God. In his telling of fantastic tales he also says that the tree in Paradise is Christ whom he professes with his lips to honour, but whom by his deeds and beliefs he blasphemes more than words can tell.\"[3]Agapius, however, appears to have also endorsed ideas unrelated to Manichaeism, such as Orthodox Christian concepts like \"the Trinity, the Incarnation, the Baptism, Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ, the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment.\"[1] Photius claims Agapius was able to do so by \"altering and translating almost all the terms of piety and of the Christian religion into other meanings...\"[1]Photius mentions that Agapius made use of apocryphal Christian literature, especially the Acts of Andrew, and pagan philosophy in his arguments:\"He adduces arguments by relying on the so-called Acts of the twelve apostles, especially those of Andrew, maintaining that his thought is lifted from them. He also holds to mempsychosis. He sends off to God those who have achieved the zenith of virtue, consigns to fire and darkness those who achieved the nadir of wickednesses, and brings down into bodies once more those who conducted their lives somewhere between these two extremes. He shamelessly employs martyrs and the lovers of Greek religion, especially Plato, to support his fight with God.\"[5]Agapius is also described as an author of hymns.","title":"Writings"}]
[]
null
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-Tegel_radio_transmitter
Berlin-Tegel radio transmitter
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°34′20″N 13°17′32″E / 52.57222°N 13.29222°E / 52.57222; 13.29222Royal Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain Dakota transports being unloaded in the beginning days of flight operations at Berlin Tegel airport. Flight operations at Tegel began on 5 November 1948. The Transmitter Berlin-Tegel was a broadcasting facility for medium wave in Berlin-Tegel, Germany. It was built in 1933 and used as an aerial wire hung up in a 165-metre-high (541 ft) tower of wood framework. In 1940, the height of the tower was reduced to 86 metres. On December 16, 1948 the tower (and a guyed mast under construction, intended to replace the tower) was bombed under orders of the French Commander (Jean Ganeval) at the time, because of concerns of endangering the air traffic of the nearby Berlin Tegel Airport, which was under construction at the time. The transmitters were moved to Königs Wusterhausen and installed there. Nevertheless, the transmitter building is still standing. See also List of towers References ^ a b "Drawings of Sendeturm Berlin-Tegel". SkyscraperPage.com. 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2019-01-20. External links Sendeturm Berlin-Tegel at Structurae http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b47059 Authority control databases: Geographic Structurae 52°34′20″N 13°17′32″E / 52.57222°N 13.29222°E / 52.57222; 13.29222 This article about a Berlin building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Royal Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain Dakota transports being unloaded in the beginning days of flight operations at Berlin Tegel airport. Flight operations at Tegel began on 5 November 1948.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/RAF_C-47s_at_Berlin-Tegel_1948.jpg/220px-RAF_C-47s_at_Berlin-Tegel_1948.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towers"}]
[{"reference":"\"Drawings of Sendeturm Berlin-Tegel\". SkyscraperPage.com. 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2019-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?buildingID=47059","url_text":"\"Drawings of Sendeturm Berlin-Tegel\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Forbes
Bruce Forbes
["1 References"]
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Bruce Forbes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bruce David Forbes (born March 30, 1948) is an ordained minister in the United Methodist Church. Born in Michigan, he grew up in Mitchell, South Dakota. His parents, Ernest Linwood Forbes and Marie Louise Forbes, met in Rochester. Ernie eventually became a hospital administrator at Methodist Hospital in Mitchell. Marie was a mathematics teacher as well as a librarian. Forbes resides in Sioux City, Iowa and has one son, Matthew Forbes. Bruce Forbes holds a BA in religious studies from Morningside College, an MTh from Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University, and a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary. His formal academic training is in the history of Christianity, but he has also developed a special interest in the analysis of popular culture. Forbes is a former department chair and professor of religious studies at Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa. He is the co-editor of two books: Religion and Popular Culture in America (2000, second edition in 2005, third edition in 2017), co-edited with Jeffrey H. Mahan, and Rapture, Revelation and the End Times: An Exploration of the Left Behind Series (2004), co-edited with Djeanne Halgren Kilde. He is also the author of two non-fiction books: Christmas: A Candid History (2007) and America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories (2015). References ^ Rushing, Ty (2017-10-24). "Morningside professor co-edits new book". Sioux City Journal. ISSN 2689-5544. Archived from the original on 2022-03-30. Retrieved 2022-03-30. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Other IdRef This biography of an American academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a member of the Christian clergy in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a United States writer of non-fiction is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Mitchell, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Sioux City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"religious studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_studies"},{"link_name":"Morningside College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_University"},{"link_name":"Southern Methodist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Morningside College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningside_University"},{"link_name":"Sioux City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Left Behind Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Behind_(series)"}],"text":"Bruce David Forbes (born March 30, 1948) is an ordained minister in the United Methodist Church. Born in Michigan, he grew up in Mitchell, South Dakota. His parents, Ernest Linwood Forbes and Marie Louise Forbes, met in Rochester. Ernie eventually became a hospital administrator at Methodist Hospital in Mitchell. Marie was a mathematics teacher as well as a librarian. Forbes resides in Sioux City, Iowa and has one son, Matthew Forbes.Bruce Forbes holds a BA in religious studies from Morningside College, an MTh from Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University, and a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary. His formal academic training is in the history of Christianity, but he has also developed a special interest in the analysis of popular culture. Forbes is a former department chair and professor of religious studies at Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa.[1]He is the co-editor of two books: Religion and Popular Culture in America (2000, second edition in 2005, third edition in 2017), co-edited with Jeffrey H. Mahan, and Rapture, Revelation and the End Times: An Exploration of the Left Behind Series (2004), co-edited with Djeanne Halgren Kilde. He is also the author of two non-fiction books: Christmas: A Candid History (2007) and America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories (2015).","title":"Bruce Forbes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Silico_(Deepsky_album)
Deepsky
["1 History","2 Albums","3 Selected singles","4 References","5 External links"]
American electronic music act This article is about the band. For the astronomical classification, see Deep-sky object. For the racehorse, see Deep Sky (horse). For the 2023 documentary, see Deep Sky. DeepskyOriginAlbuquerque, New Mexico, United StatesGenresElectronicaYears active1995–presentLabels Rampant Records Fragrant Music Kinetic Records Yoshitoshi Records Release Records Proton Music Baroque Records MembersJason BlumPast membersJ. Scott G.Websitehttp://www.deepsky.net/ Deepsky is an electronic music act based in Los Angeles. Originally from Albuquerque, New Mexico, Deepsky was formed in 1995 by J. Scott G. and Jason Blum after the dissolution of their first band Q, active from 1992-1995. Its two founding members met originally at the University of New Mexico. Between 1995 and 1996 they concurrently comprised the Dayspring Collective with Shawn Parker, whom together released a CD on the Fragrant Music label titled Spark in 1997. Giaquinta left the band in November 2006 to focus on solo projects as well as start the group Summer Channel; Blum continues to produce and perform under the Deepsky name. History Deepsky's first commercial release, the In My Mind EP, was released on vinyl in 1996 on Rampant Records. The title track was picked up by Nick Warren for inclusion on the Cream Live 2 compilation and set the stage for recognition by other international DJs. After moving to Fragrant Music, Deepsky released the "Stargazer" single in 1997, a hugely successful track which enjoyed global success and made appearances on compilations like Fragrant Sense by top DJs including John Digweed, DJ Micro, and John '00' Fleming. Their song "Tempest" was used as the theme music to the MTV electronica video music show Amp from 1997 to 2001. They released their first full album on Kinetic Records in 2002, titled In Silico, which features a progressive sound that differs greatly from their early work. As In Silico gained traction in the electronic music scene, Deepsky moved heavily into the budding commercial remix market, producing progressive trance, progressive house, and progressive breaks remixes for pop artists including Madonna, Seal, David Bowie, America, Paul Oakenfold, The Crystal Method, and more. They achieved #1 slots on 2003's Billboard dance singles chart with remixes of Madonna's "Die Another Day" and "Hollywood". With the closure of Kinetic Records in 2003, Deepsky's follow up record, tentatively titled Future Perfect, found itself in limbo. Nevertheless, a handful of singles from Future Perfect found their way to market in spite of this setback. Yo! Records, a sub-label of Deep Dish's Yoshitoshi Records, released "Talk Like a Stranger" in August 2004, with vocals performed by Jes Brieden. Proton Music distributed "Lost in the Moment" as a digital-only release in 2005, Toronto-based Release Records released "Ghost" in July 2006, and Baroque Records released "Brambledog" in November 2006. "Ghost" also features Brieden on vocals and reached the top twenty on both the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play and Hot Dance Airplay charts in early 2007. Modern dance music producers continue to reference and remix Deepsky material. In 2020, Orkidea released a remix of Deepsky's "Cosmic Dancer" on the Pure Progressive label, which appeared on the Pure Progressive Vol. 1 compact disc set released by Black Hole Recordings. Albums Spark (1997) - As part of 'The Dayspring Collective' Stargazer EP (1999) In Silico (2002) Selected singles "Tempest" "Stargazer" "View from a Stairway" "Lost in the Moment" "Ghost" (credited to 'Deepsky featuring JES', Billboard Hot Dance Club Play #20, Hot Dance Airplay #17) References ^ Q Discogs.com. ^ Deepsky biography Discogs.com. ^ Interview with Deepsky from June 1999 LunarMagazine.com. Retrieved 29 June 2009. ^ Review of song "Ghost" ProgressiveSounds.com. Retrieved 29 June 2009. ^ Hot Dance Club Play info Billboard.com. Retrieved 29 June 2009. ^ Hot Dance Airplay info Billboard.com. Retrieved 29 June 2009. External links Official Deepsky website Deepsky DJ sets at Hybridized.org Complete discography at Discogs.com Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deep-sky object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sky_object"},{"link_name":"Deep Sky (horse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Sky_(horse)"},{"link_name":"Deep Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Sky"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the band. For the astronomical classification, see Deep-sky object. For the racehorse, see Deep Sky (horse). For the 2023 documentary, see Deep Sky.Deepsky is an electronic music act based in Los Angeles. Originally from Albuquerque, New Mexico, Deepsky was formed in 1995 by J. Scott G. and Jason Blum after the dissolution of their first band Q,[1] active from 1992-1995. Its two founding members met originally at the University of New Mexico.[2] Between 1995 and 1996 they concurrently comprised the Dayspring Collective with Shawn Parker, whom together released a CD on the Fragrant Music label titled Spark in 1997. Giaquinta left the band in November 2006 to focus on solo projects as well as start the group Summer Channel; Blum continues to produce and perform under the Deepsky name.","title":"Deepsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Rampant Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rampant_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nick Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Warren"},{"link_name":"Fragrant Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragrant_Music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fragrant Sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragrant_Sense"},{"link_name":"John Digweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Digweed"},{"link_name":"DJ Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Micro"},{"link_name":"John '00' Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_%2700%27_Fleming"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Amp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"progressive trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_trance"},{"link_name":"progressive house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_house"},{"link_name":"progressive breaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_breaks"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Paul Oakenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold"},{"link_name":"The Crystal Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Method"},{"link_name":"Die Another Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Another_Day_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"Kinetic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_Records"},{"link_name":"Yo! Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yo!_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yoshitoshi Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshitoshi_Records"},{"link_name":"Jes Brieden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes_Brieden"},{"link_name":"Proton Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_Radio"},{"link_name":"Release Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Release_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baroque Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Orkidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkidea"},{"link_name":"Black Hole Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole_Recordings"}],"text":"Deepsky's first commercial release, the In My Mind EP, was released on vinyl in 1996 on Rampant Records. The title track was picked up by Nick Warren for inclusion on the Cream Live 2 compilation and set the stage for recognition by other international DJs. After moving to Fragrant Music, Deepsky released the \"Stargazer\" single in 1997, a hugely successful track which enjoyed global success and made appearances on compilations like Fragrant Sense by top DJs including John Digweed, DJ Micro, and John '00' Fleming. Their song \"Tempest\" was used as the theme music to the MTV electronica video music show Amp from 1997 to 2001.[3] They released their first full album on Kinetic Records in 2002, titled In Silico, which features a progressive sound that differs greatly from their early work.As In Silico gained traction in the electronic music scene, Deepsky moved heavily into the budding commercial remix market, producing progressive trance, progressive house, and progressive breaks remixes for pop artists including Madonna, Seal, David Bowie, America, Paul Oakenfold, The Crystal Method, and more. They achieved #1 slots on 2003's Billboard dance singles chart with remixes of Madonna's \"Die Another Day\" and \"Hollywood\".With the closure of Kinetic Records in 2003, Deepsky's follow up record, tentatively titled Future Perfect, found itself in limbo. Nevertheless, a handful of singles from Future Perfect found their way to market in spite of this setback. Yo! Records, a sub-label of Deep Dish's Yoshitoshi Records, released \"Talk Like a Stranger\" in August 2004, with vocals performed by Jes Brieden. Proton Music distributed \"Lost in the Moment\" as a digital-only release in 2005, Toronto-based Release Records released \"Ghost\" in July 2006, and Baroque Records released \"Brambledog\" in November 2006. \"Ghost\" also features Brieden on vocals[4] and reached the top twenty on both the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play[5] and Hot Dance Airplay[6] charts in early 2007.Modern dance music producers continue to reference and remix Deepsky material. In 2020, Orkidea released a remix of Deepsky's \"Cosmic Dancer\" on the Pure Progressive label, which appeared on the Pure Progressive Vol. 1 compact disc set released by Black Hole Recordings.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spark (1997) - As part of 'The Dayspring Collective'\nStargazer EP (1999)\nIn Silico (2002)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes_Brieden"}],"text":"\"Tempest\"\n\"Stargazer\"\n\"View from a Stairway\"\n\"Lost in the Moment\"\n\"Ghost\" (credited to 'Deepsky featuring JES', Billboard Hot Dance Club Play #20, Hot Dance Airplay #17)","title":"Selected singles"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.deepsky.net/","external_links_name":"http://www.deepsky.net/"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Q+%287%29","external_links_name":"Q"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Deepsky","external_links_name":"Deepsky biography"},{"Link":"http://www.lunarmagazine.com/features/deepsky1999.php","external_links_name":"Interview with Deepsky from June 1999"},{"Link":"http://www.progressive-sounds.com/Music-Reviews/Deepsky-Feat-Jes-Ghost.asp","external_links_name":"Review of song \"Ghost\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/2007-04-07/dance-club-play-songs","external_links_name":"Hot Dance Club Play info"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/2007-03-17/hot-dance-airplay","external_links_name":"Hot Dance Airplay info"},{"Link":"https://www.deepsky.net/","external_links_name":"Official Deepsky website"},{"Link":"http://www.hybridized.org/sets/?artist=8","external_links_name":"Deepsky DJ sets at Hybridized.org"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/Deepsky","external_links_name":"Complete discography at Discogs.com"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000470864197","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/40c7bb3a-d94a-42f2-afe9-54f605307b10","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna_Kawaguchi
Haruna Kawaguchi
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Mobile Drama","3.4 Others","3.5 Dubbing","4 Bibliography","4.1 Magazines","4.2 Photobooks","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]
Japanese actress and model Haruna Kawaguchi川口 春奈Kawaguchi at an event in Taiwan on June 23, 2023Born (1995-02-10) 10 February 1995 (age 29)Gotō, Nagasaki, JapanOccupationsActressmodelYears active2007–presentAgentKen-OnKnown for Ouran High School Host Club POV: Norowareta Film Zekkyō Gakkyū Say "I love you" Websitewww.ken-on.co.jp/haruna/ Haruna Kawaguchi (川口 春奈, Kawaguchi Haruna, born February 10, 1995 in Gotō, Nagasaki) is a Japanese actress and model under Ken-On. She is known for playing lead roles in Ouran High School Host Club, POV: Norowareta Film, Zekkyō Gakkyū, and Say "I love you". Career In 2007 Kawaguchi won the Grand Prix at the 11th Nicola audition. After joining the child division of Ken-On, she made her debut in the October 2007 issue of Nicola released on September 1 of that year. From October 4, 2008, to March 28, 2008, she became a regular in the girls' corner on the variety show Fightension☆TV, her first television show. She also performed in the music group merry merry boo in March 2009 when she covered "Ima Sugu Kiss Me", originally by LINDBERG, as part of Fightension☆TV. In spring 2009, Kawaguchi was selected as the 13th Rehouse Girl of Mitsui's Rehouse. On March 1, she moved from the children's division of Ken-On to Ken-On. Her diary "Haru na Hiyori" on the Ken-On mobile phone website. Her official website was launched in late March. On July 9, 2009, she made her first appearance in a music video with Shunsuke Nakamura for Hi-Fi Camp "Dakara Ippo Mae e Fumidashite" which was used as the commercial song for Pocari Sweat "Unmei no Natsu-hen (Summer Edition of Fate)". In early August, she toured 12 cities across Japan at the event "Pocari Sweat o Nonde Kawaguchi Haruna・Hi-Fi Camp ni Aou! (Let's drink Pocari Sweat and Meet Haruna Kawaguchi and Hi-Fi Camp!)". In October 2009, she made her debut as an actress in the Fuji TV drama Tokyo Dogs. On March 13, 2010, she had her first lead role in the P&G Pantene drama special Hatsukoi Chronicle. On June 7, 2010, she became the second support girl for Senkou Riot and served as a support girl at "Senkou Riot 2010" held on August 1, 2010. From July 30 to September 2010, she appeared in au LISMO's commercials for LISMO Fes! This commercial was selected for the 2010 CM Grand Prize in the magazine CM NOW. On November 2, she was selected as "Face of the Year" by Nikkei Trendy. In 2011 she graduated from Nicola and stated that "from now on, I will focus on acting." She has been active as a model since then and has been featured on the covers of magazines like JJ and VOCE; she has also worked on fashion features. In July 2011, she starred in a serial drama for the first time with Ouran High School Host Club which was broadcast in the TSB drama slot "Friday Break". In November 2011, she became the seventh support manager (image girl) for the 90th National High School Soccer Championship. On March 17, 2012, she starred in the movie Ouran High School Host Club. She released her first photo book "haruna" on March 20, which was shot on Ishigaki Island, her hometown of Goto Islands, and Fukue Island. In 2012 she placed first in MyNavi's "(Men's Edition) Who will be next year's star? Ranking of rookie actresses who will have their big break soon". On March 24, 2013, she released her second photobook haruna2. In October 2013, she starred in TBS's Thursday drama Otto no Kanojo (Husband's Girlfriend). It was her first starring role in a prime-time soap opera. In 2013, she starred in the movie adaptation of "Real Escape Game" which was also made into a drama Madam Marmalade no Ijō na Nazo. It was released as a mystery solving movie with audience participation called "Nazoto Kinema" which was divided into "questions" (October 25) and "answers" (November 22). In October 2014, she starred in her first tage performance at Aoyama Amphitheater "Ikiterumono wa Inainoka". On February 10, 2015, she released her third photobook haruna3. In 2020, she played Kicho (Nohime) in the NHK Taiga drama "Awaiting Kirin" due to the previous actress, Erika Sawajiri, dropping out due to being arrest on suspicion of violating the Narcotics Control Law before the start of broadcasting. This was her first period drama and her first appearance in a Taiga drama. Filming began on December 3 and the broadcast started on January 19, 2020, two weeks behind the originally scheduled January 5, 2020. On January 31, 2020, she opened her official YouTube channel "Haachannel". The number of channel subscribers exceeded 700 thousand in the first month after opening. She continues to update by posting new videos almost every Sunday. She was adopted as a regular model for the magazine GINGER starting from the May 2020 issue. On December 31, 2021, she was one of the hosts for the 72nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen with Yo Oizumi and Mayuko Wakuda. Up until the previous year, hosts had been divided into red, white, and neutral, but they were unified as neutral. In February 2022, she won the Élan d'or Award for Newcomer of the Year, presented to the most promising new actor through the year. In the first half of 2022, she appeared as the heroine's older sister Ryoko in the NHK serial TV novel Chimudondon, marking her first appearance in a morning drama. In the second half of 2022, the NHK serial TV novel "Maiagare!", which is set in the Goto Islands, her hometown, aired, so she narrated in a related program. On December 15, 2023, Kawaguchi was appointed as the official ambassador for the Persona video game series. Personal life Kawaguchi was born on Fukue Island, Goto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture. From the first to third year of junior high school, when going to work, there was no direct flight to Tokyo, so she traveled to and from Hakata by boat for nine hours. At first this was only once a month, but it gradually increased to once a week. She is the youngest of three sisters and describes herself as a "genuinely selfish, spoiled, and lonely girl". Her father passed away when Kawaguchi was 19, and in her Father's Day 2018 Instagram post, she shared a photo of herself saying she "looks too much like her father". Her name "Haruna" comes from a letter of her grandfather's name, "Haru (Spring)". The "Na" was actually given by her older sister; it was originally supposed to be "Haruna (春菜)" but her mother thought it was "Haruna (春奈)" and delivered it as so to the city hall. Her hobbies include sea fishing, and she has caught up to 300 fish. Her favorite female artists are Miliyah Kato, Ringo Sheena, and Namie Amuro. Her favorite male artist is EXILE. The entertainer she respects is Miho Kanno, who is also a senior at her company. She is also good friends with Riisa Naka, her costar in Yankee-kun to Megane-chan, who is also from Nagasaki Prefecture. She said that before she became a Nicola model, she wanted to become a nursery teacher because she likes children. In a 2016 interview, she said that her dream was to become the heroine of a morning drama. When she appeared in Aitsu Ima Nanishiteru?, according to her classmates from elementary school, Kawaguchi was more funny than cute at the time; she imitated Takayuki Haranishi of FUJIWARA so she was never popular. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2011 Moshidora Yuki Miyata 2012 POV: Norowareta Film Haruna Kawaguchi Lead role Ouran High School Host Club Haruhi Fujioka Lead role 2013 The Last Chance: Diary of Comedians Sakura Kōmoto Zekkyō Gakkyū Kana Araki Lead role The Apology King a pure actress Madam Marmalade no Ijō na Nazo: Question Madam Marmalade Lead role Madam Marmalade no Ijō na Nazo: Answer 2014 Say "I love you" Mei Tachibana Lead role Time Trip App Eri Morino 2016 Creepy Saki Honda Bittersweet Maki Eda Lead role 2017 One Week Friends Kaori Fujimiya Lead role 2019 Until I Meet September's Love Shiori Kitamura Lead role 2021 The Cursed Sanctuary X Kaname Azuma 2022 The Way of the Househusband: The Cinema Miku Kuroda 2024 Don't Lose Your Head! Kikyo Television Year Title Role Network Notes Ref 2009 Tokyo Dogs Karin Takakura Fuji TV 2010 Don't Cry Anymore Ai Tsunoda Fuji TV Hatsukoi Chronicle Mutsuki Yoneya BS Fuji Lead role Bad Boy and Good Girl Rinka Himeji TBS Zettai Nakanai to Kimeta Hi: Emergency Special Ai Tsunoda Fuji TV Television special Nagareboshi Mizuki Yasuda Fuji TV 2011 Ouran High School Host Club Haruhi Fujioka TBS Lead role 2012 Shirato Osamu no Jikenbo Haruhi Fujioka TBS Episode: "Shoplifter Part Two" Hōkago wa Mystery to Tomoni Ryo Kirigamine TBS Lead role GTO Miyabi Aizawa Fuji TV GTO: Demon Rampage in Autumn Special Miyabi Aizawa Fuji TV Television special 2013 GTO: New Year's Special! Miyabi Aizawa Fuji TV Television special The Kindaichi Case Files: Hong Kong Murder Case Miyuki Nanase / Yan Lan NTV Television special 3-in-1 House Share Kaoru Watano NTV 8 episodes GTO: Conclusion -Graduation Special- Miyabi Aizawa Fuji TV Television special Galileo 2 Kanako Mase Fuji TV Episode: "Guide" Ghost Negotiator Tenma Akira Okasaki TBS Husband’s Lover Hoshimi Yamagishi TBS Lead role 2014 The Kindaichi Case Files: Prison School Murder Case Miyuki Nanase NTV Television special The Kindaichi Case Files Neo Miyuki Nanase NTV Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! Mayu Takigawa TBS Lead role, Television special 2015 Detective versus Detectives Kotoha Minemori Fuji TV 2016 The State of Union Akane Irie TBS Episode: "Saikon o shitai Motoo to Kimyōna" Sakurazaka Kinpen Monogatari: Night 4 Mina Nagano Fuji TV Lead role, Episode: "Neighborhood 4" Juken no Cinderella Maki Endo NHK BS P Chef: Three Star School Lunch Haruko Takayama Fuji TV Cain and Abel Haruko Takayama Fuji TV Cameo, episode 6 2017 My Lover's Secret Sawa Tachibana NTV 2020 The Way of the Househusband Miku NTV 2020–21 Awaiting Kirin Kichō NHK Taiga drama 2022 Chimudondon Ryōko Higa NHK Asadora Silent Tsumugi Aoba Fuji TV Lead role 2023 Hayabusa Fire Brigade Aya Tachiki TV Asahi Mobile Drama Koiiro Waltz (2010) as Aki Others 72nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen (2021, NHK), host 65th Japan Record Awards (2023, TBS), host Dubbing Elemental (2023) as Ember Lumen Bibliography Magazines Nicola, Shinchosha 1997-, as an exclusive model from 2007 to 2011 Photobooks haruna (20 March 2012, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847044458 haruna2 (24 March 2013, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847045295 Sonomanma Haruna (31 March 2014, Tokyo News Service) ISBN 9784863363908 haruna3 (10 February 2015, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847047244 Accolades Year Award Category Nominated work(s) Result Ref 2022 46th Elan d'or Awards Newcomer of the Year Herself Won 2023 16th Tokyo Drama Awards Best Actress Silent Won References ^ 川口春奈 (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ 川口春奈 (in Japanese). eiga.com inc. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ a b c "川口春奈、水着・入浴ショット解禁 「100％素の私」 - モデルプレス". モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "ファイテンション☆テレビ". 2011-01-28. Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "13代目"リハウスガール"は14歳の新人・川口春奈に決定｜ライフ関連ニュース｜オリコン顧客満足度ランキング". CS RANKING (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ a b c d "【動画あり】川口春奈 20歳にして見せる大人の魅力 「良い意味でイメージを裏切りたい」 | AdverTimes.（アドタイ） by 宣伝会議". AdverTimes（アドタイ）宣伝会議が運営する、広告界のニュース＆情報プラットフォーム (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈、フジ伝統"出世ドラマ"で初主演 (2/2ページ) - 芸能 - SANSPO.COM". 2010-04-03. Archived from the original on 2010-04-03. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "女優の川口春奈が"今年の顔"に 日経トレンディが選出 - 47NEWS（よんななニュース）". 2010-11-05. Archived from the original on 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "旬 ~ モデルは『卒業』俳優業に専念". ja:朝日新聞. December 24, 2011. ^ a b haruna:川口春奈写真集2 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "川口春奈がゴールデン連ドラ初主演 上司の妻と体が入れ替わる女性熱演". ORICON NEWS. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ a b haruna:川口春奈写真集3 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "俳優の沢尻エリカ容疑者を逮捕 違法薬物所持の疑い：朝日新聞デジタル". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). 2019-11-16. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "沢尻容疑者大河の代役は川口春奈「気高さと強さを」 - ドラマ : 日刊スポーツ". nikkansports.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "沢尻エリカの代役は川口春奈 大河ドラマ初出演". クランクイン！- エンタメの「今」がわかる 映画＆エンタメニュースサイト (in Japanese). 21 November 2019. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ INC, SANKEI DIGITAL (2019-12-04). "川口春奈が大河撮影開始、関係者は感嘆「初めてとは思えないぐらい落ち着いていた」". サンスポ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "NHK大河ドラマ『麒麟がくる』初回放送日変更を発表 1・19スタート". ORICON NEWS. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈のYouTuberデビュー、大成功な上に意外な注目ポイントも". J-CAST ニュース (in Japanese). 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈の動画に異変 ファンがザワつく理由". J-CAST ニュース (in Japanese). 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈､東京23区を巡ります♥". GINGER | 自分を主役にした人生を。 (in Japanese). 7 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ a b "NHKに"貢献"紅白司会に川口春奈 大河「麒麟がくる」で急遽代役も熱演 大泉洋も2年連続2度目の大役". Zakzak. 29 October 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ "『エランドール賞』新人賞に仲野太賀、江口のりこ、柳楽優弥、川口春奈、山田裕貴、広瀬アリス". ORICON NEWS. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈、朝ドラ初出演 『ちむどんどん』でヒロイン姉役「今からドキドキ」". マイナビニュース (in Japanese). 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "舞いあがれ！：「中継スペシャル」にヒロイン福原遥 五島列島には長濱ねるが生出演 川口春奈のナレーションも". MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） (in Japanese). 15 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "『ペルソナ』公式アンバサダーに俳優・川口春奈が就任。志尊淳と出演する新ブランドCM＆『P5』シリーズ1000万本突破記念CMが公開" . Famitsu (in Japanese). 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2023-12-16. ^ "ぷくぷくかわいい！ 川口春奈、幼少期の3姉妹ショットを公開「末っ子で生粋のわがまま甘えん坊寂しがりやガールです！」". ねとらぼ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "「いつも想ってます」「パパ愛してるよ！」 川口春奈、亡き父に似た写真とともに愛のメッセージを送る". ねとらぼ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "【ＴＶクリップ】川口春奈 輝く階段を一歩ずつ (2/2ページ) - MSN産経ニュース". 2010-12-06. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "リハウスガール13代目は14歳川口春奈「趣味は釣りです」 | 日テレNEWS24". 2013-06-15. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈、"すごく大好き"な芸能人明かす「本当に尊敬できる」 - モデルプレス". モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース (in Japanese). 20 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "5LDK 2011/04/28(木)23:00 の放送内容 ページ1". TVでた蔵 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "癒し＆ストレス解消はなんですか。". MEN'S NON-NO WEB (in Japanese). 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈、夢は朝ドラヒロイン「鍛えてもらいたい」". ORICON NEWS. April 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "川口春奈、「好きだった同級生」テレビ告白で好感度が爆上がりした理由！". アサ芸プラス (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16. ^ "AKB48's Maeda Atsuko wears a cute sailor uniform for "Moshi Dora"". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Shida Mirai, Kawaguchi Haruna star in horror film "POV"". Tokyograph. October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011. ^ "Cast of "Ouran High School Host Club" visits an all-girls high school". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Nagasawa Masami and more added to the cast of 'Bokutachi no Koukan Nikki'". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Kawaguchi Haruna to star in a live-action adaptation of "Zekkyou Gakkyuu"". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ 謝罪の王様 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ 川口春奈「マダム・マーマレードの異常な謎」会見中に暗殺される？ (in Japanese). eiga.com inc. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Kawaguchi Haruna & Fukushi Sota to star in 'Sukitte Iinayo' live-action film adaptation". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Haruna Kawaguchi, Sōta Fukushi Star in Say, 'I Love You'. Live-Action Film". Anime News Network. January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2020. ^ 川口春奈、“二面性”のある素顔とは (in Japanese). modelpress. 25 July 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ a b c "Haruna Kawaguchi works" (in Japanese). eiga.com. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ "Until I Meet September's Love". Nippon TV. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ^ "岡田将生×川口春奈が兄妹役で入江悠監督とタッグ！「聖地X」で未知なる恐怖に飲み込まれる". eiga.com. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ^ "Way of the Househusband Manga Gets Live-Action Film Next Summer". animenewsnetwork.com. November 2, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021. ^ "身代わり忠臣蔵". eiga.com. Retrieved August 6, 2023. ^ 東京DOGS 最悪で最高のバディ誕生！！. Fuji TV (in Japanese). Fuji Television Network. October 19, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ a b 泣かないと決めた日. Fuji TV (in Japanese). Fuji Television Network. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ BSフジ「初恋クロニクル」主演の川口春奈インタビュー動画－ドガッチ. navicon (in Japanese). March 11, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ TBS「 ヤンキー君とメガネちゃん 」. TBS (in Japanese). Tokyo Broadcasting System. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ LISMOドラマで“かっこいい顔”の志田未来と“肌がきれい”な川口春奈がW主演！PART1. News Walker (in Japanese). Kadokawa Corporation. November 12, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ "Cast of "Ouran High School Host Club" movie appear at stage greeting". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ 桜蘭高校ホスト部：部員たちが深夜ドラマ「白戸修の事件簿」にコラボ出演. Mantan Web (in Japanese). Mantan. February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ "Kawaguchi Haruna & Hayami Mokomichi attend press conference for 'Houkago wa Mystery to tomo ni'". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ a b "'GTO' to air two-hour special episode in October". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ GTO 正月スペシャル!冬休みも熱血授業だ. Oricon News (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 川口春奈：4代目美雪役で出演決定 8年ぶりドラマ化「金田一少年の事件簿」. Mantan Web (in Japanese). Mantan. September 11, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 「シェアハウスの恋人」水川あさみ主演ドラマ 第1話放送. Model Press (in Japanese). modelpress. January 16, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ GTO 完結編～さらば鬼塚!卒業スペシャル～. Oricon News (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 「ガリレオ」2週連続で視聴率20%超！「ミタ」以来の快挙. Cinema Today (in Japanese). CINEMATODAY. April 23, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 天魔さんがゆく (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ Serena「CHANGE!!」が川口春奈主演ドラマ「夫のカノジョ」主題歌に決定 (in Japanese). Musicman. September 20, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ トップ 記事 金田一少年の事件簿：2014年新春に約1年ぶりに復活 山田涼介、川口春奈が“続投”. Mantan Web (in Japanese). Mantan. September 11, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 『金田一』、13年ぶり連ドラ復活 山田涼介&川口春奈が再タッグ. Oricon News (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. April 30, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 藤原紀香、川口春奈、AKIRA×「このミステリーがすごい！」大型ドラマを発表. Model Press (in Japanese). modelpress. November 20, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 川口春奈 息ぴったり！北川景子と“美しすぎる女探偵コンビ”. Sponichi Annex (in Japanese). Sports Nippon. May 9, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 川口春奈、「家族ノカタチ」で千葉雄大の妻役に！「もう少しワイルドな人が好き」. Cinema Cafe.net (in Japanese). IID, Inc. February 3, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 福山雅治：バカリズム脚本ドラマ「桜坂近辺物語」に出演 “ラジオ番組”トーク展開. Mantan Web (in Japanese). Mantan. March 2, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 小泉孝太郎、NHKドラマ初主演 “落ちこぼれJK”川口春奈と東大目指す「完全燃焼させます!」. Oricon News (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. May 20, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 10月ドラマ『Chef～三ツ星の給食～』に小泉孝太郎、川口春奈、友近、遠藤憲一ら出演. RBB Today (in Japanese). IID, Inc. September 12, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ フジテレビ：ドラマ3作品が異例のコラボ 瀧本、川口、倉科3人のヒロインがリレー方式でカメオ出演. Mantan Web (in Japanese). Mantan. November 17, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ 福士蒼汰、殺人犯役でミステリー初挑戦 企画原案は秋元康. Oricon News (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. May 16, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2018. ^ ＜川口春奈＞「極主夫道」で玉木宏の妻に 「お出掛けしたり、お家シーン楽しみ」. Yahoo! Japan (in Japanese). July 30, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020. ^ "沢尻容疑者大河の代役は川口春奈「気高さと強さを」". Nikkan Sports. Retrieved November 21, 2019. ^ "朝ドラ「ちむどんどん」仲間由紀恵ら新キャスト発表、大森南朋や川口春奈が初出演". Natalie. Retrieved June 1, 2021. ^ "Snow Man目黒蓮、川口春奈を優しく抱きしめる 『silent』ポスタービジュアル公開". Oricon. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ "戦慄の新機軸ミステリー『ハヤブサ消防団』中村倫也&川口春奈共演、池井戸潤原作ドラマが今夜開幕". Oricon. Retrieved July 19, 2023. ^ "Mirai Shida, Haruna Kawaguchi co-star in mobile drama". October 21, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2014. ^ "川口春奈、初の「レコ大」司会 女性では8人目の紅白と両方経験 安住紳一郎アナウンサーは12年連続". Sports Hochi. Retrieved December 6, 2023. ^ "「マイ・エレメント」川口春奈がメインキャラの声優に、「楽しみと緊張でいっぱい」". Natalie. May 12, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023. ^ "Kawaguchi Haruna graduates from "nicola"!". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ haruna:川口春奈写真集 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ そのまんまはるな:川口春奈photo book (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "山田裕貴・川口春奈・広瀬アリスらが新人賞「2022年 エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞". Model Press. 31 January 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2022. ^ "バカリズム「ブラッシュアップライフ」が「東京ドラマアウォード2023」作品賞グランプリに、脚本賞も". Natalie. Retrieved October 24, 2023. External links Official website (in Japanese) Haruna Kawaguchi at IMDb vteTokyo Drama Award for Best Actress Juri Ueno (2008) Yūki Amami (2009) Yasuko Matsuyuki (2010) Kyōka Suzuki, Mana Ashida (2011) Machiko Ono (2012) Rena Nōnen (2013) Hikari Mitsushima (2014) Haru Kuroki (2015) Haru (2016) Yui Aragaki (2017) Satomi Ishihara (2018) Kaya Kiyohara (2019) Haru Kuroki (2020) Haruka Ayase (2021) Yuriko Yoshitaka (2022) Haruna Kawaguchi (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF 2 WorldCat National Germany Japan Academics CiNii Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotō, Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got%C5%8D,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Ken-On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken-On"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ouran High School Host Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouran_High_School_Host_Club#Live-action_TV_series_and_film"},{"link_name":"POV: Norowareta Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POV:_Norowareta_Film"},{"link_name":"Zekkyō Gakkyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekky%C5%8D_Gakky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Say \"I love you\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_%22I_love_you%22"}],"text":"Haruna Kawaguchi (川口 春奈, Kawaguchi Haruna, born February 10, 1995 in Gotō, Nagasaki) is a Japanese actress and model under Ken-On.[1][2] She is known for playing lead roles in Ouran High School Host Club, POV: Norowareta Film, Zekkyō Gakkyū, and Say \"I love you\".","title":"Haruna Kawaguchi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Fightension☆TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E2%98%86%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"merry merry boo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/merry_merry_Boo"},{"link_name":"Ima Sugu Kiss Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E3%81%99%E3%81%90Kiss_Me"},{"link_name":"LINDBERG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindberg_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mitsui's Rehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%95%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%95%E7%94%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Shunsuke Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunsuke_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Pocari Sweat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocari_Sweat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"P&G Pantene drama special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26G%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Senkou Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%83%E5%85%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki_Island"},{"link_name":"Fukue Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukue_Island"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"Nohime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%8Dhime"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"Awaiting Kirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaiting_Kirin"},{"link_name":"Erika Sawajiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Sawajiri"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kōhaku Uta Gassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dhaku_Uta_Gassen"},{"link_name":"Yo Oizumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Oizumi"},{"link_name":"Mayuko Wakuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuko_Wakuda"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72kohaku-21"},{"link_name":"Élan d'or Award for Newcomer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan_d%27or_Award_for_Newcomer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Persona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_(series)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 2007 Kawaguchi won the Grand Prix at the 11th Nicola audition. After joining the child division of Ken-On, she made her debut in the October 2007 issue of Nicola released on September 1 of that year.[3]From October 4, 2008, to March 28, 2008, she became a regular in the girls' corner on the variety show Fightension☆TV, her first television show.[4] She also performed in the music group merry merry boo in March 2009 when she covered \"Ima Sugu Kiss Me\", originally by LINDBERG, as part of Fightension☆TV.In spring 2009, Kawaguchi was selected as the 13th Rehouse Girl of Mitsui's Rehouse.[5] On March 1, she moved from the children's division of Ken-On to Ken-On. Her diary \"Haru na Hiyori\" on the Ken-On mobile phone website. Her official website was launched in late March. On July 9, 2009, she made her first appearance in a music video with Shunsuke Nakamura for Hi-Fi Camp \"Dakara Ippo Mae e Fumidashite\" which was used as the commercial song for Pocari Sweat \"Unmei no Natsu-hen (Summer Edition of Fate)\". In early August, she toured 12 cities across Japan at the event \"Pocari Sweat o Nonde Kawaguchi Haruna・Hi-Fi Camp ni Aou! (Let's drink Pocari Sweat and Meet Haruna Kawaguchi and Hi-Fi Camp!)\". In October 2009, she made her debut as an actress in the Fuji TV drama Tokyo Dogs.[6]On March 13, 2010, she had her first lead role in the P&G Pantene drama special Hatsukoi Chronicle.[7] On June 7, 2010, she became the second support girl for Senkou Riot and served as a support girl at \"Senkou Riot 2010\" held on August 1, 2010. From July 30 to September 2010, she appeared in au LISMO's commercials for LISMO Fes! This commercial was selected for the 2010 CM Grand Prize in the magazine CM NOW. On November 2, she was selected as \"Face of the Year\" by Nikkei Trendy.[8]In 2011 she graduated from Nicola and stated that \"from now on, I will focus on acting.\"[9] She has been active as a model since then and has been featured on the covers of magazines like JJ and VOCE; she has also worked on fashion features. In July 2011, she starred in a serial drama for the first time with Ouran High School Host Club which was broadcast in the TSB drama slot \"Friday Break\". In November 2011, she became the seventh support manager (image girl) for the 90th National High School Soccer Championship.[6][3]On March 17, 2012, she starred in the movie Ouran High School Host Club. She released her first photo book \"haruna\" on March 20, which was shot on Ishigaki Island, her hometown of Goto Islands, and Fukue Island.[6][3] In 2012 she placed first in MyNavi's \"(Men's Edition) Who will be next year's star? Ranking of rookie actresses who will have their big break soon\".On March 24, 2013, she released her second photobook haruna2.[10]In October 2013, she starred in TBS's Thursday drama Otto no Kanojo (Husband's Girlfriend). It was her first starring role in a prime-time soap opera.[11]In 2013, she starred in the movie adaptation of \"Real Escape Game\" which was also made into a drama Madam Marmalade no Ijō na Nazo. It was released as a mystery solving movie with audience participation called \"Nazoto Kinema\" which was divided into \"questions\" (October 25) and \"answers\" (November 22).In October 2014, she starred in her first tage performance at Aoyama Amphitheater \"Ikiterumono wa Inainoka\".On February 10, 2015, she released her third photobook haruna3.[12]In 2020, she played Kicho (Nohime) in the NHK Taiga drama \"Awaiting Kirin\" due to the previous actress, Erika Sawajiri, dropping out due to being arrest on suspicion of violating the Narcotics Control Law before the start of broadcasting.[13] This was her first period drama and her first appearance in a Taiga drama.[14][15] Filming began on December 3 and the broadcast started on January 19, 2020, two weeks behind the originally scheduled January 5, 2020.[16][17]On January 31, 2020, she opened her official YouTube channel \"Haachannel\".[18] The number of channel subscribers exceeded 700 thousand in the first month after opening. She continues to update by posting new videos almost every Sunday.[19] She was adopted as a regular model for the magazine GINGER starting from the May 2020 issue.[20]On December 31, 2021, she was one of the hosts for the 72nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen with Yo Oizumi and Mayuko Wakuda. Up until the previous year, hosts had been divided into red, white, and neutral, but they were unified as neutral.[21]In February 2022, she won the Élan d'or Award for Newcomer of the Year, presented to the most promising new actor through the year.[22]In the first half of 2022, she appeared as the heroine's older sister Ryoko in the NHK serial TV novel Chimudondon, marking her first appearance in a morning drama.[23] In the second half of 2022, the NHK serial TV novel \"Maiagare!\", which is set in the Goto Islands, her hometown, aired, so she narrated in a related program.[24]On December 15, 2023, Kawaguchi was appointed as the official ambassador for the Persona video game series.[25]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Miliyah Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliyah_Kato"},{"link_name":"Ringo Sheena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Sheena"},{"link_name":"Namie Amuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namie_Amuro"},{"link_name":"EXILE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_(Japanese_band)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Riisa Naka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riisa_Naka"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Kawaguchi was born on Fukue Island, Goto Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture. From the first to third year of junior high school, when going to work, there was no direct flight to Tokyo, so she traveled to and from Hakata by boat for nine hours. At first this was only once a month, but it gradually increased to once a week.[6]She is the youngest of three sisters and describes herself as a \"genuinely selfish, spoiled, and lonely girl\".[26] Her father passed away when Kawaguchi was 19, and in her Father's Day 2018 Instagram post, she shared a photo of herself saying she \"looks too much like her father\".[27]Her name \"Haruna\" comes from a letter of her grandfather's name, \"Haru (Spring)\". The \"Na\" was actually given by her older sister; it was originally supposed to be \"Haruna (春菜)\" but her mother thought it was \"Haruna (春奈)\" and delivered it as so to the city hall.[28]Her hobbies include sea fishing, and she has caught up to 300 fish.[29] Her favorite female artists are Miliyah Kato, Ringo Sheena, and Namie Amuro. Her favorite male artist is EXILE. The entertainer she respects is Miho Kanno, who is also a senior at her company.[30] She is also good friends with Riisa Naka, her costar in Yankee-kun to Megane-chan, who is also from Nagasaki Prefecture.[31]She said that before she became a Nicola model, she wanted to become a nursery teacher because she likes children.[32] In a 2016 interview, she said that her dream was to become the heroine of a morning drama.[33]When she appeared in Aitsu Ima Nanishiteru?, according to her classmates from elementary school, Kawaguchi was more funny than cute at the time; she imitated Takayuki Haranishi of FUJIWARA so she was never popular.[34]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"Mobile Drama","text":"Koiiro Waltz (2010) as Aki[81]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"72nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_NHK_K%C5%8Dhaku_Uta_Gassen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72kohaku-21"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"72nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen (2021, NHK), host[21]\n65th Japan Record Awards (2023, TBS), host[82]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elemental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Dubbing","text":"Elemental (2023) as Ember Lumen[83]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Shinchosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinchosha"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Magazines","text":"Nicola, Shinchosha 1997-, as an exclusive model from 2007 to 2011[84]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wani Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wani_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784847044458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784847044458"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784847045295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784847045295"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784863363908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784863363908"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784847047244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784847047244"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"}],"sub_title":"Photobooks","text":"haruna (20 March 2012, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847044458[85]\nharuna2 (24 March 2013, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847045295[10]\nSonomanma Haruna (31 March 2014, Tokyo News Service) ISBN 9784863363908[86]\nharuna3 (10 February 2015, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847047244[12]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"川口春奈 (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/518196/profile/","url_text":"川口春奈"}]},{"reference":"川口春奈 (in Japanese). eiga.com inc. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/person/87701/","url_text":"川口春奈"}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈、水着・入浴ショット解禁 「100％素の私」 - モデルプレス\". モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1171722","url_text":"\"川口春奈、水着・入浴ショット解禁 「100％素の私」 - モデルプレス\""}]},{"reference":"\"ファイテンション☆テレビ\". 2011-01-28. Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110128224134/http://www.ften.jp/index.php","url_text":"\"ファイテンション☆テレビ\""},{"url":"http://www.ften.jp/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"13代目\"リハウスガール\"は14歳の新人・川口春奈に決定｜ライフ関連ニュース｜オリコン顧客満足度ランキング\". CS RANKING (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://life.oricon.co.jp/news/64671/","url_text":"\"13代目\"リハウスガール\"は14歳の新人・川口春奈に決定｜ライフ関連ニュース｜オリコン顧客満足度ランキング\""}]},{"reference":"\"【動画あり】川口春奈 20歳にして見せる大人の魅力 「良い意味でイメージを裏切りたい」 | AdverTimes.（アドタイ） by 宣伝会議\". AdverTimes（アドタイ）宣伝会議が運営する、広告界のニュース＆情報プラットフォーム (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advertimes.com/20151104/article208561/","url_text":"\"【動画あり】川口春奈 20歳にして見せる大人の魅力 「良い意味でイメージを裏切りたい」 | AdverTimes.（アドタイ） by 宣伝会議\""}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈、フジ伝統\"出世ドラマ\"で初主演 (2/2ページ) - 芸能 - SANSPO.COM\". 2010-04-03. Archived from the original on 2010-04-03. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100403074120/http://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/100124/gnj1001240506016-n2.htm","url_text":"\"川口春奈、フジ伝統\"出世ドラマ\"で初主演 (2/2ページ) - 芸能 - SANSPO.COM\""},{"url":"http://www.sanspo.com/geino/news/100124/gnj1001240506016-n2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"女優の川口春奈が\"今年の顔\"に 日経トレンディが選出 - 47NEWS（よんななニュース）\". 2010-11-05. Archived from the original on 2010-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101105113245/http://www.47news.jp/CN/201011/CN2010110201000549.html","url_text":"\"女優の川口春奈が\"今年の顔\"に 日経トレンディが選出 - 47NEWS（よんななニュース）\""},{"url":"http://www.47news.jp/CN/201011/CN2010110201000549.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"旬 ~ モデルは『卒業』俳優業に専念\". ja:朝日新聞. December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E","url_text":"ja:朝日新聞"}]},{"reference":"haruna:川口春奈写真集2 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I024317721-00","url_text":"haruna:川口春奈写真集2"}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈がゴールデン連ドラ初主演 上司の妻と体が入れ替わる女性熱演\". ORICON NEWS. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2027650/full/","url_text":"\"川口春奈がゴールデン連ドラ初主演 上司の妻と体が入れ替わる女性熱演\""}]},{"reference":"haruna:川口春奈写真集3 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I026064493-00","url_text":"haruna:川口春奈写真集3"}]},{"reference":"\"俳優の沢尻エリカ容疑者を逮捕 違法薬物所持の疑い：朝日新聞デジタル\". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). 2019-11-16. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASMCJ5HBNMCJUTIL00M.html?iref=ogimage_rek","url_text":"\"俳優の沢尻エリカ容疑者を逮捕 違法薬物所持の疑い：朝日新聞デジタル\""}]},{"reference":"\"沢尻容疑者大河の代役は川口春奈「気高さと強さを」 - ドラマ : 日刊スポーツ\". nikkansports.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/201911210000482.html","url_text":"\"沢尻容疑者大河の代役は川口春奈「気高さと強さを」 - ドラマ : 日刊スポーツ\""}]},{"reference":"\"沢尻エリカの代役は川口春奈 大河ドラマ初出演\". クランクイン！- エンタメの「今」がわかる 映画＆エンタメニュースサイト (in Japanese). 21 November 2019. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crank-in.net/news/71137/1","url_text":"\"沢尻エリカの代役は川口春奈 大河ドラマ初出演\""}]},{"reference":"INC, SANKEI DIGITAL (2019-12-04). \"川口春奈が大河撮影開始、関係者は感嘆「初めてとは思えないぐらい落ち着いていた」\". サンスポ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanspo.com/article/20191204-XMMNGSH7U5MYNIHTLNTWRB6IAE/","url_text":"\"川口春奈が大河撮影開始、関係者は感嘆「初めてとは思えないぐらい落ち着いていた」\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHK大河ドラマ『麒麟がくる』初回放送日変更を発表 1・19スタート\". ORICON NEWS. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2149571/full/","url_text":"\"NHK大河ドラマ『麒麟がくる』初回放送日変更を発表 1・19スタート\""}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈のYouTuberデビュー、大成功な上に意外な注目ポイントも\". J-CAST ニュース (in Japanese). 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.j-cast.com/2020/02/03378683.html","url_text":"\"川口春奈のYouTuberデビュー、大成功な上に意外な注目ポイントも\""}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈の動画に異変 ファンがザワつく理由\". J-CAST ニュース (in Japanese). 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.j-cast.com/2020/07/30391186.html","url_text":"\"川口春奈の動画に異変 ファンがザワつく理由\""}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈､東京23区を巡ります♥\". GINGER[ジンジャー] | 自分を主役にした人生を。 (in Japanese). 7 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://gingerweb.jp/timeless/person/article/20200323-haruna_kawaguchi-7","url_text":"\"川口春奈､東京23区を巡ります♥\""}]},{"reference":"\"NHKに\"貢献\"紅白司会に川口春奈 大河「麒麟がくる」で急遽代役も熱演 大泉洋も2年連続2度目の大役\". Zakzak. 29 October 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zakzak.co.jp/ent/news/211029/enn2110290013-n1.html","url_text":"\"NHKに\"貢献\"紅白司会に川口春奈 大河「麒麟がくる」で急遽代役も熱演 大泉洋も2年連続2度目の大役\""}]},{"reference":"\"『エランドール賞』新人賞に仲野太賀、江口のりこ、柳楽優弥、川口春奈、山田裕貴、広瀬アリス\". ORICON NEWS. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2223417/full/","url_text":"\"『エランドール賞』新人賞に仲野太賀、江口のりこ、柳楽優弥、川口春奈、山田裕貴、広瀬アリス\""}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈、朝ドラ初出演 『ちむどんどん』でヒロイン姉役「今からドキドキ」\". マイナビニュース (in Japanese). 2021-06-01. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20210601-1897592/","url_text":"\"川口春奈、朝ドラ初出演 『ちむどんどん』でヒロイン姉役「今からドキドキ」\""}]},{"reference":"\"舞いあがれ！：「中継スペシャル」にヒロイン福原遥 五島列島には長濱ねるが生出演 川口春奈のナレーションも\". MANTANWEB（まんたんウェブ） (in Japanese). 15 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20221015dog00m200003000c.html","url_text":"\"舞いあがれ！：「中継スペシャル」にヒロイン福原遥 五島列島には長濱ねるが生出演 川口春奈のナレーションも\""}]},{"reference":"\"『ペルソナ』公式アンバサダーに俳優・川口春奈が就任。志尊淳と出演する新ブランドCM＆『P5』シリーズ1000万本突破記念CMが公開\" [Actress Haruna Kawaguchi appointed as the official ambassador for the Persona series, appears in a new branded commercial with Jun Shison celebrating 10 million copies sold for Persona 5]. Famitsu (in Japanese). 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2023-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famitsu.com/news/202312/15327952.html","url_text":"\"『ペルソナ』公式アンバサダーに俳優・川口春奈が就任。志尊淳と出演する新ブランドCM＆『P5』シリーズ1000万本突破記念CMが公開\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"}]},{"reference":"\"ぷくぷくかわいい！ 川口春奈、幼少期の3姉妹ショットを公開「末っ子で生粋のわがまま甘えん坊寂しがりやガールです！」\". ねとらぼ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1805/30/news060.html","url_text":"\"ぷくぷくかわいい！ 川口春奈、幼少期の3姉妹ショットを公開「末っ子で生粋のわがまま甘えん坊寂しがりやガールです！」\""}]},{"reference":"\"「いつも想ってます」「パパ愛してるよ！」 川口春奈、亡き父に似た写真とともに愛のメッセージを送る\". ねとらぼ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1806/17/news031.html","url_text":"\"「いつも想ってます」「パパ愛してるよ！」 川口春奈、亡き父に似た写真とともに愛のメッセージを送る\""}]},{"reference":"\"【ＴＶクリップ】川口春奈 輝く階段を一歩ずつ (2/2ページ) - MSN産経ニュース\". 2010-12-06. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206075506/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/media/100307/med1003071802003-n2.htm","url_text":"\"【ＴＶクリップ】川口春奈 輝く階段を一歩ずつ (2/2ページ) - MSN産経ニュース\""},{"url":"https://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/media/100307/med1003071802003-n2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"リハウスガール13代目は14歳川口春奈「趣味は釣りです」 | 日テレNEWS24\". 2013-06-15. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130615214126/http://www.news24.jp/entertainment/news/165119.html","url_text":"\"リハウスガール13代目は14歳川口春奈「趣味は釣りです」 | 日テレNEWS24\""},{"url":"http://www.news24.jp/entertainment/news/165119.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈、\"すごく大好き\"な芸能人明かす「本当に尊敬できる」 - モデルプレス\". モデルプレス - ライフスタイル・ファッションエンタメニュース (in Japanese). 20 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2743613","url_text":"\"川口春奈、\"すごく大好き\"な芸能人明かす「本当に尊敬できる」 - モデルプレス\""}]},{"reference":"\"5LDK 2011/04/28(木)23:00 の放送内容 ページ1\". TVでた蔵 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://datazoo.jp/","url_text":"\"5LDK 2011/04/28(木)23:00 の放送内容 ページ1\""}]},{"reference":"\"癒し＆ストレス解消はなんですか。\". MEN'S NON-NO WEB (in Japanese). 2011-11-14. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mensnonno.jp/blog/2741/","url_text":"\"癒し＆ストレス解消はなんですか。\""}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈、夢は朝ドラヒロイン「鍛えてもらいたい」\". ORICON NEWS. April 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2072673/full/","url_text":"\"川口春奈、夢は朝ドラヒロイン「鍛えてもらいたい」\""}]},{"reference":"\"川口春奈、「好きだった同級生」テレビ告白で好感度が爆上がりした理由！\". アサ芸プラス (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asagei.com/100984","url_text":"\"川口春奈、「好きだった同級生」テレビ告白で好感度が爆上がりした理由！\""}]},{"reference":"\"AKB48's Maeda Atsuko wears a cute sailor uniform for \"Moshi Dora\"\". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2011/02/akb48s-maeda-atsuko-wears-a-cute-sailor-uniform-for-moshi-dora","url_text":"\"AKB48's Maeda Atsuko wears a cute sailor uniform for \"Moshi Dora\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shida Mirai, Kawaguchi Haruna star in horror film \"POV\"\". Tokyograph. October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyograph.com/news/shida-mirai-kawaguchi-haruna-star-in-horror-film-pov/","url_text":"\"Shida Mirai, Kawaguchi Haruna star in horror film \"POV\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cast of \"Ouran High School Host Club\" visits an all-girls high school\". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2012/02/cast-of-ouran-high-school-host-club-visit-an-all-girls-high-school","url_text":"\"Cast of \"Ouran High School Host Club\" visits an all-girls high school\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagasawa Masami and more added to the cast of 'Bokutachi no Koukan Nikki'\". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2012/10/nagasawa-masami-and-more-added-to-the-cast-of-bokutachi-no-koukan-nikki","url_text":"\"Nagasawa Masami and more added to the cast of 'Bokutachi no Koukan Nikki'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kawaguchi Haruna to star in a live-action adaptation of \"Zekkyou Gakkyuu\"\". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. 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Retrieved March 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2071907/full/","url_text":"小泉孝太郎、NHKドラマ初主演 “落ちこぼれJK”川口春奈と東大目指す「完全燃焼させます!」"}]},{"reference":"10月ドラマ『Chef～三ツ星の給食～』に小泉孝太郎、川口春奈、友近、遠藤憲一ら出演. RBB Today (in Japanese). IID, Inc. September 12, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbbtoday.com/article/2016/09/12/145164.html","url_text":"10月ドラマ『Chef～三ツ星の給食～』に小泉孝太郎、川口春奈、友近、遠藤憲一ら出演"}]},{"reference":"フジテレビ：ドラマ3作品が異例のコラボ 瀧本、川口、倉科3人のヒロインがリレー方式でカメオ出演. Mantan Web (in Japanese). Mantan. November 17, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20161116dog00m200050000c.html","url_text":"フジテレビ：ドラマ3作品が異例のコラボ 瀧本、川口、倉科3人のヒロインがリレー方式でカメオ出演"}]},{"reference":"福士蒼汰、殺人犯役でミステリー初挑戦 企画原案は秋元康. Oricon News (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. May 16, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2090738/full/","url_text":"福士蒼汰、殺人犯役でミステリー初挑戦 企画原案は秋元康"}]},{"reference":"＜川口春奈＞「極主夫道」で玉木宏の妻に 「お出掛けしたり、お家シーン楽しみ」. Yahoo! Japan (in Japanese). July 30, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a3eaa0f3e42eceaf3fe5e2ed827f542859eaed85","url_text":"＜川口春奈＞「極主夫道」で玉木宏の妻に 「お出掛けしたり、お家シーン楽しみ」"}]},{"reference":"\"沢尻容疑者大河の代役は川口春奈「気高さと強さを」\". Nikkan Sports. Retrieved November 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/201911210000482.html","url_text":"\"沢尻容疑者大河の代役は川口春奈「気高さと強さを」\""}]},{"reference":"\"朝ドラ「ちむどんどん」仲間由紀恵ら新キャスト発表、大森南朋や川口春奈が初出演\". Natalie. Retrieved June 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/430588","url_text":"\"朝ドラ「ちむどんどん」仲間由紀恵ら新キャスト発表、大森南朋や川口春奈が初出演\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Man目黒蓮、川口春奈を優しく抱きしめる 『silent』ポスタービジュアル公開\". Oricon. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2250085/full/","url_text":"\"Snow Man目黒蓮、川口春奈を優しく抱きしめる 『silent』ポスタービジュアル公開\""}]},{"reference":"\"戦慄の新機軸ミステリー『ハヤブサ消防団』中村倫也&川口春奈共演、池井戸潤原作ドラマが今夜開幕\". Oricon. 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Retrieved February 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2991352","url_text":"\"山田裕貴・川口春奈・広瀬アリスらが新人賞「2022年 エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞\""}]},{"reference":"\"バカリズム「ブラッシュアップライフ」が「東京ドラマアウォード2023」作品賞グランプリに、脚本賞も\". Natalie. Retrieved October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/owarai/news/546293","url_text":"\"バカリズム「ブラッシュアップライフ」が「東京ドラマアウォード2023」作品賞グランプリに、脚本賞も\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_christianity
Liberal Christianity
["1 Liberal Protestantism","1.1 Development","2 Liberal Catholicism","3 Influence in the United States","4 Theologians and authors","4.1 Anglican and Protestant","4.2 Roman Catholic","4.3 Other","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources","7 External links"]
Emphasizes the importance of reason and experience over doctrinal authority For the religious political movement, see Christian left. "Christian Modernism" redirects here. Not to be confused with Catholic modernism or Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy. Part of a series on theHistory ofChristian theology Background Christian theology Diversity in early Christian theology Adoptionism Arianism Docetism Gnosticism Marcionism Montanism Early Christianity Proto-orthodox Christianity Timeline History of Christianity Template:History of Christianity Ecclesiastical polity Trinitarianism Nontrinitarianism Christology Paterology Pneumatology Mariology Biblical canon Deuterocanon Hermeneutics Theological hermeneutics African American Asian American Philosophical theology Christian philosophy Christian apologetics Persecution and tolerance Historical theology Ecumenical Creeds Apostles' Nicene Chalcedonian Athanasian Patristics and Councils Great church ante-Nicene period Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Cappadocian Fathers Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Augustine Nicaea Ephesus Chalcedon Post-Nicene development Heresy Monophysitism Monothelitism Byzantine Iconoclasm Gregory I Alcuin Photios East–West Schism Scholasticism Aquinas Anselm Palamas 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It emphasizes the importance of reason and experience over doctrinal authority. Liberal Christians view their theology as an alternative to both atheistic rationalism and theologies based on traditional interpretations of external authority, such as the Bible or sacred tradition. Liberal theology grew out of the Enlightenment's rationalism and the Romanticism of the 18th and 19th centuries. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was characterized by an acceptance of Darwinian evolution, use of modern biblical criticism, and participation in the Social Gospel movement. This was also the period when liberal theology was most dominant within the Protestant churches. Liberal theology's influence declined with the rise of neo-orthodoxy in the 1930s and with liberation theology in the 1960s. Catholic forms of liberal theology emerged in the late 19th century. By the 21st century, liberal Christianity had become an ecumenical tradition, including both Protestants and Catholics. In the context of theology, liberal does not refer to political liberalism, and it should also be distinguished from progressive Christianity. Liberal Protestantism Liberal Protestantism developed in the 19th century out of a perceived need to adapt Christianity to a modern intellectual context. With the acceptance of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, some traditional Christian beliefs, such as parts of the Genesis creation narrative, became difficult to defend. Unable to ground faith exclusively in an appeal to scripture or the person of Jesus Christ, liberals, according to theologian and intellectual historian Alister McGrath, "sought to anchor that faith in common human experience, and interpret it in ways that made sense within the modern worldview." Beginning in Germany, liberal theology was influenced by several strands of thought, including the Enlightenment's high view of human reason and Pietism's emphasis on religious experience and interdenominational tolerance. The sources of religious authority recognized by liberal Protestants differed from conservative Protestants. Traditional Protestants understood the Bible to be uniquely authoritative (sola scriptura); all doctrine, teaching and the church itself derive authority from it. A traditional Protestant could therefore affirm that "what Scripture says, God says." Liberal Christians rejected the doctrine of biblical inerrancy or infallibility, which they saw as the idolatry (fetishism) of the Bible. Instead, liberals sought to understand the Bible through modern biblical criticism, such as historical criticism, that began to be used in the late 1700s to ask if biblical accounts were based on older texts or whether the Gospels recorded the actual words of Jesus. The use of these methods of biblical interpretation led liberals to conclude that "none of the New Testament writings can be said to be apostolic in the sense in which it has been traditionally held to be so". This conclusion made sola scriptura an untenable position. In its place, liberals identified the historical Jesus as the "real canon of the Christian church". German theologian William Wrede wrote that "Like every other real science, New Testament Theology has its goal simply in itself, and is totally indifferent to all dogma and Systematic Theology". Theologian Hermann Gunkel affirmed that "the spirit of historical investigation has now taken the place of a traditional doctrine of inspiration". Episcopal bishop John Shelby Spong declared that the literal interpretation of the Bible is heresy. The two groups also disagreed on the role of experience in confirming truth claims. Traditional Protestants believed scripture and revelation always confirmed human experience and reason. For liberal Protestants, there were two ultimate sources of religious authority: the Christian experience of God as revealed in Jesus Christ and universal human experience. In other words, only an appeal to common human reason and experience could confirm the truth claims of Christianity. In general, liberal Christians are not concerned with the presence of biblical errors or contradictions. Liberals abandoned or reinterpreted traditional doctrines in light of recent knowledge. For example, the traditional doctrine of original sin was rejected for being derived from Augustine of Hippo, whose views on the New Testament were believed to have been distorted by his involvement with Manichaeism. Christology was also reinterpreted. Liberals stressed Christ's humanity, and his divinity became "an affirmation of Jesus exemplifying qualities which humanity as a whole could hope to emulate". Liberal Christians sought to elevate Jesus' humane teachings as a standard for a world civilization freed from cultic traditions and traces of traditionally pagan types of belief in the supernatural. As a result, liberal Christians placed less emphasis on miraculous events associated with the life of Jesus than on his teachings. The debate over whether a belief in miracles was mere superstition or essential to accepting the divinity of Christ constituted a crisis within the 19th-century church, for which theological compromises were sought. Some liberals prefer to read Jesus' miracles as metaphorical narratives for understanding the power of God. Not all theologians with liberal inclinations reject the possibility of miracles, but many reject the polemicism that denial or affirmation entails. Nineteenth-century liberalism had an optimism about the future in which humanity would continue to achieve greater progress. This optimistic view of history was sometimes interpreted as building the kingdom of God in the world. Development The roots of liberal Christianity go back to the 16th century when Christians such as Erasmus and the Deists attempted to remove what they believed were the superstitious elements from Christianity and "leave only its essential teachings (rational love of God and humanity)". Reformed theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834) is often considered the father of liberal Protestantism. In response to Romanticism's disillusionment with Enlightenment rationalism, Schleiermacher argued that God could only be experienced through feeling, not reason. In Schleiermacher's theology, religion is a feeling of absolute dependence on God. Humanity is conscious of its own sin and its need of redemption, which can only be accomplished by Jesus Christ. For Schleiermacher, faith is experienced within a faith community, never in isolation. This meant that theology always reflects a particular religious context, which has opened Schleirmacher to charges of relativism. Albrecht Ritschl (1822–1889) disagreed with Schleiermacher's emphasis on feeling. He thought that religious belief should be based on history, specifically the historical events of the New Testament. When studied as history without regard to miraculous events, Ritschl believed the New Testament affirmed Jesus' divine mission. He rejected doctrines such as the virgin birth of Jesus and the Trinity. The Christian life for Ritschl was devoted to ethical activity and development, so he understood doctrines to be value judgments rather than assertions of facts. Influenced by the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Ritschl viewed "religion as the triumph of the spirit (or moral agent) over humanity's natural origins and environment." Ritschl's ideas would be taken up by others, and Ritschlianism would remain an important theological school within German Protestantism until World War I. Prominent followers of Ritschl include Wilhelm Herrmann, Julius Kaftan and Adolf von Harnack. Liberal Catholicism Catholic forms of theological liberalism have existed since the 19th century in England, France and Italy. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a liberal theological movement developed within the Catholic Church known as Catholic modernism. Like liberal Protestantism, Catholic modernism was an attempt to bring Catholicism in line with the Enlightenment. Modernist theologians approved of radical biblical criticism and were willing to question traditional Christian doctrines, especially Christology. They also emphasized the ethical aspects of Christianity over its theological ones. Important modernist writers include Alfred Loisy and George Tyrrell. Modernism was condemned as heretical by the leadership of the Catholic Church. Papal condemnation of modernism and Americanism slowed the development of a liberal Catholic tradition in the United States. Since the Second Vatican Council, however, liberal theology has experienced a resurgence. Liberal Catholic theologians include David Tracy and Francis Schussler Fiorenza. Influence in the United States This section relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Liberal Christianity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Liberal Christianity was most influential with Mainline Protestant churches in the early 20th century, when proponents believed the changes it would bring would be the future of the Christian church. Its greatest and most influential manifestation was the Christian Social Gospel, whose most influential spokesman was the American Baptist Walter Rauschenbusch. Rauschenbusch identified four institutionalized spiritual evils in American culture (which he identified as traits of "supra-personal entities", organizations capable of having moral agency): these were individualism, capitalism, nationalism and militarism. Other subsequent theological movements within the U.S. Protestant mainline included political liberation theology, philosophical forms of postmodern Christianity, and such diverse theological influences as Christian existentialism (originating with Søren Kierkegaard and including other theologians and scholars such as Rudolf Bultmann and Paul Tillich) and even conservative movements such as neo-evangelicalism, neo-orthodoxy, and paleo-orthodoxy. Dean M. Kelley, a liberal sociologist, was commissioned in the early 1970s to study the problem, and he identified a potential reason for the decline of the liberal churches: what was seen by some as excessive politicization of the Gospel, and especially their apparent tying of the Gospel with Left-Democrat/progressive political causes. The 1990s and 2000s saw a resurgence of non-doctrinal, theological work on biblical exegesis and theology, exemplified by figures such as Marcus Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong, Karen Armstrong and Scotty McLennan. Theologians and authors Anglican and Protestant Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834), often called the "father of liberal theology", he claimed that religious experience was introspective, and that the most true understanding of God consisted of "a sense of absolute dependence". Charles Augustus Briggs (1841–1913), professor at Union Theological Seminary, early advocate of higher criticism of the Bible. Henry Ward Beecher (1813–1887), American preacher who left behind the Calvinist orthodoxy of his famous father, the Reverend Lyman Beecher, to instead preach the Social Gospel of liberal Christianity. Adolf von Harnack, (1851–1930), German theologian and church historian, promoted the Social Gospel; wrote a seminal work of historical theology called Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (History of Dogma). Charles Fillmore (1854–1948), Christian mystic influenced by Emerson; co-founder, with his wife, Myrtle Fillmore, of the Unity Church. Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924), English philosopher, theologian, and Anglican priest. Dean of Carlisle from 1917 until 1924. Author of Doctrine and Development (1898). Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918) American Baptist, author of "A Theology for the Social Gospel", which gave the movement its definitive theological definition. Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878–1969), a Northern Baptist, founding pastor of New York's Riverside Church in 1922. Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976), German biblical scholar, liberal Christian theologian until 1924. Bultmann was more of an existentialist than a "liberal", as his defense of Jesus' healings in his "History of Synoptic Tradition" makes clear. Paul Tillich (1886–1965), seminal figure in liberal Christianity; synthesized liberal Protestant theology with existentialist philosophy, but later came to be counted among the "neo-orthodox". Leslie Weatherhead (1893–1976), English preacher and author of The Will of God and The Christian Agnostic James Pike (1913–1969), Episcopal Bishop, Diocese of California 1958–1966. Early television preacher as Dean of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City; social gospel advocate and civil rights supporter; author of If This Be Heresy and The Other Side; in later life studied Christian origins and spiritualism. Lloyd Geering (b. 1918), New Zealand liberal theologian. Paul Moore, Jr. (1919–2003), 13th Episcopal Bishop, New York Diocese John A.T. Robinson (1919–1983), Anglican Bishop of Woolwich, author of Honest to God; later dedicated himself to demonstrating very early authorship of the New Testament writings, publishing his findings in Redating the New Testament. John Hick (1922–2012), British philosopher of religion and liberal theologian, noted for his rejection of the Incarnation and advocacy of latitudinarianism and religious pluralism or non-exclusivism, as explained in his influential work, The Myth of God Incarnate. William Sloane Coffin (1924–2006), Senior Minister at the Riverside Church in New York City, and President of SANE/Freeze (now Peace Action). Christopher Morse (b. 1935), Professor Emeritus of Systematic Theology, Union Theological Seminary, noted for his theology of faithful disbelief. John Shelby Spong (1931–2021), Episcopal bishop and very prolific author of books such as A New Christianity for a New World, in which he wrote of his rejection of historical religious and Christian beliefs such as Theism (a traditional conception of God as an existent being), the afterlife, miracles, and the Resurrection. Richard Holloway (b. 1933), Bishop of Edinburgh, 1986 to 2000. Rubem Alves (1938–2014), Brazilian, ex-Presbyterian, former minister, retired professor from UNICAMP, seminal figure in the liberation theology movement. Matthew Fox (b. 1940), former Roman Catholic priest of the Order of Preachers; currently an American Episcopal priest and theologian, noted for his synthesis of liberal Christian theology with New Age concepts in his ideas of "creation spirituality", "original blessing", and seminal work on the "Cosmic Christ"; founder of Creation Spirituality. Marcus Borg (1942–2015) American Biblical scholar, prolific author, fellow of the Jesus Seminar. Robin Meyers (b. 1952) United Church of Christ pastor and professor of Social Justice. Author of Saving Jesus from the Church. Michael Dowd (1958-2023) Religious Naturalist theologian, evidential evangelist, and promoter of Big History and the Epic of Evolution. Roman Catholic Thomas Berry (1914–2009), American Passionist priest, cultural historian, geologian, and cosmologist. Hans Küng (1928–2021), Swiss theologian. Had his license to teach Catholic theology revoked in 1979 because of his vocal rejection of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope, but remained a priest in good standing. John Dominic Crossan (b. 1934), ex-Catholic and former priest, New Testament scholar, co-founder of the critical liberal Jesus Seminar. Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza (born 1938) German feminist theologian and Professor at Harvard Divinity School Other William Ellery Channing (1780–1842), Unitarian liberal theologian in the United States, who rejected the Trinity and the strength of scriptural authority, in favor of purely rationalistic "natural religion". Scotty McLennan (b. 1948) Unitarian Universalist minister, Stanford University professor and author. See also Christianity portalLiberalism portal Biblical hermeneutics Christian atheism Conflict thesis (or warfare thesis) Death of God theology European Liberal Protestant Network Evangelical left Existentialist theology Free Christians (Britain) Fountain Street Church Fundamentalist-Modernist controversy Historicity of the Bible Jesus Seminar Liberal Anglo-Catholicism Liberation theology Moderate Christianity Moralistic therapeutic deism Postliberal theology Postmodern Christianity Religious liberalism Religious pluralism Riverside Church Secular theology Unitarian Universalism References Citations ^ a b Gurrentz, Benjamin T. "Christian Modernism". The Arda. Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. ^ Dorrien (2001, pp. xiii, xxiii): "Liberal Christian theology is a tradition that derives from the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Protestant attempt to reconceptualize the meaning of traditional Christian teaching in the light of modern knowledge and modern ethical values. It is not revolutionary but reformist in spirit and substance. Fundamentally it is the idea of a genuine Christianity not based on external authority. Liberal theology seeks to reinterpret the symbols of traditional Christianity in a way that creates a progressive religious alternative to atheistic rationalism and to theologies based on external authority." ^ "Theological Liberalism": "Theological liberalism, a form of religious thought that establishes religious inquiry on the basis of a norm other than the authority of tradition. It was an important influence in Protestantism from about the mid-17th century through the 1920s." ^ McGrath (2013, p. 196): "Liberalism's program required a significant degree of flexibility in relation to traditional Christian theology. Its leading writers argued that reconstruction of belief was essential if Christianity were to remain a serious intellectual option in the modern world. For this reason, they demanded a degree of freedom in relation to the doctrinal inheritance of Christianity on the one hand, and traditional methods of biblical interpretation on the other. Where traditional ways of interpreting Scripture, or traditional beliefs, seemed to be compromised by developments in human knowledge, it was imperative that they should be discarded or reinterpreted to bring them into line with what was now known about the world." ^ Dorrien 2001, p. xviii. ^ Dorrien 2001, p. xv. ^ Dorrien 2001, p. xx. ^ a b c McGrath 2013, p. 196. ^ a b c d Campbell 1996, p. 128. ^ Ogden 1976, pp. 405–406. ^ Ogden 1976, p. 408. ^ a b Chryssides, George D. (2010). Christianity Today: An Introduction. Religion Today. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84706-542-1. Retrieved 30 August 2020. ^ Dorrien, Garry J. (2000). The Barthian Revolt in Modern Theology: Theology Without Weapons. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-664-22151-5. Retrieved 30 August 2020. ^ Ogden 1976, pp. 408–409. ^ Ogden 1976, p. 409. ^ Lyons, William John (1 July 2002). Canon and Exegesis: Canonical Praxis and the Sodom Narrative. A&C Black. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-567-40343-8. On the relationship between the results of his work and the task of Christian theology, Wrede writes that how the 'systematic theologian gets on with its results and deals with them—that is his own affair. Like every other real science, New Testament Theology's has its goal simply in itself, and is totally indifferent to all dogma and Systematic Theology' (1973: 69).16 In the 1920s H. Gunkel would summarize the arguments against Biblical Theology in Old Testament study thus: 'The recently experienced phenomenon of biblical theology being replaced by the history of Israelite religion is to be explained from the fact that the spirit of historical investigation has now taken the place of a traditional doctrine of inspiration' (1927–31: 1090–91; as quoted by Childs 1992a: 6). ^ Chellew-Hodge, Candace (24 February 2016). "Why It Is Heresy to Read the Bible Literally: An Interview with John Shelby Spong". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ Spong, John Shelby (16 February 2016). "Stating the Problem, Setting the Stage". Biblical Literalism: A Gentile Heresy: A Journey into a New Christianity Through the Doorway of Matthew's Gospel. HarperOne. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-06-236233-9. To read the gospels properly, I now believe, requires a knowledge of Jewish culture, Jewish symbols, Jewish icons and the tradition of Jewish storytelling. It requires an understanding of what the Jews call 'midrash.' Only those people who were completely unaware of these things could ever have come to think that the gospels were meant to be read literally. ^ Ogden 1976, pp. 409–411. ^ Mack 1993, p. 29. ^ a b Woodhead 2002, pp. 186, 193. ^ The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion 1805–1900, edited by Gary J. Dorrien (Westminster John Knox Press, 2001), passim, search miracles. ^ Brandom 2000, p. 76. ^ Dorrien 2003, pp. 233, 413, 436. ^ Tamilio 2002. ^ a b c "Modernism: Christian Modernism". ^ a b Frei 2018. ^ a b Dorrien 2002, p. 203. ^ a b Campbell 1996, p. 74. ^ McGrath 2013, p. 198. ^ Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel, 1917. ^ "Concluding Unscientific Postscript", authored pseudonymously as Johannes Climacus, 1846. ^ History of Synoptic Tradition ^ The Courage to Be. ^ Kelley, Dean M. (1972) Why Conservative Churches are Growing ^ Rescuing the Bible from Fundamentalism ^ Alister McGrath. Christian Theology: An Introduction. 5th rev. ed. Wiley, 2011. Look in the index for "Schleiermacher" or "absolute dependence" and see them nearly always juxtaposed. ^ Congdon, David W. (2015). The Mission of Demythologizing: Rudolf Bultmann's Dialectical Theology. Fortress Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-4514-8792-3. his February 1924 lecture on the 'latest theological movement'—represented, he says, by Barth, Gogarten, and Thurneysen—when he explicitly contrasts this new movement with Herrmann and Troeltsch as the representatives of liberal theology. Bultmann then states the thesis of his lecture: 'The object of theology is God, and the charge against liberal theology is that it has dealt not with God but with human beings.' We see in this piece the maturation of the claim stated in his Eisenach lecture of 1920, namely, that liberal theology fails to reflect on the specific content of Christian faith. In that earlier writing he contrasts the spiritual content of genuine religion with the liberal emphasis on a particular moralistic form. ^ Peace Action web page accessed at http://www.peace-action.org/history Sources Brandom, Ann-Marie (2000), "The Role of Language in Religious Education", in Barnes, L. Philip; Wright, Andrew; Brandom, Ann-Marie (eds.), Learning to Teach Religious Education in the Secondary School: A Companion to School Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-19436-5. Campbell, Ted A. (1996). Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25650-0. Dorrien, Gary (2001). The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805-1900. Vol. 1. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22354-0. ——— (2003). The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity, 1900-1950. Vol. 2. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22355-7. ——— (September 2002). "Modernisms in Theology: Interpreting American Liberal Theology, 1805–1950". American Journal of Theology and Philosophy. 23 (3). University of Illinois Press: 200–220. JSTOR 27944262. Frei, Hans Wilhelm (March 18, 2018). "Albrecht Ritschl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Mack, Burton L. (1993). The Lost Gospel: The Book of Q and Christian Origins. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-227568-4. McGrath, Alister E. (2013). Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-67286-0. "Modernism: Christian Modernism". Encyclopedia of Religion. Thomas Gale. 2005. Ogden, Schubert M. (September 1976). "Sources of Religious Authority in Liberal Protestantism". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 44 (3). Oxford University Press: 403–416. doi:10.1093/jaarel/XLIV.3.403. JSTOR 1462813. Tamilio, John III (2002). "Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768-1834): Progenitor of Practical Theology". The Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Modern Western Theology. "Theological Liberalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. November 5, 2018. Woodhead, Linda (2002), "Christianity", in Woodhead, Linda; Fletcher, Paul (eds.), Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Routledge, pp. 177–209, ISBN 978-0-415-21783-5. External links "Liberal Theology Today" – International Conference, Munich 2018 The Progressive Christian Alliance Progressive Christian Network Britain Fellowship of Non-Subscribing Christians Liberalism By M. James Sawyer, Th.M., Ph.D. Christianity and Liberalism by J. Gresham Machen (1881–1937) The Christian Left – An Open Fellowship of Progressive Christians Liberal churches are dying. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_left"},{"link_name":"Catholic modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_modernism"},{"link_name":"Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy"},{"link_name":"Catholic modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_modernism"},{"link_name":"Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thearda-1"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"rationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"sacred tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_tradition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"the Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Darwinian evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian_evolution"},{"link_name":"biblical criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism"},{"link_name":"Social Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Gospel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2001xviii-5"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"neo-orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"liberation theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2001xv-6"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"ecumenical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2001xx-7"},{"link_name":"political liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_liberalism"},{"link_name":"progressive Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thearda-1"}],"text":"For the religious political movement, see Christian left.\"Christian Modernism\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Catholic modernism or Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy.Liberal Christianity, also known as liberal theology and historically as Christian Modernism (see Catholic modernism and Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy),[1] is a movement that interprets Christian teaching by taking into consideration modern knowledge, science and ethics. It emphasizes the importance of reason and experience over doctrinal authority. Liberal Christians view their theology as an alternative to both atheistic rationalism and theologies based on traditional interpretations of external authority, such as the Bible or sacred tradition.[2][3][4]Liberal theology grew out of the Enlightenment's rationalism and the Romanticism of the 18th and 19th centuries. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was characterized by an acceptance of Darwinian evolution, use of modern biblical criticism, and participation in the Social Gospel movement.[5] This was also the period when liberal theology was most dominant within the Protestant churches. Liberal theology's influence declined with the rise of neo-orthodoxy in the 1930s and with liberation theology in the 1960s.[6] Catholic forms of liberal theology emerged in the late 19th century. By the 21st century, liberal Christianity had become an ecumenical tradition, including both Protestants and Catholics.[7]In the context of theology, liberal does not refer to political liberalism, and it should also be distinguished from progressive Christianity.[1]","title":"Liberal Christianity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"Genesis creation narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative"},{"link_name":"scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Alister McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alister_McGrath"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2013196-8"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"Pietism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism"},{"link_name":"religious experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience"},{"link_name":"interdenominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdenominational"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1996128-9"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"sola scriptura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_scriptura"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden1976405%E2%80%93406-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden1976408-11"},{"link_name":"biblical inerrancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy"},{"link_name":"infallibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_infallibility"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chryssides_2010_p._21-12"},{"link_name":"idolatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry"},{"link_name":"fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetishism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorrien_2000_p._112-13"},{"link_name":"biblical criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism"},{"link_name":"historical criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_criticism"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1996128-9"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"apostolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden1976408%E2%80%93409-14"},{"link_name":"historical Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Jesus"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden1976409-15"},{"link_name":"William Wrede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wrede"},{"link_name":"Hermann Gunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gunkel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lyons2002-16"},{"link_name":"John Shelby Spong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chellew-Hodge_2016-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spong2016-18"},{"link_name":"revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgden1976409%E2%80%93411-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chryssides_2010_p._21-12"},{"link_name":"original sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin"},{"link_name":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Manichaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"Christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"Christ's humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2013196-8"},{"link_name":"humane teachings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)"},{"link_name":"cultic traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)"},{"link_name":"traditionally pagan types of belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_polytheism"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199329-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhead2002186,_193-21"},{"link_name":"superstition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition"},{"link_name":"divinity of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"pages needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"metaphorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandom200076-23"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"polemicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003233,_413,_436-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2013196-8"},{"link_name":"kingdom of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmillennialism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1996128-9"}],"text":"Liberal Protestantism developed in the 19th century out of a perceived need to adapt Christianity to a modern intellectual context. With the acceptance of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, some traditional Christian beliefs, such as parts of the Genesis creation narrative, became difficult to defend. Unable to ground faith exclusively in an appeal to scripture or the person of Jesus Christ, liberals, according to theologian and intellectual historian Alister McGrath, \"sought to anchor that faith in common human experience, and interpret it in ways that made sense within the modern worldview.\"[8] Beginning in Germany, liberal theology was influenced by several strands of thought, including the Enlightenment's high view of human reason and Pietism's emphasis on religious experience and interdenominational tolerance.[9]The sources of religious authority recognized by liberal Protestants differed from conservative Protestants. Traditional Protestants understood the Bible to be uniquely authoritative (sola scriptura); all doctrine, teaching and the church itself derive authority from it.[10] A traditional Protestant could therefore affirm that \"what Scripture says, God says.\"[11] Liberal Christians rejected the doctrine of biblical inerrancy or infallibility,[12] which they saw as the idolatry (fetishism) of the Bible.[13] Instead, liberals sought to understand the Bible through modern biblical criticism, such as historical criticism, that began to be used in the late 1700s to ask if biblical accounts were based on older texts or whether the Gospels recorded the actual words of Jesus.[9] The use of these methods of biblical interpretation led liberals to conclude that \"none of the New Testament writings can be said to be apostolic in the sense in which it has been traditionally held to be so\".[14] This conclusion made sola scriptura an untenable position. In its place, liberals identified the historical Jesus as the \"real canon of the Christian church\".[15]German theologian William Wrede wrote that \"Like every other real science, New Testament Theology has its goal simply in itself, and is totally indifferent to all dogma and Systematic Theology\". Theologian Hermann Gunkel affirmed that \"the spirit of historical investigation has now taken the place of a traditional doctrine of inspiration\".[16] Episcopal bishop John Shelby Spong declared that the literal interpretation of the Bible is heresy.[17][18]The two groups also disagreed on the role of experience in confirming truth claims. Traditional Protestants believed scripture and revelation always confirmed human experience and reason. For liberal Protestants, there were two ultimate sources of religious authority: the Christian experience of God as revealed in Jesus Christ and universal human experience. In other words, only an appeal to common human reason and experience could confirm the truth claims of Christianity.[19]In general, liberal Christians are not concerned with the presence of biblical errors or contradictions.[12] \nLiberals abandoned or reinterpreted traditional doctrines in light of recent knowledge. For example, the traditional doctrine of original sin was rejected for being derived from Augustine of Hippo, whose views on the New Testament were believed to have been distorted by his involvement with Manichaeism. Christology was also reinterpreted. Liberals stressed Christ's humanity, and his divinity became \"an affirmation of Jesus exemplifying qualities which humanity as a whole could hope to emulate\".[8]Liberal Christians sought to elevate Jesus' humane teachings as a standard for a world civilization freed from cultic traditions and traces of traditionally pagan types of belief in the supernatural.[20] As a result, liberal Christians placed less emphasis on miraculous events associated with the life of Jesus than on his teachings.[21] The debate over whether a belief in miracles was mere superstition or essential to accepting the divinity of Christ constituted a crisis within the 19th-century church, for which theological compromises were sought.[22][pages needed] Some liberals prefer to read Jesus' miracles as metaphorical narratives for understanding the power of God.[23][better source needed] Not all theologians with liberal inclinations reject the possibility of miracles, but many reject the polemicism that denial or affirmation entails.[24]Nineteenth-century liberalism had an optimism about the future in which humanity would continue to achieve greater progress.[8] This optimistic view of history was sometimes interpreted as building the kingdom of God in the world.[9]","title":"Liberal Protestantism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erasmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus"},{"link_name":"Deists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deists"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhead2002186,_193-21"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_tradition"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schleiermacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1996128-9"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"rationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"relativism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamilio2002-25"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Ritschl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Modernism:_Christian_Modernism%22-26"},{"link_name":"virgin birth of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2018-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Modernism:_Christian_Modernism%22-26"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2018-27"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"Julius Kaftan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Kaftan"},{"link_name":"Adolf von Harnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Modernism:_Christian_Modernism%22-26"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The roots of liberal Christianity go back to the 16th century when Christians such as Erasmus and the Deists attempted to remove what they believed were the superstitious elements from Christianity and \"leave only its essential teachings (rational love of God and humanity)\".[21]Reformed theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834) is often considered the father of liberal Protestantism.[9] In response to Romanticism's disillusionment with Enlightenment rationalism, Schleiermacher argued that God could only be experienced through feeling, not reason. In Schleiermacher's theology, religion is a feeling of absolute dependence on God. Humanity is conscious of its own sin and its need of redemption, which can only be accomplished by Jesus Christ. For Schleiermacher, faith is experienced within a faith community, never in isolation. This meant that theology always reflects a particular religious context, which has opened Schleirmacher to charges of relativism.[25]Albrecht Ritschl (1822–1889) disagreed with Schleiermacher's emphasis on feeling. He thought that religious belief should be based on history, specifically the historical events of the New Testament.[26] When studied as history without regard to miraculous events, Ritschl believed the New Testament affirmed Jesus' divine mission. He rejected doctrines such as the virgin birth of Jesus and the Trinity.[27] The Christian life for Ritschl was devoted to ethical activity and development, so he understood doctrines to be value judgments rather than assertions of facts.[26] Influenced by the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Ritschl viewed \"religion as the triumph of the spirit (or moral agent) over humanity's natural origins and environment.\"[27] Ritschl's ideas would be taken up by others, and Ritschlianism would remain an important theological school within German Protestantism until World War I. Prominent followers of Ritschl include Wilhelm Herrmann, Julius Kaftan and Adolf von Harnack.[26]","title":"Liberal Protestantism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2002203-28"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199674-29"},{"link_name":"Alfred Loisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Loisy"},{"link_name":"George Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tyrrell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2013198-30"},{"link_name":"heretical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretical"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199674-29"},{"link_name":"Americanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"David Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Francis Schussler Fiorenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Schussler_Fiorenza"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2002203-28"}],"text":"Catholic forms of theological liberalism have existed since the 19th century in England, France and Italy.[28] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a liberal theological movement developed within the Catholic Church known as Catholic modernism.[29] Like liberal Protestantism, Catholic modernism was an attempt to bring Catholicism in line with the Enlightenment. Modernist theologians approved of radical biblical criticism and were willing to question traditional Christian doctrines, especially Christology. They also emphasized the ethical aspects of Christianity over its theological ones. Important modernist writers include Alfred Loisy and George Tyrrell.[30] Modernism was condemned as heretical by the leadership of the Catholic Church.[29]Papal condemnation of modernism and Americanism slowed the development of a liberal Catholic tradition in the United States. Since the Second Vatican Council, however, liberal theology has experienced a resurgence. Liberal Catholic theologians include David Tracy and Francis Schussler Fiorenza.[28]","title":"Liberal Catholicism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mainline Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainline_Protestant"},{"link_name":"Social Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Gospel"},{"link_name":"Walter Rauschenbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch"},{"link_name":"individualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"militarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"liberation theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology"},{"link_name":"postmodern Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christian existentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_existentialism"},{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Bultmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Paul Tillich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"neo-evangelicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"neo-orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"paleo-orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Dean M. Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_M._Kelley"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"exegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"Marcus Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Borg"},{"link_name":"John Dominic Crossan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan"},{"link_name":"John Shelby Spong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Karen Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Scotty McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_McLennan"}],"text":"Liberal Christianity was most influential with Mainline Protestant churches in the early 20th century, when proponents believed the changes it would bring would be the future of the Christian church. Its greatest and most influential manifestation was the Christian Social Gospel, whose most influential spokesman was the American Baptist Walter Rauschenbusch. Rauschenbusch identified four institutionalized spiritual evils in American culture (which he identified as traits of \"supra-personal entities\", organizations capable of having moral agency): these were individualism, capitalism, nationalism and militarism.[31]Other subsequent theological movements within the U.S. Protestant mainline included political liberation theology, philosophical forms of postmodern Christianity, and such diverse theological influences as Christian existentialism (originating with Søren Kierkegaard[32] and including other theologians and scholars such as Rudolf Bultmann[33] and Paul Tillich[34]) and even conservative movements such as neo-evangelicalism, neo-orthodoxy, and paleo-orthodoxy. Dean M. Kelley, a liberal sociologist, was commissioned in the early 1970s to study the problem, and he identified a potential reason for the decline of the liberal churches: what was seen by some as excessive politicization of the Gospel, and especially their apparent tying of the Gospel with Left-Democrat/progressive political causes.[35]The 1990s and 2000s saw a resurgence of non-doctrinal, theological work on biblical exegesis and theology, exemplified by figures such as Marcus Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong,[36] Karen Armstrong and Scotty McLennan.","title":"Influence in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theologians and authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher"},{"link_name":"liberal theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_theology"},{"link_name":"introspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Charles Augustus Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"higher criticism of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_criticism"},{"link_name":"Henry Ward Beecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"Reverend Lyman Beecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Beecher"},{"link_name":"Social Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Gospel"},{"link_name":"Adolf von Harnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"church historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history"},{"link_name":"Charles Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)"},{"link_name":"Christian mystic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Unity Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Church"},{"link_name":"Hastings Rashdall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Rashdall"},{"link_name":"Dean of Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Walter Rauschenbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch"},{"link_name":"Harry Emerson Fosdick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Emerson_Fosdick"},{"link_name":"Northern Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Riverside Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Church"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Bultmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Paul Tillich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tillich"},{"link_name":"existentialist philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism"},{"link_name":"Leslie Weatherhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Weatherhead"},{"link_name":"James Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pike"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_California"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of St. John the Divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Geering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Geering"},{"link_name":"Paul Moore, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Moore,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"John A.T. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A.T._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Honest to God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honest_to_God"},{"link_name":"Redating the New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_Woolwich)#Redating_the_New_Testament,_1976"},{"link_name":"John Hick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hick"},{"link_name":"philosopher of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"link_name":"latitudinarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinarianism"},{"link_name":"religious pluralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism"},{"link_name":"The Myth of God Incarnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_God_Incarnate"},{"link_name":"William Sloane Coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin"},{"link_name":"Peace Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Action"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Christopher Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Morse"},{"link_name":"John Shelby Spong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"A New Christianity for a New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Christianity_for_a_New_World"},{"link_name":"Theism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife"},{"link_name":"miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"Richard Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holloway"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Rubem Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubem_Alves"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"UNICAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICAMP"},{"link_name":"liberation theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_theology"},{"link_name":"Matthew Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fox_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Order of Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"New Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Christ"},{"link_name":"Creation Spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Spirituality"},{"link_name":"Marcus Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Borg"},{"link_name":"Biblical scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_criticism"},{"link_name":"Jesus Seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Seminar"},{"link_name":"Robin Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Meyers"},{"link_name":"United Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Michael Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dowd"},{"link_name":"Religious Naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Big History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_History"},{"link_name":"Epic of Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Evolution"}],"sub_title":"Anglican and Protestant","text":"Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834), often called the \"father of liberal theology\", he claimed that religious experience was introspective, and that the most true understanding of God consisted of \"a sense of absolute dependence\".[37]\nCharles Augustus Briggs (1841–1913), professor at Union Theological Seminary, early advocate of higher criticism of the Bible.\nHenry Ward Beecher (1813–1887), American preacher who left behind the Calvinist orthodoxy of his famous father, the Reverend Lyman Beecher, to instead preach the Social Gospel of liberal Christianity.\nAdolf von Harnack, (1851–1930), German theologian and church historian, promoted the Social Gospel; wrote a seminal work of historical theology called Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (History of Dogma).\nCharles Fillmore (1854–1948), Christian mystic influenced by Emerson; co-founder, with his wife, Myrtle Fillmore, of the Unity Church.\nHastings Rashdall (1858–1924), English philosopher, theologian, and Anglican priest. Dean of Carlisle from 1917 until 1924. Author of Doctrine and Development (1898).\nWalter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918) American Baptist, author of \"A Theology for the Social Gospel\", which gave the movement its definitive theological definition.\nHarry Emerson Fosdick (1878–1969), a Northern Baptist, founding pastor of New York's Riverside Church in 1922.\nRudolf Bultmann (1884–1976), German biblical scholar, liberal Christian theologian until 1924.[clarification needed][38] Bultmann was more of an existentialist than a \"liberal\", as his defense of Jesus' healings in his \"History of Synoptic Tradition\" makes clear.\nPaul Tillich (1886–1965), seminal figure in liberal Christianity; synthesized liberal Protestant theology with existentialist philosophy, but later came to be counted among the \"neo-orthodox\".\nLeslie Weatherhead (1893–1976), English preacher and author of The Will of God and The Christian Agnostic\nJames Pike (1913–1969), Episcopal Bishop, Diocese of California 1958–1966. Early television preacher as Dean of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City; social gospel advocate and civil rights supporter; author of If This Be Heresy and The Other Side; in later life studied Christian origins and spiritualism.\nLloyd Geering (b. 1918), New Zealand liberal theologian.\nPaul Moore, Jr. (1919–2003), 13th Episcopal Bishop, New York Diocese\nJohn A.T. Robinson (1919–1983), Anglican Bishop of Woolwich, author of Honest to God; later dedicated himself to demonstrating very early authorship of the New Testament writings, publishing his findings in Redating the New Testament.\nJohn Hick (1922–2012), British philosopher of religion and liberal theologian, noted for his rejection of the Incarnation and advocacy of latitudinarianism and religious pluralism or non-exclusivism, as explained in his influential work, The Myth of God Incarnate.\nWilliam Sloane Coffin (1924–2006), Senior Minister at the Riverside Church in New York City, and President of SANE/Freeze (now Peace Action).[39]\nChristopher Morse (b. 1935), Professor Emeritus of Systematic Theology, Union Theological Seminary, noted for his theology of faithful disbelief.\nJohn Shelby Spong (1931–2021), Episcopal bishop and very prolific author of books such as A New Christianity for a New World, in which he wrote of his rejection of historical religious and Christian beliefs such as Theism (a traditional conception of God as an existent being), the afterlife, miracles, and the Resurrection.\nRichard Holloway (b. 1933), Bishop of Edinburgh, 1986 to 2000.[clarification needed]\nRubem Alves (1938–2014), Brazilian, ex-Presbyterian, former minister, retired professor from UNICAMP, seminal figure in the liberation theology movement.\nMatthew Fox (b. 1940), former Roman Catholic priest of the Order of Preachers; currently an American Episcopal priest and theologian, noted for his synthesis of liberal Christian theology with New Age concepts in his ideas of \"creation spirituality\", \"original blessing\", and seminal work on the \"Cosmic Christ\"; founder of Creation Spirituality.\nMarcus Borg (1942–2015) American Biblical scholar, prolific author, fellow of the Jesus Seminar.\nRobin Meyers (b. 1952) United Church of Christ pastor and professor of Social Justice. Author of Saving Jesus from the Church.\nMichael Dowd (1958-2023) Religious Naturalist theologian, evidential evangelist, and promoter of Big History and the Epic of Evolution.","title":"Theologians and authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Berry"},{"link_name":"Passionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionist"},{"link_name":"Hans Küng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng"},{"link_name":"Catholic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology"},{"link_name":"infallibility of the Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_infallibility"},{"link_name":"John Dominic Crossan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan"},{"link_name":"ex-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Roman_Catholics"},{"link_name":"critical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Jesus Seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Seminar"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Sch%C3%BCssler_Fiorenza"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"Harvard Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School"}],"sub_title":"Roman Catholic","text":"Thomas Berry (1914–2009), American Passionist priest, cultural historian, geologian, and cosmologist.\nHans Küng (1928–2021), Swiss theologian. Had his license to teach Catholic theology revoked in 1979 because of his vocal rejection of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope, but remained a priest in good standing.\nJohn Dominic Crossan (b. 1934), ex-Catholic and former priest, New Testament scholar, co-founder of the critical liberal Jesus Seminar.\nElisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza (born 1938) German feminist theologian and Professor at Harvard Divinity School","title":"Theologians and authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Ellery Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"rejected the Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-trinitarianism"},{"link_name":"scriptural authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_authority"},{"link_name":"rationalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"natural religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_theology"},{"link_name":"Scotty McLennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_McLennan"},{"link_name":"Unitarian Universalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"William Ellery Channing (1780–1842), Unitarian liberal theologian in the United States, who rejected the Trinity and the strength of scriptural authority, in favor of purely rationalistic \"natural religion\".\nScotty McLennan (b. 1948) Unitarian Universalist minister, Stanford University professor and author.","title":"Theologians and authors"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Gurrentz, Benjamin T. \"Christian Modernism\". The Arda. Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thearda.com/timeline/movements/movement_56.asp","url_text":"\"Christian Modernism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives","url_text":"Association of Religion Data Archives"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190731065525/http://www.thearda.com/timeline/movements/movement_56.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chryssides, George D. (2010). Christianity Today: An Introduction. Religion Today. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84706-542-1. Retrieved 30 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4FSGhhjtU-UC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Christianity Today: An Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-542-1","url_text":"978-1-84706-542-1"}]},{"reference":"Dorrien, Garry J. (2000). The Barthian Revolt in Modern Theology: Theology Without Weapons. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-664-22151-5. Retrieved 30 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K2l0sc8wekwC&pg=PA112","url_text":"The Barthian Revolt in Modern Theology: Theology Without Weapons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22151-5","url_text":"978-0-664-22151-5"}]},{"reference":"Lyons, William John (1 July 2002). Canon and Exegesis: Canonical Praxis and the Sodom Narrative. A&C Black. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-567-40343-8. On the relationship between the results of his work and the task of Christian theology, Wrede writes that how the 'systematic theologian gets on with its results and deals with them—that is his own affair. Like every other real science, New Testament Theology's has its goal simply in itself, and is totally indifferent to all dogma and Systematic Theology' (1973: 69).16 In the 1920s H. Gunkel would summarize the arguments against Biblical Theology in Old Testament study thus: 'The recently experienced phenomenon of biblical theology being replaced by the history of Israelite religion is to be explained from the fact that the spirit of historical investigation has now taken the place of a traditional doctrine of inspiration' (1927–31: 1090–91; as quoted by Childs 1992a: 6).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bVqvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"Canon and Exegesis: Canonical Praxis and the Sodom Narrative"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-40343-8","url_text":"978-0-567-40343-8"}]},{"reference":"Chellew-Hodge, Candace (24 February 2016). \"Why It Is Heresy to Read the Bible Literally: An Interview with John Shelby Spong\". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved 19 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://religiondispatches.org/why-it-is-heresy-to-read-the-bible-literally-an-interview-with-john-shelby-spong/","url_text":"\"Why It Is Heresy to Read the Bible Literally: An Interview with John Shelby Spong\""}]},{"reference":"Spong, John Shelby (16 February 2016). \"Stating the Problem, Setting the Stage\". Biblical Literalism: A Gentile Heresy: A Journey into a New Christianity Through the Doorway of Matthew's Gospel. HarperOne. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-06-236233-9. To read the gospels properly, I now believe, requires a knowledge of Jewish culture, Jewish symbols, Jewish icons and the tradition of Jewish storytelling. It requires an understanding of what the Jews call 'midrash.' Only those people who were completely unaware of these things could ever have come to think that the gospels were meant to be read literally.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wuH1CQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Biblical Literalism: A Gentile Heresy: A Journey into a New Christianity Through the Doorway of Matthew's Gospel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-236233-9","url_text":"978-0-06-236233-9"}]},{"reference":"Congdon, David W. (2015). The Mission of Demythologizing: Rudolf Bultmann's Dialectical Theology. Fortress Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-4514-8792-3. [Per Rudolf Bultmann] his February 1924 lecture on the 'latest theological movement'—represented, he says, by Barth, Gogarten, and Thurneysen—when he explicitly contrasts this new movement with Herrmann and Troeltsch as the representatives of liberal theology. Bultmann then states the thesis of his lecture: 'The object [Gegenstand] of theology is God, and the charge against liberal theology is that it has dealt not with God but with human beings.' We see in this piece the maturation of the claim stated in his Eisenach lecture of 1920, namely, that liberal theology fails to reflect on the specific content of Christian faith. In that earlier writing he contrasts the spiritual content of genuine religion with the liberal emphasis on a particular moralistic form.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MGHDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108","url_text":"The Mission of Demythologizing: Rudolf Bultmann's Dialectical Theology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8792-3","url_text":"978-1-4514-8792-3"}]},{"reference":"Brandom, Ann-Marie (2000), \"The Role of Language in Religious Education\", in Barnes, L. Philip; Wright, Andrew; Brandom, Ann-Marie (eds.), Learning to Teach Religious Education in the Secondary School: A Companion to School Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-19436-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19436-5","url_text":"978-0-415-19436-5"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Ted A. (1996). Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25650-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2mUxxxGt_sC","url_text":"Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25650-0","url_text":"978-0-664-25650-0"}]},{"reference":"Dorrien, Gary (2001). The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805-1900. Vol. 1. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22354-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Dorrien","url_text":"Dorrien, Gary"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L50mveyi6WoC","url_text":"The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22354-0","url_text":"978-0-664-22354-0"}]},{"reference":"——— (2003). The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity, 1900-1950. Vol. 2. Westminster John Knox Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat
Kattegat
["1 Geography","1.1 Extent","2 Etymology","3 History","4 Biology","4.1 Ecological collapse","5 Protections and regulation","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 56°30′N 11°30′E / 56.500°N 11.500°E / 56.500; 11.500Sea area between Denmark and Sweden KattegatKattegattMap of the Kattegat and SkagerrakKattegatCoordinates56°30′N 11°30′E / 56.500°N 11.500°E / 56.500; 11.500Etymologylit. '"cat's gate"'Basin countriesDenmark, SwedenSurface area30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) The Kattegat (Danish: ; Swedish: Kattegatt ) is a 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) sea area bounded by the Jutlandic peninsula in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the south and the provinces of Bohuslän, Västergötland, Halland and Skåne in Sweden in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, but in traditional Scandinavian usage, this is not the case. The Kattegat is a rather shallow sea and can be very difficult and dangerous to navigate because of the many sandy and stony reefs and tricky currents, which often shift. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been dredged by either sand pumping or boulder clearance, and a well-developed light signaling network has been installed to safeguard the very heavy international traffic on this small sea. There are several large cities and major ports on the Kattegat, including, in descending size, Gothenburg, Aarhus, Aalborg, Halmstad, Varberg and Frederikshavn. Geography Älvsborg at Gothenburg, a sea fortress in the Kattegat According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak are found at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland, while the southern boundary towards Øresund is found at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania. Major waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg, together with the Lagan, Nissan, Ätran and Viskan in the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the river of Gudenå in Jutland, in Denmark. The main islands of the Kattegat are Samsø, Læsø and Anholt; the latter two are, due to their relatively dry climate, perceived as belonging to "the Danish desert belt". A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the Kullaberg Nature Reserve in Scania, Sweden, which contains a number of rare species and a scenic rocky shore, the town of Mölle, which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark. Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge) connecting Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund, Great Belt, and Little Belt) as follows: On the North: A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær (57°54′N 11°27′E / 57.900°N 11.450°E / 57.900; 11.450) and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island. On the South: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound: In the Little Belt: A line joining Falshöft (54°47′N 9°57.5′E / 54.783°N 9.9583°E / 54.783; 9.9583) and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærö: 54°49′N 10°26′E / 54.817°N 10.433°E / 54.817; 10.433). In the Great Belt: A line joining Gulstav (Southernmost extremity of Langeland Island, 54°43′36″N 10°42′42″E / 54.72667°N 10.71167°E / 54.72667; 10.71167) and Kappel Kirke (54°46′N 11°01′E / 54.767°N 11.017°E / 54.767; 11.017) on the island of Laaland. In the Guldborg Sund: A line joining Flinthorne-Rev (54°38′30″N 11°49′16″E / 54.64167°N 11.82111°E / 54.64167; 11.82111) and Skelby (54°38′00″N 11°53′14″E / 54.63333°N 11.88722°E / 54.63333; 11.88722) ; In the Sound: A line joining Stevns Lighthouse (55°17′N 12°27′E / 55.283°N 12.450°E / 55.283; 12.450) and Falsterbo Point (55°23′N 12°49′E / 55.383°N 12.817°E / 55.383; 12.817). Etymology According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and Nudansk Ordbog , the name derives from the Dutch words katte 'cat's' and gat 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation jargon, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets would compare the Danish straits to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals. At one point, the passable waters were a mere 3.84 km (2.07 nmi; 4,200 yd) wide. The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage', lit. 'cat's strait'. An archaic name for both the Skagerrak and Kattegat was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea (Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf). Its ancient Latin name was Sinus Codanus. History Control of the Kattegat, and access to it, have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region. Beginning in 1429 in the Middle Ages, the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the Sound dues, a toll charged for passage through the Øresund, while Copenhagen provided shelter, trade, and repair opportunities and protection from piracy. The dues were eventually lifted in 1857. Biology In the Kattegat, the salinity has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has a salinity between 18‰ and 26‰ and the lower layer – separated by a strong halocline at around 15 m (49 ft) – has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic Sea. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km3 (114 cu mi) seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year. During stronger winds, the layers in the Kattegat are completely mixed in some places, such as the Great Belt, so the overall salinity is highly variable in this small sea. This sets some unique conditions for the sealife here. Cold seeps, locally known as bubbling reefs (Danish: boblerev), are found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike cold seeps in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat bubbling reefs are at relatively shallow depths, generally between 0 and 30 m (0–100 ft) below the surface. The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the water surface. Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, and support a rich biodiversity. Because of their unique status, the Kattegat bubbling reefs receive a level of protection and are recognized as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180) by the European Union (EU). Ecological collapse The Kattegat, characterised by widespread anoxia, was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began studying how intensive industrial activities affected the natural world. Since then, studies and research has provided much insight into processes like eutrophication, and how to deal with it. Denmark and the EU have initiated costly and far-reaching domestic projects in order to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sums up a broad range of initiatives and includes the so-called Nitrate Directives. The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and all goals are not completely met yet. Protections and regulation Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area. Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden. Due to the very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%. Several larger areas of the Kattegat are designated as Natura 2000 and under various bird protections such as the Ramsar Convention. The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and they support a thriving but threatened biodiversity. Protected areas includes: Denmark Grenen The Bay of Aalborg, comprising a 1,774 km2 (685 sq mi) shallow sea area. Beach meadows on Læsø and the stony reefs south of the island Anholt and the sea north of the island. Sweden The Nordre älv estuary north of Gothenburg. An important spot for migratory birds and fish. The Vrångö archipelago (Swedish: Vrångöskärgården), part of the Archipelago of Gothenburg. An important reproduction area for seabirds and seals. Kungsbacka Fjord. A shallow water fjord between Gothenburg and Varberg, including important salt marshes. Hovs Hallar Kullaberg Nature Reserve Gallery There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat. Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat. The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times. There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat. The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches. All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock. See also Øresund Bridge References ^ Artificial Reefs ^ Convention No 3210. League of Nations Treaty Series 139, 1933–1934. Retrieved 27 December 2012. ^ Rolf Ask Clausen (2 October 2007). "Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø ". Ingeniøren (in Danish). Retrieved 16 February 2016. ^ "En fast Kattegatforbindelse". kattegatforbindelse.dk (in Danish). Kattegatkomitéen. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas" (PDF) (3rd ed.). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020. ^ Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (2004), CD-ROM edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry Kattegat. ^ a b Nudansk Ordbog (1993), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, entry Kattegat. ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Cattegat, The" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. ^ "Kattegat | strait, Denmark-Sweden". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 May 2017. ^ Ærtebjerg, G., Andersen, J.H. and Schou Hansen (2003). "Hydrography". Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Seawaters. Danish Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Research Institute. Retrieved 30 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Matti Leppäranta nad Kai Myrberg (2009). Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer-Praxis. pp. 72–74. ISBN 9783540797036. Retrieved 30 January 2016. ^ a b Jensen; Aagaard; Burke; Dando; Jørgensen; Kuijpers; Laier; O'Hara; Schmaljohann (1992). ""Bubbling reefs" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 83: 103–112. Bibcode:1992MEPS...83..103J. doi:10.3354/meps083103. ^ a b c "Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases" (PDF). HELCOM. 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ^ "Proposed measures for fisheries management in Natura 2000-sites in the Danish territorial area of the Kattegat and Samsø Belt" (PDF). Meeting at the AgriFish Agency, Copenhagen. Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark). 20 March 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ^ Druon, Jean-Noël; Schrimpf, Wolfram; Dobricic, Srdjan; Stips, Adolf (19 May 2004). "Comparative assessment of large-scale marine eutrophication: North Sea area and Adriatic Sea as case studies" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 272: 1–23. Bibcode:2004MEPS..272....1D. doi:10.3354/meps272001. Retrieved 10 August 2023. ^ "Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones'". UNEP. 19 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2016. ^ Karleskint, Turner and Small (2013). Introduction to Marine Biology (4 ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 4. ISBN 978-1285402222. ^ Hagerman, Lars; Josefson, Alf B.; Jensen, Jørgen N. (1996). "Benthic macrofauna and demersal fish". Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Vol. 52. pp. 155–178. doi:10.1029/CE052p0155. ISBN 978-0-87590-266-1. ^ Implementation of the Nitrates directive in Denmark Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Danish Ministry of the Environment ^ Jesper H. Andersen; Jacob Carstensen (25 October 2011). "Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success". Politiken (in Danish). Retrieved 24 November 2014. ^ "New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry". MT Online. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ "Natura 2000" (in Danish). Danish Nature Agency. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ "Natura 2000" (in Swedish). Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kattegat. "Cattegat" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. "Cattegat" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkʰætəkæt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈkâtːɛˌɡat]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish"},{"link_name":"Jutlandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"Danish straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_straits"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bohuslän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Västergötland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland"},{"link_name":"Halland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halland"},{"link_name":"Skåne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Skagerrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagerrak"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"dredged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"light signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus"},{"link_name":"Aalborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg"},{"link_name":"Halmstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmstad"},{"link_name":"Varberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varberg"},{"link_name":"Frederikshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederikshavn"}],"text":"Sea area between Denmark and SwedenThe Kattegat (Danish: [ˈkʰætəkæt]; Swedish: Kattegatt [ˈkâtːɛˌɡat]) is a 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) sea area bounded by the Jutlandic peninsula in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the south and the provinces of Bohuslän, Västergötland, Halland and Skåne in Sweden in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, but in traditional Scandinavian usage, this is not the case.The Kattegat is a rather shallow sea and can be very difficult and dangerous to navigate because of the many sandy and stony reefs and tricky currents, which often shift. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been dredged by either sand pumping or boulder clearance,[1] and a well-developed light signaling network has been installed to safeguard the very heavy international traffic on this small sea.There are several large cities and major ports on the Kattegat, including, in descending size, Gothenburg, Aarhus, Aalborg, Halmstad, Varberg and Frederikshavn.","title":"Kattegat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gothenburg_juli_2009_(ubt)-000.JPG"},{"link_name":"Älvsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvsborg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Treaty Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Series"},{"link_name":"Skagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen"},{"link_name":"Øresund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund"},{"link_name":"Kullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullen_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"waterways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterway"},{"link_name":"Göta älv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_%C3%A4lv"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Lagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagan_River_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ätran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84tran_(river)"},{"link_name":"Viskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskan"},{"link_name":"Halland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halland"},{"link_name":"Gudenå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guden%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"Samsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sams%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Læsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6s%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Anholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anholt_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Kullaberg Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullaberg_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"rare species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_species"},{"link_name":"rocky shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_shore"},{"link_name":"Mölle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6lle"},{"link_name":"Kattegat Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattegat_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Odder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odder"},{"link_name":"Kalundborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalundborg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Älvsborg at Gothenburg, a sea fortress in the KattegatAccording to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak are found at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland, while the southern boundary towards Øresund is found at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania.[2]Major waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg, together with the Lagan, Nissan, Ätran and Viskan in the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the river of Gudenå in Jutland, in Denmark.The main islands of the Kattegat are Samsø, Læsø and Anholt; the latter two are, due to their relatively dry climate, perceived as belonging to \"the Danish desert belt\".A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the Kullaberg Nature Reserve in Scania, Sweden, which contains a number of rare species and a scenic rocky shore, the town of Mölle, which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark.Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge) connecting Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg.[3][4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Hydrographic Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization"},{"link_name":"Øresund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund"},{"link_name":"Great Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt"},{"link_name":"Little Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Belt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Skagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen"},{"link_name":"57°54′N 11°27′E / 57.900°N 11.450°E / 57.900; 11.450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=57_54_N_11_27_E_"},{"link_name":"Tjörn Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rn_Municipality"},{"link_name":"54°47′N 9°57.5′E / 54.783°N 9.9583°E / 54.783; 9.9583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_47_N_9_57.5_E_"},{"link_name":"54°49′N 10°26′E / 54.817°N 10.433°E / 54.817; 10.433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_49_N_10_26_E_"},{"link_name":"Langeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langeland"},{"link_name":"54°43′36″N 10°42′42″E / 54.72667°N 10.71167°E / 54.72667; 10.71167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_43_36_N_10_42_42_E_"},{"link_name":"54°46′N 11°01′E / 54.767°N 11.017°E / 54.767; 11.017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_46_N_11_01_E_"},{"link_name":"Laaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolland"},{"link_name":"54°38′30″N 11°49′16″E / 54.64167°N 11.82111°E / 54.64167; 11.82111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_38_30_N_11_49_16_E_"},{"link_name":"54°38′00″N 11°53′14″E / 54.63333°N 11.88722°E / 54.63333; 11.88722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=54_38_00_N_11_53_14_E_"},{"link_name":"Stevns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevns_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"55°17′N 12°27′E / 55.283°N 12.450°E / 55.283; 12.450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=55_17_N_12_27_E_"},{"link_name":"Falsterbo Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsterbo"},{"link_name":"55°23′N 12°49′E / 55.383°N 12.817°E / 55.383; 12.817","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kattegat&params=55_23_N_12_49_E_"}],"sub_title":"Extent","text":"The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the \"Kattegat, Sound and Belts\" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund, Great Belt, and Little Belt) as follows:[5]On the North: A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær (57°54′N 11°27′E / 57.900°N 11.450°E / 57.900; 11.450) and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island.\nOn the South: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound:\n\nIn the Little Belt: A line joining Falshöft (54°47′N 9°57.5′E / 54.783°N 9.9583°E / 54.783; 9.9583) and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærö: 54°49′N 10°26′E / 54.817°N 10.433°E / 54.817; 10.433).\nIn the Great Belt: A line joining Gulstav (Southernmost extremity of Langeland Island, 54°43′36″N 10°42′42″E / 54.72667°N 10.71167°E / 54.72667; 10.71167) and Kappel Kirke (54°46′N 11°01′E / 54.767°N 11.017°E / 54.767; 11.017) on the island of Laaland.\nIn the Guldborg Sund: A line joining Flinthorne-Rev (54°38′30″N 11°49′16″E / 54.64167°N 11.82111°E / 54.64167; 11.82111) and Skelby (54°38′00″N 11°53′14″E / 54.63333°N 11.88722°E / 54.63333; 11.88722) ;\nIn the Sound: A line joining Stevns Lighthouse (55°17′N 12°27′E / 55.283°N 12.450°E / 55.283; 12.450) and Falsterbo Point (55°23′N 12°49′E / 55.383°N 12.817°E / 55.383; 12.817).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Den Store Danske Encyklopædi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di"},{"link_name":"Nudansk Ordbog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nudansk_Ordbog&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudansk_Ordbog"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"Danish straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_straits"},{"link_name":"reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nydansk-7"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Kattesundet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattesundet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nydansk-7"},{"link_name":"Skagerrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagerrak"},{"link_name":"Knýtlinga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%BDtlinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and Nudansk Ordbog [da], the name derives from the Dutch words katte 'cat's' and gat 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation jargon, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets would compare the Danish straits to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals.[6][7] At one point, the passable waters were a mere 3.84 km (2.07 nmi; 4,200 yd) wide. The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage', lit. 'cat's strait'.[7]An archaic name for both the Skagerrak and Kattegat was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea (Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf). Its ancient Latin name was Sinus Codanus.[8]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eider Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eider_Canal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Sound dues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_dues"},{"link_name":"Øresund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy"}],"text":"Control of the Kattegat, and access to it, have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.[9]Beginning in 1429 in the Middle Ages, the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the Sound dues, a toll charged for passage through the Øresund, while Copenhagen provided shelter, trade, and repair opportunities and protection from piracy. The dues were eventually lifted in 1857.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity"},{"link_name":"halocline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocline"},{"link_name":"brackish water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Great Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt"},{"link_name":"sealife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealife"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cold seeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen1992-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HelcomCS-13"},{"link_name":"Eemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eemian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HelcomCS-13"},{"link_name":"cementation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)"},{"link_name":"lithification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithification"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen1992-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HelcomCS-13"},{"link_name":"Natura 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_2000"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In the Kattegat, the salinity has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has a salinity between 18‰ and 26‰ and the lower layer – separated by a strong halocline at around 15 m (49 ft) – has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic Sea. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of 475 km3 (114 cu mi) seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year.[10] During stronger winds, the layers in the Kattegat are completely mixed in some places, such as the Great Belt, so the overall salinity is highly variable in this small sea. This sets some unique conditions for the sealife here.[11]Cold seeps, locally known as bubbling reefs (Danish: boblerev), are found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike cold seeps in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat bubbling reefs are at relatively shallow depths, generally between 0 and 30 m (0–100 ft) below the surface.[12][13] The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the water surface.[13] Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, and support a rich biodiversity.[12][13] Because of their unique status, the Kattegat bubbling reefs receive a level of protection and are recognized as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180) by the European Union (EU).[14]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_anoxic_event"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DruonEtAl2004-15"},{"link_name":"dead zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"eutrophication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Ecological collapse","text":"The Kattegat, characterised by widespread anoxia,[15] was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began studying how intensive industrial activities affected the natural world.[16][17] Since then, studies and research has provided much insight into processes like eutrophication, and how to deal with it. Denmark and the EU have initiated costly and far-reaching domestic projects in order to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes[18] since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sums up a broad range of initiatives and includes the so-called Nitrate Directives.[19] The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and all goals are not completely met yet.[20]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_de_Greenen.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hovs_hallar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sulphur Emission Control Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Emission_Control_Area"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Natura 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_2000"},{"link_name":"Ramsar Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Grenen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenen"},{"link_name":"Bay of Aalborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Aalborg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beach meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_meadow"},{"link_name":"Læsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6s%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef"},{"link_name":"Anholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anholt_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nordre älv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordre_%C3%A4lv"},{"link_name":"estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"Vrångö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A5ng%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Archipelago of Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago_of_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Kungsbacka Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungsbacka_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Varberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varberg"},{"link_name":"salt marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"Hovs Hallar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovs_Hallar"},{"link_name":"Kullaberg Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullaberg_Nature_Reserve"}],"text":"Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.Due to the very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.[21]Several larger areas of the Kattegat are designated as Natura 2000 and under various bird protections such as the Ramsar Convention. The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and they support a thriving but threatened biodiversity. Protected areas includes:Denmark[22]Grenen\nThe Bay of Aalborg, comprising a 1,774 km2 (685 sq mi) shallow sea area.\nBeach meadows on Læsø and the stony reefs south of the island\nAnholt and the sea north of the island.Sweden[23]The Nordre älv estuary north of Gothenburg. An important spot for migratory birds and fish.\nThe Vrångö archipelago (Swedish: Vrångöskärgården), part of the Archipelago of Gothenburg. An important reproduction area for seabirds and seals.\nKungsbacka Fjord. A shallow water fjord between Gothenburg and Varberg, including important salt marshes.\nHovs Hallar\nKullaberg Nature Reserve","title":"Protections and regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anholt_Havm%C3%B8llepark.jpg"},{"link_name":"windfarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windfarm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bianca_Rambow_(North_of_Funen).2.ajb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fladen_Light.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kung%C3%A4lv_Municipality_from_the_air.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barakullen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gren%C3%A5_Strand.JPG"},{"link_name":"bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock"}],"text":"There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSome of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThere are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAll the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock.","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Älvsborg at Gothenburg, a sea fortress in the Kattegat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG/220px-Gothenburg_juli_2009_%28ubt%29-000.JPG"},{"image_text":"Grenen in Denmark is important for bird migrations and is a protected area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vista_de_Greenen.JPG/220px-Vista_de_Greenen.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bjärekusten Nature Reserve with Hovs Hallar in Sweden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Hovs_hallar.JPG/220px-Hovs_hallar.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Øresund Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge"}]
[{"reference":"Rolf Ask Clausen (2 October 2007). \"Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø [Build a bridge across Samsø]\". Ingeniøren (in Danish). Retrieved 16 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ing.dk/artikel/ingenioren-1955-byg-bro-over-samso-81947","url_text":"\"Ingeniøren 1955: Byg bro over Samsø [Build a bridge across Samsø]\""}]},{"reference":"\"En fast Kattegatforbindelse\". kattegatforbindelse.dk (in Danish). Kattegatkomitéen. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kattegatforbindelse.dk/","url_text":"\"En fast Kattegatforbindelse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas\" (PDF) (3rd ed.). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf","url_text":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization","url_text":"International Hydrographic Organization"},{"url":"https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \"Cattegat, The\" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Cattegat,_The","url_text":"\"Cattegat, The\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Kattegat | strait, Denmark-Sweden\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Kattegat","url_text":"\"Kattegat | strait, Denmark-Sweden\""}]},{"reference":"Ærtebjerg, G., Andersen, J.H. and Schou Hansen (2003). \"Hydrography\". Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Seawaters. Danish Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Research Institute. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_miljoe-tilstand/3_vand/4_eutrophication/hydrography.asp","url_text":"\"Hydrography\""}]},{"reference":"Matti Leppäranta nad Kai Myrberg (2009). Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Springer-Praxis. pp. 72–74. ISBN 9783540797036. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=csLKtvZNV98C&pg=PA74","url_text":"Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540797036","url_text":"9783540797036"}]},{"reference":"Jensen; Aagaard; Burke; Dando; Jørgensen; Kuijpers; Laier; O'Hara; Schmaljohann (1992). \"\"Bubbling reefs\" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps\". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 83: 103–112. Bibcode:1992MEPS...83..103J. doi:10.3354/meps083103.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps083103","url_text":"\"\"Bubbling reefs\" in the Kattegat: Submarine landscapes of carbonate-cemented rocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992MEPS...83..103J","url_text":"1992MEPS...83..103J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps083103","url_text":"10.3354/meps083103"}]},{"reference":"\"Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases\" (PDF). HELCOM. 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://helcom.fi/Red%20List%20of%20biotopes%20habitats%20and%20biotope%20complexe/HELCOM%20Red%20List%201180%20Submarine%20structures%20made%20by%20leaking%20gases.pdf","url_text":"\"Red List – Submarine structures made by leaking gases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HELCOM","url_text":"HELCOM"}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed measures for fisheries management in Natura 2000-sites in the Danish territorial area of the Kattegat and Samsø Belt\" (PDF). Meeting at the AgriFish Agency, Copenhagen. Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark). 20 March 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://naturerhverv.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/NaturErhverv/Filer/Fiskeri/Natura_2000_hav/Rev/Forslag_til_fiskeriregulering_Kattegat.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposed measures for fisheries management in Natura 2000-sites in the Danish territorial area of the Kattegat and Samsø Belt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Food,_Agriculture_and_Fisheries_(Denmark)","url_text":"Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark)"}]},{"reference":"Druon, Jean-Noël; Schrimpf, Wolfram; Dobricic, Srdjan; Stips, Adolf (19 May 2004). \"Comparative assessment of large-scale marine eutrophication: North Sea area and Adriatic Sea as case studies\" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 272: 1–23. Bibcode:2004MEPS..272....1D. doi:10.3354/meps272001. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2004/272/m272p001.pdf","url_text":"\"Comparative assessment of large-scale marine eutrophication: North Sea area and Adriatic Sea as case studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MEPS..272....1D","url_text":"2004MEPS..272....1D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps272001","url_text":"10.3354/meps272001"}]},{"reference":"\"Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones'\". UNEP. 19 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091004170617/http%3A//www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID%3D486%26ArticleID%3D5393%26l%3Den","url_text":"\"Further Rise in Number of Marine 'Dead Zones'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNEP","url_text":"UNEP"},{"url":"http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=486&ArticleID=5393&l=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Karleskint, Turner and Small (2013). Introduction to Marine Biology (4 ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 4. ISBN 978-1285402222.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9fEKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4","url_text":"Introduction to Marine Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1285402222","url_text":"978-1285402222"}]},{"reference":"Hagerman, Lars; Josefson, Alf B.; Jensen, Jørgen N. (1996). \"Benthic macrofauna and demersal fish\". Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Vol. 52. pp. 155–178. doi:10.1029/CE052p0155. ISBN 978-0-87590-266-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2FCE052p0155","url_text":"10.1029/CE052p0155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-266-1","url_text":"978-0-87590-266-1"}]},{"reference":"Jesper H. Andersen; Jacob Carstensen (25 October 2011). \"Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success\". Politiken (in Danish). Retrieved 24 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://politiken.dk/debat/analyse/ECE1422611/vandmiljoeplaner-har-vaeret-en-succes/","url_text":"\"Action Plans for the Aquatic Environment have been a success\""}]},{"reference":"\"New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry\". MT Online. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126111730/http://readmt.com/analysis/article/2014/08/12/new-environmental-requirements-may-lead-to-distortion-of-competition/","url_text":"\"New sulphur regulations may lead to distortion of competition in the shipping industry\""},{"url":"http://readmt.com/analysis/article/2014/08/12/new-environmental-requirements-may-lead-to-distortion-of-competition/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Natura 2000\" (in Danish). Danish Nature Agency. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160210024351/http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyttelse/natura-2000/","url_text":"\"Natura 2000\""},{"url":"http://naturstyrelsen.dk/naturbeskyttelse/natura-2000/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Natura 2000\" (in Swedish). Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126085841/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/natura2000","url_text":"\"Natura 2000\""},{"url":"http://www.naturvardsverket.se/natura2000#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cattegat\" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Cattegat","url_text":"\"Cattegat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"\"Cattegat\" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Cattegat","url_text":"\"Cattegat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Collier's New Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Konen
Heinrich Konen
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Books by Konen","4 Notes","5 References"]
German physicist (1874–1948)Heinrich Matthias KonenKonen at the Fourth Conference International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research at Mount Wilson Observatory, 1910Born16 September 1874Cologne, GermanyDied31 December 1948Bad Godesberg, GermanyNationalityGermanAlma materUniversity of Bonn Heinrich Matthias Konen (16 September 1874 in Cologne – 31 December 1948 in Bad Godesberg) was a German physicist who specialized in spectroscopy. He was a founder and organizer of the Emergency Association of German Science, and he was a member of the "Senate" of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, the Reich Physical and Technical Institute, and the Reich Chemical and Technical Institute. When he was forced out of academia in 1933 due to his opposition to National Socialism, he became an advisor in the industrial sector, especially the Troisdorf Works. After World War II, Konen became rector of University of Bonn and then headed the Culture Ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia. Education From 1893 to 1898, Konen studied at the University of Bonn. He was awarded his doctorate there in 1897. Career From 1899, Konen was a teaching assistant at University of Bonn. From 1902, he was a Privatdozent there, as well as a part-time teacher at the Bonn Gymnasium (secondary school). Konen was an ausserordentlicher Professor of theoretical physics at University of Münster from 1905 to 1912, and from 1919 to 1920 he was an ordentlicher Professor there. In 1920, due to his relationship with Friedrich Schmidt-Ott, Konen was involved in the founding and organization of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (NG, Emergency Association of German Science) and he became a longstanding member of its main committee. In 1920, he also succeeded Heinrich Kayser as ordentlicher Professor at the University of Bonn. From 1927 to 1929, he additionally was president of the German Physical Society. Konen’s opposition to National Socialism resulted in his forced retirement from academia in 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Also until 1933, he was on the supervisory board of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, an influential member of the board of trustees of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR, Reich Physical and Technical Institute – today, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt), on the board of trustees of the Chemisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (CTR, Reich Chemical and Technical Institute), and on the board of the Deutsches Museum in Munich. When Konen left academia, he became an advisor in industry, especially for Troisdorfer Werke (Dynamit Nobel AG, a chemical and weapons company whose headquarters was in Troisdorf). At University of Bonn, Konen was the Doktorvater (doctoral advisor) to Wolfgang Finkelnburg, who received his doctorate in 1928. Finkelnburg would go on to play a major role in the campaign against and political victory over the Deutsche Physik movement, as the organizer of the Münchner Religionsgespräche, known as the “Munich Synod.” After 1945, Konen became rector of University of Bonn and then headed the Culture Ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1949, after formation of the Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Konen used his position in the Culture Ministry to re-found the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, which had become inactive in 1945. Books by Konen Heinrich Konen Einführung in die theoretische Optik (Teubner, 1907) Heinrich Konen Reisebilder von einer Studienreise durch Sternwarten und Laboratorien der Vereinigten Staaten (Bachem, 1912) Heinrich Konen Das leuchten der gase und dampfe mit besonderer berucksichtigung der gesetzmassigkeiten in Spektren (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1913) Heinrich Mathias Konen Das Leuchten der Gase und Dämpfe (F. Vieweg & Sohn, 1913) Heinrich Konen, editor Geometrische Optik. Optische Konstante. Optische Instrumente, Handbuch der Physik - Geiger/Scheel - Volume 18 (Springer, 1927) H. Kayser and H. Konen Handbuch der Spectroscopie - Eight Volumes (Hirzel, 1930) Heinrich Konen Physikalische Plaudereien, Gegenwartsprobleme und ihre technische Bedeutung (Verlag der Buchgemeinde, 1937 & 1941) Notes ^ a b c d Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Konen. ^ Beyerchen, 1977, 176-179. ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for NG: Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft. References Beyerchen, Alan D. Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich (Yale, 1977) ISBN 0-300-01830-4 Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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When he was forced out of academia in 1933 due to his opposition to National Socialism, he became an advisor in the industrial sector, especially the Troisdorf Works. After World War II, Konen became rector of University of Bonn and then headed the Culture Ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia.","title":"Heinrich Konen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-1"}],"text":"From 1893 to 1898, Konen studied at the University of Bonn. He was awarded his doctorate there in 1897.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Privatdozent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatdozent"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-1"},{"link_name":"ausserordentlicher Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausserordentlicher_Professor"},{"link_name":"University of Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"ordentlicher Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordentlicher_Professor"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schmidt-Ott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schmidt-Ott"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Kayser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser"},{"link_name":"German Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"National Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialism"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dynamit Nobel AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamit_Nobel_AG"},{"link_name":"Troisdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisdorf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-1"},{"link_name":"Doktorvater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktorvater"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Finkelnburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Finkelnburg"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Physik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Physik"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Bundesrepublik Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrepublik_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"From 1899, Konen was a teaching assistant at University of Bonn. From 1902, he was a Privatdozent there, as well as a part-time teacher at the Bonn Gymnasium (secondary school).[1]Konen was an ausserordentlicher Professor of theoretical physics at University of Münster from 1905 to 1912, and from 1919 to 1920 he was an ordentlicher Professor there. In 1920, due to his relationship with Friedrich Schmidt-Ott, Konen was involved in the founding and organization of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (NG, Emergency Association of German Science) and he became a longstanding member of its main committee. In 1920, he also succeeded Heinrich Kayser as ordentlicher Professor at the University of Bonn. From 1927 to 1929, he additionally was president of the German Physical Society. Konen’s opposition to National Socialism resulted in his forced retirement from academia in 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Also until 1933, he was on the supervisory board of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, an influential member of the board of trustees of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR, Reich Physical and Technical Institute – today, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt), on the board of trustees of the Chemisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (CTR, Reich Chemical and Technical Institute), and on the board of the Deutsches Museum in Munich. When Konen left academia, he became an advisor in industry, especially for Troisdorfer Werke (Dynamit Nobel AG, a chemical and weapons company whose headquarters was in Troisdorf).[1]At University of Bonn, Konen was the Doktorvater (doctoral advisor) to Wolfgang Finkelnburg, who received his doctorate in 1928. Finkelnburg would go on to play a major role in the campaign against and political victory over the Deutsche Physik movement, as the organizer of the Münchner Religionsgespräche, known as the “Munich Synod.”[2]After 1945, Konen became rector of University of Bonn and then headed the Culture Ministry of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1949, after formation of the Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Konen used his position in the Culture Ministry to re-found the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft, which had become inactive in 1945.[1][3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Heinrich Konen Einführung in die theoretische Optik (Teubner, 1907)\nHeinrich Konen Reisebilder von einer Studienreise durch Sternwarten und Laboratorien der Vereinigten Staaten (Bachem, 1912)\nHeinrich Konen Das leuchten der gase und dampfe mit besonderer berucksichtigung der gesetzmassigkeiten in Spektren (Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1913)\nHeinrich Mathias Konen Das Leuchten der Gase und Dämpfe (F. Vieweg & Sohn, 1913)\nHeinrich Konen, editor Geometrische Optik. Optische Konstante. Optische Instrumente, Handbuch der Physik - Geiger/Scheel - Volume 18 (Springer, 1927)\nH. Kayser and H. Konen Handbuch der Spectroscopie - Eight Volumes (Hirzel, 1930)\nHeinrich Konen Physikalische Plaudereien, Gegenwartsprobleme und ihre technische Bedeutung (Verlag der Buchgemeinde, 1937 & 1941)","title":"Books by Konen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ a b c d Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Konen.\n\n^ Beyerchen, 1977, 176-179.\n\n^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for NG: Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft.","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyntas_II_(son_of_Bubares)
Amyntas (son of Bubares)
["1 References","2 Sources"]
5th-century BC Persian official of Macedonian noble descent Alabandaclass=notpageimage| Location of Alabanda in Asia Minor, received from Xerxes by Amyntas II. Amyntas was the son of the Persian official Bubares by his Macedonian wife Gygaea. He was named after his maternal grandfather, Amyntas I, who ruled Macedonia as a Persian subject from 512/511 BC. Later, King Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BC) gave Amyntas the Carian city of Alabanda. Amyntas was possibly the direct successor of the tyrant Aridolis. "Bubares, a Persian, had taken to wife Gygaea, Alexander's sister and Amyntas' daughter, who had borne to him that Amyntas of Asia who was called by the name of his mother's father, and to whom the king gave Alabanda, a great city in Phrygia, for his dwelling."— Herodotus VIII.136 References ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011, p. 343. ^ a b Briant 2002, p. 350. ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011, pp. 136, 343. ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011, p. 136. ^ McNicoll, Milner; McNicoll, Anthony; Milner, N. P. (1997). Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates. Oxford monographs on classical archaeology. Clarendon Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780198132288. Retrieved 2018-10-12. ^ LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VIII: Chapters 97‑144. Sources Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575061207. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian, eds. (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-44-435163-7. vteRulers in the Achaemenid EmpireFamily tree - Achaemenid KingdomKings of Kingsof the Achaemenid Empire Achaemenes Ariaramnes Arsames Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus the Great Cambyses II Bardiya Darius the Great Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes IV Arses Darius III Codomannus Artaxerxes V Bessus Satraps of Lydia Tabalus Mazares Harpagus Oroetus Bagaeus Otanes Artaphernes I Artaphernes II Pissuthnes Tissaphernes Cyrus the Younger Tissaphernes Tithraustes Tiribazus Struthas Autophradates Spithridates Satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia Mitrobates Megabazus Megabates Oebares II Artabazus I Pharnabazus I Pharnaces II Pharnabazus II Ariobarzanes Artabazus II Pharnabazus III Arsites Satraps of Cappadocia Datames Ariamnes I Mithrobuzanes Ariarathes I Greek Governors of Asia Minor cities Miltiades Demaratus Gongylos Eurysthenes Prokles Histiaeus Aristagoras Themistocles Archeptolis Aridolis Amyntas II Philiscus Dynasts of Lycia Kheziga Kybernis Kuprlli Harpagus Teththiweibi Kheriga Kherei Arbinas Artembares Artumpara Mithrapata Perikle Dynasts of Caria Lygdamis I Artemisia Pisindelis Lygdamis II Adusius (satrap) Hecatomnus Mausolus Artemisia II Idrieus Ada Pixodarus Orontobates Kings of Macedonia Amyntas I of Macedon Alexander I of Macedon Kings of Tyre Mattan IV Boulomenus Abdemon Evagoras Azemilcus Kings of Sidon Eshmunazar I Tabnit Queen Amoashtart (regent) Eshmunazar II Bodashtart Yatonmilk Anysos Tetramnestos Baalshillem I Baana Baalshillem II Abdashtart I Tennes Evagoras II Abdashtart II Abdashtart III Satraps of Armenia Artasyrus Orontes I Darius III Orontes II Satraps of Egypt Aryandes Pherendates Achaemenes Arsames Pherendates II Sabaces Mazaces Satraps of Bactria Hystaspes Dadarsi Masistes Bessus Satraps of Media Hydarnes Hydarnes the Younger Atropates Satraps of Cilicia Syennesis Camisares Mazaeus Arsames Other known satraps Megabyzus, Abrocomas, Belesys (Syria) Ochus (Hyrcania) Satibarzanes (Aria) Atizyes (Greater Phrygia) Phrataphernes (Parthia) Ariobarzanes (Persis) Abulites (Susiana) Mazaeus (Babylon) In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by Hellenistic satraps and Hellenistic rulers from around 330 BC
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named after his maternal grandfather, Amyntas I, who ruled Macedonia as a Persian subject from 512/511 BC.[2][3] Later, King Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BC) gave Amyntas the Carian city of Alabanda.[4][2] Amyntas was possibly the direct successor of the tyrant Aridolis.[5]\"Bubares, a Persian, had taken to wife Gygaea, Alexander's sister and Amyntas' daughter, who had borne to him that Amyntas of Asia who was called by the name of his mother's father, and to whom the king gave Alabanda, a great city in Phrygia, for his dwelling.\"— Herodotus VIII.136[6]","title":"Amyntas (son of Bubares)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Briant, Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Briant"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1575061207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575061207"},{"link_name":"A Companion to Ancient 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Bessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)"},{"link_name":"Tabalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabalus"},{"link_name":"Mazares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazares"},{"link_name":"Harpagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpagus"},{"link_name":"Oroetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroetus"},{"link_name":"Bagaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaeus"},{"link_name":"Otanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otanes_(son_of_Sisamnes)"},{"link_name":"Artaphernes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaphernes"},{"link_name":"Artaphernes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaphernes_(nephew_of_Darius_I)"},{"link_name":"Pissuthnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissuthnes"},{"link_name":"Tissaphernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissaphernes"},{"link_name":"Cyrus the 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I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabazos_I_of_Phrygia"},{"link_name":"Pharnabazus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharnabazus_I"},{"link_name":"Pharnaces II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Phrygia"},{"link_name":"Pharnabazus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharnabazus_II"},{"link_name":"Ariobarzanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia"},{"link_name":"Artabazus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabazos_II"},{"link_name":"Pharnabazus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharnabazus_III"},{"link_name":"Arsites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsites"},{"link_name":"Cappadocia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)"},{"link_name":"Datames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datames"},{"link_name":"Ariamnes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariamnes"},{"link_name":"Mithrobuzanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithrobuzanes"},{"link_name":"Ariarathes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Miltiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltiades"},{"link_name":"Demaratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demaratus"},{"link_name":"Gongylos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongylos"},{"link_name":"Eurysthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurysthenes_(Pergamon)"},{"link_name":"Prokles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokles_(Pergamon)"},{"link_name":"Histiaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histiaeus"},{"link_name":"Aristagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristagoras"},{"link_name":"Themistocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistocles"},{"link_name":"Archeptolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeptolis"},{"link_name":"Aridolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aridolis"},{"link_name":"Amyntas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyntas_II_(son_of_Bubares)"},{"link_name":"Philiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philiscus_of_Abydos"},{"link_name":"Lycia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycia"},{"link_name":"Kybernis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kybernis"},{"link_name":"Kuprlli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprlli"},{"link_name":"Kheriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheriga"},{"link_name":"Kherei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherei"},{"link_name":"Arbinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbinas"},{"link_name":"Artumpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artumpara"},{"link_name":"Mithrapata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithrapata"},{"link_name":"Perikle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia"},{"link_name":"Caria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caria"},{"link_name":"Lygdamis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygdamis_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"Artemisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria"},{"link_name":"Pisindelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisindelis"},{"link_name":"Lygdamis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygdamis_II_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"Adusius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adusius"},{"link_name":"Hecatomnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecatomnus"},{"link_name":"Mausolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausolus"},{"link_name":"Artemisia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria"},{"link_name":"Idrieus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrieus"},{"link_name":"Ada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_of_Caria"},{"link_name":"Pixodarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixodarus"},{"link_name":"Orontobates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontobates"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Amyntas I of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon"},{"link_name":"Kings of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Abdemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdemon"},{"link_name":"Evagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagoras_I"},{"link_name":"Azemilcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azemilcus"},{"link_name":"Kings of Sidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon"},{"link_name":"Eshmunazar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshmunazar_I"},{"link_name":"Tabnit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabnit"},{"link_name":"Queen Amoashtart (regent)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoashtart"},{"link_name":"Eshmunazar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshmunazar_II"},{"link_name":"Bodashtart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodashtart"},{"link_name":"Yatonmilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatonmilk"},{"link_name":"Tetramnestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramnestos"},{"link_name":"Baalshillem I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalshillem_I"},{"link_name":"Baalshillem II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalshillem_II"},{"link_name":"Abdashtart I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdashtart_I"},{"link_name":"Tennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennes"},{"link_name":"Evagoras II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagoras_II"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Artasyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artasyrus"},{"link_name":"Orontes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_I"},{"link_name":"Darius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III"},{"link_name":"Orontes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_II"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Aryandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryandes"},{"link_name":"Pherendates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherendates"},{"link_name":"Achaemenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)"},{"link_name":"Arsames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Pherendates II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherendates_II"},{"link_name":"Sabaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaces"},{"link_name":"Mazaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaces"},{"link_name":"Bactria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria"},{"link_name":"Hystaspes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)"},{"link_name":"Dadarsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadarsi"},{"link_name":"Masistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masistes"},{"link_name":"Bessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessus"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hydarnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydarnes"},{"link_name":"Hydarnes the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydarnes_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Atropates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropates"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Syennesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syennesis_(5th_century)"},{"link_name":"Camisares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisares"},{"link_name":"Mazaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaeus"},{"link_name":"Arsames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Cilicia)"},{"link_name":"Megabyzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyzus"},{"link_name":"Abrocomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrocomas"},{"link_name":"Belesys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belesys"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Ochus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_II"},{"link_name":"Hyrcania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrcania"},{"link_name":"Satibarzanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satibarzanes"},{"link_name":"Aria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria"},{"link_name":"Atizyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atizyes"},{"link_name":"Greater Phrygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Phrygia"},{"link_name":"Phrataphernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrataphernes"},{"link_name":"Parthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia"},{"link_name":"Ariobarzanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Persis"},{"link_name":"Persis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persis"},{"link_name":"Abulites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abulites"},{"link_name":"Susiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susiana"},{"link_name":"Mazaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaeus"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic satraps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers"}],"text":"Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575061207.\nRoisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian, eds. (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-44-435163-7.vteRulers in the Achaemenid EmpireFamily tree - Achaemenid KingdomKings of Kingsof the Achaemenid Empire\nAchaemenes\nAriaramnes\nArsames\nTeispes\nCyrus I\nCambyses I\nCyrus the Great\nCambyses II\nBardiya\nDarius the Great\nXerxes I\nArtaxerxes I\nXerxes II\nSogdianus\nDarius II\nArtaxerxes II Mnemon\nArtaxerxes III Ochus\nArtaxerxes IV Arses\nDarius III Codomannus\nArtaxerxes V Bessus\nSatraps of Lydia\nTabalus\nMazares\nHarpagus\nOroetus\nBagaeus\nOtanes\nArtaphernes I\nArtaphernes II\nPissuthnes\nTissaphernes\nCyrus the Younger\nTissaphernes\nTithraustes\nTiribazus\nStruthas\nAutophradates\nSpithridates\nSatraps of Hellespontine Phrygia\nMitrobates\nMegabazus\nMegabates\nOebares II\nArtabazus I\nPharnabazus I\nPharnaces II\nPharnabazus II\nAriobarzanes\nArtabazus II\nPharnabazus III\nArsites\nSatraps of Cappadocia\nDatames\nAriamnes I\nMithrobuzanes\nAriarathes I\nGreek Governors of Asia Minor cities\nMiltiades\nDemaratus\nGongylos\nEurysthenes\nProkles\nHistiaeus\nAristagoras\nThemistocles\nArcheptolis\nAridolis\nAmyntas II\nPhiliscus\nDynasts of Lycia\nKheziga\nKybernis\nKuprlli\nHarpagus\nTeththiweibi\nKheriga\nKherei\nArbinas\nArtembares\nArtumpara\nMithrapata\nPerikle\nDynasts of Caria\nLygdamis I\nArtemisia\nPisindelis\nLygdamis II\nAdusius (satrap)\nHecatomnus\nMausolus\nArtemisia II\nIdrieus\nAda\nPixodarus\nOrontobates\nKings of Macedonia\nAmyntas I of Macedon\nAlexander I of Macedon\nKings of Tyre\nMattan IV\nBoulomenus\nAbdemon\nEvagoras\nAzemilcus\nKings of Sidon\nEshmunazar I\nTabnit\nQueen Amoashtart (regent)\nEshmunazar II\nBodashtart\nYatonmilk\nAnysos\nTetramnestos\nBaalshillem I\nBaana\nBaalshillem II\nAbdashtart I\nTennes\nEvagoras II\nAbdashtart II\nAbdashtart III\nSatraps of Armenia\nArtasyrus\nOrontes I\nDarius III\nOrontes II\nSatraps of Egypt\nAryandes\nPherendates\nAchaemenes\nArsames\nPherendates II\nSabaces\nMazaces\nSatraps of Bactria\nHystaspes\nDadarsi\nMasistes\nBessus\nSatraps of Media\nHydarnes\nHydarnes the Younger\nAtropates\nSatraps of Cilicia\nSyennesis\nCamisares\nMazaeus\nArsames\nOther known satraps\nMegabyzus, Abrocomas, Belesys (Syria)\nOchus (Hyrcania)\nSatibarzanes (Aria)\nAtizyes (Greater Phrygia)\nPhrataphernes (Parthia)\nAriobarzanes (Persis)\nAbulites (Susiana)\nMazaeus (Babylon)\nIn most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by Hellenistic satraps and Hellenistic rulers from around 330 BC","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/120px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"McNicoll, Milner; McNicoll, Anthony; Milner, N. P. (1997). Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates. Oxford monographs on classical archaeology. Clarendon Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780198132288. Retrieved 2018-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qmYEKxjV5bIC","url_text":"Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press","url_text":"Clarendon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198132288","url_text":"9780198132288"}]},{"reference":"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VIII: Chapters 97‑144.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/8C*.html","url_text":"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VIII: Chapters 97‑144"}]},{"reference":"Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1575061207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Briant","url_text":"Briant, Pierre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575061207","url_text":"978-1575061207"}]},{"reference":"Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian, eds. (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-44-435163-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345","url_text":"A Companion to Ancient Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-435163-7","url_text":"978-1-44-435163-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qmYEKxjV5bIC","external_links_name":"Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Herodotus/8C*.html","external_links_name":"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VIII: Chapters 97‑144"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&q=Achaemenid+Persians+ruled+balkans&pg=PA345","external_links_name":"A Companion to Ancient Macedonia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry_bumblebee
Bombus monticola
["1 Description","2 Ecology","3 Taxonomy","4 Distribution","5 References"]
Species of bee Bombus monticola Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Genus: Bombus Subgenus: Pyrobombus Species: B. monticola Binomial name Bombus monticolaSmith, 1849 Bombus monticola, the bilberry bumblebee, blaeberry bumblebee or mountain bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee found in Europe. Description The bilberry bumblebee is rather small and compact, with a broad head and a short tongue. The queens have an average length of 16 mm (0.63 in), and a wingspan of 32 mm (1.3 in). The corresponding lengths of the other castes are 12 mm (0.47 in) (worker) and 14 mm (0.55 in) (male). In the nominate subspecies, the thorax is black, with the exception of a yellow collar (quite broad on the males) and on the edge of the scutellum. The first, and the frontal part of the second terga (abdominal segments) are black, as is the final tergite, but the rest of the abdomen is yellow to red. Ecology The bumblebee is normally a highland species, often found on bilberry, cranberry, and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). It is a pollen storer; it actively feeds the larvae from a central pollen storage, rather than providing each larval cell with its own pollen container. It nests underground in the abandoned nesting burrows of small mammals, the relatively small nests frequently house less than 50 workers and their life cycle is 3–4 months. In Great Britain the queens emerge from their hibernation during April; the first workers appear in May, and the males and new queens start to emerge in July and last until early October. The cuckoo bumblebee Bombus sylvestris is likely to be parasitic on this species. Taxonomy This species is closely related to Bombus lapponicus but has a more eastern distribution; a number of subspecies are recognised: B. m. monticola, the nominate subspecies, is rather darkly coloured and present on the British Islands. B. m. scandinavicus, the Scandinavian subspecies, is also a more or less dark form. B. m. alpestris is a subspecies present in the Alps and the Balkans. B. m. rondoui lives in the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees. B. m. konradini, living in the Apennines, is a light subspecies with a striking pattern; the thorax is almost zebra-striped in white, black and white. Distribution Bilberry Bumblebee, in sample tube for identification purposes. B. monticola is found in most mountainous areas of Europe, as northern Scandinavia (mostly Norway and northern Sweden; the distribution in Finland is rather patchy, and confined to the area along the Norwegian border), the Alps, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, and in the Balkans. It is also found in the lowlands in northern Norway and the Kola peninsula as on the British Islands. In Britain, it lives on upland habitat, predominantly moorland. The major areas populated by this bumblebee are Dartmoor, Exmoor, the Welsh uplands, the Peak District, the North York Moors, and the Scottish mainland. It is a recent arrival in Ireland (first recorded in the 1970s). In Ireland, it is a montane species (hence the name). It is restricted to upland areas of counties Antrim (in the Northern Ireland part of Ulster) and Dublin, Wicklow, Carlow, and Wexford in the province of Leinster in the Irish Republic. The decline of this species in England has led Natural England to include the bilberry bumble bee in its Species recovery Programme. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bombus monticola. ^ a b "Bombus monticola". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. ^ "Bombus monticola Smith, 1849 Bilberry Bumblebee Names and sources". National Biodiversity Network. Retrieved 10 March 2020. ^ a b c P. Rasmont. "Bombus (Pyrobombus) monticola (Smith, 1849)". Université de Mons. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012. ^ a b c d e Benton, Ted (2006). "Chapter 9: The British Species". Bumblebees. London, UK: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 343–347. ISBN 0007174519. ^ a b c "Less common species of bumblebee found in the UK". Bumblebee.org. Retrieved 24 December 2012. ^ a b c "Bombus monticola Smith,1849". Bees Wasps & Ants Recording Society. 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020. ^ Speight, M.C.D. (1974) Bombus lapponicus, Parasyrphus lineola and Phaonia exoleta insects new to Ireland. Irish Naturalists' Journal 18: 123-124 ^ Fitzpatrick, U., T.E. Murray, A. Byrne, R.J. Paxton & M.J.F. Brown (2006) Regional red list of Irish Bees. Report to National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland) and Environment and Heritage Service (N. Ireland). Taxon identifiersBombus monticola Wikidata: Q1976497 Wikispecies: Bombus monticola BOLD: 31791 CoL: MFQF EoL: 1177351 EUNIS: 254048 Fauna Europaea: 231894 Fauna Europaea (new): 46f2fee6-c515-4cc9-998c-3f2b214241ba GBIF: 1340341 iNaturalist: 181044 ITIS: 714960 NBN: NHMSYS0000875571 NCBI: 103936 Observation.org: 164991 Open Tree of Life: 689189
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBN-2"},{"link_name":"bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATH-3"}],"text":"Bombus monticola, the bilberry bumblebee, blaeberry bumblebee or mountain bumblebee,[2] is a species of bumblebee[1] found in Europe.[3]","title":"Bombus monticola"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBBB-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBORG-5"},{"link_name":"terga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBBB-4"}],"text":"The bilberry bumblebee is rather small and compact, with a broad head and a short tongue. The queens have an average length of 16 mm (0.63 in), and a wingspan of 32 mm (1.3 in).[4] The corresponding lengths of the other castes are 12 mm (0.47 in) (worker) and 14 mm (0.55 in) (male).[5] In the nominate subspecies, the thorax is black, with the exception of a yellow collar (quite broad on the males) and on the edge of the scutellum. The first, and the frontal part of the second terga (abdominal segments) are black, as is the final tergite, but the rest of the abdomen is yellow to red.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBBB-4"},{"link_name":"bilberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry"},{"link_name":"cranberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry"},{"link_name":"Vaccinium vitis-idaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBORG-5"},{"link_name":"pollen storer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollen_storer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBBB-4"},{"link_name":"Bombus sylvestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus_sylvestris"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWARS-6"}],"text":"The bumblebee is normally a highland species,[4] often found on bilberry, cranberry, and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).[5] It is a pollen storer; it actively feeds the larvae from a central pollen storage, rather than providing each larval cell with its own pollen container.[4] It nests underground in the abandoned nesting burrows of small mammals, the relatively small nests frequently house less than 50 workers and their life cycle is 3–4 months. In Great Britain the queens emerge from their hibernation during April; the first workers appear in May, and the males and new queens start to emerge in July and last until early October. The cuckoo bumblebee Bombus sylvestris is likely to be parasitic on this species.[6]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombus lapponicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombus_lapponicus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWARS-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATH-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBORG-5"}],"text":"This species is closely related to Bombus lapponicus but has a more eastern distribution;[6] a number of subspecies are recognised:[3]B. m. monticola, the nominate subspecies, is rather darkly coloured and present on the British Islands.\nB. m. scandinavicus, the Scandinavian subspecies, is also a more or less dark form.\nB. m. alpestris is a subspecies present in the Alps and the Balkans.\nB. m. rondoui lives in the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees.\nB. m. konradini, living in the Apennines, is a light subspecies with a striking pattern; the thorax is almost zebra-striped in white, black and white.[5]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilberry_Bumblebee_in_Sample_Tube.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Cantabrian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Apennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennines"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"British Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATH-3"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Dartmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmoor"},{"link_name":"Exmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Peak District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District"},{"link_name":"North York Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Moors"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TBBB-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicklow"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford"},{"link_name":"Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster"},{"link_name":"Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Natural England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWARS-6"}],"text":"Bilberry Bumblebee, in sample tube for identification purposes.B. monticola is found in most mountainous areas of Europe, as northern Scandinavia (mostly Norway and northern Sweden; the distribution in Finland is rather patchy, and confined to the area along the Norwegian border), the Alps, the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, and in the Balkans. It is also found in the lowlands in northern Norway and the Kola peninsula as on the British Islands.[3] In Britain, it lives on upland habitat, predominantly moorland. The major areas populated by this bumblebee are Dartmoor, Exmoor, the Welsh uplands, the Peak District, the North York Moors, and the Scottish mainland.[4]It is a recent arrival in Ireland (first recorded in the 1970s).[7] In Ireland, it is a montane species (hence the name). It is restricted to upland areas of counties Antrim (in the Northern Ireland part of Ulster) and Dublin, Wicklow, Carlow, and Wexford in the province of Leinster in the Irish Republic.[8] The decline of this species in England has led Natural England to include the bilberry bumble bee in its Species recovery Programme.[6]","title":"Distribution"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Bombus monticola\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=714960","url_text":"\"Bombus monticola\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"\"Bombus monticola Smith, 1849 Bilberry Bumblebee Names and sources\". National Biodiversity Network. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000875571#names","url_text":"\"Bombus monticola Smith, 1849 Bilberry Bumblebee Names and sources\""}]},{"reference":"P. Rasmont. \"Bombus (Pyrobombus) monticola (Smith, 1849)\". Université de Mons. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714114427/http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/pagetaxon.asp?tx_id=3048","url_text":"\"Bombus (Pyrobombus) monticola (Smith, 1849)\""},{"url":"http://zoologie.umh.ac.be/hymenoptera/pagetaxon.asp?tx_id=3048","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Benton, Ted (2006). \"Chapter 9: The British Species\". Bumblebees. London, UK: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 343–347. ISBN 0007174519.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0007174519","url_text":"0007174519"}]},{"reference":"\"Less common species of bumblebee found in the UK\". Bumblebee.org. Retrieved 24 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bumblebee.org/uncommonSp.htm","url_text":"\"Less common species of bumblebee found in the UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bombus monticola Smith,1849\". Bees Wasps & Ants Recording Society. 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bwars.com/bee/apidae/bombus-monticola","url_text":"\"Bombus monticola Smith,1849\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_A._Parrilo
Pablo Parrilo
["1 References"]
Pablo A. Parrilo from MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for contributions to semidefinite and sum-of-squares optimization. He was named a SIAM Fellow in 2018. References ^ "2016 elevated fellow" (PDF). IEEE Fellows Directory. ^ "SIAM Announces Class of 2018 Fellows", SIAM News, March 29, 2018 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel Academics Association for Computing Machinery DBLP Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Scopus zbMATH This article about an Argentine engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pablo Parrilo"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_vehicle_health_management
Integrated vehicle health management
["1 Aims of IVHM","2 History","2.1 Origins","2.2 First space prognostics","2.3 Further development","3 Philosophy","4 Architecture","5 References","6 See also"]
Integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) or integrated system health management (ISHM) is the unified capability of systems to assess the current or future state of the member system health and integrate that picture of system health within a framework of available resources and operational demand. Aims of IVHM The aims of IVHM are to enable better management of vehicle and vehicle fleet health. Improve safety through use of diagnostics and prognostics to fix faults before they are an issue. Improve availability through better maintenance scheduling Improve reliability through a more thorough understanding of the current health of the system and prognosis based maintenance Reduce total cost of maintenance through reduction of unnecessary maintenance and avoidance of unscheduled maintenance This is achieved through correct use of reliable sensing and prognosis systems to monitor part health and also using usage data to assist in understanding the load experienced and likely future vehicle load. History Origins It has been suggested that IVHM as a named concept has been around since the 1970s. However, there does not seem to be much in the way of written evidence of this. IVHM as a concept grew out of popular aviation maintenance methods. It was a natural next step from condition based maintenance. As sensors improved and our understanding of the systems concerned grew, it became possible to not just detect failure but also to predict it. The high unit cost & high maintenance cost of aircraft & spacecraft made any advance in maintenance methods very attractive. NASA was one of the first organisations to use the name IVHM to describe how they wanted to approach maintenance of spacecraft in the future. They created NASA-CR-192656, in 1992 with the assistance of the General Research Corporation and the Orbital Technologies Corporation. This was a goals & objectives document in which they discussed the technology and maintenance concepts that they believed would be necessary to enhance safety while reducing maintenance costs in their next generation vehicles. Many companies since then have become interested in IVHM and body of literature has increased substantially. There are now IVHM solutions for many different types of vehicle from the JSF to commercial haulage vehicles. First space prognostics The first published history of predicting spacecraft equipment failures occurred on the 12 Rockwell/U.S. Air Force Global Positioning System Block I (Phase 1) satellites using non-repeatable transient events (NRTE) and GPS Kalman filter data from the GPS Master Control Station, between 1978 and 1984 by the GPS Space and Ground Segment Manager. NRTEs were isolated to the GPS satellites after mission operations support personnel replayed the real-time satellite telemetry ruling out RF and land-line noise caused from poor Eb/No or S/N and data acquisition and display system processing problems. The GPS satellite's subsystem equipment vendors diagnosed the NRTEs as systemic noise that preceded the equipment failures because at the time, it was believed that all equipment failures occurred instantaneously and randomly and so equipment failures could not be predicted (e.g. equipment failures exhibited memoryless behavior). Rockwell International GPS Systems Engineering Manager ordered a stop to predicting GPS satellite equipment failures in 1983 claiming it wasn't possible and the company was not on contract to do so. The prognostic analysis that was completed on the GPS satellite telemetry was published quarterly contractually as a CDRL to the GPS Program Office personnel and a wide variety of Air Force subcontractors working on the GPS program. Further development One of the key milestones in the creation of IVHM for aircraft was the series of ARINC standards that enabled different manufacturers to create equipment that would work together and be able to send diagnostic data from the aircraft to the maintenance organisation on the ground. ACARS is frequently used to communicate maintenance and operational data between the flight crew and the ground crew. This has led to concepts which have been adopted in IVHM. Another milestone was the creation of health and usage monitoring systems(HUMS) for helicopters operating in support of the Oil rigs in the North Sea. This is key concept that usage data can be used to assist maintenance planning. FOQA or Flight Data systems are similar to HUMS as they monitor the vehicle usage. They are useful for IVHM in the same way as they allow the usage of the vehicle to be thoroughly understood which aids in the design of future vehicles. It also allows excessive loads and usage to be identified and corrected. For example, if an aircraft was experiencing frequent heavy landings the maintenance schedule for the undercarriage could be changed to ensure that they are not wearing too fast under the increased load. The load carried by the aircraft could be lessened in future or operators could be given additional training to improve the quality of the landings. The growing nature of this field led Boeing to set up an IVHM centre with Cranfield University in 2008 to act as a world leading research hub. The IVHM centre has since then offered the world's first IVHM Msc course and hosts several PhD students researching the application of IVHM to different fields. Philosophy This graphic depicts the information flow within the IVHM concept as described by Professor Ian Jennions et al. of the IVHM Centre, Cranfield University. This graphic also appears in a similar form in the 2011 IVHM book. IVHM is concerned not just with the current condition of the vehicle but also with health across its whole life cycle. IVHM examines the vehicle health against the vehicle usage data and within the context of similar information for other vehicles within the fleet. In use vehicles display unique usage characteristics and also some characteristics common across the fleet. Where usage data and system health data is available these can be analysed to identify these characteristics. This is useful in the Identification of problems unique to one vehicle as well as identifying trends in vehicle degradation across the entire fleet. IVHM is a concept for the complete maintenance life cycle of a vehicle (or machine plant installation). It makes extensive use of embedded sensors and self-monitoring equipment combined with prognostics and diagnostic reasoning. In the case of vehicles it is typical for there to be a data acquisition module on-board and a diagnostic unit. Some vehicles can transfer selected data back to base while in use through various rf systems. Whenever the vehicle is at base the data is also transferred to a set of maintenance computers that also process that data for a deeper understanding of the true health of the vehicle. The usage of the vehicle can also be matched to the degradation of parts and improve the prognostics prediction accuracy. The remaining useful life is used to plan replacement or repair of the part at some convenient time prior to failure. The inconvenience of taking the vehicle out of service is balanced against the cost of unscheduled maintenance to ensure that the part is replaced at the optimum point prior to failure. This process has been compared to the process of choosing when to buy financial options as the cost of scheduled maintenance must be balanced against the risk of failure and the cost of unscheduled maintenance. This differs from Condition-based maintenance(CBM) where the part is replaced once it has failed or once a threshold is passed. This often involves taking the vehicle out of service with at an inconvenient time when it could be generating revenue. It is preferable to use an IVHM approach to replace it at the most convenient time. This allows the reduction in waste component life caused by replacing the part too early and also reducing cost incurred by unscheduled maintenance. This is possible due to the increased prognostic distance provided by an IVHM solution. There are many technologies that are used in IVHM. The field itself is still growing and many techniques are still being added to the body of knowledge. Architecture Health monitoring sensors are designed into the vehicle and report to a data processing unit. Some of the data may be manipulated on board for immediate system diagnosis and prognosis. Less time critical data is processed off board. All the historical data for the vehicle can be compared with current performance to identify degradation trends at a more detailed level than could be done on board the vehicle. This is all used to improve reliability and availability and the data is also fed back to the manufacturer for them to improve their product. A standard architecture for IVHM has been proposed as the OSA-CBM standard which gives a structure for data gathering, analysis and action. This is intended to facilitate interoperability between IVHM systems of different suppliers. The key parts within OSA-CBM are Data acquisition (DA) Data manipulation (DM) State detection (SD) Health assessment (HA) Prognosis assessment (PA) Advisory generation (AG) These are laid out within ISO 13374 The system is not intended to replace safety critical warnings such as an aircraft's flight management system but instead to complement them and perhaps also leverage existing sensors for assistance with system health monitoring. Ideal systems to monitor are those systems, subsystems & structural elements which are likely to show graceful degradation so that they can be repaired or replaced at a convenient time prior to failure. This gives a saving over condition based maintenance as once a part has failed often a vehicle cannot be used until repaired. This often results in scheduling difficulties if the vehicle fails when it was needed for revenue generation and cannot be used. In contrast IVHM can be used to replace the part during vehicle downtime prior to failure. This ensures that it can continue to generate revenue as scheduled. Communications between the vehicle and the maintenance organisation are crucial to fixing faults in a timely manner. The balance of how much data should be sent to the maintainer during use and how much should be downloaded while in maintenance is a one that must be judged carefully. One example of this is what is known as fault forwarding. When an aircraft experiences a fault the flight management system reports it to the flight crew but also sends a message through ACARS to the maintenance team so that they can start their maintenance planning before the aircraft has landed. This yields a time advantage as they know some of the parts and personnel required to fix the fault before the aircraft has landed. However the communication link does cost money and has a limited bandwidth so the worth of this health & usage data must be judged carefully with consideration given as to whether it should be transmitted or merely downloaded during the next maintenance or as part of the operator shutdown process. References ^ Jennions, I.K, Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Perspectives on an Emerging Field URL:http://books.sae.org/book-r-405 ^ Aaseng, G.B. Blueprint for an integrated vehicle health management system. In proceedings of the 20th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Daytona Beach, Florida, USA, 14–18 October, vol. 1, pp. 3.C.1-1-3.C.1-11 ^ NASA.gov ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Research and technology goals and objectives for integrated vehicle health management (IVHM). Report NASA-CR-192656, October 1992, NASA Technical Reports Server https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930013844&hterms=192656&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%2520%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26Ntt%3D192656 ^ "Welcome to Orbital Technologies Corporation". Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2012-04-23. ^ Sudolsky, M; ARINC 573/717, 767 and 647A: The Logical choice for Maintenance recording and IVHM Interface Control or Frame Updates, Annual Conference of the Prognostics and Heath Management Society, 2009 ^ "Boeing in the UK: Integrated Vehicle Health Management Centre". Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-04-23. ^ "Content not found". ^ Jennions, I.K, Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Perspectives on an Emerging Field URL:http://books.sae.org/book-r-405 ^ Haddad, G.; Sandborn, P.; Pecht, M; ," Using Real Options to Manage Condition-Based Maintenance Enabled by PHM", 2011 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management, Denver, Colorado, 20–23 June 2011 URL: http://www.calce.umd.edu/articles/abstracts/2011/Real-Options_Manage_Condition-based_PHM_abstract.html ^ "Condition Based Maintenance Strategy for Equipment Failure Prevention". Archived from the original on 2012-04-03. Retrieved 2012-05-25. ^ Jennions, I.K; "The story so Far – Development of an IVHM Centre," 14th Australian International Aerospace Congress, 2 March 2011, URL:http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/ivhm/pdf/aiac14%20keynote.pdf ^ Swearingen, K.; Majkowski, W.; Bruggeman, B.; Gilbertson, D.; Dunsdon, J.; Sykes, B.; , "An Open System Architecture for Condition Based Maintenance Overview," Aerospace Conference, 2007 IEEE pp. 1-8, 3–10 March 2007; doi: 10.1109/AERO.2007.352921. URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4161678 ^ ISO. Geneva, Switzerland, 2002, ISO 13374-1, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines – Data processing, communication and presentation – Part 1: General Guidelines. URL: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=21832 See also Digital twin health and usage monitoring systems
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Integrated vehicle health management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety"},{"link_name":"availability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability"},{"link_name":"scheduling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_maintenance"},{"link_name":"reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations"}],"text":"The aims of IVHM are to enable better management of vehicle and vehicle fleet health.Improve safety through use of diagnostics and prognostics to fix faults before they are an issue.\nImprove availability through better maintenance scheduling\nImprove reliability through a more thorough understanding of the current health of the system and prognosis based maintenance\nReduce total cost of maintenance through reduction of unnecessary maintenance and avoidance of unscheduled maintenanceThis is achieved through correct use of reliable sensing and prognosis systems to monitor part health and also using usage data to assist in understanding the load experienced and likely future vehicle load.","title":"Aims of IVHM"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"JSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Strike_Fighter_(video_game)"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"It has been suggested that IVHM as a named concept has been around since the 1970s.[2]\nHowever, there does not seem to be much in the way of written evidence of this. IVHM as a concept grew out of popular aviation maintenance methods. It was a natural next step from condition based maintenance. As sensors improved and our understanding of the systems concerned grew, it became possible to not just detect failure but also to predict it. The high unit cost & high maintenance cost of aircraft & spacecraft made any advance in maintenance methods very attractive. \nNASA[3] was one of the first organisations to use the name IVHM to describe how they wanted to approach maintenance of spacecraft in the future. They created NASA-CR-192656,[4] in 1992 with the assistance of the General Research Corporation and the Orbital Technologies Corporation.[5] This was a goals & objectives document in which they discussed the technology and maintenance concepts that they believed would be necessary to enhance safety while reducing maintenance costs in their next generation vehicles. Many companies since then have become interested in IVHM and body of literature has increased substantially. There are now IVHM solutions for many different types of vehicle from the JSF to commercial haulage vehicles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eb/No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb/No"},{"link_name":"S/N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"}],"sub_title":"First space prognostics","text":"The first published history of predicting spacecraft equipment failures occurred on the 12 Rockwell/U.S. Air Force Global Positioning System Block I (Phase 1) satellites using non-repeatable transient events (NRTE) and GPS Kalman filter data from the GPS Master Control Station, between 1978 and 1984 by the GPS Space and Ground Segment Manager. NRTEs were isolated to the GPS satellites after mission operations support personnel replayed the real-time satellite telemetry ruling out RF and land-line noise caused from poor Eb/No or S/N and data acquisition and display system processing problems. The GPS satellite's subsystem equipment vendors diagnosed the NRTEs as systemic noise that preceded the equipment failures because at the time, it was believed that all equipment failures occurred instantaneously and randomly and so equipment failures could not be predicted (e.g. equipment failures exhibited memoryless behavior). Rockwell International GPS Systems Engineering Manager ordered a stop to predicting GPS satellite equipment failures in 1983 claiming it wasn't possible and the company was not on contract to do so. The prognostic analysis that was completed on the GPS satellite telemetry was published quarterly contractually as a CDRL to the GPS Program Office personnel and a wide variety of Air Force subcontractors working on the GPS program.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARINC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ACARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACARS"},{"link_name":"health and usage monitoring systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_usage_monitoring_systems"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopters"},{"link_name":"Oil rigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"FOQA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOQA"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cranfield University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranfield_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Further development","text":"One of the key milestones in the creation of IVHM for aircraft was the series of ARINC standards that enabled different manufacturers to create equipment that would work together and be able to send diagnostic data from the aircraft to the maintenance organisation on the ground.[6] ACARS is frequently used to communicate maintenance and operational data between the flight crew and the ground crew. This has led to concepts which have been adopted in IVHM.Another milestone was the creation of health and usage monitoring systems(HUMS) for helicopters operating in support of the Oil rigs in the North Sea. This is key concept that usage data can be used to assist maintenance planning.\nFOQA or Flight Data systems are similar to HUMS as they monitor the vehicle usage. They are useful for IVHM in the same way as they allow the usage of the vehicle to be thoroughly understood which aids in the design of future vehicles. It also allows excessive loads and usage to be identified and corrected. For example, if an aircraft was experiencing frequent heavy landings the maintenance schedule for the undercarriage could be changed to ensure that they are not wearing too fast under the increased load. The load carried by the aircraft could be lessened in future or operators could be given additional training to improve the quality of the landings.The growing nature of this field led Boeing[7] to set up an IVHM centre with Cranfield University in 2008 to act as a world leading research hub.[8] The IVHM centre has since then offered the world's first IVHM Msc course and hosts several PhD students researching the application of IVHM to different fields.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IVHM_Graphic.pdf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/life_cycle"},{"link_name":"characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_subgroup"},{"link_name":"embedded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensors"},{"link_name":"prognostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognostics"},{"link_name":"diagnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic"},{"link_name":"prognostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognostics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Condition-based maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition-based_maintenance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"This graphic depicts the information flow within the IVHM concept as described by Professor Ian Jennions et al. of the IVHM Centre, Cranfield University. This graphic also appears in a similar form in the 2011 IVHM book.[9]IVHM is concerned not just with the current condition of the vehicle but also with health across its whole life cycle. IVHM examines the vehicle health against the vehicle usage data and within the context of similar information for other vehicles within the fleet. In use vehicles display unique usage characteristics and also some characteristics common across the fleet. Where usage data and system health data is available these can be analysed to identify these characteristics. This is useful in the \nIdentification of problems unique to one vehicle as well as identifying trends in vehicle degradation across the entire fleet.IVHM is a concept for the complete maintenance life cycle of a vehicle (or machine plant installation). It makes extensive use of embedded sensors and self-monitoring equipment combined with prognostics and diagnostic reasoning. In the case of vehicles it is typical for there to be a data acquisition module on-board and a diagnostic unit. Some vehicles can transfer selected data back to base while in use through various rf systems. Whenever the vehicle is at base the data is also transferred to a set of maintenance computers that also process that data for a deeper understanding of the true health of the vehicle. The usage of the vehicle can also be matched to the degradation of parts and improve the prognostics prediction accuracy.The remaining useful life is used to plan replacement or repair of the part at some convenient time prior to failure. The inconvenience of taking the vehicle out of service is balanced against the cost of unscheduled maintenance to ensure that the part is replaced at the optimum point prior to failure. This process has been compared to the process of choosing when to buy financial options as the cost of scheduled maintenance must be balanced against the risk of failure and the cost of unscheduled maintenance.[10]This differs from Condition-based maintenance(CBM) where the part is replaced once it has failed or once a threshold is passed.[11] This often involves taking the vehicle out of service with at an inconvenient time when it could be generating revenue. It is preferable to use an IVHM approach to replace it at the most convenient time. This allows the reduction in waste component life caused by replacing the part too early and also reducing cost incurred by unscheduled maintenance. This is possible due to the increased prognostic distance provided by an IVHM solution. There are many technologies that are used in IVHM. The field itself is still growing and many techniques are still being added to the body of knowledge.","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"fault forwarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_forwarding"},{"link_name":"ACARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACARS"}],"text":"Health monitoring sensors are designed into the vehicle and report to a data processing unit. Some of the data may be manipulated on board for immediate system diagnosis and prognosis. Less time critical data is processed off board. All the historical data for the vehicle can be compared with current performance to identify degradation trends at a more detailed level than could be done on board the vehicle. This is all used to improve reliability and availability and the data is also fed back to the manufacturer for them to improve their product.[12]A standard architecture for IVHM has been proposed as the OSA-CBM[13] standard which gives a structure for data gathering, analysis and action. This is intended to facilitate interoperability between IVHM systems of different suppliers.\nThe key parts within OSA-CBM areData acquisition (DA)\nData manipulation (DM)\nState detection (SD)\nHealth assessment (HA)\nPrognosis assessment (PA)\nAdvisory generation (AG)These are laid out within ISO 13374[14]The system is not intended to replace safety critical warnings such as an aircraft's flight management system but instead to complement them and perhaps also leverage existing sensors for assistance with system health monitoring. Ideal systems to monitor are those systems, subsystems & structural elements which are likely to show graceful degradation so that they can be repaired or replaced at a convenient time prior to failure. This gives a saving over condition based maintenance as once a part has failed often a vehicle cannot be used until repaired. This often results in scheduling difficulties if the vehicle fails when it was needed for revenue generation and cannot be used. In contrast IVHM can be used to replace the part during vehicle downtime prior to failure. This ensures that it can continue to generate revenue as scheduled.Communications between the vehicle and the maintenance organisation are crucial to fixing faults in a timely manner. The balance of how much data should be sent to the maintainer during use and how much should be downloaded while in maintenance is a one that must be judged carefully. One example of this is what is known as fault forwarding. When an aircraft experiences a fault the flight management system reports it to the flight crew but also sends a message through ACARS to the maintenance team so that they can start their maintenance planning before the aircraft has landed. This yields a time advantage as they know some of the parts and personnel required to fix the fault before the aircraft has landed. However the communication link does cost money and has a limited bandwidth so the worth of this health & usage data must be judged carefully with consideration given as to whether it should be transmitted or merely downloaded during the next maintenance or as part of the operator shutdown process.","title":"Architecture"}]
[{"image_text":"This graphic depicts the information flow within the IVHM concept as described by Professor Ian Jennions et al. of the IVHM Centre, Cranfield University. This graphic also appears in a similar form in the 2011 IVHM book.[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IVHM_Graphic.pdf/page1-660px-IVHM_Graphic.pdf.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Digital twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_twin"},{"title":"health and usage monitoring systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_usage_monitoring_systems"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annmarie_Adams
Annmarie Adams
["1 Career","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian architectural historian Annmarie AdamsAnnmarie Adams speaking at an IGSF event in February 2013Born1960 (age 63–64)London, OntarioNationalityCanadianAlma materUniversity of California, Berkeley, MArch and PhDMcGill University, BAAwardsJohn K. Branner Travelling Fellowship from the University of California at Berkeley, 1985-86E. McClung Fleming Fellowship in American Cultural, Social, and Intellectual History from the Winterthur Museum in 1991-92Jason Hannah Medal from the Royal Society of Canada, 1999William Dawson Scholar McGill University, 2000Woman of Distinction Award from the YWCA, category Science and Technology, 2002William C. Macdonald chair McGill University, 2005 Arcus Endowment Scholar-in-Residence Award from the College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley, 2008Scientific careerFieldsArchitectural HistoryHistory of MedicineWomen's StudiesInstitutionsMcGill UniversityDoctoral advisorDell Upton Annmarie Adams (born 1960) is an architectural historian and university professor. She is the former Chair of the Department of Social Studies of Medicine and is the former Director of the School of Architecture at McGill University. Adams specializes in healthcare architecture and gendered space. At McGill she teaches courses in architectural history and research methods. She is the inaugural holder of the Stevenson Chair in the History and Philosophy of Science, including Medicine. She is a board member of the Society of Architectural Historians and former board member of the Vernacular Architecture Forum. Career Adams focused on domestic architecture in the 1990s and turned to hospital environments about 2000. A paper exploring the intentions and experience of women and children in suburban California established research questions to which Adams would return repeatedly. How do buildings express behavioral expectations and do users of houses simply do what they are told? She followed this up with studies of wartime housing in Canada; privacy and girlhood in 19th-century Quebec; and sick children and maternal care. She and colleagues contributed to an award-winning website, Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History, by showcasing the role of a Montreal house in an unsolved double murder. Her more recent works examine Art Deco architecture and hospitals; and the architecture of the Montreal Neurological Institute and neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield. She is currently writing a biography of museum curator and physician Maude Abbott. Adams has received numerous awards for her academic work including the President's Medal for Media in Architecture (2017) from the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, the Hilda Neatby Prize (1994) from the Canadian Historical Association (CHA), the Jason Hannah Medal (1999) from the Royal Society of Canada (RSA), and a Woman of Distinction award (2002) from the Montreal YWCA. She has served in administrative roles including as Curator of the Osler Library and Director of the Institute for Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies (IGSF) at McGill University in 2010-11. Bibliography Architecture in the Family Way: Doctors, Houses, and Women, 1870-1900. 1996. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773513860 Contrary to the widely held belief that the home symbolized a refuge and safe haven to Victorians, Adams reveals that middle-class houses were actually considered poisonous and dangerous and explores the involvement of physicians in exposing "unhealthy" architecture and designing improved domestic environments. "Designing Women": Gender and the Architectural Profession. (co-written with Peta Tancred) 2000. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802082190 Adams and Tancred examine the issue of gender and its relation to the larger dynamics of status and power. They argue that many women architects have reacted with ingenuity to the difficulties they have faced, making major innovations in practice and design. Medicine by Design: The Architect and the Modern Hospital, 1893-1943. 2008. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816651146 Medicine by Design examines how hospital design influenced the development of twentieth-century medicine and demonstrates the importance of these specialized buildings in the history of architecture. References ^ "Annmarie Adams". Retrieved June 1, 2013. ^ Adams, Annmarie. "The Eichler Home: Intention and Experience in Postwar Suburbia" (PDF). Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ Adams, Annmarie; Sijpkes, Pieter (1995). "Wartime Housing and Architectural Change, 1942-1992" (PDF). Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ Adams, Annmarie; Gossage, Peter (1998). "Chez Fadette: Girlhood, Family, and Private Space in Late-Nineteenth-Century Saint-Hyacinthe" (PDF). Retrieved June 1, 2013. ^ Adams, Annmarie; Gossage, Peter (2008). "Sick Children and the Thresholds of Domesticity: The Dawson-Harrington Families at Home" (PDF). Retrieved May 24, 2013. ^ Adams, Annmarie; Theodore, David (2003). "The Redpath Mansion Mystery". Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ Elliott, Bridget; Windover, Michael (2019). The Routledge Companion to Art Deco. Routledge. pp. 160–175. ISBN 9780429627408. ^ Adams, Annmarie (2019). "Designing Penfield: Inside the Montreal Neurological Institute". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 93 (2): 207–240. doi:10.1353/bhm.2019.0027. ISSN 1086-3176. PMID 31303629. S2CID 196612811. ^ "Annmarie Adams". 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2013. ^ "Women's Y Foundation Montreal". 2002. Retrieved May 2, 2017. ^ Adams, Annmarie (2011). "Farewell from Outgoing Director". Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013. External links Annmarie Adams, page on McGill University School of Architecture website McGill Reporter, Interview by Neale McDevitt with Annmarie Adams Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architectural historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_historian"},{"link_name":"Department of Social Studies of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Department_of_Social_Studies_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University_Faculty_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"research methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_methods"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Director:_Annmarie_Adams-1"},{"link_name":"Stevenson Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Stevenson"}],"text":"Annmarie Adams (born 1960) is an architectural historian and university professor. She is the former Chair of the Department of Social Studies of Medicine and is the former Director of the School of Architecture at McGill University. Adams specializes in healthcare architecture and gendered space. At McGill she teaches courses in architectural history and research methods.[1] She is the inaugural holder of the Stevenson Chair in the History and Philosophy of Science, including Medicine. She is a board member of the Society of Architectural Historians and former board member of the Vernacular Architecture Forum.","title":"Annmarie Adams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Eichler_Home-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wartime_Housing-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chez_Fadette-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sick_Children-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redpath_Mansion-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Architectural Institute of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Architectural_Institute_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Hilda Neatby Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Neatby"},{"link_name":"Canadian Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Association"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards2-10"},{"link_name":"Osler Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osler_Library"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGSF-11"}],"text":"Adams focused on domestic architecture in the 1990s and turned to hospital environments about 2000. A paper exploring the intentions and experience of women and children in suburban California established research questions to which Adams would return repeatedly.[2] How do buildings express behavioral expectations and do users of houses simply do what they are told? She followed this up with studies of wartime housing in Canada;[3] privacy and girlhood in 19th-century Quebec;[4] and sick children and maternal care.[5] She and colleagues contributed to an award-winning website, Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History, by showcasing the role of a Montreal house in an unsolved double murder.[6] Her more recent works examine Art Deco architecture and hospitals;[7] and the architecture of the Montreal Neurological Institute and neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield.[8] She is currently writing a biography of museum curator and physician Maude Abbott.Adams has received numerous awards for her academic work including the President's Medal for Media in Architecture (2017) from the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, the Hilda Neatby Prize (1994) from the Canadian Historical Association (CHA), the Jason Hannah Medal (1999) from the Royal Society of Canada (RSA), and a Woman of Distinction award (2002) from the Montreal YWCA.[9][10]She has served in administrative roles including as Curator of the Osler Library and Director of the Institute for Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies (IGSF) at McGill University in 2010-11.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780773513860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773513860"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802082190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802082190"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780816651146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816651146"}],"text":"Architecture in the Family Way: Doctors, Houses, and Women, 1870-1900. 1996. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773513860Contrary to the widely held belief that the home symbolized a refuge and safe haven to Victorians, Adams reveals that middle-class houses were actually considered poisonous and dangerous and explores the involvement of physicians in exposing \"unhealthy\" architecture and designing improved domestic environments.\"Designing Women\": Gender and the Architectural Profession. (co-written with Peta Tancred) 2000. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802082190Adams and Tancred examine the issue of gender and its relation to the larger dynamics of status and power. They argue that many women architects have reacted with ingenuity to the difficulties they have faced, making major innovations in practice and design.Medicine by Design: The Architect and the Modern Hospital, 1893-1943. 2008. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816651146Medicine by Design examines how hospital design influenced the development of twentieth-century medicine and demonstrates the importance of these specialized buildings in the history of architecture.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Annmarie Adams\". Retrieved June 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/architecture/faculty/adams","url_text":"\"Annmarie Adams\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Annmarie. \"The Eichler Home: Intention and Experience in Postwar Suburbia\" (PDF). Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/architecture/sites/mcgill.ca.architecture/files/1995adamsatheeichlerhome.pdf","url_text":"\"The Eichler Home: Intention and Experience in Postwar Suburbia\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Annmarie; Sijpkes, Pieter (1995). \"Wartime Housing and Architectural Change, 1942-1992\" (PDF). Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/architecture/sites/mcgill.ca.architecture/files/1995adamsasijpkespwartimehousingandarchitectualchange.pdf","url_text":"\"Wartime Housing and Architectural Change, 1942-1992\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Annmarie; Gossage, Peter (1998). \"Chez Fadette: Girlhood, Family, and Private Space in Late-Nineteenth-Century Saint-Hyacinthe\" (PDF). Retrieved June 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/architecture/sites/mcgill.ca.architecture/files/1998chezfadette.pdf","url_text":"\"Chez Fadette: Girlhood, Family, and Private Space in Late-Nineteenth-Century Saint-Hyacinthe\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Annmarie; Gossage, Peter (2008). \"Sick Children and the Thresholds of Domesticity: The Dawson-Harrington Families at Home\" (PDF). Retrieved May 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/architecture/sites/mcgill.ca.architecture/files/designingmodernchildhoods.pdf","url_text":"\"Sick Children and the Thresholds of Domesticity: The Dawson-Harrington Families at Home\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Annmarie; Theodore, David (2003). \"The Redpath Mansion Mystery\". Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/redpath/home/indexen.html","url_text":"\"The Redpath Mansion Mystery\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Bridget; Windover, Michael (2019). The Routledge Companion to Art Deco. Routledge. pp. 160–175. ISBN 9780429627408.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7UufDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1927&dq=%22art+deco+medicine%22+annmarie+adams#q=%22art%20deco%20medicine%22%20annmarie%20adams","url_text":"The Routledge Companion to Art Deco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429627408","url_text":"9780429627408"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Annmarie (2019). \"Designing Penfield: Inside the Montreal Neurological Institute\". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 93 (2): 207–240. doi:10.1353/bhm.2019.0027. ISSN 1086-3176. PMID 31303629. S2CID 196612811.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/729238","url_text":"\"Designing Penfield: Inside the Montreal Neurological Institute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2019.0027","url_text":"10.1353/bhm.2019.0027"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3176","url_text":"1086-3176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303629","url_text":"31303629"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196612811","url_text":"196612811"}]},{"reference":"\"Annmarie Adams\". 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://quebecbooks.qwf.org/authors/view/313","url_text":"\"Annmarie Adams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Women's Y Foundation Montreal\". 2002. Retrieved May 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fondation.ydesfemmesmtl.org/en/women-of-distinction-award/laureates-since-1994/#2002","url_text":"\"Women's Y Foundation Montreal\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Annmarie (2011). \"Farewell from Outgoing Director\". Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130620025223/http://www.mcgill.ca/igsf/igsf-news/news","url_text":"\"Farewell from Outgoing Director\""},{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/igsf/igsf-news/news","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_cinnabarinum
Rhododendron cinnabarinum
["1 References"]
Species of flowering bush Rhododendron cinnabarinum Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Rhododendron Species: R. cinnabarinum Binomial name Rhododendron cinnabarinumHook.f. Synonyms Rhododendron blandfordiaeflorum Rhododendron blandfordiiflorum Hook.f. Rhododendron roylei Hook.f. Rhododendron thibaudense Rhododendron cinnabarinum (朱砂杜鹃) is a rhododendron species native to eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, southeastern Tibet, and southwest China, where it grows at altitudes of 1,900–4,000 m (6,200–13,100 ft). It is a straggling evergreen shrub that grows to 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in height, with leathery leaves that are broadly elliptic, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or ovate, 3–6 by 1.5–2.5 cm in size. The flowers are yellow to cinnabar red, sometimes ranging to plum colors. References Media related to Rhododendron cinnabarinum at Wikimedia Commons ^ "Rhododendron cinnabarinum". Trees and Shrubs Online. International Dendrology Society. Retrieved 22 April 2021. "Rhododendron cinnabarinum", J. D. Hooker, Rhododendr. Sikkim-Himalaya. 1: t. 8. 1849. A Rhododendron bush Close-up of flowers Close-up of leaves Taxon identifiersRhododendron cinnabarinum Wikidata: Q3281106 Wikispecies: Rhododendron cinnabarinum CoL: 4SFNF EPPO: RHOCB FNA: 200016384 FoC: 200016384 GBIF: 7327797 GRIN: 5044 iNaturalist: 464374 IPNI: 332197-1 NCBI: 1044951 Observation.org: 436503 Open Tree of Life: 319208 Plant List: tro-50064371 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332197-1 Tropicos: 50064371 WFO: wfo-0001230677 This Ericaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhododendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"southwest China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_China"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSO-1"},{"link_name":"elliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic"},{"link_name":"cinnabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar"}],"text":"Rhododendron cinnabarinum (朱砂杜鹃) is a rhododendron species native to eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, southeastern Tibet, and southwest China, where it grows at altitudes of 1,900–4,000 m (6,200–13,100 ft). It is a straggling evergreen\nshrub[1] that grows to 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in height, with leathery leaves that are broadly elliptic, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or ovate, 3–6 by 1.5–2.5 cm in size. The flowers are yellow to cinnabar red, sometimes ranging to plum colors.","title":"Rhododendron cinnabarinum"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rhododendron cinnabarinum\". Trees and Shrubs Online. International Dendrology Society. Retrieved 22 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/rhododendron/rhododendron-cinnabarinum/","url_text":"\"Rhododendron cinnabarinum\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/rhododendron/rhododendron-cinnabarinum/","external_links_name":"\"Rhododendron cinnabarinum\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4SFNF","external_links_name":"4SFNF"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/RHOCB","external_links_name":"RHOCB"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200016384","external_links_name":"200016384"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016384","external_links_name":"200016384"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7327797","external_links_name":"7327797"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=5044","external_links_name":"5044"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/464374","external_links_name":"464374"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/332197-1","external_links_name":"332197-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1044951","external_links_name":"1044951"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/436503/","external_links_name":"436503"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=319208","external_links_name":"319208"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-50064371","external_links_name":"tro-50064371"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A332197-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332197-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50064371","external_links_name":"50064371"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001230677","external_links_name":"wfo-0001230677"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhododendron_cinnabarinum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_(The_O%27Jays_album)
Survival (The O'Jays album)
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
1975 studio album by The O'JaysSurvivalStudio album by The O'JaysReleasedApril 1975Recorded1974StudioSigma Sound, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaGenrePhiladelphia soul, R&B, funkLength32:52LabelPhiladelphia International RecordsProducerKenny Gamble, Leon HuffThe O'Jays chronology Ship Ahoy(1973) Survival(1975) Family Reunion(1975) Singles from Survival "Give the People What They Want"Released: April 1975 "Let Me Make Love to You"Released: August 1975 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideC+ Survival is a 1975 album by American R&B group The O'Jays, released on the Philadelphia International Records label. Reception Recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia, and produced by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, Survival includes the R&B chart-topping single "Give the People What They Want" and "Let Me Make Love to You", which reached #10 on the same chart. Survival matched exactly the chart performance of its predecessor Ship Ahoy, topping the R&B chart and peaking at #11 on the pop chart. According to AllMusic's Ron Wynn, Survival "followed the spectacular Back Stabbers and Ship Ahoy" as a "good, but not on the same level" album featuring "many strong ballads and good message tracks". Wynn adds that, "while it may not have been as epic in its performances and compositions, it was certainly the other albums' equal in sales strength." The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau wrote more harshly of the LP: "Except for the astonishing 'Rich Get Richer,' based on a text by Ferdinand Lundberg, this is the drabbest studio album this group has made since joining Gamble-Huff. Unfortunately, 'Rich Get Richer' is not the single." The jazz writer Rob Backus cites the song as a politically charged work in progressive soul. Track listing All tracks are written by Gamble and Huff, except where noted Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Give the People What They Want" 4:142."Let Me Make Love to You"Bunny Sigler, Allan Felder4:213."Survival" 3:444."Where Did We Go Wrong" 3:40 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length5."Rich Get Richer" 4:246."How Time Flies" 5:157."What Am I Waiting For"Bunny Sigler, Ron Tyson3:568."Never Break Us Up"Leon Huff3:18 Charts Album Chart (1975) Peakposition Australia (Kent Music Report) 91 Billboard Pop Albums 11 Billboard Top Soul Albums 1 Singles Year Single Chart positions U.S. Billboard Hot 100 USR&B 1975 "Give the People What They Want" 45 1 "Let Me Make Love to You" (A-side) 75 10 "Survival" (B-side) — See also List of number-one R&B albums of 1975 (U.S.) References ^ a b Wynn, Ron (n.d.). "Survival – The O'Jays". AllMusic. Retrieved March 15, 2021. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: O". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 10, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Backus, Rob (1976). Fire Music: A Political History of Jazz (2nd ed.). Vanguard Books. p. vi. ISBN 091770200X. ^ allmusic ((( Survival > Overview ))). All Media Guide, LLC. Retrieved on 2011-10-13. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 222. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ a b "US Albums Charts > The O'Jays". Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-08-30. ^ "US Singles Charts > The O'Jays". Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-08-31. External links Survival at Discogs vteThe O'Jays Eddie Levert Walter Williams Eric Grant Bill Isles Bobby Massey William Powell Sammy Strain Nathaniel Best Studio albums Back on Top Back Stabbers Ship Ahoy Survival Family Reunion Message in the Music Travelin' at the Speed of Thought So Full of Love Identify Yourself Serious Emotionally Yours Heartbreaker Other albums The Very Best of the O'Jays Singles "Lipstick Traces (on a Cigarette) "I'll Be Sweeter Tomorrow (Than I Was Today) "Back Stabbers" "Love Train" "For the Love of Money" "Give the People What They Want" "I Love Music (Part I)" "Livin' for the Weekend" "Message in Our Music" "Darlin' Darlin' Baby (Sweet, Tender, Love)" "Use ta Be My Girl" "Lovin' You" "Have You Had Your Love Today" "Stairway to Heaven" Related articles Discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
[{"title":"List of number-one R&B albums of 1975 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_1975_(U.S.)"}]
[{"reference":"Wynn, Ron (n.d.). \"Survival – The O'Jays\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/survival-mw0000691145","url_text":"\"Survival – The O'Jays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: O\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 10, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=O&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: O\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"Backus, Rob (1976). Fire Music: A Political History of Jazz (2nd ed.). Vanguard Books. p. vi. ISBN 091770200X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Books","url_text":"Vanguard Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/091770200X","url_text":"091770200X"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 222. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"US Albums Charts > The O'Jays\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p13853/charts-awards/billboard-albums","url_text":"\"US Albums Charts > The O'Jays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"US Singles Charts > The O'Jays\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p13853/charts-awards/billboard-singles","url_text":"\"US Singles Charts > The O'Jays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/survival-mw0000691145","external_links_name":"\"Survival – The O'Jays\""},{"Link":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=O&bk=70","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: O\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r14412","external_links_name":"allmusic ((( Survival > Overview )))"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p13853/charts-awards/billboard-albums","external_links_name":"\"US Albums Charts > The O'Jays\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p13853/charts-awards/billboard-singles","external_links_name":"\"US Singles Charts > The O'Jays\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/OJays-Survival/master/158692","external_links_name":"Survival"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/a2e21372-da54-3d40-9779-9f7e8868b74e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandra
Kandra
["1 Geography","1.1 Location","1.2 Area overview","2 Civic administration","3 Demographics","4 Infrastructure","5 Economy","6 Transport","6.1 Roadways","6.2 Railways","6.3 Airport","7 Education","8 Culture","9 References"]
Coordinates: 22°51′N 86°03′E / 22.85°N 86.05°E / 22.85; 86.05For other uses, see Kandra (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kandra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Census Town in Jharkhand, IndiaKandraCensus TownKandraLocation in Jharkhand, IndiaShow map of JharkhandKandraKandra (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 22°51′N 86°03′E / 22.85°N 86.05°E / 22.85; 86.05Country IndiaStateJharkhandDistrictSaraikela Kharsawan districtGovernment • TypeFederal democracyArea • Total2.69 km2 (1.04 sq mi)Elevation226 m (741 ft)Population (2011) • Total8,137 • Density3,000/km2 (7,800/sq mi)Languages* • OfficialHindi, UrduTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN832402Vehicle registrationJH 22Literacy76.45%Lok Sabha constituencySinghbhumVidhan Sabha constituencySeraikellaWebsiteseraikela.nic.in Kandra is a census town in the Adityapur CD block in the Seraikela Sadar subdivision of the Saraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Geography 15km10milesWES T BENGALODI S HA Chandil GamhariaRange KharkhaiRiver KarkariRiver SubarnarekhaRiver Chandil DamT DalmaWildlifeSanctuaryT SiniCT KopaliCT KharsawanCT KandraCT Chota GamahriaCT ChandilCT AdityapurM SeraikelaM NimdihR KukruR RajnagarR GobindpurR ChowkaR KuchaiR IchagarhR  Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan DivisionM: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centreOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Location Kandra is located at 22°51′N 86°03′E / 22.85°N 86.05°E / 22.85; 86.05. It has an average elevation of 226 metres (741 feet). Manasa Mandir Area overview The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the Chotanagpur plateau and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Civic administration There is a police station at Kandra. Demographics According to the 2011 Census of India, Kandra had a total population of 8,137, of which 4,239 (53%) were males and 3,918 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,215. The total number of literate persons in Kandra was 5,307 (76.45% of the population over 6 years). (*For language details see Adityapur block#Language and religion) As of 2001 India census, Kandra had a population of 6,815. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kandra has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 49%. In Kandra, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Infrastructure According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Seraikela Kharsawan, Khandra covered an area of 2.69 km2 (1.04 sq mi). It has an annual rainfall of 1,132.9 mm (44.60 in). Among the civic amenities, it had 15 km (9.3 mi) of roads with open drains. The protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well. It had 1,551 domestic electric connections, 10 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 9 family welfare centres, 9 maternity and child welfare centres, 22 maternity homes, 2 nursing homes, 1 veterinary hospital, 2 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 4 primary schools, 4 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at Jamshedpur, 20 km (12 mi) away. It had 4 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 auditorium/ community hall. Three important commodities it produced were sponge iron, bamboo items, metal. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank, 1 co-operative bank, 5 agricultural credit societies, 2 non-agricultural credit societies. Economy Seraikella Glass Works (P) Ltd. (Closed in 1990s) Adhunik Group. Nilachal Iron and Power Ltd. Amalgam Steel & Power LTd Transport Roadways Kandra is well connected with all major cities of Jharkhand and other parts of India through national and state highways. The major highways are: 6 lane Expressway (Adityapur-Kandra Road) connects Jamshedpur to Kandra National Highway 18 passes near Kandra and connects Jamshedpur to Govindpur via Dhanbad, Purulia, Chandil, State Highway 5 passes through Kandra and connects to Chaibasa and Seraikela. Railways Kandra Railway Station is a railway junction on the Chakradharpur division, of the South Eastern Railway. Kandra station has about 4 platforms and 2 thorough tracks for non stopping trains. Few of the long distance trains heading to Tatanagar Railway Station stop at platform 3 and 2. Airport Tata Steel had proposed to set up a 600-acre (2.4 km2) Greenfield airport on the outskirts of Jamshedpur in Kandra, Adityapur-Seraikela region. In June 2011 Tata Steel and TRIL entered formally into a joint venture for building the airport. The new airport will be of international standard with a 10,000 ft runway, it will have the capacity to allow commercial airliners such as the Airbus A320 to land and take off which was not possible from the present airport. As of December 2012, Land acquisition process has started for the Airport. Out of 528 acres (214 ha) of required land 90% is owned by Govt. whereas rest is private land. The company is at present facing opposition in the acquisition process from the local villagers. Education Harish Chandra Vidhya Mandir, Kandra Harish Chandra Vidhya Mandir, Kandra Culture Kandra is famous for Manasa Puja, dedicated to the Goddess of snakes. Durga Puja followed by Dashehra Ravan Dhahan is one of the largest fair held by the local people. Jagganath Rath Yatra, Chat Parv, Tusu Mela, Hari Sankritan, Bhagta Parv, Kandra has a very beautiful cultural heritage. References ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kandra ^ "Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum" (PDF). P.C. Roy Chaudhury. Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 30: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan". Jharkhand Police. Retrieved 28 November 2021. ^ "District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B" (PDF). Location Code: 379287, Pages 152-153: District primary census abstract, 2011 census. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008. ^ "District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A" (PDF). Pages 632-637. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 27 November 2021. ^ Google maps vteCities and towns in Kolhan divisionCities, municipal and census townsEast Singhbhum district Bagbera Chakulia Chhota Gobindpur Gadhra Ghatshila Ghorabandha Haludbani Haludpukur Jadugora Jamshedpur Jugsalai Kalikapur Mango Musabani Purihasa Sarjamda Tata Nagar Railway Colony Seraikela Kharsawan district Adityapur Chandil Chota Gamahria Kandra Kharsawan Kopali Saraikela Sini West Singhbhum district Barajamda Chaibasa Chakradharpur Chiria Danguwapasi Gua Jhinkpani Kiriburu Meghahatuburu Noamundi Locationsother than cities and townsEast Singhbhum district Baharagora Boram Burudi Dhalbhumgarh Dumaria Galudih Gurbandha Hata Kokpara Mahulia Patamda Potka Seraikela Kharsawan district Chowka Gobindpur Ichagarh Kuchai Kukru Nimdih Rajnagar West Singhbhum district Porahat Related topics Kolhan Division topics Cities and towns in other divisions North Chotanagpur Palamu Santhal Parganas South Chotanagpur http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/Locals-oppose-Tata-plan-for-new-airport/articleshow/52218359.cms This article related to a location in Jharkhand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kandra (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandra_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"census town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_town"},{"link_name":"Adityapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityapur_block"},{"link_name":"CD block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India"},{"link_name":"Seraikela Sadar subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraikela_Sadar_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Saraikela Kharsawan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraikela_Kharsawan_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"}],"text":"For other uses, see Kandra (disambiguation).Census Town in Jharkhand, IndiaKandra is a census town in the Adityapur CD block in the Seraikela Sadar subdivision of the Saraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.","title":"Kandra"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/9/22.83333/86/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandil_Dam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalma_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sini,_Jharkhand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharsawan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Gamahria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityapur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraikela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimdih"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnagar,_Seraikela_Kharsawan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobindpur,_Seraikela_Kharsawan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowka,_Seraikela_Kharsawan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichagarh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/22.83333/86/en"}],"text":"15km10milesWES\nT\n BENGALODI\nS\nHA\nChandil GamhariaRange\nKharkhaiRiver\nKarkariRiver\nSubarnarekhaRiver\nChandil DamT\nDalmaWildlifeSanctuaryT\nSiniCT\nKopaliCT\nKharsawanCT\nKandraCT\nChota GamahriaCT\nChandilCT\nAdityapurM\nSeraikelaM\nNimdihR\nKukruR\nRajnagarR\nGobindpurR\nChowkaR\n\nKuchaiR\n\nIchagarhR  Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan DivisionM: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centreOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"22°51′N 86°03′E / 22.85°N 86.05°E / 22.85; 86.05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kandra&params=22.85_N_86.05_E_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manasa_mandir.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Kandra is located at 22°51′N 86°03′E / 22.85°N 86.05°E / 22.85; 86.05.[1] It has an average elevation of 226 metres (741 feet).Manasa Mandir","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chotanagpur plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Area overview","text":"The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the Chotanagpur plateau and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.[2][3]Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"There is a police station at Kandra.[4]","title":"Civic administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Adityapur block#Language and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityapur_block#Language_and_religion"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandra&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"According to the 2011 Census of India, Kandra had a total population of 8,137, of which 4,239 (53%) were males and 3,918 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,215. The total number of literate persons in Kandra was 5,307 (76.45% of the population over 6 years).[5](*For language details see Adityapur block#Language and religion)As of 2001[update] India census,[6] Kandra had a population of 6,815. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kandra has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 49%. In Kandra, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamshedpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshedpur"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Seraikela Kharsawan, Khandra covered an area of 2.69 km2 (1.04 sq mi). It has an annual rainfall of 1,132.9 mm (44.60 in). Among the civic amenities, it had 15 km (9.3 mi) of roads with open drains. The protected water supply involved hand pump, uncovered well. It had 1,551 domestic electric connections, 10 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 9 family welfare centres, 9 maternity and child welfare centres, 22 maternity homes, 2 nursing homes, 1 veterinary hospital, 2 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 4 primary schools, 4 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at Jamshedpur, 20 km (12 mi) away. It had 4 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 auditorium/ community hall. Three important commodities it produced were sponge iron, bamboo items, metal. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank, 1 co-operative bank, 5 agricultural credit societies, 2 non-agricultural credit societies.[7]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Seraikella Glass Works (P) Ltd. (Closed in 1990s)\nAdhunik Group.\nNilachal Iron and Power Ltd.\nAmalgam Steel & Power LTd","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"National Highway 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_18_(India)"},{"link_name":"Dhanbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbad"},{"link_name":"Purulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulia"},{"link_name":"Chandil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandil"},{"link_name":"State Highway 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_5_(Jharkhand)"},{"link_name":"Chaibasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaibasa"},{"link_name":"Seraikela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraikela"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Roadways","text":"Kandra is well connected with all major cities of Jharkhand and other parts of India through national and state highways. The major highways are:6 lane Expressway (Adityapur-Kandra Road) connects Jamshedpur to Kandra\nNational Highway 18 passes near Kandra and connects Jamshedpur to Govindpur via Dhanbad, Purulia, Chandil,\nState Highway 5 passes through Kandra and connects to Chaibasa and Seraikela.[8]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chakradharpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakradharpur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_Zone_(India)"},{"link_name":"Tatanagar Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanagar_Railway_Station"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"Kandra Railway Station is a railway junction on the Chakradharpur division, of the South Eastern Railway.\nKandra station has about 4 platforms and 2 thorough tracks for non stopping trains. Few of the long distance trains heading to Tatanagar Railway Station stop at platform 3 and 2.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_project"}],"sub_title":"Airport","text":"Tata Steel had proposed to set up a 600-acre (2.4 km2) Greenfield airport on the outskirts of Jamshedpur in Kandra, Adityapur-Seraikela region. In June 2011 Tata Steel and TRIL entered formally into a joint venture for building the airport. The new airport will be of international standard with a 10,000 ft runway, it will have the capacity to allow commercial airliners such as the Airbus A320 to land and take off which was not possible from the present airport. As of December 2012, Land acquisition process has started for the Airport. Out of 528 acres (214 ha) of required land 90% is owned by Govt. whereas rest is private land. The company is at present facing opposition in the acquisition process from the local villagers.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HCVM.jpg"}],"text":"Harish Chandra Vidhya Mandir, KandraHarish Chandra Vidhya Mandir, Kandra","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasa"}],"text":"Kandra is famous for Manasa Puja, dedicated to the Goddess of snakes.\nDurga Puja followed by Dashehra Ravan Dhahan is one of the largest fair held by the local people.\nJagganath Rath Yatra,\nChat Parv,\nTusu Mela,\nHari Sankritan,\nBhagta Parv, Kandra has a very beautiful cultural heritage.","title":"Culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Manasa Mandir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Manasa_mandir.jpg/220px-Manasa_mandir.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harish Chandra Vidhya Mandir, Kandra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/HCVM.jpg/220px-HCVM.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum\" (PDF). P.C. Roy Chaudhury. Secretariat Press, Bihar, Patna, 1958. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.128750/2015.128750.Bihar-District-Gazetteers-Singhbhum_text.pdf","url_text":"\"Bihar District Gazetteers - Singhbhum\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A\" (PDF). Page 30: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan\". Jharkhand Police. Retrieved 28 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan","url_text":"\"District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B\" (PDF). Location Code: 379287, Pages 152-153: District primary census abstract, 2011 census. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"\"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)\""},{"url":"http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A\" (PDF). Pages 632-637. Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand. Retrieved 27 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantae_and_the_Pirate%27s_Curse
Shantae and the Pirate's Curse
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","4.1 Commercial performance","4.2 Critical reception","4.3 Accolades","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
2014 video game 2014 video gameShantae and the Pirate's CurseDeveloper(s)WayForward TechnologiesPublisher(s)WayForward TechnologiesDirector(s)Matt BozonProducer(s)Christopher ShanleyDesigner(s)Kyle BardiauProgrammer(s)Larry HoldawayArtist(s)Henk NieborgChris DrysdaleWriter(s)Matt BozonComposer(s)Jake KaufmanSeriesShantaeEngineEngineBlackPlatform(s)Nintendo 3DSWii UMicrosoft WindowsAmazon Fire TVXbox OnePlayStation 4Nintendo SwitchPlayStation 5ReleaseNintendo 3DSNA: October 23, 2014PAL: February 5, 2015JP: November 19, 2015Wii UNA: December 25, 2014PAL: February 5, 2015JP: September 7, 2016Microsoft WindowsWW: April 23, 2015Amazon Fire TVWW: October 22, 2015Xbox OneWW: March 16, 2016PlayStation 4NA: April 19, 2016PAL: April 20, 2016JP: September 7, 2016Nintendo SwitchWW: March 20, 2018JP: October 25, 2018Amazon LunaUS: October 20, 2020PlayStation 5WW: September 27, 2022Genre(s)Platform, MetroidvaniaMode(s)Single-player Shantae and the Pirate's Curse is a platform game developed by WayForward Technologies for the Nintendo 3DS and the Wii U. It is the third game in the Shantae series, following Shantae: Risky's Revenge, and the first to be developed for a home console. It was released in North America on the 3DS eShop on October 23, 2014 and on the Wii U eShop on December 25, 2014, and in PAL regions on both platforms on February 5, 2015. The game was later ported to PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, Amazon Fire TV, Nintendo Switch, and Amazon Luna. The game follows the adventures of the eponymous half-genie Shantae as she once again has to save Sequin Land from a new foe, the Pirate Master, with help from her nemesis Risky Boots. The title features a new soundtrack by Jake Kaufman. Met with generally favorable reviews, the game was a commercial success, making the Top 10 of the Club Nintendo 2014 survey of the fans' favorite games and being a nominee for best 3DS game and best platformer by IGN. Gameplay Like its predecessors, Shantae and the Pirate's Curse casts players in the role of Shantae the half-genie, who can attack enemies using her hair. Having lost her genie powers in the previous game, Shantae now makes use of various pirate items that the player obtains during the course of the game. These include a pistol that can be used to shoot enemies and switches from afar, a hat that can be used to glide through the air and ride on gusts of wind, a scimitar that can break blocks using a downwards thrust, boots that send Shantae into a charging dash that can break through certain walls, and a cannon that can be used to perform additional jumps in mid-air. Players can also make use of various items, such as damaging pike balls or health restoring potions. These items, as well as upgrades to Shantae's hair attack and pirate items, can be purchased using gems obtained from enemies and breakable objects. In place of transformation dances, Shantae can use a genie lamp to suck up nearby gems, as well as carry dark magic and other gaseous objects like smells. Unlike the fully interconnected world of its predecessors, the world of Pirate's Curse is spread across multiple islands that Shantae can travel to via Risky Boots' pirate ship. These islands each require Shantae to gain access to a Den of Evil, where one of the pirate items can be found, and defeat a boss in order to gain a map to the next island. Players will often be required to fulfill certain quests in order to progress, such as finding an item on one island and giving it to someone on another. Hidden across the various islands are twenty cursed Cacklebats, which the player must defeat and extract Dark Magic from in order to obtain the game's best ending. Up to 32 Heart Squids can also be collected, which can be exchanged to increase Shantae's maximum health. Clearing the game unlocks Pirate Mode, which gives Shantae all of her pirate items from the start to allow the player to perform speedruns. Additional bonus artwork is unlocked based on players' final time and completion percentage upon clearing the game. The Nintendo 3DS western physical release and Nintendo Switch version feature an exclusive minigame, "Super Shantae NAB!", based on a Shantae-themed minigame featured in WarioWare D.I.Y., which can be played to earn additional gems. Plot Shantae, who destroyed the embodiment of her genie powers in Risky's Revenge, has been adjusting to life as a human. One morning, Shantae awakes to the sound of cannon fire. As Shantae rushes out to investigate, her friends Sky and Bolo tell her that their hometown of Scuttle Town is being taken over by the Ammo Baron, who, after a brief scuffle, reveals that he bought the town from Mayor Scuttlebutt and is legally now its new mayor. Ammo Baron places Shantae under lockdown pending further punishment. Defeated and despondent, Shantae returns home, where she is confronted by her nemesis, the pirate Risky Boots. Risky accuses Shantae of robbing her, as her henchmen and items have suddenly gone missing. The two discover that Dark Magic has overtaken Risky's Tinkerbats, turning them into evil Cacklebats. Risky deduces that the Pirate Master, a powerful evil tyrant and her former captain who was sealed away long ago by Sequin Land's genies, is trying to use the Dark Magic to revive himself. Determined to stop his revival at all costs, Risky forms a reluctant alliance with Shantae to destroy the dens of evil giving him power, recover Risky's lost pirate items, and retrieve the Dark Magic inhabiting the Cacklebats. Along the way, Shantae's friend Rottytops reconciles with her for her unwitting role in Shantae losing her magic, and Risky reveals that the Dark Magic is actually Shantae's genie magic, which was corrupted and scattered across Sequin Land rather than destroyed. After Shantae destroys all of the evil dens, Risky attempts to destroy the Pirate Master's grave, but is kidnapped by the revived Pirate Master. Shantae gives chase back to Scuttle Town, and confronts the Pirate Master in the Sequin Land palace. If Shantae does not collect all the Dark Magic before confronting the Pirate Master, he escapes and Risky retakes her equipment from Shantae, revealing the items' curse which will eventually overtake her. Risky leaves to confront the Pirate Master alone, while Shantae vows to retrieve all of her missing magic. If Shantae collected all the Dark Magic, the Pirate Master steals the pirate items and forces Shantae to give up the Dark Magic she had collected in order to save Risky. To her surprise, she discovers that the magic has turned back into Light Magic, allowing Shantae to once again become a half-genie and defeat the Pirate Master with Risky's help, releasing his curse from Risky's Tinkerbats and weapons. With peace returned to Sequin Land, Shantae and Risky develop a mutual respect and understanding of one another, though Risky admits that she will never be one of the good guys. Later, Shantae uses her powers to return Scuttle Town's ownership and drive the Ammo Baron out of town, while Risky returns to her life of piracy, preparing for when their paths cross again. Development The game was announced in the November 2012 edition of Nintendo Power. On May 29, 2014, WayForward Technologies announced that more info about the game would be revealed at E3 2014. Just prior to Nintendo's own E3 2014 presentation, WayForward revealed to Nintendo Life that an HD variant of Shantae and the Pirate's Curse was coming to Wii U. Limited Run Games printed 6,000 physical copies of the PlayStation 4 version, which were released on their website on October 28, 2016. They also released physical copies on Nintendo Switch on December 7, 2018, including a Collector's Edition. The game was released for Amazon Luna on October 20, 2022. A PlayStation 5 port was announced in June 14, 2021 and later released on September 27, 2022. Reception Commercial performance The game was commercially successful, being featured in the best-sellers for the Nintendo 3DS. In 2018, the Limited Run Games Collector's Edition for the game on Nintendo Switch sold out in a few minutes. Critical reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(3DS) 82/100(Wii U) 85/100(XONE) 79/100(PS4) 75/100(NS) 86/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7.5/10Famitsu32/40Game Informer7/10Hardcore Gamer4.5/5IGN8.5/10Pocket Gamer9/10 Like its predecessors, Shantae and the Pirate's Curse was met with "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic, with scores of 82/100 (3DS) and 85/100 (Wii U). Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 4.5 out of 5, saying "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse is another exemplary entry in a short but long-lived line of exploration-driven platformers. The gameplay is fun, varied and challenging, and will test the skills of even the most hardcore platforming fans." Destructoid enjoyed the moment-to-moment platforming and combat mechanics, the dungeons' "interesting" layouts and hard-to-find secret areas, and the "funny" narrative, but lamented the replacement of a "giant, singular open world" like in Risky's Revenge with a "collective of islands" that were too small and found the removal of the previous game's quick travel mechanic made "getting from place to place ... a hassle." Pocket Gamer thought Pirate's Curse was "a joy to play," with "masterful spritework" and a high-quality soundtrack. Game Informer felt that the game was let down by "pesky backtracking" with "annoyingly ambiguous" places to use unlocked pirate gear after returning to previously explored areas, but found that "all of Shantae's pirate platforming abilities gel together well during the latter stages," with a few moments of "old-school platforming at its best." With the game aided by "detailed, expressive sprites" and environments "bright and full of life", IGN found that Pirate's Curse " out from the glut of retro-inspired platformers", praising the world's division into "distinct-feeling" islands whose "smaller, more focused approach" kept the reviewer engaged, the occasional "inane, hilarious" puzzle scenario, and the "consistently funny" dialogue, but was annoyed by numerous enemies that constantly respawned while backtracking throughout the islands. The game was among the Top 10 of the 2014 survey of Club Nintendo's Fan Faves, voted by over 682,000 people. Accolades List of awards and nominations Year Awards Category Result Ref. 2015 IGN's Best of 2014 Best 3DS Game Nominated Best Platformer Nominated Notes ^ Additional work by Inti Creates ^ Rising Star Games published the retail version on Nintendo 3DS. Oizumi Amuzio Inc. published the retail versions on Nintendo Switch in Japan. References ^ Doolan, Liam (2015-01-21). "Shantae And The Pirate's Curse For Wii U & 3DS eShop Releases In Europe And Australia On 5th February". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-21. ^ Neurenschwander, Jeff (2014-10-08). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Dated for 3DS". Operation Rainfall. Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-12-16. ^ "TGS 2015 Taibō no Nihongo Han Hatsubai ga Kettei Shita "Shanti Kaizoku no Noroi" no Kaihatsusha Matto Bozon-shi ni Intabyū" ［TGS 2015］待望の日本語版発売が決定した「シャンティ -海賊の呪い-」の開発者 マット・ボゾン氏にインタビュー . 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). Aetas Inc. 2015-09-24. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2015-10-07. ^ Sirani, Jordan (2014-12-16). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Gets Wii U Release Date". IGN. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-16. ^ "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse on Steam". Valve. 2015-04-22. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ WayForward (October 7, 2015). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse will be available with the new Amazon Fire TV on Oct 22nd!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Peeples, Jeremy (February 26, 2016). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Xbox One Release Date Announced". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ MacGregor, Kyle (April 17, 2016). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse leaps to PS4 this week". Destructoid. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ a b @WayForward (March 13, 2018). ""Shantae and the Pirate's Curse" is coming to Nintendo Switch on March 20! Includes HD Rumble and Super Shantae Nab mini-game!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "シャンティ -海賊の呪い- for Nintendo Switch ダウンロード版". My Nintendo Store（マイニンテンドーストア）. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (2020-10-20). "Hands-on with Amazon's Luna game streaming service". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-12-18. ^ a b "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Now Available on PlayStation 5". WayForward. September 27, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022. ^ "Oizumi Amuzio Inc. official website". Retrieved October 26, 2018. ^ Ishaan (October 1, 2014). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse: Making A Metroid-Style Game In Stereoscopic 3D". Siliconera. Retrieved July 12, 2016. ^ "Shantae And The Pirate's Curse Review (Nintendo 3DS eShop, Nintendo Wii U eShop) - Caz". YouTube. 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2016-01-11. ^ Fletcher, JC (2013). "'Shantae and the Pirate's Curse' coming to 3DS eShop". Joystiq. AOL. Archived from the original on 2015-01-31. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ "images/NP284_Shantae". nintendopower.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-09-13. ^ Ponce, Tony (2012-11-06). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse coming to 3DS eShop". Destructoid. Modern Method. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ WayForward (May 30, 2014). "Stick around Shantae Fans! We'll be dropping some BIG news about Pirate's Curse during the week of E3! See you then!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Exclusive: Shantae And The Pirate's Curse Is Also Coming to Wii U". Nintendo Life. 2014-06-09. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-06-09. ^ "Limited Run #25: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse (PS4)". ^ "Switch Limited Run #21: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse". ^ "Switch Limited Run #21: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Collector's Edition". ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (2020-10-20). "Hands-on with Amazon's Luna game streaming service". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-12-19. ^ "WayForward Announces All Five Shantae Games for PlayStation 5". WayForward. June 14, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2022. ^ WayForward (February 27, 2015). "#Shantae and the #PiratesCurse is on the Best Sellers for Nintendo eShop 3DS! Join the fun!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ rawmeatcowboy (2018-12-07). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Collector's Edition sells out in just over 2 minutes". GoNintendo. Retrieved 2018-12-07. ^ a b "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for 3DS Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ a b "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Wii U Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2022-06-14. ^ "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2022-06-14. ^ "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2022-06-14. ^ a b Carter, Chris (2014-10-24). "Review: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2015-05-03. ^ Storm, Bradly (2015-11-11). "Famitsu Scores in, Halo 5 and New Atelier Fare Well". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-11-18. ^ a b Turi, Tim (4 November 2014). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ a b Thew, Geoff (2014-10-28). "Review: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2014-11-30. ^ a b Thompson, Scott (29 October 2014). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-05-03. ^ a b Oxford, Nadia (30 October 2014). "Shantae and the Pirate's Curse". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ "2014 Fan Faves". Nintendo of America. Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2015-07-26. ^ "Best 3DS Game". IGN. 2015-01-13. Archived from the original on 2015-01-22. Retrieved 2015-01-21. ^ "Best Platformer". IGN. 2015-01-13. Archived from the original on 2015-01-22. Retrieved 2015-01-21. External links Official website vteShantaeCharacterMain series Shantae Risky's Revenge The Pirate's Curse Half-Genie Hero The Seven Sirens Advance: Risky Revolution Crossovers WarioWare D.I.Y. Mutant Mudds Runbow Hyper Light Drifter Blaster Master Zero Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Related WayForward Jake Kaufman Cristina Vee Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
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It is the third game in the Shantae series, following Shantae: Risky's Revenge, and the first to be developed for a home console. It was released in North America on the 3DS eShop on October 23, 2014 and on the Wii U eShop on December 25, 2014, and in PAL regions on both platforms on February 5, 2015. The game was later ported to PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, Amazon Fire TV, Nintendo Switch, and Amazon Luna. The game follows the adventures of the eponymous half-genie Shantae as she once again has to save Sequin Land from a new foe, the Pirate Master, with help from her nemesis Risky Boots.The title features a new soundtrack by Jake Kaufman. Met with generally favorable reviews, the game was a commercial success, making the Top 10 of the Club Nintendo 2014 survey of the fans' favorite games and being a nominee for best 3DS game and best platformer by IGN.","title":"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shantae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantae_(character)"},{"link_name":"speedruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedrun"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WarioWare D.I.Y.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarioWare_D.I.Y."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Switch-9"}],"text":"Like its predecessors, Shantae and the Pirate's Curse casts players in the role of Shantae the half-genie, who can attack enemies using her hair. Having lost her genie powers in the previous game, Shantae now makes use of various pirate items that the player obtains during the course of the game. These include a pistol that can be used to shoot enemies and switches from afar, a hat that can be used to glide through the air and ride on gusts of wind, a scimitar that can break blocks using a downwards thrust, boots that send Shantae into a charging dash that can break through certain walls, and a cannon that can be used to perform additional jumps in mid-air. Players can also make use of various items, such as damaging pike balls or health restoring potions. These items, as well as upgrades to Shantae's hair attack and pirate items, can be purchased using gems obtained from enemies and breakable objects. In place of transformation dances, Shantae can use a genie lamp to suck up nearby gems, as well as carry dark magic and other gaseous objects like smells.Unlike the fully interconnected world of its predecessors, the world of Pirate's Curse is spread across multiple islands that Shantae can travel to via Risky Boots' pirate ship. These islands each require Shantae to gain access to a Den of Evil, where one of the pirate items can be found, and defeat a boss in order to gain a map to the next island. Players will often be required to fulfill certain quests in order to progress, such as finding an item on one island and giving it to someone on another. Hidden across the various islands are twenty cursed Cacklebats, which the player must defeat and extract Dark Magic from in order to obtain the game's best ending. Up to 32 Heart Squids can also be collected, which can be exchanged to increase Shantae's maximum health. Clearing the game unlocks Pirate Mode, which gives Shantae all of her pirate items from the start to allow the player to perform speedruns. Additional bonus artwork is unlocked based on players' final time and completion percentage upon clearing the game.[15][16] The Nintendo 3DS western physical release and Nintendo Switch version feature an exclusive minigame, \"Super Shantae NAB!\", based on a Shantae-themed minigame featured in WarioWare D.I.Y., which can be played to earn additional gems.[9]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nintendopower-19"}],"text":"Shantae, who destroyed the embodiment of her genie powers in Risky's Revenge, has been adjusting to life as a human. One morning, Shantae awakes to the sound of cannon fire. As Shantae rushes out to investigate, her friends Sky and Bolo tell her that their hometown of Scuttle Town is being taken over by the Ammo Baron, who, after a brief scuffle, reveals that he bought the town from Mayor Scuttlebutt and is legally now its new mayor. Ammo Baron places Shantae under lockdown pending further punishment. Defeated and despondent, Shantae returns home, where she is confronted by her nemesis, the pirate Risky Boots. Risky accuses Shantae of robbing her, as her henchmen and items have suddenly gone missing. The two discover that Dark Magic has overtaken Risky's Tinkerbats, turning them into evil Cacklebats. Risky deduces that the Pirate Master, a powerful evil tyrant and her former captain who was sealed away long ago by Sequin Land's genies, is trying to use the Dark Magic to revive himself. Determined to stop his revival at all costs, Risky forms a reluctant alliance with Shantae to destroy the dens of evil giving him power, recover Risky's lost pirate items, and retrieve the Dark Magic inhabiting the Cacklebats. Along the way, Shantae's friend Rottytops reconciles with her for her unwitting role in Shantae losing her magic, and Risky reveals that the Dark Magic is actually Shantae's genie magic, which was corrupted and scattered across Sequin Land rather than destroyed.After Shantae destroys all of the evil dens, Risky attempts to destroy the Pirate Master's grave, but is kidnapped by the revived Pirate Master. Shantae gives chase back to Scuttle Town, and confronts the Pirate Master in the Sequin Land palace. If Shantae does not collect all the Dark Magic before confronting the Pirate Master, he escapes and Risky retakes her equipment from Shantae, revealing the items' curse which will eventually overtake her. Risky leaves to confront the Pirate Master alone, while Shantae vows to retrieve all of her missing magic.If Shantae collected all the Dark Magic, the Pirate Master steals the pirate items and forces Shantae to give up the Dark Magic she had collected in order to save Risky. To her surprise, she discovers that the magic has turned back into Light Magic, allowing Shantae to once again become a half-genie and defeat the Pirate Master with Risky's help, releasing his curse from Risky's Tinkerbats and weapons. With peace returned to Sequin Land, Shantae and Risky develop a mutual respect and understanding of one another, though Risky admits that she will never be one of the good guys. Later, Shantae uses her powers to return Scuttle Town's ownership and drive the Ammo Baron out of town, while Risky returns to her life of piracy, preparing for when their paths cross again.[17]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"E3 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo_2014"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tm12ixDToz-21"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLcitesExlusiveWiiUannouncement-22"},{"link_name":"Limited Run Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Run_Games"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Amazon Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Luna"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS5-12"}],"text":"The game was announced in the November 2012 edition of Nintendo Power.[18] On May 29, 2014, WayForward Technologies announced that more info about the game would be revealed at E3 2014.[19] Just prior to Nintendo's own E3 2014 presentation, WayForward revealed to Nintendo Life that an HD variant of Shantae and the Pirate's Curse was coming to Wii U.[20]Limited Run Games printed 6,000 physical copies of the PlayStation 4 version, which were released on their website on October 28, 2016.[21] They also released physical copies on Nintendo Switch on December 7, 2018, including a Collector's Edition.[22][23]The game was released for Amazon Luna on October 20, 2022.[24] A PlayStation 5 port was announced in June 14, 2021 and later released on September 27, 2022.[25][12]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"The game was commercially successful, being featured in the best-sellers for the Nintendo 3DS.[26] In 2018, the Limited Run Games Collector's Edition for the game on Nintendo Switch sold out in a few minutes.[27]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_3DS-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_Wii_U-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_XONE-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_PS4-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_NS-34"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-35"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_Review-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardcore_gamer_review-38"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-39"},{"link_name":"Pocket Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocket_Gamer_Review-40"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_3DS-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_Wii_U-31"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardcore_gamer_review-38"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"quick travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleportation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_Review-35"},{"link_name":"Pocket Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Gamer"},{"link_name":"spritework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocket_Gamer_Review-40"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Informer_Review-37"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Review-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(3DS) 82/100[28](Wii U) 85/100[29](XONE) 79/100[30](PS4) 75/100[31](NS) 86/100[32]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7.5/10[33]Famitsu32/40[34]Game Informer7/10[35]Hardcore Gamer4.5/5[36]IGN8.5/10[37]Pocket Gamer9/10[38]Like its predecessors, Shantae and the Pirate's Curse was met with \"generally favorable reviews\", according to review aggregator Metacritic, with scores of 82/100 (3DS) and 85/100 (Wii U).[28][29] Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 4.5 out of 5, saying \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse is another exemplary entry in a short but long-lived line of exploration-driven platformers. The gameplay is fun, varied and challenging, and will test the skills of even the most hardcore platforming fans.\"[36] Destructoid enjoyed the moment-to-moment platforming and combat mechanics, the dungeons' \"interesting\" layouts and hard-to-find secret areas, and the \"funny\" narrative, but lamented the replacement of a \"giant, singular open world\" like in Risky's Revenge with a \"collective of islands\" that were too small and found the removal of the previous game's quick travel mechanic made \"getting from place to place ... a hassle.\"[33] Pocket Gamer thought Pirate's Curse was \"a joy to play,\" with \"masterful spritework\" and a high-quality soundtrack.[38] Game Informer felt that the game was let down by \"pesky backtracking\" with \"annoyingly ambiguous\" places to use unlocked pirate gear after returning to previously explored areas, but found that \"all of Shantae's pirate platforming abilities gel together well during the latter stages,\" with a few moments of \"old-school platforming at its best.\"[35] With the game aided by \"detailed, expressive sprites\" and environments \"bright and full of life\", IGN found that Pirate's Curse \"[stood] out from the glut of retro-inspired platformers\", praising the world's division into \"distinct-feeling\" islands whose \"smaller, more focused approach\" kept the reviewer engaged, the occasional \"inane, hilarious\" puzzle scenario, and the \"consistently funny\" dialogue, but was annoyed by numerous enemies that constantly respawned while backtracking throughout the islands.[37]The game was among the Top 10 of the 2014 survey of Club Nintendo's Fan Faves, voted by over 682,000 people.[39]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Inti Creates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inti_Creates"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Rising Star Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star_Games"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oizumi-14"}],"text":"^ Additional work by Inti Creates\n\n^ Rising Star Games published the retail version on Nintendo 3DS. Oizumi Amuzio Inc. published the retail versions on Nintendo Switch in Japan.[13]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Doolan, Liam (2015-01-21). \"Shantae And The Pirate's Curse For Wii U & 3DS eShop Releases In Europe And Australia On 5th February\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/01/shantae_and_the_piraters_curse_for_wii_u_and_3ds_eshop_releases_in_europe_and_australia_on_5th_february","url_text":"\"Shantae And The Pirate's Curse For Wii U & 3DS eShop Releases In Europe And Australia On 5th February\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121204251/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/01/shantae_and_the_piraters_curse_for_wii_u_and_3ds_eshop_releases_in_europe_and_australia_on_5th_february","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Neurenschwander, Jeff (2014-10-08). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Dated for 3DS\". Operation Rainfall. Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://operationrainfall.com/2014/10/08/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-dated-3ds/","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Dated for 3DS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014135611/http://operationrainfall.com/2014/10/08/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-dated-3ds/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TGS 2015 Taibō no Nihongo Han Hatsubai ga Kettei Shita \"Shanti Kaizoku no Noroi\" no Kaihatsusha Matto Bozon-shi ni Intabyū\" ［TGS 2015］待望の日本語版発売が決定した「シャンティ -海賊の呪い-」の開発者 マット・ボゾン氏にインタビュー [Interview with Mr. Matt Bozon, Developer of the Long-Awaited \"Shantae and The Pirate's Curse\"]. 4Gamer.net (in Japanese). Aetas Inc. 2015-09-24. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2015-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.4gamer.net/games/318/G031887/20150924040/","url_text":"\"TGS 2015 Taibō no Nihongo Han Hatsubai ga Kettei Shita \"Shanti Kaizoku no Noroi\" no Kaihatsusha Matto Bozon-shi ni Intabyū\" ［TGS 2015］待望の日本語版発売が決定した「シャンティ -海賊の呪い-」の開発者 マット・ボゾン氏にインタビュー"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Gamer.net","url_text":"4Gamer.net"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926115506/http://www.4gamer.net/games/318/G031887/20150924040/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sirani, Jordan (2014-12-16). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Gets Wii U Release Date\". IGN. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/12/17/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-gets-wii-u-release-date","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Gets Wii U Release Date\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141217043632/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/12/17/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-gets-wii-u-release-date","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse on Steam\". Valve. 2015-04-22. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.steampowered.com/app/345820/","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse on Steam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation","url_text":"Valve"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702133343/http://store.steampowered.com/app/345820/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"WayForward [@WayForward] (October 7, 2015). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse will be available with the new Amazon Fire TV on Oct 22nd!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/WayForward/status/651834409864134656","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse will be available with the new Amazon Fire TV on Oct 22nd!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Peeples, Jeremy (February 26, 2016). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Xbox One Release Date Announced\". Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved February 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1236620800/shantae-half-genie-hero/posts/1484476","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Xbox One Release Date Announced\""}]},{"reference":"MacGregor, Kyle (April 17, 2016). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse leaps to PS4 this week\". Destructoid. Retrieved April 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destructoid.com/shantae-and-the-pirate-s-curse-leaps-to-ps4-this-week-355968.phtml","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse leaps to PS4 this week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"}]},{"reference":"@WayForward (March 13, 2018). \"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\" is coming to Nintendo Switch on March 20! Includes HD Rumble and Super Shantae Nab mini-game!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/WayForward/status/973589702493294593","url_text":"\"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\" is coming to Nintendo Switch on March 20! Includes HD Rumble and Super Shantae Nab mini-game!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"シャンティ -海賊の呪い- for Nintendo Switch ダウンロード版\". My Nintendo Store（マイニンテンドーストア）. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://store-jp.nintendo.com/list/software/70010000011473.html","url_text":"\"シャンティ -海賊の呪い- for Nintendo Switch ダウンロード版\""}]},{"reference":"Gartenberg, Chaim (2020-10-20). \"Hands-on with Amazon's Luna game streaming service\". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/20/21525339/amazon-luna-hands-on-cloud-gaming-streaming-early-access-price-games","url_text":"\"Hands-on with Amazon's Luna game streaming service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Now Available on PlayStation 5\". WayForward. September 27, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayforward.com/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-now-available-on-playstation-5/","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Now Available on PlayStation 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oizumi Amuzio Inc. official website\". Retrieved October 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.o-amuzio.co.jp/en/game/","url_text":"\"Oizumi Amuzio Inc. official website\""}]},{"reference":"Ishaan (October 1, 2014). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse: Making A Metroid-Style Game In Stereoscopic 3D\". Siliconera. Retrieved July 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siliconera.com/2014/10/01/shantae-pirates-curse-making-metroid-style-game-stereoscopic-3d/","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse: Making A Metroid-Style Game In Stereoscopic 3D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconera","url_text":"Siliconera"}]},{"reference":"\"Shantae And The Pirate's Curse Review (Nintendo 3DS eShop, Nintendo Wii U eShop) - Caz\". YouTube. 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2016-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4219sN9nAg0","url_text":"\"Shantae And The Pirate's Curse Review (Nintendo 3DS eShop, Nintendo Wii U eShop) - Caz\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, JC (2013). \"'Shantae and the Pirate's Curse' coming to 3DS eShop\". Joystiq. AOL. Archived from the original on 2015-01-31. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joystiq.com/2012/11/06/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-coming-to-3ds-eshop/","url_text":"\"'Shantae and the Pirate's Curse' coming to 3DS eShop\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150131082608/http://www.joystiq.com/2012/11/06/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-coming-to-3ds-eshop/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"images/NP284_Shantae\". nintendopower.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141011231224/http://nintendopower.com/images/NP284_Shantae.jpg","url_text":"\"images/NP284_Shantae\""},{"url":"http://nintendopower.com/images/NP284_Shantae.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ponce, Tony (2012-11-06). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse coming to 3DS eShop\". Destructoid. Modern Method. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destructoid.com/shantae-and-the-pirate-s-curse-coming-to-3ds-eshop-238117.phtml","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse coming to 3DS eShop\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110092122/http://www.destructoid.com/shantae-and-the-pirate-s-curse-coming-to-3ds-eshop-238117.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"WayForward [@WayForward] (May 30, 2014). \"Stick around Shantae Fans! We'll be dropping some BIG news about Pirate's Curse during the week of E3! See you then!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/WayForward/status/472165570150809601","url_text":"\"Stick around Shantae Fans! We'll be dropping some BIG news about Pirate's Curse during the week of E3! See you then!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: Shantae And The Pirate's Curse Is Also Coming to Wii U\". Nintendo Life. 2014-06-09. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2014/06/exclusive_shantae_and_the_pirates_curse_is_also_coming_to_wii_u","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Shantae And The Pirate's Curse Is Also Coming to Wii U\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611234958/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2014/06/exclusive_shantae_and_the_pirates_curse_is_also_coming_to_wii_u","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Limited Run #25: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse (PS4)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://limitedrungames.com/products/limited-run-25-shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-ps4","url_text":"\"Limited Run #25: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse (PS4)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Switch Limited Run #21: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\".","urls":[{"url":"https://limitedrungames.com/collections/games/products/switch-limited-run-21-shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-preorder","url_text":"\"Switch Limited Run #21: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Switch Limited Run #21: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Collector's Edition\".","urls":[{"url":"https://limitedrungames.com/collections/games/products/switch-limited-run-21-shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-collectors-edition","url_text":"\"Switch Limited Run #21: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Collector's Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Gartenberg, Chaim (2020-10-20). \"Hands-on with Amazon's Luna game streaming service\". The Verge. Retrieved 2022-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/20/21525339/amazon-luna-hands-on-cloud-gaming-streaming-early-access-price-games","url_text":"\"Hands-on with Amazon's Luna game streaming service\""}]},{"reference":"\"WayForward Announces All Five Shantae Games for PlayStation 5\". WayForward. June 14, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayforward.com/wayforward-announces-all-five-shantae-games-for-playstation-5/","url_text":"\"WayForward Announces All Five Shantae Games for PlayStation 5\""}]},{"reference":"WayForward [@WayForward] (February 27, 2015). \"#Shantae and the #PiratesCurse is on the Best Sellers for Nintendo eShop 3DS! Join the fun!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/WayForward/status/571133959800627201","url_text":"\"#Shantae and the #PiratesCurse is on the Best Sellers for Nintendo eShop 3DS! 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Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse/critic-reviews/?platform=3ds","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for 3DS Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"}]},{"reference":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Wii U Reviews\". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse/critic-reviews/?platform=wii-u","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Wii U Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"}]},{"reference":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Xbox One Reviews\". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2022-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"}]},{"reference":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for PlayStation 4 Reviews\". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2022-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"}]},{"reference":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Switch Reviews\". Metacritic. Red Ventures. Retrieved 2022-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse for Switch Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Chris (2014-10-24). \"Review: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2015-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destructoid.com/review-shantae-and-the-pirate-s-curse-282790.phtml","url_text":"\"Review: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141024040755/http://www.destructoid.com/review-shantae-and-the-pirate-s-curse-282790.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Storm, Bradly (2015-11-11). \"Famitsu Scores in, Halo 5 and New Atelier Fare Well\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2015/11/11/famitsu-scores-in-halo-5-and-new-atelier-fare-well/176679/","url_text":"\"Famitsu Scores in, Halo 5 and New Atelier Fare Well\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118234401/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2015/11/11/famitsu-scores-in-halo-5-and-new-atelier-fare-well/176679/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Turi, Tim (4 November 2014). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/games/shantae_and_the_pirates_curse/b/3ds/archive/2014/11/04/game-informer-review-shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-3ds.aspx","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150107202603/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/shantae_and_the_pirates_curse/b/3ds/archive/2014/11/04/game-informer-review-shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-3ds.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thew, Geoff (2014-10-28). \"Review: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2014-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2014/10/28/review-shantae-and-the-pirates-curse/114330/","url_text":"\"Review: Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028191510/http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2014/10/28/review-shantae-and-the-pirates-curse/114330/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Scott (29 October 2014). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Review\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/29/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-review","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724143644/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/29/shantae-and-the-pirates-curse-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oxford, Nadia (30 October 2014). \"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601214516/http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/3DS/Shantae+and+the+Pirate%27s+Curse/review.asp?c=62289","url_text":"\"Shantae and the Pirate's Curse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Gamer","url_text":"Pocket Gamer"},{"url":"http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/3DS/Shantae+and+the+Pirate%27s+Curse/review.asp?c=62289","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Fan Faves\". Nintendo of America. Archived from the original on 2015-07-05. Retrieved 2015-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.com/fanfaves/","url_text":"\"2014 Fan Faves\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705004714/http://www.nintendo.com/fanfaves#/home","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Best 3DS Game\". IGN. 2015-01-13. Archived from the original on 2015-01-22. Retrieved 2015-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/lists/best-of-games-platform/3ds","url_text":"\"Best 3DS Game\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150122022336/http://www.ign.com/lists/best-of-games-platform/3ds/shovel-knight","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Platformer\". IGN. 2015-01-13. Archived from the original on 2015-01-22. Retrieved 2015-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/lists/best-of-games-genre/platformer","url_text":"\"Best Platformer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150122022940/http://www.ign.com/lists/best-of-games-genre/platformer","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kallikles
Nicholas Kallikles
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources"]
Nicholas Kallikles (Greek: Νικόλαος Καλλικλῆς, romanized: Nikólaos Kalliklēs) was a prominent Greek physician and a leading court poet active in the Byzantine court in Constantinople during the reigns of Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) and John II Komnenos (r. 1118–1143). Biography Very little is known about Kallikles's life. What information we have comes from a short mention in the Alexiad of Anna Komnene, his correspondence with Theophylact of Ohrid and his own poems. He was a well-known physician at the imperial court already before 1108. In 1118, he was one of the doctors attending Alexios I during his final illness. According to the Alexiad (XV.11.3), Kallikles was the only one to discern the gravity of the emperor's situation and to suggest the use of purgatives. As his colleagues were opposed to this, his advice was not followed. From his correspondence with Theophylact, Kallikles appears as a very learned and cultivated man, and was in possession of a fine library. As a court poet, he was, along with his contemporary Theodore Prodromos, the major exponent of the genre of poetic panegyrics praising the Komnenian system's leading aristocrats: his major themes are their wealth and noble descent. He also dedicated poems to individual artifacts such as icons, and a number of reliquary inscriptions are attributed to him. The date of his death is unknown. His latest known composition is an epitaph for John II, which was composed before the emperor's actual death, probably circa 1142. References ^ a b c Kazhdan 1991, p. 1093. ^ a b c Skoulatos 1980, pp. 251–252. Sources Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Kallikles, Nicholas". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1093. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Skoulatos, Basile (1980). Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve and Louvain: Bureau du Recueil Collège Érasme and Éditions Nauwelaerts. OCLC 8468871. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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What information we have comes from a short mention in the Alexiad of Anna Komnene, his correspondence with Theophylact of Ohrid and his own poems.[1][2] He was a well-known physician at the imperial court already before 1108. In 1118, he was one of the doctors attending Alexios I during his final illness. According to the Alexiad (XV.11.3), Kallikles was the only one to discern the gravity of the emperor's situation and to suggest the use of purgatives. As his colleagues were opposed to this, his advice was not followed.[2]From his correspondence with Theophylact, Kallikles appears as a very learned and cultivated man, and was in possession of a fine library.[2] As a court poet, he was, along with his contemporary Theodore Prodromos, the major exponent of the genre of poetic panegyrics praising the Komnenian system's leading aristocrats: his major themes are their wealth and noble descent. He also dedicated poems to individual artifacts such as icons, and a number of reliquary inscriptions are attributed to him.[1]The date of his death is unknown. His latest known composition is an epitaph for John II, which was composed before the emperor's actual death, probably circa 1142.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-504652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8468871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/8468871"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7025693#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1926444/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000061446437"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/79043152"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCyBWD7qxx9Qj8yGxxDq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020538x"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12020538x"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/100954650"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344831905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81136581"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/97mpjg5t12fp66s"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071047395"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810534155105606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/35583"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13445327?l=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/02835222X"}],"text":"Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). \"Kallikles, Nicholas\". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1093. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.\nSkoulatos, Basile (1980). Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse [The Byzantine Personalities of the Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis] (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve and Louvain: Bureau du Recueil Collège Érasme and Éditions Nauwelaerts. OCLC 8468871.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavitt_(surname)
Leavitt (surname)
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Leavitt is an Anglo-Norman surname variant or surname and may refer to: Abby Fisher Leavitt (1836–1897), American social reformer Rev. Ashley Day Leavitt (1877–1959), American Congregational minister Benson Leavitt (1797–1869), American businessman Rev. Bradford Leavitt (1868–?), pastor of San Francisco's First Unitarian Church Caroline Leavitt (born 1952), American novelist Charles Wellford Leavitt (1871–1928), American landscape architect, urban planner, and civil engineer Dallin Leavitt (born 1994), American football player Daniel Leavitt (1801–1851), American inventor David Leavitt (1791–1879), New York City banker and financier David Leavitt (born 1961), American writer Rev. Dudley Leavitt (1720–1762), New Hampshire Congregational minister Dudley Leavitt (1830–1908), Mormon pioneer Dudley Leavitt (publisher) (1772–1851), American publisher Edward Chalmers Leavitt (1842–1904), early New England painter Elisha Leavitt (1714–1790), Hingham, Massachusetts landowner Emily Wilder Leavitt (1836–1921), American historian and genealogist Erasmus Darwin Leavitt, Jr. (1836–1916), mechanical engineer Frank McDowell Leavitt (1856–1928), American engineer and inventor Frank Simmons Leavitt (1891–1953), American wrestler known as Man Mountain Dean George Ayres Leavitt (1822–1888), publisher Capt. George Baker Leavitt, Sr. (1860–1925), American mariner Harold J. Leavitt (1922–2007), American psychologist of management Hart Leavitt (1808–1881), American landowner, legislator and prominent abolitionist Hart Day Leavitt (1909–2008), American teacher and amateur jazz musician Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer Hiram Leavitt (1824–1901), American settler, innkeeper and judge Humphrey H. Leavitt (1796–1873), American congressman and U.S. District Court Judge Jeannie Leavitt (born 1967), United States Air Force officer Jim Leavitt (born 1956), University of South Florida football coach John Leavitt (1608–1691), American tailor, public officeholder, and founding deacon of Old Ship Church John Leavitt (Ohio settler) (1755–1815), early Ohio settler in the Western Reserve John Faunce Leavitt (1905–1974), shipbuilder, writer, painter and museum curator John Hooker Leavitt (1831–1906), American banker and start senator John McDowell Leavitt (1824–1909), American lawyer, Episcopal clergyman, poet, novelist, editor and professor John Wheeler Leavitt (1790–1870), American businessman Jonathan Leavitt (1764–1830), American attorney, judge, state senator and businessman Rev. Jonathan Leavitt (minister) (1731–1802), American Congregational minister Jonathan Leavitt (publisher) (c. 1797 – 1851), American bookbinder and publisher Joseph Leavitt (1757–1839) American soldier and Quaker Rev. Joshua Leavitt (1794–1873), American Congregationalist minister Dr. Josiah Leavitt (1744–1804), American physician and inventor Josie Leavitt, American politician Judith Walzer Leavitt (born 1940), University of Wisconsin–Madison professor of history of medicine L. Brooks Leavitt (1878–1941), American investment banker and antiquarian book collector Laurence G. Leavitt (1903–2000), American headmaster Lewis Leavitt, American medical director and professor of pediatrics Martine Leavitt, Canadian-American author for young adults Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt (1830–1912), American temperance educator and orator Michael Leavitt (artist) (born 1977), American sculptor, painter and educator Michael O. Leavitt (born 1951), American politician Moses Leavitt (1650–1730), American surveyor, selectman, Deputy and Moderator of the General Court Myron E. Leavitt (1930–2004), American politician Norman Leavitt (1913–2005), American film and television actor Ralph Leavitt (1877–?), American automobile dealer and fugitive Bud Leavitt Jr. (1917–1994), executive sports editor for The Bangor Daily News Raphy Leavitt (1948–2015), Puerto Rican composer Robert Leavitt (1883–1954), American Olympic athlete Robert Greenleaf Leavitt (1865–1942), American botanist Robert Keith Leavitt (1895–1967), American copywriter and author Col. Roger Hooker Leavitt (1805–1885), American abolitionist and operator of Underground Railroad station Ron Leavitt (1947–2008), American television writer and producer Lieut. Samuel Leavitt (1641–1707), early settler, deputy and member of New Hampshire House of Representatives Scott Leavitt (1879–1966), American Forest Service ranger, Spanish–American War veteran and member of the U.S. House of Representatives Sturgis Elleno Leavitt (1888–1976), graduate, Bowdoin College, Harvard, author, Professor of Spanish, University of North Carolina Thaddeus Leavitt (1750–1826), American merchant, inventor and patentee of Western Reserve lands Thomas Leavitt (banker) (1795–1850), Canadian banker, businessman and diplomat Thomas Leavitt (inventor) (1827–1899), American inventor Thomas Leavitt (settler) (c. 1615–1696), English puritan and settler of New Hampshire Thomas Rowell Leavitt (1834–1891), Canadian sheriff, Mormon and early settler of Leavitt, Alberta Tristan Leavitt, American attorney William Homer Leavitt (1868–1951), American portrait painter See also Levett Levitt References ^ "Leavitt Name Meaning & Leavitt Family History at Ancestry.com". Ancestry.com. Further reading Leavitt, Brooks Russell (2002). Leavitt and Allied Families: For the Descendants of V. Russell Leavitt (1891–1946) and Harriet Edna Rice Leavitt (1892–1970). Privately printed. Noyes, Emily Leavitt (1941). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Moses. Noyes, Emily Leavitt (1948). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Israel. Noyes, Emily Leavitt (1949). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Josiah. Noyes, Emily Leavitt (1953). Leavitt: Descendants of Thomas Leavitt, the Immigrant (1616–1696), and Isabella Bland Noyes, Emily Leavitt (1956). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Samuel. Noyes, Emily Leavitt, Berndt, Julia Bumpus (1982). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Nehemiah. Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Leavitt. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abby Fisher Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Fisher_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Ashley Day Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Day_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Benson Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Bradford Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Caroline Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Charles Wellford Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wellford_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Dallin Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallin_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Daniel Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"David Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leavitt_(banker)"},{"link_name":"David Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Dudley Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Leavitt_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Dudley Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Leavitt_(Mormon_pioneer)"},{"link_name":"Dudley Leavitt (publisher)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Leavitt_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Edward Chalmers Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Chalmers_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Elisha Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Emily Wilder Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Wilder_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Darwin Leavitt, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin_Leavitt,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Frank McDowell Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McDowell_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Frank Simmons Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Simmons_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"George Ayres Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ayres_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"George Baker Leavitt, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baker_Leavitt,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Harold J. Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Hart Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Hart Day Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_Day_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Swan Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Hiram Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Humphrey H. Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_H._Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Jeannie Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Jim Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"John Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"John Leavitt (Ohio settler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leavitt_(Ohio_settler)"},{"link_name":"John Faunce Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Faunce_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"John Hooker Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hooker_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"John McDowell Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDowell_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"John Wheeler Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wheeler_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Leavitt (minister)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Leavitt_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Leavitt (publisher)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Leavitt_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Joshua Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Josiah Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Josie Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Judith Walzer Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Walzer_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"L. Brooks Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brooks_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Laurence G. Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_G._Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Lewis Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Martine Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Greenleaf_Clement_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Michael Leavitt (artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Leavitt_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Michael O. Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O._Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Moses Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Myron E. Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_E._Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Norman Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Ralph Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Bud Leavitt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Leavitt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Raphy Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphy_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Robert Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Robert Greenleaf Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Greenleaf_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Robert Keith Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Keith_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Roger Hooker Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hooker_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Ron Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Samuel Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Scott Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Sturgis Elleno Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgis_Elleno_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Thaddeus Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Thomas Leavitt (banker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Leavitt_(banker)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Leavitt (inventor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Leavitt_(inventor)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Leavitt (settler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Leavitt_(settler)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rowell Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowell_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"Tristan Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"William Homer Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Homer_Leavitt"}],"text":"Abby Fisher Leavitt (1836–1897), American social reformer\nRev. Ashley Day Leavitt (1877–1959), American Congregational minister\nBenson Leavitt (1797–1869), American businessman\nRev. Bradford Leavitt (1868–?), pastor of San Francisco's First Unitarian Church\nCaroline Leavitt (born 1952), American novelist\nCharles Wellford Leavitt (1871–1928), American landscape architect, urban planner, and civil engineer\nDallin Leavitt (born 1994), American football player\nDaniel Leavitt (1801–1851), American inventor\nDavid Leavitt (1791–1879), New York City banker and financier\nDavid Leavitt (born 1961), American writer\nRev. Dudley Leavitt (1720–1762), New Hampshire Congregational minister\nDudley Leavitt (1830–1908), Mormon pioneer\nDudley Leavitt (publisher) (1772–1851), American publisher\nEdward Chalmers Leavitt (1842–1904), early New England painter\nElisha Leavitt (1714–1790), Hingham, Massachusetts landowner\nEmily Wilder Leavitt (1836–1921), American historian and genealogist\nErasmus Darwin Leavitt, Jr. (1836–1916), mechanical engineer\nFrank McDowell Leavitt (1856–1928), American engineer and inventor\nFrank Simmons Leavitt (1891–1953), American wrestler known as Man Mountain Dean\nGeorge Ayres Leavitt (1822–1888), publisher\nCapt. George Baker Leavitt, Sr. (1860–1925), American mariner\nHarold J. Leavitt (1922–2007), American psychologist of management\nHart Leavitt (1808–1881), American landowner, legislator and prominent abolitionist\nHart Day Leavitt (1909–2008), American teacher and amateur jazz musician\nHenrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer\nHiram Leavitt (1824–1901), American settler, innkeeper and judge\nHumphrey H. Leavitt (1796–1873), American congressman and U.S. District Court Judge\nJeannie Leavitt (born 1967), United States Air Force officer\nJim Leavitt (born 1956), University of South Florida football coach\nJohn Leavitt (1608–1691), American tailor, public officeholder, and founding deacon of Old Ship Church\nJohn Leavitt (Ohio settler) (1755–1815), early Ohio settler in the Western Reserve\nJohn Faunce Leavitt (1905–1974), shipbuilder, writer, painter and museum curator\nJohn Hooker Leavitt (1831–1906), American banker and start senator\nJohn McDowell Leavitt (1824–1909), American lawyer, Episcopal clergyman, poet, novelist, editor and professor\nJohn Wheeler Leavitt (1790–1870), American businessman\nJonathan Leavitt (1764–1830), American attorney, judge, state senator and businessman\nRev. Jonathan Leavitt (minister) (1731–1802), American Congregational minister\nJonathan Leavitt (publisher) (c. 1797 – 1851), American bookbinder and publisher\nJoseph Leavitt (1757–1839) American soldier and Quaker\nRev. Joshua Leavitt (1794–1873), American Congregationalist minister\nDr. Josiah Leavitt (1744–1804), American physician and inventor\nJosie Leavitt, American politician\nJudith Walzer Leavitt (born 1940), University of Wisconsin–Madison professor of history of medicine\nL. Brooks Leavitt (1878–1941), American investment banker and antiquarian book collector\nLaurence G. Leavitt (1903–2000), American headmaster\nLewis Leavitt, American medical director and professor of pediatrics\nMartine Leavitt, Canadian-American author for young adults\nMary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt (1830–1912), American temperance educator and orator\nMichael Leavitt (artist) (born 1977), American sculptor, painter and educator\nMichael O. Leavitt (born 1951), American politician\nMoses Leavitt (1650–1730), American surveyor, selectman, Deputy and Moderator of the General Court\nMyron E. Leavitt (1930–2004), American politician\nNorman Leavitt (1913–2005), American film and television actor\nRalph Leavitt (1877–?), American automobile dealer and fugitive\nBud Leavitt Jr. (1917–1994), executive sports editor for The Bangor Daily News\nRaphy Leavitt (1948–2015), Puerto Rican composer\nRobert Leavitt (1883–1954), American Olympic athlete\nRobert Greenleaf Leavitt (1865–1942), American botanist\nRobert Keith Leavitt (1895–1967), American copywriter and author\nCol. Roger Hooker Leavitt (1805–1885), American abolitionist and operator of Underground Railroad station\nRon Leavitt (1947–2008), American television writer and producer\nLieut. Samuel Leavitt (1641–1707), early settler, deputy and member of New Hampshire House of Representatives\nScott Leavitt (1879–1966), American Forest Service ranger, Spanish–American War veteran and member of the U.S. House of Representatives\nSturgis Elleno Leavitt (1888–1976), graduate, Bowdoin College, Harvard, author, Professor of Spanish, University of North Carolina\nThaddeus Leavitt (1750–1826), American merchant, inventor and patentee of Western Reserve lands\nThomas Leavitt (banker) (1795–1850), Canadian banker, businessman and diplomat\nThomas Leavitt (inventor) (1827–1899), American inventor\nThomas Leavitt (settler) (c. 1615–1696), English puritan and settler of New Hampshire\nThomas Rowell Leavitt (1834–1891), Canadian sheriff, Mormon and early settler of Leavitt, Alberta\nTristan Leavitt, American attorney\nWilliam Homer Leavitt (1868–1951), American portrait painter","title":"Leavitt (surname)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Leavitt_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Leavitt, Brooks Russell (2002). Leavitt and Allied Families: For the Descendants of V. Russell Leavitt (1891–1946) and Harriet Edna Rice Leavitt (1892–1970). Privately printed.\nNoyes, Emily Leavitt (1941). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Moses.\nNoyes, Emily Leavitt (1948). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Israel.\nNoyes, Emily Leavitt (1949). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Josiah.\nNoyes, Emily Leavitt (1953). Leavitt: Descendants of Thomas Leavitt, the Immigrant (1616–1696), and Isabella Bland\nNoyes, Emily Leavitt (1956). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Samuel.\nNoyes, Emily Leavitt, Berndt, Julia Bumpus (1982). Leavitt: The Descendants of John, the Immigrant Through His Son Nehemiah.Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Leavitt. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carney
Chris Carney
["1 Early life, education, and career","2 Military service","3 U.S. House of Representatives","3.1 Committee assignments","4 Political positions","4.1 Social Security","4.2 Research","4.3 Gun Rights","4.4 Education","4.5 War in Iraq","4.6 2008 financial crisis","4.7 Health Care","5 Political campaigns","5.1 2006","5.2 2008","5.3 2010","5.4 Boards","6 Electoral history","7 References","8 External links"]
American politician (born 1959) For the musician and reality TV star, see Chris Carney (musician). Chris CarneyMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Pennsylvania's 10th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011Preceded byDon SherwoodSucceeded byTom Marino Personal detailsBorn (1959-03-02) March 2, 1959 (age 65)Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseJennifer CarneyResidence(s)Dimock Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.Alma materCornell College, University of Nebraska, University of WyomingOccupationCommander in the U.S. Navy, College ProfessorAwardsDefense Meritorious Service MedalNavy and Marine Corps Achievement MedalJoint Service Achievement Medal (3)Outstanding Volunteer Service MedalNaval Rifle Marksman RibbonNaval Pistol Expert MedalMilitary serviceBranch/serviceUnited States NavyRankCommander UnitNoble EagleDefense Intelligence AgencyThe Pentagon (advisor)Battles/warsOperation Enduring Freedom Christopher Paul Carney (born March 2, 1959) is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district from 2007 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Carney is also an associate professor of political science at Penn State Worthington Scranton, where he has taught since 1992. In 2011, he was appointed as director of homeland security and policy strategy for BAE Systems. Early life, education, and career Carney grew up in Coggon, Iowa, and earned his bachelor's degree from Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa, received his master's from the University of Wyoming, and completed his Ph.D in political science at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Carney has been an associate professor of political science at Penn State Worthington Scranton since 1992. From 2002 to 2004, Carney served as a counterterrorism analyst for the Bush administration, under Douglas Feith in the Office of Special Plans and at the Defense Intelligence Agency, researching links between al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein. From 2013 to 2016, Carney was a Commissioner for the Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission (MCRMC). He was selected by President Obama to serve as one of nine Commissioners to the blue ribbon, bipartisan Commission. Carney worked as a Senior Intelligence Specialist for the National Aviation Intelligence Integration Office (within the purview of the Director of National Intelligence) from 2016 to 2017. In 2019, Carney joined Nossaman LLP's Washington, D.C. office, where he serves as a Senior Policy Advisor. In 2020, he became a board member at America’s Edge. Military service A Commander (select) in the United States Naval Reserve, Carney served multiple tours overseas and was activated for operations Enduring Freedom and Noble Eagle. He was direct commissioned as an Ensign in 1995. He served as Senior Terrorism and Intelligence Advisor at the Pentagon. He is the recipient of the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, three Joint Service Achievement Medals, the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, and the Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal. His awards also include the Naval Rifle Marksman ribbon and the Naval Pistol Expert Medal. In September 2007, Congressman Carney went on active duty with the Navy for his two weeks of service as a Lt. Commander in the reserves. On active duty, Carney worked on the "Predator" project near Norfolk, VA. In July 2008, Carney was promoted from Lieutenant Commander to Commander (select) in the Naval Reserve. He was one of just two members of the House to serve in the military reserves. During his unsuccessful 2010 re-election campaign Carney revealed that he had served as an interrogator at Guantanamo. Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, wrote that although Carney had traveled with fellow Congressional Representatives on fact-finding trips to Guantanamo, he had never informed them that he himself had served there. U.S. House of Representatives Committee assignments Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Management, Investigations, and Oversight (chairman) Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Highways and Transit Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management In January 2007, Carney was named Chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Management, Investigations, and Oversight, a surprising achievement for a freshman Congressman. Political positions Social Security While opposing proposals to privatize Social Security, he said he is open to the idea of adding private accounts in addition to (not at the expense of) traditional defined benefits. Research He supports federal investment in stem cell research, and is an advocate of universal healthcare. Gun Rights He supports gun rights. Education In 2009, Carney voted for H.R 2187, the 21st Century Green Schools Act, to make grants to states for the modernization, renovation, or repair of public schools, including early learning facilities and charter schools, to make them safe, healthy, high-performing, and technologically up-to-date. War in Iraq Carney made change of direction in Iraq policy a cornerstone of his 2006 campaign, often decrying the Bush Administration's war policies. He voted to reauthorize funding for military action in Iraq with H.R. 2206. In 2007, he voted against H.R. 2956, which would have required the removal of all US personnel from Iraq within only 120 days. He stated that since the US was already at war in Iraq, the top priority should be winning the war. 2008 financial crisis Carney voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and voted for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Health Care Congressman Carney also voted for the Affordable Health Care for America Act as well as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Political campaigns 2006 Main article: Pennsylvania 10th congressional district election, 2006 When Carney entered the race for the 10th, he was initially considered an underdog against Republican incumbent Don Sherwood. The 10th had been in Republican hands since 1961. The four-term incumbent had barely defeated Democrat Patrick Casey in his bid to succeed popular 36-year incumbent Joe McDade in 1998, and narrowly defeated Casey in a 2000 rematch. In hopes of protecting Sherwood, the Republican-controlled state legislature made the 10th significantly more rural and Republican after the 2000 census, and the Democrats hadn't even put up a candidate in the last two elections. However, revelations of Sherwood's five-year-long extramarital affair with a woman more than 30 years his junior, along with allegations of abuse, severely hampered Sherwood's reelection chances in the 10th, which has a strong social conservative tint. Carney also garnered the endorsement of 30 labor unions. In the election, Carney defeated Sherwood, 53% to 47%. During the campaign, Carney raised money with a wide-variety of supporters including Sen. Barack Obama, Sen Joe Biden, Rep. Jay Inslee, Rep. Jack Murtha, and Richard Perle, former Chairman of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee Douglas Feith, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, congratulated Carney on Election Night. 2008 See also: 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania § District 10 Carney faced Republican staffing executive Chris Hackett in his bid for a second term. On paper, Carney was one of the few incumbent Democrats to be rated vulnerable in this election cycle, because he was a freshman running in a strongly Republican district (its Cook Partisan Voting Index was R+8). The National Republican Congressional Committee advertised for Hackett, while the Service Employees International Union and Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee—which were among those organizations identifying Carney as especially vulnerable—advertised on his behalf, placing special emphasis on his vote for an increase in the federal minimum wage to $7.25 by 2009, a measure passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by Bush on May 24, 2007. Since the summer of 2007, the nonpartisan Cook Political Report and a number of other political analysts listed Carney's District as "slightly" leaning Democratic in 2008, and according to the FEC Carney has raised over $500,000 towards his re-election in the first six months of 2007. Public opinion polls conducted in January 2008 indicated a lead over Hackett (then a candidate in the GOP primary), by significant double-digit margins and even a majority of registered Republicans, 53 percent, approve of Carney's job performance. The candidates differed over Social Security. Carney opposed Bush's plan for privatization, while Hackett supported it. In the April 22 Pennsylvania primaries, enormous Democratic voter turnout, most certainly due to the presidential race, led Carney to earn over 70,000 votes in the congressional primary, despite running unopposed—more than the combined vote in the Republican primary. Chris Carney was a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. He vowed that he would "wait and see how his district votes", hinting that he would likely issue an endorsement after the April 22 Pennsylvania primary for the candidate that wins by a "landslide"—if a huge victory by either occurs—in his overwhelmingly conservative district in which registered Democrats are few compared to Republicans. Another northeastern Pennsylvania Congressman, Paul Kanjorski, had long endorsed and actively campaigned for Clinton, alongside a number of other Democratic politicians in the state, including Governor Ed Rendell, while U.S. Senator Bob Casey, Jr. was Obama's most significant supporter. Carney endorsed Clinton on May 9 after she carried his district in the Democratic primary by a whopping 70%-30% margin. On November 4, 2008, Carney defeated Chris Hackett 56% to 44%. John McCain carried the district presidentially with 53.6 percent of the vote. 2010 See also: 2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania § District 10 Carney was challenged by Republican nominee and former U. S. Attorney Tom Marino. In the 2010 election, Marino defeated Carney, 55–45%. Proving just how Republican this district still was, the Democrats have not crossed the 40 percent mark in the district, since renumbered as the 12th District, since Carney left office. Indeed, Carney is the only Democrat to cross the 40 percent mark since Scranton was drawn out of the district after the 2000 census. Boards Carney is a board member for American Edge, a lobbying organization for the technology industry. Electoral history General Election 2006: Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Chris Carney 110,115 52.9 Republican Don Sherwood 97,862 47.1 General Election 2008: Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Christopher Carney (incumbent) 160,837 56.33 Republican Chris Hackett 124,681 43.67 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district election, 2010 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Tom Marino 110,599 55.2 Democratic Chris Carney 89,846 44.8 Total votes 200,445 100 References ^ "Congressional Staff Directory". CQ Press. 2010. ^ National Journal (2011). Former Lawmaker Lands Defense Contracting Job Archived 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 20, 2011. ^ Cross, Chris (January 10, 2007). "A DOUG FEITH DEMOCRAT?". Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. ^ "Airmen share their thoughts with commissioner". Yokota Air Base. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 2020-12-18. ^ Editorial, Guest (2017-04-16). "Here's how the race to replace Rep. Tom Marino could be a referendum on Donald Trump: Tony May". pennlive. Retrieved 2020-12-18. ^ Meyer, Theodoric (21 October 2019). "Carney heads to Nossaman". POLITICO. Retrieved 2020-12-18. ^ Monroe, Madeline (2020-03-03). "Bottom line". TheHill. Retrieved 2020-12-18. ^ Romm, Tony. "Facebook is quietly helping to set up a new pro-tech advocacy group to battle Washington". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-12-18. ^ O'connor, Patrick (6 September 2007). "Carney does two weeks of active duty". POLITICO. Retrieved 2020-02-24. ^ "Representative Christopher P. Carney, Proudly Serving the People of the 10th District of Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. ^ Rosenberg, Carol (2010-11-18). "Congressman interrogated Guantánamo detainees". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. So it came as a surprise last month when a Pennsylvania congressman seeking reelection campaigned as the only member of the U.S. Congress to have interrogated a Guantánamo detainee. ^ Seder, Andrew M. (2010-10-28). "Carney touts record, trust issue". Times Leader. Archived from the original on 2010-10-25. He said he is the only member of Congress to have personally interrogated a detainee at Guantanamo Bay, he's been to the Mexico/U.S. border to see how the border surveillance system operates and he has participated in Predator and Reaper drone missions. ^ "Committee on Homeland Security". Hsc-democrats.house.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee: About the Committee ^ "CARNEY RECEIVES CHAIRMANSHIP". 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on February 1, 2007. ^ "Committee on Homeland Security". Hsc-democrats.house.gov. 2007-01-18. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ a b "Project Vote Smart - Representative Carney's issue positions (Political Courage Test". Vote-smart.org. Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ "Sherwood protests stem-cell criticism 10/12/06". Thetimes-tribune.com. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ "On The Issues - Representative Carney's issue positions". ontheissues.org. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ "On The Issues - Representative Carney's issue positions". ontheissues.org. ^ "Chris Carney for Congress website". Carneyforcongress.com. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ "Chris Carney votes". Projects.washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ a b Risen, James (November 28, 2006). "A New House Democrat With an Insiders' View of Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2010. ^ "Bailout Roll Call". 2008-10-03. Retrieved March 18, 2010. ^ "Stimulus Roll Call". 2009-01-28. Retrieved March 18, 2010. ^ "Health Reform Roll Call". 2009-11-07. Retrieved March 18, 2010. ^ "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 165". 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-19. ^ "Endorsements | Chris Carney for Congress". Carneyforcongress.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-07-12. ^ "The Pennsylvania Progressive: Carney/Biden Event". Pennsylvaniaprogressive.typepad.com. 2006-10-10. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ "INSLEE, CARNEY, AND CONNOLLEY TO RALLY FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY". 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2006. ^ Freyvogel, Colleen (2006-08-03). "The Tribune Democrat, Johnstown, PA - Under fire: Murtha defends comments about war, troops". Tribune-democrat.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-25. Retrieved 2012-05-18. ^ Spiegel, Peter (November 4, 2006). "Perle says he should not have backed Iraq war". Los Angeles Times. ^ Jones, Coulter (September 30, 2008). "Carney, Hackett differ on privatizing Social Security". The Citizens' Voice. ^ "Commonwealth of PA - Elections Information". Electionreturns.state.pa.us. 2008-11-04. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2010-07-12. ^ Romm, Tony (12 May 2020). "Facebook is quietly helping to set up a new pro-tech advocacy group to battle Washington". The Washington Post. External links Media related to Chris Carney at Wikimedia Commons Chris Carney For Congress official campaign site Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission Profile at Vote Smart U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byDon Sherwood Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district 2007–2011 Succeeded byTom Marino U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded byCharles F. Doughertyas Former US Representative Order of precedence of the United Statesas Former US Representative Succeeded byPatrick Murphyas Former US Representative vtePennsylvania's delegation(s) to the 110th–111th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) 110th Senate: ▌A. Specter (R) ▌B. Casey Jr. (D) House: ▌J. Murtha (D) ▌P. Kanjorski (D) ▌T. Holden (D) ▌M. Doyle (D) ▌P. English (R) ▌C. Fattah (D) ▌J. Peterson (R) ▌J. Pitts (R) ▌B. Brady (D) ▌T. Platts (R) ▌B. Shuster (R) ▌J. Gerlach (R) ▌T. Murphy (R) ▌C. Dent (R) ▌A. Schwartz (D) ▌J. Altmire (D) ▌C. Carney (D) ▌P. Murphy (D) ▌J. Sestak (D) 111th Senate: ▌A. Specter (D) ▌B. Casey Jr. (D) House: ▌J. Murtha (D) ▌P. Kanjorski (D) ▌T. Holden (D) ▌M. Doyle (D) ▌C. Fattah (D) ▌J. Pitts (R) ▌B. Brady (D) ▌T. Platts (R) ▌B. Shuster (R) ▌J. Gerlach (R) ▌T. Murphy (R) ▌C. Dent (R) ▌A. Schwartz (D) ▌J. Altmire (D) ▌C. Carney (D) ▌P. Murphy (D) ▌J. Sestak (D) ▌K. Dahlkemper (D) ▌G. Thompson (R) ▌M. Critz (D) Authority control databases: People US Congress
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He is a member of the Democratic Party.Carney is also an associate professor of political science at Penn State Worthington Scranton, where he has taught since 1992. In 2011, he was appointed as director of homeland security and policy strategy for BAE Systems.[2]","title":"Chris Carney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coggon, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coggon,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Cornell College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_College"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"University of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Ph.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska-Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Penn State Worthington Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Worthington_Scranton"},{"link_name":"Office of Special Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans"},{"link_name":"Defense Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"America’s Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//americanedgeproject.org/who-we-are/"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Carney grew up in Coggon, Iowa, and earned his bachelor's degree from Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa, received his master's from the University of Wyoming, and completed his Ph.D in political science at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.Carney has been an associate professor of political science at Penn State Worthington Scranton since 1992.From 2002 to 2004, Carney served as a counterterrorism analyst for the Bush administration, under Douglas Feith in the Office of Special Plans and at the Defense Intelligence Agency, researching links between al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein.[3]From 2013 to 2016, Carney was a Commissioner for the Military Compensation and Retirement Modernization Commission (MCRMC).[4] He was selected by President Obama to serve as one of nine Commissioners to the blue ribbon, bipartisan Commission.Carney worked as a Senior Intelligence Specialist for the National Aviation Intelligence Integration Office (within the purview of the Director of National Intelligence) from 2016 to 2017.[5]In 2019, Carney joined Nossaman LLP's Washington, D.C. office, where he serves as a Senior Policy Advisor.[6][7]In 2020, he became a board member at America’s Edge.[8]","title":"Early life, education, and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Noble Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Defense Meritorious Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Joint Service Achievement Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Service_Achievement_Medal"},{"link_name":"Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Achievement_Medal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MiamiHerald2010-11-18-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesLeader2010-10-28-12"},{"link_name":"Carol Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Miami Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald"}],"text":"A Commander (select) in the United States Naval Reserve, Carney served multiple tours overseas and was activated for operations Enduring Freedom and Noble Eagle. He was direct commissioned as an Ensign in 1995. He served as Senior Terrorism and Intelligence Advisor at the Pentagon.He is the recipient of the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, three Joint Service Achievement Medals, the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, and the Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal. His awards also include the Naval Rifle Marksman ribbon and the Naval Pistol Expert Medal.In September 2007, Congressman Carney went on active duty with the Navy for his two weeks of service as a Lt. Commander in the reserves. On active duty, Carney worked on the \"Predator\" project near Norfolk, VA.[9]In July 2008, Carney was promoted from Lieutenant Commander to Commander (select) in the Naval Reserve. He was one of just two members of the House to serve in the military reserves.[10]During his unsuccessful 2010 re-election campaign Carney revealed that he had served as an interrogator at Guantanamo.[11][12]\nCarol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, wrote that although Carney had traveled with fellow Congressional Representatives on fact-finding trips to Guantanamo, he had never informed them that he himself had served there.","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U.S. House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Committee on Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Subcommittee on Management, Investigations, and Oversight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Homeland_Security_Subcommittee_on_Management,_Investigations,_and_Oversight"},{"link_name":"Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Subcommittee on Highways and Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Highways_and_Transit"},{"link_name":"Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Economic_Development,_Public_Buildings_and_Emergency_Management"},{"link_name":"Subcommittee on Management, Investigations, and Oversight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Homeland_Security_Subcommittee_on_Management,_Investigations,_and_Oversight"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Committee assignments","text":"Committee on Homeland Security[13]\nSubcommittee on Management, Investigations, and Oversight (chairman)\nCommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure[14]\nSubcommittee on Highways and Transit\nSubcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency ManagementIn January 2007, Carney was named Chairman of the Homeland Security Subcommittee on Management, Investigations, and Oversight, a surprising achievement for a freshman Congressman.[15][16]","title":"U.S. House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"}],"sub_title":"Social Security","text":"While opposing proposals to privatize Social Security, he said he is open to the idea of adding private accounts in addition to (not at the expense of) traditional defined benefits.[17]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stem cell research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_research"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"He supports federal investment in stem cell research,[18] and is an advocate of universal healthcare.[17]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gun rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Gun Rights","text":"He supports gun rights.[19]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"In 2009, Carney voted for H.R 2187, the 21st Century Green Schools Act, to make grants to states for the modernization, renovation, or repair of public schools, including early learning facilities and charter schools, to make them safe, healthy, high-performing, and technologically up-to-date.[20]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bush Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-23"}],"sub_title":"War in Iraq","text":"Carney made change of direction in Iraq policy a cornerstone of his 2006 campaign, often decrying the Bush Administration's war policies.[21] He voted to reauthorize funding for military action in Iraq with H.R. 2206. In 2007, he voted against H.R. 2956, which would have required the removal of all US personnel from Iraq within only 120 days.[22] He stated that since the US was already at war in Iraq, the top priority should be winning the war.[23]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailout_Roll_Call-24"},{"link_name":"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stimulus_Roll_Call-25"}],"sub_title":"2008 financial crisis","text":"Carney voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008[24] and voted for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[25]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Affordable Health Care for America Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_Health_Care_for_America_Act"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Health_Reform_Roll_Call-26"},{"link_name":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Health Care","text":"Congressman Carney also voted for the Affordable Health Care for America Act[26] as well as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[27]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Don Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Sherwood_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Joe McDade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McDade"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jay Inslee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Inslee"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jack Murtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Murtha"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Perle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Perle"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Douglas Feith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Feith"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-23"}],"sub_title":"2006","text":"When Carney entered the race for the 10th, he was initially considered an underdog against Republican incumbent Don Sherwood. The 10th had been in Republican hands since 1961. The four-term incumbent had barely defeated Democrat Patrick Casey in his bid to succeed popular 36-year incumbent Joe McDade in 1998, and narrowly defeated Casey in a 2000 rematch. In hopes of protecting Sherwood, the Republican-controlled state legislature made the 10th significantly more rural and Republican after the 2000 census, and the Democrats hadn't even put up a candidate in the last two elections.However, revelations of Sherwood's five-year-long extramarital affair with a woman more than 30 years his junior, along with allegations of abuse, severely hampered Sherwood's reelection chances in the 10th, which has a strong social conservative tint. Carney also garnered the endorsement of 30 labor unions.[28] In the election, Carney defeated Sherwood, 53% to 47%.During the campaign, Carney raised money with a wide-variety of supporters including Sen. Barack Obama, Sen Joe Biden,[29] Rep. Jay Inslee,[30] Rep. Jack Murtha,[31] and Richard Perle, former Chairman of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee[32] Douglas Feith, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, congratulated Carney on Election Night.[23]","title":"Political campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania § District 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania#District_10"},{"link_name":"Cook Partisan Voting Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Partisan_Voting_Index"},{"link_name":"National Republican Congressional Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee"},{"link_name":"Service Employees International Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union"},{"link_name":"Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee"},{"link_name":"minimum wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage"},{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bush's plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_debate_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"superdelegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdelegate"},{"link_name":"2008 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Paul Kanjorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kanjorski"},{"link_name":"Ed Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Rendell"},{"link_name":"Bob Casey, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Casey,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"See also: 2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania § District 10Carney faced Republican staffing executive Chris Hackett in his bid for a second term. On paper, Carney was one of the few incumbent Democrats to be rated vulnerable in this election cycle, because he was a freshman running in a strongly Republican district (its Cook Partisan Voting Index was R+8). The National Republican Congressional Committee advertised for Hackett, while the Service Employees International Union and Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee—which were among those organizations identifying Carney as especially vulnerable—advertised on his behalf, placing special emphasis on his vote for an increase in the federal minimum wage to $7.25 by 2009, a measure passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by Bush on May 24, 2007.Since the summer of 2007, the nonpartisan Cook Political Report and a number of other political analysts listed Carney's District as \"slightly\" leaning Democratic in 2008, and according to the FEC Carney has raised over $500,000 towards his re-election in the first six months of 2007. Public opinion polls conducted in January 2008 indicated a lead over Hackett (then a candidate in the GOP primary), by significant double-digit margins and even a majority of registered Republicans, 53 percent, approve of Carney's job performance. The candidates differed over Social Security. Carney opposed Bush's plan for privatization, while Hackett supported it.[33]In the April 22 Pennsylvania primaries, enormous Democratic voter turnout, most certainly due to the presidential race, led Carney to earn over 70,000 votes in the congressional primary, despite running unopposed—more than the combined vote in the Republican primary.Chris Carney was a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. He vowed that he would \"wait and see how his district votes\", hinting that he would likely issue an endorsement after the April 22 Pennsylvania primary for the candidate that wins by a \"landslide\"—if a huge victory by either occurs—in his overwhelmingly conservative district in which registered Democrats are few compared to Republicans. Another northeastern Pennsylvania Congressman, Paul Kanjorski, had long endorsed and actively campaigned for Clinton, alongside a number of other Democratic politicians in the state, including Governor Ed Rendell, while U.S. Senator Bob Casey, Jr. was Obama's most significant supporter. Carney endorsed Clinton on May 9 after she carried his district in the Democratic primary by a whopping 70%-30% margin.On November 4, 2008, Carney defeated Chris Hackett 56% to 44%.[34] John McCain carried the district presidentially with 53.6 percent of the vote.","title":"Political campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania § District 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania#District_10"},{"link_name":"Tom Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Marino"},{"link_name":"12th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"See also: 2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania § District 10Carney was challenged by Republican nominee and former U. S. Attorney Tom Marino. In the 2010 election, Marino defeated Carney, 55–45%. Proving just how Republican this district still was, the Democrats have not crossed the 40 percent mark in the district, since renumbered as the 12th District, since Carney left office. Indeed, Carney is the only Democrat to cross the 40 percent mark since Scranton was drawn out of the district after the 2000 census.","title":"Political campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Edge"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"}],"sub_title":"Boards","text":"Carney is a board member for American Edge, a lobbying organization for the technology industry.[35]","title":"Political campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Congressional Staff Directory\". CQ Press. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/2010summercongre0000unse/page/362/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Congressional Staff Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Cross, Chris (January 10, 2007). \"A DOUG FEITH DEMOCRAT?\". Archived from the original on 10 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20060403&s=ackerman040306","url_text":"\"A DOUG FEITH DEMOCRAT?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070110023037/https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20060403&s=ackerman040306","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Airmen share their thoughts with commissioner\". Yokota Air Base. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 2020-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yokota.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/774100/airmen-share-their-thoughts-with-commissioner/","url_text":"\"Airmen share their thoughts with commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"Editorial, Guest (2017-04-16). \"Here's how the race to replace Rep. Tom Marino could be a referendum on Donald Trump: Tony May\". pennlive. Retrieved 2020-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pennlive.com/opinion/2017/04/heres_how_the_race_to_replace.html","url_text":"\"Here's how the race to replace Rep. Tom Marino could be a referendum on Donald Trump: Tony May\""}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Theodoric (21 October 2019). \"Carney heads to Nossaman\". POLITICO. Retrieved 2020-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://politi.co/2o9e6oY","url_text":"\"Carney heads to Nossaman\""}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Madeline (2020-03-03). \"Bottom line\". TheHill. Retrieved 2020-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/lobbying-contracts/485600-bottom-line","url_text":"\"Bottom line\""}]},{"reference":"Romm, Tony. \"Facebook is quietly helping to set up a new pro-tech advocacy group to battle Washington\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/12/facebook-lobbying-american-edge/","url_text":"\"Facebook is quietly helping to set up a new pro-tech advocacy group to battle Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"O'connor, Patrick (6 September 2007). \"Carney does two weeks of active duty\". POLITICO. Retrieved 2020-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.com/blogs/thecrypt/0907/Carney_does_two_weeks_of_active_duty.html","url_text":"\"Carney does two weeks of active duty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Representative Christopher P. Carney, Proudly Serving the People of the 10th District of Pennsylvania\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080731082156/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/pa10_carney/commander.html","url_text":"\"Representative Christopher P. Carney, Proudly Serving the People of the 10th District of Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/pa10_carney/commander.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Carol (2010-11-18). \"Congressman interrogated Guantánamo detainees\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. So it came as a surprise last month when a Pennsylvania congressman seeking reelection campaigned as the only member of the U.S. Congress to have interrogated a Guantánamo detainee.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Rosenberg","url_text":"Rosenberg, Carol"},{"url":"http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/11/18/1931306/lawmaker-says-he-interrogated.html","url_text":"\"Congressman interrogated Guantánamo detainees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20101121225153/http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/11/18/1931306/lawmaker-says-he-interrogated.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Seder, Andrew M. (2010-10-28). \"Carney touts record, trust issue\". Times Leader. Archived from the original on 2010-10-25. He said he is the only member of Congress to have personally interrogated a detainee at Guantanamo Bay, he's been to the Mexico/U.S. border to see how the border surveillance system operates and he has participated in Predator and Reaper drone missions.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101025160705/http://www.timesleader.com/news/Carney_touts_record__trust_issue_10-17-2010.html","url_text":"\"Carney touts record, trust issue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Leader","url_text":"Times Leader"},{"url":"http://www.timesleader.com/news/Carney_touts_record__trust_issue_10-17-2010.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Committee on Homeland Security\". Hsc-democrats.house.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213115016/http://hsc-democrats.house.gov/about/members.asp","url_text":"\"Committee on Homeland Security\""},{"url":"http://hsc-democrats.house.gov/about/members.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CARNEY RECEIVES CHAIRMANSHIP\". 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on February 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/pa10_carney/Homeland.html","url_text":"\"CARNEY RECEIVES CHAIRMANSHIP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070201052409/http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/pa10_carney/Homeland.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Committee on Homeland Security\". Hsc-democrats.house.gov. 2007-01-18. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_1393
1393
["1 Events","1.1 Date unknown","2 Births","3 Deaths","4 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1393" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Calendar year Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 13th century 14th century 15th century Decades: 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1393 by topic Leaders Political entities State leaders Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births – Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments – Disestablishments Art and literature 1393 in poetry vte 1393 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1393MCCCXCIIIAb urbe condita2146Armenian calendar842ԹՎ ՊԽԲAssyrian calendar6143Balinese saka calendar1314–1315Bengali calendar800Berber calendar2343English Regnal year16 Ric. 2 – 17 Ric. 2Buddhist calendar1937Burmese calendar755Byzantine calendar6901–6902Chinese calendar壬申年 (Water Monkey)4090 or 3883    — to —癸酉年 (Water Rooster)4091 or 3884Coptic calendar1109–1110Discordian calendar2559Ethiopian calendar1385–1386Hebrew calendar5153–5154Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1449–1450 - Shaka Samvat1314–1315 - Kali Yuga4493–4494Holocene calendar11393Igbo calendar393–394Iranian calendar771–772Islamic calendar795–796Japanese calendarMeitoku 4(明徳４年)Javanese calendar1307–1308Julian calendar1393MCCCXCIIIKorean calendar3726Minguo calendar519 before ROC民前519年Nanakshahi calendar−75Thai solar calendar1935–1936Tibetan calendar阳水猴年(male Water-Monkey)1519 or 1138 or 366    — to —阴水鸡年(female Water-Rooster)1520 or 1139 or 367Year 1393 (MCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January 28 – Bal des Ardents: Four members of the court of Charles VI of France die in a fire, at a masquerade ball. March 23 – Bohemian priest John of Nepomuk is killed in Prague by being thrown off Charles Bridge into the Vltava river, allegedly at the behest of king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. Nepomuk later will be declared a saint. Date unknown In central Persia, the Muzzafarid Empire, led by Shah Mansur, rebels against their Timurid occupiers. The rebellion is squashed and the Muzaffarid nobility are executed, ending the Muzaffarid dynasty in Persia. George VII succeeds his popular father, Bagrat V, as King of Georgia. Abdul Aziz II becomes Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco, after the death of Sultan Abu Al-Abbas. Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini succeeds Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, as Prince of Taranto (now southeastern Italy). Samsenethai succeeds his father, Fa Ngum, as King of Lan Xang (now Laos). King James I of Cyprus inherits the title of King of Armenia, after the death of his distant cousin Leo VI (although the Mamluk conquerors from Egypt remain the true rulers). A Ming dynasty Chinese record states that 720,000 sheets of toilet paper (two by three ft. in size) alone have been produced for the various members of the imperial court at Beijing, while the Imperial Bureau of Supplies also reports that 15,000 sheets of toilet paper alone have been designated for the royal family (made of fine soft yellow tissue and perfumed). Bosnia resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turks capture Turnovgrad (now Veliko Tarnovo), the capital city of east Bulgaria. Emperor Ivan Shishman is allowed to remain as puppet ruler of east Bulgaria. Despite his treaty with the king of Poland, Roman I of Moldavia supports Fyodor Koriatovych against the king. Losing the battle, he will also lose the throne of Moldavia the next year. Sikander Shah I succeeds Muhammad Shah III, as Sultan of Delhi. Sikander Shah I is succeeded two months later by Mahmud II. Abu Thabid II succeeds Abu Tashufin II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria. Abu Thabid is succeeded in the same year by his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I. Konrad von Jungingen succeeds Konrad von Wallenrode, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. Maelruanaidh MacDermot succeeds Aedh MacDermot, as King of Magh Luirg in north-central Ireland. King Stjepan Dabiša of Bosnia signs the Contract of Djakovice, establishing peace with King Sigismund of Hungary. Byzantium loses Thessaly to the growing Ottoman Empire. Births February 3 – Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (d. 1455) August 24 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458) December – Margaret of Burgundy, Dauphine of France (d. 1442) date unknown John Capgrave, English theologian (d. 1464) Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto (d. 1463) Anna of Moscow, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1417) Osbern Bokenam, English Augustinian friar and poet Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley Andrea Vendramin, Doge of Venice (d. 1478) Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (d. 1466) Deaths March 7 – Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania (b. c. 1350) March 23 – John of Nepomuk, saint June 6 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan, former Pretender to the throne (b. 1359) July 23 – Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights July 30 – Alberto d'Este, Lord of Ferrara and Modena (b. 1347) August 6 – John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros (b. 1365) November 29 – King Leo V of Armenia (b. c. 1342) date unknown Fa Ngum, founder of the Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang (b. 1316) Valentina Visconti, Queen of Cyprus King Bagrat V of Georgia Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir, Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in Morocco References ^ Richard Lomas (1999). A Power in the Land: The Percys. Tuckwell Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-86232-067-3. ^ Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (1999). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Yorkin Publications. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-7876-4080-4. ^ Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011. Douglas Richardson. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4610-4513-7.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MCCCXCIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"}],"text":"Calendar yearYear 1393 (MCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.","title":"1393"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28"},{"link_name":"Bal des Ardents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_des_Ardents"},{"link_name":"Charles VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"masquerade ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade_ball"},{"link_name":"March 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23"},{"link_name":"John of Nepomuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Vltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vltava"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia"}],"text":"January 28 – Bal des Ardents: Four members of the court of Charles VI of France die in a fire, at a masquerade ball.\nMarch 23 – Bohemian priest John of Nepomuk is killed in Prague by being thrown off Charles Bridge into the Vltava river, allegedly at the behest of king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia. Nepomuk later will be declared a saint.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Muzzafarid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"George VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VII_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Bagrat V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_V_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Marinid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimondo_Del_Balzo_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taranto"},{"link_name":"Samsenethai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsenethai"},{"link_name":"Fa Ngum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa_Ngum"},{"link_name":"Lan Xang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Xang"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"James I of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Leo VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_VI_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chinese record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_paper#History"},{"link_name":"toilet paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_paper"},{"link_name":"perfumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Veliko Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shishman"},{"link_name":"Roman I of Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_I_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Koriatovych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Koriatovych"},{"link_name":"Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Abdalwadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalwadid"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Konrad von Jungingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_Jungingen"},{"link_name":"Konrad von Wallenrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_Wallenrode"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"Magh Luirg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magh_Luirg"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Dabiša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Dabi%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Sigismund of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"sub_title":"Date unknown","text":"In central Persia, the Muzzafarid Empire, led by Shah Mansur, rebels against their Timurid occupiers. The rebellion is squashed and the Muzaffarid nobility are executed, ending the Muzaffarid dynasty in Persia.\nGeorge VII succeeds his popular father, Bagrat V, as King of Georgia.\nAbdul Aziz II becomes Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco, after the death of Sultan Abu Al-Abbas.\nRaimondo Del Balzo Orsini succeeds Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, as Prince of Taranto (now southeastern Italy).\nSamsenethai succeeds his father, Fa Ngum, as King of Lan Xang (now Laos).\nKing James I of Cyprus inherits the title of King of Armenia, after the death of his distant cousin Leo VI (although the Mamluk conquerors from Egypt remain the true rulers).\nA Ming dynasty Chinese record states that 720,000 sheets of toilet paper (two by three ft. in size) alone have been produced for the various members of the imperial court at Beijing, while the Imperial Bureau of Supplies also reports that 15,000 sheets of toilet paper alone have been designated for the royal family (made of fine soft yellow tissue and perfumed).\nBosnia resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.\nThe Ottoman Turks capture Turnovgrad (now Veliko Tarnovo), the capital city of east Bulgaria. Emperor Ivan Shishman is allowed to remain as puppet ruler of east Bulgaria.\nDespite his treaty with the king of Poland, Roman I of Moldavia supports Fyodor Koriatovych against the king. Losing the battle, he will also lose the throne of Moldavia the next year.\nSikander Shah I succeeds Muhammad Shah III, as Sultan of Delhi. Sikander Shah I is succeeded two months later by Mahmud II.\nAbu Thabid II succeeds Abu Tashufin II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria. Abu Thabid is succeeded in the same year by his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I.\nKonrad von Jungingen succeeds Konrad von Wallenrode, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.\nMaelruanaidh MacDermot succeeds Aedh MacDermot, as King of Magh Luirg in north-central Ireland.\nKing Stjepan Dabiša of Bosnia signs the Contract of Djakovice, establishing peace with King Sigismund of Hungary.\nByzantium loses Thessaly to the growing Ottoman Empire.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_3"},{"link_name":"Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland"},{"link_name":"1455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1455"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"August 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_24"},{"link_name":"Arthur III, Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_III,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"1458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1458"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Burgundy, Dauphine of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Dauphine_of_France"},{"link_name":"1442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1442"},{"link_name":"John Capgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Capgrave"},{"link_name":"1464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1464"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Del_Balzo_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto"},{"link_name":"1463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1463"},{"link_name":"Anna of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"1417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1417"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Osbern Bokenam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbern_Bokenam"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Morley,_5th_Baron_Morley"},{"link_name":"Andrea Vendramin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Vendramin"},{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"1478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1478"},{"link_name":"Alvise Loredan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvise_Loredan"},{"link_name":"1466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1466"}],"text":"February 3 – Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (d. 1455)[1]\nAugust 24 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458)\nDecember – Margaret of Burgundy, Dauphine of France (d. 1442)\ndate unknown\nJohn Capgrave, English theologian (d. 1464)\nGiovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto (d. 1463)\nAnna of Moscow, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1417)[2]\nOsbern Bokenam, English Augustinian friar and poet\nThomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley\nAndrea Vendramin, Doge of Venice (d. 1478)\nAlvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (d. 1466)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_7"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_VI,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"1350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1350"},{"link_name":"March 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23"},{"link_name":"John of Nepomuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk"},{"link_name":"June 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_6"},{"link_name":"Emperor Go-En'yū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-En%27y%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"1359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1359"},{"link_name":"July 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_23"},{"link_name":"Konrad von Wallenrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_Wallenrode"},{"link_name":"Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"July 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_30"},{"link_name":"Alberto d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Lord of Ferrara and Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dukes_of_Ferrara_and_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"1347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1347"},{"link_name":"August 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_6"},{"link_name":"John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Ros,_5th_Baron_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"1365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1365"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"November 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_29"},{"link_name":"Leo V of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_V_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"1342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1342"},{"link_name":"Fa Ngum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa_Ngum"},{"link_name":"Lan Xang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Xang"},{"link_name":"1316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1316"},{"link_name":"Valentina Visconti, Queen of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Queen_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Bagrat V of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_V_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Abbas_Ahmad_al-Mustansir"},{"link_name":"Marinid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"}],"text":"March 7 – Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania (b. c. 1350)\nMarch 23 – John of Nepomuk, saint\nJune 6 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan, former Pretender to the throne (b. 1359)\nJuly 23 – Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights\nJuly 30 – Alberto d'Este, Lord of Ferrara and Modena (b. 1347)\nAugust 6 – John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros (b. 1365)[3]\nNovember 29 – King Leo V of Armenia (b. c. 1342)\ndate unknown\nFa Ngum, founder of the Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang (b. 1316)\nValentina Visconti, Queen of Cyprus\nKing Bagrat V of Georgia\nAbu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir, Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in Morocco","title":"Deaths"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Richard Lomas (1999). A Power in the Land: The Percys. Tuckwell Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-86232-067-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DmpmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"A Power in the Land: The Percys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86232-067-3","url_text":"978-1-86232-067-3"}]},{"reference":"Anne Commire; Deborah Klezmer (1999). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Yorkin Publications. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-7876-4080-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist04comm","url_text":"Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist04comm/page/360","url_text":"360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4080-4","url_text":"978-0-7876-4080-4"}]},{"reference":"Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011. Douglas Richardson. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4610-4513-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kjme027UeagC&pg=RA2-PA87","url_text":"Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4610-4513-7","url_text":"978-1-4610-4513-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braiding_machine
Braiding machine
["1 Process","2 Horn gear braider","2.1 Maypole braider","2.2 Square braider","3 Wardwell Rapid Braider","4 Track and column braider","5 Automatic high speed braiding machines","6 Applications","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"]
This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (August 2009) 1925 braiding machine in action The smallest braiding machine consists of two horn gears and three bobbins. This produces a flat, 3-strand braid. A braiding machine is a device that interlaces three or more strands of yarn or wire to create a variety of materials, including rope, reinforced hose, covered power cords, and some types of lace. Braiding materials include natural and synthetic yarns, metal wires, leather tapes, and others. Process Fibers are spun into yarn. One or more yarns are twisted together to form a strand. Strands are wound onto bobbins. Bobbins are mounted on carriers. Carriers are mounted onto a braiding machine, where the braiding takes place. Horn gear braider In a horn gear braider, bobbins of thread pass one another to the left and right on pseudo-sinusoidal tracks. The bobbins are mounted on spool carriers that are driven by a series of horn gears. A horn gear is a notched disk driven by a spur gear below on the same shaft; bobbins are transferred between notches of adjacent gears. These gears lie below the track plate that the bobbin carriers ride on. The gears must be driven at multiple points on machines that use two or more bobbin sets and cross-shafts. On a vertically oriented machine, the braided thread is taken up above the machine. The height and diameter of a guide ring affects the characteristics of the braided product. On horizontal machines, the braiding track plate and associated bobbins are rotated 90 degrees and the braided product is produced parallel to the ground. This enables large stiff braided cables to be output horizontally, which eliminates the need for factory buildings with tall ceilings. Braiding machines, although they have an apparent complex movement of bobbins, are mechanically simple and robust. Modern versions are reliable and can operate for many hours or even days without attention. This enables factories with hundreds of machines to be operated by just a few workers, which reduces cost of labor and makes products cheaper and/or profits higher. These modern machines have incorporated electronic controls with automated controls. Although ropes, cords and fishing line are still the core products of most braiding companies there are many other products including webbing, cable shielding and automotive products such as reinforced brake lines. The configuration of horn gears affects the shape of the final braid. A closed circle of gears can be used to make a hollow, circular rope. A single row or horseshoe-configuration can be used to create a flat braid. A grid of gears can be used to create solid-core braids, for example a square braid. A horn gear braiding machine at the Arbetets Museum (Museum of Work) in Norrköping, Sweden Horn gears mounted on a track plate A horn gear machine used to produce a flat braid A 19th century braider used to produce rickrack. The wavy edges are produced by varying thread tension. Maypole braider Alternate dancers traveling in opposite directions around a maypole. Notice how dancers use their arms to raise the ribbons to allow other dancers to pass by. Maypole braiders, also known as circular braiders, are a type of horn gear braider used to produce hollow circular braids. The movement and order of fibers mimics that of ribbons used to decorate a maypole. They were well suited to be driven by the steam engines of the industrial revolution and electric motor-powered machines were common by the beginning of the 20th century. Common types of braiding machines work in much the same way as the process of decorating a maypole. At the start of decorating a maypole, an even number of ribbons are tied to the top of the pole. Each ribbon is held by one person, and the group of people form a ring about the base of the pole. Half the people travel clockwise and the other half counter clockwise. When passing people traveling in the opposite direction, individuals alternate passing to the right and to the left. This results in a downward forming braid on the pole. As the braid works its way down the pole, the ribbons become shorter and the angle of forming changes as the braid works lower on the pole. On a standard braiding machine, the supply lines are a constant angle and at a constant tension and hence the output braided product is uniform. This type of braiding can be used to braid a sheathe over a cable as it is drawn through the middle of the machine and is used to produce shielded electrical cables and fibre reinforced hoses. This type of machine is also used to weave fibres such as carbon fibres onto a hollow substrate to produce high performance composite parts, being used in producing rigid lightweight components such as bike frames and yacht masts. Square braider 1989 US patent for a horn gear braider specifically designed to create a square braid from eight strands of yarn. A square braider uses a grid of gears and intersecting tracks to produce a solid-core braid. In the patent image on the right, the braider has two tracks, one shaded in green and one shaded in red. Four bobbin carriers slide along each track. The four carriers shaded in green travel around the green track in the counter-clockwise direction, and the four carriers shaded in red travel around the red track in the clockwise direction. As the two tracks cross over, the strands twist around each other, making a braid. The carriers are pushed by four horn gears in the base plate. Each of the horn gears has a gear and a horn on a common shaft. The gears intermesh with each other, with alternate gears traveling in opposite directions. Each horn has four slots for pushing a bobbin carrier. The bobbin carriers get passed along from one horn to the next as they make their way along a track. Wardwell Rapid Braider Patent for Wardwell Rapid Braider The speed of a horn gear braider is limited by the effort needed to force bobbin carriers to follow a serpentine path. In 1922, Simon W. Wardwell solved this problem by moving the strands of yarn instead of the carriers, allowing the carriers to follow a simple circular path. The carriers are in two counter-rotating rings, while lever arms driven by a cam guide the strands of yarn from the outer ring up and down between the carriers of the inner ring. Because a lever arm has much less mass than a bobbin and carrier, the machine can run faster. Although these machines run smoothly and quickly, they must be built for a particular type of braid and are not easily reconfigured. Track and column braider In a track and column braider, bobbin carriers follow tracks in a two dimensional array of rows and columns, instead of circular paths defined by horn gears. Automatic high speed braiding machines Automatic high speed braiding machines are normally equipped with programmable logic controllers (PLC) and automatic mass-adjusting and motor-driven yarn feeders, so as to simplify operation. Compared to normal braiding machines, high speed braiding machines save costs from labour, electricity, and time. Applications Braiding gives a metal hose like this flexibility and strength. Products from braiding machines are everywhere in life, like shipbuilding, national defense industry, port operations, high pressure and magnet shielding wires and pipes, decorative ropes and belts, shoelace, elastic ropes and belts, cables, etc. There are non-traditional machines that have a grid array of thread carriers that under computer control can braid over complex shapes. References Citations ^ Yordan, Kyosev (January 1, 2015). Braiding technology for textiles. WP, Woodhead Publ./Elsevier. ISBN 9780857091352. OCLC 931672549. ^ Wulfhorst, Burkhard; Thomas Gries & Dieter Veit (2006). "Braiding Processes and Machines". Textile Technology. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG: 188–204. doi:10.3139/9783446433472.007. ISBN 978-3-446-22963-1. ^ Potluri & Nawaz 2011, p. 343. ^ Adanur, S. (1995). "Braiding and Narrow Fabrics". Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles. Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 133–138. ISBN 1566763401. ^ US patent 4803909, Michael F. Smith, "Apparatus and method for automated braiding of square rope and rope product produced thereby", issued February 14, 1989  ^ US patent 1423587, Simon W. Wardwell, "Yarn retriever for braiding or similar machines", issued July 25, 1992  ^ Soares, Carlos (1999). Soares, Carlos A. Mota; Soares, Cristóvão M. Mota; Freitas, Manuel J. M. (eds.). Mechanics of composite materials and structures. Dordrecht Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4489-6. ISBN 9780792358701. Bibliography Potluri, P.; Nawaz, S. (2011). "Developments in Braided Fabric". In Gong, R. H. (ed.). Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures: Developments and Applications. Woodhead Pub. pp. 333–354. ISBN 978-0857093936. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Braiding machines. YMCORP (September 26, 2011). "Cam Ring Wardwell Slow Speed". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved February 25, 2016.: YouTube video of a Wardell braider, with a yellow-painted cam vteBraidingTheory Braid group Braid theory Brunnian link Practice Braid Braiding machine Braided rope 3D weaving 3D composites 3D braided fabrics Weaving
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_the_smallest_braiding_machine_with_three_carriers_and_two_horn_gears.gif"},{"link_name":"yarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope"},{"link_name":"reinforced hose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose#Reinforced_rubber_hose"},{"link_name":"power cords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_cord"},{"link_name":"lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wbg-2"}],"text":"1925 braiding machine in actionThe smallest braiding machine consists of two horn gears and three bobbins. This produces a flat, 3-strand braid.A braiding machine is a device that interlaces three or more strands of yarn or wire to create a variety of materials, including rope, reinforced hose, covered power cords, and some types of lace.[1][2] Braiding materials include natural and synthetic yarns, metal wires, leather tapes, and others.","title":"Braiding machine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bobbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbin"}],"text":"Fibers are spun into yarn.\nOne or more yarns are twisted together to form a strand.\nStrands are wound onto bobbins.\nBobbins are mounted on carriers.\nCarriers are mounted onto a braiding machine, where the braiding takes place.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spur gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_gear#Spur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braiding_machine_arbetes_museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16-os_fonatolo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fonatk%C3%A9pz%C3%A9s2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricrac_industrial_loom.jpg"},{"link_name":"rickrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickrack"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotluriNawaz2011343-3"}],"text":"In a horn gear braider, bobbins of thread pass one another to the left and right on pseudo-sinusoidal tracks. The bobbins are mounted on spool carriers that are driven by a series of horn gears. A horn gear is a notched disk driven by a spur gear below on the same shaft; bobbins are transferred between notches of adjacent gears. These gears lie below the track plate that the bobbin carriers ride on. The gears must be driven at multiple points on machines that use two or more bobbin sets and cross-shafts.On a vertically oriented machine, the braided thread is taken up above the machine. The height and diameter of a guide ring affects the characteristics of the braided product. On horizontal machines, the braiding track plate and associated bobbins are rotated 90 degrees and the braided product is produced parallel to the ground. This enables large stiff braided cables to be output horizontally, which eliminates the need for factory buildings with tall ceilings.Braiding machines, although they have an apparent complex movement of bobbins, are mechanically simple and robust. Modern versions are reliable and can operate for many hours or even days without attention. This enables factories with hundreds of machines to be operated by just a few workers, which reduces cost of labor and makes products cheaper and/or profits higher. These modern machines have incorporated electronic controls with automated controls. Although ropes, cords and fishing line are still the core products of most braiding companies there are many other products including webbing, cable shielding and automotive products such as reinforced brake lines.The configuration of horn gears affects the shape of the final braid. A closed circle of gears can be used to make a hollow, circular rope. A single row or horseshoe-configuration can be used to create a flat braid. A grid of gears can be used to create solid-core braids, for example a square braid.A horn gear braiding machine at the Arbetets Museum (Museum of Work) in Norrköping, Sweden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHorn gears mounted on a track plate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA horn gear machine used to produce a flat braid\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 19th century braider used to produce rickrack. The wavy edges are produced by varying thread tension.[3]","title":"Horn gear braider"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maypole_dancing_in_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"link_name":"maypole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypole"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Maypole braider","text":"Alternate dancers traveling in opposite directions around a maypole. Notice how dancers use their arms to raise the ribbons to allow other dancers to pass by.Maypole braiders, also known as circular braiders, are a type of horn gear braider used to produce hollow circular braids. The movement and order of fibers mimics that of ribbons used to decorate a maypole.[4] They were well suited to be driven by the steam engines of the industrial revolution and electric motor-powered machines were common by the beginning of the 20th century.Common types of braiding machines work in much the same way as the process of decorating a maypole. At the start of decorating a maypole, an even number of ribbons are tied to the top of the pole. Each ribbon is held by one person, and the group of people form a ring about the base of the pole. Half the people travel clockwise and the other half counter clockwise. When passing people traveling in the opposite direction, individuals alternate passing to the right and to the left. This results in a downward forming braid on the pole. As the braid works its way down the pole, the ribbons become shorter and the angle of forming changes as the braid works lower on the pole. On a standard braiding machine, the supply lines are a constant angle and at a constant tension and hence the output braided product is uniform.This type of braiding can be used to braid a sheathe over a cable as it is drawn through the middle of the machine and is used to produce shielded electrical cables and fibre reinforced hoses. This type of machine is also used to weave fibres such as carbon fibres onto a hollow substrate to produce high performance composite parts, being used in producing rigid lightweight components such as bike frames and yacht masts.","title":"Horn gear braider"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braiding_machine_patent.pdf"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Square braider","text":"1989 US patent for a horn gear braider specifically designed to create a square braid from eight strands of yarn.[5]A square braider uses a grid of gears and intersecting tracks to produce a solid-core braid.In the patent image on the right, the braider has two tracks, one shaded in green and one shaded in red. Four bobbin carriers slide along each track. The four carriers shaded in green travel around the green track in the counter-clockwise direction, and the four carriers shaded in red travel around the red track in the clockwise direction. As the two tracks cross over, the strands twist around each other, making a braid.The carriers are pushed by four horn gears in the base plate. Each of the horn gears has a gear and a horn on a common shaft. The gears intermesh with each other, with alternate gears traveling in opposite directions. Each horn has four slots for pushing a bobbin carrier. The bobbin carriers get passed along from one horn to the next as they make their way along a track.","title":"Horn gear braider"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wardwell.png"},{"link_name":"serpentine path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_shape"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"}],"text":"Patent for Wardwell Rapid BraiderThe speed of a horn gear braider is limited by the effort needed to force bobbin carriers to follow a serpentine path. In 1922, Simon W. Wardwell solved this problem by moving the strands of yarn instead of the carriers, allowing the carriers to follow a simple circular path.[6] The carriers are in two counter-rotating rings, while lever arms driven by a cam guide the strands of yarn from the outer ring up and down between the carriers of the inner ring. Because a lever arm has much less mass than a bobbin and carrier, the machine can run faster.Although these machines run smoothly and quickly, they must be built for a particular type of braid and are not easily reconfigured.","title":"Wardwell Rapid Braider"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In a track and column braider, bobbin carriers follow tracks in a two dimensional array of rows and columns, instead of circular paths defined by horn gears.[7]","title":"Track and column braider"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programmable logic controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"}],"text":"Automatic high speed braiding machines are normally equipped with programmable logic controllers (PLC) and automatic mass-adjusting and motor-driven yarn feeders, so as to simplify operation. Compared to normal braiding machines, high speed braiding machines save costs from labour, electricity, and time.","title":"Automatic high speed braiding machines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuyau_flexible_us%C3%A9_et_neuf_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"metal hose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_hose"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"national defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)"}],"text":"Braiding gives a metal hose like this flexibility and strength.Products from braiding machines are everywhere in life, like shipbuilding, national defense industry, port operations, high pressure and magnet shielding wires and pipes, decorative ropes and belts, shoelace, elastic ropes and belts, cables, etc.There are non-traditional machines that have a grid array of thread carriers that under computer control can braid over complex shapes.","title":"Applications"}]
[{"image_text":"1925 braiding machine in action"},{"image_text":"The smallest braiding machine consists of two horn gears and three bobbins. This produces a flat, 3-strand braid.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Animation_of_the_smallest_braiding_machine_with_three_carriers_and_two_horn_gears.gif/220px-Animation_of_the_smallest_braiding_machine_with_three_carriers_and_two_horn_gears.gif"},{"image_text":"Alternate dancers traveling in opposite directions around a maypole. Notice how dancers use their arms to raise the ribbons to allow other dancers to pass by.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Maypole_dancing_in_Cape_Town.jpg/220px-Maypole_dancing_in_Cape_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"1989 US patent for a horn gear braider specifically designed to create a square braid from eight strands of yarn.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Braiding_machine_patent.pdf/page1-220px-Braiding_machine_patent.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patent for Wardwell Rapid Braider","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wardwell.png/220px-Wardwell.png"},{"image_text":"Braiding gives a metal hose like this flexibility and strength.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tuyau_flexible_us%C3%A9_et_neuf_04.jpg/220px-Tuyau_flexible_us%C3%A9_et_neuf_04.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Yordan, Kyosev (January 1, 2015). Braiding technology for textiles. WP, Woodhead Publ./Elsevier. ISBN 9780857091352. OCLC 931672549.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857091352","url_text":"9780857091352"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/931672549","url_text":"931672549"}]},{"reference":"Wulfhorst, Burkhard; Thomas Gries & Dieter Veit (2006). \"Braiding Processes and Machines\". Textile Technology. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG: 188–204. doi:10.3139/9783446433472.007. ISBN 978-3-446-22963-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3139%2F9783446433472.007","url_text":"10.3139/9783446433472.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-22963-1","url_text":"978-3-446-22963-1"}]},{"reference":"Adanur, S. (1995). \"Braiding and Narrow Fabrics\". Wellington Sears Handbook of Industrial Textiles. Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 133–138. ISBN 1566763401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566763401","url_text":"1566763401"}]},{"reference":"Soares, Carlos (1999). Soares, Carlos A. Mota; Soares, Cristóvão M. Mota; Freitas, Manuel J. M. (eds.). Mechanics of composite materials and structures. Dordrecht Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4489-6. ISBN 9780792358701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-4489-6","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-011-4489-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792358701","url_text":"9780792358701"}]},{"reference":"Potluri, P.; Nawaz, S. (2011). \"Developments in Braided Fabric\". In Gong, R. H. (ed.). Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures: Developments and Applications. Woodhead Pub. pp. 333–354. ISBN 978-0857093936.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857093936","url_text":"978-0857093936"}]},{"reference":"YMCORP (September 26, 2011). \"Cam Ring Wardwell Slow Speed\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved February 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buVMO4tRjQU","url_text":"\"Cam Ring Wardwell Slow Speed\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/buVMO4tRjQU","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobu_Seyo
Gobu Seyo
["1 Demographics","2 References"]
Coordinates: 9°10′12″N 36°58′55″E / 9.170°N 36.982°E / 9.170; 36.982District in Ethiopia Gobu Seyo is one of the woredas in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Eastern Welega Zone and it was part of former Bila Seyo woreda. It is bounded by west Shewa Zone in the east, Sibu Sire in the west, Gudeya Bila in the north and Bonaya Boshe in the south. Demographics As per the 2007 national census, the total population of this woreda is 41,012. The total population comprises 20,283 Males and 20,729 Females; 4,752 or 11.59% of its population are urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants observe Protestantism, with 40.81% reporting that as their religion, while 40.09% observe Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 17.57% are Muslim. References ^ 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1 Archived November 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.5, 3.4 (accessed 13 January 2012) vteZones and Districts of the Oromia Region List of districts in the Oromia RegionArsi Zone Aminya Aseko Asella Town Bale Gasegar Batu Dugda Chole Digeluna Tijo Diksis Dodota Enkelo Wabe Gololcha Guna Hitosa Jeju Limuna Bilbilo Lude Hitosa Merti Munesa Robe Seru Sire Sherka Sude Tena Tiyo Bale Zone Agarfa Berbere Dawe Kachen Dawe Serara Delo Menna Dinsho Gasera Ginir Goba Goba Town Gololcha Goro Guradamole Harena Buluk Legehida Meda Welabu Raytu Robe Town Seweyna Sinana Borena Zone Abaya Arero Bule Hora Dillo Dire Dugda Dawa Gelana Gomole Malka Soda Miyu Moyale Teltele Yabelo Buno Bedele Zone Bedele Zuria Bedele Town Borecha Chewaka Chora Dabo Hana Dega Didessa Gechi Mako East Hararghe Zone Babile Badeno Chinaksen Dadar Fedis Girawa Gola Oda Goro Gutu Gursum Haro Maya Jarso Kersa Kombolcha Kurfa Chele Malka Balo Meyumuluke Meta Midega Tola East Shewa Zone Ada'a Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha Batu town Bishoftu Bora Boset Dugda Fentale Gimbichu Liben Lome Nannawa Adama East Welega Zone Bonaya Boshe Diga Gida Kiremu Gobu Seyo Gudeya Bila Guto Gida Haro Limmu Ibantu Jimma Arjo Leka Dulecha Limmu Nekemte Nunu Kumba Sasiga Sibu Sire Wama Hagalo Wayu Tuka Guji Zone Adola Adola Town Ana Sora Bore Dima Girja Hambela Wamena Harenfema Kercha Liben Negele Borana Odo Shakiso Uraga Wadera Horo Guduru Welega Zone Abay Chomen Abe Dongoro Amuru Guduru Hababo Guduru Horo Jardega Jarte Jimma Genete Jimma Rare Shambu Town Illubabor Zone Ale Alge Sache Bicho Bilo Nopha Bure Darimu Didu Doreni Huka Halu Hurumu Metu Zuria Metu Town Nono Sele Supena Sodo Yayu Jimma Zone Agaro Town Chora Botor Dedo Gera Gomma Guma Kersa Limmu Sakka Limmu Kosa Mana Omo Nada Seka Chekorsa Setema Shebe Senbo Sigmo Sokoru Tiro Afeta Kelam Welega Zone Anfillo Dale Sedi Dale Wabera Dembidolo Town Gawo Kebe Gidami Hawa Gelan Jimma Horo Lalo Kile Sayo Yemalogi Welele North Shewa Zone Abichu Aleltu Degem Dera Fiche Town Gerar Jarso Hidabu Abote Jido Kembibit Kuyu Liban Wara Jarso Wuchale Yaya Gulele Southwest Shewa Zone Amaya Becho Dawo Elu Goro Kersana Malima Seden Sodo Sodo Dacha Tole Waliso Waliso Town Wanchi West Arsi Zone Adaba Arsi Negele Dodola Gedeb Asasa Kofele Kokosa Kore Naannawa Shashamane Nensebo Seraro Shala Shashamane Town West Guji Zone Bule Hora West Hararghe Zone Badessa Town Boke Char char Chiro Town Daru labu Doba Gamachis Guba Koricha Habro Kuni Masela Mieso Nannawa Chiro Tulo West Shewa Zone Abuna Ginde Beret Adda Berga Ambo Town Bako Tibe Cheliya Dano Dendi Dire Enchini Ejerie Elfata Ginde Beret Gurraacha Enchini Jeldu Jibat Meta Robi Midakegn Naannawa Ambo Nono Toke Kutaye West Welega Zone Ayra Babo Gambela Begi Boji Chokorsa Boji Dirmaji Genji Gimbi Gimbi Town Guliso Haru Homa Jarso Kondala Kiltu Kara Lalo Asabi Mana Sibu Nejo Nole Kaba Sayo Nole Yubdo Jimma Zone Jimma Oromia Special ZoneSurrounding Finfinne Akaki Bereh Burayu Town Holeta Town Koye Feche Mulo Sebeta Hawas Sendafa Town Sululta Walmara 9°10′12″N 36°58′55″E / 9.170°N 36.982°E / 9.170; 36.982
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"woredas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woreda"},{"link_name":"Oromia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Welega Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Welega_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bila Seyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Seyo"}],"text":"District in EthiopiaGobu Seyo is one of the woredas in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. It is part of the Eastern Welega Zone and it was part of former Bila Seyo woreda. It is bounded by west Shewa Zone in the east, Sibu Sire in the west, Gudeya Bila in the north and Bonaya Boshe in the south.","title":"Gobu Seyo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27ent%27ay"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"As per the 2007 national census, the total population of this woreda is 41,012. The total population comprises 20,283 Males and 20,729 Females; 4,752 or 11.59% of its population are urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants observe Protestantism, with 40.81% reporting that as their religion, while 40.09% observe Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 17.57% are Muslim.[1]","title":"Demographics"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gobu_Seyo&params=9.17_N_36.982_E_type:adm3rd_globe:earth_region:ET","external_links_name":"9°10′12″N 36°58′55″E / 9.170°N 36.982°E / 9.170; 36.982"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=272&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113202722/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=272&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gobu_Seyo&params=9.17_N_36.982_E_type:adm3rd_globe:earth_region:ET","external_links_name":"9°10′12″N 36°58′55″E / 9.170°N 36.982°E / 9.170; 36.982"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c_River
Châu Đốc River
["1 References"]
River in Vietnam You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (October 2010) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Vietnamese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|vi|Sông Châu Đốc}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Chau Doc River (An Giang, Vietnam), the section flowing through the Con Tien bridge. The Châu Đốc River (Vietnamese: Sông Châu Đốc) is a river of Vietnam and Cambodia. From its source in Takéo Province in Cambodia, the river drains southerly, crossing into Vietnam's An Giang Province then joining the Bassac River at Châu Đốc. References ^ Vietnam Administrative Atlas, NXB Bản Đồ, 2004 This article about a location in An Giang province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Cambodia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%C3%B4ng_Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Takéo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"An Giang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Giang_Province"},{"link_name":"Bassac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassac_River"},{"link_name":"Châu Đốc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chau Doc River (An Giang, Vietnam), the section flowing through the Con Tien bridge.The Châu Đốc River (Vietnamese: Sông Châu Đốc) is a river of Vietnam and Cambodia.From its source in Takéo Province in Cambodia, the river drains southerly, crossing into Vietnam's An Giang Province then joining the Bassac River at Châu Đốc.[1]","title":"Châu Đốc River"}]
[{"image_text":"Chau Doc River (An Giang, Vietnam), the section flowing through the Con Tien bridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/S%C3%B4ng_Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c.jpg/280px-S%C3%B4ng_Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Municipal_(Kenitra)
Kenitra Municipal Stadium
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 34°15′9″N 6°34′17″W / 34.25250°N 6.57139°W / 34.25250; -6.57139Multi-purpose stadium in Rabat, Morocco Kenitra Municipal StadiumLocationKenitra, MoroccoOwnerKenitra MunicipalityCapacity28,000SurfacegrassConstructionOpened1941Renovated2017TenantsKénitra AC Kenitra Municipal Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Kenitra, Morocco which has been inaugurated in 1941. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Kénitra AC. The stadium has a capacity up to 28,000. vteBotola Venues (2022–23) Mohammed V Stadium Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium Stade Adrar Ibn Batouta Stadium Fez Stadium Honneur Stadium Stade El Massira Stade Municipal de Berkane Stade El Bachir Stade Moulay Hassan Stade El Abdi Saniat Rmel Complexe OCP 34°15′9″N 6°34′17″W / 34.25250°N 6.57139°W / 34.25250; -6.57139 References ^ StadiumDB This article about a Moroccan sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-building_structure
List of non-building structure types
["1 Examples","2 Exceptions","3 See also","4 References"]
Load-bearing structure not designed for continuous human occupancy For broader coverage of this topic, see List of building types. For individual structures, see List of buildings and structures. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of non-building structure types" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Eiffel Tower Brandenburg Gate The Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, Belgium Golden Gate Bridge Kapellbrücke (Chapel Bridge), a covered bridge in Lucerne, Switzerland The Olmsted ramada over the Big House of Casa Grande National Monument in Arizona Silos in Acatlán, Hidalgo, Mexico Transmission tower near Le Cluzeau, Saint-Romain, France The Triumphal Arch of Orange, France A nonbuilding structure, often referred to simply as a structure, is any built structure that is not a building, i.e. not designed for continuous human occupancy. The term is particularly used by architects, structural engineers, and mechanical engineers to distinguish load-bearing structures not designed for continuous human occupancy. Examples Aerial lift pylons Aqueducts Avalanche dams Barriers Blast furnaces Boat lifts Brick kilns Bridges and bridge-like structures (aqueducts, overpasses, trestles, viaducts, etc.) Bus stops Canals Carports Chimneys and flue-gas stacks Coke ovens Communications towers Conservatories Covered bridges Dams Docks Dolphins Driveways Electricity grids Elevators Fountains Ferris wheels Ferry slips Flumes Footpaths Fortifications Fractionating towers Gates Gate guardian Pylon Granaries Greenhouses Hayracks Hay barracks Headframes Infrastructures Landmarks Marinas Monoliths Megaliths Memorials Monuments Mounds Stupas Offshore oil platforms (except for the production and housing facilities) Oil depots Oil platforms Piers Pitch Pyramids Radio masts and towers Railroads Ramadas Retaining walls Roads Roller coasters Sheds Ski lifts Silos Storage tanks Street lights Street signs Swimming pools Structures designed to support, contain or convey liquid or gaseous matter, including Cooling towers Distillation equipment and structural supports at chemical and petrochemical plants and oil refineries Tank farms Thoroughfares Tombs Towers of some types Lattice towers Obelisks Tramways and aerial tramways Transmission towers Triumphal arches Tunnels Underwater habitats Water towers Wharves Windmills Exceptions Dulles Airport control tower Some structures that are occupied periodically and would otherwise be considered "nonbuilding structures" are categorized as "buildings" for life and fire safety purposes: Aviation control towers Cruise ships Factories Kiosks Lighthouses Outhouses Power stations Refineries Warehouses See also Architectural engineering References ^ International Code Council (2003). 2003 International Building Code. International Code Council. ISBN 1-892395-79-7. ^ a b c d Prasad, Deo K.. Designing with solar power: a source book for building integrated photovoltaics (BiPV). Mulgrave, Vic.: Images ;, 2005. Print. ^ a b c d e f g Kunreuther, Howard, and Richard J. Roth. Paying the price the status and role of insurance against natural disasters in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 1998. Print.
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For individual structures, see List of buildings and structures.Eiffel TowerBrandenburg GateThe Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, BelgiumGolden Gate BridgeKapellbrücke (Chapel Bridge), a covered bridge in Lucerne, SwitzerlandThe Olmsted ramada over the Big House of Casa Grande National Monument in ArizonaSilos in Acatlán, Hidalgo, MexicoTransmission tower near Le Cluzeau, Saint-Romain, FranceThe Triumphal Arch of Orange, FranceA nonbuilding structure, often referred to simply as a structure, is any built structure that is not a building, i.e. not designed for continuous human occupancy. The term is particularly used by architects, structural engineers, and mechanical engineers to distinguish load-bearing structures not designed for continuous human occupancy.[1]","title":"List of non-building structure types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aerial lift pylons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_lift_pylon"},{"link_name":"Aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)"},{"link_name":"Avalanche dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_dam"},{"link_name":"Barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad-2"},{"link_name":"Blast furnaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace"},{"link_name":"Boat lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_lift"},{"link_name":"Brick 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towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_tower"},{"link_name":"Conservatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)"},{"link_name":"Covered bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_bridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunreuther-3"},{"link_name":"Dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_(structure)"},{"link_name":"Driveways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveway"},{"link_name":"Electricity grids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_grid"},{"link_name":"Elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator"},{"link_name":"Fountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"link_name":"Ferry slips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_slip"},{"link_name":"Flumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flume"},{"link_name":"Footpaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footpath"},{"link_name":"Fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"Fractionating towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating_column"},{"link_name":"Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad-2"},{"link_name":"Gate guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_guardian"},{"link_name":"Pylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Granaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granary"},{"link_name":"Greenhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"Hayracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayrack"},{"link_name":"Hay barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay_barrack"},{"link_name":"Headframes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headframe"},{"link_name":"Infrastructures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark"},{"link_name":"Marinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"},{"link_name":"Monoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith"},{"link_name":"Megaliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"},{"link_name":"Memorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial"},{"link_name":"Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound"},{"link_name":"Stupas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"oil platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"Oil depots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_depot"},{"link_name":"Oil platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"Piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunreuther-3"},{"link_name":"Pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(sports_field)"},{"link_name":"Pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Radio masts and towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers"},{"link_name":"Railroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Ramadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramada_(shelter)"},{"link_name":"Retaining walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retaining_wall"},{"link_name":"Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads"},{"link_name":"Roller coasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"Sheds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shed"},{"link_name":"Ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_lift"},{"link_name":"Silos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunreuther-3"},{"link_name":"Storage tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_tank"},{"link_name":"Street lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_light"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad-2"},{"link_name":"Street signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_sign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prasad-2"},{"link_name":"Swimming pools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunreuther-3"},{"link_name":"Cooling towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower"},{"link_name":"Distillation equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation"},{"link_name":"oil refineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"link_name":"Tank farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_depot"},{"link_name":"Thoroughfares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughfare"},{"link_name":"Tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower"},{"link_name":"Lattice towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_tower"},{"link_name":"Obelisks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"aerial tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_tramway"},{"link_name":"Transmission towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_tower"},{"link_name":"Triumphal arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumphal_arch"},{"link_name":"Tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Underwater habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitat"},{"link_name":"Water towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunreuther-3"},{"link_name":"Wharves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kunreuther-3"},{"link_name":"Windmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"}],"text":"Aerial lift pylons\nAqueducts\nAvalanche dams\nBarriers[2]\nBlast furnaces\nBoat lifts\nBrick kilns\nBridges[3] and bridge-like structures (aqueducts, overpasses, trestles, viaducts, etc.)\nBus stops\nCanals\nCarports\nChimneys and flue-gas stacks\nCoke ovens\nCommunications towers\nConservatories\nCovered bridges[3]\nDams\nDocks\nDolphins\nDriveways\nElectricity grids\nElevators\nFountains\nFerris wheels\nFerry slips\nFlumes\nFootpaths\nFortifications\nFractionating towers\nGates[2]\nGate guardian\nPylon\nGranaries\nGreenhouses\nHayracks\nHay barracks\nHeadframes\nInfrastructures\nLandmarks\nMarinas\nMonoliths\nMegaliths\nMemorials\nMonuments\nMounds\nStupas\nOffshore oil platforms (except for the production and housing facilities)\nOil depots\nOil platforms\nPiers[3]\nPitch\nPyramids\nRadio masts and towers\nRailroads\nRamadas\nRetaining walls\nRoads\nRoller coasters\nSheds\nSki lifts\nSilos[3]\nStorage tanks\nStreet lights[2]\nStreet signs[2]\nSwimming pools[3]\nStructures designed to support, contain or convey liquid or gaseous matter, including\nCooling towers\nDistillation equipment and structural supports at chemical and petrochemical plants and oil refineries\nTank farms\nThoroughfares\nTombs\nTowers of some types\nLattice towers\nObelisks\nTramways and aerial tramways\nTransmission towers\nTriumphal arches\nTunnels\nUnderwater habitats\nWater towers[3]\nWharves[3]\nWindmills","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dulles_Airport_tower_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dulles Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"fire safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aviation control towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"Cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"Factories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"Kiosks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiosk"},{"link_name":"Lighthouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Outhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse"},{"link_name":"Power stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station"},{"link_name":"Refineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refining"},{"link_name":"Warehouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse"}],"text":"Dulles Airport control towerSome structures that are occupied periodically and would otherwise be considered \"nonbuilding structures\" are categorized as \"buildings\" for life and fire safety purposes:[citation needed]Aviation control towers\nCruise ships\nFactories\nKiosks\nLighthouses\nOuthouses\nPower stations\nRefineries\nWarehouses","title":"Exceptions"}]
[{"image_text":"Eiffel Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/220px-Tour_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brandenburg Gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg/220px-Brandenburger_Tor_abends.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg/220px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Golden Gate Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golden_Gate_Bridge_as_seen_from_Battery_East.jpg/220px-Golden_Gate_Bridge_as_seen_from_Battery_East.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kapellbrücke (Chapel Bridge), a covered bridge in Lucerne, Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kapellbr%C3%BCcke_%28Chapel_Bridge%29%2C_Lucerne%2C_Switzerland.jpg/220px-Kapellbr%C3%BCcke_%28Chapel_Bridge%29%2C_Lucerne%2C_Switzerland.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Olmsted ramada over the Big House of Casa Grande National Monument in Arizona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Casa_Grande_under_shelter.jpg/220px-Casa_Grande_under_shelter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silos in Acatlán, Hidalgo, Mexico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Silos%2C_Acatl%C3%A1n%2C_Hidalgo%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-11%2C_DD_02.JPG/220px-Silos%2C_Acatl%C3%A1n%2C_Hidalgo%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-11%2C_DD_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Transmission tower near Le Cluzeau, Saint-Romain, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Romain_16_La_D21_pr%C3%A8s_Le_Cluzeau_2014.jpg/220px-Saint-Romain_16_La_D21_pr%C3%A8s_Le_Cluzeau_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Triumphal Arch of Orange, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Trarch_Orange.jpg/220px-Trarch_Orange.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dulles Airport control tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dulles_Airport_tower_2008.jpg/220px-Dulles_Airport_tower_2008.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Architectural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Giant_(2013_film)
The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Awards and reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2013 film The Selfish GiantUK theatrical release posterDirected byClio BarnardWritten byClio BarnardBased on"The Selfish Giant"by Oscar WildeProduced byTracy O'RiordanStarringConner ChapmanCinematographyMike EleyEdited byNick FentonMusic byHarry EscottDistributed byIFC Films Pigment Movie PicturesRelease dates 16 May 2013 (2013-05-16) (Cannes) 25 October 2013 (2013-10-25) (UK) Running time91 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBox office$943,209 The Selfish Giant is a 2013 British drama film directed by Clio Barnard. It is inspired by the Oscar Wilde short story "The Selfish Giant". Plot Arbor and Swifty are two teenage boys growing up in a poor and run down area of Bradford in West Yorkshire. Arbor suffers from hyperactivity disorder, which often gets him into trouble even when it is not his intention. When the boys are suspended from school after a fight, they decide to earn money collecting and selling scrap metal. They quickly realize that stealing copper from telecom, railway, and power utilities can be lucrative. They sell their scrap to a local scrap dealer, Kitten, who owns at least two horses and competes in amateur harness racing. Kitten allows Swifty to work with the horse, once he realizes Swifty's surprising affection for and natural talent with horses. Kitten also lets the boys rent a horse and a cart to collect scrap metal. Arbor is envious of Kitten's kindness toward Swifty. Arbor decides to steal pieces of scrap from Kitten and sell them, along with some other scrap, to a dealer in Huddersfield. The plan ends up backfiring; Arbor is refused entrance at the other dealer, and when he makes a deal with some men who offer to sell the scrap for him, they recognize it as stolen and keep the money. Kitten finds out and physically intimidates Arbor into stealing a specific piece of high voltage electric power transmission wire to make up for his loss. The boys are not fully aware of the dangers of high voltage wire. Arbor cuts the wire and Swifty helps to lift it, but is electrocuted and killed. Arbor is devastated and Kitten is arrested, telling the police he is responsible and allowing Arbor to escape blame. Arbor sits resolutely outside Swifty's mother's house. After several rejections, his own mother finds him and takes him home. He refuses any contact by hiding under his bed, until Swifty’s mother finally comes to him. In a final scene, Arbor takes care of the horse Swifty adored. Cast Conner Chapman as Arbor Shaun Thomas as Swifty Sean Gilder as Kitten Lorraine Ashbourne as Mary Ian Burfield as Mick Brazil Steve Evets as Price Drop Swift Siobhan Finneran as Mrs. Swift Ralph Ineson as Johnny Jones Rebecca Manley as Michelle 'Shelly' Fenton Rhys McCoy as Daniel Elliott Tittensor as Martin Fenton Awards and reception The Selfish Giant was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Europa Cinemas award. It was also nominated for the 2013 Lux Prize. The film was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. It won Best Film at the 24th Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2013. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars. The film was nominated for the 2014 BAFTA for Best British Film. It received the Grand Prix for Best Film at Film Fest Gent in 2013. References ^ "The Selfish Giant". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2014. ^ "The Selfish Giant". Film4. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "List of films in Cannes Directors' Fortnight". Cannes. 24 May 2013. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013. ^ "Cannes: 'Me, Myself and Mum' Takes Home Two Awards From Directors' Fortnight". Hollywood Reporter. 26 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013. ^ "The Selfish Giant". TIFF. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ "Toronto Adds 75+ Titles To 2013 Edition". Indiewire. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2013. ^ Keslassy, Elsa (15 November 2013). "'The Selfish Giant' Wins Best Film at Stockholm Fest". Variety. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (24 October 2013). "The Selfish Giant – review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2014. ^ Youngs, Ian (13 February 2014). "The Selfish Giant hopes to defy Gravity at the Baftas". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014. External links The Selfish Giant at IMDb The Selfish Giant at Rotten Tomatoes vteLondon Film Critics' Circle British or Irish Film of the Year Life Is Sweet (1991) Howards End (1992) The Remains of the Day (1993) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) The Madness of King George (1995) Secrets & Lies (1996) The Full Monty (1997) Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) East Is East (1999) Billy Elliot (2000) Gosford Park (2001) All or Nothing (2002) The Magdalene Sisters (2003) Vera Drake (2004) The Constant Gardener (2005) The Queen (2006) Control (2007) Slumdog Millionaire (2008) Fish Tank (2009) The King's Speech (2010) We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011) Berberian Sound Studio (2012) The Selfish Giant (2013) Under the Skin (2014) 45 Years (2015) I, Daniel Blake (2016) Dunkirk (2017) The Favourite (2018) The Souvenir (2019) Saint Maud (2020) The Souvenir Part II (2021) The Banshees of Inisherin (2022) All of Us Strangers (2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Clio Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clio_Barnard"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"The Selfish Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Prince_and_Other_Tales#.22The_Selfish_Giant.22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Selfish Giant is a 2013 British drama film directed by Clio Barnard. It is inspired by the Oscar Wilde short story \"The Selfish Giant\".[2]","title":"The Selfish Giant (2013 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"harness racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_racing"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"electric power transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"electrocuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocuted"}],"text":"Arbor and Swifty are two teenage boys growing up in a poor and run down area of Bradford in West Yorkshire. Arbor suffers from hyperactivity disorder, which often gets him into trouble even when it is not his intention. When the boys are suspended from school after a fight, they decide to earn money collecting and selling scrap metal. They quickly realize that stealing copper from telecom, railway, and power utilities can be lucrative.They sell their scrap to a local scrap dealer, Kitten, who owns at least two horses and competes in amateur harness racing. Kitten allows Swifty to work with the horse, once he realizes Swifty's surprising affection for and natural talent with horses. Kitten also lets the boys rent a horse and a cart to collect scrap metal.Arbor is envious of Kitten's kindness toward Swifty. Arbor decides to steal pieces of scrap from Kitten and sell them, along with some other scrap, to a dealer in Huddersfield. The plan ends up backfiring; Arbor is refused entrance at the other dealer, and when he makes a deal with some men who offer to sell the scrap for him, they recognize it as stolen and keep the money. Kitten finds out and physically intimidates Arbor into stealing a specific piece of high voltage electric power transmission wire to make up for his loss. The boys are not fully aware of the dangers of high voltage wire. Arbor cuts the wire and Swifty helps to lift it, but is electrocuted and killed.Arbor is devastated and Kitten is arrested, telling the police he is responsible and allowing Arbor to escape blame. Arbor sits resolutely outside Swifty's mother's house. After several rejections, his own mother finds him and takes him home. He refuses any contact by hiding under his bed, until Swifty’s mother finally comes to him.In a final scene, Arbor takes care of the horse Swifty adored.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Gilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Gilder"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Ashbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Ashbourne"},{"link_name":"Ian Burfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Burfield"},{"link_name":"Steve Evets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Evets"},{"link_name":"Siobhan Finneran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhan_Finneran"},{"link_name":"Ralph Ineson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Ineson"},{"link_name":"Elliott Tittensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Tittensor"}],"text":"Conner Chapman as Arbor\nShaun Thomas as Swifty\nSean Gilder as Kitten\nLorraine Ashbourne as Mary\nIan Burfield as Mick Brazil\nSteve Evets as Price Drop Swift\nSiobhan Finneran as Mrs. Swift\nRalph Ineson as Johnny Jones\nRebecca Manley as Michelle 'Shelly' Fenton\nRhys McCoy as Daniel\nElliott Tittensor as Martin Fenton","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Directors' Fortnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%27_Fortnight"},{"link_name":"2013 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannes-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWR-DF-4"},{"link_name":"Lux Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Prize"},{"link_name":"2013 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIFF-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiewire-6"},{"link_name":"Stockholm International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Peter Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2014 BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best British Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_British_Film"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Film Fest Gent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Fest_Gent"}],"text":"The Selfish Giant was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival[3] where it won the Europa Cinemas award.[4] It was also nominated for the 2013 Lux Prize. The film was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.[5][6] It won Best Film at the 24th Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2013.[7] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars.[8]The film was nominated for the 2014 BAFTA for Best British Film.[9]It received the Grand Prix for Best Film at Film Fest Gent in 2013.","title":"Awards and reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_of_the_Clouds
Lakes of the Clouds
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°15′31″N 71°19′8″W / 44.25861°N 71.31889°W / 44.25861; -71.31889Small bodies of water in the U.S. state of New Hampshire For the similarly named body of water in Michigan, see Lake of the Clouds. Lakes of the CloudsOne of the Lakes of the CloudsLakes of the CloudsShow map of New HampshireLakes of the CloudsShow map of the United StatesLocationCoos County, New Hampshire; White Mountain National ForestCoordinates44°15′31″N 71°19′8″W / 44.25861°N 71.31889°W / 44.25861; -71.31889Primary outflowsAmmonoosuc RiverBasin countriesUnited StatesSurface area0.6 acres (2,428 m2)Surface elevation5,032 ft (1,534 m) The Lakes of the Clouds are a set of tarns located at the 5,032 ft (1,534 m) col between Mount Monroe and Mount Washington in the White Mountains of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. The lakes form the source of the Ammonoosuc River, a tributary of the Connecticut River. They are recorded by the Geographic Names Information System as the highest elevation lakes in the United States east of South Dakota. The Lakes of the Clouds Hut, a rental hut and lodge for hikers operated by the Appalachian Mountain Club, is adjacent to the lakes, facing west. Lakes of the Clouds may be reached by hiking from Marshfield Station, on the Mount Washington Cog Railway, via the Ammonoosuc Ravine Trail (in approximately four hours). The area is also traversed by the Crawford Path (part of the Appalachian Trail) and the Dry River Trail. See also New Hampshire portal List of lakes of New Hampshire Presidential Range References ^ Harshberger, John W (April 1919). "Alpine Fell-Fields of Eastern North America". Geographical Review. 7 (4): 249. doi:10.2307/207372. JSTOR 207372. ^ "Lakes of the Clouds". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. External links Lakes of the Clouds on TopoQuest vteConnecticut River watershedTributariesConnecticut Blackledge River Coginchaug River Connecticut River Duck River Eightmile River Falls River Farmington River Hockanum River Hubbard River Jeremy River Lieutenant River Mattabesset River Nepaug River Pameacha Creek Park River Pequabuck River Salmon River Scantic River Massachusetts Burnshirt River Chapel Brook Chicopee River Connecticut River Cranberry River Deerfield River East Brookfield River Farmington River Fall River Five Mile River Green River Hubbard River Manhan River Mill River (Northampton) Mill River (Springfield) Millers River Mirey Brook North Branch Millers River North Branch Westfield River North River Otter River Quaboag River Scantic River Seven Mile River Tarbell Brook Ware River Westfield River New Hampshire Ammonoosuc River Ashuelot River Blow-me-down Brook The Branch Cold River Connecticut River East Branch Mohawk River Gale River Great Brook Halls Stream Ham Branch Indian River Indian Stream Israel River Johns River Knox River Little River Little Sugar River Mascoma River Millers River Mink Brook Mirey Brook Mohawk River Nash Stream North Branch Gale River North Branch Millers River North Branch Sugar River North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River Oliverian Brook Otter Brook Partridge Brook Perry Stream Phillips Brook Simms Stream South Branch Ashuelot River South Branch Gale River South Branch Israel River South Branch Sugar River Stocker Brook Sugar River Tarbell Brook Upper Ammonoosuc River West Branch Mohawk River West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River Wild Ammonoosuc River Zealand River Vermont Black River Connecticut River Deerfield River Fall River Green River Halls Stream Leach Creek Moose River Nulhegan River Ompompanoosuc River Ottauquechee River Passumpsic River Rock River Saxtons River Utley Brook Waits River Wells River West River Whetstone Brook White River Williams River Winhall River LakesConnecticut Barkhamsted Reservoir Lake Beseck Lake Hayward Lake Pocotopaug Massachusetts Brooks Pond Browning Pond Lake Monomonac Quabbin Reservoir Lake Wyola New Hampshire Ashuelot Pond Back Lake Canaan Street Lake Cedar Pond Christine Lake Comerford Reservoir Connecticut Lakes Crystal Lake Dublin Pond Eastman Pond Echo Lake Lake Francis (Murphy Dam) Goose Pond Grafton Pond Granite Lake Lakes of the Clouds Little Sunapee Lake Mascoma Lake McIndoes Reservoir Lake Monomonac Moore Reservoir Pearly Lake Silver Lake Spofford Lake Lake Sunapee Surry Mountain Lake Lake Tarleton Vermont Ball Mountain Lake Comerford Reservoir Harriman Reservoir Harvey's Lake McIndoes Reservoir Moore Reservoir North Hartland Lake Lake Rescue Townshend Lake TownsConnecticut Chester Cromwell Deep River East Haddam East Hampton East Hartford East Windsor Enfield Essex Glastonbury Haddam Hartford Higganum Lyme Middletown Moodus Old Lyme Old Saybrook Portland Rocky Hill South Windsor Suffield Thompsonville Wethersfield Windsor Windsor Locks Massachusetts Agawam Chicopee Deerfield Easthampton Gill Greenfield Hadley Hatfield Holyoke Longmeadow Millers Falls Montague Northampton Northfield South Hadley Springfield Sunderland Turners Falls West Springfield Whately New Hampshire Bath Charlestown Chesterfield Claremont Clarksville Colebrook Columbia Cornish Dalton Groveton Hanover Haverhill Hinsdale Lancaster Lebanon Littleton Lyme Monroe Northumberland Orford Piermont Pittsburg Plainfield Stewartstown Stratford Walpole West Lebanon Westmoreland Woodsville Quebec East Hereford Vermont Ascutney Barnet Beecher Falls Bellows Falls Bloomfield Bradford Brattleboro Brunswick Canaan Concord Dummerston Fairlee Gilman Guildhall Hartford Hartland Lemington Lunenburg Maidstone Newbury Norwich Putney Rockingham Ryegate Springfield Thetford Vernon Waterford Weathersfield Wells River Westminster White River Junction Wilder Windsor Crossings Amtrak Old Saybrook – Old Lyme Bridge Arch Bridge Bulkeley Bridge Calvin Coolidge Bridge Canalside Rail Trail Bridge Cheshire Bridge Columbia Bridge Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge Dexter Coffin Bridge French King Bridge Gill–Montague Bridge Hampden County Memorial Bridge Janice Peaslee Bridge Joseph E. Muller Bridge Ledyard Bridge Lyme–East Thetford Bridge Morey Memorial Bridge Mount Orne Covered Bridge Norwottuck Rail Trail Bridge Piermont Bridge Pittsburg–Clarksville Covered Bridge Ranger Bridge Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge Sunderland Bridge Vietnam Memorial Bridge Wells River Bridge Willimansett Bridge This New Hampshire state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake of the Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_of_the_Clouds"},{"link_name":"tarns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn_(lake)"},{"link_name":"col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col"},{"link_name":"Mount Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Monroe_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"White Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Ammonoosuc River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonoosuc_River"},{"link_name":"Connecticut River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lakes of the Clouds Hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Huts_of_the_White_Mountains#Lakes_of_the_Clouds_Hut"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountain Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club"},{"link_name":"Mount Washington Cog Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington_Cog_Railway"},{"link_name":"Crawford Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Path"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"}],"text":"Small bodies of water in the U.S. state of New HampshireFor the similarly named body of water in Michigan, see Lake of the Clouds.The Lakes of the Clouds are a set of tarns located at the 5,032 ft (1,534 m) col between Mount Monroe and Mount Washington in the White Mountains of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. The lakes form the source of the Ammonoosuc River, a tributary of the Connecticut River.[1] They are recorded by the Geographic Names Information System as the highest elevation lakes in the United States east of South Dakota.[2]The Lakes of the Clouds Hut, a rental hut and lodge for hikers operated by the Appalachian Mountain Club, is adjacent to the lakes, facing west. Lakes of the Clouds may be reached by hiking from Marshfield Station, on the Mount Washington Cog Railway, via the Ammonoosuc Ravine Trail (in approximately four hours). The area is also traversed by the Crawford Path (part of the Appalachian Trail) and the Dry River Trail.","title":"Lakes of the Clouds"}]
[]
[{"title":"New Hampshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire"},{"title":"List of lakes of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_New_Hampshire"},{"title":"Presidential Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Range"}]
[{"reference":"Harshberger, John W (April 1919). \"Alpine Fell-Fields of Eastern North America\". Geographical Review. 7 (4): 249. doi:10.2307/207372. JSTOR 207372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F207372","url_text":"10.2307/207372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/207372","url_text":"207372"}]},{"reference":"\"Lakes of the Clouds\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/871701","url_text":"\"Lakes of the Clouds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khataylu
Khataylu
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°26′29″N 45°05′38″E / 37.44139°N 45.09389°E / 37.44139; 45.09389Village in West Azerbaijan, IranKhataylu خطايلوvillageKhatayluCoordinates: 37°26′29″N 45°05′38″E / 37.44139°N 45.09389°E / 37.44139; 45.09389Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyUrmiaBakhshCentralRural DistrictBaranduzPopulation (2006) • Total512Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Khataylu (Persian: خطايلو, also Romanized as Khaţāylū) is a village in Baranduz Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 512, in 127 families. References ^ Khataylu can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3813335" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Urmia CountyCapital Urmia DistrictsCentralCities Urmia Rural districts and villagesBakeshluchay Aghcheh Qaleh Almanabad Aydinlu Balderlu Barajuq Birlan Burashan Chehreh Gosha Darghalu Dehkadeh-ye Asayesh Dizaj-e Naqaleh Elyasabad Emamzadeh Eslamlu Gabaran Gol Pashin Golmankhaneh Hajji Pirlu Hasbestan Hesar-e Hajjilar Hesar-e Tarmani Igdir Jarchelu Kashtiban Kordlar Lashenlu Marajul Mashkabad-e Olya Mashkabad-e Sofla Miavaq Posht-e Gol Qalilu Qamat Qarah Aghaj-e Olya Qarah Hasanlu-ye Khvajeh Pasha Qarajalu Qeshlaq-e Mirza Ali Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Qoli Qoturlar Reyhanabad Rikan Sadaqeh Salehabad Sangar-e Mir Abdollah Tarmani Vazirabad Yengejeh-ye Qazi Yuvalar Baranduz Aliabad-e Baran Duz Angaman Band Baran Duz Bozveh Chavrash Didan-e Olya Didan-e Sofla Dizaj-e Fathi Dizaj-e Rahim Pur Gazanehkesh Hasu Kandi Havanduk Heydarlu Jafarian Janvislu Jowrni Kelisay-e Sir Khataylu Khorramabad Narlar Saatluy Kuh Sari Beygluy-e Musai Shamlakan Sheykh Mazari Sidak Sir Varmazyar Baranduzchay-ye Jonubi(South Baranduzchay) Aghbolagh Balanej Barbaran Baruzh Bayat Bozorgabad Darin Qaleh Dulama Fuladlu Goldanlu Hesar-e Agh Bolagh Ilazgi Isalu Karvansara Kukiya Kurani Mahmudabad Mobarakabad Nivlu Qaleh Juq Qasemlu Rahimabad Seylaneh Shaban Kandi Shiru Kandi Tappeh Maki Tarzelu Tazeh Kand-e Jamalkhan Tulkan Tumatar Tupuzabad Uzan Malek Zovik Baranduzchay-ye Shomali(North Baranduzchay) Borhanlu Dizaj-e Takyeh Faqih Beyglu Gug Tappeh Qarah Aghaj Qaralar-e Kuh Qotlu Qurshalu Saralan Sari Beygluy-e Moin Satlu Shams-e Hajjian Vandai Bash Qaleh Ayeblu Berenjabad Burbur Chichagluy-e Mansur Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh Dadeh Saqi Danqaralu Eslampanahabadi Jadid Gaznaq Guyj Ali Tappeh Guyjeh Ali Aslan Isaluy-e Heydarlu Isaluy-e Zemi Kechah Bash Mazraeh-ye Owj Ovlar Qahremanluy-e Olya Qahremanluy-e Sofla Qaleh-ye Azizbeyg Qarabqolu Qazan Ali Qezel Hajjilu Qosur Safarbehi Safarqoli Khan Kandi Sari Beygluy-e Araliq Sarijalu Shahrak-e Golmarz Sheykh Teymur Shur Kand Takalu Tupraq Qaleh Urmia Industrial Estate Yaghmur Ali Yurqunabad-e Olya Yurqunabad-e Sofla Yusefabad-e Shah Mirza Kandi Dul Balestan Bardeh Kish Cement Cooperative Dalow Darband Dash Aghol Dizaj-e Dowl Eslamabad Jolbar Kamaneh Kanan-e Olya Kanan-e Sofla Nanas Nari Nasirabad Naznaz Pirali Qameshlu Rashkan Samartu Shahrak-e Rustayi-ye Naser Soltanabad Zharabad Ziveh Nazluy-ye Jonubi (South Nazluy) Abbasabad Arabluy-e Bisheh Arabluy-e Darreh Arabluy-e Yekan Asgarabad Tappeh Barbin Bozlu Chichakluy-e Hajji Aqa Chonqeraluy-e Yekan Dastjerd Daylaq Faqibeyglu Gardabad Ghaffar Behi Irvanlu Kakalar Marangaluy-e Kuchek Owzarlu Qaraguz-e Hajji Baba Qaraguz-e Salimaqa Qaralar-e Lotfollah Qareh Guz-e Il Qerekhlu Saidlu Salim Kandi Sam Salu Sheykh Sar Mast Tazeh Kand-e Afshar Tazeh Kand-e Qeshlaq Urmia Airport Zaiyeh Kandi Rowzeh Chay Aliabad Alvach Anhar-e Olya Anhar-e Sofla Ashnaabad Badaki Balaji Balu Darazam Gajin Ganjabad Golhar Gowzgavand Jehatlu Kani Quzan Kavalaq Khalifatan Khanqah-e Alvaj Kutalan Lerni Lur Mazraeh-ye Nasrabad Mirabad Pir Morad Qarah Hasanlu Qasrik Qeshlaq-e Tarazlu Qezel Asheq Tazeh Kand-e Anhar Tezkharab Valindeh-ye Olya Valindeh-ye Sofla Yowrqanlu Zeynalu Torkaman Alqian Arablu Babarud Chub Tarash Darbarud Gharib Kandi Hasanabad Hesar-e Gapuchi Hesar-e Torkaman IRIB Broadcasting Station Jabalkandi Jeyran-e Olya Jeyran-e Sofla Khanjar Qeshlaqi Khezrabad Kusehabad Mirshekarlu Moqaddam Morad Ali-ye Olya Morad Ali-ye Sofla Moradkandi Naybin Nazarabad Qaleh Nazarabad-e Eftekhar Ordushahi Owch Ovlar Qaralar-e Aqataqi Qaralar-e Hajjqasem Qurt Tappeh Sarajuq Sardrud Shahinabad Tabbat Takah Tappeh Tappeh Torkaman Tasmalu Tazeh Kand Tizkharab Torkaman Uzan Eskandari AnzalCities Qushchi Rural districts and villagesAnzal-e Jonubi(South Anzal) Ali Kan Bahleh Bolarghu Deladar Emam Kandi Gavlan Gol Tappeh Golanik-e Olya Golanik-e Sofla Hajji Bayram Hammamlar Jabal Kandi Kahriz Kani Shurik Kaseb Khorramabad Kureh-ye Olya Kureh-ye Sofla Mahmudan Maku Kandi Meshik Nur ol Dinabad Pirgol Qahraman Qulonji Quyujoq Senjilik Shahid Ab Shanasan Garrison Sharifabad Shirakan Soltanabad Tandarak Zangabad Anzal-e Shomali(North Anzal) Bari Gurchin Qaleh Jamalabad Moqitalu Najafabad Qalqachi Qarah Bagh NazluCities Nushin Rural districts and villagesNazluchay Armudaghaj Azadegan Badelbu Bahlulabad Department of Agriculture Hajjiabad Hesar Kharabeh Janizeh Kavsi Kharabeh-ye Senji Kuseh Ahmad Nazlu Qaleh Sardar Qaleh-ye Esmail Aqa Qaralar-e Tasuji Senji Tamtaman Tapik Tazeh Kand Tazeh Kand-e Janizeh Tazeh Kand-e Qaterchi Yowrqanlu-ye Janizeh Nazlu-e Shomali(North Nazlu) Abajaluy-e Olya Ali Kandi Alibeyglu Angeneh Arnesa Asgarabad-e Kuh Babaganjeh Baghestan Bashlan Beshlu Chanaqlu Cher Chonqeraluy-e Pol Dowyran Guyjeh Yaran Hesar-e Babaganjeh Hesar-e Bahram Khan Heydarlu Heydarluy-e Beyglar Kalvan Karimabad Khaledabad Khaneqah Sorkh Lak Lalahluy-e Torab Lulham Marangaluy-e Bozorg Meskin Nakhjavan Tappeh Owkhchilar Par Qarah Qiz Qarah Quyunlu Qareh Jalu Qelinjlu Qeshlaq-e Shakur Rahimabad Saatluy-e Beyglar Sari Beygluy-e Cheragh Shirabad Tappeh-ye Babaganjeh Taqlidabad Tazeh Kand-e Baba Ganjeh Vaqasluy-e Olya Vaqasluy-e Sofla Zadehlu Zonbalan Tala Tappeh Abajaluy-e Sofla Adeh Chamaki Hesar-e Sopurghan Khaneshan Khodaverdi Khan Kandi Owsaluy-e Allahverdi Khan Owsaluy-e Kazem Sopurghan Tala Tappeh Yengejeh Zirmanlu SilvanehCities Silvaneh Rural districts and villagesDasht Bardehsur Chaman Darband Dareh Senji Dazgir Dowla Pasan Gowjar Halafaleh Kay Khvoshaku Mirabad Nushan-e Olya Nushan-e Sofla Owali Peshkeleh Pirhadi Qarayi Qasrik Razhan Salim Beyg Sulik Tui Tuli Zanglan Margavar Aleyh Aversi Bavan Berasb Berazan Best Bi Bakran Cherikabad Dizaj Dowkana Felekan Galleh Behi Gerdevan Gerdik Gerdik Naser Golestaneh Haftabad Halaj Hasanabad Hashemabad Kachaleh Kani Dastar Kani Tayer Kasian Kayer Kelasi Khurasb Lajani Lowrzini Mamakan Mansurabad Mirabad Molla Basak Nari Nergi Nuy Qaraneh Razgeh Sehgergan Shahrak-e Ziveh Shaklabad Sheykh Zard Shirakan Sudinabad Suleh Dugal Surkan Susanabad Tupuzabad Zharabad Zharazhi Ziveh Targavar Anbi Arzin Ashki Avdi Balowlan Bani Basrik Biquz Do Bareh Dustalan Gerdah Belij Haki Halulan Karimabad Khaneqah Kuraneh Kurteh Kavil Mavana Pesan Shahr-e Viran Sheyban Sheykh Shamzin Surbani Talin Tibatan Towlaki Sumay-ye BeradustCities Serow Rural districts and villagesBeradust Akhyan-e Bozorg Akhyan-e Kuchek Asengaran Avdelan-e Olya Avdelan-e Sofla Bardehzi-ye Olya Chareh Emam Kandi Eskandarabad Firuzian Gangachin Gol-e Sheykhan Gonbad Gundak-e Molla Guranabad Haftsaran Halah Qush Hangravan Ishgeh Su Kanespi Kani Shurik Kanisi Khalyan Khanik Khvoshalan Kulgani Kuraneh Mafaran Majruseh Maluneh Margarash Mastakan Neychalan Omarabad Post Qareh Aghaj Qarnesa Qasrik Rabat Ravand-e Olya Ravand-e Sofla Shegaftik-e Olya Shegaftik-e Sofla Siarak Sufi Kani Tazeh Kand-e Sheshmal Zangakan Sumay-ye Jonubi(South Sumay) Abdi Beyg Aghsaqal Bardeh Rash Barduk Bavan Gachi Gowdal Hasanlu Hashtian Hovarsin Jalqaran Juhni Jujahi Kanespi Kani Miran Kharah Gush Kuran Marnah Piranjuq Qasrik Sinabad Soltani Sufian Sumay-ye Shomali(North Sumay) Bachehjik Baraspi Bardian Bastakabad Bazhergah Galeh Khar Ghazan Goli Suyi Hasanabad Jatar Kani Rash Khanik Mamakan Mastakan Mingol Mirabad Oskandrian Quni Qurmik Rigabad Sakan Seydan Surmanabad Yengejeh Iran portal This Urmia County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Baranduz Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranduz_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Urmia_County)"},{"link_name":"Urmia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranKhataylu (Persian: خطايلو, also Romanized as Khaţāylū)[1] is a village in Baranduz Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 512, in 127 families.[2]","title":"Khataylu"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sky_Is_Crying_(album)
The Sky Is Crying (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 Certifications","5 References"]
1991 studio album by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double TroubleThe Sky Is CryingStudio album by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double TroubleReleasedNovember 5, 1991 (1991-11-05)RecordedJanuary 1984 – May 1989Genre Texas blues electric blues Length38:28LabelEpicCompilerJimmie VaughanStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble chronology In Step(1989) The Sky Is Crying(1991) In the Beginning(1992) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Consumer GuideThe Great Rock Discography7/10The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings The Sky Is Crying is the fifth and final studio album by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, compiling songs recorded throughout most of their career. Released 14 months after Vaughan's death in 1990, the album features ten previously unreleased tracks recorded between 1984 and 1989. Only one title, "Empty Arms" (complete reprisal), appeared on any of the group's previous albums. The tracks were compiled by Vaughan's brother, Jimmie Vaughan, and was Vaughan's highest charting album at number 10. The album received mostly positive reviews. Critics praised the blues and jazz styles, and the solid track listing, but criticized the lack of original songs. The Sky Is Crying illustrates many of Vaughan's musical influences, including songs in the style of traditional Delta blues, Texas blues, Chicago blues, jump blues, jazz blues, and Jimi Hendrix's blues-rock. The album's tone alternates primarily between uptempo pieces and gritty, slow blues. The album includes a Grammy-winning extended instrumental cover version of Jimi Hendrix's "Little Wing"; Kenny Burrell's "Chitlins con Carne", a jazz instrumental; and, "Life by the Drop", a song written by Vaughan's friend Doyle Bramhall and played on a twelve-string acoustic guitar. Track listing Album details are taken from the original 1991 Epic Records CD liner notes and may differ from other sources; track timings are from the AllMusic album review. "Boot Hill" (Unknown) – 2:15 "The Sky Is Crying" (Elmore James, Morris Levy, Clarence Lewis) – 4:38 "Empty Arms" (Stevie Ray Vaughan) – 3:31 "Little Wing" (instrumental) (Jimi Hendrix) – 6:50 "Wham" (instrumental) (Lonnie Mack) – 2:27 "May I Have a Talk with You" (Chester Burnett a.k.a. Howlin' Wolf) – 5:50 "Close to You" (Willie Dixon) – 3:13 "Chitlins con Carne" (instrumental) (Kenny Burrell) – 3:59 "So Excited" (instrumental) (Vaughan) – 3:32 "Life by the Drop" (Doyle Bramhall, Barbara Logan) – 2:27 Personnel Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan – guitars, vocals Chris Layton – drums Tommy Shannon – bass guitar Reese Wynans – keyboards Production Track 1 produced by Jim Gaines and Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Recorded at Kiva Studios, Memphis, Tennessee, 2/89–4/89 Engineered by Jim Gaines and Richard Mullen Assistant engineers – Evan Rush, Danny Jones Tracks 2, 6, 8, and 9 produced by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble and Richard Mullen Recorded at The Dallas Sound Lab, Dallas, Texas, 3/85–5/85 Engineered by Richard Mullen Assistant engineer – Ron Cote Tracks 3–5 and 7 produced by Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, Richard Mullen, and Jim Capfer Recorded at The Power Station, New York City, 1/84–2/84 Engineered by Richard Mullen Assistant engineer – Rob Eaton Track 10 produced by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Jim Gaines Recorded at Sound Castle Studios, Los Angeles, 4/89–5/89 Compilation and additional production – Jimmie Vaughan Mixed and engineered by Richard Mullen Assistant engineer – Jeff Powell Production coordination – Mark Proct, Mark Rutledge, Roger Klein Mastered by Bob Ludwig Art direction – Arnold Levine/Mark Burdett Photography – William Snyder Inside photo – Stephanie Chernakowski Band photo – Alan Messer Charts Chart (1991–1992) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 33 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 15 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 74 Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts) 18 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 20 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 16 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 46 US Billboard 200 10 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000^ United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble, Stevie Ray Vaughan: The Sky Is Crying – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved March 10, 2020. ^ Christgau, Robert. "CG: Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble". Retrieved October 12, 2020. ^ Strong, Martin (2004). The Great Rock Discography (7th ed.). Canongate Books. p. 1611. ISBN 1-84195-615-5. ^ Russell, Tony; Smith, Chris (2006). The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings. Penguin. p. 668. ISBN 978-0-140-51384-4. ^ a b "How 'The Sky Is Crying' Celebrated Stevie Ray Vaughan". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved May 14, 2021. ^ Forte, Dan (1991). The Sky Is Crying (Album notes). Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble. New York City: Epic Records. pp. 2, 4. EK 47390. ^ "Boot Hill" was recorded by the little-known Sly Williams (possibly a pseudonym) around 1958–1959 and released on the Jimmy Witherspoon album Stormy Monday and Other Blues (early 1960s, Sutton Records 316); Johnny Winter recorded a version for Guitar Slinger (1984) that also shows "Unknown" for the songwriter's credit. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble – The Sky Is Crying". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 2041". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble – The Sky Is Crying" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5. ^ "Charts.nz – Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble – The Sky Is Crying". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble – The Sky Is Crying". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble – The Sky Is Crying". Hung Medien. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ "Stevie Ray Vaughan Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved July 8, 2023. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Stevie Ray Vaughn & Double Trouble – The Sky Is Crying". Music Canada. ^ "American album certifications – S.R. Vaughan & Double Trouble – The Sky Is Crying". Recording Industry Association of America. vteStevie Ray VaughanOriginal 1983–1989 releases are marked in bold.Studio albums Texas Flood Couldn't Stand the Weather Soul to Soul In Step Family Style The Sky Is Crying Live albums Live Alive In the Beginning Live at Carnegie Hall In Session Live at Montreux 1982 & 1985 Compilations Greatest Hits The Real Deal: Greatest Hits Volume 2 Blues at Sunrise The Essential Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Official bootlegs Live in Tokyo Singles "Pride and Joy"/"Rude Mood" "Love Struck Baby" "The Sky Is Crying"/"Chitlins con Carne" "Taxman" Songs "All Your Love (I Miss Loving)" "Come On (Part III)" "Crossfire" "Hide Away" "Lenny" "Little Wing" "Pipeline" "Say What!" "Superstition" "Testify" "Texas Flood" "The Things That I Used to Do" "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" Concert tours Texas Flood Tour Couldn't Stand the Weather Tour Soul to Soul Tour Live Alive Tour The Fire Meets the Fury Tour In Step Tour Video albums Pride and Joy Live at the El Mocambo Related articles Discography Double Trouble David Bowie Doyle Bramhall Tommy Shannon Chris Layton Jimmie Vaughan Reese Wynans Lou Ann Barton W. C. Clark Death of Stevie Ray Vaughan Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stevie Ray Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Double Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Trouble_(band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultimate-5"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultimate-5"},{"link_name":"Delta blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_blues"},{"link_name":"Texas blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_blues"},{"link_name":"Chicago blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_blues"},{"link_name":"jump blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_blues"},{"link_name":"jazz blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_blues"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"blues-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues-rock"},{"link_name":"Grammy-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Instrumental_Performance"},{"link_name":"Little Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wing"},{"link_name":"Chitlins con Carne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitlins_con_Carne"},{"link_name":"Doyle Bramhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Bramhall"},{"link_name":"twelve-string acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-string_guitar"}],"text":"The Sky Is Crying is the fifth and final studio album by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, compiling songs recorded throughout most of their career. Released 14 months[5] after Vaughan's death in 1990, the album features ten previously unreleased tracks recorded between 1984 and 1989. Only one title, \"Empty Arms\" (complete reprisal), appeared on any of the group's previous albums. The tracks were compiled by Vaughan's brother, Jimmie Vaughan, and was Vaughan's highest charting album at number 10.[5]The album received mostly positive reviews. Critics praised the blues and jazz styles, and the solid track listing, but criticized the lack of original songs.The Sky Is Crying illustrates many of Vaughan's musical influences, including songs in the style of traditional Delta blues, Texas blues, Chicago blues, jump blues, jazz blues, and Jimi Hendrix's blues-rock. The album's tone alternates primarily between uptempo pieces and gritty, slow blues. The album includes a Grammy-winning extended instrumental cover version of Jimi Hendrix's \"Little Wing\"; Kenny Burrell's \"Chitlins con Carne\", a jazz instrumental; and, \"Life by the Drop\", a song written by Vaughan's friend Doyle Bramhall and played on a twelve-string acoustic guitar.","title":"The Sky Is Crying (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liner-6"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huey-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Sky Is Crying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sky_Is_Crying_(song)"},{"link_name":"Elmore James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_James"},{"link_name":"Morris Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Levy"},{"link_name":"Stevie Ray Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Little Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wing"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Mack"},{"link_name":"Howlin' Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Chitlins con Carne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitlins_con_Carne"},{"link_name":"Kenny Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Burrell"},{"link_name":"Doyle Bramhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Bramhall"}],"text":"Album details are taken from the original 1991 Epic Records CD liner notes and may differ from other sources;[6] track timings are from the AllMusic album review.[1]\"Boot Hill\" (Unknown)[7] – 2:15\n\"The Sky Is Crying\" (Elmore James, Morris Levy, Clarence Lewis) – 4:38\n\"Empty Arms\" (Stevie Ray Vaughan) – 3:31\n\"Little Wing\" (instrumental) (Jimi Hendrix) – 6:50\n\"Wham\" (instrumental) (Lonnie Mack) – 2:27\n\"May I Have a Talk with You\" (Chester Burnett a.k.a. Howlin' Wolf) – 5:50\n\"Close to You\" (Willie Dixon) – 3:13\n\"Chitlins con Carne\" (instrumental) (Kenny Burrell) – 3:59\n\"So Excited\" (instrumental) (Vaughan) – 3:32\n\"Life by the Drop\" (Doyle Bramhall, Barbara Logan) – 2:27","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stevie Ray Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Chris Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Layton"},{"link_name":"Tommy Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Reese Wynans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Wynans"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Mixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"Mastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Bob Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ludwig"}],"text":"Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double TroubleStevie Ray Vaughan – guitars, vocals\nChris Layton – drums\nTommy Shannon – bass guitar\nReese Wynans – keyboardsProductionTrack 1 produced by Jim Gaines and Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double TroubleRecorded at Kiva Studios, Memphis, Tennessee, 2/89–4/89\nEngineered by Jim Gaines and Richard Mullen\nAssistant engineers – Evan Rush, Danny JonesTracks 2, 6, 8, and 9 produced by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble and Richard MullenRecorded at The Dallas Sound Lab, Dallas, Texas, 3/85–5/85\nEngineered by Richard Mullen\nAssistant engineer – Ron CoteTracks 3–5 and 7 produced by Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, Richard Mullen, and Jim CapferRecorded at The Power Station, New York City, 1/84–2/84\nEngineered by Richard Mullen\nAssistant engineer – Rob EatonTrack 10 produced by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Jim GainesRecorded at Sound Castle Studios, Los Angeles, 4/89–5/89Compilation and additional production – Jimmie Vaughan\nMixed and engineered by Richard Mullen\nAssistant engineer – Jeff Powell\nProduction coordination – Mark Proct, Mark Rutledge, Roger Klein\nMastered by Bob Ludwig\nArt direction – Arnold Levine/Mark Burdett\nPhotography – William Snyder\nInside photo – Stephanie Chernakowski\nBand photo – Alan Messer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Gaoyang
Princess Gaoyang
["1 Early life","2 Affair with Bianji","3 Later years and death","4 In popular culture","5 References"]
Tang dynasty princess This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Princess Gaoyang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Princess GaoyangTraditional Chinese高陽公主Simplified Chinese高阳公主TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGāoyáng gōngzhǔWade–GilesKao-yang kung-chu Princess Gaoyang (Chinese: 高陽公主; 627 – 6 March 653) was the seventeenth daughter of Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty. Early life She was born into the imperial family. Her parents spoiled her and made sure she was well cared for; she had large rooms in the palace and many servants and attendants. The Complete Collection of Tang Dynasty Literature (Quan Tang Wen), Volume 24, records a decree granting the title of Princess Gaoyang to the 20th daughter of Emperor Xuanzong and awarding her a fief of 1,000 households. Affair with Bianji In her late teens, Gaoyang had an affair with a monk named Bianji (辯機). They kept it well hidden for many years, as monks were not supposed to have intimate relationships, and Gaoyang herself was already betrothed to a rich noble named Fang Yi'ai (房遺愛). When their relationship was discovered, Bianji was taken from the monastery and executed by hanging. Afterward, she led a dissolute private life, having extramarital affairs with the monks Zhixu and Huigong, and the Taoist priest Li Hu. After the death of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Gaoyang resented Emperor Taizong and "cried without mourning". This event is recorded in New Book of Tang (新唐书) and Zizhi Tongjian (资治通鉴), both of which date from the Song dynasty. All other records before the New Book of Tang do not mention this event. According to the New Book of Tang (新唐书), relations between Princess Gaoyang and her father, Emperor Taizong, grew bitter as Emperor Taizong executed Princess Gaoyang's lover, Bianji. However, the Old Book of Tang (旧唐书), which was written in the Tang dynasty, mentions that when Gaoyang's father-in-law Fang Xuanling (房玄龄) was in the last days of his life, he submitted a petition to the Emperor through Gaoyang. The records state that the relationship between the Emperor and the Princess was still in harmony. Additionally, the princess' name and courtesies were carved into Fang Xuanling's tomb with great honor. Sima Guang's account Zizhi Tongjian provides a more gruesome detail, stating that Bianji was executed by waist-cutting, a form of execution involving cutting the victim in half at the waist. Some scholars question the narrative of Bianji being killed by Taizong, suggesting that Ouyang Xiu and Sima Guang's positions are highly suspicious, as both of them held strong anti-Buddhist views, which could have influenced their portrayal of Bianji's death. Additionally, during the Tang dynasty, there were strict rules requiring monks to obtain permission before leaving the monastery. Bianji was later appointed as dàdé (大德) by Xuanzang (玄奘), which is contradictory with the image of Bianji as someone who would arbitrarily break the monastery rules. And last, numerous members of Fang Xuanling's clan held great positions in the Tang dynasty. There were a lot of ways to submit petitions to the emperor if the event really happened. The alleged affair between Princess Gaoyang and the Buddhist monk Bianji is the most serious accusation against her and the reason for her bad reputation in history. However, the earlier historical work, the Old Book of Tang, does not mention this incident at all. Therefore, since the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty, the story of Princess Gaoyang and Bianji has been considered to be true history, and it also marks the beginning of Princess Gaoyang's image as a promiscuous woman in historical materials. Nowadays, because there is no more detailed historical evidence to support it, although later researchers have raised various doubts and questions about this matter, they are still not enough to overturn the New Book of Tang's definition of Princess Gaoyang. Later years and death Gaoyang became bitter after Bianji's death; her betrothal and wedding went as planned in spite of her protests. However, instead of animosity and resentment, Gaoyang and Fang Yi'ai grew closer and bonded over their mutual hatred for the imperial court. Gaoyang and her husband gathered an army and led a rebellion against her brother Emperor Gaozong and his wife Empress Wu. They stormed the palace but were stopped and captured. Gaoyang and her husband were executed by hanging shortly after. In popular culture Portrayed by Ma Li in the 1995 Chinese TV series Wu Zetian. Portrayed by Shen Aojun in the 2001 Chinese TV series Love Legend of the Tang Dynasty. Portrayed by Mi Lu in the 2014 Chinese TV series The Empress of China. References ^ Pak-sheung, Ng (2022). "How Officials Rose to Success and Migrated to the Center: Considering the Tombs of Meritorious Officials at Zhaoling". Tang Studies. 40 (1): 83–120. doi:10.1353/tan.2022.0002. ISSN 1759-7633. S2CID 254536603. ^ Kieschnick, John (31 December 1997). The Eminent Monk. University of Hawaii Press. doi:10.1515/9780824846015. ISBN 978-0-8248-4601-5. ^ 《全唐文 卷二十四》○封高阳公主制　　用嘉成德，将及推恩，疏封锡号，礼典攸在。第二十女资身淑慎，禀训柔明。克备肃雍之仪，允彰图史之德。而方营鲁馆，宜启沁园，俾承宠於中闱，复增荣於列赋。仍食实封一千户。 ^ Zhang, Xiuping (1993). 100 Books That Influenced China: Da Tang Xiyu Ji. China: Nanning: Guangxi Renmin Press. pp. 392–398. ISBN 7-219-02339-1. ^ Yiu, Martha Cheung Pui; Wusun, Lin (3 June 2014). An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation (Version 1): From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-63927-5. ^ "辩机和尚是谁？揭秘辩机和尚和高阳公主偷情疑案 -趣历史网". 趣历史 (in Chinese). 9 January 2015. ^ Woo, X.L. (2008). Empress Wu The Great - Tang Dynasty China. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-87586-660-4.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Princess Gaoyang (Chinese: 高陽公主; 627 – 6 March 653) was the seventeenth daughter of Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty.[1][2]","title":"Princess Gaoyang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"She was born into the imperial family. Her parents spoiled her and made sure she was well cared for; she had large rooms in the palace and many servants and attendants. The Complete Collection of Tang Dynasty Literature (Quan Tang Wen), Volume 24, records a decree granting the title of Princess Gaoyang to the 20th daughter of Emperor Xuanzong and awarding her a fief of 1,000 households.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bianji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianji"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fang Yi'ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Yi%27ai"},{"link_name":"New Book of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Zizhi Tongjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fang Xuanling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Xuanling"},{"link_name":"Sima Guang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Guang"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"Old Book of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Emperor Renzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song"},{"link_name":"Song Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-6"}],"text":"In her late teens, Gaoyang had an affair with a monk named Bianji (辯機).[4] They kept it well hidden for many years, as monks were not supposed to have intimate relationships, and Gaoyang herself was already betrothed to a rich noble named Fang Yi'ai (房遺愛). When their relationship was discovered, Bianji was taken from the monastery and executed by hanging. Afterward, she led a dissolute private life, having extramarital affairs with the monks Zhixu and Huigong, and the Taoist priest Li Hu. After the death of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Gaoyang resented Emperor Taizong and \"cried without mourning\".This event is recorded in New Book of Tang (新唐书) and Zizhi Tongjian (资治通鉴), both of which date from the Song dynasty. All other records before the New Book of Tang do not mention this event.According to the New Book of Tang (新唐书), relations between Princess Gaoyang and her father, Emperor Taizong, grew bitter as Emperor Taizong executed Princess Gaoyang's lover, Bianji.[5]However, the Old Book of Tang (旧唐书), which was written in the Tang dynasty, mentions that when Gaoyang's father-in-law Fang Xuanling (房玄龄) was in the last days of his life, he submitted a petition to the Emperor through Gaoyang. The records state that the relationship between the Emperor and the Princess was still in harmony. Additionally, the princess' name and courtesies were carved into Fang Xuanling's tomb with great honor.Sima Guang's account Zizhi Tongjian provides a more gruesome detail, stating that Bianji was executed by waist-cutting, a form of execution involving cutting the victim in half at the waist. Some scholars question the narrative of Bianji being killed by Taizong, suggesting that Ouyang Xiu and Sima Guang's positions are highly suspicious, as both of them held strong anti-Buddhist views, which could have influenced their portrayal of Bianji's death.Additionally, during the Tang dynasty, there were strict rules requiring monks to obtain permission before leaving the monastery. Bianji was later appointed as dàdé (大德) by Xuanzang (玄奘), which is contradictory with the image of Bianji as someone who would arbitrarily break the monastery rules. And last, numerous members of Fang Xuanling's clan held great positions in the Tang dynasty. There were a lot of ways to submit petitions to the emperor if the event really happened.The alleged affair between Princess Gaoyang and the Buddhist monk Bianji is the most serious accusation against her and the reason for her bad reputation in history. However, the earlier historical work, the Old Book of Tang, does not mention this incident at all. Therefore, since the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty, the story of Princess Gaoyang and Bianji has been considered to be true history, and it also marks the beginning of Princess Gaoyang's image as a promiscuous woman in historical materials. Nowadays, because there is no more detailed historical evidence to support it, although later researchers have raised various doubts and questions about this matter, they are still not enough to overturn the New Book of Tang's definition of Princess Gaoyang.[6]","title":"Affair with Bianji"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Emperor Gaozong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Empress Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Wu"}],"text":"Gaoyang became bitter after Bianji's death; her betrothal and wedding went as planned in spite of her protests. However, instead of animosity and resentment, Gaoyang and Fang Yi'ai grew closer and bonded over their mutual hatred for the imperial court. Gaoyang and her husband gathered an army and led a rebellion against her brother[7] Emperor Gaozong and his wife Empress Wu. They stormed the palace but were stopped and captured. Gaoyang and her husband were executed by hanging shortly after.","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ma Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Li_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Wu Zetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetian_(1995_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love Legend of the Tang Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Legend_of_the_Tang_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"The Empress of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empress_of_China"}],"text":"Portrayed by Ma Li in the 1995 Chinese TV series Wu Zetian.\nPortrayed by Shen Aojun in the 2001 Chinese TV series Love Legend of the Tang Dynasty.\nPortrayed by Mi Lu in the 2014 Chinese TV series The Empress of China.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Cl%C3%A9ment,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Lorraine
Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
["1 Biography","2 Ancestry","3 References and notes"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hereditary Prince of Lorraine Léopold ClémentHereditary Prince of LorrainePortrait by Pierre Gobert, c.1722Born(1707-04-25)25 April 1707Château de Lunéville, LorraineDied4 June 1723(1723-06-04) (aged 16)Château de Lunéville, LorraineBurialChurch of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers, Nancy, LorraineNamesLéopold Clément Charles de LorraineHouseLorraineFatherLeopold, Duke of LorraineMotherÉlisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine (Léopold Clément Charles; 25 April 1707 – 4 June 1723) was heir apparent to the throne of the sovereign Duchy of Lorraine. His father was the reigning Duke of Lorraine and his mother a member of the House of Bourbon, then ruling the Kingdom of France. He became the Hereditary Prince at the death of his older brother Louis in 1711, but died of smallpox in 1723 at the age of sixteen, unmarried and without descendants. Biography Prince Leopold in 1710, portrait by Pierre Gobert. He was born at the Château de Lunéville to Léopold, Duke of Lorraine and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans. Léopold was the third son born to his parents. His eldest brother, also Léopold (1699–1700), died aged eight months. Three other older siblings died in an outbreak of smallpox at Lunéville: Élisabeth Charlotte (1700–1711), Marie Gabrièle Charlotte (1702–1711) and Louis (1704–1711). The smallpox epidemic had killed other royalty such as the Grand Dauphin and the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I at the same time. In 1722 Léopold also became the heir to the Duchy of Teschen which was given to his father in compensation for his father's maternal grandmother's rights to the Duchy of Montferrat in northern Italy, which Emperor Charles VI had taken and given to his allies, the Dukes of Savoy. In 1723 he was sent to Vienna to carry out his education under the supervision of Charles VI, his father's first cousin. Another reason for his journey was to forge a Habsburg-Lorraine alliance through a marriage with the Archduchess Maria Theresa. Soon afterward the prince caught smallpox at Lunéville and quickly died at the Château there. He was buried in the Ducal Crypt at the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers, Nancy. His younger brother Francis Stephen became the Hereditary Prince and later married Maria Theresa, Habsburg heiress and future Queen regnant of Hungary and Bohemia. Ancestry Ancestors of Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine 8. Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine 4. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine 9. Claude Françoise of Lorraine 2. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 10. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 5. Eleanor of Austria 11. Eleonora Gonzaga 1. Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine 12. Louis XIII of France 6. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 13. Anne of Austria 3. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 14. Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 7. Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 15. Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel References and notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine. ^ Griffin, Stephen (December 2022). "Duke Leopold of Lorraine, Small State Diplomacy, and the Stuart Court in Exile, 1716–1729". The Historical Journal. 65 (5): 1244–1261. doi:10.1017/S0018246X2100090X. hdl:10344/11021. ISSN 0018-246X. ^ Ingrao, Charles W. (1979). In quest and crisis: emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg monarchy. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-911198-53-9. ^ Bashor, Will (2020). Marie Antoinette's World: intrigue, infidelity, and adultery in Versailles. Lanham (Md.): Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5381-3824-3. Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine House of LorraineBorn: 25 April 1707 Died: 4 June 1723 Preceded byLouis of Lorraine Hereditary Prince of Lorraine 10 May 1711 – 4 June 1723 Succeeded byFrancis Stephen of Lorraine Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"reigning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign"},{"link_name":"Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"House of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hereditary Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"}],"text":"Hereditary Prince of LorraineLéopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine (Léopold Clément Charles; 25 April 1707 – 4 June 1723) was heir apparent to the throne of the sovereign Duchy of Lorraine.His father was the reigning Duke of Lorraine and his mother a member of the House of Bourbon, then ruling the Kingdom of France. He became the Hereditary Prince at the death of his older brother Louis in 1711, but died of smallpox in 1723 at the age of sixteen, unmarried and without descendants.","title":"Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%A9opold_Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_de_Lorraine,_Pierre_Gobert.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gobert"},{"link_name":"Château de Lunéville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Lun%C3%A9ville"},{"link_name":"Léopold, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Élisabeth Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Grand Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1661%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"maternal grandmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Gonzaga_(1630%E2%80%931686)"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"Francis Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"}],"text":"Prince Leopold in 1710, portrait by Pierre Gobert.He was born at the Château de Lunéville to Léopold, Duke of Lorraine and his wife Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans.Léopold was the third son born to his parents. His eldest brother, also Léopold (1699–1700), died aged eight months. Three other older siblings died in an outbreak of smallpox at Lunéville: Élisabeth Charlotte (1700–1711), Marie Gabrièle Charlotte (1702–1711) and Louis (1704–1711). The smallpox epidemic had killed other royalty such as the Grand Dauphin and the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I at the same time.In 1722 Léopold also became the heir to the Duchy of Teschen which was given to his father in compensation for his father's maternal grandmother's rights to the Duchy of Montferrat in northern Italy, which Emperor Charles VI had taken and given to his allies, the Dukes of Savoy.[1][2]In 1723 he was sent to Vienna to carry out his education under the supervision of Charles VI, his father's first cousin. Another reason for his journey was to forge a Habsburg-Lorraine alliance through a marriage with the Archduchess Maria Theresa.[3]Soon afterward the prince caught smallpox at Lunéville and quickly died at the Château there. He was buried in the Ducal Crypt at the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers, Nancy. His younger brother Francis Stephen became the Hereditary Prince and later married Maria Theresa, Habsburg heiress and future Queen regnant of Hungary and Bohemia.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Claude Françoise of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Leopold, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Eleonora Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1630%E2%80%931686)"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Philippe I, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Anne of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_Louis,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Charlotte,_Princess_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_Landgravine_of_Hesse-Kassel"}],"text":"Ancestors of Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine 8. Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine 4. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine 9. Claude Françoise of Lorraine 2. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 10. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 5. Eleanor of Austria 11. Eleonora Gonzaga 1. Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine 12. Louis XIII of France 6. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 13. Anne of Austria 3. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 14. Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 7. Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 15. Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L%C3%A9opold_Cl%C3%A9ment,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Duke Leopold of Lorraine, Small State Diplomacy, and the Stuart Court in Exile, 1716–1729\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/duke-leopold-of-lorraine-small-state-diplomacy-and-the-stuart-court-in-exile-17161729/702E0AF962B06FD9EF7FAD67D78C8A40"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0018246X2100090X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X2100090X"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10344/11021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10344%2F11021"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0018-246X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-911198-53-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911198-53-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5381-3824-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3824-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29711#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/196135771"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/115473238X"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/112162193"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine.^ Griffin, Stephen (December 2022). \"Duke Leopold of Lorraine, Small State Diplomacy, and the Stuart Court in Exile, 1716–1729\". The Historical Journal. 65 (5): 1244–1261. doi:10.1017/S0018246X2100090X. hdl:10344/11021. ISSN 0018-246X.\n\n^ Ingrao, Charles W. (1979). In quest and crisis: emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg monarchy. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-911198-53-9.\n\n^ Bashor, Will (2020). Marie Antoinette's World: intrigue, infidelity, and adultery in Versailles. Lanham (Md.): Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5381-3824-3.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nOther\nIdRef","title":"References and notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Prince Leopold in 1710, portrait by Pierre Gobert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/L%C3%A9opold_Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_de_Lorraine%2C_Pierre_Gobert.jpg/220px-L%C3%A9opold_Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_de_Lorraine%2C_Pierre_Gobert.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Griffin, Stephen (December 2022). \"Duke Leopold of Lorraine, Small State Diplomacy, and the Stuart Court in Exile, 1716–1729\". The Historical Journal. 65 (5): 1244–1261. doi:10.1017/S0018246X2100090X. hdl:10344/11021. ISSN 0018-246X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/duke-leopold-of-lorraine-small-state-diplomacy-and-the-stuart-court-in-exile-17161729/702E0AF962B06FD9EF7FAD67D78C8A40","url_text":"\"Duke Leopold of Lorraine, Small State Diplomacy, and the Stuart Court in Exile, 1716–1729\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X2100090X","url_text":"10.1017/S0018246X2100090X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10344%2F11021","url_text":"10344/11021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X","url_text":"0018-246X"}]},{"reference":"Ingrao, Charles W. (1979). In quest and crisis: emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg monarchy. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-911198-53-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911198-53-9","url_text":"978-0-911198-53-9"}]},{"reference":"Bashor, Will (2020). Marie Antoinette's World: intrigue, infidelity, and adultery in Versailles. Lanham (Md.): Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5381-3824-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3824-3","url_text":"978-1-5381-3824-3"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22L%C3%A9opold+Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Hereditary+Prince+of+Lorraine%22","external_links_name":"\"Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22L%C3%A9opold+Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Hereditary+Prince+of+Lorraine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22L%C3%A9opold+Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Hereditary+Prince+of+Lorraine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22L%C3%A9opold+Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Hereditary+Prince+of+Lorraine%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22L%C3%A9opold+Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Hereditary+Prince+of+Lorraine%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22L%C3%A9opold+Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Hereditary+Prince+of+Lorraine%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/duke-leopold-of-lorraine-small-state-diplomacy-and-the-stuart-court-in-exile-17161729/702E0AF962B06FD9EF7FAD67D78C8A40","external_links_name":"\"Duke Leopold of Lorraine, Small State Diplomacy, and the Stuart Court in Exile, 1716–1729\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X2100090X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0018246X2100090X"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10344%2F11021","external_links_name":"10344/11021"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X","external_links_name":"0018-246X"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/196135771","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/115473238X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/112162193","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healey,_North_Yorkshire
Healey, North Yorkshire
["1 History","2 Governance","3 Church","4 School","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°13′15″N 1°43′23″W / 54.220960°N 1.722957°W / 54.220960; -1.722957Village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England Human settlement in EnglandHealeyThe main, indeed only, street in HealeyHealeyLocation within North YorkshirePopulation100 OS grid referenceSE181806Civil parishHealeyUnitary authorityNorth YorkshireCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townRIPONPostcode districtHG4PoliceNorth YorkshireFireNorth YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire List of places UK England Yorkshire 54°13′15″N 1°43′23″W / 54.220960°N 1.722957°W / 54.220960; -1.722957 Healey is a small village and civil parish in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated in the valley of the River Burn, to the immediate west of Fearby. It is about three miles west of Masham in the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. There are several holiday cottages and four Grade II Listed buildings, one of which is Healey Mill, a former corn mill. The civil parish includes Leighton Reservoir, the hamlet of Leighton, the hamlet of Gollinglith Foot in the lower part of Colsterdale and a large area of Masham Moor, a grouse moor, rising to the summit of Great Haw, 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from the village at the western extremity of the parish. The population of the parish was estimated at 100 in 2013. History Healey was historically a township in the large ancient parish of Masham in the wapentake of Hang East in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Healey became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1849. The civil parish of Healey with Sutton was formed in 1866. Sutton consists of a few farms (High Sutton, Low Sutton, Sutton Penn and Sutton Grange) 2 miles (3 km) north-east of Healey, and was transferred to the parish of Ellington High and Low in 1886. In 1934 3,213 acres (1,300 ha) of the uninhabited Masham Moor (which had been common to the parishes of Masham and East Witton) were added to the civil parish, which was then renamed Healey. Governance Until 1974 Healey was part of Masham Rural District (before 1934 Masham Urban District) in the North Riding of Yorkshire. It is now part of the Borough of Harrogate in North Yorkshire. The parish now shares a grouped parish council, known as Fearby, Healey and District Parish Council, with Colsterdale, Fearby, Ellingstring and Ilton cum Pott. Church St Paul's parish church The church, dedicated to St Paul, is a Grade II* Listed building completed in 1848. It was designed in the decorative style by the Victorian architect Edward Buckton Lamb and has a central tower with a spire. The stained glass east window was donated by Sir Robert Frankland-Russell. The north window was commissioned by Lamb and bears his initials. The west window may also be to his design. School Kell Bank Church of England Primary School, midway between Healey and the neighbouring village of Fearby, serves both villages. It was founded in 1822 by William Heslington and William Danby. In 1890 it had an attendance of 60, but by February 2021 the school roll had fallen to only 6 pupils and plans were announced to close it. References ^ Historic England. "Healey Mill (1132031)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ^ "Population Estimates". North Yorkshire County Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2016. In the 2011 Census the population of the parish was included with the parishes of Colsterdale, Ellingstring and Ilton cum Pott, and not separately counted. ^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 August 2015. ^ a b Page, William, ed. (1914). "Parishes: Masham". Victoria County History. A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 1. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 2 March 2021. ^ a b "Healey: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1890". Genuki. Retrieved 7 February 2012. ^ Vision of Britain: unit history of Healey with Sutton ^ "The Parish". Fearby Healey and District Parish Council. Retrieved 11 April 2016. ^ a b Historic England. "Church of Saint Paul (1132072)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ^ Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings Of England, Yorkshire: The North Riding, p. 186 ^ Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings Of England, Yorkshire: The North Riding, p. 467 ^ "Plans to close Kell Bank CE Primary School". The Press. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021. External links St Paul's Healey Media related to Healey, North Yorkshire at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Harrogate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrogate_(borough)"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Burn,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Fearby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearby"},{"link_name":"Masham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masham"},{"link_name":"Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidderdale_Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leighton Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Gollinglith Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollinglith_Foot"},{"link_name":"Colsterdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colsterdale"},{"link_name":"grouse moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouse_moor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandHealey is a small village and civil parish in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated in the valley of the River Burn, to the immediate west of Fearby. It is about three miles west of Masham in the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. There are several holiday cottages and four Grade II Listed buildings, one of which is Healey Mill, a former corn mill.[1]The civil parish includes Leighton Reservoir, the hamlet of Leighton, the hamlet of Gollinglith Foot in the lower part of Colsterdale and a large area of Masham Moor, a grouse moor, rising to the summit of Great Haw, 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from the village at the western extremity of the parish. The population of the parish was estimated at 100 in 2013.[2][3]","title":"Healey, North Yorkshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(England)"},{"link_name":"Masham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masham"},{"link_name":"wapentake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentake"},{"link_name":"Hang East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_East"},{"link_name":"North Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genuki-5"},{"link_name":"Ellington High and Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington_High_and_Low"},{"link_name":"East Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Witton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Healey was historically a township in the large ancient parish of Masham in the wapentake of Hang East in the North Riding of Yorkshire.[4] Healey became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1849.[5] The civil parish of Healey with Sutton was formed in 1866. Sutton consists of a few farms (High Sutton, Low Sutton, Sutton Penn and Sutton Grange) 2 miles (3 km) north-east of Healey, and was transferred to the parish of Ellington High and Low in 1886. In 1934 3,213 acres (1,300 ha) of the uninhabited Masham Moor (which had been common to the parishes of Masham and East Witton) were added to the civil parish, which was then renamed Healey.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"grouped parish council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouped_parish_council"},{"link_name":"Ellingstring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellingstring"},{"link_name":"Ilton cum Pott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilton_cum_Pott"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Until 1974 Healey was part of Masham Rural District (before 1934 Masham Urban District) in the North Riding of Yorkshire. It is now part of the Borough of Harrogate in North Yorkshire.The parish now shares a grouped parish council, known as Fearby, Healey and District Parish Council, with Colsterdale, Fearby, Ellingstring and Ilton cum Pott.[7]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Church,_Healey_(geograph_2545470).jpg"},{"link_name":"Listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-8"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Edward Buckton Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Buckton_Lamb"},{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Frankland-Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Frankland-Russell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-listed-8"}],"text":"St Paul's parish churchThe church, dedicated to St Paul, is a Grade II* Listed building completed in 1848.[8] It was designed in the decorative style by the Victorian architect Edward Buckton Lamb and has a central tower with a spire.[9] The stained glass east window was donated by Sir Robert Frankland-Russell.[10] The north window was commissioned by Lamb and bears his initials. The west window may also be to his design.[8]","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Danby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Danby_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genuki-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Kell Bank Church of England Primary School, midway between Healey and the neighbouring village of Fearby, serves both villages. It was founded in 1822 by William Heslington and William Danby.[4] In 1890 it had an attendance of 60,[5] but by February 2021 the school roll had fallen to only 6 pupils and plans were announced to close it.[11]","title":"School"}]
[{"image_text":"St Paul's parish church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/St_Pauls_Church%2C_Healey_%28geograph_2545470%29.jpg/180px-St_Pauls_Church%2C_Healey_%28geograph_2545470%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Healey Mill (1132031)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1132031","url_text":"\"Healey Mill (1132031)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Population Estimates\". North Yorkshire County Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113133520/http://www.northyorks.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=16424&p=0","url_text":"\"Population Estimates\""},{"url":"http://www.northyorks.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=16424&p=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124401&c=HG4+4JU&d=16&e=62&g=6454516&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1438694705703&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Page, William, ed. (1914). \"Parishes: Masham\". Victoria County History. A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 1. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Page_(historian)","url_text":"Page, William"},{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=64761","url_text":"\"Parishes: Masham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"\"Healey: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1890\". Genuki. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/NRY/Healey/Healey90.html","url_text":"\"Healey: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1890\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parish\". Fearby Healey and District Parish Council. Retrieved 11 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fearbyhealeydistrict-pc.org/#!the-parish/c8de","url_text":"\"The Parish\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of Saint Paul (1132072)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1132072","url_text":"\"Church of Saint Paul (1132072)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Plans to close Kell Bank CE Primary School\". The Press. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/19093984.plans-close-kell-bank-ce-primary-school/","url_text":"\"Plans to close Kell Bank CE Primary School\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_W._Straus,_Jr.
Roger Williams Straus Jr.
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Publisher","2 References"]
American publisher (1917–2004) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Roger Williams Straus Jr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Roger Williams Straus Jr.Born(1917-01-03)January 3, 1917New York CityDiedMay 25, 2004(2004-05-25) (aged 87)New York CityEducationUniversity of Missouri (1939)SpouseDorothea LiebmannChildrenRoger Straus IIIParent(s)Roger Williams Straus Sr.Gladys GuggenheimRelativesOscar Straus (grandfather)Sarah Lavanburg Straus (grandmother) Roger Williams Straus Jr. (January 3, 1917 – May 25, 2004) was co-founder and chairman of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, a New York book publishing company, and member of the Guggenheim family. Biography Early life Straus was born in New York City and was raised in a wealthy and influential Jewish family. His mother was Gladys Guggenheim Straus (1895–1980), heir to one of the largest fortunes in America. His father, Roger Williams Straus Sr. (1891–1957), grew up in the family that owned Macy’s and was chairman of the American Smelting and Refining Co., which was owned by his wife's family. Straus' paternal grandfather, Oscar Straus, served as Secretary of Commerce and Labor under President Theodore Roosevelt and was the first Jewish member of a U.S. Cabinet; his paternal grandmother was philanthropist Sarah Lavanburg Straus. Two of his great-uncles perished on the Titanic, Isidor Straus and Benjamin Guggenheim. While Straus Sr. focused on metal, Straus Jr. had his mind on paper. A summer job as copyboy and occasional writer for the White Plains Daily Reporter got him interested in journalism. He dropped out of St. George's School, but was accepted to Hamilton College in 1935. In 1937 he transferred to the University of Missouri and earned a bachelor's degree in journalism in 1939 (He would gain honorary Doctor of Literature degrees from U.M. in 1976 and Hofstra University 1989.) On June 27, 1938, Straus married childhood friend Dorothea Liebmann, great granddaughter of the founder of Rheingold Brewing, Samuel Liebmann and granddaughter of its president Charles Liebmann. Straus worked a variety of jobs after graduation. He was a reporter for the Columbia Missourian, publisher and editor of a literary magazine called Asterisk, and an editorial staff member of Current History magazine. He edited a series of history books for G. P. Putnam and also did reporting for the White Plains Daily Reporter. With the onset of World War II, he joined the Navy but a spinal infection prevented him from seeing action. He was put to work in the Magazine and Book Section of the Navy Office of Public Relations in New York, with his friend James Van Alen. Lieutenant Straus was discharged in 1945. Publisher The New York Times editorial page editor Charles Merz, a friend of his father, introduced Straus to John C. Farrar of Farrar & Rinehart (1929–1946). Straus borrowed $30,000 against his inheritance, $70,000 from his Navy co-worker Van Alen, and another $50,000 from others including Julius Fleischmann, whose family was famous for yeast and gin. The two began the firm of Farrar Straus & Co. on November 21, 1945. It was located in the naval office where Straus had served. They earned $200,000 in sales in their first year. Their first blockbuster was Gayelord Hauser's Look Younger, Live Longer, which was published in 1950 and eventually sold 600,000 copies. From 1948 to 1971, Farrar Straus acquired seven competitors including Hendricks House, Pellegrini & Cudahy, Noonday Press, and Hill & Wang. In 1950, stockholder Stanley Young was recognized when the company was renamed Farrar, Straus & Young. It was Farrar, Straus & Cudahy in 1953. In 1955, the company hired Editor-in-chief Robert Giroux away from rival Harcourt, Brace. He brought along no fewer than 15 authors including T. S. Eliot and Flannery O'Connor. The company became known as Farrar Straus & Giroux in 1964 with Giroux’s appointment as chairman of the board. Straus was regarded as one of the last old-fashioned publishers, faithful to his company and tight with his money, but emphasizing quality over commercial success. His dedication to the publishing business earned him several Nobel Prize-winning authors, including Isaac Bashevis Singer, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky, Nadine Gordimer, Czesław Miłosz and T. S. Eliot, and Pulitzer Prize authors such as Robert Lowell, John McPhee, Philip Roth, and Bernard Malamud. The FSG brand became so renowned that author Scott Turow turned down a $350,000 advance from a rival publisher for his first novel, Presumed Innocent, so that he could work with Straus, who offered him $200,000. John McPhee speaking at Straus's memorial service said of him, "He was there in my thirties, forties, fifties and sixties, and was still leading me up the street on a leash when I entered my seventies." In 1994, twenty years after his partner Farrar had died, Straus ceded control of the company to a German publishing conglomerate, Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, the type of company he had long disdained and spoken out against. He reportedly made more than $30 million on the sale. Still, he continued to occupy a corner office at company headquarters until pneumonia put him in the hospital and ultimately caused his death in 2004. References ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (May 27, 2004). "Roger W. Straus Jr., Book Publisher From the Age of the Independents, Dies at 87". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-04-14.  Quote: "died Tuesday at Lenox Hill Hospital". ^ a b Silverman, Al (2008). The Time of Their Lives: The Golden Age of Great American Book Publishers, Their Editors, and Authors. Truman Talley Books. pp. 17–40. ISBN 978-0312-35003-1. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany Israel United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC
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P. Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam"},{"link_name":"White Plains Daily Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Plains_Daily_Reporter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Straus was born in New York City and was raised in a wealthy and influential Jewish family. His mother was Gladys Guggenheim Straus (1895–1980), heir to one of the largest fortunes in America. His father, Roger Williams Straus Sr. (1891–1957), grew up in the family that owned Macy’s and was chairman of the American Smelting and Refining Co., which was owned by his wife's family.[2] Straus' paternal grandfather, Oscar Straus, served as Secretary of Commerce and Labor under President Theodore Roosevelt and was the first Jewish member of a U.S. Cabinet; his paternal grandmother was philanthropist Sarah Lavanburg Straus. Two of his great-uncles perished on the Titanic, Isidor Straus and Benjamin Guggenheim.While Straus Sr. focused on metal, Straus Jr. had his mind on paper. A summer job as copyboy and occasional writer for the White Plains Daily Reporter got him interested in journalism. He dropped out of St. George's School, but was accepted to Hamilton College in 1935. In 1937 he transferred to the University of Missouri and earned a bachelor's degree in journalism in 1939 (He would gain honorary Doctor of Literature degrees from U.M. in 1976 and Hofstra University 1989.)On June 27, 1938, Straus married childhood friend Dorothea Liebmann, great granddaughter of the founder of Rheingold Brewing, Samuel Liebmann and granddaughter of its president Charles Liebmann.Straus worked a variety of jobs after graduation. He was a reporter for the Columbia Missourian, publisher and editor of a literary magazine called Asterisk, and an editorial staff member of Current History magazine. He edited a series of history books for G. P. Putnam and also did reporting for the White Plains Daily Reporter.With the onset of World War II, he joined the Navy but a spinal infection prevented him from seeing action. He was put to work in the Magazine and Book Section of the Navy Office of Public Relations in New York, with his friend James Van Alen. Lieutenant Straus was discharged in 1945.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John C. Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Farrar"},{"link_name":"Gayelord Hauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayelord_Hauser"},{"link_name":"Stanley Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Young&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Giroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Giroux"},{"link_name":"Harcourt, Brace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Isaac Bashevis Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brodsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky"},{"link_name":"Nadine Gordimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer"},{"link_name":"Czesław Miłosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Robert Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowell"},{"link_name":"John McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McPhee"},{"link_name":"Philip Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Roth"},{"link_name":"Bernard Malamud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Malamud"},{"link_name":"Scott Turow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Turow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_von_Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group"}],"sub_title":"Publisher","text":"The New York Times editorial page editor Charles Merz, a friend of his father, introduced Straus to John C. Farrar of Farrar & Rinehart (1929–1946). Straus borrowed $30,000 against his inheritance, $70,000 from his Navy co-worker Van Alen, and another $50,000 from others including Julius Fleischmann, whose family was famous for yeast and gin. The two began the firm of Farrar Straus & Co. on November 21, 1945. It was located in the naval office where Straus had served. They earned $200,000 in sales in their first year. Their first blockbuster was Gayelord Hauser's Look Younger, Live Longer, which was published in 1950 and eventually sold 600,000 copies.From 1948 to 1971, Farrar Straus acquired seven competitors including Hendricks House, Pellegrini & Cudahy, Noonday Press, and Hill & Wang. In 1950, stockholder Stanley Young was recognized when the company was renamed Farrar, Straus & Young. It was Farrar, Straus & Cudahy in 1953. In 1955, the company hired Editor-in-chief Robert Giroux away from rival Harcourt, Brace. He brought along no fewer than 15 authors including T. S. Eliot and Flannery O'Connor. The company became known as Farrar Straus & Giroux in 1964 with Giroux’s appointment as chairman of the board.Straus was regarded as one of the last old-fashioned publishers, faithful to his company and tight with his money, but emphasizing quality over commercial success. His dedication to the publishing business earned him several Nobel Prize-winning authors, including Isaac Bashevis Singer, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky, Nadine Gordimer, Czesław Miłosz and T. S. Eliot, and Pulitzer Prize authors such as Robert Lowell, John McPhee, Philip Roth, and Bernard Malamud. The FSG brand became so renowned that author Scott Turow turned down a $350,000 advance from a rival publisher for his first novel, Presumed Innocent, so that he could work with Straus, who offered him $200,000.John McPhee speaking at Straus's memorial service said of him, \"He was there in my thirties, forties, fifties and sixties, and was still leading me up the street on a leash when I entered my seventies.\"[2]In 1994, twenty years after his partner Farrar had died, Straus ceded control of the company to a German publishing conglomerate, Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, the type of company he had long disdained and spoken out against. He reportedly made more than $30 million on the sale. Still, he continued to occupy a corner office at company headquarters until pneumonia put him in the hospital and ultimately caused his death in 2004.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes,_Argentina
Corrientes
["1 Transportation","2 History","3 Climate","4 Education","5 Sister cities","6 In fiction","7 Sports","8 Notable people","9 Gallery","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 27°29′S 58°49′W / 27.483°S 58.817°W / -27.483; -58.817For other uses, see Corrientes (disambiguation). City in ArgentinaCorrientesCityAbove: Panorama view of Manuel Belgano Bridge, Corrientes Carnival on every February Middle:The city of Corrientes with the General Belgano Bridge in the background Bottom: Corrientes Carthedral, Corrientes City Hall (All items were left to right) FlagCoat of armsCorrientesLocation of Corrientes in ArgentinaCoordinates: 27°29′S 58°49′W / 27.483°S 58.817°W / -27.483; -58.817Country ArgentinaProvince CorrientesDepartmentCapitalGovernment • MayorRoberto Fabían Ríos (Front for Victory)Area • City500 km2 (200 sq mi)Elevation52 m (171 ft)Population (2010 census) • Urban346,334Demonymcorrentino/aTime zoneUTC−3 (ART)CPA baseW3400Dialing code+54 379WebsiteOfficial website Corrientes (Spanish pronunciation: ⓘ; Guaraní: Taragüí, literally: "Currents") is the capital city of the province of Corrientes, Argentina, located on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, about 1,000 km (621 mi) from Buenos Aires and 300 km (186 mi) from Posadas, on National Route 12. It has a population of 346,334 according to the 2010 Census. It lies opposite its twin city, Resistencia, Chaco. Corrientes has a mix of colonial and modern architecture, several churches and a number of lapacho, ceibo, jacaranda and orange trees. It is also home to one of the biggest carnival and chamamé celebrations in the country. The annual average temperature is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F). The annual rainfall is around 1,500 millimetres (59 in). Transportation Belgrano Bridge during sunset, Corrientes, Argentina. Located in the Argentine Littoral, near the Argentina–Paraguay border, the General Belgrano Bridge crosses the Paraná River which serves as the natural border with the neighbouring Chaco Province. On the other side of the bridge is Resistencia, capital of Chaco. To the west and up the Paraná, between Paraguay and Argentina, lies the Yaciretá dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power generators in the world. The Doctor Fernando Piragine Niveyro International Airport (IATA: CNQ, ICAO: SARC) at coordinates 27°26′20″S 58°46′03″W / 27.43889°S 58.76750°W / -27.43889; -58.76750, 5 km (3 mi) away from the city, serves the city. The Ferrocarril Económico Correntino narrow gauge railway line to Mburucuyá operated from 1912 until 1927. History Plan of the city of Corrientes in June 1867 (left) and the church and convent of Saint Francis (right), in Corrientes, built in 1607. Sebastian Cabot established in 1527 the Sancti Spiritu fort upstream of the Paraná River, and in 1536 Pedro de Mendoza reached further north into the basin of the river, searching for the Sierras of Silver. Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón founded the city on April 3, 1588, and named it as San Juan de Vera de las Siete Corrientes ("Saint John of Vera of the Seven Currents"), which was later shortened to Corrientes. The "seven currents" refer to the seven peninsulas on the shore of the river at this place, that produced wild currents that made difficult the navigation of the river through this part. Nevertheless, its position between Asunción - in present Paraguay - and Buenos Aires made it an important middle point, especially because of its 55-metre-high lands that prevent flooding when the water level rises. In 1615 Jesuits settled near the Uruguay River. In 1807 the city resisted the British invasions. During the Argentine War of Independence it was in permanent conflict with the centralist government of Buenos Aires, but the Paraguayan War united them after the city was attacked by Paraguayan forces in 1865. Climate The annual average temperature is 21.3 °C or 70.3 °F. The annual rainfall is around 1,500 millimetres (59 in). The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Cfa (humid subtropical climate). Frosts are rare; with the dates of the first and last frost being July 5 and July 12 respectively, indicating that most of the year is frost-free. The highest temperature recorded was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on September 30, 2020, and the next day, the all-time record was broken again with 43.5 °C (110.3 °F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) on June 15, 1979. Climate data for Corrientes Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1962-present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 42.6(108.7) 42.8(109.0) 40.6(105.1) 37.2(99.0) 34.6(94.3) 34.1(93.4) 33.0(91.4) 37.9(100.2) 43.3(109.9) 43.5(110.3) 42.4(108.3) 41.1(106.0) 43.5(110.3) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.0(91.4) 32.0(89.6) 30.5(86.9) 27.3(81.1) 23.4(74.1) 21.4(70.5) 21.2(70.2) 23.8(74.8) 25.8(78.4) 28.1(82.6) 29.7(85.5) 31.9(89.4) 27.3(81.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.9(80.4) 26.1(79.0) 24.5(76.1) 21.6(70.9) 18.0(64.4) 16.1(61.0) 15.2(59.4) 17.1(62.8) 19.1(66.4) 22.1(71.8) 23.8(74.8) 26.0(78.8) 21.4(70.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.6(70.9) 21.1(70.0) 19.7(67.5) 17.2(63.0) 13.7(56.7) 12.0(53.6) 10.4(50.7) 11.6(52.9) 13.6(56.5) 16.8(62.2) 18.0(64.4) 20.5(68.9) 16.4(61.5) Record low °C (°F) 11.8(53.2) 11.0(51.8) 7.2(45.0) 3.9(39.0) −0.4(31.3) −2.8(27.0) −2.0(28.4) −1.7(28.9) 0.5(32.9) 2.8(37.0) 7.2(45.0) 8.3(46.9) −2.8(27.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 179.5(7.07) 152.2(5.99) 155.2(6.11) 170.8(6.72) 87.8(3.46) 65.3(2.57) 32.2(1.27) 40.3(1.59) 60.3(2.37) 153.8(6.06) 184.8(7.28) 172.9(6.81) 1,455.1(57.29) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.0 8.9 8.2 9.0 8.1 7.6 5.5 5.4 7.2 10.4 9.6 9.4 98.4 Average relative humidity (%) 71.6 74.1 76.6 78.8 80.3 80.4 75.2 70.0 68.5 72.1 70.7 71.2 74.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 288.3 240.1 232.5 201.0 195.3 162.0 195.3 204.6 189.0 217.0 267.0 279.0 2,671.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 9.3 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.3 5.4 6.3 6.6 6.3 7.0 8.9 9.0 7.3 Percent possible sunshine 66 67 61 59 60 54 57 55 54 62 65 67 61 Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Source 2: NOAA (percent sun 1961–1990) Education National University of the Northeast University of Cuenca del Plata Sister cities Corrientes is twinned with: Encarnación, Paraguay Estepa, Spain In fiction The Graham Greene spy novel The Honorary Consul (1973) takes place in Corrientes. Sports The city's main football teams are the: Huracán Corrientes, Boca Unidos, and Deportivo Mandiyú. Notable people José Andrés Bilibio, Born in Argentina, he represented the Armenia national football team at international level. Gallery Corrientes, Argentina View of the Corrientes waterfront (Playa Arazaty) Downtown Corrientes, Argentina Corrientes, Argentina Saint Sebastian Point, Corrientes, Argentina May 25 square, Corrientes The Provincial Ministry of the Economy Corrientes Cathedral, Argentina River otter and toy, Corrientes Zoo See also Argentina portal Barrio Esperanza References ^ Climate Summary for Corrientes ^ "Corrientes, Corrientes". Estadísticas meteorológicas decadiales (in Spanish). Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario. Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2015. ^ a b "Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Corrientes Aero". Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2023. ^ "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved April 8, 2023. ^ "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 2023. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "Corrientes AERO Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2015. ^ "Firma de convenio entre Corrientes y Encarnación". www.ellitoral.com.ar. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ "Corrientes y la ciudad española de Estepa celebran 30 años de hermanamiento". www.ciudaddecorrientes.gov.ar. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2022. External links Municipality of Corrientes – official website MCC (in Spanish) Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish) Sights (English) Map vteProvincial capitals of Argentina La Plata, Buenos Aires San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca Resistencia, Chaco Rawson, Chubut Córdoba, Córdoba Corrientes, Corrientes Paraná, Entre Ríos Formosa, Formosa San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy Santa Rosa, La Pampa La Rioja, La Rioja Mendoza, Mendoza Posadas, Misiones Neuquén, Neuquén Viedma, Río Negro Salta, Salta San Juan, San Juan San Luis, San Luis Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz Santa Fe, Santa Fe Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corrientes (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[koˈrjentes]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/ES-pe_-_Corrientes.ogg/ES-pe_-_Corrientes.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Corrientes.ogg"},{"link_name":"Guaraní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Corrientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Province"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Posadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posadas,_Misiones"},{"link_name":"National Route 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_12_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INDEC"},{"link_name":"Resistencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistencia,_Chaco"},{"link_name":"Chaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_Province"},{"link_name":"lapacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapacho"},{"link_name":"ceibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrina_crista-galli"},{"link_name":"jacaranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacaranda"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"chamamé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamam%C3%A9"}],"text":"For other uses, see Corrientes (disambiguation).City in ArgentinaCorrientes (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈrjentes] ⓘ; Guaraní: Taragüí, literally: \"Currents\") is the capital city of the province of Corrientes, Argentina, located on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, about 1,000 km (621 mi) from Buenos Aires and 300 km (186 mi) from Posadas, on National Route 12. It has a population of 346,334 according to the 2010 Census. It lies opposite its twin city, Resistencia, Chaco.Corrientes has a mix of colonial and modern architecture, several churches and a number of lapacho, ceibo, jacaranda and orange trees. It is also home to one of the biggest carnival and chamamé celebrations in the country.The annual average temperature is 21.3 °C (70.3 °F). The annual rainfall is around 1,500 millimetres (59 in).","title":"Corrientes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BelgranoBridge_Corrientes_Argentina.jpg"},{"link_name":"Argentine Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Argentina–Paraguay border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Paraguay_border"},{"link_name":"General Belgrano Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Belgrano_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Chaco Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_Province"},{"link_name":"Resistencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistencia,_Chaco"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Yaciretá dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaciret%C3%A1_dam"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"Doctor Fernando Piragine Niveyro International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Fernando_Piragine_Niveyro_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"27°26′20″S 58°46′03″W / 27.43889°S 58.76750°W / -27.43889; -58.76750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Corrientes&params=27_26_20_S_58_46_03_W_"},{"link_name":"Ferrocarril Económico Correntino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarril_Econ%C3%B3mico_Correntino"},{"link_name":"Mburucuyá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburucuy%C3%A1,_Corrientes"}],"text":"Belgrano Bridge during sunset, Corrientes, Argentina.Located in the Argentine Littoral, near the Argentina–Paraguay border, the General Belgrano Bridge crosses the Paraná River which serves as the natural border with the neighbouring Chaco Province. On the other side of the bridge is Resistencia, capital of Chaco. To the west and up the Paraná, between Paraguay and Argentina, lies the Yaciretá dam, one of the largest hydroelectric power generators in the world.The Doctor Fernando Piragine Niveyro International Airport (IATA: CNQ, ICAO: SARC) at coordinates 27°26′20″S 58°46′03″W / 27.43889°S 58.76750°W / -27.43889; -58.76750, 5 km (3 mi) away from the city, serves the city.The Ferrocarril Económico Correntino narrow gauge railway line to Mburucuyá operated from 1912 until 1927.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Planta_da_cidade_de_Corrientes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IglesiaSanFrancisco00.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"peninsulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Asunción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Uruguay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_River"},{"link_name":"British invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"Argentine War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_War"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"}],"text":"Plan of the city of Corrientes in June 1867 (left) and the church and convent of Saint Francis (right), in Corrientes, built in 1607.Sebastian Cabot established in 1527 the Sancti Spiritu fort upstream of the Paraná River, and in 1536 Pedro de Mendoza reached further north into the basin of the river, searching for the Sierras of Silver.Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón founded the city on April 3, 1588, and named it as San Juan de Vera de las Siete Corrientes (\"Saint John of Vera of the Seven Currents\"), which was later shortened to Corrientes. The \"seven currents\" refer to the seven peninsulas on the shore of the river at this place, that produced wild currents that made difficult the navigation of the river through this part.Nevertheless, its position between Asunción - in present Paraguay - and Buenos Aires made it an important middle point, especially because of its 55-metre-high lands that prevent flooding when the water level rises.In 1615 Jesuits settled near the Uruguay River. In 1807 the city resisted the British invasions. During the Argentine War of Independence it was in permanent conflict with the centralist government of Buenos Aires, but the Paraguayan War united them after the city was attacked by Paraguayan forces in 1865.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNextremes-3"},{"link_name":"Corrientes Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Airport"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Servicio Meteorológico Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNclimatenormals-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNestadisticas-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNextremes-3"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-6"}],"text":"The annual average temperature is 21.3 °C or 70.3 °F. The annual rainfall is around 1,500 millimetres (59 in). The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Cfa (humid subtropical climate).[1] Frosts are rare; with the dates of the first and last frost being July 5 and July 12 respectively, indicating that most of the year is frost-free.[2] The highest temperature recorded was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on September 30, 2020, and the next day, the all-time record was broken again with 43.5 °C (110.3 °F). The lowest temperature ever recorded was −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) on June 15, 1979.[3]Climate data for Corrientes Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1962-present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n42.6(108.7)\n\n42.8(109.0)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n37.9(100.2)\n\n43.3(109.9)\n\n43.5(110.3)\n\n42.4(108.3)\n\n41.1(106.0)\n\n43.5(110.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n−2.8(27.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n179.5(7.07)\n\n152.2(5.99)\n\n155.2(6.11)\n\n170.8(6.72)\n\n87.8(3.46)\n\n65.3(2.57)\n\n32.2(1.27)\n\n40.3(1.59)\n\n60.3(2.37)\n\n153.8(6.06)\n\n184.8(7.28)\n\n172.9(6.81)\n\n1,455.1(57.29)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n9.0\n\n8.9\n\n8.2\n\n9.0\n\n8.1\n\n7.6\n\n5.5\n\n5.4\n\n7.2\n\n10.4\n\n9.6\n\n9.4\n\n98.4\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n71.6\n\n74.1\n\n76.6\n\n78.8\n\n80.3\n\n80.4\n\n75.2\n\n70.0\n\n68.5\n\n72.1\n\n70.7\n\n71.2\n\n74.1\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n288.3\n\n240.1\n\n232.5\n\n201.0\n\n195.3\n\n162.0\n\n195.3\n\n204.6\n\n189.0\n\n217.0\n\n267.0\n\n279.0\n\n2,671.1\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n9.3\n\n8.5\n\n7.5\n\n6.7\n\n6.3\n\n5.4\n\n6.3\n\n6.6\n\n6.3\n\n7.0\n\n8.9\n\n9.0\n\n7.3\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n66\n\n67\n\n61\n\n59\n\n60\n\n54\n\n57\n\n55\n\n54\n\n62\n\n65\n\n67\n\n61\n\n\nSource 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[4][5][3]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA (percent sun 1961–1990)[6]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National University of the Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_the_Northeast"},{"link_name":"University of Cuenca del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cuenca_del_Plata"}],"text":"National University of the Northeast\nUniversity of Cuenca del Plata","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Encarnación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n,_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Estepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estepa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Corrientes is twinned with:Encarnación, Paraguay[7]\n Estepa, Spain[8]","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene_(writer)"},{"link_name":"spy novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_novel"},{"link_name":"The Honorary Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honorary_Consul"}],"text":"The Graham Greene spy novel The Honorary Consul (1973) takes place in Corrientes.","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Huracán Corrientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurac%C3%A1n_Corrientes"},{"link_name":"Boca Unidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Unidos"},{"link_name":"Deportivo Mandiyú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Mandiy%C3%BA"}],"text":"The city's main football teams are the: Huracán Corrientes, Boca Unidos, and Deportivo Mandiyú.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Andrés Bilibio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s_Bilibio"},{"link_name":"Armenia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_national_football_team"}],"text":"José Andrés Bilibio, Born in Argentina, he represented the Armenia national football team at international level.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norte_de_la_Ciudad_de_Corrientes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_hacia_la_Playa_Arazaty.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conjunto_Urbano_Plaza_25_de_Mayo_08.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corrientes_Montage.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punta_San_Sebast%C3%ADa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaza_25_de_mayo_Corrientes.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palacio_San_Mart%C3%ADn_Corrientes.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iglesia_Catedral,_Corrientes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lontra_longicaudis_4.jpeg"}],"text":"Corrientes, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the Corrientes waterfront (Playa Arazaty)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDowntown Corrientes, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCorrientes, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Sebastian Point, Corrientes, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMay 25 square, Corrientes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Provincial Ministry of the Economy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCorrientes Cathedral, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRiver otter and toy, Corrientes Zoo","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"title":"Argentina portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Argentina"},{"title":"Barrio Esperanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrio_Esperanza"}]
[{"reference":"\"Corrientes, Corrientes\". Estadísticas meteorológicas decadiales (in Spanish). Oficina de Riesgo Agropecuario. Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved June 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808144601/http://www.ora.gov.ar/eval_decadial.php","url_text":"\"Corrientes, Corrientes\""},{"url":"http://www.ora.gov.ar/eval_decadial.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Corrientes Aero\". Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170904022616/https://www2.smn.gob.ar/caracterizaci%C3%B3n-estad%C3%ADsticas-de-largo-plazo","url_text":"\"Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Corrientes Aero\""},{"url":"https://www.smn.gob.ar/estadisticas","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020\" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved April 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas_normales_9120.zip","url_text":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 2023. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020\""},{"url":"http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Corrientes AERO Climate Normals 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REGIII/AG/87166.TXT","url_text":"\"Corrientes AERO Climate Normals 1961–1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Firma de convenio entre Corrientes y Encarnación\". www.ellitoral.com.ar. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120527172830/https://www.ellitoral.com.ar/corrientes/2022-3-7-1-43-0-firma-de-convenio-entre-corrientes-y-encarnacion.html","url_text":"\"Firma de convenio entre Corrientes y Encarnación\""},{"url":"https://www.ellitoral.com.ar/corrientes/2022-3-7-1-43-0-firma-de-convenio-entre-corrientes-y-encarnacion","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Corrientes y la ciudad española de Estepa celebran 30 años de hermanamiento\". www.ciudaddecorrientes.gov.ar. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120527172830/https://ciudaddecorrientes.gov.ar/content/corrientes-y-la-ciudad-espa-ola-de-estepa-celebran-30-os-de-hermanamiento","url_text":"\"Corrientes y la ciudad española de Estepa celebran 30 años de hermanamiento\""},{"url":"https://ciudaddecorrientes.gov.ar/content/corrientes-y-la-ciudad-espa-ola-de-estepa-celebran-30-os-de-hermanamiento","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maywood_Township,_Benton_County,_Minnesota
Maywood Township, Benton County, Minnesota
["1 Geography","1.1 Unincorporated communities","1.2 Major highway","1.3 Adjacent townships","1.4 Cemeteries","2 Demographics","3 References"]
Coordinates: 45°41′24″N 93°49′5″W / 45.69000°N 93.81806°W / 45.69000; -93.81806Township in Minnesota, United States Township in Minnesota, United StatesMaywood TownshipTownshipMaywood TownshipLocation within the state of MinnesotaCoordinates: 45°41′24″N 93°49′5″W / 45.69000°N 93.81806°W / 45.69000; -93.81806CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyBentonArea • Total35.7 sq mi (92.4 km2) • Land35.7 sq mi (92.4 km2)Elevation1,132 ft (345 m)Population (2010) • Total954 • Density27/sq mi (10.3/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-41264GNIS feature ID0664938 Maywood Township is a township in Benton County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 954 as of the 2010 census. Maywood Township was organized in 1867. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.4 km2), all land. The former city of Ronneby reverted to being part of Maywood Township on May 4, 2009. Unincorporated communities Oak Park Ronneby Major highway Minnesota State Highway 23 Adjacent townships Granite Ledge Township (north) Milaca Township, Mille Lacs County (northeast) Milo Township, Mille Lacs County (east) Greenbush Township, Mille Lacs County (southeast) Glendorado Township (south) Gilmanton Township (west) Alberta Township (northwest) Cemeteries The township contains two cemeteries: Elwell and Maywood. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 860 people, 302 households, and 243 families residing in the township. The population density was 24.4 people per square mile (9.4/km2). There were 314 housing units at an average density of 8.9/sq mi (3.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.79% White, 0.12% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 1.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population. There were 302 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families. 16.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.21. In the township the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.7 males. The median income for a household in the township was $47,500, and the median income for a family was $50,060. Males had a median income of $33,068 versus $21,696 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,911. About 4.5% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over. References Notes ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Maywood township, Benton County, Minnesota". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2014. ^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 50. Bibliography United States National Atlas United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States Board on Geographic Names (GNIS) vteMunicipalities and communities of Benton County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: FoleyCities Foley Gilman Rice Royalton‡ Sartell‡ Sauk Rapids St. Cloud‡ Map of Minnesota highlighting Benton CountyTownships Alberta Gilmanton Glendorado Graham Granite Ledge Langola Mayhew Lake Maywood Minden Sauk Rapids St. George Watab CDP Ronneby Unincorporatedcommunities Brennyville Duelm Fruitville Glendorado Jakeville Mayhew North Benton Oak Park Parent Popple Creek Rum River Silver Corners Watab Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesTownship in Minnesota, United StatesMaywood Township is a township in Benton County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 954 as of the 2010 census.[3] Maywood Township was organized in 1867.[4]","title":"Maywood Township, Benton County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.4 km2), all land.[3]The former city of Ronneby reverted to being part of Maywood Township on May 4, 2009.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oak Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ronneby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronneby,_Minnesota"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Oak Park\nRonneby","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MN-23.svg"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State Highway 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_23"}],"sub_title":"Major highway","text":"Minnesota State Highway 23","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granite Ledge Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_Ledge_Township,_Benton_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Milaca Township, Mille Lacs County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milaca_Township,_Mille_Lacs_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Milo Township, Mille Lacs County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_Township,_Mille_Lacs_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Greenbush Township, Mille Lacs County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbush_Township,_Mille_Lacs_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Glendorado Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendorado_Township,_Benton_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Gilmanton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmanton_Township,_Benton_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Alberta Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Township,_Benton_County,_Minnesota"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent townships","text":"Granite Ledge Township (north)\nMilaca Township, Mille Lacs County (northeast)\nMilo Township, Mille Lacs County (east)\nGreenbush Township, Mille Lacs County (southeast)\nGlendorado Township (south)\nGilmanton Township (west)\nAlberta Township (northwest)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cemeteries","text":"The township contains two cemeteries: Elwell and Maywood.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 860 people, 302 households, and 243 families residing in the township. The population density was 24.4 people per square mile (9.4/km2). There were 314 housing units at an average density of 8.9/sq mi (3.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.79% White, 0.12% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 1.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.There were 302 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families. 16.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.21.In the township the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.7 males.The median income for a household in the township was $47,500, and the median income for a family was $50,060. Males had a median income of $33,068 versus $21,696 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,911. About 4.5% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Benton County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Benton_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Benton_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Maywood township, Benton County, Minnesota\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212162320/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US2700941264","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Maywood township, Benton County, Minnesota\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/0600000US2700941264","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n69","url_text":"50"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Grove,_Georgia
Walnut Grove, Georgia
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 Notable people","6 References"]
Coordinates: 33°44′44″N 83°51′26″W / 33.74556°N 83.85722°W / 33.74556; -83.85722 Town in Georgia, United StatesWalnut Grove, GeorgiaTown FlagSealLocation in Walton County and the state of GeorgiaCoordinates: 33°44′44″N 83°51′26″W / 33.74556°N 83.85722°W / 33.74556; -83.85722CountryUnited StatesStateGeorgiaCountyWaltonArea • Total2.87 sq mi (7.45 km2) • Land2.84 sq mi (7.36 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.09 km2)Elevation922 ft (281 m)Population (2020) • Total1,322 • Density465.33/sq mi (179.65/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code30052Area code470/678/770FIPS code13-80228GNIS feature ID0333357Websitewww.walnutgrovegeorgia.com Walnut Grove is a town in Walton County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,330 according to the 2010 census. History The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Walnut Grove as a town in 1905. The community was named for a grove of walnut trees near the original town site. Geography Walnut Grove is located at 33°44′44″N 83°51′26″W / 33.74556°N 83.85722°W / 33.74556; -83.85722 (33.745470, -83.857319). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1910112—192014327.7%1930110−23.1%19401176.4%19501213.4%1960119−1.7%197017547.1%1980387121.1%199045818.3%20001,241171.0%20101,3307.2%20201,322−0.6%U.S. Decennial Census Walnut Grove racial composition as of 2020 Race Num. Perc. White (non-Hispanic) 1,107 83.74% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 87 6.58% Native American 2 0.15% Asian 5 0.38% Other/mixed 59 4.46% Hispanic or Latino 62 4.69% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,322 people, 515 households, and 371 families residing in the city. Education Public education in Walnut Grove is administered by Walton County School District. The district operates Walnut Grove Elementary School and Walnut Grove High School within the city. Notable people Barbecue Bob, blues musician Bazoline Estelle Usher, educator References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia. Clark & Hines, State Printers. 1905. p. 1209. ^ Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 245. ISBN 0-915430-00-2. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ "Homepage". Walton County School District. Retrieved June 28, 2019. vteMunicipalities and communities of Walton County, Georgia, United StatesCounty seat: MonroeCities Loganville ‡ Monroe Social Circle ‡ Map of Georgia highlighting Walton CountyTowns Between Good Hope Jersey Walnut Grove Unincorporatedcommunities Bold Springs Campton Gratis Nicholasville Pannell Split Silk Windsor Youth Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Georgia portal United States portal Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"}],"text":"Town in Georgia, United StatesWalnut Grove is a town in Walton County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,330 according to the 2010 census.","title":"Walnut Grove, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"walnut trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_tree"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Walnut Grove as a town in 1905.[4] The community was named for a grove of walnut trees near the original town site.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"33°44′44″N 83°51′26″W / 33.74556°N 83.85722°W / 33.74556; -83.85722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walnut_Grove,_Georgia&params=33_44_44_N_83_51_26_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Walnut Grove is located at 33°44′44″N 83°51′26″W / 33.74556°N 83.85722°W / 33.74556; -83.85722 (33.745470, -83.857319).[6]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,322 people, 515 households, and 371 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton County School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County_School_District_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Public education in Walnut Grove is administered by Walton County School District.[9] The district operates Walnut Grove Elementary School and Walnut Grove High School within the city.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbecue Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbecue_Bob"},{"link_name":"Bazoline Estelle Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazoline_Estelle_Usher"}],"text":"Barbecue Bob, blues musician\nBazoline Estelle Usher, educator","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Georgia highlighting Walton County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Walton_County.svg/86px-Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_Walton_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_13.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia. Clark & Hines, State Printers. 1905. p. 1209.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eHy7q4S7wL8C&pg=PA1209","url_text":"Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia"}]},{"reference":"Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 245. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/w.pdf","url_text":"Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915430-00-2","url_text":"0-915430-00-2"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US1380228&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Walton County School District. Retrieved June 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walton.k12.ga.us/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariglu,_Markazi
Areklu
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 33°44′23″N 49°13′37″E / 33.73972°N 49.22694°E / 33.73972; 49.22694Village in Markazi, IranAreklu اركلوvillageArekluCoordinates: 33°44′23″N 49°13′37″E / 33.73972°N 49.22694°E / 33.73972; 49.22694Country IranProvinceMarkaziCountyShazandBakhshSarbandRural DistrictHendudurPopulation (2006) • Total107Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Areklu (Persian: اركلو, also Romanized as 'Areklū; also known as Arīglū and Arīklū) is a village in Hendudur Rural District, Sarband District, Shazand County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 107, in 29 families. References ^ Areklu can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3053634" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Shazand CountyCapital Shazand DistrictsCentralCities Astaneh Shazand Rural Districts and villagesAstaneh Azodiyeh Borj Borj-e Cheshmeh-ye Mahmud Nurabad Pakal Palang Dar Parkaleh Qaleh-ye Abbasabad Qaleh-ye Aqa Hamid Qaleh-ye Baleman Sar Sakhti-ye Bala Zahirabad-e Astaneh Ziaabad Kuhsar Choqa Pahneh Deh-e Ahmad Gurchak Hajjiabad Hoseynabad Jalalabad Kapar Mahmudabad Qaqan Rowghani Tokhmar Venavi Zangdar Qarah KahrizCities Bazneh Rural Districts and villagesQarah Kahriz Ab Barik Akbarabad Aliabad Anbarteh Bagh-e Bar Aftab Bazneh Industrial Complex Chenas Dastjerdeh Dehpul Emarat Ghinar Hafteh Hesar-e Mohammadiyeh Jamalabad Kerk Madan-e Kerk Muchan Qadamgah Qaleh-ye Dizijan Qaleh-ye Pasi Jan Rashan Sar Sakhti-ye Pain Suraneh Tajareh Takyeh Varaqa Vasheh SarbandCities Hendudur Rural Districts and villagesHendudur Aghcheh Bolagh Ali-ye Qurchi Aqbolagh-e Sadat Areklu Bahramabad Bajgiran Chal Homa Cham-e Rahim Chenarestan Deh-e Aqa Deh-e Asghar Deh-e Davud Deh-e Golshan Deh-e Hoseyn Deh-e Kharabeh Kand Deh-e Kowsar Deh-e Mahdi Deh-e Mir Qasem Deh-e Salman Deh-e Zaman Do Ab Eskandarlu Ezzatabad Faqerlu Feyzianeh-e Sofla Gachlu Gaztaf-e Olya Gaztaf-e Sofla Gol Bedaq Gol Zard-e Malmir Hajj Yusef Hasanabad Imanlu Kamal Saleh Karkhaneh Khalaj-e Olya Khalifeh Bolaghi Khamestan Khana Darreh-ye Olya Khana Darreh-ye Sofla Kohneh Hesar Lowzdar-e Olya Lowzdar-e Sofla Lowzdar-e Vosta Mahmudabad Malham Dar Mesrlu Molla Baqer-e Olya Morvar Nezamabad Qaidan Qaleh Now Qarineh Darreh Qeshlaq Revesht Sarjelu Siah Soltan Vezmestan-e Olya Malmir Ab Bakhshan Aq Bolaq-e Mohammad Hoseyn Khan Aqa Jakandi Bon-e Gonbad Borj-e Abbas Khan Deh-e Abdollah Deh-e Ali Khan Deh-e Ali Morad Deh-e Mowla Gol-e Zard-e Abdi Hajji Beyg Hashian Khalaj-e Malmir Khoshkehdar-e Malmir Malmir Niazagheh Qarah Dash Talkhestan Tappeh Tavan Dasht-e Olya Tavan Dasht-e Sofla Zagheh-ye Akbarabad ZalianCities Tureh Rural Districts and villagesNahr-e Mian Bahmani Chaqa Siah Gol-e Zard-e Qaleh Jalayer Kalleh-ye Nahr Mian Katiran-e Bala Katiran-e Pain Kheyrabad Kus Ali Mazraeh-ye Khatun Morvarid Darreh Nahr-e Mian Qalehchi-ye Bala Qalehchi-ye Pain Qarah Bonyad Qush Tappeh Sang-e Sefid Savarabad-e Olya Taj-e Dowlatshah Zahirabad-e Nahr Mian Pol-e Doab Alarj Alborz Baneh Besri Cheshmeh-ye Sar Eskan Far Hak-e Olya Hak-e Sofla Hasanabad Hesar Homrian Hoseynabad Jazanaq Kazzaz Khosbijan Kishan Kolahduz Lanj Rud Mahajeran Mahajeran-e Abu ol Hasan Mahajeran-e Kamar Mahajeran-e Khak Mazraeh-ye Kishan Mehdiabad Mian Rud Nabi Dar Petrochemical Works, Shazand Qaleh-ye Gav Godar Sangar Sar Chal Savarabad-e Sofla Taht-e Mahall Zalian Adineh Masjed-e Bala Adineh Masjed-e Pain Baqerabad Bayatan-e Sukhteh Borj-e Balan Chahar Cherik Darreh Piri Deh-e Kaid Deh-e Zu ol Faqar Do Joft Gunestan Hesar Darreh Kolah Chub Najafabad Qamar Khun Rezaabad Rostam Rah Sadeqabad Sar Kamari Zalian Iran portal This Shazand County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hendudur Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendudur_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Sarband District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarband_District_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"Shazand County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shazand_County"},{"link_name":"Markazi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markazi_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Markazi, IranAreklu (Persian: اركلو, also Romanized as 'Areklū; also known as Arīglū and Arīklū)[1] is a village in Hendudur Rural District, Sarband District, Shazand County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 107, in 29 families.[2]","title":"Areklu"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Countess_of_Foix
Eleanor of Navarre
["1 Life","2 Marriage and children","3 Ancestry","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Queen of Navarre in 1479 EleanorQueen of NavarreReign28 January 1479 – 12 February 1479Coronation28 January 1479PredecessorJohn IISuccessorFrancisBorn2 February 1426Olite, NavarreDied12 February 1479(1479-02-12) (aged 53)Tudela, NavarreSpouse Gaston IV, Count of Foix ​ ​(m. 1441; died 1472)​Issueamong others... Gaston, Prince of Viana Peter, Bishop of Vannes John, Viscount of Narbonne Margaret, Duchess of Brittany Catherine, Countess of Candale Jacques, Count of Montfort HouseTrastámaraFatherJohn II of AragonMotherBlanche I of Navarre Aragonese, Valencian and Sicilian RoyaltyHouse of Trastámara Ferdinand I Alfonso V John II Eleanor, Queen of Portugal Alfonso V John II Charles IV of Navarre Blanche II of Navarre Eleanor I of Navarre Ferdinand II Joan, Queen of Naples Ferdinand II Isabella, Queen of Portugal Joanna I of Aragon John, Prince of Asturias Mary, Queen of Portugal Catherine, Queen of England Joanna I Eleanor, Queen of France Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Isabella, Queen of Denmark Mary, Queen of Hungary Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor Catherine, Queen of Portugal vte Eleanor of Navarre (Basque: Leonor and Spanish: Leonor) (2 February 1426 – 12 February 1479), was a Navarrese princess and monarch. She served as the regent of Navarre from 1455 to 1479, during the absence of her father, and then briefly as the queen regnant of Navarre in 1479. She was crowned on 28 January 1479 in Tudela. Life Coat of arms of Queen Eleanor She was born in Olite, Navarre (now Spain), the third and youngest child of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre. She was the younger sister of Blanche II of Navarre. She was born 2 February 1426, and was acclaimed by the Cortes in Pamplona, 9 August 1427, as the legitimate heir of Charles of Viana (Charles "IV") and Blanche II of Navarre in succession to their mother. After their mother's death, however, their father occupied Navarre. She married Gaston IV, Count of Foix, in 1441. In 1442, Eleanor moved with her spouse to Bearn. In 1455, her father deposed her brother and her sister as heirs of Navarre and proclaimed Eleanor as the heir and the regent and general governor of Navarre. In her new capacities, she moved to Sangüesa. She continued as regent after the death of her brother in 1461. In 1462, she signed the Treaty of Olite, in which she recognized her father as the monarch of Navarre and accepted to have her sister Blanche imprisoned under her care. In 1464, Blanche died in her care, suspected to have been poisoned. By the treaty, she was recognized by her father as the heir of Navarre and his regent (governor) in Navarre. In 1468, her father killed her advisor Nicolas de Etchabarri, and deposed her as governor. In 1471, however, her father recognized her as the governor of Navarre until his death. At her father's death in 1479, she gave her oath as the monarch of Navarre and died two weeks later at Tudela, Navarre, aged 53. Marriage and children In 1441, she married Gaston IV, Count of Foix, and had the following children with him: Marie of Foix (1443–1467); married William VIII of Montferrat. Gaston, Prince of Viana (1445–1470); married Magdalena of France in 1462. Their children Francis and Catherine both succeeded to Navarre in turn upon the death of their grandmother Eleanor. Pierre de Foix, le jeune (1449–1490); cardinal and Bishop of Arles. John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne (1450–1500); his daughter Germaine of Foix was the second wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon. Jeanne of Foix (1454–1476); married Jean V of Armagnac. Eleanor of Foix (1457–1480); engaged firstly to Charles, duke de Guyenne (who died in 1472), and secondly to the Duke of Medinacelli, but died before the wedding. Margaret of Foix (1458–1487); married Francis II, Duke of Brittany; their daughter Anne of Brittany was the wife of Charles VIII of France and later the second wife of Louis XII of France. Catherine of Foix (1460–1494); married Gaston II de Foix, Count of Candale and Benauges; their daughter Anne of Foix-Candale was the third wife of Vladislaus II of Hungary. Isabella of Foix (1462–?); married Guy de Pons, Viscount of Turenne. Anne of Foix (born and died 1464). Jacques de Foix, Count of Montfort (1463–1508), Count of Cortes; married Catherine of Beaumont. Ancestry Ancestors of Eleanor of Navarre 8. John I of Castile 4. Ferdinand I of Aragon 9. Eleanor of Aragon 2. John II of Aragon 10. Sancho of Castile 5. Eleanor of Alburquerque 11. Beatrice of Portugal 1. Eleanor of Navarre 12. Charles II of Navarre 6. Charles III of Navarre 13. Joan of Valois 3. Blanche I of Navarre 14. Henry II of Castile 7. Eleanor of Castile 15. Juana Manuel References ^ a b c Anthony 1931, p. 10. ^ Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1911, p. 80, 84. ^ Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1911, p. 80. ^ Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1911, p. 84. ^ a b c d e f g Woodacre 2013, p. Chart 4. ^ Krochalis 1996, p. 96. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "John II of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b Ferdinand I, King of Aragon at the Encyclopædia Britannica Bibliography Anthony, R. (1931). Identification et Étude des Ossements des Rois de Navarre inhumés dans la Cathédrale de Lescar (PDF). Archives du Muséum, 6e series (in French). Vol. VII. Masson et Cie. Krochalis, Jeanne E. (1996). "1494: Hieronymous Munzer, Compostela, and the Codex Calixtinus". In Dunn, Maryjane; Davidson, Linda Kay (eds.). The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages. Routledge. Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1911). The Cambridge Modern History. Macmillan Company. Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan. External links Eleanor of Navarre House of TrastámaraBorn: 2 February 1426 Died: 12 February 1479 Regnal titles Preceded byJohn II Queen of Navarre 1479 Succeeded byFrancis vteInfantas of Aragon1st generation Sancha, Countess of Urgell 2nd generation none 3rd generation Petronilla, Queen of Aragon 4th generation Dulce, Queen of Portugal 5th generation Constance, Holy Roman Empress Eleanor, Countess of Toulouse Sancha 7th generation Violant, Queen of Castile Constance, Lady of Villena Isabella, Queen of France 8th generation Elizabeth, Queen of Portugal Yolanda, Duchess of Calabria Sancha, Queen of Naples* 9th generation Maria, Lady of Cameros Isabella, Duchess of Austria Constance, Queen of Cyprus** Elisabeth, Duchess of Bavaria** Margaret, Countess Palatine of the Rhine** 10th generation Constance, Queen of Majorca Eleanor, Queen of Cyprus Eleanor, Queen of Aragon** Beatrice, Countess Palatine of the Rhine** Eleonor, Countess of Caltabellotta** Isabella, Marchioness of Montferrat* Alice, Countess of Ibelin* 11th generation Constance, Queen of Sicily Joanna, Countess of Ampurias Eleanor, Queen of Castile Isabella, Countess of Urgell Maria of Sicily** 12th generation Joanna, Countess of Foix Yolande, Duchess of Anjou Margarida, Queen of Aragon 13th generation Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra 14th generation Maria, Queen of Castile Eleanor, Queen of Portugal 15th generation Blanche II of Navarre Eleanor of Navarre Joanna, Queen of Naples 16th generation Isabella, Queen of Portugal Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon Maria, Queen of Portugal Catherine, Queen of England 17th generation Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France Isabella, Queen of Denmark-Norway Mary, Queen of Hungary Catherine, Queen of Portugal *also a princess of Majorca **also a princess of Sicily vteMonarchs of NavarreHouse of Íñiguez Íñigo Arista García Íñiguez Fortún Garcés House of Jiménez Sancho I Jimeno Garcés García Sánchez I Sancho II García Sánchez II Sancho III García Sánchez III Sancho IV Sancho VA Peter IA Alfonso IA García Ramírez Sancho VI Sancho VII House of Champagne Theobald I Theobald II Henry I Joan I House of Capet Philip IF Louis IF John IF Philip IIF Charles IF Joan II House of Évreux Philip III Charles II Charles III Blanche I House of Trastámara John IIA Charles IV Blanche II Eleanor House of Foix Francis Phoebus Catherine House of Albret John III House of Albret - Lower Navarre Henry II Joan III House of Bourbon - Lower Navarre Antoine Henry IIIF Louis IIF Louis IIIF Louis IVF Louis VF Louis VIF Charles VF House of Trastámara - Upper Navarre Ferdinand IA Joan IIIS House of Habsburg - Upper Navarre Charles IVS Philip IVS Philip VS Philip VIS Charles VS House of Bourbon - Upper Navarre Philip VIIS Louis IIS Ferdinand IIS Charles VIS Charles VIIS Ferdinand IIIS Isabella IS AAlso King of Aragon. FAlso King of France. SAlso King/Queen of Spain.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Phoebus_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Olite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olite"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Tudela, Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Gaston IV, Count of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_IV,_Count_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"Issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)"},{"link_name":"among others...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marriage_and_children"},{"link_name":"Gaston, Prince of Viana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston,_Prince_of_Viana"},{"link_name":"Peter, Bishop of Vannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Foix,_le_jeune"},{"link_name":"John, Viscount of Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Foix,_Viscount_of_Narbonne"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Duchess of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Countess of Candale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Foix,_Countess_of_Candale"},{"link_name":"Jacques, Count of Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Foix,_Count_of_Montfort"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"John II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Blanche I of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"House of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(15th_Century).svg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Eleanor, Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon_(Queen_of_Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Charles IV of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Viana"},{"link_name":"Blanche II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Eleanor I of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Joan, Queen of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Aragon,_Queen_consort_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Isabella, Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Joanna I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John, Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon_(1482-1517)"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Queen of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Joanna I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Eleanor, Queen of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Isabella, Queen of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Queen of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aragonese_House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aragonese_House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese_House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony193110-1"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"queen regnant of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Tudela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony193110-1"}],"text":"EleanorQueen of NavarreReign28 January 1479 – 12 February 1479Coronation28 January 1479PredecessorJohn IISuccessorFrancisBorn2 February 1426Olite, NavarreDied12 February 1479(1479-02-12) (aged 53)Tudela, NavarreSpouse\nGaston IV, Count of Foix\n ​ ​(m. 1441; died 1472)​Issueamong others...\nGaston, Prince of Viana\nPeter, Bishop of Vannes\nJohn, Viscount of Narbonne\nMargaret, Duchess of Brittany\nCatherine, Countess of Candale\nJacques, Count of Montfort\nHouseTrastámaraFatherJohn II of AragonMotherBlanche I of Navarre\nAragonese, Valencian and Sicilian RoyaltyHouse of Trastámara\nFerdinand I\nAlfonso V\nJohn II\nEleanor, Queen of Portugal\n\nAlfonso V\nJohn II\nCharles IV of Navarre\nBlanche II of Navarre\nEleanor I of Navarre\nFerdinand II\nJoan, Queen of Naples\n\nFerdinand II\nIsabella, Queen of Portugal\nJoanna I of Aragon\nJohn, Prince of Asturias\nMary, Queen of Portugal\nCatherine, Queen of England\n\nJoanna I\nEleanor, Queen of France\nCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor\nIsabella, Queen of Denmark\nMary, Queen of Hungary\nFerdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor\nCatherine, Queen of Portugal\nvteEleanor of Navarre (Basque: Leonor and Spanish: Leonor) (2 February 1426 – 12 February 1479),[1] was a Navarrese princess and monarch. She served as the regent of Navarre from 1455 to 1479, during the absence of her father, and then briefly as the queen regnant of Navarre in 1479. She was crowned on 28 January 1479 in Tudela.[1]","title":"Eleanor of Navarre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_(1479-1483).svg"},{"link_name":"Olite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olite"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"John II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Blanche I of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardProtheroLeathes191180,_84-2"},{"link_name":"Blanche II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardProtheroLeathes191180-3"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Charles of Viana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Viana"},{"link_name":"Gaston IV, Count of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_IV,_Count_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardProtheroLeathes191184-4"},{"link_name":"Bearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearn"},{"link_name":"Sangüesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang%C3%BCesa"},{"link_name":"Tudela, Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre"}],"text":"Coat of arms of Queen EleanorShe was born in Olite, Navarre (now Spain), the third and youngest child of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre.[2] She was the younger sister of Blanche II of Navarre.[3] She was born 2 February 1426, and was acclaimed by the Cortes in Pamplona, 9 August 1427, as the legitimate heir of Charles of Viana (Charles \"IV\") and Blanche II of Navarre in succession to their mother. After their mother's death, however, their father occupied Navarre.She married Gaston IV, Count of Foix, in 1441.[4] In 1442, Eleanor moved with her spouse to Bearn. In 1455, her father deposed her brother and her sister as heirs of Navarre and proclaimed Eleanor as the heir and the regent and general governor of Navarre. In her new capacities, she moved to Sangüesa. She continued as regent after the death of her brother in 1461. In 1462, she signed the Treaty of Olite, in which she recognized her father as the monarch of Navarre and accepted to have her sister Blanche imprisoned under her care.In 1464, Blanche died in her care, suspected to have been poisoned. By the treaty, she was recognized by her father as the heir of Navarre and his regent (governor) in Navarre. In 1468, her father killed her advisor Nicolas de Etchabarri, and deposed her as governor. In 1471, however, her father recognized her as the governor of Navarre until his death. At her father's death in 1479, she gave her oath as the monarch of Navarre and died two weeks later at Tudela, Navarre, aged 53.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaston IV, Count of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_IV,_Count_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony193110-1"},{"link_name":"William VIII of Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_VIII_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013Chart_4-5"},{"link_name":"Gaston, Prince of Viana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston,_Prince_of_Viana"},{"link_name":"Magdalena of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrochalis199696-6"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Foix, le jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Foix,_le_jeune"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Foix,_Viscount_of_Narbonne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013Chart_4-5"},{"link_name":"Germaine of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Jean V of Armagnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_V_of_Armagnac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013Chart_4-5"},{"link_name":"Charles, duke de Guyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Valois,_Duke_de_Berry"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013Chart_4-5"},{"link_name":"Anne of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Foix,_Countess_of_Candale"},{"link_name":"Gaston II de Foix, Count of Candale and Benauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_II_de_Foix,_Count_of_Candale_and_Benauges"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013Chart_4-5"},{"link_name":"Anne of Foix-Candale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Foix-Candale"},{"link_name":"Vladislaus II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013Chart_4-5"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Foix, Count of Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Foix,_Count_of_Montfort"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacre2013Chart_4-5"}],"text":"In 1441, she married Gaston IV, Count of Foix, and had the following children with him:[1]Marie of Foix (1443–1467); married William VIII of Montferrat.[5]\nGaston, Prince of Viana (1445–1470); married Magdalena of France in 1462. Their children Francis and Catherine both succeeded to Navarre in turn upon the death of their grandmother Eleanor.[6]\nPierre de Foix, le jeune (1449–1490); cardinal and Bishop of Arles.\nJohn of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne (1450–1500);[5] his daughter Germaine of Foix was the second wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon.\nJeanne of Foix (1454–1476); married Jean V of Armagnac.[5]\nEleanor of Foix (1457–1480); engaged firstly to Charles, duke de Guyenne (who died in 1472), and secondly to the Duke of Medinacelli, but died before the wedding.\nMargaret of Foix (1458–1487); married Francis II, Duke of Brittany;[5] their daughter Anne of Brittany was the wife of Charles VIII of France and later the second wife of Louis XII of France.\nCatherine of Foix (1460–1494); married Gaston II de Foix, Count of Candale and Benauges;[5] their daughter Anne of Foix-Candale was the third wife of Vladislaus II of Hungary.\nIsabella of Foix (1462–?); married Guy de Pons, Viscount of Turenne.\nAnne of Foix (born and died 1464).[5]\nJacques de Foix, Count of Montfort (1463–1508), Count of Cortes; married Catherine of Beaumont.[5]","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica204397-8"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-John_II-7"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica204397-8"},{"link_name":"John II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Sancho of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_of_Castile_(1342%E2%80%931374)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Alburquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1911-John_II-7"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal_(died_1381)"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Joan of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Blanche I of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Juana Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Manuel"}],"text":"Ancestors of Eleanor of Navarre 8. John I of Castile[8] 4. Ferdinand I of Aragon[7] 9. Eleanor of Aragon[8] 2. John II of Aragon 10. Sancho of Castile 5. Eleanor of Alburquerque[7] 11. Beatrice of Portugal 1. Eleanor of Navarre 12. Charles II of Navarre 6. Charles III of Navarre 13. Joan of Valois 3. Blanche I of Navarre 14. Henry II of Castile 7. Eleanor of Castile 15. Juana Manuel","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Identification et Étude des Ossements des Rois de Navarre inhumés dans la Cathédrale de Lescar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navarra.es/appsext/bnd/GN_Ficheros_PDF_Binadi.aspx?Fichero=AGN00FBH_239800000000000000000410.pdf"}],"text":"Anthony, R. (1931). Identification et Étude des Ossements des Rois de Navarre inhumés dans la Cathédrale de Lescar [Identification and Study of the Bones of the Kings of Navarre buried in the Cathedral of Lescar] (PDF). Archives du Muséum, 6e series (in French). Vol. VII. Masson et Cie.\nKrochalis, Jeanne E. (1996). \"1494: Hieronymous Munzer, Compostela, and the Codex Calixtinus\". In Dunn, Maryjane; Davidson, Linda Kay (eds.). The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages. Routledge.\nWard, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1911). The Cambridge Modern History. Macmillan Company.\nWoodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Queen Eleanor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Royal_Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281479-1483%29.svg/180px-Royal_Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281479-1483%29.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"John II of Aragon\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/John_II_of_Aragon","url_text":"\"John II of Aragon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Anthony, R. (1931). Identification et Étude des Ossements des Rois de Navarre inhumés dans la Cathédrale de Lescar [Identification and Study of the Bones of the Kings of Navarre buried in the Cathedral of Lescar] (PDF). Archives du Muséum, 6e series (in French). Vol. VII. Masson et Cie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navarra.es/appsext/bnd/GN_Ficheros_PDF_Binadi.aspx?Fichero=AGN00FBH_239800000000000000000410.pdf","url_text":"Identification et Étude des Ossements des Rois de Navarre inhumés dans la Cathédrale de Lescar"}]},{"reference":"Krochalis, Jeanne E. (1996). \"1494: Hieronymous Munzer, Compostela, and the Codex Calixtinus\". In Dunn, Maryjane; Davidson, Linda Kay (eds.). The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1911). The Cambridge Modern History. Macmillan Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_Museum_(Branson,_Missouri)
Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)
["1 See also","2 External links","3 References"]
Museum in Missouri, United States The Titanic MuseumTitanic BransonThe Titanic Museum36.638336 N, -93.280229 WEstablishedApril 2006Location3235 76 Country Blvd & Hwy 165Branson, Missouri, United StatesCoordinates36°38′18″N 93°16′49″W / 36.638336°N 93.280229°W / 36.638336; -93.280229CuratorPaul BurnsOwnerEPR PropertiesWebsitehttp://www.titanicbranson.com/ The Titanic Museum Attraction is a museum located in Branson, Missouri, United States, on 76 Country Boulevard. It is one of two Titanic-themed museums owned by John Joslyn (who headed a 1987 expedition to Titanic's final resting place); the other is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. The museum holds 400 pre-discovery artifacts in 20 galleries. Guests step through the artificial iceberg into the museum, and receive a passenger boarding ticket, featuring the name of an actual Titanic passenger and the class on which the passenger traveled. During the tour, guests learn the individual stories of several passengers. At the end of the tour, guests are told whether their ticket holder survived. Like the museum of Pigeon Forge, the museum's main exterior visual feature is the partial mockup of the original ocean liner. The construction consists of the front half of the ship, including its first two funnels. In a 2017 episode of the Travel Channel series, Ghost Adventures, Zak Bagans and the crew investigated the museum due to claimed paranormal activities that were apparently traced to actual relics from the shipwreck. See also Sinking of the RMS Titanic List of maritime museums in the United States External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic Museum Branson. Titanic Museum Attraction Website References ^ Hidgon, Todd. "Titanic museum in Branson has a lot to offer". Neosho Daily News. Retrieved 9 June 2016. vteTitanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Sinking Iceberg Changes in safety practices Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry United States inquiry Wreck of the Titanic Legends and myths Conspiracy theories Deck officers Edward J. Smith (Captain) Henry Tingle Wilde (Chief Officer) William McMaster Murdoch (First Officer) Charles H. Lightoller (Second Officer) Herbert Pitman (Third Officer) Joseph G. Boxhall (Fourth Officer) Harold G. Lowe (Fifth Officer) James Paul Moody (Sixth Officer) Joseph Bell (Machine Room Manager) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Frank Oliver Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Archie Jewell Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips Frank Winnold Prentice Arthur John Priest George Symons Musicians Wallace Hartley John Wesley Woodward PassengersFatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Roderick Chisholm Walter Donald Douglas Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Henry B. Harris Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Ann Elizabeth Isham Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Clarence Moore Eino Viljami Panula Arthur Ryerson W. T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John B. Thayer Frank M. Warren Sr. George D. Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret "Molly" Brown Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Kink Louise Laroche Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Jane Quick Winnifred Quick Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Agnes Sandström Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monumentsand memorialsAustralia Bandstand (Ballarat) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes (Liverpool) Engineers (Southampton) Musicians (Southampton) Titanic (Belfast) Orchestra (Liverpool) United States Straus Park (New York City) Titanic (New York City) Titanic (Washington, D.C.) Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain (Washington, D.C.) Popular culture(cultural legacy)Books The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility (1898) A Night to Remember (book) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic (1912) In Nacht und Eis (1912) Atlantic (1929) Atlantik (1929) Titanic (1943) Titanic (1953) A Night to Remember (1958) The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964) Raise the Titanic (1980) Secrets of the Titanic (1986) Titanica (1992) Titanic (1997) The Chambermaid on the Titanic (1997) The Legend of the Titanic (1999) Titanic: The Legend Goes On (2000) The Boy Who Saw the Iceberg (2000) Ghosts of the Abyss (2003) Tentacolino (2004) Titanic II (2010) The Six (2021) Titanic 666 (2022) Television "A Night to Remember" (1956) S.O.S. Titanic (1979) Titanic: The Complete Story (1994) Titanic (1996 miniseries) No Greater Love (1996) "A Flight to Remember" (Futurama) (1999) Titanic (2012 miniseries) Titanic: Blood and Steel (2012) Saving the Titanic (2012) Titanic: The Aftermath (2012) Theater The Berg (1929) The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1960 musical) Titanic (1974) Titanic (1997 musical) Music "The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down)" (folk song) The Sinking of the Titanic (music composition) Titanic (soundtrack album) Back to Titanic (soundtrack album) "My Heart Will Go On" (song) "Nearer, My God, to Thee" (song) Titanique (musical parody) "Dance Band on the Titanic" (song) "Titanic" (song) Titanic Requiem (music composition) "Tempest" (song) Titanic Rising (album) Video games Search for the Titanic (1989) Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996) Titanic: Honor and Glory (TBA) Museumsand exhibitions SeaCity Museum (Southampton) Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri) Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic (Halifax) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic (Canada) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter, Belfast Cape Race, Newfoundland Fairview Lawn Cemetery Mount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax, Nova Scotia) Arrol Gantry Titanic, Oklahoma RelatedShips RMS Baltic RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic SS Mount Temple RMS Carpathia SS Californian CS Mackay-Bennett SS Birma SS Frankfurt Replica Titanic Titanic II Romandisea Titanic Law RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Others White Star Line David Blair Herbert Haddock Arthur Rostron Stanley Lord Titanic Historical Society Titanic International Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first Robert Ballard La Circassienne au Bain Titan submersible implosion Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Branson, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branson,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"76 Country Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_76"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"Pigeon Forge, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_Museum_(Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Travel Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_Channel"},{"link_name":"Ghost Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Zak Bagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Bagans"}],"text":"The Titanic Museum Attraction is a museum located in Branson, Missouri, United States, on 76 Country Boulevard. It is one of two Titanic-themed museums owned by John Joslyn (who headed a 1987 expedition to Titanic's final resting place); the other is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. The museum holds 400 pre-discovery artifacts in 20 galleries.[1]Guests step through the artificial iceberg into the museum, and receive a passenger boarding ticket, featuring the name of an actual Titanic passenger and the class on which the passenger traveled. During the tour, guests learn the individual stories of several passengers. At the end of the tour, guests are told whether their ticket holder survived.Like the museum of Pigeon Forge, the museum's main exterior visual feature is the partial mockup of the original ocean liner. The construction consists of the front half of the ship, including its first two funnels.In a 2017 episode of the Travel Channel series, Ghost Adventures, Zak Bagans and the crew investigated the museum due to claimed paranormal activities that were apparently traced to actual relics from the shipwreck.","title":"Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Sinking of the RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic"},{"title":"List of maritime museums in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_museums_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"Hidgon, Todd. \"Titanic museum in Branson has a lot to offer\". Neosho Daily News. Retrieved 9 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neoshodailynews.com/news/20160609/titanic-museum-in-branson-has-lot-to-offer","url_text":"\"Titanic museum in Branson has a lot to offer\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demino,_Nikolsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast
Demino, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast
["1 Geography","2 References"]
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaDemino ДеминоVillageDeminoShow map of Vologda OblastDeminoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°29′N 44°43′E / 59.483°N 44.717°E / 59.483; 44.717CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictNikolsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Demino (Russian: Демино) is a rural locality (a village) in Kemskoye Rural Settlement, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 178 as of 2002. Geography Demino is located 49 km west of Nikolsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Borok is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Демино на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Никольска до Демина vteRural localities in Nikolsky District Abaturovo Aksentyevo Argunovo Baydarovo Belyayevka Bludnovo Bogdanovka Bolshoy Dvor Bolshoye Fomino Bolshoye Oksilovo Bolshoye Sverchkovo Borok Brodovitsa Burakovo Butova Kurya Chegodayevsky Chelpanovo Chernino Cherntsovo Chushevino Chyornaya Demino Dor Dunilovo Dunilovsky Dvorishche Dyachkovo Filimonovy Gari Filinsky Filippovo Gagarin Gora Gorka-Kokuy Gorokhovsky Guzhovo Ilyinskoye Irdanovo Ivakovo Ivantets Kachug Kalauz Kalinino Kamennoye Kamenny Karnysh Kholshevikovo Kipshenga Klenovaya Knyazhevo Kolesov Log Konygino Korepino Koshelevo Kostenevo Kostylevo Kotelnoye Kovrigino Kovyrtsevo Kozhayevo Kozlovka Krasnaya Zvezda Krasnoye Zvedeniye Krivodeyevo Krivyatskoye Kudanga Kudangsky Kudrino Kumbiser Kurevino Kuznechikha Kuznetsovo Lantyug Lashovo Leunino Levkin Levoberezhny Lipovo Lisitsyno Lokha Lyulkovo Makarovsky Maloye Fomino Maloye Oksilovo Maloye Sverchkovo Malyye Gari Markovo Melentyevo Michkovo Milofanovo Mokretsevo Molodyozhny Myakishevo Nagavitsino Nigino Nizhny Rystyug Noskovo Nyunenga Orlovo Osinovaya Gar Osinovo Paderino Pakhomovo Panteleyevo Pavlovo Perebor Permas Permassky Pertyug Petryanino Petryayevo Pezhenga Pichug Plaksino Podgorye Podol Podolskaya Podosinovets Pogorelitsa Polezhayevo Polovina Polovinka Prudishnaya Putilovo Pyatakov Rameshki Rodyukino Rokunovo Samylovo Selivanovo Semenka Senino Serpovo Shalashnevo Sharzhenga Shiri Shirokaya Sinitsyno Skomoroshye Sluda Sofronovo Sokolovo Solotnovo Sorokino Starina Stepshinsky Storozhevaya Subornaya Svetly Klyuch Syrkovo Talitsa Tarasovo Telyanino Terebayevo Tokovitsa Travino Turino Upiralovo Uritskoye Vakhnevo Verkhny Rystyug Verkhnyaya Kema Verkhovino Vesyolaya Griva Vinograd Vladimirovo Vsemirskaya Vyrypayevo Vysokinsky Yamskaya Yelkhovetsky Yelkhovka Yeremkin Yermakovo Yesipovo Yushkovo Zavarikha Zavrazhye Zaymishche Zelentsovo Zelyonaya Griva Zemtsovo Zhivotovo This Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Nikolsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Demino (Russian: Демино) is a rural locality (a village) in Kemskoye Rural Settlement, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 178 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Demino, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolsk,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Demino is located 49 km west of Nikolsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Borok is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania
Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 Sources"]
Duke of Pomerania-Demmin Casimir IIDuke of Pomerania-DemminTenure1187–1219PredecessorWartislaw IISuccessorWartislaw IIIBornc. 1180Died1219SpouseIngard of DenmarkHouseGriffinFatherBogislaw I, Duke of PomeraniaMotherAnastasia of Greater PolandReligionRoman Catholicism Casimir II (also spelled Kasimir II) (Polish: Kazimierz II pomorski) (c. 1180 – 1219) was the duke of Pomerania-Demmin from 1187 until his death. He was succeeded by Wartislaw III, Casimir's son with princess Ingardis of Denmark. Biography Casimir II was the son of Bogislaw I and Anastasia, a daughter of the Polish duke Mieszko III. After his father's death in 1187, Casimir received Pomerania-Demmin as his share of the duchy of Pomerania, after his older brother Bogislaw II had received the other part duchy Pomerania-Stettin and his other older brother, Wartislaw II, who is assumed to have received Pomerania-Demmin from their uncle, Casimir I in the first place, had died in 1184. As Casimir still was a minor in 1187, his mother Anastasia ruled in his place until 1194 as well as, until 1189, the Swantiboride Wartislaw II Swantiboritz, who was Castellan of Szczecin, and thereafter the Rugian prince Jaromar I. Despite his predecessors having joined the Holy Roman Empire in 1181, Casimir and Bogislaw II had to yield to Danish pressure put on Pomerania. Denmark had already subdued the neighboring Principality of Rügen, and Bogislaw and Casimir eventually became vassals to Canute VI of Denmark. The Danish influenced Casimir's reign not only by appointing Jaromar, their vassal and ally, to be his legal guardian, but also by determining the northern borders of Pomerania-Demmin that were disputed by Pomerania and Rügen, with Rügen claiming the Peene river and Pomerania claiming the Ryck river further north to be the border. The decision of Canut that had to be accepted by Anastasia favoured the Rugian demands, only the trans-Peene terrae Wolgast, Lassan and Ziethen were put under Pomeranian control with the larger part of the disputed area, including the terrae Lositz (Loitz) and Wostrose (Wusterhusen), remaining within Rügen. In 1198 and 1199, margrave Otto II of Brandenburg occupied Pomerania-Demmin in the course of a war between Brandenburg and Denmark, shifting Casimir's realm north close to the Ryck river. When Valdemar II of Denmark regained Pomerania in 1202, Casimir and Bogislaw II had to accept Danish overlordship again and turned to support Denmark in her war with Brandenburg. In 1216, the border between Rügen and Pomerania was settled again, pushing it back almost to where it were before the Brandenburgian occupation. As Rügen had founded the Hilda (now part of Greifswald district Eldena) abbey in 1199 at the southern bank of the Ryck river and had granted vast areas of the disputed areas to her, Casimir and Bogislaw confirmed these grants in 1218 by pointing out that these lands righteously had been theirs. He married Ingardis of Denmark (d. c. 1236) in 1210. Together, they had a son, Wartislaw III who would succeed him as duke of Pomerania-Demmin, and a daughter, Elisabeth. See also List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes History of Pomerania Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania Sources Gottfried von Bülow (1876), "Bogislav I.", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 40–41 Häckermann (1876), "Bogislav II.", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 41–42 Joachim Wächter: Das Fürstentum Rügen – Ein Überblick. In: Beiträge zur Geschichte Vorpommerns: die Demminer Kolloquien 1985–1994. Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 1997, ISBN 3-931185-11-7. Martin Wehrmann: Geschichte von Pommern. Band 1, Weltbild Verlag 1992, Reprint der Ausgaben von 1919 und 1921, ISBN 3-89350-112-6, Seite 91–95. Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania House of PomeraniaBorn: ~ 1180 Died: 1219 Preceded byWartislaw II Duke of Pomerania-Demmin 1187–1219 Succeeded byWartislaw III Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"duke of Pomerania-Demmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Ingardis of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingardis_of_Denmark"}],"text":"Casimir II (also spelled Kasimir II) (Polish: Kazimierz II pomorski) (c. 1180 – 1219) was the duke of Pomerania-Demmin from 1187 until his death. He was succeeded by Wartislaw III, Casimir's son with princess Ingardis of Denmark.","title":"Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogislaw I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Mieszko III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_III"},{"link_name":"duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Casimir I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Swantiboride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania#Sidelines#Swantiborides"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw II Swantiboritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_II_of_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"Rugian prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Jaromar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaromar_I,_Prince_of_R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Principality of Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Canute VI of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canute_VI_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Peene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peene"},{"link_name":"Ryck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryck"},{"link_name":"Wolgast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolgast"},{"link_name":"Lassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassan,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Ziethen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziethen,_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"},{"link_name":"Loitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loitz"},{"link_name":"Wusterhusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wusterhusen"},{"link_name":"Otto II of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Valdemar II of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Hilda (now part of Greifswald district Eldena)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greifswald"},{"link_name":"Ingardis of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingard_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_III"}],"text":"Casimir II was the son of Bogislaw I and Anastasia, a daughter of the Polish duke Mieszko III. After his father's death in 1187, Casimir received Pomerania-Demmin as his share of the duchy of Pomerania, after his older brother Bogislaw II had received the other part duchy Pomerania-Stettin and his other older brother, Wartislaw II, who is assumed to have received Pomerania-Demmin from their uncle, Casimir I in the first place, had died in 1184.As Casimir still was a minor in 1187, his mother Anastasia ruled in his place until 1194 as well as, until 1189, the Swantiboride Wartislaw II Swantiboritz, who was Castellan of Szczecin, and thereafter the Rugian prince Jaromar I. Despite his predecessors having joined the Holy Roman Empire in 1181, Casimir and Bogislaw II had to yield to Danish pressure put on Pomerania. Denmark had already subdued the neighboring Principality of Rügen, and Bogislaw and Casimir eventually became vassals to Canute VI of Denmark.The Danish influenced Casimir's reign not only by appointing Jaromar, their vassal and ally, to be his legal guardian, but also by determining the northern borders of Pomerania-Demmin that were disputed by Pomerania and Rügen, with Rügen claiming the Peene river and Pomerania claiming the Ryck river further north to be the border. The decision of Canut that had to be accepted by Anastasia favoured the Rugian demands, only the trans-Peene terrae Wolgast, Lassan and Ziethen were put under Pomeranian control with the larger part of the disputed area, including the terrae Lositz (Loitz) and Wostrose (Wusterhusen), remaining within Rügen.In 1198 and 1199, margrave Otto II of Brandenburg occupied Pomerania-Demmin in the course of a war between Brandenburg and Denmark, shifting Casimir's realm north close to the Ryck river. When Valdemar II of Denmark regained Pomerania in 1202, Casimir and Bogislaw II had to accept Danish overlordship again and turned to support Denmark in her war with Brandenburg. In 1216, the border between Rügen and Pomerania was settled again, pushing it back almost to where it were before the Brandenburgian occupation. As Rügen had founded the Hilda (now part of Greifswald district Eldena) abbey in 1199 at the southern bank of the Ryck river and had granted vast areas of the disputed areas to her, Casimir and Bogislaw confirmed these grants in 1218 by pointing out that these lands righteously had been theirs.He married Ingardis of Denmark (d. c. 1236) in 1210. Together, they had a son, Wartislaw III who would succeed him as duke of Pomerania-Demmin, and a daughter, Elisabeth.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Bogislav I.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008361/images/index.html?seite=42"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"\"Bogislav II.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008361/images/index.html?seite=43"},{"link_name":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie"},{"link_name":"Joachim Wächter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_W%C3%A4chter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Helms Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Helms_Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-931185-11-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931185-11-7"},{"link_name":"Martin Wehrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Wehrmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89350-112-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89350-112-6"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470602#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/85989028"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/137808151"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137808151.html?language=en"}],"text":"Gottfried von Bülow (1876), \"Bogislav I.\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 40–41\nHäckermann (1876), \"Bogislav II.\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 41–42\nJoachim Wächter: Das Fürstentum Rügen – Ein Überblick. In: Beiträge zur Geschichte Vorpommerns: die Demminer Kolloquien 1985–1994. Thomas Helms Verlag, Schwerin 1997, ISBN 3-931185-11-7.\nMartin Wehrmann: Geschichte von Pommern. Band 1, Weltbild Verlag 1992, Reprint der Ausgaben von 1919 und 1921, ISBN 3-89350-112-6, Seite 91–95.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes"},{"title":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"},{"title":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"title":"House of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"}]
[{"reference":"Gottfried von Bülow (1876), \"Bogislav I.\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 40–41","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008361/images/index.html?seite=42","url_text":"\"Bogislav I.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"Häckermann (1876), \"Bogislav II.\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 41–42","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008361/images/index.html?seite=43","url_text":"\"Bogislav II.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008361/images/index.html?seite=42","external_links_name":"\"Bogislav I.\""},{"Link":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00008361/images/index.html?seite=43","external_links_name":"\"Bogislav II.\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85989028","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/137808151","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137808151.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Temple,_Niali
Brahma Temple, Niali
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 20°08′25″N 86°03′46″E / 20.140153°N 86.062801°E / 20.140153; 86.062801This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Brahma Temple, Niali" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Brahma Temple is a Hindu temple of creator God Brahma is located at the north-eastern side of the Niali village in Cuttack district of Odisha, India. It is very near to Madhava Temple, Niali. Some local Brahmins opine that an Ashwamedha yajna was done by Brahma here. The present temple was rebuilt during the 12th century. The central icon of Brahma holds a rosary and Kamandalu, sitting on a Lotus. He has four faces. This icon is assigned to the time of Shailodbhava dynasty of Utkal during 7th century AD. There are two Vishnu images which belong to 12th century AD. The main vimana is of Pidha deula style. A tributary of Mahanadi called Prachee is flowing near the shrine. References External links reports on the temple madhava worship and brahma temple of Niali a brahma temple in lotus pedestal dating to 6th Century AD This article about Hindu place of worship in Odisha is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vteHindu temples in OdishaBhubaneswarShiva temples Aisanyesvara Siva Temple Akhadachandi Temple Astasambhu Temples Belesvara Siva Temple Bhima Kunda Bhringesvara Siva Temple Bhrukutesvar Siva Temple Brahmeswara Temple Byamokesvara Temple Chakreshvari Siva Temple Champakesvara Siva Temple Chandrasekhara Mahadeva Temple Chintamanisvara Siva Temple Devasabha Temple Dishisvara Siva Temple Gangesvara Siva Temple Gosagaresvar Siva Temple Jaleswar Siva Temple Precinct Kalika Siva Temple Kapilesvara Siva Temple Kedareswar Temple Labesvara Siva Temple Ladu Baba Temple Lakhesvara Siva Temple Lingaraj Temple Madneswar Siva Temple Mangalesvara Siva Temple Manibhadresvara Temple - II Mukteswar Temple Nagesvara Temple, Bhubaneswar Pabaneswara Temple Papanasini Siva Temple Parsurameswar Temple Purvesvara Siva Temple Rajarani Temple Rameshwar Deula Sarvatresvara Siva Temple Siddhesvara Siva Temple Subarnesvara Siva Temple Suka Temple Sukutesvara Temple Svapnesvara Siva Temple Talesvara Siva Temple Tirthesvara Siva Temple Uttaresvara Siva Temple Vaital Deula Yameshwar Temple Vishnu temples Ananta Vasudeva Temple Bharati Matha Gandhi Garabadu Precinct Vishnu Temple Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar Vishnu Temple, Bhubaneswar Shakti temples Chausathi Jogini Temple Parvati Temple, Odisha Other temples Brahma Temple, Bindusagar Hanuman Temple, Kedara-Gouri Sivatirtha Matha Cuttack districtShiva temples Chateshwar Temple Dhabaleswar Simhanath Temple Vishnu temples Madhava Temple Shakti temples Bhattarika Temple Charchika Temple Cuttack Chandi Temple Durga Temple, Baideshwar Durga Temple, Motia Other temples Brahma Temple, Niali Puri districtShiva temples Beleswar Temple Lokanatha Temple Markandeshwar Temple Vishnu temples Alarnatha Mandira Chakra Narasimha Temple Gundicha Temple Jagannath Temple, Puri Narasimha Temple, Puri Sakshigopal Temple Shakti temples Bata Mangala Temple Kakatpur Mangala Temple Mausi Maa Temple Ramachandi Temple Varahi Deula, Chaurasi Vimala Temple Sun temples Konark Sun Temple Other temples Govardhana matha Emar Matha Western OdishaShiva temples Kosaleswara temple Leaning Temple of Huma Vishnu temples Nrusinghanath Temple Patali Srikhetra Shakti temples Lankeswari Temple Samaleswari Temple Sureswari temple Other temples Harishankar Temple Sasisena Temple Rayagada districtShiva temples Bhimashankar Chatikona Nilakantheswar Temple Pataleswar Vishnu temples Jagannath Temple, Gunupur Jagannath Temple, Rayagada Laxminarayan temple, Therubali Shakti temples Maa Markama Temple Majhighariani Temple OtherShiva temples Ajaikapada Bhairava Temple Akhandalamani Temple Annakoteshvara Temple Bhuvaneshwar Temple, Boudh Chandaneswar Gupteswar Cave Godhaneswar temple Indralath Temple Kapilash Temple Murga Mahadeva Shrine Nilakantheswar Temple Panchalingeshwar Sekhareswar Temple Vishnu temples Anantasaayi Vishnu Temple Ananta Shayana Anantashayana Vishnu Baladevjew Temple Chhatia Bata Jagannath Temple, Baripada Jagannath Temple, Dharakote Jagannath Temple, Koraput Jagannath Temple, Nayagarh Khirachora Gopinatha Temple Lakhmi Varaha Temple Narayana Gosain Temple Nilamadhav Temple Odogaon Raghunath Temple Varahanatha Temple Shakti temples Bhadrakali Temple, Aharapada Bhagabati Temple, Banapur Biraja Temple Ghanteswari Temple Goddess Maheshwari Kalijai Kanaka Durga, Raulapalli Kichakeshwari Temple Maa Barunei Temple Maa Tarini Temple, Ghatgaon Maa Ugra Tara Maa Markama Temple Mahishamardini Temple Majhighariani Temple Manikeshwari Temple Marichi temple Mausimaa Temple Metakani Temple Narayani Temple Saptamatruka Temple Sarala Temple Siddha Bhairavi Taratarini Temple Upper Bagh Devi Temple Sun temples Biranchinarayan Temple, Buguda Biranchinarayan Temple, Palia Ganesha temples Budha Ganesha Temple Mahavinayak Temple Siddha Vinayaka Other temples Bhandara Ghara Shrine Hanuman Vatika Harihara Deula Joranda Gadhi Shakti temples in Odisha Shiva temples in Odisha Temples in Bhubaneswar 20°08′25″N 86°03′46″E / 20.140153°N 86.062801°E / 20.140153; 86.062801
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Lake_Township,_Otter_Tail_County,_Minnesota
Dead Lake Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]
Coordinates: 46°29′58″N 95°43′3″W / 46.49944°N 95.71750°W / 46.49944; -95.71750 Township in Minnesota, United StatesDead Lake Township, MinnesotaTownshipDead Lake Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaDead Lake Township, MinnesotaDead Lake Township, Minnesota (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 46°29′58″N 95°43′3″W / 46.49944°N 95.71750°W / 46.49944; -95.71750CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyOtter TailArea • Total35.1 sq mi (90.9 km2) • Land24.7 sq mi (63.9 km2) • Water10.4 sq mi (27.0 km2)Elevation1,362 ft (415 m)Population (2000) • Total452 • Density18.3/sq mi (7.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-15076GNIS feature ID0663936 Dead Lake Township is a township in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 452 at the 2000 census. Dead Lake Township was organized in 1897, and named for a local lake commemorating a massacre of the Ojibwe Indians. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.1 square miles (91 km2), of which 24.7 square miles (64 km2) is land and 10.4 square miles (27 km2) (29.71%) is water. Demographics 2010 census is 494 population. As of the census of 2000, there were 452 people, 205 households, and 145 families residing in the township. The population density was 18.3 inhabitants per square mile (7.1/km2). There were 524 housing units at an average density of 21.2 per square mile (8.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.89% White, 0.88% Native American, 0.22% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population. There were 205 households, out of which 21.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.59. In the township the population was spread out, with 16.4% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 22.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.0 males. The median income for a household in the township was $31,786, and the median income for a family was $36,458. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,840. About 7.1% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those aged 65 or over. References ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 393. ^ "Dead Lake township, Minnesota state, USA". mail.placesofusa.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. vteMunicipalities and communities of Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Fergus FallsCities Battle Lake Bluffton Clitherall Dalton Deer Creek Dent Elizabeth Erhard Fergus Falls Henning New York Mills Ottertail Parkers Prairie Pelican Rapids Perham Richville Rothsay‡ Underwood Urbank Vergas Vining Wadena‡ Map of Minnesota highlighting Otter Tail CountyTownships Aastad Amor Aurdal Blowers Bluffton Buse Butler Candor Carlisle Clitherall Compton Corliss Dane Prairie Dead Lake Deer Creek Dora Dunn Eagle Lake Eastern Edna Effington Elizabeth Elmo Erhards Grove Everts Fergus Falls Folden Friberg Girard Gorman Henning Hobart Homestead Inman Leaf Lake Leaf Mountain Lida Maine Maplewood Newton Nidaros Norwegian Grove Oak Valley Orwell Oscar Otter Tail Otto Paddock Parkers Prairie Pelican Perham Pine Lake Rush Lake Scambler St. Olaf Star Lake Sverdrup Tordenskjold Trondhjem Tumuli Western Woodside Unincorporatedcommunities Carlisle Dunvilla Luce Parkdale Richdale Wall Lake Indianreservation Mille Lacs‡ Ghost towns Parkton Topelius Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otter Tail County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter_Tail_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesDead Lake Township is a township in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 452 at the 2000 census.Dead Lake Township was organized in 1897, and named for a local lake commemorating a massacre of the Ojibwe Indians.[3]","title":"Dead Lake Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.1 square miles (91 km2), of which 24.7 square miles (64 km2) is land and 10.4 square miles (27 km2) (29.71%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"2010 census is 494 population.[4] As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 452 people, 205 households, and 145 families residing in the township. The population density was 18.3 inhabitants per square mile (7.1/km2). There were 524 housing units at an average density of 21.2 per square mile (8.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.89% White, 0.88% Native American, 0.22% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.There were 205 households, out of which 21.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.59.In the township the population was spread out, with 16.4% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 22.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.0 males.The median income for a household in the township was $31,786, and the median income for a family was $36,458. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,840. About 7.1% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those aged 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Otter Tail County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Otter_Tail_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Otter_Tail_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 393.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n412","url_text":"393"}]},{"reference":"\"Dead Lake township, Minnesota state, USA\". mail.placesofusa.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091239/http://mail.placesofusa.com/minnesota/otter-tail-county/dead-lake-township/dead-lake-township/","url_text":"\"Dead Lake township, Minnesota state, USA\""},{"url":"http://mail.placesofusa.com/minnesota/otter-tail-county/dead-lake-township/dead-lake-township/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Avenue_(Albany,_New_York)
Central Avenue (Albany, New York)
["1 History","2 Management","3 Chinatown","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°41′57″N 73°48′42.4″W / 42.69917°N 73.811778°W / 42.69917; -73.811778Central Avenue, in Albany, New York, is an 18 km stretch in Albany County, of the 26 km Albany-Schenectady Turnpike, which runs from Lark Street in the city of Albany, westward through the towns of Colonie, New York and Niskayuna, New York, to the city of Schenectady, New York. In the city of Albany it is called Central Avenue, in Colonie it is known as Central Avenue or Albany Schenectady Road, and in Schenectady County (Niskayuna and Schenectady) it is called State Street. The entire route is also called Route 5. History The Mohawk Valley transportation routeAlbany, on the Hudson River, and Schenectady, on the Mohawk River, are anchor points on the Mohawk Valley transportation route between the Atlantic Ocean and points west of the mountains which span North America from Georgia to Maine. Albany is the farthest north an ocean ship can sail up the Hudson, and Schenectady is the easternmost point of navigation on the Mohawk (due to Cohoes Falls). Connecting these two points with an overland route has always been of primary importance in both trade and travel. Originally, there was a footpath and canoe portage used by Indians called the Iroquois Trail. Around 1660, the Dutch cleared a road between the two cities, called King's Highway, which still exists in places as King's Road in Albany and Albany Street in Schenectady. In 1797 a new, perfectly straight and very wide thoroughfare was created called the Albany-Schenectady Turnpike (later, Albany-Schenectady Road, at the turn of the 20th century). This was the major way to travel, and for trade to ship, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes region, including all points in between along the Mohawk River, before the opening of the Erie Canal (1825) and the Albany and Schenectady Railroad (1831). Central Avenue has, since then, been the main thoroughfare for commerce in the City of Albany. Originally the street was called "The Bowery." (Dutch settlers named it "Bouwerie" meaning "road to the farm"). The name Bowery dropped out of favor due to a negative connotation from the Bowery in New York City. On July 15, 1867, the City of Albany, N.Y. Common Council eliminated the name Bowery and named it Central Avenue. Management The Central Avenue corridor is currently managed by a Business Improvement District called the Central District Management Association, Inc. Chinatown A Chinatown (Chinese: 奥尔巴尼唐人街; pinyin: ào ěr bā ní táng rén jiē) is located around Central Avenue in the downtown district with 303 Central Avenue being the location of the Chinatown mall. According to Tsui in her book, Albany's Chinatown is classified as a "commercial Chinatown" with Las Vegas, Atlanta, and Orlando cited as examples in this category. Since its establishment around 2009 according to some sources, the Chinatown has been a "work in progress". The city of Albany has around 989 Chinese, about 1.2% of its population, according to the 2010 U.S. Census data with a total Asian population of around 3,000. The first Chinese to arrive in Albany was not well documented until the first Chinese business was registered in 1877 located at 668 Broadway. From 1886 to the 1920s, Albany's Chinese population grew, where the number of Chinese laundromats grew from 9 to about 24. Like the rest of the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous "Oriental Occidental Restaurant" opened at 44 State Street but closed and is now the "... site of Jack's Oyster House." Albany's history until the 21st century showed a lack of reputation as a cultural hub, that in 1982, then-New York City Mayor Ed Koch derided Albany as “a city without a good Chinese restaurant.” However, due to the flourishing nanotechnology and high-technology sectors, the city will be getting a new Chinatown by early 2013 to service the metropolitan area's growing Chinese community, to be located at 303 Central Avenue, featuring a teahouse and a variety of Asian stores, according to an article from Biz Journals. This Chinatown will supposedly be a "work in progress". See also New York State Route 5 References ^ Bonnie Tsui (11 August 2009). American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods. ISBN 9781416558361. ^ "Albany Population and Demographics". ^ "Capital District Chinese History". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29. ^ Wallis, David (2006-11-24). "Albany, Hub of the Empire State". The New York Times. ^ "Ed Koch". ^ Freeman Klopott and Xu Wang (2011-09-27). "IBM, Intel Start $4.4 Billion in Chip Venture in New York". ©2011 BLOOMBERG L.P. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Retrieved 2012-12-29. ^ a b Michael DeMasi (2010-01-11). "Albany's new 'Chinatown' features teahouse; other businesses sought". © 2012 American City Business Journals. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-12-29. ^ Joseph Chaparro (2012-06-17). "Bringing Chinatown to Central Avenue still a work in progress". ©2012 - Albany Student Press. Retrieved 2012-12-29. External links central Avenue City of Albany Central Avenue Blog Archived 2020-08-09 at the Wayback Machine 42°41′57″N 73°48′42.4″W / 42.69917°N 73.811778°W / 42.69917; -73.811778
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lark Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark_Street"},{"link_name":"Colonie, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Niskayuna, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niskayuna,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Schenectady, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"}],"text":"Central Avenue, in Albany, New York, is an 18 km stretch in Albany County, of the 26 km Albany-Schenectady Turnpike, which runs from Lark Street in the city of Albany, westward through the towns of Colonie, New York and Niskayuna, New York, to the city of Schenectady, New York. In the city of Albany it is called Central Avenue, in Colonie it is known as Central Avenue or Albany Schenectady Road, and in Schenectady County (Niskayuna and Schenectady) it is called State Street. The entire route is also called Route 5.","title":"Central Avenue (Albany, New York)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Relief_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Mohawk River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_River"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley"},{"link_name":"Cohoes Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohoes_Falls"},{"link_name":"Erie Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal"},{"link_name":"Albany and Schenectady Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_and_Schenectady_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Bowery in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery"}],"text":"The Mohawk Valley transportation routeAlbany, on the Hudson River, and Schenectady, on the Mohawk River, are anchor points on the Mohawk Valley transportation route between the Atlantic Ocean and points west of the mountains which span North America from Georgia to Maine. Albany is the farthest north an ocean ship can sail up the Hudson, and Schenectady is the easternmost point of navigation on the Mohawk (due to Cohoes Falls). Connecting these two points with an overland route has always been of primary importance in both trade and travel.Originally, there was a footpath and canoe portage used by Indians called the Iroquois Trail. Around 1660, the Dutch cleared a road between the two cities, called King's Highway, which still exists in places as King's Road in Albany and Albany Street in Schenectady. In 1797 a new, perfectly straight and very wide thoroughfare was created called the Albany-Schenectady Turnpike (later, Albany-Schenectady Road, at the turn of the 20th century). This was the major way to travel, and for trade to ship, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes region, including all points in between along the Mohawk River, before the opening of the Erie Canal (1825) and the Albany and Schenectady Railroad (1831).Central Avenue has, since then, been the main thoroughfare for commerce in the City of Albany. Originally the street was called \"The Bowery.\" (Dutch settlers named it \"Bouwerie\" meaning \"road to the farm\"). The name Bowery dropped out of favor due to a negative connotation from the Bowery in New York City. On July 15, 1867, the City of Albany, N.Y. Common Council eliminated the name Bowery and named it Central Avenue.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_corridor"},{"link_name":"Business Improvement District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Improvement_District"}],"text":"The Central Avenue corridor is currently managed by a Business Improvement District called the Central District Management Association, Inc.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Orlando"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chinese Exclusion Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ed Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"high-technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-technology"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_DeMasi_all-7"},{"link_name":"teahouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teahouse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_DeMasi_all-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A Chinatown (Chinese: 奥尔巴尼唐人街; pinyin: ào ěr bā ní táng rén jiē) is located around Central Avenue in the downtown district with 303 Central Avenue being the location of the Chinatown mall. According to Tsui in her book, Albany's Chinatown is classified as a \"commercial Chinatown\" with Las Vegas, Atlanta, and Orlando cited as examples in this category.[1] Since its establishment around 2009 according to some sources, the Chinatown has been a \"work in progress\".The city of Albany has around 989 Chinese, about 1.2% of its population, according to the 2010 U.S. Census data with a total Asian population of around 3,000.[2] The first Chinese to arrive in Albany was not well documented until the first Chinese business was registered in 1877 located at 668 Broadway. From 1886 to the 1920s, Albany's Chinese population grew, where the number of Chinese laundromats grew from 9 to about 24. Like the rest of the country, the Chinese Exclusion Act kept the population in this city small. It was documented that most of the original Chinese population who migrated to Albany, did so through the Hudson River, a common migration route for those who settled in the Capital District from New York City. Many of the first Chinese residents of Albany lived around Green Street and Hudson Avenue. By the year 1920, the city was home to only two Chinese restaurants on Green Street. Later on, the famous \"Oriental Occidental Restaurant\" opened at 44 State Street but closed and is now the \"... site of Jack's Oyster House.\"[3]Albany's history until the 21st century showed a lack of reputation as a cultural hub, that in 1982, then-New York City Mayor Ed Koch derided Albany as “a city without a good Chinese restaurant.”[4][5] However, due to the flourishing nanotechnology[6] and high-technology[7] sectors, the city will be getting a new Chinatown by early 2013 to service the metropolitan area's growing Chinese community, to be located at 303 Central Avenue, featuring a teahouse and a variety of Asian stores, according to an article from Biz Journals.[7] This Chinatown will supposedly be a \"work in progress\".[8]","title":"Chinatown"}]
[{"image_text":"The Mohawk Valley transportation route","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/New_York_Relief_1.jpg/220px-New_York_Relief_1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"New York State Route 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_5"}]
[{"reference":"Bonnie Tsui (11 August 2009). American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods. ISBN 9781416558361.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5qkGWDO2c4C&dq=albany+chinatown&pg=PT246","url_text":"American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416558361","url_text":"9781416558361"}]},{"reference":"\"Albany Population and Demographics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://albanyny.areaconnect.com/statistics.htm","url_text":"\"Albany Population and Demographics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capital District Chinese History\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140429185818/http://www.archives.nysed.gov/projects/legacies/cdchinese/history1.shtml","url_text":"\"Capital District Chinese History\""},{"url":"http://www.archives.nysed.gov/projects/legacies/cdchinese/history1.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wallis, David (2006-11-24). \"Albany, Hub of the Empire State\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/11/24/travel/escapes/24trip.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"\"Albany, Hub of the Empire State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Koch\".","urls":[{"url":"http://eastvillagernews.com/?p=392","url_text":"\"Ed Koch\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman Klopott and Xu Wang (2011-09-27). \"IBM, Intel Start $4.4 Billion in Chip Venture in New York\". ©2011 BLOOMBERG L.P. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Retrieved 2012-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-27/ibm-intel-to-invest-4-4-billion-in-new-york-state-nanotechnology.html","url_text":"\"IBM, Intel Start $4.4 Billion in Chip Venture in New York\""}]},{"reference":"Michael DeMasi (2010-01-11). \"Albany's new 'Chinatown' features teahouse; other businesses sought\". © 2012 American City Business Journals. All rights reserved. Retrieved 2012-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2010/01/11/story8.html?page=all","url_text":"\"Albany's new 'Chinatown' features teahouse; other businesses sought\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph Chaparro (2012-06-17). \"Bringing Chinatown to Central Avenue still a work in progress\". ©2012 - Albany Student Press. Retrieved 2012-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albanystudentpress.org/bringing-chinatown-to-central-avenue-still-a-work-in-progress-1.1116907#.UNOiu1so600","url_text":"\"Bringing Chinatown to Central Avenue still a work in progress\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1la%C4%9Fac,_Masally
Qızılağac, Masally
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 38°59′34″N 48°47′46″E / 38.99278°N 48.79611°E / 38.99278; 48.79611Municipality in Masally, AzerbaijanQızılağacMunicipalityQızılağacCoordinates: 38°59′34″N 48°47′46″E / 38.99278°N 48.79611°E / 38.99278; 48.79611Country AzerbaijanRayonMasallyPopulation • Total5,152Time zoneUTC+4 (AZT) • Summer (DST)UTC+5 (AZT) Qızılağac (also, Kizil’-Agach, Kizyl-Agach, Kyzylagach, and Kyzylagadzh) is a village and municipality in the Masally Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 5,152. References Qızılağac, Masally at GEOnet Names Server vteMasally DistrictCapital: Masallı Abasbəyli Ağakişibəyli Alışanlı Allahyarlı Aşurlu Babakücə Babaser Bağıroba Bala Təklə Banbaşı Bədəlan Binə Xocavar Birinci Səmədxanlı Birinci Tiyaqani Birinci Yeddioymaq Boradigah Böyük Külatan Böyük Xocavar Çaxırlı Çayqıraq Dadva Dəlləkli Dəlləkoba Dəmbəlov Dəmirçi Digah Əhmədli Əminli Əmirtürbə Ərəb Ərkivan Ətcələr Əzizabad Gadzhi-Eynali Göyəçöl Güllütəpə Hacıtəpə Həsənli Hişgədərə Hüseynhacılı İkinci Səmədxanlı İkinci Yeddioymaq İmanlı İsgəndərli İsi Kalinovka Kəlbəhüseynli Köcəkli Köhnə Alvadı Köhnə Zuvand Kolatan Kosagül Kubin Kürdəbazlı Ləngan Lürən Mahmudavar Masallı Məmmədoba Məmmədrzaküçə Məmmədxanlı Meşəkənarı Mişkəmi Miyanku Molalan Mollahəsənli Mollaoba Musakücə Nəzəroba Ninəlov Öncəqala Pircana Qarğalıq Qasımlı Qədirli Qəriblər Qəzvinoba Qızılağac Qızılavar Qodman Rüdəkənar Sarıcəfərli Şatıroba Şəhriyar Sərçuvar Şərəfə Seybətin Sığdaş Sığıncaq Sirəbil Şıxlar Şıxlar Tatyanoba Təkdam Təklə Təzə Alvadı Təzəkənd Tüklə Türkoba Tyuklya Xallıcalı Xanalıyan Xəlfələr Xıl Xırmandalı Xoşçobanlı Yeni Zuvand Yeyənkənd Yolağac Yusifli Zharskiy This Masally Rayon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masally Rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masally_Rayon"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"}],"text":"Municipality in Masally, AzerbaijanQızılağac (also, Kizil’-Agach, Kizyl-Agach, Kyzylagach, and Kyzylagadzh) is a village and municipality in the Masally Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 5,152.","title":"Qızılağac, Masally"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1la%C4%9Fac,_Masally&params=38_59_34_N_48_47_46_E_region:AZ_type:city(5152)","external_links_name":"38°59′34″N 48°47′46″E / 38.99278°N 48.79611°E / 38.99278; 48.79611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1la%C4%9Fac,_Masally&params=38_59_34_N_48_47_46_E_region:AZ_type:city(5152)","external_links_name":"38°59′34″N 48°47′46″E / 38.99278°N 48.79611°E / 38.99278; 48.79611"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881505BE3774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Qızılağac, Masally"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1la%C4%9Fac,_Masally&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xifeng_County,_Liaoning
Xifeng County, Liaoning
["1 Administrative divisions","2 Climate","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°44′17″N 124°43′37″E / 42.738°N 124.727°E / 42.738; 124.727County in Liaoning, People's Republic of ChinaXifeng 西丰县CountyXifeng in TielingTieling in LiaoningCoordinates: 42°44′17″N 124°43′37″E / 42.738°N 124.727°E / 42.738; 124.727CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceLiaoningPrefecture-level cityTielingCounty seatXifeng Town (西丰镇)Area • Total2,699 km2 (1,042 sq mi)Elevation199 m (653 ft)Population • Total340,000 • Density130/km2 (330/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code112400 Xifeng County (simplified Chinese: 西丰县; traditional Chinese: 西豐縣; pinyin: Xīfēng Xiàn) is a county in the northeast of Liaoning province, China, bordering Jilin to the north and east. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tieling, with an area of 2,699 square kilometres (1,042 sq mi) and a population of 340,000. Administrative divisions The county administers eight towns, four townships, and six ethnic townships. Towns: Xifeng (西丰镇), Pinggang (平岗镇), Gaojiadian (郜家店镇), Anmin (安民镇), Zhenxing (振兴镇), Liangquan (凉泉镇), Tiande (天德镇), Fangmu (房木镇) Townships: Taoran Township (陶然乡), Baiyu Township (柏榆乡), Diaoyu Township (钓鱼乡), Gengke Township (更刻乡), Mingde Manchu Ethnic Township (明德满族乡), Dexing Manchu Ethnic Township (德兴满族乡), Chengping Manchu Ethnic Township (成平满族乡), Helong Manchu Ethnic Township (和隆满族乡), Yingchang Manchu Ethnic Township (营厂满族乡), Jinxing Manchu Ethnic Township (金星满族乡) Climate Climate data for Xifeng (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 6.0(42.8) 14.7(58.5) 21.8(71.2) 30.5(86.9) 34.5(94.1) 36.7(98.1) 36.1(97.0) 35.5(95.9) 31.6(88.9) 28.5(83.3) 21.6(70.9) 12.3(54.1) 36.7(98.1) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6.8(19.8) −1.8(28.8) 5.8(42.4) 15.8(60.4) 22.8(73.0) 27.0(80.6) 28.9(84.0) 27.8(82.0) 23.2(73.8) 15.0(59.0) 4.0(39.2) −4.7(23.5) 13.1(55.5) Daily mean °C (°F) −16.5(2.3) −11.1(12.0) −1.2(29.8) 8.4(47.1) 15.7(60.3) 20.7(69.3) 23.4(74.1) 21.7(71.1) 15.2(59.4) 6.8(44.2) −3.0(26.6) −13.0(8.6) 5.6(42.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −23.8(−10.8) −18.8(−1.8) −7.6(18.3) 0.8(33.4) 8.3(46.9) 14.6(58.3) 18.5(65.3) 16.8(62.2) 8.5(47.3) 0.1(32.2) −8.9(16.0) −19.7(−3.5) −0.9(30.3) Record low °C (°F) −43.4(−46.1) −39.8(−39.6) −29.5(−21.1) −12.4(9.7) −3.8(25.2) 2.3(36.1) 9.1(48.4) 2.9(37.2) −3.9(25.0) −12.0(10.4) −28.5(−19.3) −38.0(−36.4) −43.4(−46.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 5.8(0.23) 8.4(0.33) 15.4(0.61) 34.0(1.34) 64.3(2.53) 108.7(4.28) 178.9(7.04) 183.7(7.23) 55.1(2.17) 35.2(1.39) 22.1(0.87) 9.2(0.36) 720.8(28.38) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.0 4.1 5.8 7.4 10.6 13.6 14.7 13.5 8.2 8.0 6.6 6.0 103.5 Average snowy days 7.8 5.9 6.7 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 1.2 6.2 8.2 38.3 Average relative humidity (%) 69 65 60 54 58 70 81 84 78 72 70 71 69 Mean monthly sunshine hours 191.3 200.8 233.8 230.7 261.2 239.4 215.7 216.5 233.2 210.4 169.8 168.7 2,571.5 Percent possible sunshine 65 67 63 57 57 52 47 51 63 62 59 60 59 Source: China Meteorological Administration References ^ 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西丰县 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2012-07-17. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2023. External links vteCounty-level divisions of Liaoning ProvinceShenyang (capital)Sub-provincial citiesShenyang Shenhe District Huanggu District Heping District Dadong District Tiexi District Sujiatun District Hunnan District Shenbei New Area Yuhong District Liaozhong District Xinmin city Faku County Kangping County Dalian Xigang District Zhongshan District Shahekou District Ganjingzi District Lüshunkou District Jinzhou District Pulandian District Wafangdian city Zhuanghe city Changhai County Prefecture-level citiesAnshan Tiedong District Tiexi District Lishan District Qianshan District Haicheng city Tai'an County Xiuyan County Fushun Shuncheng District Xinfu District Dongzhou District Wanghua District Fushun County Xinbin County Qingyuan County Benxi Pingshan District Xihu District Mingshan District Nanfen District Benxi County Huanren County Dandong Zhenxing District Yuanbao District Zhen'an District Fengcheng city Donggang city Kuandian County Jinzhou Taihe District Guta District Linghe District Linghai city Beizhen city Heishan County Yi County Yingkou Zhanqian District Xishi District Bayuquan District Laobian District Dashiqiao city Gaizhou city Fuxin Haizhou District Xinqiu District Taiping District Qinghemen District Xihe District Zhangwu County Fuxin County Liaoyang Baita District Wensheng District Hongwei District Gongchangling District Taizihe District Dengta city Liaoyang County Panjin Xinglongtai District Shuangtaizi District Dawa District Panshan County Tieling Yinzhou District Qinghe District Diaobingshan city Kaiyuan city Tieling County Xifeng County Changtu County Chaoyang Shuangta District Longcheng District Beipiao city Lingyuan city Chaoyang County Jianping County Harqin Zuoyi County Huludao Longgang District Lianshan District Nanpiao District Xingcheng city Suizhong County Jianchang County Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This Liaoning location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"Jilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin"},{"link_name":"Tieling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieling"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"County in Liaoning, People's Republic of ChinaXifeng County (simplified Chinese: 西丰县; traditional Chinese: 西豐縣; pinyin: Xīfēng Xiàn) is a county in the northeast of Liaoning province, China, bordering Jilin to the north and east. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Tieling, with an area of 2,699 square kilometres (1,042 sq mi) and a population of 340,000[when?].","title":"Xifeng County, Liaoning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Xifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xifeng,_Liaoning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pinggang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinggang,_Liaoning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaojiadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaojiadian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anmin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhenxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhenxing,_Tieling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liangquan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liangquan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tiande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiande,_Liaoning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fangmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fangmu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taoran Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taoran_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baiyu Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baiyu_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diaoyu Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaoyu_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gengke Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gengke_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mingde Manchu Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mingde_Manchu_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dexing Manchu Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dexing_Manchu_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chengping Manchu Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengping_Manchu_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helong Manchu Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helong_Manchu_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yingchang Manchu Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yingchang_Manchu_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jinxing Manchu Ethnic Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinxing_Manchu_Ethnic_Township&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The county administers eight towns, four townships, and six ethnic townships.[1]Towns:Xifeng (西丰镇), Pinggang (平岗镇), Gaojiadian (郜家店镇), Anmin (安民镇), Zhenxing (振兴镇), Liangquan (凉泉镇), Tiande (天德镇), Fangmu (房木镇)Townships:Taoran Township (陶然乡), Baiyu Township (柏榆乡), Diaoyu Township (钓鱼乡), Gengke Township (更刻乡), Mingde Manchu Ethnic Township (明德满族乡), Dexing Manchu Ethnic Township (德兴满族乡), Chengping Manchu Ethnic Township (成平满族乡), Helong Manchu Ethnic Township (和隆满族乡), Yingchang Manchu Ethnic Township (营厂满族乡), Jinxing Manchu Ethnic Township (金星满族乡)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Climate data for Xifeng (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n34.5(94.1)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n36.7(98.1)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−6.8(19.8)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n−4.7(23.5)\n\n13.1(55.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−16.5(2.3)\n\n−11.1(12.0)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n6.8(44.2)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n−13.0(8.6)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−23.8(−10.8)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n−7.6(18.3)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n−8.9(16.0)\n\n−19.7(−3.5)\n\n−0.9(30.3)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−43.4(−46.1)\n\n−39.8(−39.6)\n\n−29.5(−21.1)\n\n−12.4(9.7)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−12.0(10.4)\n\n−28.5(−19.3)\n\n−38.0(−36.4)\n\n−43.4(−46.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n5.8(0.23)\n\n8.4(0.33)\n\n15.4(0.61)\n\n34.0(1.34)\n\n64.3(2.53)\n\n108.7(4.28)\n\n178.9(7.04)\n\n183.7(7.23)\n\n55.1(2.17)\n\n35.2(1.39)\n\n22.1(0.87)\n\n9.2(0.36)\n\n720.8(28.38)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n5.0\n\n4.1\n\n5.8\n\n7.4\n\n10.6\n\n13.6\n\n14.7\n\n13.5\n\n8.2\n\n8.0\n\n6.6\n\n6.0\n\n103.5\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n7.8\n\n5.9\n\n6.7\n\n2.3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1.2\n\n6.2\n\n8.2\n\n38.3\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n69\n\n65\n\n60\n\n54\n\n58\n\n70\n\n81\n\n84\n\n78\n\n72\n\n70\n\n71\n\n69\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n191.3\n\n200.8\n\n233.8\n\n230.7\n\n261.2\n\n239.4\n\n215.7\n\n216.5\n\n233.2\n\n210.4\n\n169.8\n\n168.7\n\n2,571.5\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n65\n\n67\n\n63\n\n57\n\n57\n\n52\n\n47\n\n51\n\n63\n\n62\n\n59\n\n60\n\n59\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[2][3]","title":"Climate"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西丰县 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2012-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/21/12/211223.html","url_text":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西丰县"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xifeng_County,_Liaoning&params=42.738_N_124.727_E_type:adm3rd_dim:100000_region:CN-21_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"42°44′17″N 124°43′37″E / 42.738°N 124.727°E / 42.738; 124.727"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xifeng_County,_Liaoning&params=42.738_N_124.727_E_type:adm3rd_dim:100000_region:CN-21_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"42°44′17″N 124°43′37″E / 42.738°N 124.727°E / 42.738; 124.727"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/21/12/211223.html","external_links_name":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西丰县"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158731301","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535617805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98002849","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_County,_Liaoning&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendon,_Warwickshire
Grendon, Atherstone
["1 History","1.1 Farm lane","2 Governance","3 Media","4 New Grendon","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Human settlement in EnglandGrendonOld GrendonAll Saints Church in GrendonPopulation1,000 OS grid referenceSP2799• London99 mi (159 km) SECivil parishGrendonDistrictNorth WarwickshireShire countyWarwickshireRegionWest MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townAtherstonePostcode districtCV9Dialling code01827PoliceWarwickshireFireWarwickshireAmbulanceWest Midlands UK ParliamentNorth Warwickshire List of places UK England Warwickshire Grendon is a civil parish which includes both Old Grendon and New Grendon in North Warwickshire, England. Old Grendon is a village situated three miles (5 km) west of Atherstone and five miles (8 km) east of Tamworth centred on the A5 (Watling Street). It lies on the north-western tip of Warwickshire, divided from Leicestershire by a small stream and by the River Anker. Also, Grendon has since enlarged and has a population of 1000. History Entrance to Ice House Domed ceiling of Ice House Grendon is mentioned in the Domesday Book: "Henry de Ferrers holds Catmore and five and a half hides in Grendon and Turstin holds on him. There is land for 16 ploughs. There are 24 villans and sixteen bordars with eight ploughs. There is a watermill rendering 5 shillings and 36 acres (150,000 m2) of meadow, woodland – one and a half leagues long and one league broad. It was worth 40 shillings. Siward Barn held it." Parts of All Saints Church date back to the 12th century, but the tower is a much later addition from 1845. The churchyard has several graves dating back to the 17th century and possibly older, but due to corrosion on some of the graves, this is difficult to verify. Seven men from Grendon were among the 32 killed in the 1882 explosion at Baddesley Pit. Some of these men are buried in the graveyard of All Saints Church in Old Grendon. Grendon Hall was demolished in 1933. However, there are several structures of age which remain, most notably the bridge over the River Anker, which in its current form dates back to 1633. The old servants' quarters are now a residential property and several old barns and stable buildings have also been converted into residential properties. Farm lane It is rumoured that the houses located on Farm Lane, originally to house farmworkers of Grendon Farm, were built on foundations created from the rubble produced in the demolition of Grendon Hall. In the woods off Farm Lane can be found a well-preserved underground ice house, which would have been used as a place to store ice (probably dragged from the nearby River Anker during the winter months) to serve the manor house's rudimentary refrigeration needs. This structure is of red brick, with a domed ceiling and is covered by a thin layer of earth. Ice would have been insulated with straw and if the ice was in large enough quantity it would have kept until the following winter. There are several other mounds of brick and earth in these woods suggesting other structures once existed as well. Governance When New Grendon was built in the 1950s it was part of the Atherstone Rural District. In 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 the Atherstone Rural District became part of the newly formed district of North Warwickshire. Inside North Warwickshire, Grendon is part of the Baddesley Ensor and Grendon Wards and is represented by Andy Wright and Bernadette Davies who are both Conservatives. As the ward is an old mining community it was considered a Labour safe seat until 2012, when the Conservatives gained power throughout North Warwickshire. Grendon is covered by the Baddesley Ensor Ward in Warwickshire and is also represented by Andy Wright (CON) and Bernadette Davies (CON). It is part of the North Warwickshire parliamentary constituency and was part of the West Midlands European Parliament constituency which was represented by 6 MEPs. Media The local newspapers covering the area are the Tamworth Herald, which has a separate edition for North Warwickshire and the Atherstone Recorder. The local BBC radio station covering the area is BBC Coventry & Warwickshire. Local commercial stations in the area include Free Coventry & Warwickshire and Capital Mid-Counties. The village is covered by the Central ITV and BBC West Midlands TV regions. New Grendon The village has a post office, a Working Man Club and a newsagents. Grendon was spawned from the mine that once existed in Baxterley. Grendon was originally a small hamlet called Suckle green and the construction of Grendon didn't start fully until the 1950s. Grendon was named after the older village of Grendon about a mile away. The mine at Baxterley that Grendon was built to serve closed in 1989. The two former pubs in Grendon, The Black Swan (aka The Mucky Duck) and The Boot Inn have both now closed. The Black Swan closed in 2010 and is now a Costa Coffee Drive Thru. The Boot closed its doors for the final time in March 2017 and is currently being redeveloped in to a Co-op convenience store run by Central England Co-operative References ^ OS Explorer Map 232 : Nuneaton & Tamworth: (1:25 000) :ISBN 0 319 46404 0 ^ Domesday Book: A Complete Transliteration. London: Penguin, 2003. ISBN 0-14-143994-7 p.663 Bibliography Grendon, from British History Online, accessed 29 January 2007 External links Media related to Grendon, Warwickshire at Wikimedia Commons vteCeremonial county of WarwickshireBoroughs or districts Borough of North Warwickshire Borough of Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough of Rugby District of Stratford-on-Avon District of Warwick Major settlements(cities in italics) Alcester Atherstone Bedworth Coleshill Henley-in-Arden Kenilworth Nuneaton Royal Leamington Spa Rugby Shipston-on-Stour Southam Stratford-upon-Avon Warwick WhitnashSee also: List of civil parishes in Warwickshire Rivers Alne Anker Arrow Avon Blythe Cole Dene Itchen Leam Rea Sherbourne Sowe Stour Swift Tame Canals Coventry Grand Union Oxford Stratford-upon-Avon Warwickshire ring Topics Flag Places (by population) History Monastic houses Museums Windmills Parliamentary constituencies SSSIs Schools Country Houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"North Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EX240-1"},{"link_name":"Atherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherstone"},{"link_name":"Tamworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"A5 (Watling Street)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"River Anker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Anker"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandGrendon is a civil parish which includes both Old Grendon and New Grendon in North Warwickshire, England.[1] Old Grendon is a village situated three miles (5 km) west of Atherstone and five miles (8 km) east of Tamworth centred on the A5 (Watling Street). It lies on the north-western tip of Warwickshire, divided from Leicestershire by a small stream and by the River Anker. Also, Grendon has since enlarged and has a population of 1000.","title":"Grendon, Atherstone"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grendon,_Warwickshire,_entrance_to_Ice_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grendon,_Warwickshire,_Domed_ceiling_of_Ice_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Henry de Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Ferrers"},{"link_name":"hides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"villans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/villein"},{"link_name":"bordars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bordar"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"link_name":"meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domesday-2"},{"link_name":"All Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day"},{"link_name":"tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchyard"},{"link_name":"Baddesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddesley_Ensor"},{"link_name":"graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard"},{"link_name":"River Anker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Anker"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable"}],"text":"Entrance to Ice HouseDomed ceiling of Ice HouseGrendon is mentioned in the Domesday Book:\"Henry de Ferrers holds Catmore and five and a half hides in Grendon and Turstin holds on him. There is land for 16 ploughs. There are 24 villans and sixteen bordars with eight ploughs. There is a watermill rendering 5 shillings and 36 acres (150,000 m2) of meadow, woodland – one and a half leagues long and one league broad. It was worth 40 shillings. Siward Barn held it.\"[2]Parts of All Saints Church date back to the 12th century, but the tower is a much later addition from 1845. The churchyard has several graves dating back to the 17th century and possibly older, but due to corrosion on some of the graves, this is difficult to verify. Seven men from Grendon were among the 32 killed in the 1882 explosion at Baddesley Pit. Some of these men are buried in the graveyard of All Saints Church in Old Grendon. Grendon Hall was demolished in 1933. However, there are several structures of age which remain, most notably the bridge over the River Anker, which in its current form dates back to 1633. The old servants' quarters are now a residential property and several old barns and stable buildings have also been converted into residential properties.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_house_(building)"},{"link_name":"River Anker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Anker"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"}],"sub_title":"Farm lane","text":"It is rumoured that the houses located on Farm Lane, originally to house farmworkers of Grendon Farm, were built on foundations created from the rubble produced in the demolition of Grendon Hall. In the woods off Farm Lane can be found a well-preserved underground ice house, which would have been used as a place to store ice (probably dragged from the nearby River Anker during the winter months) to serve the manor house's rudimentary refrigeration needs. This structure is of red brick, with a domed ceiling and is covered by a thin layer of earth. Ice would have been insulated with straw and if the ice was in large enough quantity it would have kept until the following winter. There are several other mounds of brick and earth in these woods suggesting other structures once existed as well.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atherstone Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherstone_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"Atherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherstone"},{"link_name":"North Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Baddesley Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddesley_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"North Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warwickshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_constituency"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"MEPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"}],"text":"When New Grendon was built in the 1950s it was part of the Atherstone Rural District. In 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 the Atherstone Rural District became part of the newly formed district of North Warwickshire. Inside North Warwickshire, Grendon is part of the Baddesley Ensor and Grendon Wards and is represented by Andy Wright and Bernadette Davies who are both Conservatives. As the ward is an old mining community it was considered a Labour safe seat until 2012, when the Conservatives gained power throughout North Warwickshire. Grendon is covered by the Baddesley Ensor Ward in Warwickshire and is also represented by Andy Wright (CON) and Bernadette Davies (CON). It is part of the North Warwickshire parliamentary constituency and was part of the West Midlands European Parliament constituency which was represented by 6 MEPs.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Tamworth Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth_Herald"},{"link_name":"North Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Atherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherstone"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"BBC Coventry & Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Coventry_%26_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Free Coventry & Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Coventry_%26_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Capital Mid-Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Mid-Counties"},{"link_name":"Central ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Independent_Television"},{"link_name":"BBC West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_West_Midlands"}],"text":"The local newspapers covering the area are the Tamworth Herald, which has a separate edition for North Warwickshire and the Atherstone Recorder. The local BBC radio station covering the area is BBC Coventry & Warwickshire. Local commercial stations in the area include Free Coventry & Warwickshire and Capital Mid-Counties. The village is covered by the Central ITV and BBC West Midlands TV regions.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"newsagents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsagent"},{"link_name":"Baxterley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxterley"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubs"},{"link_name":"Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"Costa Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Coffee"},{"link_name":"Co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Group"},{"link_name":"Central England Co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_England_Co-operative"}],"text":"The village has a post office, a Working Man Club and a newsagents. Grendon was spawned from the mine that once existed in Baxterley. Grendon was originally a small hamlet called Suckle green and the construction of Grendon didn't start fully until the 1950s. Grendon was named after the older village of Grendon about a mile away. The mine at Baxterley that Grendon was built to serve closed in 1989. The two former pubs in Grendon, The Black Swan (aka The Mucky Duck) and The Boot Inn have both now closed. The Black Swan closed in 2010 and is now a Costa Coffee Drive Thru. The Boot closed its doors for the final time in March 2017 and is currently being redeveloped in to a Co-op convenience store run by Central England Co-operative","title":"New Grendon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grendon, from British History Online, accessed 29 January 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=42659"}],"text":"Grendon, from British History Online, accessed 29 January 2007","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Entrance to Ice House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Grendon%2C_Warwickshire%2C_entrance_to_Ice_House.jpg/240px-Grendon%2C_Warwickshire%2C_entrance_to_Ice_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Domed ceiling of Ice House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Grendon%2C_Warwickshire%2C_Domed_ceiling_of_Ice_House.jpg/240px-Grendon%2C_Warwickshire%2C_Domed_ceiling_of_Ice_House.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grendon,_Atherstone&params=52.588138_N_1.602903_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Grendon","external_links_name":"SP2799"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=42659","external_links_name":"Grendon, from British History Online, accessed 29 January 2007"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Hotel,_Fremantle
Norfolk Hotel, Fremantle
["1 History","2 Norfolk Hotel","3 Heritage value","4 Further reading","5 References"]
Coordinates: 32°03′25″S 115°44′58″E / 32.057062°S 115.749447°E / -32.057062; 115.749447 (Norfolk Hotel)Hotel in Fremantle, Western Australia Not to be confused with Hotel Norfolk. Norfolk HotelOddfellows Hotel in 1950 before the 1985 redesignAlternative namesOddfellows HotelGeneral informationTypeHotelArchitectural styleVictorian GeorgianLocationCorner South Terrace and Norfolk StreetAddress47, South Terrace, FremantleTown or cityFremantleCoordinates32°03′25″S 115°44′58″E / 32.057062°S 115.749447°E / -32.057062; 115.749447 (Norfolk Hotel) Current tenantsGarry GosattiOpened1887Renovated1929, 1985ClientGeorge Alfred DaviesLandlordPrendiville GroupTechnical detailsFloor count2 Renovating teamArchitect(s)Allen and Nicholas (1929)Websitewww.norfolkhotel.com.au The Norfolk Hotel is located on the corner of South Terrace and Norfolk Street in Fremantle, Western Australia. The stone built hotel was originally constructed in 1887 before the 1893 Kalgoorlie gold rush for George Alfred Davies, a vintner, local councillor and Mayor of Fremantle. For most of its life it was known as the Oddfellows Hotel; it was renamed when it was substantially renovated in 1985. History The Oddfellows Hotel was constructed by 1877 for George Alfred Davies, who was a well known wine and spirit dealer. Davies had been born in Fremantle in 1846 to a family who had settled in Western Australia only five years after Captain Fremantle first claimed the area for Britain. After working for a number of years with his father, Albert, he established Grosvenor Cellars, selling alcoholic beverages and making his own wine. Davies was also active in public life, serving, in time, as a local councillor and in 1895 as the Mayor of Fremantle. The land where the hotel stands was where Davies was renting out cottages in 1880. Davies applied and received a title deed to all the land in 1884 and in 1887 the first record is seen of the stone-built hotel. The hotel was a successful business that survived George Davies' death in 1897. The hotel was put into a trust that was operated by his widow, Letty Davies, and brothers, George Davies and Arthur Elvin Davies. Derby Day in the Oddfellows Hotel garden in 1953 The building was internally redesigned around 1920 when the emphasis of the business changed from offering overnight accommodation to offering alcoholic drinks and hospitality. Shortly afterwards in 1922, the local brewery of Castlemaine Brewery purchased the building from the trustees. Within five years, the Oddfellows Hotel was being operated by the Swan Brewery as they "merged" with Castlemaine. The Swan brewery operated the hotel for over fifty years and a photo from the 1950s shows the building supporting tram lines on the corner of South Terrace and Norfolk Street. The brewery sold the hotel in 1952 to the first of a long line of private owners and another picture shows the beer garden packed with revellers on Derby Day on 26 December 1953. Norfolk Hotel The hotel in 2009 Dame Dorothy Tangney DBE The Oddfellows Hotel was subject to major alterations just two years before its centenary, in preparation for the 1987 America's Cup Defence. In 1985 $500,000 was invested in renovating the building. A considerable part of the hotel was demolished and a small courtyard was created. The building still has two floors, a galvanised steel roof with a central feature chimney and a basement with its entrance from Norfolk Street. A retained feature are the wooden doors on the first floor through which loads could be hoisted. The building was sold for a reported one million Australian dollars to a micro brewery business, Brewtech Pty Ltd, who were the owners of the nearby Sail and Anchor Hotel. In 1987 Brewtech changed its name to the Matilda Bay Brewing Company, and in 1990 Matilda Bay was purchased by the Foster's Group. In 1989 the hotel lease was purchased by Garry Gosatti, one of the original partners behind the Matilda Bay Brewing Company. In 1992 the building was purchased by the Prendiville Group, whose portfolio includes Sandalford Winery, Karratha International Hotel, Cottesloe Beach Hotel and the Grand Hotel Townsville. In 2001 Gosatti renovated the basement of the hotel, converting it into a music venue; since early 2002 it has been used as an original music venue called "The Basement" and is now known as "Odd Fellows Bar". During the 2013 Fremantle Street Arts Festival the Norfolk Hotel was decorated with a wall sculpture of the first female Australian senator. The image of Dame Dorothy Tangney, DBE, was carved by the Portuguese artist Vhils (aka Alexander Farko) and his assistants. Vhils is known for digging into the surface to create his sculptures. Heritage value The building is listed on the City of Fremantle's municipal heritage list in September 2000. The basis for the listing is the building's association with George Davies and because this is an unusual stone built structure that dates from before the 1893 Kalgoorlie Gold Rush. Further reading Miles, S. (1984). Historical report : Oddfellows Hotel, Lot 241 . City of Fremantle. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Norfolk Hotel, Fremantle ^ a b c d e f g "Oddfellow's Hotel". Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 13 August 2013. ^ Kimberly, Warren Bert (1897). History of West Australia : A Narrative of Her Past Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men. Melbourne: Niven & Co. p. Edward William Davies biography. ^ a b Kimberly, Warren Bert (1897). History of West Australia : A Narrative of Her Past Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men. Melbourne: Niven & Co. p. George Alfred Davies biography. ^ "News and Notes". Perth Gazette. Perth. 8 March 1887. p. 3. Retrieved 19 August 2013 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Legal Notice". West Australian. 15 April 1897. Retrieved 13 August 2013. ^ "Brewery Merger". The Daily News. Perth. 7 March 1927. p. 1 Edition: Home (Final) Edition. Retrieved 15 August 2013 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b "Feeling Thirsty WA?". James Squire. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ Oddfellows Hotel, South Terrace Fremantle, 3 April 1950, State Library of Western Australia, retrieved 14 August 2013 ^ Beer garden of Oddfellows Hotel, Fremantle on Derby Day, 26 December 1953, State Library of Western Australia, retrieved 13 August 2013 ^ Humphreys, Breeana (4 September 2012). "Cup Runneth Under". One Perth. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ Simpson, Willie (14 February 2012). "Waltzing Matilda". The Age. Retrieved 13 August 2013. ^ Sprague, Julie-anne (21 May 2002). "The Right Stuff". Business News. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ Sister properties, sandalford.com, retrieved 14 August 2013 ^ "Turning Ten". Drum Media. Street Press Australia Pty Ltd. p. 26. Retrieved 19 August 2013. ^ Vhils New Mural In Fremantle, Australia, Street Art News, 3 March 2013, retrieved 15 August 2013 ^ Street Artist Vhils carves wall sculptures, khaleejesque.com, retrieved 15 August 2013 ^ "City of Fremantle Heritage List" (PDF). City of Fremantle. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hotel Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"South Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Terrace,_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Street,_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"1893 Kalgoorlie gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes#Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"George Alfred Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alfred_Davies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-1"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Fremantle"}],"text":"Hotel in Fremantle, Western AustraliaNot to be confused with Hotel Norfolk.The Norfolk Hotel is located on the corner of South Terrace and Norfolk Street in Fremantle, Western Australia. The stone built hotel was originally constructed in 1887 before the 1893 Kalgoorlie gold rush for George Alfred Davies,[1] a vintner, local councillor and Mayor of Fremantle. For most of its life it was known as the Oddfellows Hotel; it was renamed when it was substantially renovated in 1985.","title":"Norfolk Hotel, Fremantle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Alfred Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alfred_Davies"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Captain Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edward-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-george-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-george-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legal-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oddfellows_Hotel_Fremantle_Garden_on_Derby_Day_1953.jpg"},{"link_name":"Castlemaine Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlemaine_Brewery,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-1"},{"link_name":"Swan Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James_Squire-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James_Squire-7"},{"link_name":"beer garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_garden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Oddfellows Hotel was constructed by 1877 for George Alfred Davies, who was a well known wine and spirit dealer. Davies had been born in Fremantle in 1846 to a family who had settled in Western Australia only five years after Captain Fremantle first claimed the area for Britain.[2] After working for a number of years with his father, Albert, he established Grosvenor Cellars, selling alcoholic beverages and making his own wine. Davies was also active in public life, serving, in time, as a local councillor and in 1895 as the Mayor of Fremantle.[3]The land where the hotel stands was where Davies was renting out cottages in 1880. Davies applied and received a title deed to all the land in 1884 and in 1887 the first record is seen of the stone-built hotel.[1][4] The hotel was a successful business that survived George Davies' death in 1897.[3] The hotel was put into a trust that was operated by his widow, Letty Davies, and brothers, George Davies and Arthur Elvin Davies.[1][5]Derby Day in the Oddfellows Hotel garden in 1953The building was internally redesigned around 1920 when the emphasis of the business changed from offering overnight accommodation to offering alcoholic drinks and hospitality. Shortly afterwards in 1922, the local brewery of Castlemaine Brewery purchased the building from the trustees.[1] Within five years, the Oddfellows Hotel was being operated by the Swan Brewery as they \"merged\" with Castlemaine.[6]The Swan brewery operated the hotel for over fifty years[7] and a photo from the 1950s shows the building supporting tram lines on the corner of South Terrace and Norfolk Street.[8] The brewery sold the hotel in 1952[7] to the first of a long line of private owners and another picture shows the beer garden packed with revellers on Derby Day on 26 December 1953.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norfolk_Hotel_and_basement_entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norfolk_Hotel_Artwork_in_Fremantle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Tangney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Tangney"},{"link_name":"1987 America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-1"},{"link_name":"Sail and Anchor Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_and_Anchor_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Matilda Bay Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_Bay_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Foster's Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltzing-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sandalford Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalford_Winery"},{"link_name":"Karratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karratha,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Fremantle Street Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fremantle_Street_Arts_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Tangney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Tangney"},{"link_name":"DBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vhils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vhils"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The hotel in 2009Dame Dorothy Tangney DBEThe Oddfellows Hotel was subject to major alterations just two years before its centenary, in preparation for the 1987 America's Cup Defence.[10] In 1985 $500,000 was invested in renovating the building. A considerable part of the hotel was demolished and a small courtyard was created.[1] The building still has two floors, a galvanised steel roof with a central feature chimney and a basement with its entrance from Norfolk Street. A retained feature are the wooden doors on the first floor through which loads could be hoisted.[1]The building was sold for a reported one million Australian dollars to a micro brewery business, Brewtech Pty Ltd, who were the owners of the nearby Sail and Anchor Hotel. In 1987 Brewtech changed its name to the Matilda Bay Brewing Company, and in 1990 Matilda Bay was purchased by the Foster's Group.[11] In 1989 the hotel lease was purchased by Garry Gosatti, one of the original partners behind the Matilda Bay Brewing Company.[12]In 1992 the building was purchased by the Prendiville Group, whose portfolio includes Sandalford Winery, Karratha International Hotel, Cottesloe Beach Hotel and the Grand Hotel Townsville.[13]In 2001 Gosatti renovated the basement of the hotel, converting it into a music venue; since early 2002 it has been used as an original music venue called \"The Basement\"[14] and is now known as \"Odd Fellows Bar\".During the 2013 Fremantle Street Arts Festival the Norfolk Hotel was decorated with a wall sculpture of the first female Australian senator. The image of Dame Dorothy Tangney, DBE, was carved by the Portuguese artist Vhils (aka Alexander Farko) and his assistants.[15] Vhils is known for digging into the surface to create his sculptures.[16]","title":"Norfolk Hotel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Fremantle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgoorlie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-1"}],"text":"The building is listed on the City of Fremantle's municipal heritage list[17] in September 2000. The basis for the listing is the building's association with George Davies and because this is an unusual stone built structure that dates from before the 1893 Kalgoorlie Gold Rush.[1]","title":"Heritage value"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Fremantle"}],"text":"Miles, S. (1984). Historical report : Oddfellows Hotel, Lot 241 [47 South Terrace]. City of Fremantle.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Derby Day in the Oddfellows Hotel garden in 1953","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Oddfellows_Hotel_Fremantle_Garden_on_Derby_Day_1953.jpg/220px-Oddfellows_Hotel_Fremantle_Garden_on_Derby_Day_1953.jpg"},{"image_text":"The hotel in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Norfolk_Hotel_and_basement_entrance.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Hotel_and_basement_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dame Dorothy Tangney DBE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Norfolk_Hotel_Artwork_in_Fremantle.jpg/220px-Norfolk_Hotel_Artwork_in_Fremantle.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Miles, S. (1984). Historical report : Oddfellows Hotel, Lot 241 [47 South Terrace]. City of Fremantle.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Fremantle","url_text":"City of Fremantle"}]},{"reference":"\"Oddfellow's Hotel\". Heritage Council of Western Australia. Retrieved 13 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Inventory/Details/0e34be66-9961-42e2-960f-b78f37e20f0f","url_text":"\"Oddfellow's Hotel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Council_of_Western_Australia","url_text":"Heritage Council of Western Australia"}]},{"reference":"Kimberly, Warren Bert (1897). History of West Australia : A Narrative of Her Past Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men. Melbourne: Niven & Co. p. Edward William Davies biography.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_West_Australia/Edward_William_Davies","url_text":"History of West Australia : A Narrative of Her Past Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men"}]},{"reference":"Kimberly, Warren Bert (1897). History of West Australia : A Narrative of Her Past Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men. Melbourne: Niven & Co. p. George Alfred Davies biography.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_West_Australia/Edward_William_Davies","url_text":"History of West Australia : A Narrative of Her Past Together With Biographies of Her Leading Men"}]},{"reference":"\"News and Notes\". Perth Gazette. Perth. 8 March 1887. p. 3. Retrieved 19 August 2013 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3760088","url_text":"\"News and Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Gazette","url_text":"Perth Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Notice\". West Australian. 15 April 1897. Retrieved 13 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3110681","url_text":"\"Legal Notice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewery Merger\". The Daily News. Perth. 7 March 1927. p. 1 Edition: Home (Final) Edition. Retrieved 15 August 2013 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83046196","url_text":"\"Brewery Merger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(Perth,_Western_Australia)","url_text":"The Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Feeling Thirsty WA?\". James Squire. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamessquire.com.au/blog/index.php/2010/07/02/feeling-thirsty-wa-2/","url_text":"\"Feeling Thirsty WA?\""}]},{"reference":"Humphreys, Breeana (4 September 2012). \"Cup Runneth Under\". One Perth. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oneperth.com.au/2012/09/04/americas-cup-fremantle/","url_text":"\"Cup Runneth Under\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Willie (14 February 2012). \"Waltzing Matilda\". The Age. Retrieved 13 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/restaurants-and-bars/waltzing-matilda-20120211-1svra.html","url_text":"\"Waltzing Matilda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Sprague, Julie-anne (21 May 2002). \"The Right Stuff\". Business News. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessnews.com.au/article/The-right-stuff","url_text":"\"The Right Stuff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turning Ten\". Drum Media. Street Press Australia Pty Ltd. p. 26. Retrieved 19 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/spa_magazines/docs/dp_278","url_text":"\"Turning Ten\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Fremantle Heritage List\" (PDF). City of Fremantle. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192838/http://www.fremantle.wa.gov.au/files/4f784b70-e837-4de1-89df-9dae00d2b98c/MHI_Heritage_List_LPS4_Dec_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"City of Fremantle Heritage List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Fremantle","url_text":"City of Fremantle"},{"url":"http://www.fremantle.wa.gov.au/files/4f784b70-e837-4de1-89df-9dae00d2b98c/MHI_Heritage_List_LPS4_Dec_2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia,_Venice
Gallerie dell'Accademia
["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Later history","2 Building","3 Collection","3.1 Highlights","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°25′53″N 12°19′41″E / 45.43139°N 12.32806°E / 45.43139; 12.32806Art museum in Venice, Italy This article is about the art gallery in Venice. For the Accademia art gallery in Florence, see Galleria dell'Accademia. For other uses, see Accademia. Gallerie dell'AccademiaFaçade of the gallery on Campo della CaritàClick the map for an interactive, fullscreen view.Established1750LocationCampo della Carità, Dorsoduro 1050, Venice, ItalyCoordinates45°25′53″N 12°19′41″E / 45.43139°N 12.32806°E / 45.43139; 12.32806TypeArt MuseumDirectorPaola MariniCuratorRoberta BattagliaGiulio Manieri EliaValeria PolettoPublic transit accessvaporettoWebsitegallerieaccademia.it The Gallerie dell'Accademia is a museum gallery of pre-19th-century art in Venice, northern Italy. It is housed in the Scuola della Carità on the south bank of the Grand Canal, within the sestiere of Dorsoduro. It was originally the gallery of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia, the art academy of Venice, from which it became independent in 1879, and for which the Ponte dell'Accademia and the Accademia boat landing station for the vaporetto water bus are named. The two institutions remained in the same building until 2004, when the art school moved to the Ospedale degli Incurabili. History Early history Main article: Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia The Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia was founded on 24 September 1750; the statute dates from 1756. The first director was Giovanni Battista Piazzetta; Gianbattista Tiepolo became the first president after his return from Würzburg. It was one of the first institutions to study art restoration starting in 1777 with Pietro Edwards, and formalised by 1819 as a course. In 1807 the academy was re-founded by Napoleonic decree. The name was changed from Veneta Academia di Pittura, Scultura e Architettura to Accademia Reale di Belle Arti, "royal academy of fine arts", and the academy was moved to the Palladian complex of the Scuola della Carità, where the Gallerie dell'Accademia are still housed. The collections of the Accademia were first opened to the public on 10 August 1817. Later history The Gallerie dell'Accademia became independent from the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia in 1879. Like other state museums in Italy, it falls under the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, the Italian Ministry of Culture and Heritage. Building The Napoleonic administration had disbanded many institutions in Venice including some churches, convents and Scuole. The Scuola della Carità, the Convento dei Canonici Lateranensi and the church of Santa Maria della Carità thus became the home of the Accademia. The Scuola della Carità was the oldest of the six Scuole Grandi and the building dates back to 1343, though the scuola was formed in 1260. The Convento dei Canonici Lateranensi was started in 1561 by Andrea Palladio, though it was never fully completed. The facade of Santa Maria della Carità was completed in 1441 by Bartolomeo Bon. Collection Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, the most famous work of the Gallery, is not displayed for visitors, except on very rare occasions. See also: Category:Collections of the Gallerie dell'Accademia The Gallerie dell’Accademia contains masterpieces of Venetian painting up to the 19th century, generally arranged chronologically though some thematic displays are evident. Artists represented include: Giovanni d'Alemagna, Jacopo and Leandro Bassano, Lazzaro Bastiani, Jacopo, Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, Bernardo Bellotto, Paris Bordone, Hieronymus Bosch, Canaletto, Antonio Canova, Vittore Carpaccio, Giulio Carpioni, Rosalba Carriera, Cima da Conegliano, Pietro da Cortona, Domenico Fetti, Jacobello del Fiore, Fra Galgario, Pietro Gaspari, Luca Giordano, Giovanni Antonio and Francesco Guardi, Giorgione, Francesco Hayez, Giulia Lama, Charles Le Brun, Johann Liss, Leonardo da Vinci, Pietro and Alessandro Longhi, Lorenzo Veneziano, Johann Carl Loth, Lorenzo Lotto, Francesco Maffei, Giovanni Mansueti, Andrea Mantegna, Rocco Marconi, Michele Marieschi, Hans Memling, Michele di Matteo da Bologna, Palma Vecchio and Giovane, Paolo Veneziano, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Piero della Francesca, Bonifacio de' Pitati, Giambattista Pittoni, Mattia Preti, Sebastiano and Marco Ricci, Benedetto Rusconi, Carlo Saraceni, Giovanni Battista and Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, Jacopo and Domenico Tintoretto, Titian, Cosmè Tura, Paolo Veronese, Giorgio Vasari, Antonio, Bartolomeo and Alvise Vivarini, Giuseppe Zais, Francesco Zuccarelli. The collection includes Leonardo da Vinci's drawing of the Vitruvian Man, which is displayed only rarely as the work, being on paper, is fragile and sensitive to light. In 2019, the Louvre in Paris requested the loan of the drawing for its exhibition of works by Leonardo. The request was refused by a cultural heritage group. A court tribunal in Venice, however, decided that the work would suffer no ill effects if shipped with great care and displayed under controlled conditions. The work was, therefore, part of the Louvre's exhibition from 24 October 2019 to 24 February 2020. Highlights Hieronymus BoschThe Hermit Saints, 86 × 120 cm Jacopo BassanoAdoration of the Shepherds, 9 × 142 cm Giovanni BelliniMadonna and Child with Saint Catherine and Saint Mary Magdalene, 58 × 107 cm Giovanni BelliniMartinengo Pietà, 65 × 90 cm Giovanni BelliniSan Giobbe Altarpiece, 371 × 258 cm Giovanni BelliniSacred Conversation, 54 × 76 cm Paris BordoneThe Presentation of the Ring, 370 × 301 cm Tintoretto, Presentation at the Temple CanalettoPerspective View with Portico, 131 × 93 cm Vittore CarpaccioCycle of St. Ursula, 297 × 527 cm GiorgioneOld Woman, 68 × 59 cm GiorgioneThe Tempest, 82 × 73 cm Lorenzo LottoGentleman in His Study, 98 × 116 cm Andrea MantegnaSt. George, 66 × 32 cm Piero della FrancescaSt. Jerome and Donor, 49 × 42 cm Giambattista PittoniPenitent Magdalene, 48 × 38 cm TintorettoLamentation, 227 × 294 cm TintorettoResurrection TintorettoMiracle of the Slave, 415 × 541 cm TintorettoSaint Mark's Body Brought to Venice, 421 × 306 cm TintorettoCreation of the Animals, 151 × 258 cm TitianPietà, 353 × 348 cm TitianVirgin and Child, 124 × 96 cm Titian. Saint John the Baptist, 201 × 134 cm TitianThe Presentation of the Virgin, 345 × 775 cm Paolo VeroneseBattle of Lepanto, 169 × 137 cm Paolo VeroneseThe Feast in the House of Levi, 555 × 1280 cm Paolo VeroneseMystical Marriage of St Catherine, 337 × 241 cm Tintoretto, The Murder of Abel, 149×196 cm See also List of buildings and structures in Venice References ^ a b Accademia di belle arti di Venezia, 1750–2010. Cenni storici Archived 2013-11-13 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian). Accademia di belle arti di Venezia. Accessed July 2013. ^ Elisa Viola (2005). L'Accademia di Venezia: i maestri, le collezioni, le sedi (in Italian). Venezia: Marsilio. ISBN 9788831786553. p. 17. ^ Gallerie dell'Accademia: Storia delle collezioni Archived 2014-10-19 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian). Soprintendenza Speciale per il Patrimonio storico, artistico ed etnoantropologico e per il Polo Museale della città di Venezia e dei comuni della Gronda lagunare, 7 October 2009. Accessed July 2013. ^ "Leonardo's 'Vitruvian Man' Is Headed to the Louvre Despite Italian Scholars' Protests". Smithsonian. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled". The Atlantic. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019. External links Media related to Gallerie dell'Accademia (Venice) at Wikimedia Commons Preceded byDoge's Palace Venice landmarksGallerie dell'Accademia Succeeded byGrand Canal vteVenice landmarks Arsenal Bridge of Sighs Ca' d'Oro Ca' Foscari Ca' Pesaro Ca' Rezzonico Ca' Vendramin Calergi Doge's Palace (History of the Doge's Palace) Gallerie dell'Accademia Grand Canal Piazza San Marco Punta della Dogana Il Redentore Rialto Bridge San Giorgio Maggiore Santa Maria della Salute Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari Santi Giovanni e Paolo St Mark's Basilica Portal: Visual arts Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Academics CiNii
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galleria dell'Accademia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia"},{"link_name":"Accademia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)"},{"link_name":"sestiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestiere"},{"link_name":"Dorsoduro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsoduro"},{"link_name":"Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Venezia"},{"link_name":"Ponte dell'Accademia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_dell%27Accademia"},{"link_name":"vaporetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporetto"},{"link_name":"Ospedale degli Incurabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospedale_degli_Incurabili,_Venice"}],"text":"Art museum in Venice, ItalyThis article is about the art gallery in Venice. For the Accademia art gallery in Florence, see Galleria dell'Accademia. For other uses, see Accademia.The Gallerie dell'Accademia is a museum gallery of pre-19th-century art in Venice, northern Italy. It is housed in the Scuola della Carità on the south bank of the Grand Canal, within the sestiere of Dorsoduro. It was originally the gallery of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia, the art academy of Venice, from which it became independent in 1879, and for which the Ponte dell'Accademia and the Accademia boat landing station for the vaporetto water bus are named. The two institutions remained in the same building until 2004, when the art school moved to the Ospedale degli Incurabili.","title":"Gallerie dell'Accademia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acc-1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Piazzetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piazzetta"},{"link_name":"Gianbattista Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viola-2"},{"link_name":"art restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_restoration"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Scuola della Carità","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_della_Carit%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acc-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polo-3"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia was founded on 24 September 1750; the statute dates from 1756.[1] The first director was Giovanni Battista Piazzetta; Gianbattista Tiepolo became the first president after his return from Würzburg.[2]It was one of the first institutions to study art restoration starting in 1777 with Pietro Edwards, and formalised by 1819 as a course.In 1807 the academy was re-founded by Napoleonic decree. The name was changed from Veneta Academia di Pittura, Scultura e Architettura to Accademia Reale di Belle Arti, \"royal academy of fine arts\", and the academy was moved to the Palladian complex of the Scuola della Carità, where the Gallerie dell'Accademia are still housed. The collections of the Accademia were first opened to the public on 10 August 1817.[1][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Cultural_Heritage_and_Activities_and_Tourism_(Italy)"}],"sub_title":"Later history","text":"The Gallerie dell'Accademia became independent from the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia in 1879. Like other state museums in Italy, it falls under the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, the Italian Ministry of Culture and Heritage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scuole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuole_Grandi_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Convento dei Canonici Lateranensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convento_dei_Canonici_Lateranensi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scuole Grandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuole_Grandi_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Andrea Palladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Bon"}],"text":"The Napoleonic administration had disbanded many institutions in Venice including some churches, convents and Scuole. The Scuola della Carità, the Convento dei Canonici Lateranensi and the church of Santa Maria della Carità thus became the home of the Accademia. The Scuola della Carità was the oldest of the six Scuole Grandi and the building dates back to 1343, though the scuola was formed in 1260. The Convento dei Canonici Lateranensi was started in 1561 by Andrea Palladio, though it was never fully completed. The facade of Santa Maria della Carità was completed in 1441 by Bartolomeo Bon.","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Vitruvian Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man"},{"link_name":"Category:Collections of the Gallerie dell'Accademia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Collections_of_the_Gallerie_dell%27Accademia"},{"link_name":"Giovanni d'Alemagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_d%27Alemagna"},{"link_name":"Jacopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Bassano"},{"link_name":"Leandro Bassano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_Bassano"},{"link_name":"Lazzaro Bastiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Bastiani"},{"link_name":"Jacopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Gentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Bellotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto"},{"link_name":"Paris Bordone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Bordone"},{"link_name":"Hieronymus Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Vittore Carpaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio"},{"link_name":"Giulio Carpioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Carpioni"},{"link_name":"Rosalba Carriera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera"},{"link_name":"Cima da Conegliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cima_da_Conegliano"},{"link_name":"Pietro da Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona"},{"link_name":"Domenico Fetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Fetti"},{"link_name":"Jacobello del Fiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobello_del_Fiore"},{"link_name":"Fra Galgario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Galgario"},{"link_name":"Pietro Gaspari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Gaspari"},{"link_name":"Luca Giordano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Giordano"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Guardi"},{"link_name":"Francesco Guardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guardi"},{"link_name":"Giorgione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgione"},{"link_name":"Francesco Hayez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Hayez"},{"link_name":"Giulia Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulia_Lama"},{"link_name":"Charles Le Brun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun"},{"link_name":"Johann Liss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Liss"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Pietro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Longhi"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Longhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Longhi"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Veneziano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Veneziano"},{"link_name":"Johann Carl Loth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Carl_Loth"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Lotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maffei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maffei"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Mansueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti"},{"link_name":"Andrea Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"Rocco Marconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Marconi"},{"link_name":"Michele Marieschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Marieschi"},{"link_name":"Hans Memling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Memling"},{"link_name":"Michele di Matteo da Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_di_Matteo_da_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Palma Vecchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_Vecchio"},{"link_name":"Giovane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_il_Giovane"},{"link_name":"Paolo Veneziano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Veneziano"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Piazzetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piazzetta"},{"link_name":"Piero della Francesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca"},{"link_name":"Bonifacio de' Pitati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonifazio_Veronese"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Pittoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Pittoni"},{"link_name":"Mattia Preti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattia_Preti"},{"link_name":"Sebastiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Marco Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Rusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Rusconi"},{"link_name":"Carlo Saraceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Saraceni"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Jacopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto"},{"link_name":"Domenico Tintoretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Tintoretto"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Cosmè Tura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%A8_Tura"},{"link_name":"Paolo Veronese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Veronese"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari"},{"link_name":"Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivarini"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Vivarini"},{"link_name":"Alvise Vivarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvise_Vivarini"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Zais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Zais"},{"link_name":"Francesco Zuccarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Zuccarelli"},{"link_name":"Vitruvian Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, the most famous work of the Gallery, is not displayed for visitors, except on very rare occasions.See also: Category:Collections of the Gallerie dell'AccademiaThe Gallerie dell’Accademia contains masterpieces of Venetian painting up to the 19th century, generally arranged chronologically though some thematic displays are evident.Artists represented include: Giovanni d'Alemagna, Jacopo and Leandro Bassano, Lazzaro Bastiani, Jacopo, Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, Bernardo Bellotto, Paris Bordone, Hieronymus Bosch, Canaletto, Antonio Canova, Vittore Carpaccio, Giulio Carpioni, Rosalba Carriera, Cima da Conegliano, Pietro da Cortona, Domenico Fetti, Jacobello del Fiore, Fra Galgario, Pietro Gaspari, Luca Giordano, Giovanni Antonio and Francesco Guardi, Giorgione, Francesco Hayez, Giulia Lama, Charles Le Brun, Johann Liss, Leonardo da Vinci, Pietro and Alessandro Longhi, Lorenzo Veneziano, Johann Carl Loth, Lorenzo Lotto, Francesco Maffei, Giovanni Mansueti, Andrea Mantegna, Rocco Marconi, Michele Marieschi, Hans Memling, Michele di Matteo da Bologna, Palma Vecchio and Giovane, Paolo Veneziano, Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, Piero della Francesca, Bonifacio de' Pitati, Giambattista Pittoni, Mattia Preti, Sebastiano and Marco Ricci, Benedetto Rusconi, Carlo Saraceni, Giovanni Battista and Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, Jacopo and Domenico Tintoretto, Titian, Cosmè Tura, Paolo Veronese, Giorgio Vasari, Antonio, Bartolomeo and Alvise Vivarini, Giuseppe Zais, Francesco Zuccarelli.The collection includes Leonardo da Vinci's drawing of the Vitruvian Man, which is displayed only rarely as the work, being on paper, is fragile and sensitive to light. In 2019, the Louvre in Paris requested the loan of the drawing for its exhibition of works by Leonardo. The request was refused by a cultural heritage group. A court tribunal in Venice, however, decided that the work would suffer no ill effects if shipped with great care and displayed under controlled conditions.[4] The work was, therefore, part of the Louvre's exhibition from 24 October 2019 to 24 February 2020.[5]","title":"Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Hermit_Saints_Triptych.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Hermit Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hermit_Saints"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Venice)_Adoration_of_the_shepherds_by_Jacopo_Dal_Ponte_Bassano_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Madonna_con_Bambino_tra_le_sante_Caterina_e_Maria_Maddalena_-_Giovanni_Bellini_-_Cat_613.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with Saint Catherine and Saint Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_Saint_Catherine_and_Saint_Mary_Magdalene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bellini4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martinengo Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinengo_Piet%C3%A0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Pala_di_San_Giobbe_by_Giovanni_Bellini.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Giobbe Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giobbe_Altarpiece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_bellini,_sacra_conversazione_giovanelli.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presentation_of_the_Ring_to_the_Doges_of_Venice.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Presentation of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Presentation_of_the_Ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accedemia_-_Presentazione_di_Ges%C3%B9_al_tempio_del_Tintoretto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presentation at the Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_at_the_Temple_(Tintoretto,_Gallerie_dell%27Accademia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Antonio_Canal,_il_Canaletto_-_Perspective_View_with_Portico_-_WGA03965.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vittore_Carpaccio_-_Sant%27Orsola_polyptich_-_Ritorno_Degli_ambasciatori.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Col_tempo_by_Giorgione.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giorgione_019.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest_(Giorgione)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Ritratto_di_giovane_gentiluomo_nel_suo_studio_-_Lorenzo_Lotto_cat.912.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_San_Giorgio_di_Andrea_Mantegna_Cat.588.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_(Mantegna)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_San_Girolamo_e_un_devoto_-_Piero_della_Francesca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Battista_Pittoni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_WGA17973.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Pittoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Pittoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Deposition_by_Tintoretto.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tintoretto_-_La_Resurrezione.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miracle of the Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Slave_(Tintoretto)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_St_Mark%27s_Body_Brought_to_Venice_by_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Mark's Body Brought to Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Body_Brought_to_Venice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacopo_Tintoretto_-_Creation_of_the_Animals_-_WGA22438.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_Piet%C3%A0_by_Titian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Titian)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titian_-_Virgin_and_Child_-_WGA22835.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titian_-_St_John_the_Baptist_in_the_Desert_-_WGA22807.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Titian)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Pr%C3%A9sentation_de_la_Vierge_au_Temple%22_de_Titien_(Accademia,_Venise)_(8103563222).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Presentation of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Presentation_of_the_Virgin_at_the_Temple_(Titian)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Venice)_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Feast_in_the_House_of_Levi_by_Paolo_Veronese_(edited_2).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Feast in the House of Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feast_in_the_House_of_Levi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accademia_-_The_Mystic_Marriage_of_St._Catherine_by_Veronese.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacopo_Tintoretto_-_The_Murder_of_Abel_-_WGA22654.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Highlights","text":"Hieronymus BoschThe Hermit Saints, 86 × 120 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJacopo BassanoAdoration of the Shepherds, 9 × 142 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiovanni BelliniMadonna and Child with Saint Catherine and Saint Mary Magdalene, 58 × 107 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiovanni BelliniMartinengo Pietà, 65 × 90 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiovanni BelliniSan Giobbe Altarpiece, 371 × 258 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiovanni BelliniSacred Conversation, 54 × 76 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParis BordoneThe Presentation of the Ring, 370 × 301 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTintoretto, Presentation at the Temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCanalettoPerspective View with Portico, 131 × 93 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVittore CarpaccioCycle of St. Ursula, 297 × 527 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiorgioneOld Woman, 68 × 59 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiorgioneThe Tempest, 82 × 73 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLorenzo LottoGentleman in His Study, 98 × 116 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrea MantegnaSt. George, 66 × 32 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPiero della FrancescaSt. Jerome and Donor, 49 × 42 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGiambattista PittoniPenitent Magdalene, 48 × 38 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTintorettoLamentation, 227 × 294 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTintorettoResurrection\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTintorettoMiracle of the Slave, 415 × 541 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTintorettoSaint Mark's Body Brought to Venice, 421 × 306 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTintorettoCreation of the Animals, 151 × 258 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitianPietà, 353 × 348 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitianVirgin and Child, 124 × 96 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitian. Saint John the Baptist, 201 × 134 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitianThe Presentation of the Virgin, 345 × 775 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaolo VeroneseBattle of Lepanto, 169 × 137 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaolo VeroneseThe Feast in the House of Levi, 555 × 1280 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaolo VeroneseMystical Marriage of St Catherine, 337 × 241 cm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTintoretto, The Murder of Abel, 149×196 cm","title":"Collection"}]
[{"image_text":"Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, the most famous work of the Gallery, is not displayed for visitors, except on very rare occasions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/170px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of buildings and structures in Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Venice"}]
[{"reference":"\"Leonardo's 'Vitruvian Man' Is Headed to the Louvre Despite Italian Scholars' Protests\". Smithsonian. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/leonardo-da-vinci-louvre-museum-his-life-painter/602800/","url_text":"\"Leonardo's 'Vitruvian Man' Is Headed to the Louvre Despite Italian Scholars' Protests\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled\". The Atlantic. 1 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/12/leonardo-da-vinci-louvre-museum-his-life-painter/602800/","url_text":"\"Louvre exhibit has most da Vinci paintings ever assembled\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Buzzard,_2nd_Baronet
Sir Anthony Buzzard, 2nd Baronet
["1 Early life","2 Second World War","3 Post-war","4 Death","5 Notes","5.1 References","6 External links"]
Royal Navy officer (1902–1972) SirAnthony BuzzardBtBorn(1902-04-28)28 April 1902Derbyshire, East MidlandsDied10 March 1972(1972-03-10) (aged 69)West Clandon, SurreyAllegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of service1915–1954RankRear-AdmiralCommands heldDirector of Naval Intelligence (1951–54)HMS Superb (1946–50)HMS Glory (1944–45)HMS Gurkha (1940)Battles/warsFirst World WarSecond World War Operation Grog Sinking of the Bismarck AwardsCompanion of the Order of the BathDistinguished Service OrderOfficer of the Order of the British EmpireMentioned in Despatches Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard, 2nd Baronet, CB, DSO, OBE (28 April 1902 – 10 March 1972) was an officer in the Royal Navy who served as Director of Naval Intelligence from 1951 to 1954. Early life Anthony Wass Buzzard was born on 28 April 1902 at Lea Green in Derbyshire, the home of his mother's father, son of prominent physician and Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard. Anthony was raised in Surrey at his father's estate, Munstead Grange. His father was a doctor and Honorary Physician to King George VI. In 1929, his father was created a baronet, of Munstead Grange in the Parish of Godalming in the County of Surrey. Anthony was the second eldest of five siblings: Margaret, Anthony, Sylvia, and Isabel. He attended a preparatory school from age eight to thirteen, and studied at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, followed by the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. In 1915, at the age of thirteen, he joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman, and served during the First World War. By 1919 he was aboard the battleship HMS Iron Duke. Second World War Buzzard commanded the destroyer HMS Gurkha during the early years of the war, and his actions during her sinking led to the award of the Distinguished Service Order. Gurkha was part of a force of cruisers and destroyers sent by the British in the immediate aftermath of the German invasion of Norway on 7 April 1940. Gurkha was the first British destroyer sunk by an air attack. On 19 April the British ships were attacked by Junkers Ju 88 and Heinkel He 111 bombers. Gurkha was hit by one bomb on the aft end, which blew a forty-foot hole in the starboard side. The stern caught fire. She then sank; the crew were rescued by the light cruiser HMS Aurora at the last moment; Aurora managed to rescue 190 officers and men. Buzzard was then one of the captains assigned to visit the parents of those lost in the sinking of HMS Hood to offer his condolences. By 1941 Buzzard was serving as gunnery officer aboard the battleship HMS Rodney during the pursuit and sinking of the German battleship Bismarck, with the Rodney being the first ship to open fire with her own guns. On 14 October 1941 Buzzard was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his service. Buzzard then served as assistant director, in the Admiralty Plans Division, and as a member of Joint Planning Committee, with the War Cabinet between 1942 and 1943. Buzzard became captain of the aircraft carrier HMS Glory. He spent three months overseeing the final fitting out before Glory was commissioned on 21 February 1945. On 14 May the ship became operational and departed her harbour, bound for the Mediterranean. From there she went on to Fremantle, where she arrived in time for Victory over Japan Day. Once V.J. Day was over, the ship went to Rabaul for the signing of the surrender of the Japanese forces there. The Japanese commander surrendered his sword to the British and American soldiers. This sword remained in Buzzard's possession until his death; it was then taken to the Churchill Archives Centre, along with other important artefacts. He inherited the Buzzard baronetcy upon his father's death in December 1945. Post-war Buzzard was assigned to the Royal Naval Air Service after the end of the war, and commanded the cruiser HMS Superb between 1946 and 1950. In 1951, at the age of forty-nine, Buzzard became the youngest man to be appointed Director of Naval Intelligence. He was promoted rear admiral. As Director of Naval Intelligence, Buzzard helped develop the nuclear deterrent policy in the early 1950s and was fundamental to it. He was in the post until his retirement in 1954. After his retirement from the service he joined the defence contractor Vickers-Armstrong, during the Cold War. Buzzard was a founder member of both the Institute of Strategic Studies, and the council of Christian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament. He frequently corresponded with Henry Kissinger, and developed the idea of "Graduated Deterrence". Graduated Deterrence posited that one must issue a reasonable threat to one's enemy that is also realizable and not so massive that no one believes that it will ever happen. During the 1960s he sat on the Minister of State for Disarmament, Lord Chalfont's Disarmament Panel. In 1967 he became Chairman of the British Council of Churches Committee on the Middle East. Death Buzzard played tennis and rugby throughout his life, with his main passion being tennis, having been the Navy champion. He had played doubles with his brother at Wimbledon in 1922. He suffered a heart attack at the age of sixty-five, but refused to slow down the pace of his life, to the consternation of his wife. He travelled to Australia in 1968, and played a tennis match upon arrival after a thirty-eight-hour flight. He suffered a second heart attack. His wife joined him in Australia, and four years later, in 1972, he suffered a third and fatal heart attack and died on 10 March at the age of sixty-nine. His memorial service at St. Martins was attended by a large number of people. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives ^ a b c d U-boat.net ^ a b Buzzard ^ "No. 35307". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 10 October 1941. p. 5945. ^ The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard References Ballard, Robert (1991). Exploring the Bismarck. Singapore: Odyssey Corporation. Buzzard, Anthony (24 February 2002). "Personal interview" (Interview). Hurley, Anne. Rev. of National Geographic's Search for Battleship Bismarck. McGowen, Tom (1999). Sink the Bismarck Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II. Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9780761315100. Sloan, Frank (1991). Bismarck!. New York: A Franklin Watts Library Edition. Wright, Christina (April 2002). The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard; Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard and the Sinking of the Bismarck. External links “H.M.S. Gurkha.” 16 Jan.2002. Allied Warships. HMS Gurkha. The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard held at Churchill Archives Centre (currently uncatalogued) Royal Navy Officers 1939−1945 Military offices Preceded byEric Longley-Cook Director of Naval Intelligence 1951–1954 Succeeded bySir John Inglis Baronetage of the United Kingdom Preceded byFarquhar Buzzard Baronet(of Munstead Grange) 1945–1972 Succeeded byAnthony F. Buzzard vte Directors of Naval Intelligence W.H. Hall (1887–1889) Bridge (1889–1894) Beaumont (1895–1899) Custance (1899–1902) Battenberg (1902–1905) Ottley (1905–1907) Slade (1907–1909) Bethell (1909–1912) Jackson (1912–1913) Oliver (1913–1914) W.R. Hall (1914–1919) Sinclair (1919–1921) Fitzmaurice (1921–1924) Hotham (1924–1927) Fisher (1926–1927) Domvile (1927–1930) Usborne (1930–1932) Dickens (1932–1935) Troup (1935–1939) Godfrey (1939–1943) Rushbrooke (1943–1946) Parry (1946–1948) Longley-Cook (1948–1951) Buzzard (1951–1954) Inglis (1954–1960) Denning (1960–1964) Graham (1964–1965)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rear-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard, 2nd Baronet, CB, DSO, OBE (28 April 1902 – 10 March 1972) was an officer in the Royal Navy who served as Director of Naval Intelligence from 1951 to 1954.","title":"Sir Anthony Buzzard, 2nd Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Medicine_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farquhar_Buzzard"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval College, Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval College, Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Iron Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Iron_Duke_(1912)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"}],"text":"Anthony Wass Buzzard was born on 28 April 1902 at Lea Green in Derbyshire, the home of his mother's father, son of prominent physician and Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard. Anthony was raised in Surrey at his father's estate, Munstead Grange. His father was a doctor and Honorary Physician to King George VI. In 1929, his father was created a baronet, of Munstead Grange in the Parish of Godalming in the County of Surrey. Anthony was the second eldest of five siblings: Margaret, Anthony, Sylvia, and Isabel. He attended a preparatory school from age eight to thirteen, and studied at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, followed by the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. In 1915, at the age of thirteen, he joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman, and served during the First World War.[1] By 1919 he was aboard the battleship HMS Iron Duke.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gurkha_(F20)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-net-2"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_111"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-net-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-net-2"},{"link_name":"light cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"HMS Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Aurora_(12)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-net-2"},{"link_name":"HMS Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hood_(51)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buzzard-3"},{"link_name":"HMS Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rodney_(29)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"sinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_battle_of_the_battleship_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"War Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_War_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"HMS Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Glory_(R62)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Victory over Japan Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day"},{"link_name":"Rabaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaul"},{"link_name":"Churchill Archives Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre"},{"link_name":"Buzzard baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzard_baronets"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Buzzard commanded the destroyer HMS Gurkha during the early years of the war,[1] and his actions during her sinking led to the award of the Distinguished Service Order. Gurkha was part of a force of cruisers and destroyers sent by the British in the immediate aftermath of the German invasion of Norway on 7 April 1940. Gurkha was the first British destroyer sunk by an air attack.[2] On 19 April the British ships were attacked by Junkers Ju 88 and Heinkel He 111 bombers.[2] Gurkha was hit by one bomb on the aft end, which blew a forty-foot hole in the starboard side.[2] The stern caught fire. She then sank; the crew were rescued by the light cruiser HMS Aurora at the last moment; Aurora managed to rescue 190 officers and men.[2]Buzzard was then one of the captains assigned to visit the parents of those lost in the sinking of HMS Hood to offer his condolences.[3] By 1941 Buzzard was serving as gunnery officer aboard the battleship HMS Rodney[1] during the pursuit and sinking of the German battleship Bismarck,[1] with the Rodney being the first ship to open fire with her own guns. On 14 October 1941 Buzzard was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his service.[4] Buzzard then served as assistant director, in the Admiralty Plans Division, and as a member of Joint Planning Committee, with the War Cabinet between 1942 and 1943.[1]Buzzard became captain of the aircraft carrier HMS Glory.[1] He spent three months overseeing the final fitting out before Glory was commissioned on 21 February 1945. On 14 May the ship became operational and departed her harbour, bound for the Mediterranean. From there she went on to Fremantle, where she arrived in time for Victory over Japan Day. Once V.J. Day was over, the ship went to Rabaul for the signing of the surrender of the Japanese forces there. The Japanese commander surrendered his sword to the British and American soldiers. This sword remained in Buzzard's possession until his death; it was then taken to the Churchill Archives Centre, along with other important artefacts. He inherited the Buzzard baronetcy upon his father's death in December 1945.[5]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"HMS Superb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Superb_(25)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Director of Naval Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Vickers-Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers-Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Lord Chalfont's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Gwynne_Jones,_Baron_Chalfont"},{"link_name":"British Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"}],"text":"Buzzard was assigned to the Royal Naval Air Service after the end of the war, and commanded the cruiser HMS Superb between 1946 and 1950.[1] In 1951, at the age of forty-nine, Buzzard became the youngest man to be appointed Director of Naval Intelligence. He was promoted rear admiral. As Director of Naval Intelligence, Buzzard helped develop the nuclear deterrent policy in the early 1950s and was fundamental to it. He was in the post until his retirement in 1954.[1]After his retirement from the service he joined the defence contractor Vickers-Armstrong, during the Cold War. Buzzard was a founder member of both the Institute of Strategic Studies, and the council of Christian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament.[1] He frequently corresponded with Henry Kissinger, and developed the idea of \"Graduated Deterrence\". Graduated Deterrence posited that one must issue a reasonable threat to one's enemy that is also realizable and not so massive that no one believes that it will ever happen. During the 1960s he sat on the Minister of State for Disarmament, Lord Chalfont's Disarmament Panel. In 1967 he became Chairman of the British Council of Churches Committee on the Middle East.[1]","title":"Post-war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buzzard-3"}],"text":"Buzzard played tennis and rugby throughout his life, with his main passion being tennis, having been the Navy champion. He had played doubles with his brother at Wimbledon in 1922. He suffered a heart attack at the age of sixty-five, but refused to slow down the pace of his life, to the consternation of his wife. He travelled to Australia in 1968, and played a tennis match upon arrival after a thirty-eight-hour flight. He suffered a second heart attack. His wife joined him in Australia, and four years later, in 1972, he suffered a third and fatal heart attack and died on 10 March at the age of sixty-nine. His memorial service at St. Martins was attended by a large number of people.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lh_1-10"},{"link_name":"Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/BUZZARD.shtml"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-net_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-net_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-net_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-net_2-3"},{"link_name":"U-boat.net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4424.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Buzzard_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Buzzard_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"No. 35307\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35307/supplement/5945"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FBZRD"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives\n\n^ a b c d U-boat.net\n\n^ a b Buzzard\n\n^ \"No. 35307\". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 10 October 1941. p. 5945.\n\n^ The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sink the Bismarck Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sinkbismarckgerm0000mcgo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780761315100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761315100"},{"link_name":"The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard; Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard and the Sinking of the Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FBZRD"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"Ballard, Robert (1991). Exploring the Bismarck. Singapore: Odyssey Corporation.\nBuzzard, Anthony (24 February 2002). \"Personal interview\" (Interview).\nHurley, Anne. Rev. of National Geographic's Search for Battleship Bismarck.\nMcGowen, Tom (1999). Sink the Bismarck Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II. Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9780761315100.\nSloan, Frank (1991). Bismarck!. New York: A Franklin Watts Library Edition.\nWright, Christina (April 2002). The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard; Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard and the Sinking of the Bismarck.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"No. 35307\". The London Gazette (3rd supplement). 10 October 1941. p. 5945.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35307/supplement/5945","url_text":"\"No. 35307\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Ballard, Robert (1991). Exploring the Bismarck. Singapore: Odyssey Corporation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buzzard, Anthony (24 February 2002). \"Personal interview\" (Interview).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hurley, Anne. Rev. of National Geographic's Search for Battleship Bismarck.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McGowen, Tom (1999). Sink the Bismarck Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II. Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9780761315100.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sinkbismarckgerm0000mcgo","url_text":"Sink the Bismarck Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761315100","url_text":"9780761315100"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Frank (1991). Bismarck!. New York: A Franklin Watts Library Edition.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wright, Christina (April 2002). The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard; Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard and the Sinking of the Bismarck.","urls":[{"url":"http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FBZRD","url_text":"The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard; Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard and the Sinking of the Bismarck"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/BUZZARD.shtml","external_links_name":"Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives"},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4424.html","external_links_name":"U-boat.net"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35307/supplement/5945","external_links_name":"\"No. 35307\""},{"Link":"http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FBZRD","external_links_name":"The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sinkbismarckgerm0000mcgo","external_links_name":"Sink the Bismarck Germany's Super-Battleship of World War II"},{"Link":"http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FBZRD","external_links_name":"The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard; Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard and the Sinking of the Bismarck"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021204025144/http://www3.sympatico.ca/hrc/haida/gurkha.htm","external_links_name":"“H.M.S. Gurkha.” 16 Jan.2002."},{"Link":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4424.html","external_links_name":"Allied Warships. HMS Gurkha."},{"Link":"https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1461","external_links_name":"The Papers of Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Wass Buzzard"},{"Link":"https://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersB6.html#Buzzard_AW","external_links_name":"Royal Navy Officers 1939−1945"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton,_Connecticut
Bolton, Connecticut
["1 History","1.1 Climate","1.2 Education","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°45′51″N 72°26′15″W / 41.76417°N 72.43750°W / 41.76417; -72.43750 Town in Connecticut, United StatesBolton, ConnecticutTownTown of BoltonBolton Green Historic District SealMotto: "A Town for All Seasons" Tolland County and Connecticut Capitol Planning Region and ConnecticutShow BoltonShow ConnecticutShow the United StatesCoordinates: 41°45′51″N 72°26′15″W / 41.76417°N 72.43750°W / 41.76417; -72.43750Country United StatesU.S. state ConnecticutCountyTollandRegionCapitol RegionIncorporated1720Government • TypeSelectman-town meeting • First selectmanPam Sawyer (R) • SelectmenRobert R. Morra (R)Michael W. Eremita (R)Kimberly A. Miller (D)Nicole Sullivan (D)Area • Total14.7 sq mi (38.1 km2) • Land14.4 sq mi (37.3 km2) • Water0.3 sq mi (0.8 km2)Elevation728 ft (222 m)Population (2020) • Total4,858 • Density330/sq mi (130/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)ZIP Code06043Area code(s)860/959FIPS code09-06260GNIS feature ID0213393Major highways Websitetown.boltonct.org Bolton (/ˈboʊltən/ BOHL-tən) is a small suburban town in the Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut, United States. The population was 4,858 as of the 2020 census. Bolton was incorporated in October 1720 and is governed by town meeting, with a first selectman and board of selectman as well as other boards serving specific functions. Bolton was named after a town of the same name in England, also located near Manchester. History Encampment site with Rose's Farm in background Originally part of the town of Hartford, the area was referred to as Hartford Mountains or Hanover, until incorporation in October 1720. On 11 November 1723, Jonathan Edwards was installed as the pastor of Bolton. Bolton was known for its high quality schist stone in the 18th century, and many tombstone carvers such as Gershom Bartlett and Jonathan Loomis sourced their stone from Bolton quarries. Bolton was removed from Hartford County when Tolland County was originally formed on 13 October 1785. The northern half of Bolton was set aside in 1808 to form the town of Vernon. Quarries played a significant role in the area's developing economy, and Bolton Notch became the location of the small community of Quarryville. Prior to the railroad, granite was taken by oxcart to the Connecticut River where it was then shipped to major cities on the East Coast. The Bolton historical society has been actively purchasing sites throughout the town in their effort to preserve the town's history and rural character. The most recent of these purchases was Rose's Farm, a several hundred-acre site where the Comte de Rochambeau camped with his troops. Bolton has several restrictive ordinances designed to protect high housing prices for existing home owners and restrict new construction. Ordinances protecting existing businesses from competition also exist, such as those limiting the types and number of businesses. There is also a requirement that all new residential lots be no smaller than 1 acre, further keeping house prices artificially higher than they otherwise would likely be. The town features numerous parks, open spaces and trails. Interstate 84 was originally planned to cut through the town on its way to Providence, going through Bolton Notch and the Hop River valley. Due to environmental concerns in both Rhode Island and in the Hop River valley, the highway would be cancelled in 1983. The segment that was built beforehand in the northwestern section of town, from CT 85 to US 6/US 44 would be redesignated at Interstate 384. Bolton today is primarily residential with an economy made up mostly of small businesses. It is part of the Greater Hartford metro and contains many suburban homes, especially in its western side. Climate Bolton, like much of Tolland County, straddles the humid continental climate (Dfa) and (Dfb) line. Climate data for Bolton, Connecticut Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 64(18) 69(21) 83(28) 93(34) 92(33) 96(36) 97(36) 96(36) 96(36) 86(30) 78(26) 71(22) 97(36) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 35(2) 38(3) 47(8) 58(14) 69(21) 76(24) 81(27) 80(27) 72(22) 62(17) 51(11) 40(4) 59(15) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 13(−11) 15(−9) 24(−4) 33(1) 43(6) 52(11) 57(14) 56(13) 46(8) 35(2) 29(−2) 20(−7) 35(2) Record low °F (°C) −32(−36) −27(−33) −24(−31) 4(−16) 20(−7) 27(−3) 34(1) 28(−2) 19(−7) 13(−11) −5(−21) −19(−28) −32(−36) Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.38(111) 3.11(79) 4.32(110) 4.54(115) 3.96(101) 4.25(108) 4.08(104) 4.07(103) 4.54(115) 4.56(116) 4.64(118) 4.02(102) 50.47(1,282) Source: The Weather Channel (Historical Monthly Averages) Education Bolton High School is a public school with about two to three hundred students. It underwent major renovations and expansion during 2011, including a new outdoor seating area for the cafeteria, a larger and more technologically advanced library, computer labs and media center, and a new science wing and larger administrative offices. Several other improvements were made including parking, bus lanes and the board of education offices being moved to the location. The school has a student-teacher ratio of about 12:1 and a combined math and reading proficiency level of 92.5%. U.S. News & World Report ranked it #27 in Connecticut and #1030 in the United States, and it earned a Silver Award in 2012. Bolton High is affiliated with the NCCC athletic conference. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 14.7 square miles (38 km2), of which, 14.4 square miles (37 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (1.91%) is water. This includes the Bolton Green Historic District and may include land owned or leased by the State of Connecticut and the U.S. federal government. Bolton doesn't have any unincorporated land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1820731—1850600—186068313.8%1870576−15.7%1880512−11.1%1890452−11.7%19004571.1%1910433−5.3%19204483.5%193050412.5%194072844.4%19501,27975.7%19602,933129.3%19703,69125.8%19803,9517.0%19904,57515.8%20005,0179.7%20104,980−0.7%20204,858−2.4%U.S. Decennial Census See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income As of the census of 2010, there were 4,980 people, 1,915 households, and 1,438 families residing in the town. The town's residents are primarily middle-class, with some working class and upper middle-class families/individuals and small businesses. There are also a few larger commercial entities, notably the Simoniz corporation, specializing in automotive and car wash cleaning supplies. The population density in 2010 was 346 people per square mile (133.5/km2). There were 2,015 housing units in the town, of which 100, or 5.0%, were vacant. 86.7% of the occupied units are owned and 13.3% are rented. The racial makeup of the town was 95.7% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.2% some other race, and 1.5% two or more races. 3.00% of the population identified as Latino or Hispanic of any race (the US Census Bureau does not consider Latino a race). The median age in 2010 was 45.4. 49.4% of the population were male and 50.6% female. For the period 2012–2016, the estimated median household income was $91,087, and the median family income was $118,958. About 3.2% of the population are living below the poverty line. Voter registration and party enrollment as of 29 October 2019 Party Active voters Inactive voters Total voters Percentage Democratic 1,047 68 1,115 29.84% Republican 975 63 1,038 27.78% Unaffiliated 1,408 109 1,517 40.60% Minor Parties 59 7 66 1.76% Total 3,489 247 3,736 100% Presidential Election Results Year Democratic Republican Third Parties 2020 52.5% 1,727 45.1% 1,482 2.4% 79 2016 46.4% 1,385 48.0% 1,436 5.6% 169 2012 49.24% 1,433 49.26% 1,434 1.5% 44 2008 55.7% 1,692 42.6% 1,300 1.7% 54 2004 50.5% 1,542 47.7% 1,459 1.8% 56 2000 49.3% 1,368 45.0% 1,210 5.7% 159 1996 47.6% 1,210 37.9% 964 14.5% 369 1992 36.7% 1,023 34.9% 976 28.4% 792 1988 42.7% 972 55.9% 1,278 1.4% 33 1984 32.8% 699 66.9% 1,430 0.3% 8 1980 33.5% 665 48.5% 964 18.0% 359 1976 42.5% 817 57.0% 1,097 0.5% 10 1972 35.1% 668 64.2% 1,226 0.7% 15 1968 38.8% 630 55.4% 904 5.8% 96 1964 59.5% 859 40.5% 586 0.00% 0 1960 37.3% 524 62.7% 880 0.00% 0 1956 26.0% 311 74.0% 888 0.00% 0 Notable people Aloysius Ahearn, teacher and member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1975–1977, 1979–1981) Ralph Earl, artist and portrait painter; died in Bolton in 1801 Ron Hainsey, NHL alternate captain and defenseman for the Ottawa Senators and Stanley Cup champion Simeon Olcott, US Senator from New Hampshire; born in Bolton in 1735 Julius L. Strong (1828–1872), U.S. Congressman George G. Sumner, politician; Connecticut House of Representative for Bolton; Mayor of Hartford; Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Connecticut; a native of Bolton William Williams, born in Bolton on September 6, 1815 References ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 26, 2021. ^ The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2018. ^ George M. Marsden (July 11, 2004). Jonathan Edwards: A Life. Yale University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-300-10596-4. Retrieved October 17, 2010. ^ Town Resident ^ "Connecticut I-384". www.kurumi.com. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ "From Hartford to Providence". www.kurumi.com. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ "Climate Statistics for Bolton, CT". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014. ^ "Bolton High School in Bolton, CT | US News Best High Schools". Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ a b c d "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2018. ^ "Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 29, 2019" (PDF). Connecticut Secretary of State. Retrieved February 17, 2020. ^ "General Election Statements of Vote, 1922 – Current". CT Secretary of State. Retrieved July 10, 2020. ^ "Election Night Reporting". CT Secretary of State. Retrieved December 16, 2020. ^ "Aloysius J. Ahearn obituary". Hartford Courant. May 5, 2020. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020. External links Connecticut portal Town website Bolton Public Schools Bolton Historical Society vteState of ConnecticutHartford (capital)Topics Index Constitution Delegations Elections Geography Government History Images People Symbols Tourist attractions Society Abortion Climate change Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gun laws LGBT rights Party strength Regions Councils of governments Coastal Connecticut Farmington Valley Gold Coast Greater Bridgeport Greater Danbury Greater Hartford Tri-State area Connecticut panhandle Greater New Haven Housatonic Valley Litchfield Hills Lower Connecticut River Valley Central Naugatuck Valley Naugatuck River Valley Quiet Corner Southeastern Connecticut Planning regions Capitol Greater Bridgeport Lower Connecticut River Valley Naugatuck Valley Northeastern Connecticut Northwest Hills South Central Connecticut Southeastern Connecticut Western Connecticut Counties Fairfield Hartford Litchfield Middlesex New Haven New London Tolland Windham Cities Ansonia Bridgeport Bristol Danbury Derby Groton Hartford Meriden Middletown Milford New Britain New Haven New London Norwalk Norwich Shelton Stamford Torrington Waterbury West Haven All towns Andover Ansonia Ashford Avon Barkhamsted Beacon Falls Berlin Bethany Bethel Bethlehem Bloomfield Bolton Bozrah Branford Bridgeport Bridgewater Bristol Brookfield Brooklyn Burlington Canaan Canterbury Canton Chaplin Cheshire Chester Clinton Colchester Colebrook Columbia Cornwall Coventry Cromwell Danbury Darien Deep River Derby Durham East Granby East Haddam East Hampton East Hartford East Haven East Lyme East Windsor Eastford Easton Ellington Enfield Essex Fairfield Farmington Franklin Glastonbury Goshen Granby Greenwich Griswold Groton Guilford Haddam Hamden Hampton Hartford Hartland Harwinton Hebron Hartford Kent Killingly Killingworth Lebanon Ledyard Lisbon Litchfield Lyme Madison Manchester Mansfield Marlborough Meriden Middlebury Middlefield Middletown Milford Monroe Montville Morris Naugatuck New Britain New Canaan New Fairfield New Hartford New Haven New London New Milford Newington Newtown Norfolk North Branford North Canaan North Haven North Stonington Norwalk Norwich Old Lyme Old Saybrook Orange Oxford Plainfield Plainville Plymouth Pomfret Portland Preston Prospect Putnam Redding Ridgefield Rocky Hill Roxbury Salem Salisbury Scotland Seymour Sharon Shelton Sherman Simsbury Somers South Windsor Southbury Southington Sprague Stafford Stamford Sterling Stonington Stratford Suffield Thomaston Thompson Tolland Torrington Trumbull Union Vernon Voluntown Wallingford Warren Washington Waterbury Waterford Watertown West Hartford West Haven Westbrook Weston Westport Wethersfield Willington Wilton Winchester Windham Windsor Windsor Locks Wolcott Woodbridge Woodbury Woodstock Places Boroughs Villages Historic Places Geography  Connecticut portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Tolland County, Connecticut, United StatesCounty seat: RockvilleTowns Andover Bolton Columbia Coventry Ellington Hebron Mansfield Somers Stafford Tolland Union Vernon Willington CDPs Coventry Lake Crystal Lake Mansfield Center Rockville Somers South Coventry Stafford Springs Storrs Othercommunities Hydeville Stafford Hollow Connecticut portal United States portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut, United StatesCities Hartford New Britain Towns Andover Avon Berlin Bloomfield Bolton Canton Columbia Coventry East Granby East Hartford East Windsor Ellington Enfield Farmington Glastonbury Granby Hebron Manchester Mansfield Marlborough Newington Plainville Rocky Hill Simsbury Somers South Windsor Southington Stafford Suffield Tolland Vernon West Hartford Wethersfield Willington Windsor Windsor Locks Connecticut portal United States portal vteGreater HartfordCounties Hartford Middlesex Tolland New London Cities 100k-250k Hartford Cities and towns 50k-100k Bristol East Hartford Manchester New Britain West Hartford Cities and towns 10k-50k Avon Berlin Bloomfield Canton Clinton Colchester Coventry Cromwell East Hampton East Lyme East Windsor Ellington Enfield Farmington Glastonbury Granby Griswold Groton Ledyard Mansfield Middletown Montville New London Newington Norwich Old Saybrook Plainville Rocky Hill Simsbury Somers South Windsor Southington Stafford Stonington Suffield Tolland Vernon Waterford Wethersfield Windsor Windsor Locks Towns ≤10k Andover Bolton Bozrah Burlington Chester Columbia Deep River Durham East Granby East Haddam Essex Franklin Haddam Hartland Hebron Killingworth Lebanon Lisbon Lyme Marlborough Middlefield North Stonington Old Lyme Portland Preston Salem Union Voluntown Westbrook Willington Related articles Hartford-Springfield metropolitan area Northeast megalopolis Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈboʊltən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"BOHL-tən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Planning_Region,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-2"},{"link_name":"town meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_meeting"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Town in Connecticut, United StatesBolton (/ˈboʊltən/ BOHL-tən) is a small suburban town in the Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut, United States. The population was 4,858 as of the 2020 census.[2] Bolton was incorporated in October 1720 and is governed by town meeting, with a first selectman and board of selectman as well as other boards serving specific functions. Bolton was named after a town of the same name in England, also located near Manchester.[3]","title":"Bolton, Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_route_of_Rochambeaus_army.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marsden2004-4"},{"link_name":"Gershom Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershom_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"Hartford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Comte de Rochambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Rochambeau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Interstate 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Connecticut#1970s_route_east_of_Hartford"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Hop River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop_River"},{"link_name":"CT 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_85"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6"},{"link_name":"US 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_44"},{"link_name":"Interstate 384","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_384"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Greater Hartford metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hartford"}],"text":"Encampment site with Rose's Farm in backgroundOriginally part of the town of Hartford, the area was referred to as Hartford Mountains or Hanover, until incorporation in October 1720. On 11 November 1723, Jonathan Edwards was installed as the pastor of Bolton.[4]Bolton was known for its high quality schist stone in the 18th century, and many tombstone carvers such as Gershom Bartlett and Jonathan Loomis sourced their stone from Bolton quarries.Bolton was removed from Hartford County when Tolland County was originally formed on 13 October 1785. The northern half of Bolton was set aside in 1808 to form the town of Vernon. Quarries played a significant role in the area's developing economy, and Bolton Notch became the location of the small community of Quarryville. Prior to the railroad, granite was taken by oxcart to the Connecticut River where it was then shipped to major cities on the East Coast.The Bolton historical society has been actively purchasing sites throughout the town in their effort to preserve the town's history and rural character. The most recent of these purchases was Rose's Farm, a several hundred-acre site where the Comte de Rochambeau camped with his troops.Bolton has several restrictive ordinances designed to protect high housing prices for existing home owners and restrict new construction. Ordinances protecting existing businesses from competition also exist, such as those limiting the types and number of businesses. There is also a requirement that all new residential lots be no smaller than 1 acre, further keeping house prices artificially higher than they otherwise would likely be. The town features numerous parks, open spaces and trails.[5]Interstate 84 was originally planned to cut through the town on its way to Providence, going through Bolton Notch and the Hop River valley. Due to environmental concerns in both Rhode Island and in the Hop River valley, the highway would be cancelled in 1983. The segment that was built beforehand in the northwestern section of town, from CT 85 to US 6/US 44 would be redesignated at Interstate 384.[6][7]Bolton today is primarily residential with an economy made up mostly of small businesses. It is part of the Greater Hartford metro and contains many suburban homes, especially in its western side.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolland_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Bolton, like much of Tolland County, straddles the humid continental climate (Dfa) and (Dfb) line.Climate data for Bolton, Connecticut\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n64(18)\n\n69(21)\n\n83(28)\n\n93(34)\n\n92(33)\n\n96(36)\n\n97(36)\n\n96(36)\n\n96(36)\n\n86(30)\n\n78(26)\n\n71(22)\n\n97(36)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n35(2)\n\n38(3)\n\n47(8)\n\n58(14)\n\n69(21)\n\n76(24)\n\n81(27)\n\n80(27)\n\n72(22)\n\n62(17)\n\n51(11)\n\n40(4)\n\n59(15)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n13(−11)\n\n15(−9)\n\n24(−4)\n\n33(1)\n\n43(6)\n\n52(11)\n\n57(14)\n\n56(13)\n\n46(8)\n\n35(2)\n\n29(−2)\n\n20(−7)\n\n35(2)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−32(−36)\n\n−27(−33)\n\n−24(−31)\n\n4(−16)\n\n20(−7)\n\n27(−3)\n\n34(1)\n\n28(−2)\n\n19(−7)\n\n13(−11)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n−32(−36)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n4.38(111)\n\n3.11(79)\n\n4.32(110)\n\n4.54(115)\n\n3.96(101)\n\n4.25(108)\n\n4.08(104)\n\n4.07(103)\n\n4.54(115)\n\n4.56(116)\n\n4.64(118)\n\n4.02(102)\n\n50.47(1,282)\n\n\nSource: The Weather Channel (Historical Monthly Averages)[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_High_School_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Bolton High School is a public school with about two to three hundred students. It underwent major renovations and expansion during 2011, including a new outdoor seating area for the cafeteria, a larger and more technologically advanced library, computer labs and media center, and a new science wing and larger administrative offices. Several other improvements were made including parking, bus lanes and the board of education offices being moved to the location.The school has a student-teacher ratio of about 12:1 and a combined math and reading proficiency level of 92.5%.[9] U.S. News & World Report ranked it #27 in Connecticut and #1030 in the United States, and it earned a Silver Award in 2012.[10]Bolton High is affiliated with the NCCC athletic conference.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Bolton Green Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Green_Historic_District"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 14.7 square miles (38 km2), of which, 14.4 square miles (37 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (1.91%) is water. This includes the Bolton Green Historic District and may include land owned or leased by the State of Connecticut and the U.S. federal government. Bolton doesn't have any unincorporated land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Connecticut locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Connecticut_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-12"},{"link_name":"Simoniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simoniz"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-12"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-12"},{"link_name":"median age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_age"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-12"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita incomeAs of the census of 2010, there were 4,980 people, 1,915 households, and 1,438 families residing in the town.[12] The town's residents are primarily middle-class, with some working class and upper middle-class families/individuals and small businesses. There are also a few larger commercial entities, notably the Simoniz corporation, specializing in automotive and car wash cleaning supplies.The population density in 2010 was 346 people per square mile (133.5/km2). There were 2,015 housing units in the town, of which 100, or 5.0%, were vacant. 86.7% of the occupied units are owned and 13.3% are rented.[12]The racial makeup of the town was 95.7% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.2% some other race, and 1.5% two or more races. 3.00% of the population identified as Latino or Hispanic of any race (the US Census Bureau does not consider Latino a race).[12]The median age in 2010 was 45.4. 49.4% of the population were male and 50.6% female.[12]For the period 2012–2016, the estimated median household income was $91,087, and the median family income was $118,958. About 3.2% of the population are living below the poverty line.[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aloysius Ahearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Ahearn"},{"link_name":"Connecticut House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-17"},{"link_name":"Ralph Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Earl"},{"link_name":"Ron Hainsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hainsey"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Simeon Olcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Olcott"},{"link_name":"US Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senator"},{"link_name":"Julius L. Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_L._Strong"},{"link_name":"George G. Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Sumner"},{"link_name":"William Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Williams_(New_York)"}],"text":"Aloysius Ahearn, teacher and member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (1975–1977, 1979–1981)[17]\nRalph Earl, artist and portrait painter; died in Bolton in 1801\nRon Hainsey, NHL alternate captain and defenseman for the Ottawa Senators and Stanley Cup champion\nSimeon Olcott, US Senator from New Hampshire; born in Bolton in 1735\nJulius L. Strong (1828–1872), U.S. Congressman\nGeorge G. Sumner, politician; Connecticut House of Representative for Bolton; Mayor of Hartford; Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Connecticut; a native of Bolton\nWilliam Williams, born in Bolton on September 6, 1815","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Encampment site with Rose's Farm in background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/March_route_of_Rochambeaus_army.jpg/220px-March_route_of_Rochambeaus_army.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Tolland_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Tolland_County.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Capitol_Planning_Region.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_Capitol_Planning_Region.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213155021/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US0901306260","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US0901306260","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US0901306260","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 331. Archived from the original on April 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA331","url_text":"The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180427213546/https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA331","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"George M. Marsden (July 11, 2004). Jonathan Edwards: A Life. Yale University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-300-10596-4. Retrieved October 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SeGd_Ry34_MC","url_text":"Jonathan Edwards: A Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10596-4","url_text":"978-0-300-10596-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Connecticut I-384\". www.kurumi.com. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurumi.com/roads/ct/i384.html","url_text":"\"Connecticut I-384\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Hartford to Providence\". www.kurumi.com. Retrieved February 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurumi.com/roads/ct/harttoprov.html","url_text":"\"From Hartford to Providence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Statistics for Bolton, CT\". Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/06043","url_text":"\"Climate Statistics for Bolton, CT\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040418/http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/06043","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolton High School in Bolton, CT | US News Best High Schools\". Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/connecticut/districts/bolton-school-district/bolton-high-school-4416","url_text":"\"Bolton High School in Bolton, CT | US News Best High Schools\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330044003/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/connecticut/districts/bolton-school-district/bolton-high-school-4416","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130831085636/http://boltonpublicschools.com/bhs/site/files/usnew2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.boltonpublicschools.com/bhs/site/files/usnew2012.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213234851/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/0600000US0901306260","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/0600000US0901306260","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213155932/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP03/0600000US0901306260","url_text":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Bolton town, Tolland County, Connecticut\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/16_5YR/DP03/0600000US0901306260","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 29, 2019\" (PDF). Connecticut Secretary of State. Retrieved February 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/SOTS/ElectionServices/Registration_and_Enrollment_Stats/Nov19RE.pdf?la=en","url_text":"\"Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 29, 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Election Statements of Vote, 1922 – Current\". CT Secretary of State. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://authoring.ct.gov//SOTS/Election-Services/Statement-Of-Vote-PDFs/General-Elections-Statement-of-Vote-1922","url_text":"\"General Election Statements of Vote, 1922 – Current\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Night Reporting\". CT Secretary of State. Retrieved December 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ctemspublic.pcctg.net/#/selectTown","url_text":"\"Election Night Reporting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aloysius J. Ahearn obituary\". Hartford Courant. May 5, 2020. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/hartfordcourant/obituary.aspx?pid=196137906","url_text":"\"Aloysius J. Ahearn obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200525110738/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/hartfordcourant/obituary.aspx?pid=196137906","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Gda%C5%84ski_water_supply_station,_Bydgoszcz
Las Gdański water supply station, Bydgoszcz
["1 Location","2 History","3 Architecture","4 Las Gdanski water intake","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links","9 Bibliography"]
Coordinates: 53°8′54″N 18°1′38″E / 53.14833°N 18.02722°E / 53.14833; 18.02722Water pumping station in Poland, PolandWater Supply Station "Las Gdański"Polish: Stacja wodociągów Las Gdański w BydgoszczyView from Gdanska streetGeneral informationTypeWater pumping stationArchitectural styleNeo-GothicClassificationNr.601332-Reg.A/812/1-5, 4 November 1992Location242 Gdańska street, Bydgoszcz, PolandCountryPolandCoordinates53°8′54″N 18°1′38″E / 53.14833°N 18.02722°E / 53.14833; 18.02722Completed1900OwnerCity of BydgoszczDesign and constructionArchitect(s)F. Marschall The building stands on the southern edge of the Gdansk Forest area of Bydgoszcz. It is a municipal building pumping underground water since 1900s. The ensemble is registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List. Location The station is located on the eastern side of Gdanska Street, in the district of the Forest of Gdansk (Polish: Las Gdański). History At the end of the 19th century (1881), Bromberg authorities commissioned the construction of a municipal water supply and sewage system in the city. The goal was to collect groundwater dating from Quaternary period. First projects by engineer Theodor Wulf approved in 1890 comprised a complex of buildings that included in water supply systems. The high cost of this investment, covered by government's credits, led to several years of delay. It is only in 1899 that another project, submitted by architect Marshall, had been approved. The construction started the same year, the work being completed the following year (1900), under the supervision of architect Carl Meyer. The scheme comprised pumping stations, an administrative building and business facilities. In 1937, after the construction of a new pumping station, the former building ceased operating. Until 2000, it was partly used as a pressure filter station and storage hall before being left deserted. Between 2002 and 2010, the facility have been restored using EU funds. Since 2010, the buildings host cultural events and happenings like concerts. Since December 30, 2012, the complex has been hosting the Waterworks Museum, first of its kind in Poland. The Pumping Hall is one of the main attractions in Bydgoszcz environmental education. The second element is the Water Tower of Bydgoszcz, located in Szwederowo district. Architecture The urban water supply station complex includes: a pumping station; a residential house; a collective well. The architectural style is eclecticism. Buildings have brick façades, with varied plastered panels. The most interesting architecture is displayed in the former pumping station with stained glass windows decorated using plant and animal motifs. Wood openwork carving decorations are present and placed in three triangular gables. The interior is adorned with coffered wooden ceiling, supported by a row of columns, extended by profile heads and stained with herons and swans motifs. The majority of the technical equipment has been disassembled for the purposes of an exhibition in 2002, leaving only a small crane made in Mannheim in 1933. The well building is low elevated, crowned with an octagonal lantern and a spire. In the vicinity is a one level administration building, with modest Neo-Gothic features, crowned with a circular tower in its north corner. The building and its architectural environment has been put on the Pomeranian heritage list (Nr.601332-Reg.A/812/1-5) on 4 November 1992. Las Gdanski water intake Original Water intake (Las Gdanski) was launched in 1900 to water the then 40 000 inhabitants of Bromberg. It remained the main city supply for drinking water until 1962, when a new one was built at Czyżkówko, pumping Brda water. Until 1920, 34 wells have been drilled to draw Quaternary period stored water from the ground. The peak of water consumption has been 6000 m3 per day. In the 1930s, the intake field was expanded and in 1940, the pumping station included in 20 additional wells. New wells were put into operation in 1966: they could reach Tertiary and Cretaceous periods levels (approx. 200 m deep). Lower Cretaceous aquifer has been exploited intensively since 1975. Supply network has been modernized in the 1990s and in 2000-2009, within the responsibility of the Bydgoszcz Water Supply Development Program and Plumbing Services. Since 2008, 13 new wells draw water from Cretaceous level (down to 360 m deep) and 6 wells from Quaternary aquifers (down to 80 m deep). Actual production capacity is 1825 m3/h with a water consumption at an average of 24000 m3/day, which meets 50% of Bydgoszcz demand for drinking water. Water drawn from Cretaceous wells represents about 80% of the production. At Las Gdanski water station, free public dredging points are available, one with treated water, the second with raw water pumped directly through a well chalk. Gallery Pumping Station Pumping Station Administrative Building Collective well Public dredging points See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water Supply Station "Las Gdański". Bydgoszcz Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz The old water tower of Bydgoszcz (in Polish) Waterworks Museum of Bydgoszcz (in Polish) Downtown district in Bydgoszcz References ^ a b zabytek-kujawsko-pomorskie-28.02.2014 ^ a b Koronowskie Stowarzyszenie Rozwoju Turystyki „Szczęśliwa Dolina” (30 September 2013). Raport z inwentaryzacji i waloryzacji dziedzictwa przemysłowego Bydgoszczy na cele szlaku kulturowego. Bydgoszcz: SHIFT-X project. p. 43. ^ a b c d Jastrzębski, Włodzimierz (2011). Encyklopedia Bydgoszczy. t.1. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-83-926423-3-6. ^ Czajkowski, Edmund (1983). 460 lat bydgoskich wodociągów. Bydgoszcz: Kalendarz Bydgoski. p. 149. ^ ml (30 June 2014). "16 obiektów na nowym turystycznym szlaku Bydgoszczy. Muzeum Wodociągów". bydgoszcz.gazeta.pl. bydgoszcz.gazeta. Retrieved 1 April 2017. ^ "Muzeum Wodociągów w Bydgoszczy". muzeum.mwik.bydgoszcz.pl. Muzeum historii wodociągów i kanalizacji w Polsce. 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2017. ^ 100 lat Wodociągów Bydgoskich. Bydgoszcz: MWiK. 2000. External links (in Polish) Waterworks Museum in Bydgoszcz Bibliography (in Polish) Bręczewska-Kulesza Daria, Derkowska-Kostkowska Bogna, Wysocka A. (2003). Ulica Gdańska. Przewodnik historyczny. Bydgoszcz: Wojewódzki Ośrodek Kultury w Bydgoszczy. ISBN 8386970103. (in Polish) Parucka, Krystyna (2008). Zabytki Bydgoszczy – minikatalog. Bydgoszcz: "Tifen" Krystyna Parucka. ISBN 9788392719106. (in Polish) Czajkowski, Edmund (1983). 460 lat bydgoskich wodociągów. Kalendarz Bydgoski. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy. pp. 149–156. vteNotable buildings in Bydgoszcz and surroundingsAcademic buildings Bydgoszcz Music Academy - "Feliks Nowowiejski" High School No. 1 High School No. 6 Institutes of Agriculture L. Braille Special Educational Centre for Blind Children Music Schools Group Copernicanum Main building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy Mechanical School No. 1 Museums and art venues Pomeranian Philharmonic Opera Nova Polish Theatre District Museum Building Pomeranian Arts House BWA - Municipal Art Gallery of Bydgoszcz Municipal Theatre Institutional edifices Rescue and Fire Unit No. 1 Main Post Office National Bank of Poland Building Gasworks building Prevention Police Building Voivodeship and Municipal Public Library War College Building Las Gdański water supply station Other buildings Hotel Bohema Drukarnia shopping mall Hotel Pod Orlem Jedynak Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko Lubostroń Palace Sanatorium in Smukała
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Since 2008, 13 new wells draw water from Cretaceous level (down to 360 m deep) and 6 wells from Quaternary aquifers (down to 80 m deep).\nActual production capacity is 1825 m3/h with a water consumption at an average of 24000 m3/day, which meets 50% of Bydgoszcz demand for drinking water. Water drawn from Cretaceous wells represents about 80% of the production.[3]At Las Gdanski water station, free public dredging points are available, one with treated water, the second with raw water pumped directly through a well chalk.[3]","title":"Las Gdanski water intake"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bydg_Wodoci%C4%85gi_1900_Przepompownia_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stacja_wodociagow-Las_Gdanski_2163.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bydg_Wodoci%C4%85gi_1900_Budynek_administracyjny.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bydg_Wodoci%C4%85gi_1900_Studnia_zbiorcza.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bydg_Wodoci%C4%85gi_1900_%C5%B9r%C3%B3d%C5%82o.jpg"}],"text":"Pumping Station\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPumping Station\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdministrative Building\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollective well\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPublic dredging points","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8386970103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8386970103"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788392719106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788392719106"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bydgoszcz_notable_buildings"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Bydgoszcz_notable_buildings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bydgoszcz_notable_buildings"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz Music Academy - \"Feliks Nowowiejski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Music_Academy_-_%22Feliks_Nowowiejski%22"},{"link_name":"High School No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_No._1,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"High School No. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_No._6,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Institutes of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutes_of_Agriculture,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"L. Braille Special Educational Centre for Blind Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Braille_Special_Educational_Centre_for_Blind_Children,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Music Schools Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Schools_Group,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Copernicanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicanum"},{"link_name":"Main building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_building_of_Bydgoszcz_Music_Academy"},{"link_name":"Mechanical School No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_School_No._1,_Bydgoszcz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Bydgoszcz_COA.svg"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Opera Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Nova_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Polish Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Theatre,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"District Museum Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Museum_Building,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Arts House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Arts_House"},{"link_name":"BWA - Municipal Art Gallery of Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWA_-_Municipal_Art_Gallery_of_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Municipal Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Theatre,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Rescue and Fire Unit No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_and_Fire_Unit_No._1,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Main Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Post_Office,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Poland Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland_Building,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Gasworks building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasworks_building,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Prevention Police Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_Police_Building,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Voivodeship and Municipal Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeship_and_Municipal_Public_Library,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"War College Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_College_Building,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Las Gdański water supply station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hotel Bohema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Bohema"},{"link_name":"Drukarnia shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drukarnia_shopping_mall,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Hotel Pod Orlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Pod_Orlem,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Jedynak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedynak"},{"link_name":"Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Eastern_Railway_Headquarters,_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Palaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaces_and_park_ensemble_in_Ostromecko"},{"link_name":"Lubostroń Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubostro%C5%84_Palace"},{"link_name":"Sanatorium in Smukała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium_in_Smuka%C5%82a"}],"text":"(in Polish) Bręczewska-Kulesza Daria, Derkowska-Kostkowska Bogna, Wysocka A. (2003). Ulica Gdańska. Przewodnik historyczny. Bydgoszcz: Wojewódzki Ośrodek Kultury w Bydgoszczy. ISBN 8386970103.\n(in Polish) Parucka, Krystyna (2008). Zabytki Bydgoszczy – minikatalog. Bydgoszcz: \"Tifen\" Krystyna Parucka. ISBN 9788392719106.\n(in Polish) Czajkowski, Edmund (1983). 460 lat bydgoskich wodociągów. Kalendarz Bydgoski. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy. pp. 149–156.vteNotable buildings in Bydgoszcz and surroundingsAcademic buildings\nBydgoszcz Music Academy - \"Feliks Nowowiejski\"\nHigh School No. 1\nHigh School No. 6\nInstitutes of Agriculture\nL. Braille Special Educational Centre for Blind Children\nMusic Schools Group\nCopernicanum\nMain building of Bydgoszcz Music Academy\nMechanical School No. 1\nMuseums and art venues\nPomeranian Philharmonic\nOpera Nova\nPolish Theatre\nDistrict Museum Building\nPomeranian Arts House\nBWA - Municipal Art Gallery of Bydgoszcz\nMunicipal Theatre\nInstitutional edifices\nRescue and Fire Unit No. 1\nMain Post Office\nNational Bank of Poland Building\nGasworks building\nPrevention Police Building\nVoivodeship and Municipal Public Library\nWar College Building\nLas Gdański water supply station\nOther buildings\nHotel Bohema\nDrukarnia shopping mall\nHotel Pod Orlem\nJedynak\nPrussian Eastern Railway Headquarters\nPalaces and park ensemble in Ostromecko\nLubostroń Palace\nSanatorium in Smukała","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Water Supply Station \"Las Gdański\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gda%C5%84ska_242_Wodoci%C4%85gi"},{"title":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"title":"Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84ska_Street,_Bydgoszcz"},{"title":"The old water tower of Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_old_water_tower_of_Bydgoszcz"},{"title":"Waterworks Museum of Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Wodoci%C4%85g%C3%B3w_w_Bydgoszczy"},{"title":"Downtown district in Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie_(Bydgoszcz)"}]
[{"reference":"Koronowskie Stowarzyszenie Rozwoju Turystyki „Szczęśliwa Dolina” (30 September 2013). Raport z inwentaryzacji i waloryzacji dziedzictwa przemysłowego Bydgoszczy na cele szlaku kulturowego. Bydgoszcz: SHIFT-X project. p. 43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jastrzębski, Włodzimierz (2011). Encyklopedia Bydgoszczy. t.1. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy. pp. 334–335. ISBN 978-83-926423-3-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-926423-3-6","url_text":"978-83-926423-3-6"}]},{"reference":"Czajkowski, Edmund (1983). 460 lat bydgoskich wodociągów. Bydgoszcz: Kalendarz Bydgoski. p. 149.","urls":[]},{"reference":"ml (30 June 2014). \"16 obiektów na nowym turystycznym szlaku Bydgoszczy. Muzeum Wodociągów\". bydgoszcz.gazeta.pl. bydgoszcz.gazeta. Retrieved 1 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bydgoszcz.gazeta.pl/bydgoszcz/56,35590,16244919,Muzeum_Wodociagow,,6.html","url_text":"\"16 obiektów na nowym turystycznym szlaku Bydgoszczy. Muzeum Wodociągów\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muzeum Wodociągów w Bydgoszczy\". muzeum.mwik.bydgoszcz.pl. Muzeum historii wodociągów i kanalizacji w Polsce. 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://muzeum.mwik.bydgoszcz.pl/","url_text":"\"Muzeum Wodociągów w Bydgoszczy\""}]},{"reference":"100 lat Wodociągów Bydgoskich. Bydgoszcz: MWiK. 2000.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bręczewska-Kulesza Daria, Derkowska-Kostkowska Bogna, Wysocka A. (2003). Ulica Gdańska. Przewodnik historyczny. Bydgoszcz: Wojewódzki Ośrodek Kultury w Bydgoszczy. ISBN 8386970103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8386970103","url_text":"8386970103"}]},{"reference":"Parucka, Krystyna (2008). Zabytki Bydgoszczy – minikatalog. Bydgoszcz: \"Tifen\" Krystyna Parucka. ISBN 9788392719106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788392719106","url_text":"9788392719106"}]},{"reference":"Czajkowski, Edmund (1983). 460 lat bydgoskich wodociągów. Kalendarz Bydgoski. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy. pp. 149–156.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Springs,_Clark_County,_Nevada
Cactus Springs, Clark County, Nevada
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°34′37″N 115°43′34″W / 36.57694°N 115.72611°W / 36.57694; -115.72611 Unincorporated community in the state of Nevada, United States This article is about the town in Clark County. For the town in Nye County, see Cactus Springs, Nye County, Nevada. Unincorporated community in Nevada, United StatesCactus SpringsUnincorporated communityCactus SpringsLocation within the state of NevadaCoordinates: 36°34′37″N 115°43′34″W / 36.57694°N 115.72611°W / 36.57694; -115.72611CountryUnited StatesStateNevadaCountyClarkFounded1993; 31 years ago (1993)Named forCactus and SpringTime zoneUTC-8 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)Area code(s)702 and 725 Cactus Springs is an unincorporated community in Clark County, Nevada located on U.S. Route 95, about 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Las Vegas in the Mojave Desert. It is near Indian Springs and the Nevada Test Site. Cactus Springs is also the site of The Temple of Goddess Spirituality Dedicated to Sekhmet, the Egyptian goddess, built in 1993, "founded on the principles of Peace, Goddess Spirituality & the gift economy" by Genevieve Vaughan. The annual interfaith Sacred Peace Walk, conducted and organized by the Nevada Desert Experience, is supported, in part, by the temple on the Peace Walk's way to the Nevada Test Site's southern gate. References ^ "Goddess Temples around the World". Glastonbury Goddess Temple. Retrieved 2009-12-12. ^ "Herstory of Sekhmet Temple in Nevada". Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved Nov 15, 2011. ^ "Nevada Desert Experience: Sacred Peace Walk". nevadadesertexperience.org. Retrieved 18 September 2017. External links Cactus Springs Community Profile Cactus Springs Birding The Temple of Goddess Spirituality Dedicated to Sekhmet Archived 2013-09-27 at the Wayback Machine vteMunicipalities and communities of Clark County, Nevada, United StatesCounty seat: Las VegasCities Boulder City Henderson Las Vegas Mesquite‡ North Las Vegas Clark County mapCDPs Blue Diamond Bunkerville Cal-Nev-Ari Enterprise Goodsprings Indian Springs Laughlin Moapa Moapa Valley Mount Charleston Nellis AFB Nelson Paradise Sandy Valley Searchlight Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Unincorporatedcommunities Arden Cactus Springs Centennial Hills Cold Creek Corn Creek Cottonwood Cove Glendale Jean Las Vegas Chinatown Lone Mountain Logandale Lower Kyle Canyon Mountain Springs Overton Palm Gardens Primm Riverside Sloan Summerlin Stewarts Point Trout Canyon Ghost towns Bard Bonelli's Ferry Borax Buster Falls Byron Callville Colorado City Crystal Dike Dry Lake El Dorado City Erie Gold Butte Louisville Lovell Lucky Jim Camp Nelson's Landing Owens Potosi Quartette Rioville Roach Saint Joseph Solar St. Thomas San Juan Simonsville Stone's Ferry Valley Wann Indian reservations Fort Mojave Indian Reservation‡ Las Vegas Indian Colony Moapa River Indian Reservation Proposed communities Coyote Springs‡ Blue Diamond Hill housing proposals Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Nevada portal United States portal This Clark County, Nevada state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cactus Springs, Nye County, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Springs,_Nye_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_towns_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Clark County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"Indian Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Springs,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Nevada Test Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Genevieve Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nevada Desert Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in the state of Nevada, United StatesThis article is about the town in Clark County. For the town in Nye County, see Cactus Springs, Nye County, Nevada.Unincorporated community in Nevada, United StatesCactus Springs is an unincorporated community in Clark County, Nevada located on U.S. Route 95, about 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Las Vegas in the Mojave Desert. It is near Indian Springs and the Nevada Test Site. Cactus Springs is also the site of The Temple of Goddess Spirituality Dedicated to Sekhmet,[1] the Egyptian goddess, built in 1993, \"founded on the principles of Peace, Goddess Spirituality & the gift economy\" by Genevieve Vaughan.[2] The annual interfaith Sacred Peace Walk, conducted and organized by the Nevada Desert Experience, is supported, in part, by the temple on the Peace Walk's way to the Nevada Test Site's southern gate.[3]","title":"Cactus Springs, Clark County, Nevada"}]
[{"image_text":"Clark County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_Nevada_highlighting_Clark_County.svg/51px-Map_of_Nevada_highlighting_Clark_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Goddess Temples around the World\". Glastonbury Goddess Temple. Retrieved 2009-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goddesstemple.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=34","url_text":"\"Goddess Temples around the World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herstory of Sekhmet Temple in Nevada\". Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved Nov 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130312204525/http://www.sekhmettemple.com/temple-of-goddess-spirituality/goddess-temple-herstory/84-2/#","url_text":"\"Herstory of Sekhmet Temple in Nevada\""},{"url":"http://www.sekhmettemple.com/temple-of-goddess-spirituality/goddess-temple-herstory/84-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nevada Desert Experience: Sacred Peace Walk\". nevadadesertexperience.org. Retrieved 18 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nevadadesertexperience.org/programs/peacewalk.htm","url_text":"\"Nevada Desert Experience: Sacred Peace Walk\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_County,_Montana
Fergus County, Montana
["1 Geography","1.1 Adjacent counties","1.2 Major highways","1.3 National protected areas","1.4 Military Installations","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2010 census","3 Politics","4 Communities","4.1 City","4.2 Towns","4.3 Unincorporated communities","5 Former communities","6 Census-designated places","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References"]
Coordinates: 47°16′N 109°13′W / 47.26°N 109.22°W / 47.26; -109.22County in Montana, United States County in MontanaFergus CountyCountyFergus County Courthouse in LewistownLocation within the U.S. state of MontanaMontana's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 47°16′N 109°13′W / 47.26°N 109.22°W / 47.26; -109.22Country United StatesState MontanaFounded1885Named forJames FergusSeatLewistownLargest cityLewistownArea • Total4,350 sq mi (11,300 km2) • Land4,340 sq mi (11,200 km2) • Water11 sq mi (30 km2)  0.2%Population (2020) • Total11,446 • Estimate (2022)11,663  • Density2.6/sq mi (1.0/km2)Time zoneUTC−7 (Mountain) • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)Congressional district2ndWebsitewww.co.fergus.mt.us Montana county number 08 Fergus County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,446. Its county seat is Lewistown. The county was founded in 1885 and named for James Fergus, a Montana politician who was instrumental in creating the county. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 4,350 square miles (11,300 km2), of which 4,340 square miles (11,200 km2) is land and 11 square miles (28 km2) (0.2%) is water. Adjacent counties Chouteau County – northwest Blaine County – north Phillips County – northeast Petroleum County – east Musselshell County – southeast Golden Valley County – south Wheatland County – southwest Judith Basin County – west Major highways U.S. Highway 87 U.S. Highway 191 Montana Highway 3 Montana Highway 80 Montana Highway 81 Montana Highway 200 National protected areas Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (part) Lewis and Clark National Forest (part) Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument (part) Military Installations LGM-30 Minuteman silos D-01 thru D-11 of the 10th Missile Squadron, 341st Missile Wing, 20th Air Force, assigned to Malmstrom AFB, Montana Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18903,514—19006,93797.4%191017,385150.6%192028,34463.0%193016,531−41.7%194014,040−15.1%195014,015−0.2%196014,0180.0%197012,611−10.0%198013,0763.7%199012,083−7.6%200011,893−1.6%201011,586−2.6%202011,446−1.2%2022 (est.)11,6631.9%U.S. Decennial Census1790–1960 1900–19901990–2000 2010–2020 2020 census As of the census, of 2020, there were 11,446 people living in the county. 2010 census As of the 2010 census, there were 11,586 people, 5,099 households, and 3,202 families living in the county. The population density was 2.7 inhabitants per square mile (1.0/km2). There were 5,836 housing units at an average density of 1.3 per square mile (0.50/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.6% white, 1.2% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 30.8% were German, 15.9% were English, 14.7% were Norwegian, 12.8% were Irish, and 4.2% were American. Of the 5,099 households, 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.2% were non-families, and 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.75. The median age was 47.8 years. The median income for a household in the county was $37,607 and the median income for a family was $48,623. Males had a median income of $35,110 versus $21,225 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,295. About 12.5% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.2% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over. Politics United States presidential election results for Fergus County, Montana Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 4,869 74.83% 1,496 22.99% 142 2.18% 2016 4,269 73.10% 1,202 20.58% 369 6.32% 2012 4,257 70.12% 1,640 27.01% 174 2.87% 2008 4,108 65.92% 1,933 31.02% 191 3.06% 2004 4,425 72.22% 1,582 25.82% 120 1.96% 2000 4,353 72.62% 1,352 22.56% 289 4.82% 1996 3,671 59.27% 1,866 30.13% 657 10.61% 1992 2,736 42.16% 1,615 24.88% 2,139 32.96% 1988 3,948 64.55% 2,052 33.55% 116 1.90% 1984 4,585 70.99% 1,804 27.93% 70 1.08% 1980 4,455 65.02% 1,840 26.85% 557 8.13% 1976 3,556 57.73% 2,470 40.10% 134 2.18% 1972 4,082 67.48% 1,652 27.31% 315 5.21% 1968 3,367 55.59% 2,070 34.18% 620 10.24% 1964 2,980 47.35% 3,300 52.44% 13 0.21% 1960 3,294 52.24% 2,999 47.56% 13 0.21% 1956 3,771 57.77% 2,757 42.23% 0 0.00% 1952 4,402 65.79% 2,271 33.94% 18 0.27% 1948 2,411 42.66% 3,059 54.12% 182 3.22% 1944 2,229 41.11% 3,164 58.35% 29 0.53% 1940 2,706 40.88% 3,873 58.51% 40 0.60% 1936 1,821 27.00% 4,675 69.31% 249 3.69% 1932 2,400 33.63% 4,470 62.64% 266 3.73% 1928 4,109 60.09% 2,667 39.00% 62 0.91% 1924 2,942 38.50% 1,580 20.68% 3,120 40.83% 1920 5,858 60.22% 3,371 34.66% 498 5.12% 1916 3,290 34.91% 5,749 61.00% 385 4.09% 1912 745 20.34% 1,393 38.03% 1,525 41.63% 1908 1,529 52.43% 1,112 38.13% 275 9.43% 1904 1,599 63.23% 780 30.84% 150 5.93% Communities City Lewistown (county seat) Towns Denton Grass Range Moore Winifred Unincorporated communities Amherst Buffalo Christina Eddies Corner Forest Grove Garneill Giltedge Hanover Heath Hoosac Maiden Moore Piper Roy Straw Valentine Ware Former communities Moulton Census-designated places Ayers Ranch Colony Brooks Coffee Creek Danvers Deerfield Colony Fords Creek Colony Hilger King Ranch Colony Lewistown Heights Roy Spring Creek Colony Warm Spring Creek Notable people Roy E. Ayers, member of the United States House of Representatives and 11th Governor of Montana; served as the attorney of the county from 1905 to 1909. Carl W. Riddick, House of Representatives from the Second District of Montana, served as County Assessor of Fergus County. See also List of lakes in Fergus County, Montana List of mountains in Fergus County, Montana National Register of Historic Places listings in Fergus County, Montana References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fergus County, Montana. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2023. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Fergus County - Home". www.co.fergus.mt.us. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 125. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2023. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ The leading "other" candidate, Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, received 1,104 votes, while Socialist candidate Eugene Debs received 421 votes. ^ Eddies Corner, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Giltedge, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Hanover, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Maiden, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Moore, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Piper, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Roy, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Straw, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Valentine, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ Ware, Fergus County MT Google Maps (accessed January 1, 2019) ^ "Montana Governor Roy Elmer Ayers". National Governors Association. Retrieved October 14, 2012. ^ "RIDDICK, Carl Wood, (1872–1960)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 14, 2012. Places adjacent to Fergus County, Montana Chouteau County Blaine County Phillips County Judith Basin County Fergus County, Montana Petroleum County Wheatland County Golden Valley County Musselshell County vteMunicipalities and communities of Fergus County, Montana, United StatesCounty seat: LewistownCity Lewistown Fergus County mapTowns Denton Grass Range Moore Winifred CDPs Ayers Ranch Colony Brooks Coffee Creek Danvers Deerfield Colony Fords Creek Colony Hilger King Ranch Colony Lewistown Heights Roy Spring Creek Colony Warm Spring Creek Othercommunities Amherst Buffalo Christina Forest Grove Garneill Heath Hoosac Ghost town Armells Indian reservation Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Montana portal United States portal vteState of MontanaHelena (capital)Topics Index Climate change Congressional delegations Geography Government Governors History bibliography People Protected areas Sports State symbols The Last Best Place Transportation Tourist attractions Society Cannabis Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Politics LGBT rights Regions Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana Western Montana Yellowstone Largest cities Anaconda Belgrade Billings Bozeman Butte Columbia Falls Dillon Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Livingston Miles City Missoula Polson Sidney Whitefish Counties Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis and Clark Liberty Lincoln Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Roosevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone  Montana portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 47°16′N 109°13′W / 47.26°N 109.22°W / 47.26; -109.22
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QF-1"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Lewistown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewistown,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Fergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fergus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"County in Montana, United StatesCounty in MontanaFergus County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,446.[1] Its county seat is Lewistown.[2] The county was founded in 1885 and named for James Fergus, a Montana politician who was instrumental in creating the county.[3][4]","title":"Fergus County, Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 4,350 square miles (11,300 km2), of which 4,340 square miles (11,200 km2) is land and 11 square miles (28 km2) (0.2%) is water.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chouteau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Blaine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Phillips County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Petroleum County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Musselshell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselshell_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Golden Valley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Valley_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Wheatland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Judith Basin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Basin_County,_Montana"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Chouteau County – northwest\nBlaine County – north\nPhillips County – northeast\nPetroleum County – east\nMusselshell County – southeast\nGolden Valley County – south\nWheatland County – southwest\nJudith Basin County – west","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_87.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87#Montana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_191.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191#Montana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MT-3.svg"},{"link_name":"Montana Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Highway_3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MT-80.svg"},{"link_name":"Montana Highway 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Highway_80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MT-81.svg"},{"link_name":"Montana Highway 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Highway_81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MT-200.svg"},{"link_name":"Montana Highway 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Highway_200"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"U.S. Highway 87\n U.S. Highway 191\n Montana Highway 3\n Montana Highway 80\n Montana Highway 81\n Montana Highway 200","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Russell_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument"}],"sub_title":"National protected areas","text":"Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (part)\nLewis and Clark National Forest (part)\nUpper Missouri River Breaks National Monument (part)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGM-30 Minuteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman"},{"link_name":"10th Missile Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Missile_Squadron"},{"link_name":"341st Missile Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/341st_Missile_Wing"},{"link_name":"20th Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Malmstrom AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmstrom_AFB"}],"sub_title":"Military Installations","text":"LGM-30 Minuteman silos D-01 thru D-11 of the 10th Missile Squadron, 341st Missile Wing, 20th Air Force, assigned to Malmstrom AFB, Montana","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the census, of 2020, there were 11,446 people living in the county.[citation needed]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_ancestry"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the 2010 census, there were 11,586 people, 5,099 households, and 3,202 families living in the county. The population density was 2.7 inhabitants per square mile (1.0/km2). There were 5,836 housing units at an average density of 1.3 per square mile (0.50/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.6% white, 1.2% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 30.8% were German, 15.9% were English, 14.7% were Norwegian, 12.8% were Irish, and 4.2% were American.Of the 5,099 households, 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.2% were non-families, and 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.75. The median age was 47.8 years.The median income for a household in the county was $37,607 and the median income for a family was $48,623. Males had a median income of $35,110 versus $21,225 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,295. About 12.5% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.2% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewistown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewistown,_Montana"}],"sub_title":"City","text":"Lewistown (county seat)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Grass Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Range,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Winifred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred,_Montana"}],"sub_title":"Towns","text":"Denton\nGrass Range\nMoore\nWinifred","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Forest Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Grove,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Garneill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garneill,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Hoosac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosac,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Amherst\nBuffalo\nChristina\nEddies Corner[13]\nForest Grove\nGarneill\nGiltedge[14]\nHanover[15]\nHeath\nHoosac\nMaiden[16]\nMoore[17]\nPiper[18]\nRoy[19]\nStraw[20]\nValentine[21]\nWare[22]","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moulton,_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Moulton","title":"Former communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayers Ranch Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayers_Ranch_Colony,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Coffee Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_Creek,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Danvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danvers,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Deerfield Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield_Colony,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Fords Creek Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fords_Creek_Colony,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Hilger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilger,_Montana"},{"link_name":"King Ranch Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ranch_Colony,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Lewistown Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewistown_Heights,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Spring Creek Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Creek_Colony,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Warm Spring Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Spring_Creek,_Montana"}],"text":"Ayers Ranch Colony\nBrooks\nCoffee Creek\nDanvers\nDeerfield Colony\nFords Creek Colony\nHilger\nKing Ranch Colony\nLewistown Heights\nRoy\nSpring Creek Colony\nWarm Spring Creek","title":"Census-designated places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy E. Ayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_E._Ayers"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"11th Governor of Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Carl W. Riddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_W._Riddick"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Roy E. Ayers, member of the United States House of Representatives and 11th Governor of Montana; served as the attorney of the county from 1905 to 1909.[23]\nCarl W. Riddick, House of Representatives from the Second District of Montana, served as County Assessor of Fergus County.[24]","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Fergus County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_Montana_highlighting_Fergus_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Montana_highlighting_Fergus_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of lakes in Fergus County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Fergus_County,_Montana"},{"title":"List of mountains in Fergus County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Fergus_County,_Montana"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Fergus County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fergus_County,_Montana"}]
[{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ferguscountymontana/PST045222","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fergus County - Home\". www.co.fergus.mt.us. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.co.fergus.mt.us/","url_text":"\"Fergus County - Home\""}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 125.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n124","url_text":"125"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205145322/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_30.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_30.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/mt190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Atlas of US Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Atlas of US Presidential Elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montana Governor Roy Elmer Ayers\". National Governors Association. Retrieved October 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_montana/col2-content/main-content-list/title_ayers_roy.html","url_text":"\"Montana Governor Roy Elmer Ayers\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIDDICK, Carl Wood, (1872–1960)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000237","url_text":"\"RIDDICK, Carl Wood, (1872–1960)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden,_Tennessee
Walden, Tennessee
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2000 census","3 Communications hub","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°9′40″N 85°18′44″W / 35.16111°N 85.31222°W / 35.16111; -85.31222 Town in Tennessee, United StatesWalden, TennesseeTownNickname: SummertownLocation of Walden in Hamilton County, Tennessee.Coordinates: 35°9′40″N 85°18′44″W / 35.16111°N 85.31222°W / 35.16111; -85.31222CountryUnited StatesStateTennesseeCountyHamiltonIncorporated1975Government • MayorLee Davis • Vice MayorLizzy SchmidtArea • Total3.53 sq mi (9.15 km2) • Land3.53 sq mi (9.15 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,900 ft (600 m)Population (2020) • Total1,981 • Density560.71/sq mi (216.52/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Zip Code37377Area code423FIPS code47-77540GNIS feature ID1304322Websitewaldentn.gov Walden is a town located in Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,981 at the 2020 census and up from 1,898 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Chattanooga, Tennessee–Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Walden, along with the community of Fairmount are located within the town of Signal Mountain's zip code, 37377. Geography Walden is located at 35°9′40″N 85°18′44″W / 35.16111°N 85.31222°W / 35.16111; -85.31222 (35.161154, -85.312116). The town is situated atop Walden's Ridge, a section of the Cumberland Plateau. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2), all of it land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19801,293—19901,52317.8%20001,96028.7%20101,898−3.2%20201,9814.4%Sources: 2020 census Walden racial composition Race Number Percentage White (non-Hispanic) 1,780 89.85% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 10 0.5% Native American 6 0.3% Asian 26 1.31% Other/Mixed 80 4.04% Hispanic or Latino 79 3.99% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,981 people, 744 households, and 550 families residing in the town. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,960 people, 728 households, and 583 families residing in the town. The population density was 539.5 inhabitants per square mile (208.3/km2). There were 776 housing units at an average density of 213.6 per square mile (82.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.13% White, 0.20% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population. There were 728 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.2% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.06. In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $68,977, and the median income for a family was $75,919. Males had a median income of $60,074 versus $27,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $37,287. About 4.9% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over. Communications hub Because of its particularly high proximity atop the southerly "Signal Mountain" section of Walden Ridge, the town of Walden contains an antenna farm, with the transmitter sites of two of Chattanooga, Tennessee's television stations, WRCB-TV, Channel 3 and WTVC-TV, Channel 9. Also located near the WTVC-TV broadcasting tower, are towers for two of Chattanooga's Class C FM radio stations, WDOD-FM at 96.5, and WSKZ, at 106.5. References ^ Tennessee Blue Book, 2005-2006, pp. 618-625. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walden, Tennessee ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Walden town, Tennessee Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census". ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2013. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 25, 2021. External links Town of Walden Official Website Bachman Community Center Martha McCoy Property Pumpkin Patch Playground vteMunicipalities and communities of Hamilton County, Tennessee, United StatesCounty seat: ChattanoogaCities Chattanooga Collegedale East Ridge Lakesite Red Bank Ridgeside Soddy-Daisy Towns Lookout Mountain Signal Mountain Walden CDPs Apison Fairmount Falling Water Flat Top Mountain Harrison Middle Valley Mowbray Mountain Ooltewah Sale Creek Unincorporatedcommunities Bakewell Balmoral Birchwood‡ East Brainerd Georgetown‡ Hixson Shady Grove Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Tennessee portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Fairmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Signal Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Mountain,_Tennessee"}],"text":"Town in Tennessee, United StatesWalden is a town located in Hamilton County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,981 at the 2020 census[6] and up from 1,898 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Chattanooga, Tennessee–Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area.Walden, along with the community of Fairmount are located within the town of Signal Mountain's zip code, 37377.","title":"Walden, Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°9′40″N 85°18′44″W / 35.16111°N 85.31222°W / 35.16111; -85.31222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walden,_Tennessee&params=35_9_40_N_85_18_44_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"Walden's Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden%27s_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Walden is located at 35°9′40″N 85°18′44″W / 35.16111°N 85.31222°W / 35.16111; -85.31222 (35.161154, -85.312116).[7] The town is situated atop Walden's Ridge, a section of the Cumberland Plateau.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2), all of it land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,981 people, 744 households, and 550 families residing in the town.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 1,960 people, 728 households, and 583 families residing in the town. The population density was 539.5 inhabitants per square mile (208.3/km2). There were 776 housing units at an average density of 213.6 per square mile (82.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.13% White, 0.20% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.There were 728 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.2% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.06.In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.The median income for a household in the town was $68,977, and the median income for a family was $75,919. Males had a median income of $60,074 versus $27,083 for females. The per capita income for the town was $37,287. About 4.9% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WRCB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRCB-TV"},{"link_name":"WTVC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVC-TV"},{"link_name":"WTVC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVC-TV"},{"link_name":"WDOD-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDOD-FM"},{"link_name":"WSKZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSKZ"}],"text":"Because of its particularly high proximity atop the southerly \"Signal Mountain\" section of Walden Ridge, the town of Walden contains an antenna farm, with the transmitter sites of two of Chattanooga, Tennessee's television stations, WRCB-TV, Channel 3 and WTVC-TV, Channel 9. Also located near the WTVC-TV broadcasting tower, are towers for two of Chattanooga's Class C FM radio stations, WDOD-FM at 96.5, and WSKZ, at 106.5.","title":"Communications hub"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College,_New_York
Union College
["1 History","1.1 Founding","1.2 Nineteenth century","1.3 Seals, mottos, and nickname","1.4 Presidents","1.5 Development of the curriculum","2 Campus","2.1 Design","2.2 Landmarks","3 Organization and administration","3.1 Board of trustees","3.2 The Student Forum","3.3 Memberships and affiliations","3.4 Student media","4 Academics","4.1 Admissions","4.2 Undergraduate research","4.3 Study abroad programs","4.4 Schaffer Library","5 Student life","5.1 Fraternity and sorority life","5.2 Minerva system","6 Arts and culture","6.1 Mandeville Gallery","6.2 Yulman Theater","7 Athletics","8 Notable alumni","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Bibliography","13 Further reading","14 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°49′02″N 73°55′48″W / 42.81722°N 73.93000°W / 42.81722; -73.93000Private college in Schenectady, New York This article is about the Union College in Schenectady, New York. For other institutions of this or a similar name, see Union College (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Union College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article contains academic boosterism which primarily serves to praise or promote the subject and may be a sign of a conflict of interest. Please improve this article by removing peacock terms, weasel words, and other promotional material. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Union CollegeMottoSous les lois de Minerve nous devenons tous frères et soeurs (French)Motto in EnglishUnder the laws of Minerva, we all become brothers and sistersTypePrivate liberal arts collegeEstablishedFebruary 25, 1795; 228 years ago (1795-02-25)Academic affiliationsNAICUAnnapolis GroupOberlin GroupCLACUnion UniversitySpace-grantEndowment$530 million (2023)PresidentDavid R. HarrisAcademic staff211Undergraduates2,200 LocationSchenectady, New York, U.S.42°49′02″N 73°55′48″W / 42.81722°N 73.93000°W / 42.81722; -73.93000CampusUrban: 120 acres (49 ha), including 8 acres (3.2 ha) of formal gardensColors  Union garnetNicknameGarnet ChargersSporting affiliationsNCAADiv I – ECAC HockeyDiv III – Liberty LeagueWebsitewww.union.edu Union College is a private liberal arts college in Schenectady, New York, United States. Founded in 1795, it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents, and second in the state of New York, after Columbia College (formerly King's College). In the 19th century, it became known as the "Mother of Fraternities", as three of the earliest Greek letter societies were established there. Union began enrolling women in 1970, after 175 years as an all-male institution. The college offers a liberal arts curriculum across 21 academic departments, as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors and self-designed organizing theme majors. The school offers ABET-accredited undergraduate degrees in computer engineering, bioengineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. About 60% of Union students engage in some form of international study or study abroad. History Founding The Schenectady Academy (Old Union College), 1795 Chartered in 1795, Union was the first non-denominational institution of higher education in the United States, and the second college established in the State of New York. From 1636 to 1769, only nine institutions of higher education were founded permanently in Colonial America. Most had been founded in association with British religious denominations devoted to the perpetuation of their respective Christian denominations., Union College was to be founded with a broader ecumenical basis. Only Columbia University (founded in 1754 as King's College), had preceded Union in New York. Twenty-five years later impetus for another institution grew. As democratic cultural changes rose and began to become dominant, old ways, in particular the old purposes and structure of higher education, began to be challenged. Schenectady had been founded and populated by people originating from the Netherlands. With about 4,000 residents, it was the third largest city in the state, after New York City and Albany. The local Dutch Reformed Church began to show an interest in establishing an academy or college under its auspices there. In 1778, it invited the Rev. Dirck Romeyn of New Jersey to visit. Returning home, he authored a plan in 1782 for such an institution and was summoned two years later to come help found it. The Schenectady Academy was established in 1785 as the city's first organized school. It immediately flourished, reaching an enrollment of about 100 within a year. By at least 1792 it offered a full four-year college course, as well as one of elementary and practical subjects taught mainly to girls. Attempts to charter the academy as a college with the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York were initially rejected, but in 1794 the school reapplied as "Union College", a name chosen to reflect the resolution of its founders that the school should be free of any specific religious affiliation. The resulting institution was awarded its charter on February 25, 1795 – still celebrated by the college as "Founders' Day". Nineteenth century In 1836, the year of its founding, the Union College Anti-Slavery Society claimed 51 members. It published its Constitution and Preamble, with an address to students—not just those of Union—calling on them to join the abolitionist cause. Union College was sometimes called Schenectady College in this period. Seals, mottos, and nickname Union chose the modern language French—France was then the most revolutionary of countries—rather than Latin for its motto. The resulting tone of the entire seal is both historically aware and distinctly modern in outlook. The head of the Roman goddess Minerva (Greek goddess Athena) appeared in the center of an oval. Surrounding it in French was "Sous les lois de Minerve nous devenons tous frères" (English: Under the laws of Minerva, we all become brothers). This was expanded to "et soeurs" (English: "and sisters") in 2015. Minerva was originally patroness of the arts and crafts, but had over time evolved to become an icon of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. By the late 18th century she had indeed come to represent all of those qualities that might be wished for in a rational, virtuous, prudent, wise, and "scientific" man. In 2023, the college changed the school's nickname from "Dutchmen" and "Dutchwomen" to "Garnet Chargers" as part of a branding update. Garnet has been the school's official color for 150 years, and the name "chargers" is a reference to "Schenectady’s legacy as a leader in electrical technologies." Presidents Eliphalet Nott, president 1804–1866David R. Harris, president 2018-present See also: List of presidents of Union College Union College has had nineteen presidents since its founding in 1795. The school has the distinction of having had the longest serving college or university president in the history of the United States, Eliphalet Nott (62 years). The current president is David R. Harris (2018–present). Development of the curriculum During the first half of the 19th century, students in American colleges would have encountered a very similar course of study, a curriculum with sturdy foundations in the traditional liberal arts. But by the 1820s all of this began to change. Although Latin and Greek remained a part of the curriculum, new subjects were adopted that offered a more readily apparent application to the busy commercial life of the new nation. Accordingly, French was gradually introduced into the college curriculum, sometimes as a substitute for Greek or Hebrew. One approach to modernization was the so-called "parallel course of study" in scientific and "literary" subjects. This offered a scientific curriculum in parallel to the classical curriculum, for those students wishing a more modern treatment of modern languages, mathematics, and science, equal in dignity to the traditional course of study. Union College commenced a parallel scientific curriculum in 1828. Its civil engineering program, introduced in 1845, was the first of its kind at an American liberal arts college. So successful were Union's reform efforts that by 1839 the college had one of the largest faculties in American higher education and an enrollment surpassed only by Yale.Union College' in 1804 Campus The original 1813 Ramée plan of the Union College campus Design After Union College received its charter in 1795 the college began conducting classes on the upper floor, while a grammar school continued to be conducted on the lower. It soon became clear that this space would prove inadequate for the growing college. Construction soon began on a three-story building, possibly influenced by Princeton's Nassau Hall, that was occupied in 1804. Two dormitories were constructed nearby. Eliphalet Nott became college president that year, and envisioned an expanding campus to accommodate a growing school. In 1806 a large tract of land was acquired to the east of the Downtown Schenectady, on a slope up from the Mohawk River and facing nearly due west. In 1812 French architect Joseph-Jacques Ramée was then hired to draw up a comprehensive plan for the new campus. Construction of two of the college buildings proceeded quickly enough to permit occupation in 1814. The Union College campus became the first comprehensively planned college campus in the United States. Landmarks Nott Memorial: Designed by Edward Tuckerman Potter (class of 1853), this building derived from the central rotunda in the original Ramée Plan. While it was probably intended to be a chapel in its original conception, the Nott Memorial's primary purpose when finally built was aesthetic. It served as the library until 1961 when Schaffer Library was built. Its design bears some resemblance to the Radcliffe Camera at Oxford University. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. The building was restored between 1993 and 1995 and today is the centerpiece of the campus. North and South College: The first college buildings using Ramée's plans, the pair were started in 1812 and occupied in 1814. Serving as dormitories, both buildings included faculty residences at each end until well into the 20th century. Memorial Chapel: Memorial Chapel was constructed between 1924 and 1925 to serve as the central college chapel and to honor Union graduates who lost their lives serving during wartime. The names of Union alumni who died in World War I and World War II appear on its south wall, flanked by portraits of college presidents.Memorial Chapel Schaffer Library: Schaffer Library, erected in 1961, was the first building constructed at Union for the sole purpose of housing the college library. Trustee Henry Schaffer donated the majority of funds needed for its construction as well as for a later expansion between 1973 and 1974. The original building was designed by Walker O. Cain of McKim, Mead and White and built by the Hamilton Construction Company. Additional interior work supported by the Schaffer Foundation was done in the 1980s. After structural problems with the 1973–1974 addition developed, a major project to renovate and expand the library was undertaken in the late 1990s. Designed by the firm of Perry, Dean, Rogers, and Partners, the renovation provided space for College Media Services, Writing Center, and a language lab. Jackson's Garden: Begun in the 1830s by Professor Isaac Jackson of the Mathematics Department, Jackson's Garden comprises 8 acres (3.2 ha) of formal gardens and woodlands. Sited where Ramee's original plans called for a garden, it initially featured a mix of vegetables, shrubs, and flowers – some of which were grown from seeds sent by botanists and botanical enthusiasts from around the world. As early as 1844 it drew the admiration of visitors such as John James Audubon, and evolved into a sweeping retreat for both students and faculty. Organization and administration Board of trustees "The Trustees of Union College", a corporate body, has owned the college and been the college's designated legal representative throughout its history. The Board consists of alumni, faculty, students, the president of the college, and others. The governor of the state of New York is also an ex officio member. The Board appoints the president of the college upon vacancy of the position. The Student Forum The Student Forum represents the principal form of student government at Union College. The purpose of the Student Forum is to formulate policies in areas involving the student body. The student body is represented by a president, vice-president of administration, vice-president of finance, vice-president of academics, vice-president of campus life, and vice-president for multicultural affairs. The entire Student Forum includes these officers together with two student trustees and 12 class representatives.The Seal of Union University, on the Exterior Wall of the University Club of New York in Manhattan Memberships and affiliations Union College belongs to the Liberty League, ECAC Hockey, the Annapolis Group, the Oberlin Group, the Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges (CLAC), and the New York Six Consortium. Union is also a component of Union University, which also includes Albany Medical College, Albany Law School, the Dudley Observatory, and the Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Student media The Union College radio station, WRUC 89.7, dates from a student project in the fall of 1910, but did not become "live" until 1912. The Union College radio station was among the first wireless transmitters in the country to broadcast regularly scheduled programs. The weekly Concordiensis, the principal newspaper of Union College since 1877, is the thirteenth oldest student newspaper in the United States and the oldest continuously published newspaper in Schenectady. Academics Nott Memorial viewed from the south Most undergraduates are required to complete a minimum of 36 term courses in all programs except engineering, which may require up to 40 courses (in two-degree programs, nine courses beyond the requirements for the professional degrees), and students in the Leadership in Medicine program, which requires around 45–50 courses. The most popular majors, by number out of 488 graduates in 2022, were: Economics (82) Biological and Biomedical Sciences (46) Mechanical Engineering (40) Political Science and Government (40) Research and Experimental Psychology (36) Neuroscience (31) Admissions Academic rankingsLiberal arts collegesU.S. News & World Report48 (tie)Washington Monthly85NationalForbes174THE / WSJ134For the Class of 2027 (enrolling fall 2023), Union College received 9,484 applications and accepted 4,175 (44%). The middle 50% range of SAT scores of enrolled freshmen was 1300-1470 for math + reading, while the middle 50% range of the ACT composite score was 30-33. The average high school grade point average (GPA) was 3.40. Undergraduate research Undergraduate research at Union College had its origin in the first third of the 20th century when chemistry professor Charles Hurd began involving students in his colloid chemistry investigations. Since then, undergraduate research has taken hold in all disciplines at the college, making this endeavor what has been termed "the linchpin" of the Union education. By the mid-1960s several disciplines at Union had established a senior research thesis requirement, and in 1978 the college began funding faculty-mentored student research in all disciplines. This was followed by the creation of funded summer research opportunities, again in all disciplines at the college, in 1986. Study abroad programs Union College makes available a variety of opportunities for formal study outside the United States, the most popular of which are the Terms Abroad Programs. Currently, Terms Abroad are offered for residence and study on nearly every continent, some in cooperation with Hobart and William Smith Colleges. In the 2009–2010 school year, programs were offered in 22 countries or regions around the world. Every year Union College also offers a variety of mini-terms (three-week programs during the winter break or at the beginning of the summer vacation). In the 2009–2010 school year, mini-terms were offered in 11 regions or countries (including the United States). Schaffer Library Schaffer Library, opened in 1961 Opened in 1961, Schaffer Library currently makes available onsite about 750,000 books in print as well as electronic formats. The two largest historical, electronic collections are Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO). The library's print and rare book collections are especially strong in 18th and 19th-century literature, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. Of particular note is the almost complete preservation of the college's first library, acquired between 1795 and 1799. Union College belongs to several regional and national consortia that improve access to materials not owned by the college. Student life Fraternity and sorority life Potter House, home to Delta Delta Delta sorority and Chi Psi fraternity The modern fraternity system at American colleges and universities is generally determined as beginning at Union College with the founding of Kappa Alpha (1825), Sigma Phi (1827), and Delta Phi (1827). Three other surviving national fraternities – Psi Upsilon (1833), Chi Psi (1841), and Theta Delta Chi (1847) – were founded at Union in the next two decades. On account of this fecundity, Union was called "The Mother of Fraternities". In the fall of 2021, 33% of the college's female students belonged to a sorority and 24% of its male students belonged to a fraternity. In 2010, some 50% of Union's sophomores, junior, and seniors were a member of its twelve Greek letter organizations. The eight current fraternities at Union are members of the North American Interfraternity Conference, and as such come under the supervision of the Interfraternity Council (IFC). They are: Alpha Delta Phi, Chi Psi, Kappa Alpha, Sigma Chi, Sigma Phi, and Theta Delta Chi. A chapter of the co-ed community service oriented fraternity Alpha Phi Omega also exists on campus. Among dormant fraternities with active alumni, Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity maintained a chapter on campus from 1888 to 1997. The College Panhellenic Council (CPC) is the governing body for member sororities, of which the National Panhellenic Council (NPC) is the parent organization. There are four CPC sororities at Union: Delta Phi Epsilon, Gamma Phi Beta, Sigma Delta Tau, and Alpha Delta Lambda. The Multicultural Greek Council (MGC) is the governing body for organizations under the supervision of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO), or for any local organizations that fall under the category. These organizations are Alpha Phi Alpha, Phi Iota Alpha, Iota Phi Theta, Lambda Pi Chi, and Omega Phi Beta. Golub House, one of the Minerva Houses on campus Minerva system Before 2004, in an effort to provide an alternative social environment to that offered by the Greek organizations, the Union College administration began recovering occupancy of independent fraternity houses. This initiative was, and remains, a controversial step by the college. A non-residential "house system" was created and funded, establishing buildings to serve as intellectual, social, and cultural centers for resident and non-resident members. All incoming students are randomly assigned to one of the seven Minerva Houses. An Office of Minerva Programs was created to coordinate and supervise Minerva activities. Arts and culture Mandeville Gallery is on the second floor of the Nott Memorial Mandeville Gallery The Mandeville Gallery presents an annual Art Installation Series in partnership with the Schaffer Library. The Art Installation Series features contemporary artists who visit campus and create a site-specific installation piece for the library's Learning Commons. The Wikoff Student Gallery, on the third floor of the Nott Memorial, is dedicated to showing work by current, full-time Union College students. The college owns over 3,000 works of art and artifacts which comprise its Permanent Collection, most of which are available for use by faculty and students in support of teaching and research. Yulman Theater The Department of Music sponsors lectures, performances, recitals, and workshops by visiting artists at numerous campus venues, including the Taylor Music Center and Memorial Chapel. Union College jazz, choral and orchestral groups, a taiko ensemble, and three student a cappella groups perform regularly. The college's chamber music series performs at the Memorial Chapel. The Department of Theater and Dance offers several major theatrical productions as well as staged readings, student performances, guest appearances, and other shows throughout the school year. Athletics See also: Union Garnet Chargers Official athletics logo Bailey Field The college insists that athletics be kept in harmony with the essential educational purpose of Union. Its athletes, like those engaged in all extracurricular activities, must function effectively as students. Intercollegiate competition is offered in 26 sports; for men, in baseball, basketball, crew, cross-country, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track; and for women, in basketball, crew, cross-country, field hockey, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track, and volleyball. Originally a founding member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), Union today participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the Liberty League, ECAC Hockey and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Men's and women's ice hockey compete at the NCAA Division I level; all other sports compete at the NCAA Division III level. All club sports are administered through the student activities office. The most active and popular clubs are baseball, bowling, fencing, golf, ice hockey, karate, rugby, skiing, and volleyball. An extensive intramural program is offered in a wide range of sports along with noncredit physical education classes as part of the wellness program. Facilities include the Frank L. Messa Rink at the Achilles Center, the David Breazzano Fitness Center, the Travis J. Clark Strength Training Facility, the David A. Viniar Athletic Center, and Frank Bailey Field. Union has hosted the two longest games in NCAA Men's Hockey History, losing both by identical 3-2 scores: The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 12, 2010. Quinnipiac University defeated Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Hockey League Quarter-Finals after 90:22 of overtime. Greg Holt scored the winning goal just after 1:00 am local time. The second-longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5, 2006. Yale University defeated Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Hockey League first-round playoff game after 81:35 of overtime. David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded. The Union football team went undefeated during the 1989 regular season, going 10–0. They lost to Dayton in the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl for the NCAA Division III Football Championship, 17–7. Notable alumni Main article: List of Union College alumni Chester A. Arthur (1848), 21st president of the United States William H. Seward (1820), Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln, Governor of New York, and architect of the Alaska Purchase from Russia George Westinghouse, engineer, prolific inventor and industrialist Andrea Barrett (1974), winner of the National Book Award (for Ship Fever) and the Pulitzer Prize for works of fiction. Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1946) winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Jimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States, studied nuclear physics at the Graduate School. Alan F. Horn (1964), the chairman of Walt Disney Studios, and former president and COO of Warner Bros.; Fitz Hugh Ludlow (1856), author of The Hashish Eater; Howard Simons (1951), managing editor of The Washington Post during the Watergate era; Rich Templeton (1980) engineer, former Chief Executive Officer Texas Instruments Instruments, philanthropist Nikki Stone (1995) winner of a gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics for aerial skiing Jake Fishman (2018) American-Israeli Major League Baseball pitcher for the Miami Marlins and in the 2020 Olympics for Team Israel, the only Union player to ever be drafted in the MLB draft. Chester A. Arthur (1848), 21st president of the United States William H. Seward (1820), Secretary of State under Lincoln Gordon Gould (1941), physicist credited with the invention of the laser Nobel Laureate Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1946) Neil Abercrombie (1959), seventh governor of Hawaii See also Union College Men's Glee Club List of colleges and universities in New York National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York List of Union College alumni Notes a ^ Harvard University, The College of William and Mary, Yale University, Princeton University, Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Rutgers University, and Dartmouth College. b ^ Washington College, Washington and Lee University, Hampden–Sydney College, Transylvania University, Dickinson College, St. John's College, University of Georgia, College of Charleston, Franklin & Marshall College, University of Vermont, Williams College, Bowdoin College, Tusculum College, University of Tennessee, University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) and Union College. References ^ center, member. "Member Center". Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2016. ^ "Understanding Union College's endowment | Finance | Union College". ^ a b "Union at a Glance" (PDF). Union College. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2019-07-02. ^ "Colors - Communications - Union College". Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014. ^ Somers (2003), p. 304 ^ a b Stevens, Albert Clark (1899). The Cyclopædia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to ... More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States. New York: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 333 and 351 – via Google Books. ^ a b "Work of Union College; Hundreds of Distinguished Men Among Its Graduates. Incorporated One Hundred Years. The Present Beautiful Site of Two Hundred Acres Secured in 1812 -- "The Mother of Fraternities."" (PDF). 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"Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities; A Descriptive Analysis of the Fraternity System in the Colleges of the United States" (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. pp. 171-172.Retrieved 2023-08-08 – via Hathi Trust. ^ Brown, James T., ed. (1923). "Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities; A Descriptive Analysis of the Fraternity System in the Colleges of the United States" (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. p. 334.Retrieved 2023-08-08 – via Hathi Trust. ^ Brown, James T., ed. (1923). "Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities; A Descriptive Analysis of the Fraternity System in the Colleges of the United States" (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. p. 135. Retrieved 2023-08-08 – via Hathi Trust. ^ Brown, James T., ed. (1923). "Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities; A Descriptive Analysis of the Fraternity System in the Colleges of the United States" (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. p. 294.Retrieved 2023-08-08 – via Hathi Trust. ^ Brown, James T., ed. (1923). "Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities; A Descriptive Analysis of the Fraternity System in the Colleges of the United States" (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. p. 112. hdl:2027/inu.30000011324468. Retrieved 2023-08-08 – via Hathi Trust. ^ Brown, James T., ed. (1923). "Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities; A Descriptive Analysis of the Fraternity System in the Colleges of the United States" (10th ed.). New York: James T. Brown, editor and publisher. p. 364.Retrieved 2023-08-08 – via Hathi Trust. ^ a b c d e Lurding, Carroll and Becque, Fran. (August 5, 2023) "Union College", Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities. Urbana: University of Illinois. Accessed August 8, 2023. ^ a b c Yale Daily News (2009-06-23). The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, 2010: Students on Campus Tell You What You Really Want to Know (36th ed.). 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Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2009-09-14. ^ "Where Hockey's More Than Another Tradition". ECAC Hockey. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. ^ MacAdam, Mike (December 11, 1989). "Dayton Defeats Union, Claims NCAA Title, 17-7". Schenectady (N.Y.) Gazette. Gazette Newspapers. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2016 – via Google News Archive. ^ DAB, 1:373 ^ DAB, 16:615 ^ "Happy Birthday, George Westinghouse | Union College News Archives". muse.union.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-25. ^ "Baruch Blumberg '46, winner of Nobel Prize, dies". Union College. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2016. ^ "Union College Notables Archive". Union College Schaeffer Library. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. ^ DAB, 11:491 ^ "Howard Simons Class of 1951". Union College - Schaeffer Library Collectios. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. ^ "Nikki Stone Class of 1995". Union College Schaeffer Library Collection. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016. ^ Stothers, Patrick (March 15, 2017). "Spring training has been a reality check for Fishman". ^ Tewksbury (1932), p. 60 Bibliography ANB: American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999. OCLC 39182280. Boorstin, Daniel J. (1965). The Americans: The National Experience. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-517-16415-9. OCLC 360759. Butts, R. Freeman (1939). The College Charts Its Course. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-405-03699-X. OCLC 603810. DAB: Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Scribner. 1928. OCLC 4171403. Demarest, William H. S. (1924). A History of Rutgers College, 1766–1924. New Brunswick: Rutgers College. OCLC 785305. Ferm, Robert L. (1976). Jonathan Edwards the Younger. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-3485-X. Fortenbaugh, Samuel B. Jr. (1978). In Order to Form a More Perfect Union: An Inquiry into the Origins of a College. Schenectady: Union College Press. ISBN 0-912756-06-3. Fox, Dixon Ryan (1945). Union College: An Unfinished History. Schenectady, New York: Union College. OCLC 4676869. Guralnick, Stanley M. (1975). Science and the Ante-Bellum College. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-109-4. Hislop, Codman (1971). Eliphalet Nott. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-4037-4. Hough, Franklin B. (1885). Historical and Statistical Record of the University of the State of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons. OCLC 473881227.(Full text via Google Books.) Neisular, Jeanette G. (1964). The History of Education in Schenectady. Schenectady: Schenectady Board of Education. OCLC 18477246. Pearson, Jonathan (1980). Three Centuries: The History of the First Reformed Church of Schenectady, 1680–1980. Schenectady: The First Reformed Church of Schenectady. OCLC 483709158. Randall, Henry S. (1858). The Life of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Derby and Jackson. ISBN 0-8050-1577-9. OCLC 933758.(Full text via Google Books.) Raymond, Andrew Van Vranken (1907). Union University. New York: Lewis Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9519312-2-9. OCLC 11901093.(Full text via Google Books.) Rudolph, Frederick (1965). The American College and University. New York: Alfred Knopf. ISBN 0-201-14835-8. OCLC 176662. Rudolph, Frederick (1977). Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636. San Francisco: Josey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-358-9. Schmidt, George P. (1957). The Liberal Arts College. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-534-93501-X. OCLC 254359957. Sherwood, Sidney (1900). The University of the State of New York: History of Higher Education in the State of New York. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 3123002.(Full text via Google Books.) Somers, Wayne, ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Union College History. Schenectady, New York: Union College. ISBN 0-912756-31-4. Tewksbury, Donald G. (1932). The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. OCLC 76620. Tunnard, Christopher (1964). Joseph Jacques Ramée: Architect of Union College. Schenectady, New York: Union College. OCLC 5291278. Turner, Paul V. (1984). Campus: An American Planning Tradition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-20047-3. Turner, Paul V. (1996). Joseph Ramée: International Architect of the Revolutionary Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49552-0. Wills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-6531-9. OCLC 97814677. Yates, Austin A. (1902). Schenectady County, New York: Its History to the Close of the Nineteenth Century. New York: New York History Company. ISBN 1-153-14534-0. OCLC 18738526. Further reading Hough, Franklin B. (1876). Historical Sketch of Union College. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 61597023.(Full text via Google Books.) Huntley, C. William (1985). Thirty Years in the Life of a College. Schenectady, New York: Union College. OCLC 15201599. Larrabee, Harold A. (1934). Joseph Jacques Ramée and America's First Unified College Plan. New York: American Society of the French Legion of Honor. OCLC 29132611. Van Santvoord, Cornelius (1876). Memoirs of Eliphalet Nott, for Sixty-Two Years President of Union College. New York: Sheldon. OCLC 3325463.(Full text via Google Books.) Waldron, Charles (1954). The Union College I Remember, 1902–1946. Boston: privately printed. OCLC 916746. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union College. 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(TBN, Albany) RadiovteRadio stations in Albany–Schenectady–Troy, New York (Capital District)By AM frequency 590 8101 900 930 980 1160 1190 1230 1240 1300 1330 1340 1400 1440 1460 1490 1570 By FM frequency 88.3 89.1 89.7 89.9 90.3 90.7 WGXC WPGL 90.9 91.1 91.5 92.3 93.5 93.7 94.5 95.5 96.3 96.7 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.3 99.5 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.9 102.3 102.72 103.1 103.5 103.9 104.5 104.9 105.7 106.5 107.7 LPFM 92.7 98.9 105.3 106.9 107.3 Translators 93.1 93.9 94.3 94.9 95.9 97.1 97.5 98.7 99.1 99.9 100.1 100.5 102.9 104.3 W282BI W282CU 104.7 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.55 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 810 980 89.1-1 89.1-2 90.3-1 90.3-2 98.3-1 98.3-2 99.5-1 99.5-2 102.3-1 102.3-2 103.1-1 103.1-2 105.7-1 105.7-2 106.5-1 106.5-2 107.7-1 107.7-2 107.7-3 By call sign W226AC W230DK W232CE W235AY W240EC W246DS W248AX W254DA W256BU W260CH W261DP W263CG W275BS W282BI W282CU W284BZ WABY WAJZ WAMC WAMC-FM HD2 WBUG-FM WCAA-LP WCDB WCSS WENT WEQX2 WEXT WFLY WFNY WGDJ WGNA-FM HD2 HD3 WGXC WGY1 WGY-FM HD2 WHAZ WHAZ-FM WHUC WHVP WINU WIZR WJIV WJKE WKKF HD2 WKLI-FM WMHH WMHT-FM HD2 WMYY WOFX WOOA-LP WOOC-LP WOOG-LP WOOS-LP WOPG WOPG-FM WPBZ-FM WPGL WPTR WPYX HD2 WQBK-FM HD2 WQSH WRIP WROW WRPI WRUC WRVE HD2 WSDE WSSV WTMM-FM WTRY-FM HD2 WVCR-FM WVTL WXL34 WYAI WYJB WYKV WZCR Defunct W47A/WBCA (101.1 FM) WCKL (560 AM) WCSQ-LP (105.9 FM) WDCD (1540 AM) WGEO (shortwave) WTRI (102.7 FM) WXKW (850 AM, 1600 AM) ---- Notes 1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage. 2. Transmits from Equinox Mountain in Manchester, Vermont. Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic MusicBrainz place
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union College (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"liberal arts college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_college"},{"link_name":"Schenectady, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Board of Regents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Board_of_Regents"},{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Mother of Fraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_Fraternities"},{"link_name":"three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Triad"},{"link_name":"the earliest Greek letter societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers304-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_major"},{"link_name":"ABET-accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABET"},{"link_name":"computer engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering"},{"link_name":"bioengineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioengineering"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"study abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_abroad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Private college in Schenectady, New YorkThis article is about the Union College in Schenectady, New York. For other institutions of this or a similar name, see Union College (disambiguation).Union College is a private liberal arts college in Schenectady, New York, United States. Founded in 1795, it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents, and second in the state of New York, after Columbia College (formerly King's College). In the 19th century, it became known as the \"Mother of Fraternities\", as three of the earliest Greek letter societies were established there.[5][6][7] Union began enrolling women in 1970, after 175 years as an all-male institution. The college offers a liberal arts curriculum across 21 academic departments, as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors and self-designed organizing theme majors. The school offers ABET-accredited undergraduate degrees in computer engineering, bioengineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. About 60% of Union students engage in some form of international study or study abroad.[8]","title":"Union College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union1795nocap.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortenbaugh3-9"},{"link_name":"non-denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Colonial America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_America"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_anone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tewksbury_1932,_p._59-10"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox10-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rudoloph34-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boorstin153-14"},{"link_name":"Schenectady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Somers_2003,_p._296-15"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dutch Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pearson119-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortenbaugh36-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neisular20-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers629-19"},{"link_name":"Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Somers_2003,_p._296-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raymond1:34-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yates423-21"}],"sub_title":"Founding","text":"The Schenectady Academy (Old Union College), 1795Chartered in 1795,[9] Union was the first non-denominational institution of higher education in the United States, and the second college established in the State of New York.From 1636 to 1769, only nine institutions of higher education were founded permanently in Colonial America.[a] Most had been founded in association with British religious denominations devoted to the perpetuation of their respective Christian denominations.,[10] Union College was to be founded with a broader ecumenical basis.Only Columbia University (founded in 1754 as King's College),[11] had preceded Union in New York. Twenty-five years later impetus for another institution grew.[12] As democratic cultural changes rose and began to become dominant,[13] old ways, in particular the old purposes and structure of higher education, began to be challenged.[14]Schenectady had been founded and populated by people originating from the Netherlands. With about 4,000 residents,[15] it was the third largest city in the state, after New York City and Albany. The local Dutch Reformed Church began to show an interest in establishing an academy or college under its auspices there. In 1778, it invited the Rev. Dirck Romeyn of New Jersey to visit.[16] Returning home, he authored a plan in 1782 for such an institution and was summoned two years later[17] to come help found it.The Schenectady Academy was established in 1785 as the city's first organized school.[18] It immediately flourished, reaching an enrollment of about 100 within a year. By at least 1792 it offered a full four-year college course, as well as one of elementary and practical subjects taught mainly to girls.[19] Attempts to charter the academy as a college with the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York were initially rejected,[15] \nbut in 1794 the school reapplied as \"Union College\", a name chosen to reflect the resolution of its founders that the school should be free of any specific religious affiliation.[20] The resulting institution was awarded its charter on February 25, 1795 – still celebrated by the college as \"Founders' Day\".[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Nineteenth century","text":"In 1836, the year of its founding, the Union College Anti-Slavery Society claimed 51 members. It published its Constitution and Preamble, with an address to students—not just those of Union—calling on them to join the abolitionist cause.[22]Union College was sometimes called Schenectady College in this period.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"the most revolutionary of countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers636-24"},{"link_name":"Roman goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_goddess"},{"link_name":"Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva"},{"link_name":"Greek goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_goddess"},{"link_name":"Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortenbaugh73-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sisters-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altheim265-27"},{"link_name":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-king123-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singelais-29"}],"sub_title":"Seals, mottos, and nickname","text":"Union chose the modern language French—France was then the most revolutionary of countries—rather than Latin for its motto. The resulting tone of the entire seal is both historically aware and distinctly modern in outlook.[24]The head of the Roman goddess Minerva (Greek goddess Athena) appeared in the center of an oval. Surrounding it in French was \"Sous les lois de Minerve nous devenons tous frères\" (English: Under the laws of Minerva, we all become brothers).[25] This was expanded to \"et soeurs\" (English: \"and sisters\") in 2015.[26]Minerva was originally patroness of the arts and crafts,[27] but had over time evolved to become an icon of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. By the late 18th century she had indeed come to represent all of those qualities that might be wished for in a rational, virtuous, prudent, wise, and \"scientific\" man.[28]In 2023, the college changed the school's nickname from \"Dutchmen\" and \"Dutchwomen\" to \"Garnet Chargers\" as part of a branding update. Garnet has been the school's official color for 150 years, and the name \"chargers\" is a reference to \"Schenectady’s legacy as a leader in electrical technologies.\"[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nott2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eliphalet Nott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphalet_Nott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Harris.jpg"},{"link_name":"David R. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Harris_(educator)"},{"link_name":"List of presidents of Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Union_College"},{"link_name":"college or university president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_president"},{"link_name":"Eliphalet Nott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphalet_Nott"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yates428-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers510-31"},{"link_name":"David R. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Harris_(educator)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Eliphalet Nott, president 1804–1866David R. Harris, president 2018-presentSee also: List of presidents of Union CollegeUnion College has had nineteen presidents since its founding in 1795. The school has the distinction of having had the longest serving college or university president in the history of the United States, Eliphalet Nott (62 years).[30][31]The current president is David R. Harris (2018–present).[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schmidt52-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rudolph113-34"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rudolph51-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butts129-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudolph114-37"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hough160-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guralnick38-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union1804.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Development of the curriculum","text":"During the first half of the 19th century, students in American colleges would have encountered a very similar course of study, a curriculum with sturdy foundations in the traditional liberal arts.[33] But by the 1820s all of this began to change.[34]Although Latin and Greek remained a part of the curriculum, new subjects were adopted that offered a more readily apparent application to the busy commercial life of the new nation. Accordingly, French was gradually introduced into the college curriculum, sometimes as a substitute for Greek or Hebrew.[35]One approach to modernization was the so-called \"parallel course of study\" in scientific and \"literary\" subjects.[36] This offered a scientific curriculum in parallel to the classical curriculum, for those students wishing a more modern treatment of modern languages, mathematics, and science, equal in dignity to the traditional course of study.[37]Union College commenced a parallel scientific curriculum in 1828. Its civil engineering program, introduced in 1845,[38] was the first of its kind at an American liberal arts college.[39] So successful were Union's reform efforts that by 1839 the college had one of the largest faculties in American higher education and an enrollment surpassed only by Yale.[40]Union College' in 1804","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Ram%C3%A9e_Union_College_USA.jpg"}],"text":"The original 1813 Ramée plan of the Union College campus","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers630-41"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Nassau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_Hall"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers789-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hislop139-43"},{"link_name":"Downtown Schenectady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Schenectady"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Jacques Ramée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Jacques_Ram%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tunnard10-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner189-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner-46"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"After Union College received its charter in 1795 the college began conducting classes on the upper floor, while a grammar school continued to be conducted on the lower.[41] It soon became clear that this space would prove inadequate for the growing college. Construction soon began on a three-story building, possibly influenced by Princeton's Nassau Hall,[42] that was occupied in 1804. Two dormitories were constructed nearby.Eliphalet Nott became college president that year,[43] and envisioned an expanding campus to accommodate a growing school. In 1806 a large tract of land was acquired to the east of the Downtown Schenectady, on a slope up from the Mohawk River and facing nearly due west. In 1812 French architect Joseph-Jacques Ramée was then hired to draw up a comprehensive plan for the new campus.[44] Construction of two of the college buildings proceeded quickly enough to permit occupation in 1814.[45] The Union College campus became the first comprehensively planned college campus in the United States.[46]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nott Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nott_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-47"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlsum-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers518-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers505-50"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers486-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Chapel_6.JPG"},{"link_name":"Schaffer Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Schaffer_Library"},{"link_name":"Walker O. Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_O._Cain"},{"link_name":"McKim, Mead and White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKim,_Mead_and_White"},{"link_name":"Perry, Dean, Rogers, and Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Dean_Rogers_Architects"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers627-52"},{"link_name":"John James Audubon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Audubon"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers411-53"}],"sub_title":"Landmarks","text":"Nott Memorial: Designed by Edward Tuckerman Potter (class of 1853), this building derived from the central rotunda in the original Ramée Plan. While it was probably intended to be a chapel in its original conception, the Nott Memorial's primary purpose when finally built was aesthetic. It served as the library until 1961 when Schaffer Library was built. Its design bears some resemblance to the Radcliffe Camera at Oxford University. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972[47] and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.[48] The building was restored between 1993 and 1995 and today is the centerpiece of the campus.[49]North and South College: The first college buildings using Ramée's plans, the pair were started in 1812 and occupied in 1814. Serving as dormitories, both buildings included faculty residences at each end until well into the 20th century.[50]Memorial Chapel: Memorial Chapel was constructed between 1924 and 1925 to serve as the central college chapel and to honor Union graduates who lost their lives serving during wartime. The names of Union alumni who died in World War I and World War II appear on its south wall, flanked by portraits of college presidents.[51]Memorial ChapelSchaffer Library: Schaffer Library, erected in 1961, was the first building constructed at Union for the sole purpose of housing the college library. Trustee Henry Schaffer donated the majority of funds needed for its construction as well as for a later expansion between 1973 and 1974. The original building was designed by Walker O. Cain of McKim, Mead and White and built by the Hamilton Construction Company. Additional interior work supported by the Schaffer Foundation was done in the 1980s. After structural problems with the 1973–1974 addition developed, a major project to renovate and expand the library was undertaken in the late 1990s. Designed by the firm of Perry, Dean, Rogers, and Partners, the renovation provided space for College Media Services, Writing Center, and a language lab.[52]Jackson's Garden: Begun in the 1830s by Professor Isaac Jackson of the Mathematics Department, Jackson's Garden comprises 8 acres (3.2 ha) of formal gardens and woodlands. Sited where Ramee's original plans called for a garden, it initially featured a mix of vegetables, shrubs, and flowers – some of which were grown from seeds sent by botanists and botanical enthusiasts from around the world. As early as 1844 it drew the admiration of visitors such as John James Audubon, and evolved into a sweeping retreat for both students and faculty.[53]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers745-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Board of trustees","text":"\"The Trustees of Union College\", a corporate body, has owned the college and been the college's designated legal representative throughout its history.[54] The Board consists of alumni, faculty, students, the president of the college, and others. The governor of the state of New York is also an ex officio member. The Board appoints the president of the college upon vacancy of the position.[55]","title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SealUnionUniversity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Union University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_University_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"University Club of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Club_of_New_York"}],"sub_title":"The Student Forum","text":"The Student Forum represents the principal form of student government at Union College. The purpose of the Student Forum is to formulate policies in areas involving the student body. The student body is represented by a president, vice-president of administration, vice-president of finance, vice-president of academics, vice-president of campus life, and vice-president for multicultural affairs. The entire Student Forum includes these officers together with two student trustees and 12 class representatives.[56]The Seal of Union University, on the Exterior Wall of the University Club of New York in Manhattan","title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_League"},{"link_name":"ECAC Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Annapolis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis_Group"},{"link_name":"Oberlin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Group"},{"link_name":"Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_of_Liberal_Arts_Colleges"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Union University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_University_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Albany Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Albany Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Dudley Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Memberships and affiliations","text":"Union College belongs to the Liberty League, ECAC Hockey, the Annapolis Group, the Oberlin Group, the Consortium of Liberal Arts Colleges (CLAC), and the New York Six Consortium.[57] Union is also a component of Union University, which also includes Albany Medical College, Albany Law School, the Dudley Observatory, and the Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.[58]","title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WRUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRUC"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers593-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers594-60"},{"link_name":"Concordiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordiensis"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-somers184-61"}],"sub_title":"Student media","text":"The Union College radio station, WRUC 89.7, dates from a student project in the fall of 1910, but did not become \"live\" until 1912.[59] The Union College radio station was among the first wireless transmitters in the country to broadcast regularly scheduled programs.[60] The weekly Concordiensis, the principal newspaper of Union College since 1877, is the thirteenth oldest student newspaper in the United States and the oldest continuously published newspaper in Schenectady.[61]","title":"Organization and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union_College_Main_Entrance_View_(8849306711).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nott Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nott_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Nott Memorial viewed from the southMost undergraduates are required to complete a minimum of 36 term courses in all programs except engineering, which may require up to 40 courses (in two-degree programs, nine courses beyond the requirements for the professional degrees), and students in the Leadership in Medicine program, which requires around 45–50 courses.[62] The most popular majors, by number out of 488 graduates in 2022, were:[63]Economics (82)\nBiological and Biomedical Sciences (46)\nMechanical Engineering (40)\nPolitical Science and Government (40)\nResearch and Experimental Psychology (36)\nNeuroscience (31)","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS-68"},{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_(test)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS-68"},{"link_name":"GPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPA"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS-68"}],"sub_title":"Admissions","text":"For the Class of 2027 (enrolling fall 2023), Union College received 9,484 applications and accepted 4,175 (44%).[68] The middle 50% range of SAT scores of enrolled freshmen was 1300-1470 for math + reading, while the middle 50% range of the ACT composite score was 30-33.[68] The average high school grade point average (GPA) was 3.40.[68]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colloid chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid_chemistry"},{"link_name":"linchpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linchpin"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Undergraduate research","text":"Undergraduate research at Union College had its origin in the first third of the 20th century when chemistry professor Charles Hurd began involving students in his colloid chemistry investigations. Since then, undergraduate research has taken hold in all disciplines at the college, making this endeavor what has been termed \"the linchpin\" of the Union education. By the mid-1960s several disciplines at Union had established a senior research thesis requirement, and in 1978 the college began funding faculty-mentored student research in all disciplines. This was followed by the creation of funded summer research opportunities, again in all disciplines at the college, in 1986.[69]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Hobart and William Smith Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Study abroad programs","text":"Union College makes available a variety of opportunities for formal study outside the United States, the most popular of which are the Terms Abroad Programs.[70] Currently, Terms Abroad are offered for residence and study on nearly every continent, some in cooperation with Hobart and William Smith Colleges. In the 2009–2010 school year, programs were offered in 22 countries or regions around the world.[71]Every year Union College also offers a variety of mini-terms (three-week programs during the winter break or at the beginning of the summer vacation). In the 2009–2010 school year, mini-terms were offered in 11 regions or countries (including the United States).[72]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schaffer_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"18th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_in_literature"},{"link_name":"19th-century literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Schaffer Library","text":"Schaffer Library, opened in 1961Opened in 1961, Schaffer Library currently makes available onsite about 750,000 books in print as well as electronic formats. The two largest historical, electronic collections are Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO). The library's print and rare book collections are especially strong in 18th and 19th-century literature, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. Of particular note is the almost complete preservation of the college's first library, acquired between 1795 and 1799.[73]Union College belongs to several regional and national consortia that improve access to materials not owned by the college.[74]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potter_House_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delta Delta Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta"},{"link_name":"Chi Psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Psi"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society"},{"link_name":"Sigma Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi"},{"link_name":"Delta Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Phi"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Psi Upsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_Upsilon"},{"link_name":"Chi Psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Psi"},{"link_name":"Theta Delta Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-83"},{"link_name":"fecundity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecundity"},{"link_name":"The Mother of Fraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_Fraternities"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-84"},{"link_name":"North American Interfraternity Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Interfraternity_Conference"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-86"},{"link_name":"Alpha Delta Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi"},{"link_name":"Chi Psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Psi"},{"link_name":"Kappa Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society"},{"link_name":"Sigma Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Chi"},{"link_name":"Sigma Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi"},{"link_name":"Theta Delta Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_Delta_Chi"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFSL-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-83"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Omega"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Phi Sigma Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATPS-90"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-83"},{"link_name":"National Panhellenic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Council"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-86"},{"link_name":"Delta Phi Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Phi_Epsilon_(social)"},{"link_name":"Gamma Phi Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta"},{"link_name":"Sigma Delta Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau"},{"link_name":"Alpha Delta Lambda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_Delta_Lambda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFSL-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-83"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"National Pan-Hellenic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council"},{"link_name":"National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Latino_Fraternal_Organizations"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-86"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Phi Iota Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Iota_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Iota Phi Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_Phi_Theta"},{"link_name":"Lambda Pi Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Pi_Chi"},{"link_name":"Omega Phi Beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Phi_Beta"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFSL-87"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golub_House.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Fraternity and sorority life","text":"Potter House, home to Delta Delta Delta sorority and Chi Psi fraternityThe modern fraternity system at American colleges and universities is generally determined as beginning at Union College with the founding of Kappa Alpha (1825), Sigma Phi (1827), and Delta Phi (1827).[75][76][77][78][79] Three other surviving national fraternities – Psi Upsilon (1833), Chi Psi (1841), and Theta Delta Chi (1847) – were founded at Union in the next two decades.[80][81][82][83] On account of this fecundity, Union was called \"The Mother of Fraternities\".[6][7][84]In the fall of 2021, 33% of the college's female students belonged to a sorority and 24% of its male students belonged to a fraternity.[85] In 2010, some 50% of Union's sophomores, junior, and seniors were a member of its twelve Greek letter organizations.[84]The eight current fraternities at Union are members of the North American Interfraternity Conference, and as such come under the supervision of the Interfraternity Council (IFC).[86] They are: Alpha Delta Phi, Chi Psi, Kappa Alpha, Sigma Chi, Sigma Phi, and Theta Delta Chi.[87][83][88] A chapter of the co-ed community service oriented fraternity Alpha Phi Omega also exists on campus.[89] Among dormant fraternities with active alumni, Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity maintained a chapter on campus from 1888 to 1997.[90][83] The College Panhellenic Council (CPC) is the governing body for member sororities, of which the National Panhellenic Council (NPC) is the parent organization.[86] There are four CPC sororities at Union: Delta Phi Epsilon, Gamma Phi Beta, Sigma Delta Tau, and Alpha Delta Lambda.[87][83][91] The Multicultural Greek Council (MGC) is the governing body for organizations under the supervision of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO), or for any local organizations that fall under the category.[86] These organizations are Alpha Phi Alpha, Phi Iota Alpha, Iota Phi Theta, Lambda Pi Chi, and Omega Phi Beta.[87][92][83]Golub House, one of the Minerva Houses on campus","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-76"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-84"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minerva-94"}],"sub_title":"Minerva system","text":"Before 2004, in an effort to provide an alternative social environment to that offered by the Greek organizations, the Union College administration began recovering occupancy of independent fraternity houses.[76][84] This initiative was, and remains, a controversial step by the college.[93] A non-residential \"house system\" was created and funded, establishing buildings to serve as intellectual, social, and cultural centers for resident and non-resident members. All incoming students are randomly assigned to one of the seven Minerva Houses. An Office of Minerva Programs was created to coordinate and supervise Minerva activities.[94]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nott_Interior.tif"},{"link_name":"Nott Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nott_Memorial"}],"text":"Mandeville Gallery is on the second floor of the Nott Memorial","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Mandeville Gallery","text":"The Mandeville Gallery presents an annual Art Installation Series in partnership with the Schaffer Library.[95] The Art Installation Series features contemporary artists who visit campus and create a site-specific installation piece for the library's Learning Commons.[96]The Wikoff Student Gallery, on the third floor of the Nott Memorial, is dedicated to showing work by current, full-time Union College students.[97]The college owns over 3,000 works of art and artifacts which comprise its Permanent Collection, most of which are available for use by faculty and students in support of teaching and research.[98]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Yulman Theater","text":"The Department of Music sponsors lectures, performances, recitals, and workshops by visiting artists at numerous campus venues, including the Taylor Music Center and Memorial Chapel. Union College jazz, choral and orchestral groups, a taiko ensemble, and three student a cappella groups perform regularly. The college's chamber music series performs at the Memorial Chapel.[99]The Department of Theater and Dance offers several major theatrical productions as well as staged readings, student performances, guest appearances, and other shows throughout the school year.[100]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Garnet Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Garnet_Chargers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uniongarnetchargerslogo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bailey_Field_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Union_College_Athletics-101"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"indoor and outdoor track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"New England Small College Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Small_College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Liberty League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_League"},{"link_name":"ECAC Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey"},{"link_name":"Eastern College Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_III_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Union_College_Athletics-101"},{"link_name":"bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Union_College_Athletics-101"},{"link_name":"Achilles Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_Rink"},{"link_name":"David A. Viniar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Viniar"},{"link_name":"Frank Bailey Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bailey_(financier)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Union_College_Athletics-101"},{"link_name":"David Meckler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Meckler"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dayton"},{"link_name":"Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"See also: Union Garnet ChargersOfficial athletics logoBailey FieldThe college insists that athletics be kept in harmony with the essential educational purpose of Union. Its athletes, like those engaged in all extracurricular activities, must function effectively as students.[101]Intercollegiate competition is offered in 26 sports; for men, in baseball, basketball, crew, cross-country, football, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track; and for women, in basketball, crew, cross-country, field hockey, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track, and volleyball. Originally a founding member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), Union today participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the Liberty League, ECAC Hockey and the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Men's and women's ice hockey compete at the NCAA Division I level; all other sports compete at the NCAA Division III level.[101]All club sports are administered through the student activities office. The most active and popular clubs are baseball, bowling, fencing, golf, ice hockey, karate, rugby, skiing, and volleyball. An extensive intramural program is offered in a wide range of sports along with noncredit physical education classes as part of the wellness program.[101]Facilities include the Frank L. Messa Rink at the Achilles Center, the David Breazzano Fitness Center, the Travis J. Clark Strength Training Facility, the David A. Viniar Athletic Center, and Frank Bailey Field.[101]Union has hosted the two longest games in NCAA Men's Hockey History, losing both by identical 3-2 scores: The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 12, 2010. Quinnipiac University defeated Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Hockey League Quarter-Finals after 90:22 of overtime. Greg Holt scored the winning goal just after 1:00 am local time. The second-longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5, 2006. Yale University defeated Union College, 3–2, in the ECAC Hockey League first-round playoff game after 81:35 of overtime. David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded.[102]The Union football team went undefeated during the 1989 regular season, going 10–0. They lost to Dayton in the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl for the NCAA Division III Football Championship, 17–7.[103]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"21st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William H. Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Alaska Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Purchase"},{"link_name":"George Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Andrea Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Barrett"},{"link_name":"National Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Baruch Samuel Blumberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blumberg-107"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Alan F. Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_F._Horn"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notables-108"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(production)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Fitz Hugh Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz_Hugh_Ludlow"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"The Hashish Eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hashish_Eater"},{"link_name":"Howard Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Simons"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Watergate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_Scandal"},{"link_name":"Rich Templeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Templeton"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Nikki Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Stone"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal#Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1998 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"aerial skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_skiing"},{"link_name":"Jake Fishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Fishman"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"},{"link_name":"2020 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Team Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_baseball_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"21st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_H._Seward_portrait_-_restoration.jpg"},{"link_name":"William H. Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gordongould2_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"Gordon Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Gould"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg_by_Tom_Trower_(NASA)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Baruch Samuel Blumberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Abercrombie_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Neil Abercrombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie"},{"link_name":"governor of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii"}],"text":"Chester A. Arthur[104] (1848), 21st president of the United States\nWilliam H. Seward[105] (1820), Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln, Governor of New York, and architect of the Alaska Purchase from Russia\nGeorge Westinghouse,[106] engineer, prolific inventor and industrialist\nAndrea Barrett (1974), winner of the National Book Award (for Ship Fever) and the Pulitzer Prize for works of fiction.\nBaruch Samuel Blumberg (1946)[107] winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine\nJimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States, studied nuclear physics at the Graduate School.\nAlan F. Horn (1964),[108] the chairman of Walt Disney Studios, and former president and COO of Warner Bros.;\nFitz Hugh Ludlow[109] (1856), author of The Hashish Eater;\nHoward Simons (1951),[110] managing editor of The Washington Post during the Watergate era;\nRich Templeton (1980) engineer, former Chief Executive Officer Texas Instruments Instruments, philanthropist\nNikki Stone (1995)[111] winner of a gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics for aerial skiing\nJake Fishman (2018)[112] American-Israeli Major League Baseball pitcher for the Miami Marlins and in the 2020 Olympics for Team Israel, the only Union player to ever be drafted in the MLB draft.Chester A. Arthur (1848), 21st president of the United States\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam H. Seward (1820), Secretary of State under Lincoln\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGordon Gould (1941), physicist credited with the invention of the laser\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNobel Laureate Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1946)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeil Abercrombie (1959), seventh governor of Hawaii","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_anone"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"The College of William and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_William_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tewksbury_1932,_p._59-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_bnone"},{"link_name":"Washington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_College"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University"},{"link_name":"Hampden–Sydney College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden%E2%80%93Sydney_College"},{"link_name":"Transylvania University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_University"},{"link_name":"Dickinson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_College"},{"link_name":"St. John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"College of Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Charleston"},{"link_name":"Franklin & Marshall College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_%26_Marshall_College"},{"link_name":"University of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"Bowdoin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College"},{"link_name":"Tusculum College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusculum_College"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_(Chapel_Hill)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tewksbury_1932,_p._60-113"}],"text":"a ^ Harvard University, The College of William and Mary, Yale University, Princeton University, Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Rutgers University, and Dartmouth College.[10]\nb ^ Washington College, Washington and Lee University, Hampden–Sydney College, Transylvania University, Dickinson College, St. John's College, University of Georgia, College of Charleston, Franklin & Marshall College, University of Vermont, Williams College, Bowdoin College, Tusculum College, University of Tennessee, University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) and Union College.[113]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39182280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39182280"},{"link_name":"Boorstin, Daniel J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-16415-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-16415-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"360759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/360759"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-405-03699-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-03699-X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"603810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/603810"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4171403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4171403"},{"link_name":"Demarest, William H. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Steele_Demarest"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Rutgers College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_College"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"785305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/785305"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8028-3485-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3485-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912756-06-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912756-06-3"},{"link_name":"Fox, Dixon Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_Ryan_Fox"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4676869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4676869"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87169-109-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-109-4"},{"link_name":"Eliphalet Nott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/eliphaletnott00codm"},{"link_name":"Middletown, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8195-4037-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-4037-4"},{"link_name":"Historical and Statistical Record of the University of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historicalandst00murrgoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"473881227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/473881227"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18477246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18477246"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"483709158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/483709158"},{"link_name":"Randall, Henry S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Randall"},{"link_name":"The Life of Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifethomasjeffe10randgoog"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8050-1577-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-1577-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"933758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/933758"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Raymond, Andrew Van Vranken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Van_Vranken_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Union University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/unionuniversity01raymgoog"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9519312-2-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9519312-2-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11901093","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11901093"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-201-14835-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-14835-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"176662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/176662"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87589-358-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87589-358-9"},{"link_name":"The Liberal Arts College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/collegealgebra00kauf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-534-93501-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-93501-X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254359957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/254359957"},{"link_name":"The University of the State of New York: History of Higher Education in the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/universitystate00shergoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3123002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3123002"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912756-31-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912756-31-4"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"76620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76620"},{"link_name":"Tunnard, Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tunnard"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5291278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5291278"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"MIT Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-20047-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-20047-3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-49552-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49552-0"},{"link_name":"Wills, Garry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Wills"},{"link_name":"Mr. Jefferson's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mrjeffersonsuniv00garr"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7922-6531-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-6531-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"97814677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/97814677"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-153-14534-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-153-14534-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18738526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18738526"}],"text":"ANB: American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999. OCLC 39182280.\nBoorstin, Daniel J. (1965). The Americans: The National Experience. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-517-16415-9. OCLC 360759.\nButts, R. Freeman (1939). The College Charts Its Course. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-405-03699-X. OCLC 603810.\nDAB: Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Scribner. 1928. OCLC 4171403.\nDemarest, William H. S. (1924). A History of Rutgers College, 1766–1924. New Brunswick: Rutgers College. OCLC 785305.\nFerm, Robert L. (1976). Jonathan Edwards the Younger. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-3485-X.\nFortenbaugh, Samuel B. Jr. (1978). In Order to Form a More Perfect Union: An Inquiry into the Origins of a College. Schenectady: Union College Press. ISBN 0-912756-06-3.\nFox, Dixon Ryan (1945). Union College: An Unfinished History. Schenectady, New York: Union College. OCLC 4676869.\nGuralnick, Stanley M. (1975). Science and the Ante-Bellum College. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-109-4.\nHislop, Codman (1971). Eliphalet Nott. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-4037-4.\nHough, Franklin B. (1885). Historical and Statistical Record of the University of the State of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons. OCLC 473881227.(Full text via Google Books.)\nNeisular, Jeanette G. (1964). The History of Education in Schenectady. Schenectady: Schenectady Board of Education. OCLC 18477246.\nPearson, Jonathan (1980). Three Centuries: The History of the First Reformed Church of Schenectady, 1680–1980. Schenectady: The First Reformed Church of Schenectady. OCLC 483709158.\nRandall, Henry S. (1858). The Life of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Derby and Jackson. ISBN 0-8050-1577-9. OCLC 933758.(Full text via Google Books.)\nRaymond, Andrew Van Vranken (1907). Union University. New York: Lewis Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9519312-2-9. OCLC 11901093.(Full text via Google Books.)\nRudolph, Frederick (1965). The American College and University. New York: Alfred Knopf. ISBN 0-201-14835-8. OCLC 176662.\nRudolph, Frederick (1977). Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636. San Francisco: Josey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-358-9.\nSchmidt, George P. (1957). The Liberal Arts College. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-534-93501-X. OCLC 254359957.\nSherwood, Sidney (1900). The University of the State of New York: History of Higher Education in the State of New York. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 3123002.(Full text via Google Books.)\nSomers, Wayne, ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Union College History. Schenectady, New York: Union College. ISBN 0-912756-31-4.\nTewksbury, Donald G. (1932). The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. OCLC 76620.\nTunnard, Christopher (1964). Joseph Jacques Ramée: Architect of Union College. Schenectady, New York: Union College. OCLC 5291278.\nTurner, Paul V. (1984). Campus: An American Planning Tradition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-20047-3.\nTurner, Paul V. (1996). Joseph Ramée: International Architect of the Revolutionary Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49552-0.\nWills, Garry (2002). Mr. Jefferson's University. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-6531-9. OCLC 97814677.\nYates, Austin A. (1902). Schenectady County, New York: Its History to the Close of the Nineteenth Century. New York: New York History Company. ISBN 1-153-14534-0. OCLC 18738526.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historical Sketch of Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historicalsketc00educgoog"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"61597023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61597023"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15201599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/15201599"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"29132611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/29132611"},{"link_name":"Memoirs of Eliphalet Nott, for Sixty-Two Years President of Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/memoirsofeliphal00vansuoft"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3325463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3325463"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"916746","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/916746"}],"text":"Hough, Franklin B. (1876). Historical Sketch of Union College. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 61597023.(Full text via Google Books.)\nHuntley, C. William (1985). Thirty Years in the Life of a College. Schenectady, New York: Union College. OCLC 15201599.\nLarrabee, Harold A. (1934). Joseph Jacques Ramée and America's First Unified College Plan. New York: American Society of the French Legion of Honor. OCLC 29132611.\nVan Santvoord, Cornelius (1876). Memoirs of Eliphalet Nott, for Sixty-Two Years President of Union College. New York: Sheldon. OCLC 3325463.(Full text via Google Books.)\nWaldron, Charles (1954). The Union College I Remember, 1902–1946. Boston: privately printed. OCLC 916746.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Schenectady Academy (Old Union College), 1795","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Union1795nocap.jpg/220px-Union1795nocap.jpg"},{"image_text":"Union College' in 1804","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Union1804.jpg/220px-Union1804.jpg"},{"image_text":"The original 1813 Ramée plan of the Union College campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Joseph_Ram%C3%A9e_Union_College_USA.jpg/220px-Joseph_Ram%C3%A9e_Union_College_USA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Memorial_Chapel_6.JPG/220px-Memorial_Chapel_6.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Seal of Union University, on the Exterior Wall of the University Club of New York in Manhattan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SealUnionUniversity.jpg/220px-SealUnionUniversity.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nott Memorial viewed from the south","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Union_College_Main_Entrance_View_%288849306711%29.jpg/220px-Union_College_Main_Entrance_View_%288849306711%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schaffer Library, opened in 1961","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Schaffer_2.JPG/220px-Schaffer_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Potter House, home to Delta Delta Delta sorority and Chi Psi fraternity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Potter_House_1.jpg/220px-Potter_House_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Golub House, one of the Minerva Houses on campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Golub_House.jpg/220px-Golub_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mandeville Gallery is on the second floor of the Nott Memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nott_Interior.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Nott_Interior.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Official athletics logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Uniongarnetchargerslogo.png/110px-Uniongarnetchargerslogo.png"},{"image_text":"Bailey Field","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bailey_Field_Panorama.jpg/220px-Bailey_Field_Panorama.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Union College Men's Glee Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College_Men%27s_Glee_Club"},{"title":"List of colleges and universities in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_New_York"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Schenectady_County,_New_York"},{"title":"List of Union College alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Union_College_alumni"}]
[{"reference":"center, member. \"Member Center\". Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151109231238/http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp","url_text":"\"Member Center\""},{"url":"http://www.naicu.edu/member_center/members.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding Union College's endowment | Finance | Union College\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.union.edu/finance/understanding-union-colleges-endowment","url_text":"\"Understanding Union College's endowment | Finance | Union College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union at a Glance\" (PDF). Union College. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2019-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.union.edu/admissions/union","url_text":"\"Union at a Glance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190628201812/https://www.union.edu/admissions/union","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Colors - Communications - Union College\". Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.union.edu/offices/communications/policies/style-guide/colors/","url_text":"\"Colors - Communications - Union College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014155728/http://www.union.edu/offices/communications/policies/style-guide/colors/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Albert Clark (1899). The Cyclopædia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to ... More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States. New York: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 333 and 351 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l-KEAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22mother+of+fraternities%22&pg=PA333","url_text":"The Cyclopædia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to ... More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States"}]},{"reference":"\"Work of Union College; Hundreds of Distinguished Men Among Its Graduates. Incorporated One Hundred Years. The Present Beautiful Site of Two Hundred Acres Secured in 1812 -- \"The Mother of Fraternities.\"\" (PDF). The New York Times. 1895-06-21. p. 9. Retrieved 2023-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/06/21/102463067.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0","url_text":"\"Work of Union College; Hundreds of Distinguished Men Among Its Graduates. Incorporated One Hundred Years. 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Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711123153/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BXchAAAAIBAJ&pg=1078%2C2697262","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News_Archive","url_text":"Google News Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Birthday, George Westinghouse | Union College News Archives\". muse.union.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.union.edu/newsarchives/1996/10/11/happy-birthday-george-westinghouse/","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday, George Westinghouse | Union College News Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baruch Blumberg '46, winner of Nobel Prize, dies\". Union College. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. 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OCLC 785305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Steele_Demarest","url_text":"Demarest, William H. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey","url_text":"New Brunswick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_College","url_text":"Rutgers College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/785305","url_text":"785305"}]},{"reference":"Ferm, Robert L. (1976). Jonathan Edwards the Younger. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-3485-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan","url_text":"Grand Rapids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3485-X","url_text":"0-8028-3485-X"}]},{"reference":"Fortenbaugh, Samuel B. Jr. (1978). In Order to Form a More Perfect Union: An Inquiry into the Origins of a College. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Township,_Lake_County,_Illinois
Fremont Township, Lake County, Illinois
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Villages","2.2 Adjacent townships","2.3 Cemeteries","2.4 Major highways","2.5 Airports and landing strips","3 Demographics","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°16′56″N 88°03′31″W / 42.28222°N 88.05861°W / 42.28222; -88.05861A township in Illinois, United States Township in Illinois, United StatesFremont TownshipTownshipLocation in Lake CountyLake County's location in IllinoisCoordinates: 42°16′56″N 88°03′31″W / 42.28222°N 88.05861°W / 42.28222; -88.05861CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountyLakeEstablishedNovember 6, 1849Government • SupervisorPeter TekampeArea • Total35.8 sq mi (92.8 km2) • Land34.1 sq mi (88.4 km2) • Water1.7 sq mi (4.4 km2)Elevation804 ft (245 m)Population (2010) • Estimate (2016)32,716Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code17-097-27923Websitewww.fremonttownship.com Fremont Township is a township in Lake County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 32,337. History The township was formed about 1849. A number of names were suggested, and eventually the name Fremont was adopted in honor of the western explorer John C. Frémont. Geography Fremont Township covers an area of 35.8 square miles (92.8 km2); of this, 1.7 square miles (4.4 km2) or 4.69 percent is water. Lakes in this township include Countryside Lake, Davis Lake, Diamond Lake, Lake Fairfield and Schreiber Lake. Villages Grayslake Hawthorn Woods Libertyville Long Grove Mundelein North Barrington Round Lake Wauconda Adjacent townships Avon Township (north) Warren Township (northeast) Libertyville Township (east) Vernon Township (southeast) Ela Township (south) Cuba Township (southwest) Wauconda Township (west) Grant Township (northwest) Cemeteries The township contains five cemeteries: Ivanhoe, Saint Marys Catholic, Transfiguration Catholic, Union and United States Naval. Major highways U.S. Route 12 U.S. Route 45 Illinois State Route 60 Illinois State Route 83 Illinois State Route 137 Illinois State Route 176 Airports and landing strips Air Estates Airport Campbell Airport Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2016 (est.)32,716U.S. Decennial Census References U.S. Board on Geographic Names (GNIS) United States Census Bureau cartographic boundary files ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Fremont township, Lake County, Illinois". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ Callary, Edward. 2009. Place Names of Illinois. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, p. 129. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. External links Fremont Township official website US-Counties.com City-Data.com US Census Illinois State Archives vteMunicipalities and communities of Lake County, Illinois, United StatesCounty seat: WaukeganCities Highland Park Highwood Lake Forest North Chicago Park City Waukegan Zion Map of Illinois highlighting Lake CountyVillages Antioch Arlington Heights‡ Bannockburn Barrington‡ Barrington Hills‡ Beach Park Buffalo Grove‡ Deer Park‡ Deerfield‡ Fox Lake‡ Fox River Grove‡ Grayslake Green Oaks Gurnee Hainesville Hawthorn Woods Indian Creek Island Lake‡ Kildeer Lake Barrington Lake Bluff Lake Villa Lake Zurich Lakemoor‡ Libertyville Lincolnshire Lindenhurst Long Grove Mettawa Mundelein North Barrington Old Mill Creek Palatine‡ Port Barrington‡ Riverwoods Round Lake Round Lake Beach Round Lake Heights Round Lake Park Third Lake Tower Lakes Vernon Hills Volo Wadsworth Wauconda Wheeling‡ Winthrop Harbor Townships Antioch Avon Benton Cuba Ela Fremont Grant Lake Villa Libertyville Moraine Newport Shields Vernon Warren Wauconda Waukegan West Deerfield Zion CDPs Channel Lake Forest Lake Fox Lake Hills Gages Lake Grandwood Park Knollwood Lake Catherine Long Lake Venetian Village Otherunincorporatedcommunities Aptakisic Diamond Lake Eddy Fort Sheridan Fremont Center Gilmer Grange Hall Grass Lake Ingleside Ivanhoe Kennedy Loon Lake Millburn Monaville Palm Beach‡ Prairie View Rondout Rosecrans Russell Sylvan Lake West Miltmore Wildwood Former settlements Half Day Wilson Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Illinois portal United States portal
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[{"image_text":"Map of Illinois highlighting Lake County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Lake_County.svg/42px-Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Lake_County.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Creek,_Belize
Big Creek, Belize
["1 Facilities","2 Hurricanes","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 16°30′51″N 88°24′16″W / 16.51417°N 88.40444°W / 16.51417; -88.40444Port in BelizeBig CreekOil barge being loaded at Big Creek PortMap of Big Creek locationLocationCountryBelizeLocationToledo DistrictCoordinates16°30′51″N 88°24′16″W / 16.51417°N 88.40444°W / 16.51417; -88.40444UN/LOCODEBZBGKDetailsOpenedYesNo. of berths3Draft depth11.0 m. in the channelStatisticsWebsitewww.portofbigcreek.com Port of Big Creek is the only deep-water port facility on the in Country of Belize (just south of the boundary with Stann Creek District), constructed in the 1990s. It is the nation's largest private port., after Belize City. Big Creek is the main port for Belize's banana industry; citrus fruit and shrimp are also exported from here. It is also the location from which oil, extracted from the fields of Spanish Lookout, is exported. Facilities The port is ISPS certified and has 3 berths. Cargoes handled include bananas, citrus fruit and petroleum. Hurricanes The port is not a designated safe harbour with regard to hurricane preparedness. Big Creek was the location in which the Peter Hughes dive boat "Wave Dancer" capsized during Hurricane Iris in October 2001, killing 20 persons, comprising 3 crew members and 17 vacationing divers from Richmond, Virginia. References ^ "UNLOCODE (BZ) - BELIZE". www.unece.org. UNECE. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ a b c "About Us • Port of Big Creek". Port of Big Creek. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ "Port of Big Creek, Belize". www.findaport.com. Shipping Guides Ltd. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ "Belize Port Authority Maritime Service, Security and Efficiency". Belize Port Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ "Designated Safe Harbours – Belize Port Authority". Belize Port Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ "Tornado Spawned by Iris Blamed for Capsizing Boat". USAToday.com. Associated Press. 2001-10-16. Retrieved 2013-06-23. External links www.portofbigcreek.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fap-1-3"},{"link_name":"Belize City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize_City"},{"link_name":"banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"citrus fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_fruit"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"Spanish Lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Lookout"}],"text":"Port in BelizePort of Big Creek is the only deep-water port facility on the in Country of Belize (just south of the boundary with Stann Creek District), constructed in the 1990s. It is the nation's largest private port.,[3] after Belize City. Big Creek is the main port for Belize's banana industry; citrus fruit and shrimp are also exported from here. It is also the location from which oil, extracted from the fields of Spanish Lookout, is exported.","title":"Big Creek, Belize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ship_and_Port_Facility_Security_Code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-1-2"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"citrus fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_fruit"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpa-2-4"}],"text":"The port is ISPS certified and has 3 berths.[2] Cargoes handled include bananas, citrus fruit and petroleum.[4]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpa-3-5"},{"link_name":"Wave Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Iris#Wave_Dancer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap1016-6"}],"text":"The port is not a designated safe harbour with regard to hurricane preparedness.[5]Big Creek was the location in which the Peter Hughes dive boat \"Wave Dancer\" capsized during Hurricane Iris in October 2001, killing 20 persons, comprising 3 crew members and 17 vacationing divers from Richmond, Virginia.[6]","title":"Hurricanes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"UNLOCODE (BZ) - BELIZE\". www.unece.org. UNECE. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/bz.htm","url_text":"\"UNLOCODE (BZ) - BELIZE\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us • Port of Big Creek\". Port of Big Creek. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190325012544/http://www.portofbigcreek.com/home/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us • Port of Big Creek\""},{"url":"http://www.portofbigcreek.com/home/about-us/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Big Creek, Belize\". www.findaport.com. Shipping Guides Ltd. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findaport.com/port-of-big-creek","url_text":"\"Port of Big Creek, Belize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belize Port Authority Maritime Service, Security and Efficiency\". Belize Port Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portauthority.bz/port-facilities/","url_text":"\"Belize Port Authority Maritime Service, Security and Efficiency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Designated Safe Harbours – Belize Port Authority\". Belize Port Authority. Retrieved 20 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portauthority.bz/hurricane-preparedness/designated-safe-harbours/","url_text":"\"Designated Safe Harbours – Belize Port Authority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado Spawned by Iris Blamed for Capsizing Boat\". USAToday.com. Associated Press. 2001-10-16. Retrieved 2013-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/news/2001/2001-10-16-iris-tornado.htm","url_text":"\"Tornado Spawned by Iris Blamed for Capsizing Boat\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Big_Creek,_Belize&params=16_30_51_N_88_24_16_W_region:BZ","external_links_name":"16°30′51″N 88°24′16″W / 16.51417°N 88.40444°W / 16.51417; -88.40444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Big_Creek,_Belize&params=16_30_51_N_88_24_16_W_region:BZ","external_links_name":"16°30′51″N 88°24′16″W / 16.51417°N 88.40444°W / 16.51417; -88.40444"},{"Link":"http://www.portofbigcreek.com/","external_links_name":"www.portofbigcreek.com"},{"Link":"https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/bz.htm","external_links_name":"\"UNLOCODE (BZ) - BELIZE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190325012544/http://www.portofbigcreek.com/home/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us • Port of Big Creek\""},{"Link":"http://www.portofbigcreek.com/home/about-us/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.findaport.com/port-of-big-creek","external_links_name":"\"Port of Big Creek, Belize\""},{"Link":"https://www.portauthority.bz/port-facilities/","external_links_name":"\"Belize Port Authority Maritime Service, Security and Efficiency\""},{"Link":"https://www.portauthority.bz/hurricane-preparedness/designated-safe-harbours/","external_links_name":"\"Designated Safe Harbours – Belize Port Authority\""},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/news/2001/2001-10-16-iris-tornado.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tornado Spawned by Iris Blamed for Capsizing Boat\""},{"Link":"http://www.portofbigcreek.com/","external_links_name":"www.portofbigcreek.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Iowa
Hartford, Iowa
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 References"]
Coordinates: 41°27′28″N 93°24′14″W / 41.45778°N 93.40389°W / 41.45778; -93.40389 City in Iowa, United StatesHartford, IowaCityLocation of Hartford, IowaCoordinates: 41°27′28″N 93°24′14″W / 41.45778°N 93.40389°W / 41.45778; -93.40389Country United StatesState IowaCountyWarrenArea • Total1.09 sq mi (2.82 km2) • Land1.09 sq mi (2.82 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation889 ft (271 m)Population (2020) • Total733 • Density673.71/sq mi (260.19/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code50118Area code515FIPS code19-34680GNIS feature ID2394307 Hartford is a city in Warren County, Iowa, United States. The population was 733 at the time of the 2020 census. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area. History Hartford was laid out in 1849 by John D. Hartman. John D. Hartman was the father of an Indianola mayor. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.03 square miles (2.67 km2), all of it land. Demographics Historical populationsYearPop.±%1880267—    1920218−18.4%1930207−5.0%1940207+0.0%1950221+6.8%1960271+22.6%1970582+114.8%1980761+30.8%1990768+0.9%2000759−1.2%2010771+1.6%2020733−4.9%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census The population of Hartford, Iowa from US census data 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 771 people, 279 households, and 208 families residing in the city. The population density was 748.5 inhabitants per square mile (289.0/km2). There were 299 housing units at an average density of 290.3 per square mile (112.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.4% White, 0.6% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population. There were 279 households, of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.4% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.19. The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 30.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 9.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 759 people, 271 households, and 208 families residing in the city. The population density was 778.9 inhabitants per square mile (300.7/km2). There were 282 housing units at an average density of 289.4 per square mile (111.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.13% White, 1.98% Native American, 1.98% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.35% of the population. There were 271 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.20. In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $39,539, and the median income for a family was $45,125. Males had a median income of $31,726 versus $25,882 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,141. About 2.4% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over. Education Carlisle Community Schools operates public schools. One school, Hartford Upper Elementary School (grades 4–5), is in Hartford. References Iowa portal ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hartford, Iowa ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ The History of Warren County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c, Volume 1. Higginson Book Company. 1879. p. 496. ^ History of Warren County, Iowa: From Its Earliest Settlement to 1908. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. 1908. pp. 339. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "About Hartford Upper Elementary Archived 2013-02-17 at the Wayback Machine." (Archive) Carlisle Community Schools. Retrieved on April 3, 2013. vteMunicipalities and communities of Warren County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: IndianolaCities Ackworth Bevington‡ Carlisle‡ Cumming Des Moines‡ Hartford Indianola Lacona Martensdale Milo New Virginia Norwalk‡ Sandyville Spring Hill St. Marys West Des Moines‡ Map of Iowa highlighting Warren CountyTownships Allen Belmont Greenfield Jackson Jefferson Liberty Lincoln Linn Otter Palmyra Richland Squaw Union Virginia White Breast White Oak Unincorporatedcommunities Beech Churchville Clarkson Liberty Center Prole Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-3"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"West Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesHartford is a city in Warren County, Iowa, United States. The population was 733 at the time of the 2020 census.[3] It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Hartford, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Indianola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianola,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hartford was laid out in 1849 by John D. Hartman.[4] John D. Hartman was the father of an Indianola mayor.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-6"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.03 square miles (2.67 km2), all of it land.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HartfordIowaPopPlot.png"}],"text":"The population of Hartford, Iowa from US census data","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-8"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2010, there were 771 people, 279 households, and 208 families residing in the city. The population density was 748.5 inhabitants per square mile (289.0/km2). There were 299 housing units at an average density of 290.3 per square mile (112.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.4% White, 0.6% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.There were 279 households, of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.4% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.19.The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 30.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 9.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[9] of 2000, there were 759 people, 271 households, and 208 families residing in the city. The population density was 778.9 inhabitants per square mile (300.7/km2). There were 282 housing units at an average density of 289.4 per square mile (111.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.13% White, 1.98% Native American, 1.98% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.35% of the population.There were 271 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.20.In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.The median income for a household in the city was $39,539, and the median income for a family was $45,125. Males had a median income of $31,726 versus $25,882 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,141. About 2.4% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlisle Community Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_Community_Schools"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Carlisle Community Schools operates public schools. One school, Hartford Upper Elementary School (grades 4–5), is in Hartford.[10]","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"The population of Hartford, Iowa from US census data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HartfordIowaPopPlot.png/220px-HartfordIowaPopPlot.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Warren County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Warren_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Warren_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"The History of Warren County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c, Volume 1. Higginson Book Company. 1879. p. 496.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y1M0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA496","url_text":"The History of Warren County, Iowa: Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, &c, Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"History of Warren County, Iowa: From Its Earliest Settlement to 1908. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. 1908. pp. 339.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Z1A0AQAAMAAJ","url_text":"History of Warren County, Iowa: From Its Earliest Settlement to 1908"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Z1A0AQAAMAAJ/page/n313","url_text":"339"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan,_South_Australia
Morgan, South Australia
["1 History","2 Heritage listings","3 Modern Morgan","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","8 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 34°02′0″S 139°40′0″E / 34.03333°S 139.66667°E / -34.03333; 139.66667 Town in South AustraliaMorganSouth AustraliaMorganCoordinates34°02′0″S 139°40′0″E / 34.03333°S 139.66667°E / -34.03333; 139.66667Population426 (2006 census)Established25 April 1878 (town)27 March 2003 (locality)Postcode(s)5320Location 161 km (100 mi) NE of Adelaide 43 km (27 mi) NW of Waikerie LGA(s)Mid Murray CouncilState electorate(s)ChaffeyFederal division(s)Barker Localities around Morgan: Lindley Lindley Stuart Eba Morgan StuartCadellNorth West BendBeaumontsMorphetts FlatBrenda ParkCadellMurbkoWombats RestMurbko Blanchetown Blanchetown Murbko FootnotesAdjoining localities Morgan is a town in South Australia on the right bank of the Murray River, just downstream of where it turns from flowing roughly westwards to roughly southwards. It is about 161 kilometres (100 mi) north east of Adelaide, and about 315 kilometres (196 mi) upstream of the Murray Mouth. At the 2006 census, Morgan had a population of 426. History Several Indigenous names are recorded: Korkoranna for Morgan itself, Koolpoola for the opposite flats, and Coerabko ('Katarapko'), meaning meeting place, for the bend locality. Morgan is in the traditional lands of the Ngaiawang people. Nganguruku people moved to the Morgan area when they lost access to their traditional lands further south. The first Europeans to visit were the expedition of Charles Sturt, who passed by in a rowboat in 1830. The first Europeans to visit overland, by horseback, in March 1838, was the expedition of Hill, Oakden, Willis, and Wood. They noted a large Indigenous population. The locality was originally known to Europeans as the North West Bend, or Nor'west Bend, or Great South Bend, due to an acute change in the trend and direction of the Murray. The westward flowing stream of the river turns here to flow southward. The nearby pioneering pastoral station, Northwest Bend Station, established in the 1840s, still bears that name. The town was proclaimed in 1878, the year the railway line from Adelaide via Kapunda was opened, and was named at that time after Sir William Morgan, then Chief Secretary, later Premier of South Australia. A large wharf was built, and Morgan, being the railway terminus (hence the name of a local hotel), became one of the busiest ports on the Murray. It handled nearly all the goods that were being imported and exported (particularly wool) to and from a vast region upstream from Morgan along the Murray and Darling rivers. At its peak, Morgan was the second busiest port in South Australia (behind only Port Adelaide), with six trains a day carrying freight from the Murray to the sea at Port Adelaide. As road transport improved through the early part of the 20th century, river transport declined. The railway to Morgan finally closed in 1969. Heritage listings Morgan has a number of heritage-listed buildings, including: Railway Terrace: Morgan railway station and Station Master's House 11 Railway Terrace: Post Office Row 25 Railway Terrace: Landseer's Store Morgan Wharf Modern Morgan Morgan today is well known for its number of houseboat moorings and services, and a houseboat marina is currently under construction. A free road transport ferry service operates 24 hours for river crossings. Just southward (downstream) from Morgan is a riverfront development named Brenda Park, which has flourished since WWII, originally as rustic shacks, but now as prestige waterfront holiday homes. Despite these new developments, many historic buildings remain in the town. A number of these buildings have signs showing their former use and appearance. The two hotels, both historic, sit opposite each other, facing the riverfront. A caravan park is sited near the riverfront. Morgan is in the Mid Murray Council local government area, the state electoral district of Stuart, and the federal Division of Barker. During World War II, the Morgan-Whyalla pipeline was built from the Murray River at Morgan to supply fresh water to the city of Whyalla. The wasp Pseudofoenus morganensis Jennings & Austin 2002 (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae) is named after the town of Morgan. Gallery Uniting Church Post Office Museum Murray River War Memorial Lutheran Church Morgan Institute RSL Terminus Hotel See also Cadell Training Centre Murray River crossings References ^ a b "Search result for Morgan, GTWN' with the following datasets selected - 'Local Government areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Counties', 'Postcode', 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Land Development Plan Zone Categories', 'Roads', 'Government Towns' and 'Gazetteer'". Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Morgan (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)". 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 16 January 2010. ^ Morgan, William (25 April 1878). "Unnamed proclamation under the " Crown Lands Consolidation Act" re the Town of Morgan" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. pp. 973–974. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ WEATHERILL, J. (27 March 2003). "GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Names and Boundaries to Places (in the Mid Murray Council)" (PDF). the South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1184. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "Electoral district of Chaffey". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 27 March 2018. ^ "Electoral division of Barker" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 27 March 2018. ^ Chronicle newspaper, 7 July 1932, pp. 42–43. ^ "Ngaiawang (SA)". Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes. South Australian Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2020. ^ "Nganguruku (SA)". Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes. South Australian Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2020. ^ "NOTES OF AN EXCURSION TO THE MURRAY, BY MESSRS. HILL, WOOD, WILLIS AND OAKDEN. BY JOHN OAKDEN, Esq". South Australian Gazette And Colonial Register. South Australia. 17 March 1838. p. 3. Retrieved 30 March 2020 – via Trove. ^ "Morgan Railway Station & Station Master's House". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 May 2016. ^ "Post Office Row (Five attached shops and dwellings at rear)". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 May 2016. ^ "Landseer's Store". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 May 2016. ^ "Morgan Wharf". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 May 2016. ^ Jennings, J. T. and A. D. Austin, 2002, Systematics and distribution of world hyptiogastrine wasps (Hymenoptera : Gasteruptiidae). Invertebrate Systematics 16(5) 735 – 811. https://doi.org/10.1071/IT01048 |access-date=14 August 2021 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morgan, South Australia. Morgan website Further reading Marfleet, Brian, (2006), The Morgan Project, Society for Underwater Historical Research, Port Adelaide, SA (ISBN 0 9588006 5 0) . White, J. W. R.; (1977), Morgan Centenary 1878-1978: Commemoration Book, Morgan Centenary Committee, Morgan, South Australia (ISBN 0 9596361 0 2). vteTowns of the Riverland Barmera Berri Blanchetown Cadell Cobdogla Glossop Kingston On Murray Loveday Loxton Lyrup Monash Morgan Moorook Overland Corner Paringa Ramco Renmark Waikerie Winkie vteTowns and localities of the Mid Murray Council Angas Valley Annadale Apamurra Beatty Beaumonts Big Bend Birdwood (part) Black Hill Blanchetown Bolto Bower Bowhill (part) Brenda Park Brownlow Burdett Cadell Cadell Lagoon Caloote (part) Cambrai Caurnamont Claypans Cowirra Dutton (part) Dutton East Eba Eden Valley Fisher Five Miles Forster Frahns Frankton Frayville Julanka Holdings Keyneton Lake Carlet Langs Landing Lindley Mannum Maude Marks Landing McBean Pound Morgan Morphetts Flat Mount Mary Mount Pleasant Mount Torrens (part) Milendella Murbko Nildottie North West Bend Old Teal Flat Palmer Pellaring Flat Pompoota Ponde Port Mannum Punthari Punyelroo Purnong Rockleigh Rocky Point Sanderston Sandleton Sedan Springton Steinfeld Stuart Sunnydale Swan Reach Taylorville Teal Flat Tepko Towitta Truro Tungkillo Walker Flat Wall Flat Wombats Rest Wongulla Younghusband Younghusband Holdings Zadows Landing Former localities Greenways Landing Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Murray River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Murray Mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Mouth"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2006"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-2"}],"text":"Town in South AustraliaMorgan is a town in South Australia on the right bank of the Murray River, just downstream of where it turns from flowing roughly westwards to roughly southwards. It is about 161 kilometres (100 mi) north east of Adelaide, and about 315 kilometres (196 mi) upstream of the Murray Mouth. At the 2006 census, Morgan had a population of 426.[2]","title":"Morgan, South Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ngaiawang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaiawang"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nganguruku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nganguruku"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Charles Sturt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sturt"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Oakden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jackson_Oakden"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Kapunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapunda,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sir William Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morgan_(South_Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharf"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Port Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"},{"link_name":"road transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transport"}],"text":"Several Indigenous names are recorded: Korkoranna for Morgan itself, Koolpoola for the opposite flats, and Coerabko ('Katarapko'), meaning meeting place, for the bend locality.[7] Morgan is in the traditional lands of the Ngaiawang people.[8] Nganguruku people moved to the Morgan area when they lost access to their traditional lands further south.[9]The first Europeans to visit were the expedition of Charles Sturt, who passed by in a rowboat in 1830. The first Europeans to visit overland, by horseback, in March 1838, was the expedition of Hill, Oakden, Willis, and Wood.[10] They noted a large Indigenous population. The locality was originally known to Europeans as the North West Bend, or Nor'west Bend, or Great South Bend, due to an acute change in the trend and direction of the Murray. The westward flowing stream of the river turns here to flow southward. The nearby pioneering pastoral station, Northwest Bend Station, established in the 1840s, still bears that name.The town was proclaimed in 1878, the year the railway line from Adelaide via Kapunda was opened, and was named at that time after Sir William Morgan, then Chief Secretary, later Premier of South Australia. A large wharf was built, and Morgan, being the railway terminus (hence the name of a local hotel), became one of the busiest ports on the Murray. It handled nearly all the goods that were being imported and exported (particularly wool) to and from a vast region upstream from Morgan along the Murray and Darling rivers. At its peak, Morgan was the second busiest port in South Australia (behind only Port Adelaide), with six trains a day carrying freight from the Murray to the sea at Port Adelaide. As road transport improved through the early part of the 20th century, river transport declined. The railway to Morgan finally closed in 1969.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan railway station and Station Master's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Post Office Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_Row&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Landseer's Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landseer%27s_Store&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Morgan Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Wharf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Morgan has a number of heritage-listed buildings, including:Railway Terrace: Morgan railway station and Station Master's House[11]\n11 Railway Terrace: Post Office Row[12]\n25 Railway Terrace: Landseer's Store[13]\nMorgan Wharf[14]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"houseboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseboats"},{"link_name":"marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"},{"link_name":"construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Mid Murray Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Murray_Council"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"electoral district of Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Division of Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Barker"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Morgan-Whyalla pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan-Whyalla_pipeline"},{"link_name":"Whyalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyalla,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Morgan today is well known for its number of houseboat moorings and services, and a houseboat marina is currently under construction. A free road transport ferry service operates 24 hours for river crossings. Just southward (downstream) from Morgan is a riverfront development named Brenda Park, which has flourished since WWII, originally as rustic shacks, but now as prestige waterfront holiday homes.Despite these new developments, many historic buildings remain in the town. A number of these buildings have signs showing their former use and appearance. The two hotels, both historic, sit opposite each other, facing the riverfront. A caravan park is sited near the riverfront. Morgan is in the Mid Murray Council local government area, the state electoral district of Stuart, and the federal Division of Barker.During World War II, the Morgan-Whyalla pipeline was built from the Murray River at Morgan to supply fresh water to the city of Whyalla.The wasp Pseudofoenus morganensis Jennings & Austin 2002 (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae) is named after the town of Morgan.[15]","title":"Modern Morgan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MorganUnitingChurch.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MorganPostOffice.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MorganMuseum.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MorganMurrayRiver.JPG"},{"link_name":"Murray 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Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pellaring_Flat,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pompoota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompoota,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ponde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponde,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Port Mannum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Mannum,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Punthari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punthari,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Punyelroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyelroo,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Purnong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnong,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rockleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockleigh,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rocky Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Point,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sanderston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderston,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sandleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandleton,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Springton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springton,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Steinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinfeld,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sunnydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunnydale,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swan Reach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Reach,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Taylorville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylorville,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Teal Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teal_Flat,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tepko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepko,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Towitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towitta,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tungkillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungkillo,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Walker Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Flat,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Wall Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wall_Flat,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wombats Rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombats_Rest,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Wongulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wongulla,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younghusband,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Younghusband Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Younghusband_Holdings,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zadows Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zadows_Landing,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greenways Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenways_Landing,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6911541#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/132515295"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554936805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n79138021"}],"text":"Marfleet, Brian, (2006), The Morgan Project, Society for Underwater Historical Research, Port Adelaide, SA (ISBN 0 9588006 5 0) [1][2] .\nWhite, J. W. R.; (1977), Morgan Centenary 1878-1978: Commemoration Book, Morgan Centenary Committee, Morgan, South Australia (ISBN 0 9596361 0 2).vteTowns of the Riverland\nBarmera\nBerri\nBlanchetown\nCadell\nCobdogla\nGlossop\nKingston On Murray\nLoveday\nLoxton\nLyrup\nMonash\nMorgan\nMoorook\nOverland Corner\nParinga\nRamco\nRenmark\nWaikerie\nWinkievteTowns and localities of the Mid Murray Council\nAngas Valley\nAnnadale\nApamurra\nBeatty\nBeaumonts\nBig Bend\nBirdwood (part)\nBlack Hill\nBlanchetown\nBolto\nBower\nBowhill (part)\nBrenda Park\nBrownlow\nBurdett\nCadell\nCadell Lagoon\nCaloote (part)\nCambrai\nCaurnamont\nClaypans\nCowirra\nDutton (part)\nDutton East\nEba\nEden Valley\nFisher\nFive Miles\nForster\nFrahns\nFrankton\nFrayville\nJulanka Holdings\nKeyneton\nLake Carlet\nLangs Landing\nLindley\nMannum\nMaude\nMarks Landing\nMcBean Pound\nMorgan\nMorphetts Flat\nMount Mary\nMount Pleasant\nMount Torrens (part)\nMilendella\nMurbko\nNildottie\nNorth West Bend\nOld Teal Flat\nPalmer\nPellaring Flat\nPompoota\nPonde\nPort Mannum\nPunthari\nPunyelroo\nPurnong\nRockleigh\nRocky Point\nSanderston\nSandleton\nSedan\nSprington\nSteinfeld\nStuart\nSunnydale\nSwan Reach\nTaylorville\nTeal Flat\nTepko\nTowitta\nTruro\nTungkillo\nWalker Flat\nWall Flat\nWombats Rest\nWongulla\nYounghusband\nYounghusband Holdings\nZadows Landing\nFormer localities\nGreenways LandingAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cadell Training Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_Training_Centre"},{"title":"Murray River crossings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River_crossings"}]
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Retrieved 16 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2006/UCL416800","url_text":"\"Morgan (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, William (25 April 1878). \"Unnamed proclamation under the \" Crown Lands Consolidation Act\" re the Town of Morgan\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. pp. 973–974. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1878/19.pdf","url_text":"\"Unnamed proclamation under the \" Crown Lands Consolidation Act\" re the Town of Morgan\""}]},{"reference":"WEATHERILL, J. (27 March 2003). \"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Names and Boundaries to Places (in the Mid Murray Council)\" (PDF). the South Australian Government Gazette. South Australian Government. p. 1184. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2003/March/2003_027.pdf","url_text":"\"GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Names and Boundaries to Places (in the Mid Murray Council)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electoral district of Chaffey\". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/electoral-district-of-chaffey-pdf/download","url_text":"\"Electoral district of Chaffey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electoral division of Barker\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-barker.pdf","url_text":"\"Electoral division of Barker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ngaiawang (SA)\". Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes. South Australian Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ngaiawang.htm","url_text":"\"Ngaiawang (SA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Museum","url_text":"South Australian Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"Nganguruku (SA)\". Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes. South Australian Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/nganguruku.htm","url_text":"\"Nganguruku (SA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Museum","url_text":"South Australian Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"NOTES OF AN EXCURSION TO THE MURRAY, BY MESSRS. HILL, WOOD, WILLIS AND OAKDEN. BY JOHN OAKDEN, Esq\". South Australian Gazette And Colonial Register. South Australia. 17 March 1838. p. 3. Retrieved 30 March 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31749868","url_text":"\"NOTES OF AN EXCURSION TO THE MURRAY, BY MESSRS. HILL, WOOD, WILLIS AND OAKDEN. 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Retrieved 28 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=16310","url_text":"\"Landseer's Store\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morgan Wharf\". South Australian Heritage Register. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Retrieved 28 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/heritagesearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=16296","url_text":"\"Morgan Wharf\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Herbert,_6th_Earl_of_Powis
Christian Herbert, 6th Earl of Powis
["1 Life","2 Notes","3 External links"]
British barrister, soldier, Colonial service officer, and peer (1904–1988) Christian Victor Charles Herbert, 6th Earl of Powis (28 May 1904 – 7 October 1988) was a British barrister, soldier, Colonial service officer, and peer. In 1974, he became a member of the House of Lords by inheriting several peerages. Life Born in Lower Belgrave Street, Westminster, Powis was one of the sons of Colonel Edward William Herbert and Beatrice Anne Williamson. His grandfather was Robert Charles Herbert, a younger son of Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis, and Lucy Herbert, Countess of Powis. His maternal grandparents were Sir Hedworth Williamson, 8th Baronet, and Lady Elizabeth Liddell, a daughter of Henry Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth. He was educated at Oundle School, Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA, and University College London. In 1932 Herbert was called to the bar from the Inner Temple, becoming a barrister. In the Second World War, he rose to the rank of Major in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. After the war, he became a Colonial service officer and between 1947 and 1955 was successively private secretary to Gerald Hawkesworth, Ronald Garvey, and Patrick Muir Renison as Governors of British Honduras. In 1955, he remained with Renison when he was transferred to become Governor of British Guiana, then stayed in Georgetown as the Governor’s secretary when Renison was succeeded by Ralph Grey. In 1964, Grey was transferred to become Governor of the Bahamas, and Herbert retired. On 10 April 1953, by a Royal Warrant of Precedence, Herbert was advanced to the rank of the younger son of an earl, after his older brother Edward Herbert had become Earl of Powis on the death of a second cousin. On 15 January 1974, Herbert succeeded his brother as Earl of Powis, Viscount Clive of Ludlow, Baron Clive of Walcot, Baron Clive of Plassey, and Baron Powis, of Powis Castle, and Baron Herbert of Chirbury. By then, the family seat of Powis Castle had been given to the National Trust and the once-great estate of the Earls of Powis had been greatly reduced by inheritance tax. Nevertheless, by an arrangement with the new owners of the castle Powis took up residence there and died there in 1988. He was buried at Welshpool on 14 October 1988 by Alwyn Rice Jones, Bishop of St Asaph. Notes ^ Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, Armorial Families: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-armour (T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1910), p. 777 ^ a b Charles Mosley, ed. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, Vol. 2 (Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003), p. 3206 ^ “Powis, 6th Earl of, (Christian Victor Charles Herbert) (28 May 1904–7 Oct. 1988)” in Who Was Who 1981–1990 (1991) ISBN 0-7136-3336-0, p. 321 ^ The London Gazette, Issue 39822, 10 April 1953, p. 1971 ^ "EARL OFFERS TAX DEAL; Suggests Family Heirlooms Pay $1,683,698 Estate Duty", The New York Times, 13 February 1959 ^ Burials in the Parish of Welshpool in the County of Powys, p. 56, ancestry.co.uk, accessed 30 July 2022 (subscription required) External links Peerage of the United Kingdom Preceded byEdward Herbert Earl of Powis 1974–1988 Succeeded byGeorge William Herbert Authority control databases: People UK Parliament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"Colonial service officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"}],"text":"Christian Victor Charles Herbert, 6th Earl of Powis (28 May 1904 – 7 October 1988) was a British barrister, soldier, Colonial service officer, and peer.In 1974, he became a member of the House of Lords by inheriting several peerages.","title":"Christian Herbert, 6th Earl of Powis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower Belgrave Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Belgrave_Street"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Powis"},{"link_name":"Lucy Herbert, Countess of Powis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Herbert,_Countess_of_Powis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies1910-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Hedworth Williamson, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hedworth_Williamson,_8th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Henry Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Liddell,_1st_Earl_of_Ravensworth"},{"link_name":"Oundle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oundle_School"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-2"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Called_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"Inner Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Temple"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Army Ordnance Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Army_Ordnance_Corps"},{"link_name":"Gerald Hawkesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Hawkesworth"},{"link_name":"Ronald Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Garvey"},{"link_name":"Patrick Muir Renison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Muir_Renison"},{"link_name":"Governors of British Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_British_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Governor of British Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_British_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana"},{"link_name":"Ralph Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Grey,_Baron_Grey_of_Naunton"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Warrant of Precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Warrant_of_Precedence"},{"link_name":"Edward Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Powis"},{"link_name":"Earl of Powis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Powis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-2"},{"link_name":"Powis Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powis_Castle"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"inheritance tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_tax"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Welshpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool"},{"link_name":"Alwyn Rice Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwyn_Rice_Jones"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Born in Lower Belgrave Street, Westminster, Powis was one of the sons of Colonel Edward William Herbert and Beatrice Anne Williamson. His grandfather was Robert Charles Herbert, a younger son of Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis, and Lucy Herbert, Countess of Powis.[1] His maternal grandparents were Sir Hedworth Williamson, 8th Baronet, and Lady Elizabeth Liddell, a daughter of Henry Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth.He was educated at Oundle School, Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA, and University College London.[2]In 1932 Herbert was called to the bar from the Inner Temple, becoming a barrister. In the Second World War, he rose to the rank of Major in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. After the war, he became a Colonial service officer and between 1947 and 1955 was successively private secretary to Gerald Hawkesworth, Ronald Garvey, and Patrick Muir Renison as Governors of British Honduras. In 1955, he remained with Renison when he was transferred to become Governor of British Guiana, then stayed in Georgetown as the Governor’s secretary when Renison was succeeded by Ralph Grey. In 1964, Grey was transferred to become Governor of the Bahamas, and Herbert retired.[3]On 10 April 1953, by a Royal Warrant of Precedence, Herbert was advanced to the rank of the younger son of an earl, after his older brother Edward Herbert had become Earl of Powis on the death of a second cousin.[4] On 15 January 1974, Herbert succeeded his brother as Earl of Powis, Viscount Clive of Ludlow, Baron Clive of Walcot, Baron Clive of Plassey, and Baron Powis, of Powis Castle, and Baron Herbert of Chirbury.[2] By then, the family seat of Powis Castle had been given to the National Trust and the once-great estate of the Earls of Powis had been greatly reduced by inheritance tax.[5] Nevertheless, by an arrangement with the new owners of the castle Powis took up residence there and died there in 1988. He was buried at Welshpool on 14 October 1988 by Alwyn Rice Jones, Bishop of St Asaph.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fox-Davies1910_1-0"},{"link_name":"p. 777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/Armorial_Families/M2VHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA777"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_2-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mosley_(genealogist)"},{"link_name":"Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Who Was Who 1981–1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Was_Who"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7136-3336-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3336-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"p. 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39822/page/1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"EARL OFFERS TAX DEAL; Suggests Family Heirlooms Pay $1,683,698 Estate Duty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1959/02/13/archives/earl-offers-tax-deal-suggests-family-heirlooms-pay-1683698-estate.html?searchResultPosition=3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"p. 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/648057:62108?tid=&pid=&queryId=1f450a8872ce8551633554a6e32802cd&_phsrc=mPN2&_phstart=successSource"}],"text":"^ Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, Armorial Families: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat-armour (T.C. & E.C. Jack, 1910), p. 777\n\n^ a b Charles Mosley, ed. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, Vol. 2 (Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003), p. 3206\n\n^ “Powis, 6th Earl of, (Christian Victor Charles Herbert) (28 May 1904–7 Oct. 1988)” in Who Was Who 1981–1990 (1991) ISBN 0-7136-3336-0, p. 321\n\n^ The London Gazette, Issue 39822, 10 April 1953, p. 1971\n\n^ \"EARL OFFERS TAX DEAL; Suggests Family Heirlooms Pay $1,683,698 Estate Duty\", The New York Times, 13 February 1959\n\n^ Burials in the Parish of Welshpool in the County of Powys, p. 56, ancestry.co.uk, accessed 30 July 2022 (subscription required)","title":"Notes"}]
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