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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soetsu_Yanagi
Yanagi Sōetsu
["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Mingei theory","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
Japanese art critic and philosopher (1889–1961) In this Japanese name, the surname is Yanagi.Yanagi SōetsuYanagi in 1950Born(1889-03-21)March 21, 1889DiedMay 3, 1961(1961-05-03) (aged 72)NationalityJapaneseAlma materUniversity of TokyoKnown forFounder of the mingei (folk craft) movementMovementMingei (Folk craft)AwardsOrder of Cultural Merit (South Korea), 3rd grade Yanagi Sōetsu (Japanese: 柳 宗悦, March 21, 1889 – May 3, 1961), also known as Yanagi Muneyoshi, was a Japanese art critic, philosopher, and founder of the mingei (folk craft) movement in Japan in the late 1920s and 1930s. Personal life Yanagi was born in 1889 to Yanagi Narayoshi, a hydrographer of the Imperial Navy and Katsuko. His son, Sori Yanagi, was a renowned industrial designer. Career In 1916, Yanagi made his first trip to Korea out of curiosity about Korean crafts. The trip led to the establishment of the Korean Folk Crafts Museum in 1924 and the coining of the term mingei by Yanagi, potters Hamada Shōji (1894–1978) and Kawai Kanjirō (1890–1966). Yanagi was not an artist or craftsman himself. His theory of the "beauty of sorrow" (悲哀の美) in Korean art has been said to have influenced the development of the Korean idea of han. Following the March First Movement, Korea's independence movement in which thousands of Koreans died at the hands of the Japanese police and military, Yanagi wrote articles in 1919 and 1920, expressing sympathy for the Korean people and appreciation for Korean art. Yanagi cautioned against the Korean independence movement. In 1926, the Folk Art Movement was formally declared by Yanagi. He rescued lowly pots used by commoners in the Edo and Meiji periods that were disappearing in rapidly urbanizing Japan. In 1936, the Japanese Folk Crafts Museum (Nihon Mingeikan) was established. He was also working together with Onta ware. Mingei theory The philosophical pillar of mingei is "hand-crafted art of ordinary people" (民衆的工芸, minshū-teki kōgei). Yanagi Sōetsu discovered beauty in everyday ordinary and utilitarian objects created by nameless and unknown craftsmen. According to Yanagi, utilitarian objects made by the common people are "beyond beauty and ugliness". Below are a few criteria of mingei art and crafts: made by anonymous crafts people produced by hand in quantity inexpensive used by the masses functional in daily life representative of the region in which it was produced. Yanagi's book The Unknown Craftsman has become an influential work since its first release in English in 1972. It examines the Japanese way of viewing and appreciating art and beauty in everyday crafts that include pottery, lacquer, textiles, and woodwork. Yanagi was editor of Kōgei ('Crafts'), the journal of the Japanese Folk Arts Association, issued between 1931 and 1951. Legacy In 1984, Yanagi was posthumously awarded the Bogwan Order of Cultural Merit, the first to be awarded to a non-Korean. Yanagi was a considerable influence over the likes of potter Bernard Leach, sculptor Isamu Noguchi, and architect Bruno Taut. References Yanagi, Soetsu (1989). The Unknown Craftsman: A Japanese Insight into Beauty. New York: Kodansha International. Yanagi, Soetsu (2017). Soetsu Yanagi: Selected Essays on Japanese Folk Crafts. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. Yanagi, Soetsu (2019). The Beauty of Everyday Things. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780241366356. ^ Sōetsu and Muneyoshi are alternate readings (pronunciations) of the same Chinese characters. ^ Cotter, Holland (16 December 1994). "ART REVIEW; From Japan, Paintings To Go, but With Charm". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2019. ^ a b c Rawsthorn, Alice (2018). Design as an Attitude. Zurich, Switzerland: JRP | Ringier. ISBN 978-3037645215. ^ Aso, Noriko (13 April 2009). "Mediating the Masses: Yanagi Sōetsu and Fascism". In Tansman, Alan (ed.). The Culture of Japanese Fascism. Duke University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-8223-9070-1. ^ Nakami, Mari (2011). In Pursuit of Composite Beauty: Yanagi Soetsu, His Aesthetics and Aspiration for Peace. Trans Pacific Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-920901-34-9. ^ Gosling, Andrew (2011). Asian Treasures: Gems of the Written Word. National Library of Australia. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-642-27722-0. ^ 야나기 무네요시 전. jungle.co.kr (in Korean). Design Jungle. Retrieved 29 September 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yanagi Sōetsu. Nihon Mingeikan (Japanese Folk Crafts Museum) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People Trove Other IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mingei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingei"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Yanagi.Yanagi Sōetsu (Japanese: 柳 宗悦, March 21, 1889 – May 3, 1961), also known as Yanagi Muneyoshi,[1] was a Japanese art critic,[2] philosopher, and founder of the mingei (folk craft) movement in Japan in the late 1920s and 1930s.","title":"Yanagi Sōetsu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yanagi Narayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanagi_Narayoshi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"Sori Yanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sori_Yanagi"},{"link_name":"industrial designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"}],"text":"Yanagi was born in 1889 to Yanagi Narayoshi, a hydrographer of the Imperial Navy and Katsuko.[3]His son, Sori Yanagi, was a renowned industrial designer.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_art"},{"link_name":"Hamada Shōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamada_Sh%C5%8Dji"},{"link_name":"Kawai Kanjirō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawai_Kanjir%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_(cultural)"},{"link_name":"March First Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_First_Movement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Folk Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_Art"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Meiji periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"Japanese Folk Crafts Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Folk_Crafts_Museum"},{"link_name":"Onta ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onta_ware"}],"text":"In 1916, Yanagi made his first trip to Korea out of curiosity about Korean crafts. The trip led to the establishment of the Korean Folk Crafts Museum in 1924 and the coining of the term mingei by Yanagi, potters Hamada Shōji (1894–1978) and Kawai Kanjirō (1890–1966).Yanagi was not an artist or craftsman himself.[4]His theory of the \"beauty of sorrow\" (悲哀の美) in Korean art has been said to have influenced the development of the Korean idea of han. Following the March First Movement, Korea's independence movement in which thousands of Koreans died at the hands of the Japanese police and military, Yanagi wrote articles in 1919 and 1920, expressing sympathy for the Korean people and appreciation for Korean art.Yanagi cautioned against the Korean independence movement.[5]In 1926, the Folk Art Movement was formally declared by Yanagi. He rescued lowly pots used by commoners in the Edo and Meiji periods that were disappearing in rapidly urbanizing Japan. In 1936, the Japanese Folk Crafts Museum (Nihon Mingeikan) was established.He was also working together with Onta ware.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"lacquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles"},{"link_name":"woodwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwork"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Mingei theory","text":"The philosophical pillar of mingei is \"hand-crafted art of ordinary people\" (民衆的工芸, minshū-teki kōgei). Yanagi Sōetsu discovered beauty in everyday ordinary and utilitarian objects created by nameless and unknown craftsmen. According to Yanagi, utilitarian objects made by the common people are \"beyond beauty and ugliness\". Below are a few criteria of mingei art and crafts:made by anonymous crafts people\nproduced by hand in quantity\ninexpensive\nused by the masses\nfunctional in daily life\nrepresentative of the region in which it was produced.Yanagi's book The Unknown Craftsman has become an influential work since its first release in English in 1972. It examines the Japanese way of viewing and appreciating art and beauty in everyday crafts that include pottery, lacquer, textiles, and woodwork.Yanagi was editor of Kōgei ('Crafts'), the journal of the Japanese Folk Arts Association, issued between 1931 and 1951.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Cultural Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Cultural_Merit_(Korea)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bernard Leach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Leach"},{"link_name":"Isamu Noguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi"},{"link_name":"Bruno Taut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Taut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"}],"text":"In 1984, Yanagi was posthumously awarded the Bogwan Order of Cultural Merit, the first to be awarded to a non-Korean.[7]Yanagi was a considerable influence over the likes of potter Bernard Leach, sculptor Isamu Noguchi, and architect Bruno Taut.[3]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Macedonian_First_Football_League
2011–12 Macedonian First Football League
["1 Promotion and relegation","2 Participating teams","3 League table","4 Results","5 Relegation playoff","6 Season statistics","6.1 Top scorers","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Football league seasonMacedonian First LeagueSeason2011–12Dates31 July 2011 – 23 May 2012ChampionsVardar6th Macedonian title7th domestic titleRelegatedOhrid11 OktomvriChampions LeagueVardarEuropa LeagueRenovaMetalurgShkëndijaMatches played198Goals scored501 (2.53 per match)Top goalscorerFilip Ivanovski(24 goals)Biggest home winMetalurg 6–0 OhridBiggest away winOhrid 1–7 RenovaHighest scoringTurnovo 5–4 Rabotnichki← 2010–11 2012–13 → The 2011–12 Macedonian First League was the 20th season of the Macedonian First Football League, the highest football league of Macedonia. It began on 31 July 2011 and ended on 23 May 2012. The league title was won by FK Vardar, winning its 6th official Macedonian First League title, and first since the 2002–03 season. The team went through the season without a single defeat until Round 32, on 20 May 2012, out of 33 games played. The defeat ended their chance of being undefeated, however, concluded with only 1 loss on a very dominating season. Promotion and relegation At the start of the 2011–12 season Promoted from 2010–11 Second League 11 Oktomvri (winners) Ohrid (runners-up) Miravci (Fourth placed; won play-off match)1 Relegated to 2011–12 Second League Skopje (9th; lost play-off match) Vardar (11th)1 Pelister (12th) At the end of the 2011–12 season Promoted from 2011–12 Second League Pelister (winners) Drita (runners-up) Relegated to 2012–13 Second League Ohrid (11th) 11 Oktomvri (12th) 1 Vardar was initially relegated, but was stayed after was merged with Miravci, which won play-off match against Skopje. Later, the two sides were separated and Miravci were refused a First League licence. Participating teams 11 OktomvriBregalnicaNapredokOhridRenovaSileksSkopjeShkëndijaTeteksTurnovoSkopje clubs:MetalurgRabotnichkiVardarclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2011–12 Macedonian First League Club Manager City Stadium Capacity 11 Oktomvri Toni Naumovski Prilep Stadion Goce Delchev 15,000 Bregalnica Trajche Senev Shtip Gradski stadion Shtip 4,000 Metalurg Skopje Gjorgji Hristov Skopje Stadion Zhelezarnica 4,000 Napredok Dragan Bocheski Kichevo Gradski stadion Kichevo 5,000 Ohrid Gorazd Mihajlov Ohrid SRC Biljanini Izvori 3,000 Rabotnichki Robert Pevnik Skopje Philip II Arena 36,400 Renova Vlatko Kostov Djepchishte Gradski stadion Tetovo 15,000 Shkëndija Qatip Osmani Tetovo Gradski stadion Tetovo 15,000 Sileks Ane Andovski Kratovo Stadion Sileks 5,000 Teteks Dragi Setinov Tetovo Gradski stadion Tetovo 15,000 Horizont Turnovo Ljupcho Dimitkovski Turnovo Stadion Kukush 1,500 Vardar Ilcho Gjorgioski Skopje Philip II Arena 36,400 League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Vardar (C) 33 22 10 1 50 15 +35 76 Qualification for the Champions League second qualifying round 2 Metalurg 33 19 10 4 53 16 +37 67 Qualification for the Europa League first qualifying round 3 Shkëndija 33 20 6 7 53 28 +25 66 4 Renova 33 13 13 7 56 38 +18 52 5 Bregalnica Shtip 33 12 7 14 37 35 +2 43 6 Sileks 33 13 3 17 42 51 −9 42 7 Napredok 33 12 6 15 37 51 −14 42 8 Rabotnichki 33 11 8 14 49 45 +4 41 9 Horizont Turnovo (O) 33 10 8 15 34 42 −8 38 Qualification for the relegation play-offs 10 Teteks (O) 33 8 11 14 23 48 −25 35 11 Ohrid (R) 33 6 8 19 26 62 −36 26 Relegation to the Macedonian Second League 12 11 Oktomvri (R) 33 3 7 23 26 58 −32 16 Source: MacedonianFootball.com, SoccerwayRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head away goals scored (only if two teams); 7) Head-to-head goals scored; 8) Draw; 9) Play-off. (Note: Criteria 2, 3 and 8 is only used if not deciding Champion, teams for UEFA competitions or relegation).(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ Renova qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round by winning the 2011–12 Macedonian Football Cup. Results Every team will play three times against each other team for a total of 33 matches. The first 22 matchdays will consist of a regular double round-robin schedule. The league standings at this point will then be used to determine the games for the last 11 matchdays. Home \ Away OKT BRE MET NAP OHR RAB REN SKE SIL TET TUR VAR OKT BRE MET NAP OHR RAB REN SKE SIL TET TUR VAR 11 Oktomvri — 0–1 0–1 2–2 0–3 2–3 0–3 2–2 1–2 4–0 2–0 0–1 — — — — 3–1 — — 1–1 1–3 — 1–2 0–1 Bregalnica Shtip 2–0 — 1–1 0–1 3–1 3–2 3–2 2–3 3–1 2–0 0–1 2–3 4–1 — — 3–2 2–0 — — — — 1–2 2–1 — Metalurg 0–0 1–0 — 2–0 6–0 0–0 2–1 0–0 3–0 2–0 1–0 1–1 3–0 2–1 — 1–1 — — — 1–0 1–0 5–0 — — Napredok 1–0 0–1 0–4 — 3–0 1–1 1–1 0–0 1–0 4–0 1–0 0–1 2–0 — — — — — — 3–0 3–0 2–1 — 0–0 Ohrid 1–1 0–0 0–0 3–1 — 0–1 2–2 1–2 2–0 1–0 0–0 0–2 — — 1–4 1–2 — 0–2 1–7 — — — 1–1 — Rabotnichki 3–0 2–1 0–1 4–0 1–2 — 5–1 3–1 2–0 1–1 1–1 1–2 1–1 1–3 0–3 4–1 — — 3–1 — — 0–0 — — Renova 1–1 0–0 1–1 4–0 2–0 3–1 — 0–2 2–0 2–2 0–0 0–0 3–2 2–2 1–0 5–0 — — — — 1–0 0–0 — — Shkëndija 3–0 1–0 2–0 3–0 2–0 2–0 2–2 — 2–1 0–0 2–0 0–1 — 3–2 — — 1–0 1–0 4–0 — — — 2–1 1–0 Sileks 2–0 2–1 1–1 2–1 1–0 2–1 2–1 1–4 — 4–0 3–2 1–1 — 2–1 — — 5–2 1–0 — 1–4 — — 0–1 1–2 Teteks 1–0 3–1 0–2 1–0 1–1 1–1 1–5 2–0 1–1 — 0–3 0–0 2–0 — — — 0–0 — — 0–2 2–1 — — 0–0 Horizont Turnovo 1–0 2–2 1–2 0–2 1–2 1–0 0–1 2–1 2–1 0–2 — 1–2 — — 1–1 2–1 — 5–4 0–1 — — 2–1 — — Vardar 2–0 3–0 1–0 5–1 2–0 1–0 0–0 2–0 2–1 1–0 3–0 — — 2–1 2–1 — 4–0 2–2 1–1 — — — 0–0 — Source: MacedonianFootball.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Relegation playoff 2 June 201216:30 CEST Teteks0–0Skopje Report Penalties Georgievski Ristovski Mitrevski Aliu Velinov 5–4 Popovski Jasharoski Argirovski Dimitrovski Galachev Stadion Tumbe Kafe, BitolaAttendance: 700Referee: Marjan Markoski (Ohrid) 3 June 201216:30 CEST Horizont Turnovo1–0Gorno Lisiche Milushev 31' Report Stadion Goce Delchev, PrilepAttendance: 2,000Referee: Marjan Eckoski (Ohrid) Season statistics Top scorers Updated 21 May 2012 Rank Player Club Goals 1 Filip Ivanovski Vardar 24 2 Borche Manevski Rabotnichki 17 3 Boban Janchevski Renova 14 4 Blagoja Geshoski 11 Oktomvri 13 Angel Nacev Sileks 6 Genc Iseni Bregalnica 12 Muharem Bajrami Renova 8 Cvetan Churlinov Metalurg 11 9 Hristijan Dimoski Metalurg 9 Ersen Sali Shkëndija Krste Velkoski Rabotnichki See also 2011–12 Macedonian Football Cup 2011–12 Macedonian Second Football League 2011–12 Macedonian Third Football League References ^ "Official, FK Vardar Stays in First Division". MINA. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "First League 2012/2013 - Season rules". Scoresway. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2017. ^ "Macedonian First League Top Scorers". UEFA. UEFA. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011. External links Football Federation of Macedonia (in Macedonian) MacedonianFootball.com (in Macedonian and English) vteMacedonian First Football LeagueSeasons 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2024–25 teams AP Brera Besa (DD) Gostivari Pelister Rabotnichki Shkëndija Shkupi Sileks Struga Tikvesh Vardar Voska Sport Former teams 11 Oktomvri Balkan Bashkimi Belasica Borec Bregalnica (D) Bregalnica (Sh) Cementarnica 55 Drita Gorno Lisiche Karaorman Kozhuf Kumanovo Ljuboten Madjari Solidarnost Makedonija G.P. Metalurg Milano Mladost (CD) Napredok Ohrid Osogovo Pobeda (1941) Pobeda (2010) Renova Rudar Sasa Skopje Sloga Jugomagnat Teteks Turnovo Vardarski Vëllazërimi 77 Associated competitions Macedonian Cup Supercup Second League Third League UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Conference League vte2011–12 in Republic of Macedonia football « 2010–11 2012–13 » Domestic leagues First League Second League Third League Domestic cups Macedonian Cup European competitions Champions League Europa League Related to national team UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying (Group B) John Toshack Club season articlesFirst League Vardar vte2011–12 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia '11 '12–'13 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus '11 '12 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia '11 '12 Faroe Islands '11 '12 Finland '11 '12 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '11 '12 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '11 '12 Latvia '11 '12 Lithuania '11 '12 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '11 '12 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '11 '12 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '11 '12 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '11 '12 Finland '11 '12 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '11 '12 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '11 '12 Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '11 '12 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland '11 '12 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden '11 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland '11 '12 France Hungary Iceland '11 '12 Israel Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland '11 '12 Scotland Turkey Wales Supercups Albania Belarus Belgium Bulgaria England France Georgia Germany Italy Kazakhstan Moldova Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase play-off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian First Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_First_Football_League"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"FK Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2011–12 Macedonian First League was the 20th season of the Macedonian First Football League, the highest football league of Macedonia. It began on 31 July 2011 and ended on 23 May 2012.The league title was won by FK Vardar, winning its 6th official Macedonian First League title, and first since the 2002–03 season. The team went through the season without a single defeat until Round 32, on 20 May 2012, out of 33 games played. The defeat ended their chance of being undefeated, however, concluded with only 1 loss on a very dominating season.","title":"2011–12 Macedonian First Football League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1 Vardar was initially relegated, but was stayed after was merged with Miravci, which won play-off match against Skopje. Later, the two sides were separated and Miravci were refused a First League licence.[1]","title":"Promotion and relegation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"11 Oktomvri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_11_Oktomvri"},{"link_name":"Bregalnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bregalnica_%C5%A0tip"},{"link_name":"Napredok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Napredok"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Renova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Renova"},{"link_name":"Sileks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sileks"},{"link_name":"Shkëndija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Shk%C3%ABndija"},{"link_name":"Teteks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Teteks"},{"link_name":"Turnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Horizont_Turnovo"},{"link_name":"Metalurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Rabotnichki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_location_map.svg"}],"text":"11 OktomvriBregalnicaNapredokOhridRenovaSileksSkopjeShkëndijaTeteksTurnovoSkopje clubs:MetalurgRabotnichkiVardarclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2011–12 Macedonian First League","title":"Participating teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MacedonianFootball.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//macedonianfootball.com/final-standings-first-league-201112/"},{"link_name":"Soccerway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/national/macedonia-fyr/first-league/2011-2012/regular-season/"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_EL1Q0.28863965547115_2-0"},{"link_name":"Renova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Renova"},{"link_name":"Europa League first qualifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_UEFA_Europa_League#First_qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"2011–12 Macedonian Football Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Macedonian_Football_Cup"}],"text":"Source: MacedonianFootball.com, SoccerwayRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head away goals scored (only if two teams); 7) Head-to-head goals scored; 8) Draw; 9) Play-off. (Note: Criteria 2, 3 and 8 is only used if not deciding Champion, teams for UEFA competitions or relegation).[2](C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Renova qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round by winning the 2011–12 Macedonian Football Cup.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_11_Oktomvri"},{"link_name":"BRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bregalnica_%C5%A0tip"},{"link_name":"MET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"link_name":"NAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Napredok"},{"link_name":"OHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"RAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"},{"link_name":"REN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Renova"},{"link_name":"SKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Shk%C3%ABndija"},{"link_name":"SIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sileks"},{"link_name":"TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Teteks"},{"link_name":"TUR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Horizont_Turnovo"},{"link_name":"VAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"OKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_11_Oktomvri"},{"link_name":"BRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bregalnica_%C5%A0tip"},{"link_name":"MET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"link_name":"NAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Napredok"},{"link_name":"OHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"RAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"},{"link_name":"REN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Renova"},{"link_name":"SKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Shk%C3%ABndija"},{"link_name":"SIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sileks"},{"link_name":"TET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Teteks"},{"link_name":"TUR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Horizont_Turnovo"},{"link_name":"VAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"11 Oktomvri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_11_Oktomvri"},{"link_name":"Bregalnica Shtip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bregalnica_%C5%A0tip"},{"link_name":"Metalurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Napredok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Napredok"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Rabotnichki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"},{"link_name":"Renova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Renova"},{"link_name":"Shkëndija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Shk%C3%ABndija"},{"link_name":"Sileks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sileks"},{"link_name":"Teteks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Teteks"},{"link_name":"Horizont Turnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Horizont_Turnovo"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"link_name":"MacedonianFootball.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//macedonianfootball.com/first-league-results-season-201112/"}],"text":"Every team will play three times against each other team for a total of 33 matches. The first 22 matchdays will consist of a regular double round-robin schedule. The league standings at this point will then be used to determine the games for the last 11 matchdays.Home \\ Away\n\nOKT\n\nBRE\n\nMET\n\nNAP\n\nOHR\n\nRAB\n\nREN\n\nSKE\n\nSIL\n\nTET\n\nTUR\n\nVAR\n\nOKT\n\nBRE\n\nMET\n\nNAP\n\nOHR\n\nRAB\n\nREN\n\nSKE\n\nSIL\n\nTET\n\nTUR\n\nVAR\n\n\n11 Oktomvri\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n2–3\n\n0–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nBregalnica Shtip\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n4–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n\nMetalurg\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–0\n\n6–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNapredok\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–4\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n\nOhrid\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n1–7\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n\nRabotnichki\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n5–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–3\n\n4–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nRenova\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n5–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nShkëndija\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n\nSileks\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–4\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n5–2\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n1–4\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nTeteks\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–5\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n0–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n\nHorizont Turnovo\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n1–2\n\n—\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n5–4\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nVardar\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n—\n\n—\n\n—\n\n0–0\n\n—\n\nSource: MacedonianFootball.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Teteks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Teteks"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Skopje"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/06/02/macedonia-fyr/play-offs-12/teteks/fk-skopje/1285579/"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Popovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Popovski"},{"link_name":"Stadion Tumbe Kafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Tumbe_Kafe"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Horizont Turnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Horizont_Turnovo"},{"link_name":"Gorno Lisiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Gorno_Lisi%C4%8De"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/06/03/macedonia-fyr/play-offs-12/fk-turnovo/fk-gorno-lisice/1285580/"},{"link_name":"Stadion Goce Delchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Goce_Del%C4%8Dev"},{"link_name":"Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilep"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"}],"text":"2 June 201216:30 CEST\nTeteks0–0Skopje\n\nReport\n\nPenalties\n\nGeorgievski \nRistovski \nMitrevski \nAliu \nVelinov \n5–4\n\n Popovski\n Jasharoski\n Argirovski\n Dimitrovski\n Galachev\nStadion Tumbe Kafe, BitolaAttendance: 700Referee: Marjan Markoski (Ohrid)3 June 201216:30 CEST\nHorizont Turnovo1–0Gorno Lisiche\n\nMilushev 31'\nReport\n\nStadion Goce Delchev, PrilepAttendance: 2,000Referee: Marjan Eckoski (Ohrid)","title":"Relegation playoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011%E2%80%9312_Macedonian_First_Football_League&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Filip Ivanovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Ivanovski"},{"link_name":"Vardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Vardar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Borche Manevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C4%8De_Manevski"},{"link_name":"Rabotnichki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Boban Janchevski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boban_Jan%C4%8Devski"},{"link_name":"Renova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Renova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Blagoja Geshoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoja_Gesoski"},{"link_name":"11 Oktomvri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_11_Oktomvri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Sileks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Sileks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Genc Iseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genc_Iseni"},{"link_name":"Bregalnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bregalnica_%C5%A0tip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Muharem Bajrami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharem_Bajrami"},{"link_name":"Renova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Renova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Cvetan Churlinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvetan_%C4%8Curlinov"},{"link_name":"Metalurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Metalurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Shkëndija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF_Shk%C3%ABndija"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Krste Velkoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krste_Velkoski"},{"link_name":"Rabotnichki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki"}],"text":"Top scorers[edit]\nUpdated 21 May 2012\n\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nClub\n\nGoals[3]\n\n\n1\n\n Filip Ivanovski\n\nVardar\n\n24\n\n\n2\n\n Borche Manevski\n\nRabotnichki\n\n17\n\n\n3\n\n Boban Janchevski\n\nRenova\n\n14\n\n\n4\n\n Blagoja Geshoski\n\n11 Oktomvri\n\n13\n\n\n Angel Nacev\n\nSileks\n\n\n6\n\n Genc Iseni\n\nBregalnica\n\n12\n\n\n Muharem Bajrami\n\nRenova\n\n\n8\n\n Cvetan Churlinov\n\nMetalurg\n\n11\n\n\n9\n\n Hristijan Dimoski\n\nMetalurg\n\n9\n\n\n Ersen Sali\n\nShkëndija\n\n\n Krste Velkoski\n\nRabotnichki","title":"Season statistics"}]
[]
[{"title":"2011–12 Macedonian Football Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Macedonian_Football_Cup"},{"title":"2011–12 Macedonian Second Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Macedonian_Second_Football_League"},{"title":"2011–12 Macedonian Third Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Macedonian_Third_Football_League"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26
September 26
["1 Events","1.1 Pre-1600","1.2 1601–1900","1.3 1901–present","2 Births","2.1 Pre-1600","2.2 1601–1900","2.3 1901–present","3 Deaths","3.1 Pre-1600","3.2 1601–1900","3.3 1901–present","4 Holidays and observances","5 References","6 External links"]
<< September >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30   2024 September 26 in recent years   2023 (Tuesday)   2022 (Monday)   2021 (Sunday)   2020 (Saturday)   2019 (Thursday)   2018 (Wednesday)   2017 (Tuesday)   2016 (Monday)   2015 (Saturday)   2014 (Friday) Day of the yearSeptember 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 96 days remain until the end of the year. Events Pre-1600 46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus. 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne. 1087 – William II is crowned King of England, and reigns until 1100. 1212 – The Golden Bull of Sicily is issued to confirm the hereditary royal title in Bohemia for the Přemyslid dynasty. 1345 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: Frisians defeat Holland in the Battle of Warns. 1371 – Serbian–Turkish wars: Ottoman Turks fought against a Serbian army at the Battle of Maritsa. 1423 – Hundred Years' War: A French army defeats the English at the Battle of La Brossinière. 1493 – Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Dudum siquidem to the Spanish, extending the grant of new lands he made them in Inter caetera. 1580 – Francis Drake finishes his circumnavigation of the Earth in Plymouth, England. 1601–1900 1687 – Morean War: The Parthenon in Athens, used as a gunpowder depot by the Ottoman garrison, is partially destroyed after being bombarded during the Siege of the Acropolis by Venetian forces. 1688 – The city council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange's invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution. 1777 – American Revolution: British troops occupy Philadelphia. 1789 – George Washington appoints Thomas Jefferson the first United States Secretary of State. 1799 – War of the 2nd Coalition: French troops defeat Austro-Russian forces, leading to the collapse of Suvorov's campaign. 1810 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne. 1901–present 1905 – Albert Einstein publishes the third of his Annus Mirabilis papers, introducing the special theory of relativity. 1907 – Four months after the 1907 Imperial Conference, New Zealand and Newfoundland are promoted from colonies to dominions within the British Empire. 1910 – Indian journalist Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai is arrested after publishing criticism of the government of Travancore and is exiled. 1914 – The United States Federal Trade Commission is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act. 1917 – World War I: The Battle of Polygon Wood begins. 1918 – World War I: The Meuse-Argonne Offensive began which would last until the total surrender of German forces. 1923 – The German government accepts the occupation of the Ruhr. 1933 – As gangster Machine Gun Kelly surrenders to the FBI, he shouts out, "Don't shoot, G-Men!", which becomes a nickname for FBI agents. 1934 – The ocean liner RMS Queen Mary is launched. 1936 – Spanish Civil War: Lluis Companys reshuffles the Generalitat de Catalunya, with the marxist POUM and anarcho-syndicalist CNT joining the government. 1942 – Holocaust: Senior SS official August Frank issues a memorandum detailing how Jews should be "evacuated". 1950 – Korean War: United Nations troops recapture Seoul from North Korean forces. 1953 – Rationing of sugar in the United Kingdom ends. 1954 – The Japanese rail ferry Tōya Maru sinks during a typhoon in the Tsugaru Strait, Japan, killing 1,172. 1959 – Typhoon Vera, the strongest typhoon to hit Japan in recorded history, makes landfall, killing 4,580 people and leaving nearly 1.6 million others homeless. 1960 – In Chicago, the first televised debate takes place between presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy. 1969 – Abbey Road, the last recorded album by The Beatles, is released. 1973 – Concorde makes its first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic in record-breaking time. 1978 – Air Caribbean Flight 309 crashes in Residencial Las Casas in San Juan, Puerto Rico, killing six. 1980 – At the Oktoberfest terror attack in Munich 13 people die and 211 are injured. 1981 – Nolan Ryan sets a Major League record by throwing his fifth no-hitter. 1983 – Soviet Air Force officer Stanislav Petrov identifies a report of an incoming nuclear missile as a computer error and not an American first strike, thus preventing nuclear war 1983 – Australia II wins the America's Cup, ending the New York Yacht Club's 132-year domination of the race. 1984 – The United Kingdom and China agree to a transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, to take place in 1997. 1992 – A Nigerian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules crashes in Ejigbo, Lagos, killing 159. 1994 – A Yakovlev Yak-40 crashes into a river near Vanavara, Russia, killing 24. 1997 – A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A300 crashes near Medan airport, killing 234. 1997 – An earthquake strikes the Italian regions of Umbria and the Marche, causing part of the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi to collapse. 2000 – Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 20,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits. 2000 – The MS Express Samina sinks off Paros in the Aegean Sea killing 80 passengers. 2002 – The overcrowded Senegalese ferry, MV Le Joola, capsizes off the coast of the Gambia killing more than 1,000. 2008 – Swiss pilot and inventor Yves Rossy becomes first person to fly a jet engine-powered wing across the English Channel. 2009 – Typhoon Ketsana hits the Philippines, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, causing 700 fatalities. 2010 – The Philippine Bar exam bombing occurred near the De La Salle University in Taft Avenue, Manila injuring 47 people. 2014 – A mass kidnapping occurs in Iguala, Mexico. Births Pre-1600 932 – Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Arab caliph (d. 975) 1329 – Anne of Bavaria, German queen consort (d. 1353) 1406 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430) 1462 – Engelbert, Count of Nevers, younger son of John I, Duke of Cleves (d. 1506) 1526 – Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1569) 1601–1900 1637 – Sébastien Leclerc, French painter (d. 1714) 1641 – Nehemiah Grew, English plant anatomist and physiologist (d. 1712) 1651 – Francis Daniel Pastorius, founder of Germantown, Philadelphia (d. 1720) 1660 – George William, Duke of Liegnitz (d. 1675) 1698 – William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire (d. 1755) 1711 – Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple, English politician, First Lord of the Admiralty (d. 1779) 1750 – Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, English admiral (d. 1810) 1758 – Cosme Argerich, Argentinian physician (d. 1820) 1767 – Wenzel Müller, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1835) 1774 – Johnny Appleseed, American gardener and environmentalist (d. 1845) 1783 – Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke, English politician and literary figure (d. 1858) 1791 – Théodore Géricault, French painter and lithographer (d. 1824) 1792 – William Hobson, Irish-New Zealand explorer and politician, 1st Governor of New Zealand (d. 1842) 1820 – Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Indian philosopher, painter, and academic (d. 1891) 1840 – Louis-Olivier Taillon, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Premier of Quebec (d. 1923) 1843 – Joseph Furphy, Australian author and poet (d. 1912) 1848 – Henry Walters, American art collector and philanthropist (d. 1931) 1849 – Ivan Pavlov, Russian physiologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936) 1865 – Archibald Butt, United States Army Officer (d. 1912) 1865 – Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford (d. 1937) 1869 – Komitas, Armenian-French priest and composer (d. 1935) 1870 – Christian X of Denmark (d. 1947) 1872 – Max Ehrmann, American poet and lawyer (d. 1945) 1873 – Wacław Berent, Polish author and translator (d. 1940) 1874 – Lewis Hine, American photographer and activist (d. 1940) 1874 – Charles Vyner Brooke, 3rd Raj of Sarawak (d. 1963) 1875 – Edmund Gwenn, English-American actor (d. 1959) 1876 – Edith Abbott, American economist, social worker, and author (d. 1957) 1876 – Ghulam Bhik Nairang, Indian poet, lawyer, and politician (d. 1952) 1877 – Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist and academic (d. 1963) 1877 – Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist and conductor (d. 1962) 1877 – Bertha De Vriese, Belgian physician (d. 1958) 1878 – Walter Steinbeck, German actor (d. 1942) 1884 – Jack Bickell, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1951) 1886 – Archibald Hill, English physiologist, academic, and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1977) 1887 – Edwin Keppel Bennett, English author and poet (d. 1958) 1887 – Antonio Moreno, Spanish-American actor and director (d. 1967) 1887 – Barnes Wallis, English scientist and engineer, invented the Bouncing bomb (d. 1979) 1888 – J. Frank Dobie, American journalist and author (d. 1964) 1888 – T. S. Eliot, English poet, playwright, critic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965) 1889 – Gordon Brewster, Irish cartoonist (d. 1946) 1889 – Martin Heidegger, German philosopher and academic (d. 1976) 1890 – Jack Tresadern, English footballer and manager (d. 1959) 1891 – William McKell, Australian politician, 12th Governor General of Australia (d. 1985) 1891 – Charles Münch, French violinist and conductor (d. 1968) 1891 – Hans Reichenbach, German philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1953) 1892 – Robert Staughton Lynd, American sociologist and academic (d. 1970) 1894 – Gladys Brockwell, American actress (d. 1929) 1895 – Jürgen Stroop, German general (d. 1952) 1897 – Pope Paul VI (d. 1978) 1897 – Arthur Rhys-Davids, English lieutenant and pilot (d. 1917) 1898 – George Gershwin, American pianist and composer (d. 1937) 1900 – Suzanne Belperron, French jewelry designer (d. 1983) 1901–present 1901 – George Raft, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1980) 1901 – Ted Weems, American bandleader and musician (d. 1963) 1902 – Albert Anastasia, Italian-American mobster (d. 1957) 1905 – Millito Navarro, Puerto Rican baseball player (d. 2011) 1905 – Karl Rappan, Austrian footballer and coach (d. 1996) 1907 – Anthony Blunt, English historian and spy (d. 1983) 1907 – Shug Fisher, American singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and comedian (d. 1984) 1907 – Bep van Klaveren, Dutch boxer (d. 1992) 1909 – Bill France, Sr., American race car driver, founded NASCAR (d. 1992) 1909 – A. P. Hamann, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 1977) 1911 – Al Helfer, American sportscaster (d. 1975) 1913 – Frank Brimsek, American ice hockey player (d. 1998) 1914 – Achille Compagnoni, Italian skier and mountaineer (d. 2009) 1914 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness expert (d. 2011) 1917 – Réal Caouette, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1976) 1917 – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese-French philosopher and theorist (d. 1993) 1918 – Eric Morley, English businessman and television host, founded the Miss World (d. 2000) 1919 – Barbara Britton, American actress (d. 1980) 1919 – Matilde Camus, Spanish poet and author (d. 2012) 1922 – Takis Miliadis, Greek actor (d. 1985) 1922 – Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia (d. 2014) 1923 – Dev Anand, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2011) 1923 – Hugh Griffiths, Baron Griffiths, English cricketer, lawyer, and judge (d. 2015) 1923 – James Hennessy, English businessman and diplomat (d. 2024) 1924 – Jean Hoerni, Swiss physicist, inventor and businessman (d. 1997) 1925 – Norm Dussault, American-Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2012) 1925 – Marty Robbins, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and race car driver (d. 1982) 1926 – Julie London, American singer and actress (d. 2000) 1926 – Manfred Mayrhofer, Austrian philologist and academic (d. 2011) 1927 – Robert Cade, American physician and educator, co-invented Gatorade (d. 2007) 1927 – Patrick O'Neal, American actor (d. 1994) 1927 – Enzo Bearzot, Italian footballer and manager (d. 2010) 1928 – Bob Van der Veken, Belgian actor (d. 2019) 1928 – Wilford White, American football player (d. 2013) 1930 – Philip Bosco, American actor (d. 2018) 1930 – Joe Brown, English mountaineer and author (d. 2020) 1931 – Kenneth Parnell, American sex offender (d. 2008) 1932 – Manmohan Singh, Indian economist and politician, 13th Prime Minister of India 1932 – Donna Douglas, American actress (d. 2015) 1932 – Joyce Jameson, American actress (d. 1987) 1932 – Vladimir Voinovich, Russian author and poet (d. 2018) 1934 – Neil Coles, English golfer and architect 1935 – Bob Barber, English cricketer 1935 – Lou Myers, American actor (d. 2013) 1935 – Joe Sherlock, Irish politician (d. 2007) 1936 – Leroy Drumm, American sailor and songwriter (d. 2010) 1936 – Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, South African academic and politician, 8th First Lady of South Africa (d. 2018) 1937 – Valentin Pavlov, Russian banker and politician, 11th Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 2003) 1937 – Jerry Weintraub, American film producer and agent (d. 2015) 1938 – Lucette Aldous, New Zealand-Australian ballerina and educator (d. 2021) 1938 – Jonathan Goldsmith, American actor 1938 – Lars-Jacob Krogh, Norwegian journalist (d. 2010) 1939 – Ricky Tomlinson, English actor and screenwriter 1941 – Salvatore Accardo, Italian violinist and conductor 1941 – Martine Beswick, Jamaican-English model and actress 1941 – David Frizzell, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist 1942 – Kent McCord, American actor 1942 – Gloria E. Anzaldúa, American scholar of Chicana cultural theory (d. 2004) 1943 – Ian Chappell, Australian cricketer and sportscaster 1943 – Tim Schenken, Australian racing driver 1944 – Jan Brewer, American politician, 22nd Governor of Arizona 1944 – Keith O'Nions, English geologist and academic 1944 – Anne Robinson, English journalist and game show host 1945 – Louise Beaudoin, Canadian academic and politician 1945 – Gal Costa, Brazilian singer (d. 2022) 1945 – Bryan Ferry, English singer-songwriter 1946 – Andrea Dworkin, American activist and author (d. 2005) 1946 – John MacLachlan Gray, Canadian actor, playwright, and composer 1946 – Mary Beth Hurt, American actress 1946 – Radha Krishna Mainali, Nepalese politician 1946 – Louise Simonson, American author 1946 – Claudette Werleigh, Haitian Prime Minister 1947 – Lucius Allen, American basketball player 1947 – Lynn Anderson, American singer and actress (d. 2015) 1947 – Philippe Lavil, French singer and actor 1947 – Dick Roth, American swimmer 1948 – Olivia Newton-John, English-Australian singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2022) 1948 – Vladimír Remek, Czech politician, diplomat, cosmonaut and military pilot 1949 – Clodoaldo, Brazilian footballer and manager 1949 – Wendy Saddington, Australian singer and journalist (d. 2013) 1949 – Jane Smiley, American novelist 1949 – Minette Walters, English journalist and author 1950 – Andy Haden, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2020) 1951 – Tommy Taylor, English footballer and manager 1951 – Stuart Tosh, Scottish singer-songwriter and drummer 1953 – Dolores Keane, Irish singer and actress 1953 – Douglas A. Melton, American biologist and academic 1953 – Paul Stephenson, English police officer 1954 – Craig Chaquico, American guitarist 1954 – Kevin Kennedy, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster 1954 – Cesar Rosas, Mexican-American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1955 – Carlene Carter, American singer-songwriter 1956 – Steve Butler, American race car driver and engineer 1956 – Linda Hamilton, American actress 1957 – Bob Staake, American author and illustrator 1957 – Klaus Augenthaler, German footballer and manager 1957 – Michael Dweck, American photographer and director 1958 – Rudi Cerne, German figure skater and journalist 1958 – Darby Crash, American singer-songwriter (d. 1980) 1958 – Robert Kagan, Greek-American historian and author 1958 – Kenny Sansom, English footballer 1958 – Richard B. Weldon Jr., American sailor and politician 1959 – Andrew Bolt, Australian journalist 1959 – Trevor Dodds, Namibian golfer 1959 – Rich Gedman, American baseball player and coach 1959 – Ilya Kormiltsev, Russian poet and translator (d. 2007) 1960 – Uwe Bein, German footballer and manager 1960 – Jouke de Vries, Dutch academic and politician 1960 – Doug Supernaw, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2020) 1961 – Jeanie Buss, American sports executive 1961 – Cindy Herron, American singer-songwriter and actress 1961 – Marianne Mikko, Estonian journalist and politician 1961 – Will Self, English novelist and journalist 1962 – Melissa Sue Anderson, American-Canadian actress 1962 – Jonas Bergqvist, Swedish ice hockey player 1962 – Mark Haddon, English author and poet 1962 – Steve Moneghetti, Australian runner 1962 – Al Pitrelli, American guitarist and songwriter 1962 – Tracey Thorn, English singer-songwriter and writer 1962 – Jacky Wu, Taiwanese singer, actor, and television host 1963 – Lysette Anthony, English actress and producer 1963 – Joe Nemechek, American race car driver 1964 – Dave Martinez, American baseball player and coach 1965 – Radisav Ćurčić, Serbian-Israeli basketball player 1965 – Petro Poroshenko, Ukrainian businessman and politician, 5th President of Ukraine 1966 – Jillian Barberie, Canadian actress and sportscaster 1966 – Christos Dantis, Greek singer-songwriter and producer 1966 – Shane Dye, New Zealand jockey 1966 – Craig Heyward, American football player (d. 2006) 1967 – Bruno Akrapović, Bosnian footballer and manager 1967 – Shannon Hoon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1995) 1967 – Craig Janney, American ice hockey player 1968 – Jim Caviezel, American actor 1968 – Ben Shenkman, American actor 1969 – Andy Petterson, Australian footballer and coach 1969 – David Slade, English director and producer 1969 – Holger Stanislawski, German footballer and manager 1969 – Paul Warhurst, English footballer and manager 1970 – Daryl Beattie, Australian motorcycle racer 1970 – Sheri Moon Zombie, American actress and fashion designer 1970 – David Parland, Swedish guitarist (d. 2013) 1972 – Ras Kass, American rapper and producer 1972 – Beto O'Rourke, American politician 1972 – Shawn Stockman, American singer 1973 – Marty Casey, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1973 – Julienne Davis, American actress, producer, and screenwriter 1973 – Dr. Luke, American record producer and songwriter 1973 – Chris Small, Scottish snooker player and coach 1973 – Olga Vasdeki, Greek triple jumper 1974 – Boris Cepeda, German-Ecuadorian pianist and diplomat 1974 – Gary Hall Jr., American swimmer 1974 – Martin Müürsepp, Estonian basketball player and coach 1975 – Emma Härdelin, Swedish singer and violinist 1975 – Jake Paltrow, American director and screenwriter 1975 – Chiara Schoras, German actress 1976 – Michael Ballack, German footballer 1976 – Sami Vänskä, Finnish bass player 1977 – Kerem Özyeğen, Turkish singer-songwriter and guitarist 1977 – Aka Plu, Japanese comedian and actor 1978 – Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, Kenyan runner 1979 – Jon Harley, English footballer 1979 – Simon Kirch, German sprinter 1979 – Chris Kunitz, Canadian ice hockey player 1979 – Naomichi Marufuji, Japanese wrestler 1979 – Fuifui Moimoi, Tongan-New Zealand rugby league player 1979 – Cameron Mooney, Australian footballer 1979 – Jaycie Phelps, American gymnast 1979 – Taavi Rõivas, Estonian politician, 16th Prime Minister of Estonia 1979 – Jacob Tierney, Canadian actor, director, and screenwriter 1980 – Patrick Friesacher, Austrian racing driver 1980 – Brooks Orpik, American ice hockey player 1980 – Daniel Sedin, Swedish ice hockey player 1980 – Henrik Sedin, Swedish ice hockey player 1981 – Asuka, Japanese professional wrestler 1981 – Yao Beina, Chinese singer (d. 2015) 1981 – Christina Milian, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress 1981 – Ayumi Tsunematsu, Japanese voice actress 1981 – Serena Williams, American tennis player 1982 – Rob Burrow, English rugby player (d. 2024) 1982 – Simon Picone, Italian rugby player 1982 – Miguel Alfredo Portillo, Argentinian footballer 1982 – John Scott, Canadian ice hockey player 1983 – Archimede Morleo, Italian footballer 1983 – Zoe Perry, American actress 1983 – Ricardo Quaresma, Portuguese footballer 1984 – Nev Schulman, American photographer, television host, and producer 1985 – Talulah Riley, English actress 1985 – Greg Stiemsma, American basketball player 1986 – Sean Doolittle, American baseball player 1987 – Cyril Gautier, French road bicycle racer 1987 – Rosanna Munter, Swedish singer-songwriter 1987 – Vladimir Niculescu, Romanian footballer 1988 – Chris Archer, American baseball player 1988 – James Blake, English singer-songwriter and producer 1988 – Kiira Korpi, Finnish figure skater 1988 – Buddy Matthews, Australian wrestler 1989 – Jonny Bairstow, English cricketer 1991 – Réka Demeter, Hungarian football defender 1991 – Alma Jodorowsky, French actress, fashion model and singer 1991 – Dan Preston, English footballer 1992 – Yoo Ara, South Korean singer and actress 1993 – Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, American basketball player 1994 – Lucas Gafarot, Spanish footballer 1994 – Jack Conger, American swimmer 1995 – Miloš Veljković, Serbian footballer 1996 – Shake Milton, American basketball player 1996 – Jessika Ponchet, French tennis player 2000 – Frankie Amaya, American soccer player 2000 – Princess Salma bint Abdullah, Jordanian princess 2001 – Xinyu Wang, Chinese tennis player Deaths Pre-1600 800 – Berowulf, bishop of Würzburg 862 – Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi, Muslim military leader (b. c. 790) 1241 – Fujiwara no Teika, Japanese poet 1290 – Margaret, Maid of Norway Queen of Scotland (b. 1283) 1313 – Gottfried von Hagenau, Alsatian theologian, medical doctor, and poet 1327 – Cecco d'Ascoli, Italian encyclopaedist, physician and poet (b. 1257) 1328 – Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar and philosopher of Harran (b. 1263) 1345 – William II, Count of Hainaut 1371 – Jovan Uglješa, Serbian despot 1413 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1337) 1417 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian cardinal (b. 1360) 1468 – Juan de Torquemada, Spanish cardinal and theologian (b. 1388) 1536 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller 1588 – Amias Paulet, Governor of Jersey (b. 1532) 1600 – Claude Le Jeune, French composer (b. 1530) 1601–1900 1620 – Taichang Emperor of China (b. 1582) 1623 – Charles Grey, 7th Earl of Kent, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire (b. 1540) 1626 – Wakisaka Yasuharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1554) 1716 – Antoine Parent, French mathematician and theorist (b. 1666) 1764 – Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro, Spanish monk and scholar (b. 1676) 1800 – William Billings, American composer and educator (b. 1746) 1802 – Jurij Vega, Slovene mathematician and physicist (b. 1754) 1820 – Daniel Boone, American hunter and explorer (b. 1734) 1825 – José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle, Peruvian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Peru (b. 1779) 1846 – Thomas Clarkson, English abolitionist (b. 1760) 1868 – August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790) 1877 – Hermann Grassmann, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1809) 1901–present 1902 – Levi Strauss, German-American businessman, founded Levi Strauss & Co. (b. 1829) 1904 – Lafcadio Hearn, Greek-Japanese author and academic (b. 1850) 1904 – John Fitzwilliam Stairs, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1848) 1922 – Charles Wade, Australian politician, 17th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1863) 1935 – Andy Adams, American author (b. 1859) 1935 – Iván Persa, Slovene-Hungarian priest and author (b. 1861) 1937 – Bessie Smith, American singer and actress (b. 1894) 1943 – Henri Fertet, French Resistance fighter (b. 1926) 1945 – Béla Bartók, Hungarian pianist and composer (b. 1881) 1946 – William Strunk Jr., American author and educator (b. 1869) 1947 – Hugh Lofting, English-American author and poet (b. 1886) 1951 – Hans Cloos, German geologist and academic (b. 1885) 1952 – George Santayana, Spanish philosopher, novelist, and poet (b. 1863) 1953 – Xu Beihong, Chinese painter and educator (b. 1895) 1954 – Ellen Roosevelt, American tennis player (b. 1868) 1957 – Arthur Powell Davies, American minister and author (b. 1902) 1959 – S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. 1899) 1959 – Leslie Morshead, Australian general (b. 1889) 1959 – Teodor Ussisoo, Estonian furniture designer and educator (b. 1878) 1961 – Charles Erwin Wilson, American politician, 5th United States Secretary of Defense (b. 1890) 1965 – James Fitzmaurice, Irish soldier and pilot (b. 1898) 1968 – Ben Shlomo Lipman-Heilprin, Polish-Israeli neurologist and physician (b. 1902) 1968 – Daniel Johnson Sr., Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Quebec (b. 1915) 1968 – Władysław Kędra, Polish pianist (b. 1918) 1972 – Charles Correll, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1890) 1973 – Samuel Flagg Bemis, American historian and author (b. 1891) 1973 – Ralph Earnhardt, American race car driver (b. 1928) 1973 – Anna Magnani, Italian actress and singer (b. 1908) 1976 – Leopold Ružička, Croatian-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887) 1977 – Uday Shankar, Indian dancer and choreographer (b. 1900) 1978 – Manne Siegbahn, Swedish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886) 1979 – Arthur Hunnicutt, American actor (b. 1910) 1982 – Alec Hurwood, Australian cricketer (b. 1902) 1984 – Paquirri, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1948) 1984 – John Facenda, American sportscaster (b. 1913) 1987 – Ramang, Indonesian footballer and manager (b. 1928) 1987 – Herbert Tichy, Austrian geologist, journalist, and mountaineer (b. 1912) 1988 – Branko Zebec, Croatian and Yugoslav football player and coach (b. 1929) 1989 – Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Indian singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1920) 1990 – Hiram Abas, Turkish intelligence officer (b. 1932) 1990 – Alberto Moravia, Italian author and critic (b. 1907) 1991 – Billy Vaughn, American singer and bandleader (b. 1919) 1995 – Kalju Pitksaar, Estonian chess player (b. 1931) 1996 – Nicu Ceaușescu, Romanian politician (b. 1951) 1997 – Dorothy Kingsley, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1909) 1998 – Betty Carter, American singer (b. 1930) 1999 – Oseola McCarty, American philanthropist (b. 1908) 2000 – Richard Mulligan, American actor (b. 1932) 2000 – Baden Powell de Aquino, Brazilian guitarist and composer (b. 1937) 2002 – Nils Bohlin, Swedish engineer, invented three-point safety belt (b. 1920) 2003 – Shawn Lane, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (b. 1963) 2003 – Robert Palmer, English singer-songwriter (b. 1949) 2004 – Marianna Komlos, Canadian bodybuilder, model, and wrestler (b. 1969) 2005 – Helen Cresswell, English author and screenwriter (b. 1934) 2006 – Byron Nelson, American golfer and coach (b. 1912) 2006 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American wartime propaganda broadcaster (b. 1916) 2007 – Bill Wirtz, American businessman (b. 1929) 2008 – Marc Moulin, Belgian keyboard player, producer, and journalist (b. 1942) 2008 – Paul Newman, American actor, director, producer, and businessman (b. 1925) 2010 – Terry Newton, English rugby player (b. 1978) 2010 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (b. 1910) 2011 – Bob Cassilly, American sculptor, founded the City Museum (b. 1949) 2012 – M'el Dowd, American actress and singer (b. 1933) 2012 – Sylvia Fedoruk, Canadian physicist and politician, 17th Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan (b. 1927) 2012 – Eugene Genovese, American historian and author (b. 1930) 2012 – Sam Steiger, American journalist and politician (b. 1929) 2013 – Azizan Abdul Razak, Malaysian politician, 10th Menteri Besar of Kedah (b. 1944) 2013 – Seánie Duggan, Irish hurler (b. 1922) 2013 – Mario Montez, Puerto Rican-American actor (b. 1935) 2013 – Sos Sargsyan, Armenian actor and director (b. 1929) 2014 – Jim Boeke, American football player and coach (b. 1938) 2014 – Sam Hall, American screenwriter (b. 1921) 2014 – Gerald Neugebauer, American astronomer and physicist (b. 1932) 2014 – Tamir Sapir, Georgian-American businessman (b. 1946) 2015 – Eudóxia Maria Froehlich, Brazilian zoologist (b. 1928) 2015 – Sidney Phillips, American soldier, physician, and author (b. 1924) 2015 – Ana Seneviratne, Sri Lankan police officer and diplomat (b. 1927) 2016 – Toughie, last known Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog (h. fl. 2005) 2019 – Jacques Chirac, French politician, President of France (b. 1932) Holidays and observances Christian feast days: Canadian Martyrs (Catholic Church in Canada) Cosmas and Damian John of Meda Nilus the Younger Wilson Carlile (Anglican) September 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Day of the National Flag (Ecuador) Dominion Day (New Zealand) European Day of Languages (European Union) International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons National Good Neighbor Day (United States) Petrov day Revolution Day (Yemen) References ^ Walsby, Malcolm (2007). The Counts of Laval: Culture, Patronage and Religion in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century France. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754658115. ^ George Washington (1837). The Writings of George Washington: Part fifth: comprising speeches and messages to Congress, proclamations, and addresses. American Stationers' Company, John B. Russell. p. 432. ^ The United Service. L.R. Hamersly & Company. 1904. p. 685. ^ William Rae Wilson (1826). Travels in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Hanover, Germany, Netherlands, &c. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 1. ^ Winerman, Marc (2003). "The Origins of the FTC: Concentration, Cooperation, Control, and Competition" (PDF). Antitrust Law Journal. 71: 1–97. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. London: Harper Perennial. pp. 253–254. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Accident Beechcraft D18S N500L, 26 Sep 1978". aviation-safety.net. ^ "Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Vanavara: 28 killed". Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives. Archived from the original on 2017-04-21. Retrieved 2017-04-20. ^ Pat C. Santos (2010-09-28). "44 people injured in bomb explosion in La Salle, Manila". The Daily Tribune. Manila. Retrieved 2011-06-02. ^ Thilo Vogelsang. "Anna". Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ Karl Leopold Strauven (1876), "Engelbert von Cleve", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 4, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 330 ^ Georges Duplessis (1871). The Wonders of Engraving. S. Low, son, and Marston. pp. 255. ^ The Penn Monthly. University Press Company. 1872. p. 2. ^ Barak Longmate (1810). Stockdale's Peerage of England, Scotland and Ireland. J. Stockdale. p. 24. ^ Peggy Saari; Stephen Allison; Marie C. Ellavich (1996). Scientists: P-Z. U-X-L. p. 7467. ISBN 9780787609627. ^ "Archibald Willingham Butt". Archibald Willingham Butt. Retrieved 7 August 2022. ^ The American Whitaker Almanac and Encyclopedia. 1915. p. 471. ^ "Brooke, Charles Vyner (BRK894CV)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Current Biography. H.W. Wilson Company. 1943. p. 263. ^ Cicarelli, James; Cicarelli, Julianne (2003). Distinguished Women Economists. Westport: Greenwood. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-31330-331-9. ^ Newton, Michael (March 23, 2020). Boss of Murder, Inc.: The Criminal Life of Albert Anastasia. pp. 3–4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Famous birthdays for Sept. 26: Serena Williams, James Blake". UPI. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Dos Equis' pitchman is Jewish actor living in Marina del Rey - Hollywood Jew". Jewish Journal. 4 May 2010. ^ David Savona (October 2010). "The Most Interesting (Actor) in the World". Cigar Aficionado. Vol. 18, no. 6. pp. 162–168. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. ^ Ricky Tomlinson (4 September 2008). Ricky. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7481-0914-2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Rose, Mike (26 September 2022). "Today's famous birthdays list for September 26, 2022 includes celebrities Serena Williams, Linda Hamilton". The Plain Dealer. Associated Press. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira". ^ "Obituary". The Times. London. April 13, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2009. ^ Das, Bijoyeta. "BUILDING BRIDGES, BUILDING PEACE:The Life and Work of Claudette Werleigh of Haiti" (PDF). University of San Diego. p. 15. ^ "Lucius Allen". National Basketball Association. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Obituary: Olivia Newton-John". BBC News. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022. ^ Burgess, Colin (2016). Interkosmos: The Eastern Bloc's Early Space Program. Cham: Springer Praxis Books. p. 13. ISBN 9783319241630. ^ Buss, Jeanie; Springer, Steve (2010). Laker Girl. Triumph Books. p. 24. ISBN 9781600785115. ^ "Jonas Bergqvist". National Hockey League. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Radisav Ćurčić Stats". Basketball-Reference.com. ^ "Biographical Directory of the United States Congress". ^ "Chris Kunitz". National Hockey League. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Serena WILLIAMS - Olympic Tennis | United States of America". International Olympic Committee. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ Bower, Aaron (2 June 2024). "Rob Burrow, former Leeds scrum-half, dies at 41, years after MND diagnosis". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 June 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ "Greg Stiemsma". National Basketball Association. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Major League Baseball official website". MLB.com. ^ "Chris Archer". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Buddy Murphy". ESPN. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Shake Milton". National Basketball Association. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Women's Tennis Association - Official Website". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 2022-10-17. ^ "Jessika Ponchet - Player Profile - Tennis". Eurosport. Retrieved 2022-10-18. ^ "Frankie Amaya". Major League Soccer. Retrieved 23 June 2020. ^ "WTAtennis.com Profile: Xinyu Wang". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 17 October 2022. ^ Basadre, Jorge (2005) . Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (9th ed.). Lima: El Comercio. p. 98. ISBN 978-612-306-354-2. ^ "BBC - History - Thomas Clarkson". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ^ "Henri Fertet". Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-01. ^ "Charles E. Wilson - Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration". Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office. ^ "Obituary: Dorothy Kingsley". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2021. ^ "Inventor of three-point seat belt dies". Deathwatch. Archived from the original on November 10, 2005. Retrieved August 1, 2005. ^ Daley, Jason (October 4, 2016). "Adiós, Toughie: The Last Known Rabb's Fringe-Limbed Tree Frog Dies in Atlanta". Smithsonian. Retrieved June 26, 2023. Since his discovery in 2005, Toughie the frog has been the face of amphibian extinction ^ "Chirac: A life in French politics". BBC News. 2019-09-26. Retrieved 2019-10-06. ^ "BBC - Languages - Event - The European Day of Languages, 26th September". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2021. ^ "International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023. ^ "LW Petrov Day 2022 (Monday, 9/26) - LessWrong". www.lesswrong.com. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-23. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to September 26. "On This Day". BBC. The New York Times: On This Day "Historical Events on September 26". OnThisDay.com. vteMonths and days of the yearToday: June 18, 2024 January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leap years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"}],"text":"Day of the yearSeptember 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 96 days remain until the end of the year.","title":"September 26"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"46 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46_BC"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"temple to Venus Genetrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pharsalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus"},{"link_name":"715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/715"},{"link_name":"Battle of 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title in Bohemia for the Přemyslid dynasty.\n1345 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: Frisians defeat Holland in the Battle of Warns.\n1371 – Serbian–Turkish wars: Ottoman Turks fought against a Serbian army at the Battle of Maritsa.\n1423 – Hundred Years' War: A French army defeats the English at the Battle of La Brossinière.[1]\n1493 – Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Dudum siquidem to the Spanish, extending the grant of new lands he made them in Inter caetera.\n1580 – Francis Drake finishes his circumnavigation of the Earth in Plymouth, England.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1687"},{"link_name":"Morean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morean_War"},{"link_name":"Parthenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Siege of the 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Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_2nd_Coalition"},{"link_name":"defeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810"},{"link_name":"Act of Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Act_of_Succession"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste Bernadotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bernadotte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1687 – Morean War: The Parthenon in Athens, used as a gunpowder depot by the Ottoman garrison, is partially destroyed after being bombarded during the Siege of the Acropolis by Venetian forces.\n1688 – The city council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange's invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution.\n1777 – American Revolution: British troops occupy Philadelphia.\n1789 – George Washington appoints Thomas Jefferson the first United States Secretary of State.[2]\n1799 – War of the 2nd Coalition: French troops defeat Austro-Russian forces, leading to the collapse of Suvorov's campaign.[3]\n1810 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.[4]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Annus Mirabilis papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907"},{"link_name":"1907 Imperial Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Imperial_Conference"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910"},{"link_name":"Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshabhimani_Ramakrishna_Pillai"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914"},{"link_name":"United States Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"Federal Trade Commission Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Polygon Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918"},{"link_name":"Meuse-Argonne Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923"},{"link_name":"occupation of the Ruhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly_(gangster)"},{"link_name":"G-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Man_(slang)"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934"},{"link_name":"RMS Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Lluis Companys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluis_Companys"},{"link_name":"reshuffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_reshuffle"},{"link_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism"},{"link_name":"POUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POUM"},{"link_name":"anarcho-syndicalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist"},{"link_name":"CNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Confederation_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"a memorandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950"},{"link_name":"recapture Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953"},{"link_name":"Rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954"},{"link_name":"Tōya Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dya_Maru"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Vera"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960"},{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates#1960_Kennedy%E2%80%93Nixon_debates"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978"},{"link_name":"Air Caribbean Flight 309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Caribbean_Flight_309"},{"link_name":"Residencial Las Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residencial_Las_Casas"},{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980"},{"link_name":"Oktoberfest terror attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest_terror_attack"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov"},{"link_name":"computer error and not an American first strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident"},{"link_name":"Australia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_II"},{"link_name":"America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"},{"link_name":"transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Ejigbo, Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejigbo,_Lagos"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994"},{"link_name":"Yakovlev Yak-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-40"},{"link_name":"crashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Vanavara_air_disaster"},{"link_name":"Vanavara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanavara_(rural_locality)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAAA-8"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997"},{"link_name":"Garuda Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Airbus A300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300"},{"link_name":"crashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_152"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Umbria_and_Marche_earthquake"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000"},{"link_name":"Anti-globalization protests in Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_protests_in_Prague"},{"link_name":"MS Express Samina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Express_Samina"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002"},{"link_name":"MV Le Joola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Le_Joola"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"Yves Rossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Rossy"},{"link_name":"jet engine-powered wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_pack#Yves_Rossy's_jet_wingpack"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Ketsana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010"},{"link_name":"Philippine Bar exam bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Philippine_Bar_exam_bombing"},{"link_name":"De La Salle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44_people_injured_in_bomb_explosion_in_La_Salle,_Manila-9"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014"},{"link_name":"mass kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1905 – Albert Einstein publishes the third of his Annus Mirabilis papers, introducing the special theory of relativity.\n1907 – Four months after the 1907 Imperial Conference, New Zealand and Newfoundland are promoted from colonies to dominions within the British Empire.\n1910 – Indian journalist Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai is arrested after publishing criticism of the government of Travancore and is exiled.\n1914 – The United States Federal Trade Commission is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.[5]\n1917 – World War I: The Battle of Polygon Wood begins.\n1918 – World War I: The Meuse-Argonne Offensive began which would last until the total surrender of German forces.\n1923 – The German government accepts the occupation of the Ruhr.\n1933 – As gangster Machine Gun Kelly surrenders to the FBI, he shouts out, \"Don't shoot, G-Men!\", which becomes a nickname for FBI agents.\n1934 – The ocean liner RMS Queen Mary is launched.\n1936 – Spanish Civil War: Lluis Companys reshuffles the Generalitat de Catalunya, with the marxist POUM and anarcho-syndicalist CNT joining the government.[6]\n1942 – Holocaust: Senior SS official August Frank issues a memorandum detailing how Jews should be \"evacuated\".\n1950 – Korean War: United Nations troops recapture Seoul from North Korean forces.\n1953 – Rationing of sugar in the United Kingdom ends.\n1954 – The Japanese rail ferry Tōya Maru sinks during a typhoon in the Tsugaru Strait, Japan, killing 1,172.\n1959 – Typhoon Vera, the strongest typhoon to hit Japan in recorded history, makes landfall, killing 4,580 people and leaving nearly 1.6 million others homeless.\n1960 – In Chicago, the first televised debate takes place between presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy.\n1969 – Abbey Road, the last recorded album by The Beatles, is released.\n1973 – Concorde makes its first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic in record-breaking time.\n1978 – Air Caribbean Flight 309 crashes in Residencial Las Casas in San Juan, Puerto Rico, killing six.[7]\n1980 – At the Oktoberfest terror attack in Munich 13 people die and 211 are injured.\n1981 – Nolan Ryan sets a Major League record by throwing his fifth no-hitter.\n1983 – Soviet Air Force officer Stanislav Petrov identifies a report of an incoming nuclear missile as a computer error and not an American first strike, thus preventing nuclear war\n1983 – Australia II wins the America's Cup, ending the New York Yacht Club's 132-year domination of the race.\n1984 – The United Kingdom and China agree to a transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, to take place in 1997.\n1992 – A Nigerian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules crashes in Ejigbo, Lagos, killing 159.\n1994 – A Yakovlev Yak-40 crashes into a river near Vanavara, Russia, killing 24.[8]\n1997 – A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A300 crashes near Medan airport, killing 234.\n1997 – An earthquake strikes the Italian regions of Umbria and the Marche, causing part of the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi to collapse.\n2000 – Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 20,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.\n2000 – The MS Express Samina sinks off Paros in the Aegean Sea killing 80 passengers.\n2002 – The overcrowded Senegalese ferry, MV Le Joola, capsizes off the coast of the Gambia killing more than 1,000.\n2008 – Swiss pilot and inventor Yves Rossy becomes first person to fly a jet engine-powered wing across the English Channel.\n2009 – Typhoon Ketsana hits the Philippines, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, causing 700 fatalities.\n2010 – The Philippine Bar exam bombing occurred near the De La Salle University in Taft Avenue, Manila injuring 47 people.[9]\n2014 – A mass kidnapping occurs in Iguala, Mexico.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/932"},{"link_name":"Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah"},{"link_name":"1329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1329"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1406"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Ros,_8th_Baron_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"1462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1462"},{"link_name":"Engelbert, Count of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert,_Count_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"John I, Duke of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Cleves"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1526"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1600","text":"932 – Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Arab caliph (d. 975)\n1329 – Anne of Bavaria, German queen consort (d. 1353)[10]\n1406 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430)\n1462 – Engelbert, Count of Nevers, younger son of John I, Duke of Cleves (d. 1506)[11]\n1526 – Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1569)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1637"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Leclerc_(1637%E2%80%931714)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1641"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah Grew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew"},{"link_name":"1651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1651"},{"link_name":"Francis Daniel Pastorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Daniel_Pastorius"},{"link_name":"Germantown, Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660"},{"link_name":"George William, Duke of Liegnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William,_Duke_of_Liegnitz"},{"link_name":"1698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1698"},{"link_name":"William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1711","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1711"},{"link_name":"Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grenville-Temple,_2nd_Earl_Temple"},{"link_name":"First Lord of the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"1750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1750"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood,_1st_Baron_Collingwood"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1758"},{"link_name":"Cosme Argerich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosme_Argerich"},{"link_name":"1767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1767"},{"link_name":"Wenzel Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzel_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"1774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774"},{"link_name":"Johnny Appleseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed"},{"link_name":"1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1783"},{"link_name":"Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Griffin,_3rd_Baron_Braybrooke"},{"link_name":"1791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1791"},{"link_name":"Théodore Géricault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault"},{"link_name":"1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792"},{"link_name":"William Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hobson"},{"link_name":"Governor of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"1820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820"},{"link_name":"Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar"},{"link_name":"1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840"},{"link_name":"Louis-Olivier Taillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Olivier_Taillon"},{"link_name":"Premier of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"1843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843"},{"link_name":"Joseph Furphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Furphy"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848"},{"link_name":"Henry Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Walters"},{"link_name":"1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849"},{"link_name":"Ivan Pavlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaariAllison1996-15"},{"link_name":"1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865"},{"link_name":"Archibald Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Butt"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869"},{"link_name":"Komitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komitas"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870"},{"link_name":"Christian X of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872"},{"link_name":"Max Ehrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ehrmann"},{"link_name":"1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873"},{"link_name":"Wacław Berent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Berent"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hine"},{"link_name":"Charles Vyner Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vyner_Brooke"},{"link_name":"3rd Raj of Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875"},{"link_name":"Edmund Gwenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gwenn"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876"},{"link_name":"Edith Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Abbott"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Bhik Nairang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Bhik_Nairang"},{"link_name":"1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877"},{"link_name":"Ugo Cerletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Cerletti"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cortot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cortot"},{"link_name":"Bertha De Vriese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_De_Vriese"},{"link_name":"1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878"},{"link_name":"Walter Steinbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Steinbeck"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884"},{"link_name":"Jack Bickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bickell"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886"},{"link_name":"Archibald Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Hill"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887"},{"link_name":"Edwin Keppel Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Keppel_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Antonio Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Barnes Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_Wallis"},{"link_name":"Bouncing bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouncing_bomb"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888"},{"link_name":"J. Frank Dobie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Frank_Dobie"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brewster"},{"link_name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890"},{"link_name":"Jack Tresadern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tresadern"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891"},{"link_name":"William McKell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKell"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Charles Münch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M%C3%BCnch"},{"link_name":"Hans Reichenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892"},{"link_name":"Robert Staughton Lynd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Staughton_Lynd"},{"link_name":"1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894"},{"link_name":"Gladys Brockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Brockwell"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Stroop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rhys-Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rhys-Davids"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Belperron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Belperron"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1637 – Sébastien Leclerc, French painter (d. 1714)[12]\n1641 – Nehemiah Grew, English plant anatomist and physiologist (d. 1712)\n1651 – Francis Daniel Pastorius, founder of Germantown, Philadelphia (d. 1720)[13]\n1660 – George William, Duke of Liegnitz (d. 1675)\n1698 – William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire (d. 1755)[14]\n1711 – Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple, English politician, First Lord of the Admiralty (d. 1779)\n1750 – Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, English admiral (d. 1810)\n1758 – Cosme Argerich, Argentinian physician (d. 1820)\n1767 – Wenzel Müller, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1835)\n1774 – Johnny Appleseed, American gardener and environmentalist (d. 1845)\n1783 – Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke, English politician and literary figure (d. 1858)\n1791 – Théodore Géricault, French painter and lithographer (d. 1824)\n1792 – William Hobson, Irish-New Zealand explorer and politician, 1st Governor of New Zealand (d. 1842)\n1820 – Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Indian philosopher, painter, and academic (d. 1891)\n1840 – Louis-Olivier Taillon, Canadian lawyer and politician, 8th Premier of Quebec (d. 1923)\n1843 – Joseph Furphy, Australian author and poet (d. 1912)\n1848 – Henry Walters, American art collector and philanthropist (d. 1931)\n1849 – Ivan Pavlov, Russian physiologist and physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)[15]\n1865 – Archibald Butt, United States Army Officer (d. 1912)[16]\n1865 – Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford (d. 1937)\n1869 – Komitas, Armenian-French priest and composer (d. 1935)\n1870 – Christian X of Denmark (d. 1947)[17]\n1872 – Max Ehrmann, American poet and lawyer (d. 1945)\n1873 – Wacław Berent, Polish author and translator (d. 1940)\n1874 – Lewis Hine, American photographer and activist (d. 1940)\n1874 – Charles Vyner Brooke, 3rd Raj of Sarawak (d. 1963)[18]\n1875 – Edmund Gwenn, English-American actor (d. 1959)[19]\n1876 – Edith Abbott, American economist, social worker, and author (d. 1957)[20]\n1876 – Ghulam Bhik Nairang, Indian poet, lawyer, and politician (d. 1952)\n1877 – Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist and academic (d. 1963)\n1877 – Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist and conductor (d. 1962)\n1877 – Bertha De Vriese, Belgian physician (d. 1958)\n1878 – Walter Steinbeck, German actor (d. 1942)\n1884 – Jack Bickell, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1951)\n1886 – Archibald Hill, English physiologist, academic, and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1977)\n1887 – Edwin Keppel Bennett, English author and poet (d. 1958)\n1887 – Antonio Moreno, Spanish-American actor and director (d. 1967)\n1887 – Barnes Wallis, English scientist and engineer, invented the Bouncing bomb (d. 1979)\n1888 – J. Frank Dobie, American journalist and author (d. 1964)\n1888 – T. S. Eliot, English poet, playwright, critic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)\n1889 – Gordon Brewster, Irish cartoonist (d. 1946)\n1889 – Martin Heidegger, German philosopher and academic (d. 1976)\n1890 – Jack Tresadern, English footballer and manager (d. 1959)\n1891 – William McKell, Australian politician, 12th Governor General of Australia (d. 1985)\n1891 – Charles Münch, French violinist and conductor (d. 1968)\n1891 – Hans Reichenbach, German philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1953)\n1892 – Robert Staughton Lynd, American sociologist and academic (d. 1970)\n1894 – Gladys Brockwell, American actress (d. 1929)\n1895 – Jürgen Stroop, German general (d. 1952)\n1897 – Pope Paul VI (d. 1978)\n1897 – Arthur Rhys-Davids, English lieutenant and pilot (d. 1917)\n1898 – George Gershwin, American pianist and composer (d. 1937)\n1900 – Suzanne Belperron, French jewelry designer (d. 1983)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901"},{"link_name":"George Raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raft"},{"link_name":"Ted Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Weems"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902"},{"link_name":"Albert Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Anastasia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"Millito Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millito_Navarro"},{"link_name":"Karl Rappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rappan"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907"},{"link_name":"Anthony Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Blunt"},{"link_name":"Shug Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shug_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Bep van Klaveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bep_van_Klaveren"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909"},{"link_name":"Bill France, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_France,_Sr."},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"A. P. Hamann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Hamann"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911"},{"link_name":"Al Helfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Helfer"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913"},{"link_name":"Frank Brimsek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brimsek"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914"},{"link_name":"Achille Compagnoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Compagnoni"},{"link_name":"Jack LaLanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_LaLanne"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917"},{"link_name":"Réal Caouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette"},{"link_name":"Tran Duc Thao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tran_Duc_Thao"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918"},{"link_name":"Eric Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Morley"},{"link_name":"Miss 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Sedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Sedin"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"Asuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Yao Beina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_Beina"},{"link_name":"Christina Milian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Milian"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-26"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Tsunematsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Tsunematsu"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"Rob Burrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Burrow"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Simon Picone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Picone"},{"link_name":"Miguel Alfredo Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Alfredo_Portillo"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(ice_hockey,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983"},{"link_name":"Archimede Morleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimede_Morleo"},{"link_name":"Zoe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Perry"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-26"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Quaresma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Quaresma"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"},{"link_name":"Nev Schulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev_Schulman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-22"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985"},{"link_name":"Talulah Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-26"},{"link_name":"Greg Stiemsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Stiemsma"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986"},{"link_name":"Sean Doolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Doolittle"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987"},{"link_name":"Cyril Gautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Gautier"},{"link_name":"Rosanna Munter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosanna_Munter"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Niculescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Niculescu"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988"},{"link_name":"Chris Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Archer"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"James Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-22"},{"link_name":"Kiira Korpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiira_Korpi"},{"link_name":"Buddy Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989"},{"link_name":"Jonny Bairstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Bairstow"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991"},{"link_name":"Réka Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ka_Demeter"},{"link_name":"Alma Jodorowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Jodorowsky"},{"link_name":"Dan Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Preston"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"Yoo Ara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoo_Ara"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993"},{"link_name":"Michael Kidd-Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kidd-Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994"},{"link_name":"Lucas Gafarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Gafarot"},{"link_name":"Jack Conger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Conger"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995"},{"link_name":"Miloš Veljković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Veljkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"Shake Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_Milton"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Jessika Ponchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessika_Ponchet"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000"},{"link_name":"Frankie Amaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Amaya"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Princess Salma bint Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Salma_bint_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001"},{"link_name":"Xinyu Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinyu_Wang"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1901 – George Raft, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1980)\n1901 – Ted Weems, American bandleader and musician (d. 1963)\n1902 – Albert Anastasia, Italian-American mobster (d. 1957)[21]\n1905 – Millito Navarro, Puerto Rican baseball player (d. 2011)\n1905 – Karl Rappan, Austrian footballer and coach (d. 1996)\n1907 – Anthony Blunt, English historian and spy (d. 1983)\n1907 – Shug Fisher, American singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and comedian (d. 1984)\n1907 – Bep van Klaveren, Dutch boxer (d. 1992)\n1909 – Bill France, Sr., American race car driver, founded NASCAR (d. 1992)\n1909 – A. P. Hamann, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 1977)\n1911 – Al Helfer, American sportscaster (d. 1975)\n1913 – Frank Brimsek, American ice hockey player (d. 1998)\n1914 – Achille Compagnoni, Italian skier and mountaineer (d. 2009)\n1914 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness expert (d. 2011)\n1917 – Réal Caouette, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1976)\n1917 – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese-French philosopher and theorist (d. 1993)\n1918 – Eric Morley, English businessman and television host, founded the Miss World (d. 2000)\n1919 – Barbara Britton, American actress (d. 1980)\n1919 – Matilde Camus, Spanish poet and author (d. 2012)\n1922 – Takis Miliadis, Greek actor (d. 1985)\n1922 – Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia (d. 2014)\n1923 – Dev Anand, Indian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2011)\n1923 – Hugh Griffiths, Baron Griffiths, English cricketer, lawyer, and judge (d. 2015)\n1923 – James Hennessy, English businessman and diplomat (d. 2024)\n1924 – Jean Hoerni, Swiss physicist, inventor and businessman (d. 1997)\n1925 – Norm Dussault, American-Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2012)\n1925 – Marty Robbins, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and race car driver (d. 1982)\n1926 – Julie London, American singer and actress (d. 2000)\n1926 – Manfred Mayrhofer, Austrian philologist and academic (d. 2011)\n1927 – Robert Cade, American physician and educator, co-invented Gatorade (d. 2007)\n1927 – Patrick O'Neal, American actor (d. 1994)\n1927 – Enzo Bearzot, Italian footballer and manager (d. 2010)\n1928 – Bob Van der Veken, Belgian actor (d. 2019)\n1928 – Wilford White, American football player (d. 2013)\n1930 – Philip Bosco, American actor (d. 2018)\n1930 – Joe Brown, English mountaineer and author (d. 2020)\n1931 – Kenneth Parnell, American sex offender (d. 2008)\n1932 – Manmohan Singh, Indian economist and politician, 13th Prime Minister of India\n1932 – Donna Douglas, American actress (d. 2015)[22]\n1932 – Joyce Jameson, American actress (d. 1987)\n1932 – Vladimir Voinovich, Russian author and poet (d. 2018)\n1934 – Neil Coles, English golfer and architect\n1935 – Bob Barber, English cricketer\n1935 – Lou Myers, American actor (d. 2013)\n1935 – Joe Sherlock, Irish politician (d. 2007)\n1936 – Leroy Drumm, American sailor and songwriter (d. 2010)\n1936 – Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, South African academic and politician, 8th First Lady of South Africa (d. 2018)[22]\n1937 – Valentin Pavlov, Russian banker and politician, 11th Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 2003)\n1937 – Jerry Weintraub, American film producer and agent (d. 2015)[22]\n1938 – Lucette Aldous, New Zealand-Australian ballerina and educator (d. 2021)\n1938 – Jonathan Goldsmith, American actor[23][24]\n1938 – Lars-Jacob Krogh, Norwegian journalist (d. 2010)\n1939 – Ricky Tomlinson, English actor and screenwriter[25]\n1941 – Salvatore Accardo, Italian violinist and conductor\n1941 – Martine Beswick, Jamaican-English model and actress\n1941 – David Frizzell, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist[26]\n1942 – Kent McCord, American actor[26]\n1942 – Gloria E. Anzaldúa, American scholar of Chicana cultural theory (d. 2004)\n1943 – Ian Chappell, Australian cricketer and sportscaster\n1943 – Tim Schenken, Australian racing driver\n1944 – Jan Brewer, American politician, 22nd Governor of Arizona\n1944 – Keith O'Nions, English geologist and academic\n1944 – Anne Robinson, English journalist and game show host[26]\n1945 – Louise Beaudoin, Canadian academic and politician\n1945 – Gal Costa, Brazilian singer (d. 2022)[27]\n1945 – Bryan Ferry, English singer-songwriter[26]\n1946 – Andrea Dworkin, American activist and author (d. 2005)[28]\n1946 – John MacLachlan Gray, Canadian actor, playwright, and composer\n1946 – Mary Beth Hurt, American actress[26]\n1946 – Radha Krishna Mainali, Nepalese politician\n1946 – Louise Simonson, American author\n1946 – Claudette Werleigh, Haitian Prime Minister[29]\n1947 – Lucius Allen, American basketball player[30]\n1947 – Lynn Anderson, American singer and actress (d. 2015)[22]\n1947 – Philippe Lavil, French singer and actor\n1947 – Dick Roth, American swimmer\n1948 – Olivia Newton-John, English-Australian singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2022)[31]\n1948 – Vladimír Remek, Czech politician, diplomat, cosmonaut and military pilot[32]\n1949 – Clodoaldo, Brazilian footballer and manager\n1949 – Wendy Saddington, Australian singer and journalist (d. 2013)\n1949 – Jane Smiley, American novelist[22]\n1949 – Minette Walters, English journalist and author\n1950 – Andy Haden, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2020)\n1951 – Tommy Taylor, English footballer and manager\n1951 – Stuart Tosh, Scottish singer-songwriter and drummer\n1953 – Dolores Keane, Irish singer and actress\n1953 – Douglas A. Melton, American biologist and academic\n1953 – Paul Stephenson, English police officer\n1954 – Craig Chaquico, American guitarist\n1954 – Kevin Kennedy, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster\n1954 – Cesar Rosas, Mexican-American singer-songwriter and guitarist[26]\n1955 – Carlene Carter, American singer-songwriter[26]\n1956 – Steve Butler, American race car driver and engineer\n1956 – Linda Hamilton, American actress[26]\n1957 – Bob Staake, American author and illustrator\n1957 – Klaus Augenthaler, German footballer and manager\n1957 – Michael Dweck, American photographer and director\n1958 – Rudi Cerne, German figure skater and journalist\n1958 – Darby Crash, American singer-songwriter (d. 1980)\n1958 – Robert Kagan, Greek-American historian and author\n1958 – Kenny Sansom, English footballer\n1958 – Richard B. Weldon Jr., American sailor and politician\n1959 – Andrew Bolt, Australian journalist\n1959 – Trevor Dodds, Namibian golfer\n1959 – Rich Gedman, American baseball player and coach\n1959 – Ilya Kormiltsev, Russian poet and translator (d. 2007)\n1960 – Uwe Bein, German footballer and manager\n1960 – Jouke de Vries, Dutch academic and politician\n1960 – Doug Supernaw, American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2020)\n1961 – Jeanie Buss, American sports executive[33]\n1961 – Cindy Herron, American singer-songwriter and actress[26]\n1961 – Marianne Mikko, Estonian journalist and politician\n1961 – Will Self, English novelist and journalist[22]\n1962 – Melissa Sue Anderson, American-Canadian actress[26]\n1962 – Jonas Bergqvist, Swedish ice hockey player[34]\n1962 – Mark Haddon, English author and poet\n1962 – Steve Moneghetti, Australian runner\n1962 – Al Pitrelli, American guitarist and songwriter\n1962 – Tracey Thorn, English singer-songwriter and writer[26]\n1962 – Jacky Wu, Taiwanese singer, actor, and television host\n1963 – Lysette Anthony, English actress and producer\n1963 – Joe Nemechek, American race car driver\n1964 – Dave Martinez, American baseball player and coach\n1965 – Radisav Ćurčić, Serbian-Israeli basketball player[35]\n1965 – Petro Poroshenko, Ukrainian businessman and politician, 5th President of Ukraine\n1966 – Jillian Barberie, Canadian actress and sportscaster[26]\n1966 – Christos Dantis, Greek singer-songwriter and producer\n1966 – Shane Dye, New Zealand jockey\n1966 – Craig Heyward, American football player (d. 2006)\n1967 – Bruno Akrapović, Bosnian footballer and manager\n1967 – Shannon Hoon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1995)\n1967 – Craig Janney, American ice hockey player\n1968 – Jim Caviezel, American actor[26]\n1968 – Ben Shenkman, American actor[26]\n1969 – Andy Petterson, Australian footballer and coach\n1969 – David Slade, English director and producer\n1969 – Holger Stanislawski, German footballer and manager\n1969 – Paul Warhurst, English footballer and manager\n1970 – Daryl Beattie, Australian motorcycle racer\n1970 – Sheri Moon Zombie, American actress and fashion designer\n1970 – David Parland, Swedish guitarist (d. 2013)\n1972 – Ras Kass, American rapper and producer\n1972 – Beto O'Rourke, American politician[36]\n1972 – Shawn Stockman, American singer\n1973 – Marty Casey, American singer-songwriter and guitarist\n1973 – Julienne Davis, American actress, producer, and screenwriter\n1973 – Dr. Luke, American record producer and songwriter[26]\n1973 – Chris Small, Scottish snooker player and coach\n1973 – Olga Vasdeki, Greek triple jumper\n1974 – Boris Cepeda, German-Ecuadorian pianist and diplomat\n1974 – Gary Hall Jr., American swimmer\n1974 – Martin Müürsepp, Estonian basketball player and coach\n1975 – Emma Härdelin, Swedish singer and violinist\n1975 – Jake Paltrow, American director and screenwriter\n1975 – Chiara Schoras, German actress\n1976 – Michael Ballack, German footballer\n1976 – Sami Vänskä, Finnish bass player\n1977 – Kerem Özyeğen, Turkish singer-songwriter and guitarist\n1977 – Aka Plu, Japanese comedian and actor\n1978 – Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, Kenyan runner\n1979 – Jon Harley, English footballer\n1979 – Simon Kirch, German sprinter\n1979 – Chris Kunitz, Canadian ice hockey player[37]\n1979 – Naomichi Marufuji, Japanese wrestler\n1979 – Fuifui Moimoi, Tongan-New Zealand rugby league player\n1979 – Cameron Mooney, Australian footballer\n1979 – Jaycie Phelps, American gymnast\n1979 – Taavi Rõivas, Estonian politician, 16th Prime Minister of Estonia\n1979 – Jacob Tierney, Canadian actor, director, and screenwriter\n1980 – Patrick Friesacher, Austrian racing driver\n1980 – Brooks Orpik, American ice hockey player\n1980 – Daniel Sedin, Swedish ice hockey player\n1980 – Henrik Sedin, Swedish ice hockey player\n1981 – Asuka, Japanese professional wrestler\n1981 – Yao Beina, Chinese singer (d. 2015)\n1981 – Christina Milian, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress[26]\n1981 – Ayumi Tsunematsu, Japanese voice actress\n1981 – Serena Williams, American tennis player[38]\n1982 – Rob Burrow, English rugby player (d. 2024)[39]\n1982 – Simon Picone, Italian rugby player\n1982 – Miguel Alfredo Portillo, Argentinian footballer\n1982 – John Scott, Canadian ice hockey player\n1983 – Archimede Morleo, Italian footballer\n1983 – Zoe Perry, American actress[26]\n1983 – Ricardo Quaresma, Portuguese footballer\n1984 – Nev Schulman, American photographer, television host, and producer[22]\n1985 – Talulah Riley, English actress[26]\n1985 – Greg Stiemsma, American basketball player[40]\n1986 – Sean Doolittle, American baseball player[41]\n1987 – Cyril Gautier, French road bicycle racer\n1987 – Rosanna Munter, Swedish singer-songwriter\n1987 – Vladimir Niculescu, Romanian footballer\n1988 – Chris Archer, American baseball player[42]\n1988 – James Blake, English singer-songwriter and producer[22]\n1988 – Kiira Korpi, Finnish figure skater\n1988 – Buddy Matthews, Australian wrestler[43]\n1989 – Jonny Bairstow, English cricketer\n1991 – Réka Demeter, Hungarian football defender\n1991 – Alma Jodorowsky, French actress, fashion model and singer\n1991 – Dan Preston, English footballer\n1992 – Yoo Ara, South Korean singer and actress\n1993 – Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, American basketball player\n1994 – Lucas Gafarot, Spanish footballer\n1994 – Jack Conger, American swimmer\n1995 – Miloš Veljković, Serbian footballer\n1996 – Shake Milton, American basketball player[44]\n1996 – Jessika Ponchet, French tennis player[45][46]\n2000 – Frankie Amaya, American soccer player[47]\n2000 – Princess Salma bint Abdullah, Jordanian princess\n2001 – Xinyu Wang, Chinese tennis player[48]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800"},{"link_name":"Berowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berowulf"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/862"},{"link_name":"Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ibn_Musa_al-Qasawi"},{"link_name":"1241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1241"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Teika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Teika"},{"link_name":"1290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Maid of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"1313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1313"},{"link_name":"Gottfried von Hagenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_von_Hagenau"},{"link_name":"1327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1327"},{"link_name":"Cecco d'Ascoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecco_d%27Ascoli"},{"link_name":"1328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1328"},{"link_name":"Ibn Taymiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiya"},{"link_name":"1345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1345"},{"link_name":"William II, Count of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_Count_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"1371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1371"},{"link_name":"Jovan Uglješa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Uglje%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"1413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1413"},{"link_name":"Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"1417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1417"},{"link_name":"Francesco Zabarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Zabarella"},{"link_name":"1468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1468"},{"link_name":"Juan de Torquemada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Torquemada_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"1536","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1536"},{"link_name":"Didier de Saint-Jaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_de_Saint-Jaille"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"1588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1588"},{"link_name":"Amias Paulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amias_Paulet"},{"link_name":"1600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600"},{"link_name":"Claude Le Jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1600","text":"800 – Berowulf, bishop of Würzburg\n862 – Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi, Muslim military leader (b. c. 790)\n1241 – Fujiwara no Teika, Japanese poet\n1290 – Margaret, Maid of Norway Queen of Scotland (b. 1283)\n1313 – Gottfried von Hagenau, Alsatian theologian, medical doctor, and poet\n1327 – Cecco d'Ascoli, Italian encyclopaedist, physician and poet (b. 1257)\n1328 – Ibn Taymiya, Islamic scholar and philosopher of Harran (b. 1263)\n1345 – William II, Count of Hainaut\n1371 – Jovan Uglješa, Serbian despot\n1413 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1337)\n1417 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian cardinal (b. 1360)\n1468 – Juan de Torquemada, Spanish cardinal and theologian (b. 1388)\n1536 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller\n1588 – Amias Paulet, Governor of Jersey (b. 1532)\n1600 – Claude Le Jeune, French composer (b. 1530)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1620"},{"link_name":"Taichang Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichang_Emperor"},{"link_name":"1623","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1623"},{"link_name":"Charles Grey, 7th Earl of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_7th_Earl_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"1626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1626"},{"link_name":"Wakisaka Yasuharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakisaka_Yasuharu"},{"link_name":"1716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1716"},{"link_name":"Antoine Parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Parent"},{"link_name":"1764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1764"},{"link_name":"Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800"},{"link_name":"William Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Billings"},{"link_name":"1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802"},{"link_name":"Jurij Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurij_Vega"},{"link_name":"1820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820"},{"link_name":"Daniel Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone"},{"link_name":"1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1825"},{"link_name":"José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bernardo_de_Tagle_y_Portocarrero,_Marquis_of_Torre_Tagle"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"1846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846"},{"link_name":"Thomas Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868"},{"link_name":"August Ferdinand Möbius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Ferdinand_M%C3%B6bius"},{"link_name":"1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877"},{"link_name":"Hermann Grassmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Grassmann"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1620 – Taichang Emperor of China (b. 1582)\n1623 – Charles Grey, 7th Earl of Kent, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire (b. 1540)\n1626 – Wakisaka Yasuharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1554)\n1716 – Antoine Parent, French mathematician and theorist (b. 1666)\n1764 – Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro, Spanish monk and scholar (b. 1676)\n1800 – William Billings, American composer and educator (b. 1746)\n1802 – Jurij Vega, Slovene mathematician and physicist (b. 1754)\n1820 – Daniel Boone, American hunter and explorer (b. 1734)\n1825 – José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle, Peruvian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Peru (b. 1779)[49]\n1846 – Thomas Clarkson, English abolitionist (b. 1760)[50]\n1868 – August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790)\n1877 – Hermann Grassmann, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1809)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902"},{"link_name":"Levi Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Levi Strauss & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904"},{"link_name":"Lafcadio Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn"},{"link_name":"John Fitzwilliam Stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzwilliam_Stairs"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922"},{"link_name":"Charles Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wade"},{"link_name":"Premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935"},{"link_name":"Andy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Adams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Iván Persa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Persa"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937"},{"link_name":"Bessie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Smith"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943"},{"link_name":"Henri Fertet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fertet"},{"link_name":"French Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"},{"link_name":"William Strunk Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strunk_Jr."},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"},{"link_name":"Hugh Lofting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lofting"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951"},{"link_name":"Hans Cloos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Cloos"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952"},{"link_name":"George Santayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Santayana"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953"},{"link_name":"Xu Beihong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Beihong"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954"},{"link_name":"Ellen Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957"},{"link_name":"Arthur Powell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Powell_Davies"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959"},{"link_name":"S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Leslie Morshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Morshead"},{"link_name":"Teodor Ussisoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Ussisoo"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961"},{"link_name":"Charles Erwin Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson"},{"link_name":"5th United States Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historical_Office_Charles_E._Wilson-52"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965"},{"link_name":"James Fitzmaurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fitzmaurice_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968"},{"link_name":"Ben Shlomo Lipman-Heilprin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shlomo_Lipman-Heilprin"},{"link_name":"Daniel Johnson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Sr."},{"link_name":"Premier of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Władysław Kędra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_K%C4%99dra"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972"},{"link_name":"Charles Correll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correll"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973"},{"link_name":"Samuel Flagg Bemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis"},{"link_name":"Ralph Earnhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Earnhardt"},{"link_name":"Anna Magnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Magnani"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976"},{"link_name":"Leopold Ružička","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977"},{"link_name":"Uday Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uday_Shankar"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978"},{"link_name":"Manne Siegbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hunnicutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hunnicutt"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"Alec Hurwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Hurwood"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"},{"link_name":"Paquirri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquirri"},{"link_name":"John Facenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Facenda"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987"},{"link_name":"Ramang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramang"},{"link_name":"Herbert Tichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Tichy"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988"},{"link_name":"Branko Zebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Zebec"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989"},{"link_name":"Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemanta_Kumar_Mukhopadhyay"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990"},{"link_name":"Hiram Abas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Abas"},{"link_name":"Alberto Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Moravia"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991"},{"link_name":"Billy Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995"},{"link_name":"Kalju Pitksaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalju_Pitksaar"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"Nicu Ceaușescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicu_Ceau%C8%99escu"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998"},{"link_name":"Betty Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Carter"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999"},{"link_name":"Oseola McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseola_McCarty"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000"},{"link_name":"Richard Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Baden Powell de Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_Powell_de_Aquino"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002"},{"link_name":"Nils Bohlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Bohlin"},{"link_name":"three-point safety belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_safety_belt"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003"},{"link_name":"Shawn Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Lane"},{"link_name":"Robert Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palmer"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004"},{"link_name":"Marianna Komlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna_Komlos"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005"},{"link_name":"Helen Cresswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Cresswell"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"},{"link_name":"Byron Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Iva Toguri D'Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"},{"link_name":"Bill Wirtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wirtz"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"Marc Moulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Moulin"},{"link_name":"Paul Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Newman"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010"},{"link_name":"Terry Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Newton"},{"link_name":"Gloria Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Stuart"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011"},{"link_name":"Bob Cassilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cassilly"},{"link_name":"City Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Museum"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012"},{"link_name":"M'el Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27el_Dowd"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Fedoruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Fedoruk"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Eugene Genovese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Genovese"},{"link_name":"Sam Steiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Steiger"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013"},{"link_name":"Azizan Abdul Razak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azizan_Abdul_Razak"},{"link_name":"Menteri Besar of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Kedah"},{"link_name":"Seánie Duggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1nie_Duggan"},{"link_name":"Mario Montez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montez"},{"link_name":"Sos Sargsyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sos_Sargsyan"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014"},{"link_name":"Jim Boeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Boeke"},{"link_name":"Sam Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hall_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Gerald Neugebauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Neugebauer"},{"link_name":"Tamir Sapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamir_Sapir"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015"},{"link_name":"Eudóxia Maria Froehlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eud%C3%B3xia_Maria_Froehlich"},{"link_name":"Sidney Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Ana Seneviratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Seneviratne"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016"},{"link_name":"Toughie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughie_(frog)"},{"link_name":"last known","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endling"},{"link_name":"Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbs%27_fringe-limbed_treefrog"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1902 – Levi Strauss, German-American businessman, founded Levi Strauss & Co. (b. 1829)\n1904 – Lafcadio Hearn, Greek-Japanese author and academic (b. 1850)\n1904 – John Fitzwilliam Stairs, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1848)\n1922 – Charles Wade, Australian politician, 17th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1863)\n1935 – Andy Adams, American author (b. 1859)\n1935 – Iván Persa, Slovene-Hungarian priest and author (b. 1861)\n1937 – Bessie Smith, American singer and actress (b. 1894)\n1943 – Henri Fertet, French Resistance fighter (b. 1926)[51]\n1945 – Béla Bartók, Hungarian pianist and composer (b. 1881)\n1946 – William Strunk Jr., American author and educator (b. 1869)\n1947 – Hugh Lofting, English-American author and poet (b. 1886)\n1951 – Hans Cloos, German geologist and academic (b. 1885)\n1952 – George Santayana, Spanish philosopher, novelist, and poet (b. 1863)\n1953 – Xu Beihong, Chinese painter and educator (b. 1895)\n1954 – Ellen Roosevelt, American tennis player (b. 1868)\n1957 – Arthur Powell Davies, American minister and author (b. 1902)\n1959 – S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (b. 1899)\n1959 – Leslie Morshead, Australian general (b. 1889)\n1959 – Teodor Ussisoo, Estonian furniture designer and educator (b. 1878)\n1961 – Charles Erwin Wilson, American politician, 5th United States Secretary of Defense (b. 1890)[52]\n1965 – James Fitzmaurice, Irish soldier and pilot (b. 1898)\n1968 – Ben Shlomo Lipman-Heilprin, Polish-Israeli neurologist and physician (b. 1902)\n1968 – Daniel Johnson Sr., Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Premier of Quebec (b. 1915)\n1968 – Władysław Kędra, Polish pianist (b. 1918)\n1972 – Charles Correll, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1890)\n1973 – Samuel Flagg Bemis, American historian and author (b. 1891)\n1973 – Ralph Earnhardt, American race car driver (b. 1928)\n1973 – Anna Magnani, Italian actress and singer (b. 1908)\n1976 – Leopold Ružička, Croatian-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)\n1977 – Uday Shankar, Indian dancer and choreographer (b. 1900)\n1978 – Manne Siegbahn, Swedish physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)\n1979 – Arthur Hunnicutt, American actor (b. 1910)\n1982 – Alec Hurwood, Australian cricketer (b. 1902)\n1984 – Paquirri, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1948)\n1984 – John Facenda, American sportscaster (b. 1913)\n1987 – Ramang, Indonesian footballer and manager (b. 1928)\n1987 – Herbert Tichy, Austrian geologist, journalist, and mountaineer (b. 1912)\n1988 – Branko Zebec, Croatian and Yugoslav football player and coach (b. 1929)\n1989 – Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Indian singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1920)\n1990 – Hiram Abas, Turkish intelligence officer (b. 1932)\n1990 – Alberto Moravia, Italian author and critic (b. 1907)\n1991 – Billy Vaughn, American singer and bandleader (b. 1919)\n1995 – Kalju Pitksaar, Estonian chess player (b. 1931)\n1996 – Nicu Ceaușescu, Romanian politician (b. 1951)\n1997 – Dorothy Kingsley, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1909)[53]\n1998 – Betty Carter, American singer (b. 1930)\n1999 – Oseola McCarty, American philanthropist (b. 1908)\n2000 – Richard Mulligan, American actor (b. 1932)\n2000 – Baden Powell de Aquino, Brazilian guitarist and composer (b. 1937)\n2002 – Nils Bohlin, Swedish engineer, invented three-point safety belt (b. 1920)[54]\n2003 – Shawn Lane, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer (b. 1963)\n2003 – Robert Palmer, English singer-songwriter (b. 1949)\n2004 – Marianna Komlos, Canadian bodybuilder, model, and wrestler (b. 1969)\n2005 – Helen Cresswell, English author and screenwriter (b. 1934)\n2006 – Byron Nelson, American golfer and coach (b. 1912)\n2006 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American wartime propaganda broadcaster (b. 1916)\n2007 – Bill Wirtz, American businessman (b. 1929)\n2008 – Marc Moulin, Belgian keyboard player, producer, and journalist (b. 1942)\n2008 – Paul Newman, American actor, director, producer, and businessman (b. 1925)\n2010 – Terry Newton, English rugby player (b. 1978)\n2010 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (b. 1910)\n2011 – Bob Cassilly, American sculptor, founded the City Museum (b. 1949)\n2012 – M'el Dowd, American actress and singer (b. 1933)\n2012 – Sylvia Fedoruk, Canadian physicist and politician, 17th Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan (b. 1927)\n2012 – Eugene Genovese, American historian and author (b. 1930)\n2012 – Sam Steiger, American journalist and politician (b. 1929)\n2013 – Azizan Abdul Razak, Malaysian politician, 10th Menteri Besar of Kedah (b. 1944)\n2013 – Seánie Duggan, Irish hurler (b. 1922)\n2013 – Mario Montez, Puerto Rican-American actor (b. 1935)\n2013 – Sos Sargsyan, Armenian actor and director (b. 1929)\n2014 – Jim Boeke, American football player and coach (b. 1938)\n2014 – Sam Hall, American screenwriter (b. 1921)\n2014 – Gerald Neugebauer, American astronomer and physicist (b. 1932)\n2014 – Tamir Sapir, Georgian-American businessman (b. 1946)\n2015 – Eudóxia Maria Froehlich, Brazilian zoologist (b. 1928)\n2015 – Sidney Phillips, American soldier, physician, and author (b. 1924)\n2015 – Ana Seneviratne, Sri Lankan police officer and diplomat (b. 1927)\n2016 – Toughie, last known Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog (h. fl. 2005)[55]\n2019 – Jacques Chirac, French politician, President of France (b. 1932)[56]","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feast days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"Canadian Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"Cosmas and Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian"},{"link_name":"John of Meda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Meda"},{"link_name":"Nilus the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilus_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Wilson Carlile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Carlile"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)"},{"link_name":"September 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"Day of the National Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Day"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Dominion Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Day"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"European Day of Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Day_of_Languages"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"National Good Neighbor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Good_Neighbor_Day"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Petrov day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Revolution Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"}],"text":"Christian feast days:\nCanadian Martyrs (Catholic Church in Canada)\nCosmas and Damian\nJohn of Meda\nNilus the Younger\nWilson Carlile (Anglican)\nSeptember 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)\nDay of the National Flag (Ecuador)\nDominion Day (New Zealand)\nEuropean Day of Languages (European Union)[57]\nInternational Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons[58]\nNational Good Neighbor Day (United States)\nPetrov day[59]\nRevolution Day (Yemen)","title":"Holidays and observances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Walsby, Malcolm (2007). The Counts of Laval: Culture, Patronage and Religion in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century France. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 9780754658115.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754658115","url_text":"9780754658115"}]},{"reference":"George Washington (1837). The Writings of George Washington: Part fifth: comprising speeches and messages to Congress, proclamations, and addresses. American Stationers' Company, John B. Russell. p. 432.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vOip62Ta_WgC&pg=PA432","url_text":"The Writings of George Washington: Part fifth: comprising speeches and messages to Congress, proclamations, and addresses"}]},{"reference":"The United Service. L.R. Hamersly & Company. 1904. p. 685.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unitedservice07unkngoog","url_text":"The United Service"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unitedservice07unkngoog/page/n8","url_text":"685"}]},{"reference":"William Rae Wilson (1826). Travels in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Hanover, Germany, Netherlands, &c. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6eZdYl28maMC&pg=RA1-PA5","url_text":"Travels in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Hanover, Germany, Netherlands, &c"}]},{"reference":"Winerman, Marc (2003). \"The Origins of the FTC: Concentration, Cooperation, Control, and Competition\" (PDF). Antitrust Law Journal. 71: 1–97. Retrieved December 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/federal-trade-commission-history/origins.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origins of the FTC: Concentration, Cooperation, Control, and Competition\""}]},{"reference":"Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. London: Harper Perennial. pp. 253–254.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ranter, Harro. \"Accident Beechcraft D18S N500L, 26 Sep 1978\". aviation-safety.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=4067","url_text":"\"Accident Beechcraft D18S N500L, 26 Sep 1978\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Vanavara: 28 killed\". Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives. Archived from the original on 2017-04-21. Retrieved 2017-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093920/http://www.baaa-acro.com/1994/archives/crash-of-a-yakovlev-yak-40-in-vanavara-28-killed/","url_text":"\"Crash of a Yakovlev Yak-40 in Vanavara: 28 killed\""},{"url":"http://www.baaa-acro.com/1994/archives/crash-of-a-yakovlev-yak-40-in-vanavara-28-killed/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pat C. Santos (2010-09-28). \"44 people injured in bomb explosion in La Salle, Manila\". The Daily Tribune. Manila. Retrieved 2011-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneonline.org/metro/20100928met1.html","url_text":"\"44 people injured in bomb explosion in La Salle, Manila\""}]},{"reference":"Thilo Vogelsang. \"Anna\". Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd136828701.html#ndbcontent","url_text":"\"Anna\""}]},{"reference":"Karl Leopold Strauven (1876), \"Engelbert von Cleve\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 4, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 330","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Engelbert_von_Cleve","url_text":"Engelbert von Cleve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"Georges Duplessis (1871). The Wonders of Engraving. S. 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Player Profile - Tennis\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/frankie-amaya/","external_links_name":"\"Frankie Amaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/players/326376/xinyu-wang","external_links_name":"\"WTAtennis.com Profile: Xinyu Wang\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/clarkson_thomas.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC - History - Thomas Clarkson\""},{"Link":"https://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr/compagnons/henri-fertet","external_links_name":"\"Henri Fertet\""},{"Link":"http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571268/charles-e-wilson/","external_links_name":"\"Charles E. Wilson - Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-dorothy-kingsley-1233896.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Dorothy Kingsley\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051110014724/http://slick.org/deathwatch/mailarchive/msg00869.html","external_links_name":"\"Inventor of three-point seat belt dies\""},{"Link":"http://slick.org/deathwatch/mailarchive/msg00869.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/adios-toughie-last-rabbs-fringe-limbed-tree-frog-dies-atlanta-180960671/","external_links_name":"\"Adiós, Toughie: The Last Known Rabb's Fringe-Limbed Tree Frog Dies in Atlanta\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13299221?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cywd23g0g3wt/obituaries&link_location=live-reporting-story","external_links_name":"\"Chirac: A life in French politics\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/edl/","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Languages - Event - The European Day of Languages, 26th September\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926153256/https://www.un.org/en/observances/nuclear-weapons-elimination-day","external_links_name":"\"International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/en/observances/nuclear-weapons-elimination-day","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/KTEciTeFwL2tTujZk/lw-petrov-day-2022-monday-9-26","external_links_name":"\"LW Petrov Day 2022 (Monday, 9/26) - LessWrong\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/26","external_links_name":"\"On This Day\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/september-26","external_links_name":"The New York Times: On This Day"},{"Link":"https://www.onthisday.com/events/september/26","external_links_name":"\"Historical Events on September 26\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=September_26&action=purge","external_links_name":"[refresh]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer_referral_service
Lawyer referral service
["1 Process","2 Ethics","3 Controversy","4 References"]
Service to help people find attorneys The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A lawyer referral service maintains a network of lawyers, and connects people in need of lawyers with its participating attorneys. A potential client who contacts a lawyer referral service is directed to a lawyer who practices in the area of law that is most appropriate for their situation. Some lawyer referral services charge a fee for providing a referral, while others provide referrals at no cost to the prospective client. Many referral services connect prospective clients with lawyers who have agreed to provide a low-cost or free initial consultation. Referral services are often provided by state and local bar associations as a public service. Referral services may also be offered by non-profit organizations and advocacy groups. For-profit referral services may connect lawyers with clients who pay a membership fee, or a fee for successfully referred clients, subject to rules against sharing fees with non-lawyers. Process Historically, lawyer referral services involved prospective clients contacting a bar association or responding to an advertisement, by placing a telephone call to the service and seeking a referral. With the internet boom in the 1990s, many consumers turned to the web to search for goods and services. A research study released in 2012, shows that 76 percent of adult consumers looking for a lawyer used online resources at some point during the search process. Some referral services provide referrals to lawyers in a broad range of areas of legal practice. Others may focus on referrals within a narrow range of practice areas, or a single practice area. Online lawyer referral services are sometimes called attorney-client matching services. People who contact a service may be matched with one or more attorneys, based upon such factors as area of legal practice and geographic location. Lawyers who participate in these services may pay a fee for participation, a fee for each referral, or in some cases a percentage of the amount charged to a referred client. In some cases the prospective client will be able to choose from a list of referred attorneys, while in other cases the referral will be made to a specific participating lawyer. If a client is unable to afford a lawyer and the legal problem is not a matter that can be handled by a lawyer on a percentage fee basis, some referral services may attempt to match the client with a pro bono lawyer, or direct the client to contact a legal aid organization or law student clinic for help. Ethics Ethical issues may arise for lawyers who participate in for-profit referral services, and state rules governing participation can vary significantly. Some referral services are certified by bar associations, including the American Bar Association. Certified referral services must maintain standards of service as defined by the certifying organization. Among those standards, certification may require that participating lawyers meet minimum standards of experience, or maintain legal malpractice insurance. The American Bar Association provides a list attorney referral services that meet its certification requirements. Controversy Some legal associations have expressed concern that lawyer referral services can lead to lawyers trying to undercut each other to get clients, rather than focusing on quality of service and the development of their reputation among their peers. Another concern about lawyer referral services relates to client confidentiality. When a prospective client contacts a lawyer directly about retaining the lawyer's services, the communication is normally held absolutely confidential under principles of attorney-client privilege. Where a lawyer referral service collects information from a person who is seeking a lawyer, that information will not normally be confidential, raising the possibility that information provided to the referral service will be discoverable by the opposing party in any subsequent litigation. Lawyer referral services may have minimal requirements for participation, and in some cases may not do any verification of a lawyer's qualification or credentials. As a consequence, it remains necessary for a person who uses a referral service to investigate a lawyer's qualification before retaining the lawyer. Some controversy also arises from whether professional referral services are anti-competitive in nature. For instance, since Board Certified attorneys often charge a higher hourly rate than other competent general practitioners, if a Lawyer Referral Service requires Board Certification for certain types of referrals, instead of merely providing the public a choice between a Board Certified attorney and a competent attorney who is not Board Certified, the effect may be to restrict competition and restrict public choice and push up consumer prices. State bars, which license attorneys, may be complicit in restricting client choice. References ^ a b "Lawyer Referral Services". State Bar of California. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ Chang, Wendy (July 2011). "Must I Really Turn Down That Referral Fee?". GPSolo. 28 (5). Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ American Bar Association, "Consumers' Guide to Legal Help Hiring a Lawyer" (April 2008) http://www.abanet.org/legalservices/findlegalhelp/faq_hiringlawyer.cfm#lawyerreferral ^ Hornsby, Will and Staud, Ron, "Technological Innovations and Their Ethical Implications" American Bar Association http://www.abanet.org/cle/clenow/nosearch/public/probonotechethics/part1.html# ^ "New Study Says 3 of 4 Consumers Look for Lawyers Online". The National Law Review. Stephen Fairley. 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-10-01. ^ See, e.g., "Legal Resources for the Elderly Program". State Bar of New Mexico. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ Popper, Ted (30 September 2003). "Online Lawyers: Starting to Click". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ^ "ABA: Free Legal Help". American Bar Association. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Model Supreme Court Rules Governing Lawyer Referral and Information Services". American Bar Association. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Ethics Opinion 369. Sharing of Legal Fees With a Lawyer Referral Service". DCBar. District of Columbia Bar. July 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "ISBA Ethics Opinions on Referral Fees and Arrangements". Illinois State Bar Association. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ See, e.g., "Lawyer Referral Service Provider Certification". State Bar of California. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Standing Committee on Lawyer Referral and Information Service". American Bar Association. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ "Lawyer Referral Directory". American Bar Association. Retrieved 8 September 2017. ^ utterant.co.uk Archived September 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 29 October 2010 ^ abnet.org Retrieved 29 October 2010 This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (July 2021)
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Many referral services connect prospective clients with lawyers who have agreed to provide a low-cost or free initial consultation.[1]Referral services are often provided by state and local bar associations as a public service.\nReferral services may also be offered by non-profit organizations and advocacy groups.\nFor-profit referral services[1] may connect lawyers with clients who pay a membership fee, or a fee for successfully referred clients, subject to rules against sharing fees with non-lawyers.[2]","title":"Lawyer referral service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"legal aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_aid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Historically, lawyer referral services involved prospective clients contacting a bar association or responding to an advertisement, by placing a telephone call to the service and seeking a referral.[3] With the internet boom in the 1990s, many consumers turned to the web to search for goods and services.[4] A research study released in 2012, shows that 76 percent of adult consumers looking for a lawyer used online resources at some point during the search process.[5]Some referral services provide referrals to lawyers in a broad range of areas of legal practice. Others may focus on referrals within a narrow range of practice areas, or a single practice area.[6]Online lawyer referral services are sometimes called attorney-client matching services. People who contact a service may be matched with one or more attorneys, based upon such factors as area of legal practice and geographic location. Lawyers who participate in these services may pay a fee for participation, a fee for each referral, or in some cases a percentage of the amount charged to a referred client. In some cases the prospective client will be able to choose from a list of referred attorneys, while in other cases the referral will be made to a specific participating lawyer.[7]If a client is unable to afford a lawyer and the legal problem is not a matter that can be handled by a lawyer on a percentage fee basis, some referral services may attempt to match the client with a pro bono lawyer, or direct the client to contact a legal aid organization or law student clinic for help.[8]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Ethical issues may arise for lawyers who participate in for-profit referral services, and state rules governing participation can vary significantly.[9][10][11]Some referral services are certified by bar associations,[12] including the American Bar Association.[13] Certified referral services must maintain standards of service as defined by the certifying organization. Among those standards, certification may require that participating lawyers meet minimum standards of experience, or maintain legal malpractice insurance.The American Bar Association provides a list attorney referral services that meet its certification requirements.[14]","title":"Ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Some legal associations have expressed concern that lawyer referral services can lead to lawyers trying to undercut each other to get clients, rather than focusing on quality of service and the development of their reputation among their peers.[15]Another concern about lawyer referral services relates to client confidentiality. When a prospective client contacts a lawyer directly about retaining the lawyer's services, the communication is normally held absolutely confidential under principles of attorney-client privilege. Where a lawyer referral service collects information from a person who is seeking a lawyer, that information will not normally be confidential, raising the possibility that information provided to the referral service will be discoverable by the opposing party in any subsequent litigation.[16]Lawyer referral services may have minimal requirements for participation, and in some cases may not do any verification of a lawyer's qualification or credentials. As a consequence, it remains necessary for a person who uses a referral service to investigate a lawyer's qualification before retaining the lawyer.Some controversy also arises from whether professional referral services are anti-competitive in nature.[citation needed] For instance, since Board Certified attorneys often charge a higher hourly rate than other competent general practitioners, if a Lawyer Referral Service requires Board Certification for certain types of referrals, instead of merely providing the public a choice between a Board Certified attorney and a competent attorney who is not Board Certified, the effect may be to restrict competition and restrict public choice and push up consumer prices.[citation needed] State bars, which license attorneys, may be complicit in restricting client choice.[citation needed]","title":"Controversy"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muintir_Eolais
Muintir Eolais
["1 Rise of Muintir Eolais (c. 900)","1.1 Founding families","2 Normans","2.1 Invasion (1245)","2.2 Expulsion (1247)","2.3 Battle of AthanChip (1270)","3 Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)","3.1 Kildare alliance (1530–35)","3.2 Reynolds treason (1536)","3.3 O'Rourke (1540)","3.4 Norman rent (1551)","3.5 Declaration (1552)","3.6 Twilight of a nation (1553–90)","4 English invasion (1590)","5 Lough Scur Reynolds","5.1 Seóin \"of the heads\" (d. 1629)","5.2 Prison Island (1600–1800s)","6 Heritage (1908 to present)","7 See also","8 References and notes","8.1 Notes","8.2 Citations","8.3 Primary sources","8.4 Secondary references"]
Nobles in Gaelic Ireland Munitir Eolais6th–7th century – 1603Territory of Muintir Eolais (Green) within County LeitrimStatusTuathReligion Roman CatholicGovernmentElective monarchyTaoiseach • 890–940 Eolais mac Biobhsach• 1553–1580 Sean Reynolds Area• Total500 km2 (190 sq mi) Castle John and Jail Island at Lough Scur circa 1791 The Muintir Eolais of Conmaicne Réin were nobles of Gaelic Ireland. For seven hundred years from the 8th century, they lived in and ruled an area roughly conterminous with present-day south County Leitrim. Their territory comprised the lands named Maigh Nissi and Maigh Rein, today the baronies of Leitrim and Mohill respectively. The Mag Raghnaill, O'Mulvey, and Mac Shanley rule became increasingly fragmented throughout the 16th century. The tuath of the Muintir Eolais collapsed with Irish defeat in the Nine Years' War, and became largely forgotten with the English occupation of Ireland. Rise of Muintir Eolais (c. 900) The dynasty of Muintir Eolais originated with Eolais mac Biobhsach, chieftain of the Conmaicne circa 900 AD. Little is known about Eolais. The word eolas itself means 'knowledge' in the Irish language. After his death his followers and territory are known as the Muintir Eolais (people/descendants of Eolas). Founding families The principal Muintir Eolais families were Mac Raghnaills, with castles at Lough Rynn, Lough Scur, and Leitrim Village, the O'Mulvey sept of Maigh Nissi, O'Moran of AttyRory, Mac Shanley's of Dromod, and the Mac Garry sept. O'Hart states Eolais had at least three sons: Brocan was ancestor of Shanley, Anbeith was ancestor of Mac Garry, and Maolmuire was both lord of Conmaicne Réin and ancestor of Mag Raghnaill (Reynolds). All were related to the ancestors of Quinn and Farrell of Longford. 'Pray for Ódhrán, descendant of Eolas' Castle at Lough Rinn Castle at Lough Rinn Castle at Lough Rinn Normans Invasion (1245) Muintir Eolais was briefly occupied during the Norman invasion of Ireland. According to the Irish Annals: "1245: The castle of Ath-an-chip, on the borders of Moy Nisse, was erected by Miles Mac Costello". Moy-Nissi on the eastern side of the Shannon river, was the Irish name given to the barony of Leitrim. The Anglo-Normans were known as clann Costello (Irish: Mac Goisdealbh). Expulsion (1247) In 1247, the Anglo-Normans were defeated by Ó Conchobair and MacRaghnaill forces. The Anglo-Norman Clann Costello were expelled from Muintir Eolais. The entries in the Annals of Lough Ce for 1245 and 1247 suggest a decisive defeat of Mac Costello (also called De Angulo or Nangle), and halted Norman claims to the territory of Muintir Eolais (until 1551; see below). Battle of AthanChip (1270) In 1270, the Anglo-Normans were again defeated by the Irish forces of Connacht at the Battle of Áth an Chip. MacNamee states "where Ath an Chip was is not certain; to the present writer the evidence would seem to point to Battle Bridge". The battle occurred at Drumhierney townland in Muintir Eolais. In Irish "Ath-an-cip" means a fording point on a river, and battle-bridge marks a shallow fording point on the Shannon connecting Drumhierney (Leitrim village) with Battlebridge (county Roscommon) townlands. Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90) Events of the 16th century combined with the Tudor conquest of Ireland brought an eventual downfall of the Muintir Eolais. Kildare alliance (1530–35) In the 16th century the Muintir Eolais aligned themselves to the Kildare camp, the most powerful family in Ireland. And their kinsman Charles Reynolds had a close association with the Earl. Specifically, on 5 November 1530, the Muintir Eolais signed an agreement to pay rent to Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, in return for military protection. The arrangement benefited both parties. This is the covenant and indenture that is between Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, and Magradhnaill - namely, Phelim MacConcobhair Mac Concobhair Mac Murchadh, and Maelruana Mac Owen Mac William, and Ir Mac Brian Mac Owny, and James Mac Maelruana Mac Fearghal, by will and consent of each of them and of the chief men of clan Melachlain, collectively: to wit that a shilling for every quarter of land which belongs to O'Ruark or Magradhnaill shall be paid to the Earl every year and every All Hallows in consideration of the Earl's defending and assisting them against all men subject to his authority. The faith of God and the oaths of the Church are sworn by Magradhnaill and the aforesaid chief men in pledge of fulfilment of the Earl. The promise and troth of the Earl, on the other hand, are plighted to them for his fulfilment thereof. The witnesses present at the agreement were the EArl himself, and William Walsh, and James Boyce, and William Tuite, and Concobhair Mac Cluruadh. It was the aforesaid chief men who dictated the agreement, and Mailin-oge Mac Mailin O'Mailconery, wrote it in their presence, on the fifth day of the month of November, at Maynooth. The eight King Henry was King of England that year, Anno Domini 1530. Magradhnaill had no seal, and he ordered the Seal of the College of Maynooth to be affixed to his indenture. The Earl subjects to a penalty of three marks any one who is indebted who shall refuse a pledge to the steward, to wit Concobhair Mac Culruadh: one-half to Magradhnaill and the chief men who made this covenant, and the other half to the Earl. However, by 1533, Henry VIII of England wanted the Englishman, William Skeffington, as replacement Lord of Ireland. Gerald Fitzgerald was imprisoned in the Tower of London in spring 1534, provoking his son "Silken" Thomas into rebellion. The revolt was quickly crushed and the Earldom of Kildare extinguished. The Muintir Eolais lost a critical ally, leaving them politically and militarily vulnerable. Reynolds treason (1536) Main article: Charles Reynolds (cleric) Charles Reynolds (1497–1535) of Muintir Eolais was a central figure in the rebellion. Dispatched as envoy to Scotland, Charles V of Spain, and Rome, he successfully persuaded the Pope to excommunicate Henry VIII of England Reynolds, before his sudden death in Rome. Reynolds was posthumously attainted for treason in 1536. His grave slab exists in Rome. O'Rourke (1540) The Annals of the Four Masters states "1540: the castle of Leitrim was erected by O'Rourke (Brian, the son of Owen) while a great war was waged against him on every side, namely, in Moylurg, Muintir-Eolais, and Breifny-O'Reilly". The Muintir Eolais, and allies MacDermot from Moylurgh, violently objected to the land grab but failed to oust O'Rourke from Leitrim Village in MoyNissi ("barony of Leitrim"). O'Rourke used this presence in MoyNissi to lobby the English to recognise his claim of Lordship over both Breifny O'Rourke (north Leitrim) and Muintir Eolais (south Leitrim). This claim is an origin of the county of Leitrim ("O'Rourke's country"), but his presence at MoyNissi in "Mag Raghnaill country" was resented, and resisted in a 1556 legal Declaration. Norman rent (1551) In 1551, Thomas Nangle the baron of Navan made submissions to the English council of Ireland that Mag Raghnaill was refusing to pay him 100 kine yearly, plus knights fees, due to his ancestors. The Nangle claims were based on a Norman grant dating from 1220–21 granting a tract comprising all the lands of MoyRein ("barony of Mohill"), and part of county Cavan, to Philip de Angulo, a Norman adventurer. Mag Raghnaill denied the claims arguing no such duty had been paid from the beginning of time. However both sides compromised and consented to the Council decision to awarded 6 pounds annual duty to the Baron. Declaration (1552) On 5 December 1552, the Muintir Eolais, with the approval of the monasteries of Conmaiche, signed a legally binding document, written in neat Irish, deeding the title of chieftain and protector of Muintir Eolais to Sean ("Shane") Reynolds of Clonduff in County Offaly, on condition he lobby the English on their behalf and protect their ancestral lands. The document shows Muintir Eolais opposition to "any of the O'Rourkes". This is the earliest documented mention of "county of Leitrim". The following is the only known translation: This is the deed of gift of the two Mac Ranalds; to wit, Cahal, son of Conachar Mac Ranald, Toraylach and Gerald Magranal, heads and chiefs of their kindred, with the consent of their brethren and followers in Munterolish, to John Magranal, of Claduff, in the King's county, and to his heirs:— Know all men, now and in the time that is yet to come, that we, Cahal, son of Conachar Magranal, of the Hill of Innis Morrin, in the county of Leitrim; Toraylach Magranal, of Drumard, chiefs of our kindred; Ferdorcha Magranal, of Drumsna, and of Lochdaw; Melachlin, son of Hubert Magranal, of Corsparrow; Moroch, son of Teig, of Cloondaa; Ir, son of Donal, of Dulach; Teig, son of William, of Screbach; Toraylach Magranal, of Loch Connow; Owen Magranal, of Loch Scur; Toraylach O'Mulvey, of Loch Crew, chief of his kindred; Teig, son of John, of Acha Cashel; Dermid Magranal, of Cool Cadarna; Cormac Magranal, of Loch Cool da 'Iach; Dermid Magranal, of Mongoarsach; Edmond Magranal, of Mohill; Jeffrey, son of Conachar, of Anagh Kinca; Toraylach Magranal, of Loch Irill; Brian Gruama, the son of Hugh, of Drumlara; Farrell Duff, the son of Hugh, of Corleih; Donacha Grana, son of Giolla Gruama, of Stookisha; Conachar, son of Giolla Gruama, of Duffcarrick; Rurie Og O'Moran, of Ty Rurie; Toraylach O'Beirne, of Mullanmoy; Gerald, son of Moylan Magranal, of Clooncalry; Melachlin, son of Conachar Magranal, of Cloonclyfa; Cahal, son of Dermid Magranal, of Rusc, alias Gort an Yure; Ir, son of Edmond, of Rathbeh; Melachlin Modara Magranal, of the Point; Edmond Mac Shanly, of Drumode Mac Shanly; Moroch, son of Melachlin, of Drumkeely; Dermid, son of the Prior, of Clonee and of Innis Rusc; Moroch Magranal, of Drumherk; Teig O'Histellan, of Drumeen; Teig Roe Magarry, of Towlag; with the consent of our kinsmen and followers in Munterolish, for many reasons, for ourselves and our heirs, HAVE GIVEN to John Magranal, of Claduff, in the King's county, and to his heirs for ever, the yearly sum of forty-two pounds, money of England, to be raised and levied upon our aforesaid lands in Munterolish, and upon any other lands claimed by us, or in our occupation, to be paid at two terms in the year, to wit, one half on the first of May, (Beiltin,) and the other half at All Hallowntide, (Samhan;) and in case of any delay occurring as to the full payment of the aforesaid sum at the time specified, then this is our agreement with the said John, for ourselves and our heirs, with John and his heirs, that he and they, or the attorneys sent by them, shall have power to enter into our said country of Munterolish, and into our aforesaid lands, and to levy a distress, (pledge,) and to take the same with them, and to keep it until full payment is made, to wit, of forty-two pounds, and of arrears, if any such should be— ON CONDITION, that he, the said John, shall be our protector and chieftain over us; and also that he shall repair from time to time to Dublin, to advocate our cause before the lords justices and council, at our sole charge, over and above the aforesaid sum, which we give him on account of his services; and on condition that the said John shall not put any of us out of our lands; and we promise to behave ourselves most dutifully to him, and not to adhere to any of the O'Rourkes. In witness whereof we have put our hands and seals to this writing the 5th day of December. 1552. CATHAL MAC CONOCHAR. There were present at this agreement, when it was ratified, and when it was interchanged, and when the seals were put upon it, to wit, God in the first place; Richard O'Hivganane; Anlan O'Molloy; Toraylach Mac Ranald; the two sons of Teig, the son of Ayan, to wit, Owen and William; Kiruah Mac Manus; Gerald, deacon of Feana; Cormac, deacon of Cloon; Conachar Mac Giolla Sooly; Manus Mac Giolla Roe; Owen O'Colla. Twilight of a nation (1553–90) Sean Reynolds of Clonduff was the agreed chieftain of Muintir Eolais between 1553–80. In 1570 he built a 'Castle' at Gowly peninsula ("castle island") at Lough Scur in county Leitrim. Castle John was three stories high and surrounded by good rock land. It was residence to Sean "of the heads" Reynolds (d. 1619), Humphrey his son (d. 1661), and lastly James (d. 1729) who abandoned the castle at some point. In 1580, Lough-Scur was attacked and taken by McDermot of Moylurg, historically a strong ally of the Muintir Eolais. The Annals of Loch Cé state: "1580: Loch-an-scuir was taken by Cathal Dubh, son of Brian Mac Diarmada; and Maelsechlainn, son of Mag Ranaill, was killed there. A depredation was committed by Brian Mac Diarmada upon Mag Ranaill, and burnings besides." The disturbances suggest a Muintir Eolais inspired revolt against the rule of Sean Reynolds. English invasion (1590) In 1590, an "immense" English army invaded south county Leitrim during the nine years war, which ended in defeat for gaelic Ireland. Thereafter, the tuath ('nation') of Muintir Eolais was extinguished, and the formation of county Leitrim marked the onset of an English occupation lasting over three hundred years. Lough Scur Reynolds See also: Lough Scur From the end of the Nine Years' War up until 1729 the Reynolds dynasty of Lough Scur owned large estates in south Leitrim. Seóin "of the heads" (d. 1629) The notoriety of Shane Reynolds of Lough Scur is now legendary. Tradition says he was called Seán Na gCheann ('Sean of the heads') on account of all the men beheaded (or because he was head chieftain). He maintained an army of "two hundred men", and his reputation for jailing rent defaulters, and beheading people for minor offences, was widely feared. Folklore claims Sean (or Seóin) was killed by a soldier from Longford avenging his sister's death on Prison Island. His son Maelsechlainn was killed in 1580. His grandson Sean was captured during by the 1641 Rebellion, held captive by rebels, tortured and probably executed. Tradition recalls this Sean Reynolds of Lough Scur invited the other Muintir Eolais chieftains to his castle for a reconciliation meeting before, in cruel betrayal, beheading them all. This alleged massacre would have occurred sometime late 16th century. The Book of Fenagh has the following poem line: "Then will come a Gall-Gaidhel, By whom thy place will be destroyed." A marginal note, added by Tadhg Ó Rodaighe (fl. 1690), translates as following: This Gall-Gaidhel was John og MagRaghnaill, son of Eoghan, son of John. An Englishwoman, i.e. a Russell, was his mother. His father was a true Gaidhel. English tutelage he also received in London. It was he who first brought foreigners to Fidhnacha, after Cromwell's wars. A.D. 1652, to settle the country. He was not of the number himself; but it was by his advice, at least, they came. And he was himself sorry for it afterwards. Prison Island (1600–1800s) On 6 April 1605, Sean and his son Humphrey were appointed gaoler of county Leitrim. They constructed a prison on Oileán an Phriosuin, 'Jail Island', in Lough Scur. The cells were small, with holes about six inches in diameter for air. Tradition recalls many people being hanged on the island. Prison Island was abandoned sometime before Carrick on Shannon jail was built circa 1815 and 1824. The prison ruins are barely visible today. Heritage (1908 to present) The names of families descended from the Muintir Eolais are common today: Reynolds, Mulvey, McGarry, Shanley and Moran. Two proven descendants of Eolais are recorded. Today at Clonmacnoise monastery a carved headstone is dedicated to Ódhrán Ua hEolais (d. 994), scribe of Clonmacnois, the inscription reading 'Pray for Odhrán descendant of Eolas'. Another scribe named Flannchad Ua hEolais (fl. 1101) held the Book of Durrow. Parts of Caisleán Seóin at Lough Scur collapsed circa 1908, but repairs were undertaken by a heritage preservation society. Today, ruins of "Mag Raghnaill" Castles exist at both Lough Scur and Lough Rynn; neither are preserved as heritage sites. Castle Sean c. 1791 Castle and jail view Jail Island c. 1791 After southern Ireland regained independence in 1922, the English county administrative structure was retained. The Muintir Eolais remained largely forgotten. In 1980 Leitrim County Council approved a design of Arms for County Leitrim that included the lion of O'Rourke (north Leitrim, and Carrigallen baronies), but excluded the Muintir Eolais (Mohill, and Leitrim baronies). The townland of Corryolus (Irish: Coraidh Eolais, "Weir of Eolus"), lying on the junction of the Shannon and Boyle river's, directly north of Carrick on Shannon, obtained its name from "Eolus" from whom the 'Muintir Eolais' are directly descended. In the remote mountainous Cuilcagh-Anierin uplands, the oligotrophic lake named "Lough Munter Eolas" marks a borderline between west Cavan and south Leitrim. A well established traditional fiddle group, trained by a Fr. Quinn since 1966, adopted the name Ceolus preserving his name, and they play music garnered from local manuscripts going back almost two hundred years. The fictional land of "Clan Eolais" populated by "Eolaisans" and Sylphs, appears in the Solas 2 role playing game. See also West Breifne Ódhrán Ua hEolais Flannchad Ua hEolais Eolais Mac Biobhsach Charles Reynolds (cleric) Lough Scur References and notes Notes ^ "In the year 1172, Henry II. granted to ... Gilbert de Angulo or Nangle, Magherigallen, now the barony of Morgallion, in Meath. Jocelin, son of Gilbert Nangle, obtained Navan and Ardbraccan .... Many of the Nangles took the Irish name of Mac Costello, and from them the barony of Costello in Mayo derived its name". O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846), p. 64. ^ Drumhierney translates from the Irish: Droim Thiarnaigh roughly meaning the "ridge of the Lord or Master". See also Tierney. ^ The suggestion by Grose Castle Sean was erected by O'Rourke, is unfounded. ^ James's son, George Nugent Reynolds Senior was shot and killed by Robert Keon on the morning of 16 October 1786. Keon was tried and executed in 1788 for his murder. ^ A massacre circa 1580 would help explain the unprecedented attack on Reynolds by McDermot of Moylurg. However the Irish Annals has no record of this massacre. ^ "A contraction of the Irish words Ceol meaning 'music' and Muintir Eoluis, which means 'the people descended from Eolus', the first Conmhaicne chief of the area of South Leitrim. The band was christened Ceolus on January 31st, 1990."Ward (2016), pp. 12. Citations ^ a b A very basic history of Mohill and South Leitrim ^ Petrie (1872), pp. 61. ^ O'Daly et al. (1852), pp. 35. ^ Hardiman (1831), pp. 46. ^ O'Hart (1876), pp. 136. ^ O'Hart (1876), pp. 135–136. ^ O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846), p. 64. ^ O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846), p. 65. ^ a b Knox (1903), p. 183. ^ "Béal Átha an Chatha". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ MacNamee (1954), pp. 206. ^ "Droim Thiarnaigh ("Drumhierney")". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ Russell (1869), pp. 480–489; original: Ó Mael Chonaire. ^ Ellis (1976), p. 809. ^ Manning (2010), p. 22. ^ a b O'Donovan (1856). ^ Smith (1829), p. 275. ^ MacLochlainn (2018). ^ Meehan (1906), pp. 144. ^ Grose (1795), pp. 91. ^ Hennessy (2008), pp. LC1580.12. ^ Hennessy (2008). ^ Hynes (1931), pp. 45–46. ^ O'Laughlin (2002), pp. 233. ^ a b c Whelan (1938), pp. 385. ^ Whelan (1938), pp. 384. ^ a b Rowley (1937), pp. 268. ^ An Clochar, Cara Droma Ruisc (1938), pp. 321. ^ Annals of Lough Ce, 1580. ^ 1640 Depositions, http://1641.tcd.ie/ ^ National Monuments Service (2009), pp. 1. ^ Hartemink (1996). ^ "Coraidh Eolais". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ Joyce (1913), pp. 268. ^ Ó Duígeannáin (1934), pp. 134. ^ Templan (2010), pp. 14. ^ Ward (2016), pp. 1. ^ Solas: Luminis Mortuorum. Primary sources O'Daly, Aengus; Mangan, James Clarence; O'Donovan, John; O'Daly, Ferdoragh (1852). The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire (PDF). p. 35. Secondary references An Clochar, Cara Droma Ruisc (1938). "Lough Scur". Duchas.ie (online ed.). Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. p. 312. Ellis, Stephen G. (1976). "The Kildare Rebellion and the early Henrican reformation" (PDF). The Historical Journal. 19 (4): 825. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00010724. hdl:10379/790. S2CID 155083599. Retrieved 2 September 2016 – via ARAN (Access to Research at NUI Galway). "Eolais". Solas: Luminis Mortuorum – via ObsidianPortal.com. Grose, Francis (1795). The Antiquities of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 2. S. Hooper. Hardiman, James (1831). "Irish Minstrelsy, or Bardic Remains of Ireland". Robins. p. xlvi (46). Hartemink, Ralf (1996). "Leitrim (county) – Coat of arms". "Annals of Lough Ce". CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts. Translated by Hennessy, William M. (online ed.). University College Cork. 2008. LC1137.10. Hynes, John (1931). "St. Caillin". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 1 (1): 39–54. JSTOR 25513584. Joyce, Patrick Weston (1913). Irish names of places (PDF). Vol. 3. Dublin: Phoenix. Knox, T. H. (1903). "Occupation of Connaught by the Anglo-Normans after A.D. 1237 (Continued)". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 33 (2): 179–189. JSTOR 25507290. MacLochlainn, Noel (2018). "Politics of 16th Century South Leitrim: Muintir Eolais Declaration of 1552 AD". Leitrim Guardian. MacNamee, James Joseph (1954). History of the Diocese of Ardagh. Dublin: Browne & Nolan. Manning, Conleth (2010). "The grave-slab of Charles Reynolds in Rome". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 140: 22–27. JSTOR 24395863. Meehan, Joseph (1906). "Notes on the Mac Rannals of Leitrim and their Country". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 144–145. Retrieved 5 August 2015. Leitrim (PDF). National Monuments in State Care: Ownership & Guardianship (Report). National Monuments Service; Environment, Heritage & Local Government. 4 March 2009. Ó Cléirigh, Mícheál (1846). MacDermott, Philip (ed.). The Annals of Ireland, translated from the original Irish of the four masters. Translated by Connellan, Owen (online ed.). Dublin: B. Geraghty. O'Donovan, John, ed. (1856). Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters ... with a Translation and Copious Notes. 7 vols. Translated by O'Donovan (2nd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. CELT editions. Full scans at Internet Archive: Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3; Vol. 4; Vol. 5; Vol. 6; Indices. Ó Duígeannáin, Mícheál (1934). "Notes on the History of the Kingdom of Bréifne". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 64–65 (1): 113–140. JSTOR 25513764. O'Hart, John (1876). "Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation" (PDF). Dublin: M. H. Gill. pp. 135–136. O'Laughlin, Michael C. (2002). The Book of Irish Families, Great & Small. "Families of Ireland" series. Vol. 1 (illustrated, digital ed.). Irish Roots Cafe / Irish Genealogical Foundation. ISBN 0940134098. Ó Mael Chonaire, Maílín. Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (ed.). "Agreement between Gerald, 9th earl of Kildare and the Mac Rannalls, A.D. 1530". CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts (online ed.). University College Cork. Petrie, George (1872). Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language. Vol. 1. Royal Historical & Archaeological Association of Ireland / University Press. p. 61, f131. Rowley, Thomas (1937). "Legend of Lough Scurr". Duchas.ie (online ed.). Drumrane, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. pp. 268–269. Russell, C. W. (1869). "On an agreement in Irish between Gerald, ninth earl of Kildare, and the Mac Rannalls; executed at Maynooth, November 5, 1530, and sealed with the seal of the College of Maynooth". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 10: 480–489. Smith, Horatio (1829). "Translation of an Irish Deed of Gift". The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction. 13 (367): 275. Templan, Paul (2010). "Irish Hill and Mountain Names" (PDF). MountainViews.ie. p. 14. Ward, Conor (2016). Scordatura in the Irish Traditional Fiddle Music of Longford and South Leitrim (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2018. Whelan, Thomas (1938). "Local Ruins". The Schools' Collection: Rosaí (online ed.). Rossy, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. pp. 384–5. roll no. 13332, title 3 – via Duchas.ie. vteUlaidKindredsand septsDál nAraidiUí Echach Cobo MacGowan Magennis McCartan Lynch Loígis O'More O'Kelly O'Deevy O'Doran O'Lalor O'Dowling MacEvoy O'Bergin O'Mulcahy Soghain O'Manning MacWard O'Scurry O'Lennon MacCashin Gilly MacGing ConmaicneConmhaícne Mara O'Kealy MacConneely O'Devaney O'Cloherty MacFolan ConmaicneMagh Réin MacRannall MacDorcy O'Mulvey Ó Fearghail O'Beglin Borden O'Hallissy O'Murry O'Curneen O'Mulooly MacMullock O'Doonan O'Kearon MacCoogan MacGaynor O'Quinn MacShaffrey MacConnick O'Keegan MacLeavy MacMorrow MacShane O'Sullahan Conmaicne Cuile Toladh O'Tolleran O'Colleran O'Moran Martin Conmaicne Mide MacRourke O'Breen O'Toler Ciarraige O'Kieran (Kearns) O'Conor Kerry O'Murtagh O'Neide Corco Mruad O'Conor Corcomroe O'Loughlin O'Flaherty O'Deely O'Drennan O'Melody MacCurtin O'Davoren Ó Troighthigh Personalities Cermna Finn Sobairce Ollom Fotla Fínnachta Slánoll Géde Ollgothach Fíachu Findoilches Berngal Ailill mac Slánuill Finn mac Blatha Sírlám Airgetmar Áed Rúad, Díthorba and Cimbáeth Macha Rudraige mac Sithrigi Congal Cláiringnech Bresal Bó-Díbad Fachtna Fáthach Conchobar mac Nessa Fergus mac Róich Fedelm Noíchrothach Deichtine Cúscraid Cormac Cond Longas Findchóem Amergin mac Eccit Conall Cernach Mal mac Rochride Tipraiti Tireach Fiacha Araidhe Cáelbad Fiachnae mac Báetáin Congal Cáech Fergus mac Áedáin Máel Bressail mac Ailillo Mac Creiche Finnian of Clonard Literature Scéla Conchobair Táin Bó Cúailnge Compert Con Culainn The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig Mesca Ulad Annals of Ulster Places Navan Fort Hill of Tara Rosnaree County Laois Caherballykinvarga Territories Bairrche Cineál Fhaghartaigh Conaille Muirtheimne Cruthin Cobha Dál Fiatach Dál mBuinne Dál nAraidi Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt Dál nAraidi Magh Line Dál Riata Duibhthrian Eilne Latharna Leath Cathail Na hArda Semne Uí Blathmaic Uí Dercco Céin Related articles Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups Clanna Rudraige Red Branch Cú Chulainn Uoluntii Cruthin Ptolemy's Geographia Ulster Cycle List of kings of Ulster Kings of Dál nAraidi Guinness family Gaels Milesians Irians Gaelic nobility of Ireland
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_John_and_Prision_Island_c._1791.png"},{"link_name":"Castle John and Jail Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Scur#Castle_John_and_Jail_island"},{"link_name":"Lough Scur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Scur"},{"link_name":"Conmaicne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmaicne"},{"link_name":"County Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim_(County_Leitrim_barony)"},{"link_name":"Mohill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohill_(barony)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basichistory-1"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)"}],"text":"Castle John and Jail Island at Lough Scur circa 1791The Muintir Eolais of Conmaicne Réin were nobles of Gaelic Ireland. For seven hundred years from the 8th century, they lived in and ruled an area roughly conterminous with present-day south County Leitrim. Their territory comprised the lands named Maigh Nissi and Maigh Rein, today the baronies of Leitrim and Mohill respectively.[1]The Mag Raghnaill, O'Mulvey, and Mac Shanley rule became increasingly fragmented throughout the 16th century. The tuath of the Muintir Eolais collapsed with Irish defeat in the Nine Years' War, and became largely forgotten with the English occupation of Ireland.","title":"Muintir Eolais"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eolais mac Biobhsach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolais_mac_Biobhsach"},{"link_name":"Irish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basichistory-1"}],"text":"The dynasty of Muintir Eolais originated with Eolais mac Biobhsach, chieftain of the Conmaicne circa 900 AD. Little is known about Eolais. The word eolas itself means 'knowledge' in the Irish language. After his death his followers and territory are known as the Muintir Eolais (people/descendants of Eolas).[1]","title":"Rise of Muintir Eolais (c. 900)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lough Rynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Rynn_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lough Scur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Scur"},{"link_name":"Leitrim Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim,_County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"Mac Shanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanley"},{"link_name":"Dromod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromod"},{"link_name":"Mac Garry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGarry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie187261-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'DalyManganO'DonovanO'Daly185235-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardiman183146-4"},{"link_name":"Conmaicne Réin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmaicne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hart1876136-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hart1876135%E2%80%93136-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscription_on_the_10th-century_tombstone_of_%C3%93dhr%C3%A1n_of_Muintir_Eolais.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mac_Raghnaill_Castle1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mac_Raghnaill_Castle2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mac_Raghnaill_Castle_3.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Founding families","text":"The principal Muintir Eolais families were Mac Raghnaills, with castles at Lough Rynn, Lough Scur, and Leitrim Village, the O'Mulvey sept of Maigh Nissi, O'Moran of AttyRory, Mac Shanley's of Dromod, and the Mac Garry sept.[2][3][4]O'Hart states Eolais had at least three sons: Brocan was ancestor of Shanley, Anbeith was ancestor of Mac Garry, and Maolmuire was both lord of Conmaicne Réin and ancestor of Mag Raghnaill (Reynolds).[5] All were related to the ancestors of Quinn and Farrell of Longford.[6]'Pray for Ódhrán, descendant of Eolas'\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle at Lough Rinn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle at Lough Rinn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle at Lough Rinn","title":"Rise of Muintir Eolais (c. 900)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Normans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman invasion of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Annals"},{"link_name":"barony of Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim_(barony)"},{"link_name":"clann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clann"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CleryConnellanMacDermott184664-7"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NangleCostello-8"}],"sub_title":"Invasion (1245)","text":"Muintir Eolais was briefly occupied during the Norman invasion of Ireland. According to the Irish Annals: \"1245: The castle of Ath-an-chip, on the borders of Moy Nisse, was erected by Miles Mac Costello\". Moy-Nissi on the eastern side of the Shannon river, was the Irish name given to the barony of Leitrim. The Anglo-Normans were known as clann Costello (Irish: Mac Goisdealbh).[7][n 1]","title":"Normans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'CleryConnellanMacDermott184665-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1903183-10"}],"sub_title":"Expulsion (1247)","text":"In 1247, the Anglo-Normans were defeated by Ó Conchobair and MacRaghnaill forces. The Anglo-Norman Clann Costello were expelled from Muintir Eolais.[8] The entries in the Annals of Lough Ce for 1245 and 1247 suggest a decisive defeat of Mac Costello (also called De Angulo or Nangle), and halted Norman claims to the territory of Muintir Eolais (until 1551; see below).[9]","title":"Normans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Áth an Chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%81th_an_Chip"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacNamee1954206-12"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drumhierney-14"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Leitrim village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim_village"}],"sub_title":"Battle of AthanChip (1270)","text":"In 1270, the Anglo-Normans were again defeated by the Irish forces of Connacht at the Battle of Áth an Chip. MacNamee states \"where Ath an Chip was is not certain; to the present writer the evidence would seem to point to Battle Bridge\".[10][11] The battle occurred at Drumhierney townland in Muintir Eolais.[n 2] In Irish \"Ath-an-cip\" means a fording point on a river, and battle-bridge marks a shallow fording point on the Shannon connecting Drumhierney (Leitrim village) with Battlebridge (county Roscommon) townlands.","title":"Normans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tudor conquest of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland"}],"text":"Events of the 16th century combined with the Tudor conquest of Ireland brought an eventual downfall of the Muintir Eolais.","title":"Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kildare camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Charles Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Reynolds_(cleric)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"William Skeffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Skeffington"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1976809-16"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"\"Silken\" Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silken_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning201022-17"}],"sub_title":"Kildare alliance (1530–35)","text":"In the 16th century the Muintir Eolais aligned themselves to the Kildare camp, the most powerful family in Ireland. And their kinsman Charles Reynolds had a close association with the Earl. Specifically, on 5 November 1530, the Muintir Eolais signed an agreement to pay rent to Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, in return for military protection. The arrangement benefited both parties.[13]This is the covenant and indenture that is between Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, and Magradhnaill [Mac Rannall] - namely, Phelim MacConcobhair Mac Concobhair Mac Murchadh, and Maelruana Mac Owen Mac William, and Ir Mac Brian Mac Owny, and James Mac Maelruana Mac Fearghal, by will and consent of each of them and of the chief men of clan Melachlain, collectively: to wit that a shilling for every quarter of land which belongs [pays rent] to O'Ruark or Magradhnaill shall be paid to the Earl every year and every All Hallows in consideration of the Earl's defending and assisting them against all men subject to his authority. The faith of God and the oaths of the Church are sworn by Magradhnaill and the aforesaid chief men in pledge of fulfilment of the Earl. The promise and troth of the Earl, on the other hand, are plighted to them for his fulfilment thereof. The witnesses present at the agreement were the EArl himself, and William Walsh, and James Boyce, and William Tuite, and Concobhair Mac Cluruadh. It was the aforesaid chief men who dictated the agreement, and Mailin-oge Mac Mailin O'Mailconery, wrote it in their presence, on the fifth day of the month of November, at Maynooth. The eight King Henry was King of England that year, Anno Domini 1530. Magradhnaill had no seal, and he ordered the Seal of the College of Maynooth to be affixed to his indenture. The Earl subjects to a penalty of three marks any one who is indebted who shall refuse a pledge to the steward, to wit Concobhair Mac Culruadh: one-half to Magradhnaill and the chief men who made this covenant, and the other half to the Earl.However, by 1533, Henry VIII of England wanted the Englishman, William Skeffington, as replacement Lord of Ireland.[14] Gerald Fitzgerald was imprisoned in the Tower of London in spring 1534, provoking his son \"Silken\" Thomas into rebellion. The revolt was quickly crushed and the Earldom of Kildare extinguished. The Muintir Eolais lost a critical ally, leaving them politically and militarily vulnerable.[15]","title":"Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reynolds treason (1536)","text":"Charles Reynolds (1497–1535) of Muintir Eolais was a central figure in the rebellion. Dispatched as envoy to Scotland, Charles V of Spain, and Rome, he successfully persuaded the Pope to excommunicate Henry VIII of England Reynolds, before his sudden death in Rome. Reynolds was posthumously attainted for treason in 1536. His grave slab exists in Rome.","title":"Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan1856-18"}],"sub_title":"O'Rourke (1540)","text":"The Annals of the Four Masters states \"1540: the castle of Leitrim was erected by O'Rourke (Brian, the son of Owen) while a great war was waged against him on every side, namely, in Moylurg, Muintir-Eolais, and Breifny-O'Reilly\".[16] The Muintir Eolais, and allies MacDermot from Moylurgh, violently objected to the land grab but failed to oust O'Rourke from Leitrim Village in MoyNissi (\"barony of Leitrim\"). O'Rourke used this presence in MoyNissi to lobby the English to recognise his claim of Lordship over both Breifny O'Rourke (north Leitrim) and Muintir Eolais (south Leitrim). This claim is an origin of the county of Leitrim (\"O'Rourke's country\"), but his presence at MoyNissi in \"Mag Raghnaill country\" was resented, and resisted in a 1556 legal Declaration.","title":"Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1903183-10"}],"sub_title":"Norman rent (1551)","text":"In 1551, Thomas Nangle the baron of Navan made submissions to the English council of Ireland that Mag Raghnaill was refusing to pay him 100 kine yearly, plus knights fees, due to his ancestors. The Nangle claims were based on a Norman grant dating from 1220–21 granting a tract comprising all the lands of MoyRein (\"barony of Mohill\"), and part of county Cavan, to Philip de Angulo, a Norman adventurer. Mag Raghnaill denied the claims arguing no such duty had been paid from the beginning of time. However both sides compromised and consented to the Council decision to awarded 6 pounds annual duty to the Baron.[9]","title":"Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1829275-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLochlainn2018-20"}],"sub_title":"Declaration (1552)","text":"On 5 December 1552, the Muintir Eolais, with the approval of the monasteries of Conmaiche, signed a legally binding document, written in neat Irish, deeding the title of chieftain and protector of Muintir Eolais to Sean (\"Shane\") Reynolds of Clonduff in County Offaly, on condition he lobby the English on their behalf and protect their ancestral lands. The document shows Muintir Eolais opposition to \"any of the O'Rourkes\". This is the earliest documented mention of \"county of Leitrim\". The following is the only known translation:[17][18]This is the deed of gift of the two[1] Mac Ranalds; to wit, Cahal, son of Conachar Mac Ranald, Toraylach and Gerald Magranal, heads and chiefs of their kindred, with the consent of their brethren and followers in Munterolish, to John Magranal, of Claduff, in the King's county, and to his heirs:—\nKnow all men, now and in the time that is yet to come, that we, Cahal, son of Conachar Magranal, of the Hill of Innis Morrin, in the county of Leitrim; Toraylach Magranal, of Drumard, chiefs of our kindred; Ferdorcha Magranal, of Drumsna, and of Lochdaw; Melachlin, son of Hubert Magranal, of Corsparrow; Moroch, son of Teig, of Cloondaa; Ir, son of Donal, of Dulach; Teig, son of William, of Screbach; Toraylach Magranal, of Loch Connow; Owen Magranal, of Loch Scur; Toraylach O'Mulvey, of Loch Crew, chief of his kindred; Teig, son of John, of Acha Cashel; Dermid Magranal, of Cool Cadarna; Cormac Magranal, of Loch Cool da 'Iach; Dermid Magranal, of Mongoarsach; Edmond Magranal, of Mohill; Jeffrey, son of Conachar, of Anagh Kinca; Toraylach Magranal, of Loch Irill; Brian Gruama, the son of Hugh, of Drumlara; Farrell Duff, the son of Hugh, of Corleih; Donacha Grana, son of Giolla Gruama, of Stookisha; Conachar, son of Giolla Gruama, of Duffcarrick; Rurie Og O'Moran, of Ty Rurie; Toraylach O'Beirne, of Mullanmoy; Gerald, son of Moylan Magranal, of Clooncalry; Melachlin, son of Conachar Magranal, of Cloonclyfa; Cahal, son of Dermid Magranal, of Rusc, alias Gort an Yure; Ir, son of Edmond, of Rathbeh; Melachlin Modara Magranal, of the Point; Edmond Mac Shanly, of Drumode Mac Shanly; Moroch, son of Melachlin, of Drumkeely; Dermid, son of the Prior, of Clonee and of Innis Rusc; Moroch Magranal, of Drumherk; Teig O'Histellan, of Drumeen; Teig Roe Magarry, of Towlag;\nwith the consent of our kinsmen and followers in Munterolish, for many reasons, for ourselves and our heirs, HAVE GIVEN to John Magranal, of Claduff, in the King's county, and to his heirs for ever, the yearly sum of forty-two pounds, money of England, to be raised and levied upon our aforesaid lands in Munterolish, and upon any other lands claimed by us, or in our occupation, to be paid at two terms in the year, to wit, one half on the first of May, (Beiltin,) and the other half at All Hallowntide, (Samhan;) and in case of any delay occurring as to the full payment of the aforesaid sum at the time specified, then this is our agreement with the said John, for ourselves and our heirs, with John and his heirs, that he and they, or the attorneys sent by them, shall have power to enter into our said country of Munterolish, and into our aforesaid lands, and to levy a distress, (pledge,) and to take the same with them, and to keep it until full payment is made, to wit, of forty-two pounds, and of arrears, if any such should be—\nON CONDITION, that he, the said John, shall be our protector and chieftain over us; and also that he shall repair from time to time to Dublin, to advocate our cause before the lords justices and council, at our sole charge, over and above the aforesaid sum, which we give him on account of his services; and on condition that the said John shall not put any of us out of our lands; and we promise to behave ourselves most dutifully to him, and not to adhere to any of the O'Rourkes.\nIn witness whereof we have put our hands and seals to this writing the 5th day of December. 1552.\nCATHAL MAC CONOCHAR.\nThere were present at this agreement, when it was ratified, and when it was interchanged, and when the seals were put upon it, to wit, God in the first place; Richard O'Hivganane; Anlan O'Molloy; Toraylach Mac Ranald; the two sons of Teig, the son of Ayan, to wit, Owen and William; Kiruah Mac Manus; Gerald, deacon of Feana; Cormac, deacon of Cloon; Conachar Mac Giolla Sooly; Manus Mac Giolla Roe; Owen O'Colla.","title":"Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeehan1906144-21"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GroseWrongRourke-23"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KeonShotReynolds-24"},{"link_name":"Moylurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moylurg"},{"link_name":"Annals of Loch Cé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Loch_C%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessy2008LC1580.12-25"}],"sub_title":"Twilight of a nation (1553–90)","text":"Sean Reynolds of Clonduff was the agreed chieftain of Muintir Eolais between 1553–80. In 1570 he built a 'Castle' at Gowly peninsula (\"castle island\") at Lough Scur in county Leitrim.[19][n 3] Castle John was three stories high and surrounded by good rock land. It was residence to Sean \"of the heads\" Reynolds (d. 1619), Humphrey his son (d. 1661), and lastly James (d. 1729) who abandoned the castle at some point.[n 4]In 1580, Lough-Scur was attacked and taken by McDermot of Moylurg, historically a strong ally of the Muintir Eolais. The Annals of Loch Cé state: \"1580: Loch-an-scuir was taken by Cathal Dubh, son of Brian Mac Diarmada; and Maelsechlainn, son of Mag Ranaill, was killed there. A depredation was committed by Brian Mac Diarmada upon Mag Ranaill, and burnings besides.\"[21] The disturbances suggest a Muintir Eolais inspired revolt against the rule of Sean Reynolds.","title":"Fall of Muintir Eolais (1535–90)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan1856-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessy2008-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHynes193145%E2%80%9346-27"}],"text":"In 1590, an \"immense\" English army invaded south county Leitrim during the nine years war, which ended in defeat for gaelic Ireland. Thereafter, the tuath ('nation') of Muintir Eolais was extinguished, and the formation of county Leitrim marked the onset of an English occupation lasting over three hundred years.[16][22][23]","title":"English invasion (1590)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lough Scur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Scur"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Laughlin2002233-28"}],"text":"See also: Lough ScurFrom the end of the Nine Years' War up until 1729 the Reynolds dynasty of Lough Scur owned large estates in south Leitrim.[24]","title":"Lough Scur Reynolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938385-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938384-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowley1937268-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAn_Clochar,_Cara_Droma_Ruisc1938321-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Book of Fenagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Fenagh"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"}],"sub_title":"Seóin \"of the heads\" (d. 1629)","text":"The notoriety of Shane Reynolds of Lough Scur is now legendary. Tradition says he was called Seán Na gCheann ('Sean of the heads') on account of all the men beheaded (or because he was head chieftain).[25] He maintained an army of \"two hundred men\", and his reputation for jailing rent defaulters, and beheading people for minor offences, was widely feared.[26] Folklore claims Sean (or Seóin) was killed by a soldier from Longford avenging his sister's death on Prison Island.[27][28] His son Maelsechlainn was killed in 1580.[29][full citation needed] His grandson Sean was captured during by the 1641 Rebellion, held captive by rebels, tortured and probably executed.[30]Tradition recalls this Sean Reynolds of Lough Scur invited the other Muintir Eolais chieftains to his castle for a reconciliation meeting before, in cruel betrayal, beheading them all. This alleged massacre would have occurred sometime late 16th century.[n 5]The Book of Fenagh has the following poem line: \"Then will come a Gall-Gaidhel, By whom thy place [Fenagh] will be destroyed.\" A marginal note, added by Tadhg Ó Rodaighe (fl. 1690), translates as following:[This quote needs a citation]This Gall-Gaidhel [foreign-Gael] was John og MagRaghnaill, son of Eoghan, son of John. An Englishwoman, i.e. a Russell, was his mother. His father was a true Gaidhel. English tutelage he also received in London. It was he who first brought foreigners to Fidhnacha, after Cromwell's wars. A.D. 1652, to settle the country. He was not of the number himself; but it was by his advice, at least, they came. And he was himself sorry for it afterwards.","title":"Lough Scur Reynolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938385-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowley1937268-31"}],"sub_title":"Prison Island (1600–1800s)","text":"On 6 April 1605, Sean and his son Humphrey were appointed gaoler of county Leitrim. They constructed a prison on Oileán an Phriosuin, 'Jail Island', in Lough Scur. The cells were small, with holes about six inches in diameter for air.[25] Tradition recalls many people being hanged on the island.[27] Prison Island was abandoned sometime before Carrick on Shannon jail was built circa 1815 and 1824. The prison ruins are barely visible today.","title":"Lough Scur Reynolds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"Ódhrán Ua hEolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93dhr%C3%A1n_Ua_hEolais"},{"link_name":"Flannchad Ua hEolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannchad_Ua_hEolais"},{"link_name":"Book of Durrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Durrow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938385-29"},{"link_name":"heritage sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_sites_(Republic_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Monuments_Service20091-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_John_c._1791.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_John_and_Prision_Island_c._1791.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prison_Island_c._1791.png"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartemink1996-37"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Boyle river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_River_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Carrick on Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick_on_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Eolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolais_mac_Biobhsach"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce1913268-39"},{"link_name":"mountainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Cuilcagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuilcagh"},{"link_name":"Anierin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Anierin"},{"link_name":"oligotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_state_index#Oligotrophic"},{"link_name":"west Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cavan"},{"link_name":"south Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C3%93_Du%C3%ADgeann%C3%A1in1934134-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemplan201014-41"},{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceolus-42"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard20161-43"},{"link_name":"Sylphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylph"},{"link_name":"role playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolas:_Luminis_Mortuorum-44"}],"text":"The names of families descended from the Muintir Eolais are common today: Reynolds, Mulvey, McGarry, Shanley and Moran.[citation needed]Two proven descendants of Eolais are recorded. Today at Clonmacnoise monastery a carved headstone is dedicated to Ódhrán Ua hEolais (d. 994), scribe of Clonmacnois, the inscription reading 'Pray for Odhrán descendant of Eolas'. Another scribe named Flannchad Ua hEolais (fl. 1101) held the Book of Durrow.[citation needed]Parts of Caisleán Seóin at Lough Scur collapsed circa 1908, but repairs were undertaken by a heritage preservation society.[25] Today, ruins of \"Mag Raghnaill\" Castles exist at both Lough Scur and Lough Rynn; neither are preserved as heritage sites.[31]Castle Sean c. 1791\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle and jail view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJail Island c. 1791After southern Ireland regained independence in 1922, the English county administrative structure was retained. The Muintir Eolais remained largely forgotten. In 1980 Leitrim County Council approved a design of Arms for County Leitrim that included the lion of O'Rourke (north Leitrim, and Carrigallen baronies), but excluded the Muintir Eolais (Mohill, and Leitrim baronies).[32]The townland of Corryolus (Irish: Coraidh Eolais, \"Weir of Eolus\"), lying on the junction of the Shannon and Boyle river's, directly north of Carrick on Shannon, obtained its name from \"Eolus\" from whom the 'Muintir Eolais' are directly descended.[33][34] In the remote mountainous Cuilcagh-Anierin uplands, the oligotrophic lake named \"Lough Munter Eolas\" marks a borderline between west Cavan and south Leitrim.[35][36]A well established traditional fiddle group, trained by a Fr. Quinn since 1966, adopted the name Ceolus preserving his name,[n 6] and they play music garnered from local manuscripts going back almost two hundred years.[37]The fictional land of \"Clan Eolais\" populated by \"Eolaisans\" and Sylphs, appears in the Solas 2 role playing game.[38]","title":"Heritage (1908 to present)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"References and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NangleCostello_8-0"},{"link_name":"O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'CleryConnellanMacDermott1846"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-drumhierney_14-0"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tierney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierney"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GroseWrongRourke_23-0"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrose179591-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-KeonShotReynolds_24-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Irish Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Annals"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ceolus_42-0"},{"link_name":"Ward (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWard2016"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ \"In the year 1172, Henry II. granted to ... Gilbert de Angulo or Nangle, Magherigallen, now the barony of Morgallion, in Meath. Jocelin, son of Gilbert Nangle, obtained Navan and Ardbraccan .... Many of the Nangles took the Irish name of Mac Costello, and from them the barony of Costello in Mayo derived its name\". O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846), p. 64.\n\n^ Drumhierney translates from the Irish: Droim Thiarnaigh roughly meaning the \"ridge of the Lord or Master\".[12] See also Tierney.\n\n^ The suggestion by Grose Castle Sean was erected by O'Rourke,[20] is unfounded.\n\n^ James's son, George Nugent Reynolds Senior was shot and killed by Robert Keon on the morning of 16 October 1786. Keon was tried and executed in 1788 for his murder.\n\n^ A massacre circa 1580 would help explain the unprecedented attack on Reynolds by McDermot of Moylurg. However the Irish Annals has no record of this massacre.\n\n^ \"A contraction of the Irish words Ceol meaning 'music' and Muintir Eoluis, which means 'the people descended from Eolus', the first Conmhaicne chief of the area of South Leitrim. The band was christened Ceolus on January 31st, 1990.\"Ward (2016), pp. 12.","title":"References and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-basichistory_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-basichistory_1-1"},{"link_name":"A very basic history of Mohill and South Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//homepage.eircom.net/~tina/mohill/MohillHistory.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie187261_2-0"},{"link_name":"Petrie (1872)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPetrie1872"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'DalyManganO'DonovanO'Daly185235_3-0"},{"link_name":"O'Daly et al. (1852)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'DalyManganO'DonovanO'Daly1852"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardiman183146_4-0"},{"link_name":"Hardiman (1831)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHardiman1831"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hart1876136_5-0"},{"link_name":"O'Hart (1876)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'Hart1876"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hart1876135%E2%80%93136_6-0"},{"link_name":"O'Hart (1876)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'Hart1876"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'CleryConnellanMacDermott184664_7-0"},{"link_name":"O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'CleryConnellanMacDermott1846"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'CleryConnellanMacDermott184665_9-0"},{"link_name":"O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'CleryConnellanMacDermott1846"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1903183_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox1903183_10-1"},{"link_name":"Knox (1903)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKnox1903"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Béal Átha an Chatha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.logainm.ie/en/110012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacNamee1954206_12-0"},{"link_name":"MacNamee (1954)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacNamee1954"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Droim Thiarnaigh (\"Drumhierney\")\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.logainm.ie/en/29352"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Russell (1869)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRussell1869"},{"link_name":"Ó Mael Chonaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%C3%93_Mael_Chonaire"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1976809_16-0"},{"link_name":"Ellis (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEllis1976"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning201022_17-0"},{"link_name":"Manning (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManning2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan1856_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donovan1856_18-1"},{"link_name":"O'Donovan (1856)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'Donovan1856"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1829275_19-0"},{"link_name":"Smith (1829)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith1829"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLochlainn2018_20-0"},{"link_name":"MacLochlainn (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacLochlainn2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeehan1906144_21-0"},{"link_name":"Meehan (1906)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeehan1906"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrose179591_22-0"},{"link_name":"Grose (1795)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrose1795"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessy2008LC1580.12_25-0"},{"link_name":"Hennessy (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHennessy2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessy2008_26-0"},{"link_name":"Hennessy (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHennessy2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHynes193145%E2%80%9346_27-0"},{"link_name":"Hynes (1931)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHynes1931"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Laughlin2002233_28-0"},{"link_name":"O'Laughlin (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFO'Laughlin2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938385_29-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938385_29-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938385_29-2"},{"link_name":"Whelan (1938)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhelan1938"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelan1938384_30-0"},{"link_name":"Whelan (1938)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhelan1938"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowley1937268_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowley1937268_31-1"},{"link_name":"Rowley (1937)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRowley1937"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAn_Clochar,_Cara_Droma_Ruisc1938321_32-0"},{"link_name":"An Clochar, Cara Droma Ruisc (1938)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAn_Clochar,_Cara_Droma_Ruisc1938"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"http://1641.tcd.ie/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//1641.tcd.ie/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Monuments_Service20091_36-0"},{"link_name":"National Monuments Service (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNational_Monuments_Service2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartemink1996_37-0"},{"link_name":"Hartemink (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHartemink1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Coraidh Eolais\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.logainm.ie/en/29154"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyce1913268_39-0"},{"link_name":"Joyce (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoyce1913"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%C3%93_Du%C3%ADgeann%C3%A1in1934134_40-0"},{"link_name":"Ó Duígeannáin (1934)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%C3%93_Du%C3%ADgeann%C3%A1in1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemplan201014_41-0"},{"link_name":"Templan (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTemplan2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard20161_43-0"},{"link_name":"Ward (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWard2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolas:_Luminis_Mortuorum_44-0"},{"link_name":"Solas: Luminis Mortuorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSolas:_Luminis_Mortuorum"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b A very basic history of Mohill and South Leitrim\n\n^ Petrie (1872), pp. 61.\n\n^ O'Daly et al. (1852), pp. 35.\n\n^ Hardiman (1831), pp. 46.\n\n^ O'Hart (1876), pp. 136.\n\n^ O'Hart (1876), pp. 135–136.\n\n^ O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846), p. 64.\n\n^ O'Clery, Connellan & MacDermott (1846), p. 65.\n\n^ a b Knox (1903), p. 183.\n\n^ \"Béal Átha an Chatha\". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ MacNamee (1954), pp. 206.\n\n^ \"Droim Thiarnaigh (\"Drumhierney\")\". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ Russell (1869), pp. 480–489; original: Ó Mael Chonaire.\n\n^ Ellis (1976), p. 809.\n\n^ Manning (2010), p. 22.\n\n^ a b O'Donovan (1856).\n\n^ Smith (1829), p. 275.\n\n^ MacLochlainn (2018).\n\n^ Meehan (1906), pp. 144.\n\n^ Grose (1795), pp. 91.\n\n^ Hennessy (2008), pp. LC1580.12.\n\n^ Hennessy (2008).\n\n^ Hynes (1931), pp. 45–46.\n\n^ O'Laughlin (2002), pp. 233.\n\n^ a b c Whelan (1938), pp. 385.\n\n^ Whelan (1938), pp. 384.\n\n^ a b Rowley (1937), pp. 268.\n\n^ An Clochar, Cara Droma Ruisc (1938), pp. 321.\n\n^ Annals of Lough Ce, 1580.\n\n^ 1640 Depositions, http://1641.tcd.ie/\n\n^ National Monuments Service (2009), pp. 1.\n\n^ Hartemink (1996).\n\n^ \"Coraidh Eolais\". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ Joyce (1913), pp. 268.\n\n^ Ó Duígeannáin (1934), pp. 134.\n\n^ Templan (2010), pp. 14.\n\n^ Ward (2016), pp. 1.\n\n^ Solas: Luminis Mortuorum.","title":"References and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/tribesirelandas00dongoog/tribesirelandas00dongoog.pdf#page=43"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"O'Daly, Aengus; Mangan, James Clarence; O'Donovan, John; O'Daly, Ferdoragh (1852). The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire (PDF). p. 35.","title":"References and notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Lough Scur\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4649685/4646680/4650511"},{"link_name":"\"The Kildare Rebellion and the early Henrican reformation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aran.library.nuigalway.ie/bitstream/handle/10379/790/Ellis_HJ_1976001.pdf#page=825"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0018246X00010724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00010724"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10379/790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10379%2F790"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"155083599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155083599"},{"link_name":"\"Eolais\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//solas-2.obsidianportal.com/wikis/eolais"},{"link_name":"The Antiquities of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/antiquitiesofire02gros/antiquitiesofire02gros.pdf#page=349"},{"link_name":"\"Irish Minstrelsy, or Bardic Remains of Ireland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EE0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR46"},{"link_name":"\"Leitrim (county) – Coat of arms\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Leitrim_(county)"},{"link_name":"\"Annals of Lough Ce\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100010A.html"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25513584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25513584"},{"link_name":"Irish names of places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/download/irishnamesofplac03joyc/irishnamesofplac03joyc.pdf"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25507290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25507290"},{"link_name":"MacNamee, James Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_MacNamee"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24395863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/24395863"},{"link_name":"\"Notes on the Mac Rannals of Leitrim and their Country\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=m4wxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA144"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-leitrim.pdf#page=5"},{"link_name":"Ó Cléirigh, Mícheál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh"},{"link_name":"The Annals of Ireland, translated from the original Irish of the four masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annalsofireland00ocle"},{"link_name":"Connellan, Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Connellan"},{"link_name":"O'Donovan, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters ... with a Translation and Copious Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy"},{"link_name":"CELT editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//celt.ucc.ie/publishd.html"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo01ocleuoft"},{"link_name":"Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo02ocleuoft"},{"link_name":"Vol. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo03ocleuoft"},{"link_name":"Vol. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo04ocleuoft"},{"link_name":"Vol. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annalsofkingdomo05ocleuoft"},{"link_name":"Vol. 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1530\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//celt.ucc.ie//published/G102002/index.html"},{"link_name":"Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WH0OAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Legend of Lough Scurr\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4658446/4656374/4661439"},{"link_name":"Smith, Horatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Smith_(poet)"},{"link_name":"\"Irish Hill and Mountain Names\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mountainviews.ie/features/names/List2010/MVHillList09.pdf"},{"link_name":"Scordatura in the Irish Traditional Fiddle Music of Longford and South Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161029175655/http://www.themusicologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Conor-Ward-Scordatura-in-the-Irish-Traditional-Fiddle-Music-of-Longford-and-South-Leitrim-The-Musicology-Review-Issue-8.pdf#page=12"},{"link_name":"the 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Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmha%C3%ADcne_Mara"},{"link_name":"MacFolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folan"},{"link_name":"Ó Fearghail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_Fearghail"},{"link_name":"Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_(surname)"},{"link_name":"O'Hallissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallissey"},{"link_name":"MacGaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaynor"},{"link_name":"O'Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_(surname)"},{"link_name":"MacConnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connick"},{"link_name":"O'Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"MacShane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacShane"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Ciarraige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciarraige"},{"link_name":"O'Kieran (Kearns)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_C%C3%A9ir%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"O'Conor Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Conor_Kerry"},{"link_name":"O'Murtagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Murtagh"},{"link_name":"Corco Mruad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corco_Mruad"},{"link_name":"O'Conor Corcomroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_Conchubhair_Corcomroe"},{"link_name":"O'Loughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_Lochlainn"},{"link_name":"O'Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Flaherty"},{"link_name":"O'Drennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Drennan"},{"link_name":"O'Davoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Davoren"},{"link_name":"Ó Troighthigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93_Troighthigh"},{"link_name":"Cermna Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermna_Finn"},{"link_name":"Sobairce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobairce"},{"link_name":"Ollom Fotla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollom_Fotla"},{"link_name":"Fínnachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADnnachta"},{"link_name":"Slánoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A1noll"},{"link_name":"Géde Ollgothach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9de_Ollgothach"},{"link_name":"Fíachu Findoilches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADachu_Findoilches"},{"link_name":"Berngal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berngal"},{"link_name":"Ailill mac Slánuill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailill_mac_Sl%C3%A1nuill"},{"link_name":"Finn mac Blatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_mac_Blatha"},{"link_name":"Sírlám","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADrl%C3%A1m"},{"link_name":"Airgetmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airgetmar"},{"link_name":"Áed Rúad, Díthorba and Cimbáeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ed_R%C3%BAad,_D%C3%ADthorba_and_Cimb%C3%A1eth"},{"link_name":"Macha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macha"},{"link_name":"Rudraige mac Sithrigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudraige_mac_Sithrigi"},{"link_name":"Congal Cláiringnech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congal_Cl%C3%A1iringnech"},{"link_name":"Bresal Bó-Díbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresal_B%C3%B3-D%C3%ADbad"},{"link_name":"Fachtna Fáthach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachtna_F%C3%A1thach"},{"link_name":"Conchobar mac Nessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchobar_mac_Nessa"},{"link_name":"Fergus mac Róich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_mac_R%C3%B3ich"},{"link_name":"Fedelm Noíchrothach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedelm_No%C3%ADchrothach"},{"link_name":"Deichtine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deichtine"},{"link_name":"Cúscraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAscraid"},{"link_name":"Cormac Cond Longas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_Cond_Longas"},{"link_name":"Findchóem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findch%C3%B3em"},{"link_name":"Amergin mac Eccit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amergin_mac_Eccit"},{"link_name":"Conall Cernach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conall_Cernach"},{"link_name":"Mal mac Rochride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_mac_Rochride"},{"link_name":"Tipraiti Tireach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipraiti_Tireach"},{"link_name":"Fiacha Araidhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiacha_Araidhe"},{"link_name":"Cáelbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1elbad"},{"link_name":"Fiachnae mac Báetáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiachnae_mac_B%C3%A1et%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Congal Cáech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congal_C%C3%A1ech"},{"link_name":"Fergus mac Áedáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_mac_%C3%81ed%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Máel Bressail mac Ailillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Bressail_mac_Ailillo"},{"link_name":"Mac Creiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Creiche"},{"link_name":"Finnian of Clonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnian_of_Clonard"},{"link_name":"Scéla Conchobair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%A9la_Conchobair"},{"link_name":"Táin Bó Cúailnge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge"},{"link_name":"Compert Con Culainn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compert_Con_Culainn"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Mac_Da_Th%C3%B3%27s_Pig"},{"link_name":"Mesca Ulad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesca_Ulad"},{"link_name":"Annals of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Navan Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navan_Fort"},{"link_name":"Hill of Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_of_Tara"},{"link_name":"Rosnaree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossnaree"},{"link_name":"County Laois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Laois"},{"link_name":"Caherballykinvarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caherballykinvarga"},{"link_name":"Bairrche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourne_(barony)#Bairrche"},{"link_name":"Cineál Fhaghartaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine%C3%A1l_Fhaghartaigh"},{"link_name":"Conaille Muirtheimne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conaille_Muirtheimne"},{"link_name":"Cruthin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruthin"},{"link_name":"Cobha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_Echach_Cobo"},{"link_name":"Dál Fiatach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach"},{"link_name":"Dál mBuinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_mBuinne"},{"link_name":"Dál nAraidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi"},{"link_name":"Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi_in_Tuaiscirt"},{"link_name":"Dál nAraidi Magh Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magh_Line"},{"link_name":"Dál Riata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata"},{"link_name":"Duibhthrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duibhthrian"},{"link_name":"Eilne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilne"},{"link_name":"Latharna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latharna"},{"link_name":"Leath Cathail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leath_Cathail"},{"link_name":"Na hArda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_hArda"},{"link_name":"Semne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semne"},{"link_name":"Uí Blathmaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_Blathmaic"},{"link_name":"Uí Dercco Céin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi#U%C3%AD_Dercco_C%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups"},{"link_name":"Clanna Rudraige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanna_Rudraige"},{"link_name":"Red Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Branch"},{"link_name":"Cú Chulainn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn"},{"link_name":"Uoluntii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoluntii"},{"link_name":"Cruthin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruthin"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy's Geographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)"},{"link_name":"Ulster Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Cycle"},{"link_name":"List of kings of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Kings of Dál nAraidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_D%C3%A1l_nAraidi"},{"link_name":"Guinness family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_family"},{"link_name":"Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels"},{"link_name":"Milesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesians_(Irish)"},{"link_name":"Irians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ber_Donn"},{"link_name":"Gaelic nobility of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Secondary references","text":"An Clochar, Cara Droma Ruisc (1938). \"Lough Scur\". Duchas.ie (online ed.). Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. p. 312.\nEllis, Stephen G. (1976). \"The Kildare Rebellion and the early Henrican reformation\" (PDF). The Historical Journal. 19 (4): 825. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00010724. hdl:10379/790. S2CID 155083599. Retrieved 2 September 2016 – via ARAN (Access to Research at NUI Galway).\n\"Eolais\". Solas: Luminis Mortuorum – via ObsidianPortal.com.\nGrose, Francis (1795). The Antiquities of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 2. S. Hooper.\nHardiman, James (1831). \"Irish Minstrelsy, or Bardic Remains of Ireland\". Robins. p. xlvi (46).\nHartemink, Ralf (1996). \"Leitrim (county) – Coat of arms\".\n\"Annals of Lough Ce\". CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts. Translated by Hennessy, William M. (online ed.). University College Cork. 2008. LC1137.10.\nHynes, John (1931). \"St. Caillin\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 1 (1): 39–54. JSTOR 25513584.\nJoyce, Patrick Weston (1913). Irish names of places (PDF). Vol. 3. Dublin: Phoenix.\nKnox, T. H. (1903). \"Occupation of Connaught by the Anglo-Normans after A.D. 1237 (Continued)\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 33 (2): 179–189. JSTOR 25507290.\nMacLochlainn, Noel (2018). \"Politics of 16th Century South Leitrim: Muintir Eolais Declaration of 1552 AD\". Leitrim Guardian.\nMacNamee, James Joseph (1954). History of the Diocese of Ardagh. Dublin: Browne & Nolan.\nManning, Conleth (2010). \"The grave-slab of Charles Reynolds in Rome\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 140: 22–27. JSTOR 24395863.\nMeehan, Joseph (1906). \"Notes on the Mac Rannals of Leitrim and their Country\". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 144–145. Retrieved 5 August 2015.\nLeitrim (PDF). National Monuments in State Care: Ownership & Guardianship (Report). National Monuments Service; Environment, Heritage & Local Government. 4 March 2009.\nÓ Cléirigh, Mícheál (1846). MacDermott, Philip (ed.). The Annals of Ireland, translated from the original Irish of the four masters. Translated by Connellan, Owen (online ed.). Dublin: B. Geraghty.\nO'Donovan, John, ed. (1856). Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters ... with a Translation and Copious Notes. 7 vols. Translated by O'Donovan (2nd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. CELT editions. Full scans at Internet Archive: Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3; Vol. 4; Vol. 5; Vol. 6; Indices.\nÓ Duígeannáin, Mícheál (1934). \"Notes on the History of the Kingdom of Bréifne\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 64–65 (1): 113–140. JSTOR 25513764.\nO'Hart, John (1876). \"Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation\" (PDF). Dublin: M. H. Gill. pp. 135–136.\nO'Laughlin, Michael C. (2002). The Book of Irish Families, Great & Small. \"Families of Ireland\" series. Vol. 1 (illustrated, digital ed.). Irish Roots Cafe / Irish Genealogical Foundation. ISBN 0940134098.\nÓ Mael Chonaire, Maílín. Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (ed.). \"Agreement between Gerald, 9th earl of Kildare and the Mac Rannalls, A.D. 1530\". CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts (online ed.). University College Cork.\nPetrie, George (1872). Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language. Vol. 1. Royal Historical & Archaeological Association of Ireland / University Press. p. 61, f131.\nRowley, Thomas (1937). \"Legend of Lough Scurr\". Duchas.ie (online ed.). Drumrane, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. pp. 268–269.\nRussell, C. W. (1869). \"On an agreement in Irish between Gerald, ninth earl of Kildare, and the Mac Rannalls; executed at Maynooth, November 5, 1530, and sealed with the seal of the College of Maynooth\". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 10: 480–489.\nSmith, Horatio (1829). \"Translation of an Irish Deed of Gift\". The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction. 13 (367): 275.\nTemplan, Paul (2010). \"Irish Hill and Mountain Names\" (PDF). MountainViews.ie. p. 14.\nWard, Conor (2016). Scordatura in the Irish Traditional Fiddle Music of Longford and South Leitrim (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2018.\nWhelan, Thomas (1938). \"Local Ruins\". The Schools' Collection: Rosaí (online ed.). Rossy, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. pp. 384–5. roll no. 13332, title 3 – via Duchas.ie.vteUlaidKindredsand septsDál nAraidiUí Echach Cobo\nMacGowan\nMagennis\nMcCartan\nLynch\nLoígis\nO'More\nO'Kelly\nO'Deevy\nO'Doran\nO'Lalor\nO'Dowling\nMacEvoy\nO'Bergin\nO'Mulcahy\nSoghain\nO'Manning\nMacWard\nO'Scurry\nO'Lennon\nMacCashin\nGilly\nMacGing\nConmaicneConmhaícne Mara\nO'Kealy\nMacConneely\nO'Devaney\nO'Cloherty\nMacFolan\nConmaicneMagh Réin\nMacRannall\nMacDorcy\nO'Mulvey\nÓ Fearghail\nO'Beglin\nBorden\nO'Hallissy\nO'Murry\nO'Curneen\nO'Mulooly\nMacMullock\nO'Doonan\nO'Kearon\nMacCoogan\nMacGaynor\nO'Quinn\nMacShaffrey\nMacConnick\nO'Keegan\nMacLeavy\nMacMorrow\nMacShane\nO'Sullahan\nConmaicne Cuile Toladh\nO'Tolleran\nO'Colleran\nO'Moran\nMartin\nConmaicne Mide\nMacRourke\nO'Breen\nO'Toler\nCiarraige\nO'Kieran (Kearns)\nO'Conor Kerry\nO'Murtagh\nO'Neide\nCorco Mruad\nO'Conor Corcomroe\nO'Loughlin\nO'Flaherty\nO'Deely\nO'Drennan\nO'Melody\nMacCurtin\nO'Davoren\nÓ Troighthigh\nPersonalities\nCermna Finn\nSobairce\nOllom Fotla\nFínnachta\nSlánoll\nGéde Ollgothach\nFíachu Findoilches\nBerngal\nAilill mac Slánuill\nFinn mac Blatha\nSírlám\nAirgetmar\nÁed Rúad, Díthorba and Cimbáeth\nMacha\nRudraige mac Sithrigi\nCongal Cláiringnech\nBresal Bó-Díbad\nFachtna Fáthach\nConchobar mac Nessa\nFergus mac Róich\nFedelm Noíchrothach\nDeichtine\nCúscraid\nCormac Cond Longas\nFindchóem\nAmergin mac Eccit\nConall Cernach\nMal mac Rochride\nTipraiti Tireach\nFiacha Araidhe\nCáelbad\nFiachnae mac Báetáin\nCongal Cáech\nFergus mac Áedáin\nMáel Bressail mac Ailillo\nMac Creiche\nFinnian of Clonard\nLiterature\nScéla Conchobair\nTáin Bó Cúailnge\nCompert Con Culainn\nThe Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig\nMesca Ulad\nAnnals of Ulster\nPlaces\nNavan Fort\nHill of Tara\nRosnaree\nCounty Laois\nCaherballykinvarga\nTerritories\nBairrche\nCineál Fhaghartaigh\nConaille Muirtheimne\nCruthin\nCobha\nDál Fiatach\nDál mBuinne\nDál nAraidi\nDál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt\nDál nAraidi Magh Line\nDál Riata\nDuibhthrian\nEilne\nLatharna\nLeath Cathail\nNa hArda\nSemne\nUí Blathmaic\nUí Dercco Céin\nRelated articles\nPre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups\nClanna Rudraige\nRed Branch\nCú Chulainn\nUoluntii\nCruthin\nPtolemy's Geographia\nUlster Cycle\nList of kings of Ulster\nKings of Dál nAraidi\nGuinness family\nGaels\nMilesians\nIrians\nGaelic nobility of Ireland","title":"References and notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Castle John and Jail Island at Lough Scur circa 1791","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Castle_John_and_Prision_Island_c._1791.png/220px-Castle_John_and_Prision_Island_c._1791.png"}]
[{"title":"West Breifne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Breifne"},{"title":"Ódhrán Ua hEolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93dhr%C3%A1n_Ua_hEolais"},{"title":"Flannchad Ua hEolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannchad_Ua_hEolais"},{"title":"Eolais Mac Biobhsach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eolais_Mac_Biobhsach"},{"title":"Charles Reynolds (cleric)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Reynolds_(cleric)"},{"title":"Lough Scur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Scur"}]
[{"reference":"\"Béal Átha an Chatha\". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/110012","url_text":"\"Béal Átha an Chatha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Droim Thiarnaigh (\"Drumhierney\")\". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/29352","url_text":"\"Droim Thiarnaigh (\"Drumhierney\")\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coraidh Eolais\". Logainm: Placenames Database of Ireland. Gaois Research Group, Dublin City University. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/29154","url_text":"\"Coraidh Eolais\""}]},{"reference":"O'Daly, Aengus; Mangan, James Clarence; O'Donovan, John; O'Daly, Ferdoragh (1852). The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire (PDF). p. 35.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/tribesirelandas00dongoog/tribesirelandas00dongoog.pdf#page=43","url_text":"The Tribes of Ireland: A Satire"}]},{"reference":"An Clochar, Cara Droma Ruisc (1938). \"Lough Scur\". Duchas.ie (online ed.). Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. p. 312.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4649685/4646680/4650511","url_text":"\"Lough Scur\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Stephen G. (1976). \"The Kildare Rebellion and the early Henrican reformation\" (PDF). The Historical Journal. 19 (4): 825. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00010724. hdl:10379/790. S2CID 155083599. Retrieved 2 September 2016 – via ARAN (Access to Research at NUI Galway).","urls":[{"url":"http://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/bitstream/handle/10379/790/Ellis_HJ_1976001.pdf#page=825","url_text":"\"The Kildare Rebellion and the early Henrican reformation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00010724","url_text":"10.1017/S0018246X00010724"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10379%2F790","url_text":"10379/790"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155083599","url_text":"155083599"}]},{"reference":"\"Eolais\". Solas: Luminis Mortuorum – via ObsidianPortal.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://solas-2.obsidianportal.com/wikis/eolais","url_text":"\"Eolais\""}]},{"reference":"Grose, Francis (1795). The Antiquities of Ireland (PDF). Vol. 2. S. Hooper.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/antiquitiesofire02gros/antiquitiesofire02gros.pdf#page=349","url_text":"The Antiquities of Ireland"}]},{"reference":"Hardiman, James (1831). \"Irish Minstrelsy, or Bardic Remains of Ireland\". Robins. p. xlvi (46).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EE0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR46","url_text":"\"Irish Minstrelsy, or Bardic Remains of Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Hartemink, Ralf (1996). \"Leitrim (county) – Coat of arms\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Leitrim_(county)","url_text":"\"Leitrim (county) – Coat of arms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annals of Lough Ce\". CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts. Translated by Hennessy, William M. (online ed.). University College Cork. 2008. LC1137.10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100010A.html","url_text":"\"Annals of Lough Ce\""}]},{"reference":"Hynes, John (1931). \"St. Caillin\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 1 (1): 39–54. JSTOR 25513584.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25513584","url_text":"25513584"}]},{"reference":"Joyce, Patrick Weston (1913). Irish names of places (PDF). Vol. 3. Dublin: Phoenix.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/irishnamesofplac03joyc/irishnamesofplac03joyc.pdf","url_text":"Irish names of places"}]},{"reference":"Knox, T. H. (1903). \"Occupation of Connaught by the Anglo-Normans after A.D. 1237 (Continued)\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 33 (2): 179–189. JSTOR 25507290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25507290","url_text":"25507290"}]},{"reference":"MacLochlainn, Noel (2018). \"Politics of 16th Century South Leitrim: Muintir Eolais Declaration of 1552 AD\". Leitrim Guardian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacNamee, James Joseph (1954). History of the Diocese of Ardagh. Dublin: Browne & Nolan.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_MacNamee","url_text":"MacNamee, James Joseph"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Conleth (2010). \"The grave-slab of Charles Reynolds in Rome\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 140: 22–27. JSTOR 24395863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24395863","url_text":"24395863"}]},{"reference":"Meehan, Joseph (1906). \"Notes on the Mac Rannals of Leitrim and their Country\". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 144–145. Retrieved 5 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m4wxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA144","url_text":"\"Notes on the Mac Rannals of Leitrim and their Country\""}]},{"reference":"Leitrim (PDF). National Monuments in State Care: Ownership & Guardianship (Report). National Monuments Service; Environment, Heritage & Local Government. 4 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care-leitrim.pdf#page=5","url_text":"Leitrim"}]},{"reference":"Ó Cléirigh, Mícheál (1846). MacDermott, Philip (ed.). The Annals of Ireland, translated from the original Irish of the four masters. Translated by Connellan, Owen (online ed.). Dublin: B. Geraghty.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh","url_text":"Ó Cléirigh, Mícheál"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annalsofireland00ocle","url_text":"The Annals of Ireland, translated from the original Irish of the four masters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Connellan","url_text":"Connellan, Owen"}]},{"reference":"O'Donovan, John, ed. (1856). Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters ... with a Translation and Copious Notes. 7 vols. Translated by O'Donovan (2nd ed.). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)","url_text":"O'Donovan, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters","url_text":"Annála Rioghachta Éireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters ... with a Translation and Copious Notes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy","url_text":"Royal Irish Academy"}]},{"reference":"Ó Duígeannáin, Mícheál (1934). \"Notes on the History of the Kingdom of Bréifne\". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 64–65 (1): 113–140. JSTOR 25513764.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25513764","url_text":"25513764"}]},{"reference":"O'Hart, John (1876). \"Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation\" (PDF). Dublin: M. H. Gill. pp. 135–136.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/irishpedigreeso02ohar/irishpedigreeso02ohar.pdf#page=145","url_text":"\"Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation\""}]},{"reference":"O'Laughlin, Michael C. (2002). The Book of Irish Families, Great & Small. \"Families of Ireland\" series. Vol. 1 (illustrated, digital ed.). Irish Roots Cafe / Irish Genealogical Foundation. ISBN 0940134098.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mZt3oGtk1KgC&pg=PA233","url_text":"The Book of Irish Families, Great & Small"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0940134098","url_text":"0940134098"}]},{"reference":"Ó Mael Chonaire, Maílín. Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (ed.). \"Agreement between Gerald, 9th earl of Kildare and the Mac Rannalls, A.D. 1530\". CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts (online ed.). University College Cork.","urls":[{"url":"https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G102002/index.html","url_text":"\"Agreement between Gerald, 9th earl of Kildare and the Mac Rannalls, A.D. 1530\""}]},{"reference":"Petrie, George (1872). Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language. Vol. 1. Royal Historical & Archaeological Association of Ireland / University Press. p. 61, f131.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WH0OAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language"}]},{"reference":"Rowley, Thomas (1937). \"Legend of Lough Scurr\". Duchas.ie (online ed.). Drumrane, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. pp. 268–269.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4658446/4656374/4661439","url_text":"\"Legend of Lough Scurr\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, C. W. (1869). \"On an agreement in Irish between Gerald, ninth earl of Kildare, and the Mac Rannalls; executed at Maynooth, November 5, 1530, and sealed with the seal of the College of Maynooth\". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 10: 480–489.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Horatio (1829). \"Translation of an Irish Deed of Gift\". The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction. 13 (367): 275.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Smith_(poet)","url_text":"Smith, Horatio"}]},{"reference":"Templan, Paul (2010). \"Irish Hill and Mountain Names\" (PDF). MountainViews.ie. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"http://mountainviews.ie/features/names/List2010/MVHillList09.pdf","url_text":"\"Irish Hill and Mountain Names\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Conor (2016). Scordatura in the Irish Traditional Fiddle Music of Longford and South Leitrim (PDF). p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029175655/http://www.themusicologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Conor-Ward-Scordatura-in-the-Irish-Traditional-Fiddle-Music-of-Longford-and-South-Leitrim-The-Musicology-Review-Issue-8.pdf#page=12","url_text":"Scordatura in the Irish Traditional Fiddle Music of Longford and South Leitrim"},{"url":"http://www.themusicologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Conor-Ward-Scordatura-in-the-Irish-Traditional-Fiddle-Music-of-Longford-and-South-Leitrim-The-Musicology-Review-Issue-8.pdf#page=12","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whelan, Thomas (1938). \"Local Ruins\". The Schools' Collection: Rosaí (online ed.). Rossy, Co. Leitrim: National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. pp. 384–5. roll no. 13332, title 3 – via Duchas.ie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4649693/4647819","url_text":"\"Local Ruins\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Shocknek
Kent Shocknek
["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 Awards","4 Education","5 References","6 External links"]
American television journalist Kent Shocknek, TV & film personality USC BA, Phi Beta Kappa Kent Shocknek is an American television and film personality who branched into acting toward the end of a successful career as a TV newscaster. Because of the length of his journalism career, duration of his broadcasts, and breaking news events, by the time of his departure from news, he is credited with having logged more hours as an anchor than anyone else in Los Angeles. The city has designated two separate days "Kent Shocknek Day" in his honor. Before anchoring prime-time newscasts on CBS-TV owned stations, Shocknek was Southern California's first and longest-running television news morning news anchor. Because of his recognizability, he has been sought out to appear in more than 100 feature films and television dramas –often as a newscaster or commentator –giving rise to a popular second career that continues currently. On radio, Shocknek has narrated daily commentaries in L.A., and has hosted a nationally syndicated entertainment program. Viewers and magazine readers also recognize him as an authority on automotive issues. Career Born Kent Schoknecht in Berkeley, California, he simplified the on-air spelling of his name upon arrival to Los Angeles television. After working at the Long Beach Press Telegram while attending the University of Southern California, Shocknek's first TV reporting job was in Sioux City, Iowa (KCAU-TV), followed by a three-year stint as anchor and Space Shuttle reporter in Orlando, Florida (WFTV). In 1983, Shocknek joined KNBC-TV as a reporter and fill-in anchor for what was then known as News4LA. Three years later, he anchored the start-up of L.A.'s first TV morning news program, Today in LA on KNBC-TV. Over the years, he broadcast —frequently single-handedly— such marathon events as the Los Angeles riots, O.J. Simpson murder trial, and numerous natural disasters. Shocknek first made national news headlines anchoring the 1986 launch and explosion of Space Shuttle Challenger; and a strong aftershock to the deadly 5.9 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake. The threat of falling studio lights forced Shocknek to take cover under his set's desk for several seconds as he continued reporting about ground- and studio movement. After helming the consistently top-rated KNBC program for 15 years, Shocknek moved to KCBS-TV and began anchoring the morning editions of CBS 2 News in 2001. There, L.A. Confidential magazine named him one of L.A.'s top three anchors. He anchored live the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center, and subsequently reported live on the War in Iraq, Michael Jackson's funeral, presidential inaugurations; plus Southern California's seasonal wildfires and frequent high-speed freeway chases. In November 2013, Shocknek and his popular morning coanchor Suzie Suh moved to prime-time spots on Los Angeles CBS TV-owned station KCAL-TV, anchoring #1-rated newscasts, KCAL 9 News at 8 pm and 10 pm. In a move that surprised viewers, he retired from newscasting in late 2014. Shocknek's final newscast —including a 10-minute career retrospective and farewell video featuring L.A. newsmakers and Hollywood celebrities— aired September 26, 2014. Various local governments and agencies, including the City and County of Los Angeles, as well as the State of California, have honored him for his work. Shocknek on production location Shocknek has continued his presence in front of the camera, portraying newscasters and various authority figures in more than 100 major Hollywood film & TV productions and independent films. He has worked directors Steven Spielberg, Adam McKay in Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Barry Levinson, and Justin Lin, among others. On television, Shocknek has marked more than a dozen appearances as newsman "Guy Ross" in the crime procedural drama NCIS and its spin-off series, NCIS: Los Angeles. He also has held recurring roles in Criminal Minds, and the Amazon series, Bosch. Shocknek's voice is almost as well known as his image; he began writing and delivering the 60-second daily radio commentary Just A Minute with Kent Shocknek on CBS all-news radio station KNX-1070 AM in Los Angeles, in 2003. Later, he launched Premiere Magazine Live!, a weekly national radio show about movies, in approximately 50 markets countrywide, with his wife Karen, using the on-air surname Walters, working as co-host. Filmography Film Title Year Role Notes The SubContractors 2024 James Feature film, also co-producer Lilly 2024 Man at grocery store Raveland 2023 Jacobed's father Very Close Friends 2021 Man Short film, also co-producer The Chosen One? 2021 Solemn Leader Mona Lisa and the Blood Moon 2021 TV New Anchor Cannes Film Festival official entry Take Me to Tarzana 2021 Himself 4 film festival official entry Lucy in the Sky 2019 Himself Also known as Pale Blue Dot Speeeed Dating 2018 Man No. 4 Short film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 2016 Himself The Vatican Tapes 2015 TV Interviewer Uncredited Nightcrawler 2014 Himself The Six O'Clock 2014 Man Short film Jobs 2013 1980 Newscaster The Amazing Spider-Man 2012 TV Newscaster Uncredited Ultraman Saga 2012 Capt. Hibiki Voice Brake 2012 News Anchor Jack Stern Fast Five 2011 News Anchor The Chosen One 2010 Newscaster The Company Men 2010 Rittenour Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy 2010 Battlenizer Voice Imagine That 2009 Financial Reporter Eagle Eye 2008 Newscaster Winged Creatures 2008 Hospital Reporter Originally titled Fragments, released on DVD as Winged Creatures Superhero Movie 2008 News Anchor Parasomnia 2008 Himself Disturbia 2007 News Anchor Primeval 2007 Newscaster xXx: State of the Union 2005 Newscaster Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie 2004 Network Reporter Direct-to-video First Daughter 2004 Contentious Reporter Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy 2004 Network Reporter The Terminal 2004 Newscaster #1 Uncredited Envy 2004 Newscaster A View to a Kill 1985 Fisherman Uncredited Television Title Role Notes Bosch: Legacy L.A. Newscaster 3 episodes IMDb TV/Amazon NCIS Guy Ross/Male Reporter 11 episodes Bull Interviewer, badgering reporter Season 4 ep17: "The Invisible Woman," and Season 6 episode 16: "The Diana Affair" Sherman's Showcase Kent Shocknek IFC/Hulu Shrill Local newscaster Hulu SpongeBob DocuPants Host Nickelodeon: 8 episodes Secrets of Sulphur Springs News Anchor Feifer Worldwide Entertainment Bosch Himself/Newscaster/News Anchor 10 episodes Tommy News Anchor Season 1: episodes 7, 10 Manhunt: Dangerous Games Anchor No. 1 The title of the second Manhunt: Unabomber Season 2 episodes 1,2,5 Manifest News Anchor Season 2 episode 5: "Coordinated Flight" Liberty Falls Pierce Brennan TV movie The Righteous Gemstones Announcer HBO Documentary Now! TV Reporter Season 3 episodes 1 and 2: "Batsh*t Valley, Parts 1 & 2" Madam Secretary News Anchor #1/News Anchor/Anchor 5 episodes Supergirl Newscaster Season 1 episode 12: "Bizarro" Brooklyn Nine-Nine Slade Austin Season 4 episode 3: "Coral Palms Pt. 3" NCIS: Los Angeles News Reporter/Reporter/News Anchor 6 episodes Intelligence Reporter/Newscaster 4 episodes Legends CBN Reporter Season 1 episode 8: "Iconoclast" Under the Dome Newscaster Season 1 episode 1: "Pilot" Criminal Minds News Reporter/News Anchor Kent/Reporter John Jenkins 3 episodes The Mentalist Newscaster Season 4 episode 15: "War of the Roses" CSI: NY Reporter Season 6 episode 12: "Criminal Justice" True Jackson, VP Himself Season 1 episode 17: "Max Mannequin" and season 2 episode 13: "True Royal" Medium Newscaster Season 6 episode 10: "You Give Me Fever" FlashForward Hansen/Medical Correspondent 4 episodes Washington Field David Sumner TV movie Meteor WNN Overnight Anchor/Anchorman Episodes: #1.1 and #1.2 The Sarah Silverman Program TV Reporter/Anchor Season 2 episode 10: "Patriot Tact" and Season 2 episode 16: "Vow Wow" The Unit TV Newscaster Season 4 episode 1: "Into Hell: Part One" Dirty Sexy Money Channel 10 Reporter Season 2 episode 12: ""The Family Lawyer" Grave Misconduct TV Reporter TV movie ER News Reporter Season 14 episode 17: "Under Pressure" Monk TV Reporter Season 6 episode 12: "Mr. Monk Goes to the Bank" Shark Newscaster/TV Reporter/Reporter 3 episodes Commander in Chief News Anchor Ben/News Anchor Season 1 episode 11: "No Nukes Is Good Nukes" and Season 1 episode 16: The Elephant in the Room The West Wing Anchorman Season 6 episode 20: "In God We Trust" Blossom Himself Season 4 episode 14: "Big Doings: Part 2" Awards 8 regional Emmy Awards (individual and group) 2 L.A. Press Club Awards Golden Mic. Award (Best Daytime Newscast) Wm. Randolph Hearst Award (investigative reporting) Education B.A., University of Southern California, magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa References ^ a b c d e f "Kent Shocknek". KCBS/KCAL Los Angeles. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. ^ Kent Shocknek at IMDb ^ a b Kent Shocknek's Web Site: http://kentshocknek.com ^ Braxton, Greg (February 9, 2001). "News Shift Results in Shake-Up at KNBC". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 10, 2023. ^ Kent Shocknek video bio. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via YouTube. ^ Earthquake captured on LIVE TV – TV Anchor freaks out!. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via YouTube. ^ Kent Shocknek video bio. Retrieved July 11, 2019 – via YouTube. ^ "Longtime Anchor Kent Shocknek Signs Off From Local News". KCAL/KCBS. September 26, 2014. ^ Morrison, Patt (September 30, 2014). "No more Mr. News Guy – L.A. anchor Kent Shocknek signs off". Los Angeles Times. External links Kent Shocknek at IMDb CBSLA.com website Shocknek bio Kent Shocknek website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
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Because of the length of his journalism career, duration of his broadcasts, and breaking news events, by the time of his departure from news, he is credited with having logged more hours as an anchor than anyone else in Los Angeles.[1] The city has designated two separate days \"Kent Shocknek Day\" in his honor. Before anchoring prime-time newscasts on CBS-TV owned stations, Shocknek was Southern California's first and longest-running television news morning news anchor.[1] Because of his recognizability, he has been sought out to appear in more than 100 feature films and television dramas –often as a newscaster or commentator –giving rise to a popular second career that continues currently.[2] On radio, Shocknek has narrated daily commentaries in L.A., and has hosted a nationally syndicated entertainment program. Viewers and magazine readers also recognize him as an authority on automotive issues.[1]","title":"Kent Shocknek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCAU-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCAU-TV"},{"link_name":"WFTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTV"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_Web_Site-3"},{"link_name":"KNBC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNBC-TV"},{"link_name":"Today in LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_in_LA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"O.J. 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After working at the Long Beach Press Telegram while attending the University of Southern California, Shocknek's first TV reporting job was in Sioux City, Iowa (KCAU-TV), followed by a three-year stint as anchor and Space Shuttle reporter in Orlando, Florida (WFTV).[3]In 1983, Shocknek joined KNBC-TV as a reporter and fill-in anchor for what was then known as News4LA. Three years later, he anchored the start-up of L.A.'s first TV morning news program, Today in LA on KNBC-TV.[4] Over the years, he broadcast —frequently single-handedly— such marathon events as the Los Angeles riots, O.J. Simpson murder trial, and numerous natural disasters.Shocknek first made national news headlines anchoring the 1986 launch and explosion of Space Shuttle Challenger; and a strong aftershock to the deadly 5.9 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake. The threat of falling studio lights forced Shocknek to take cover under his set's desk for several seconds as he continued reporting about ground- and studio movement.[5][6]After helming the consistently top-rated KNBC program for 15 years, Shocknek moved to KCBS-TV and began anchoring the morning editions of CBS 2 News in 2001. There, L.A. Confidential magazine named him one of L.A.'s top three anchors. He anchored live the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center, and subsequently reported live on the War in Iraq, Michael Jackson's funeral, presidential inaugurations; plus Southern California's seasonal wildfires and frequent high-speed freeway chases.[1] In November 2013, Shocknek and his popular morning coanchor Suzie Suh moved to prime-time spots on Los Angeles CBS TV-owned station KCAL-TV, anchoring #1-rated newscasts, KCAL 9 News at 8 pm and 10 pm. In a move that surprised viewers, he retired from newscasting in late 2014. Shocknek's final newscast —including a 10-minute career retrospective and farewell video featuring L.A. newsmakers and Hollywood celebrities— aired September 26, 2014.[7][8][9] Various local governments and agencies, including the City and County of Los Angeles, as well as the State of California, have honored him for his work.Shocknek on production locationShocknek has continued his presence in front of the camera, portraying newscasters and various authority figures in more than 100 major Hollywood film & TV productions and independent films. He has worked directors Steven Spielberg, Adam McKay in Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Barry Levinson, and Justin Lin, among others. On television, Shocknek has marked more than a dozen appearances as newsman \"Guy Ross\" in the crime procedural drama NCIS and its spin-off series, NCIS: Los Angeles. He also has held recurring roles in Criminal Minds, and the Amazon series, Bosch.Shocknek's voice is almost as well known as his image; he began writing and delivering the 60-second daily radio commentary Just A Minute with Kent Shocknek on CBS all-news radio station KNX-1070 AM in Los Angeles, in 2003.[1] Later, he launched Premiere Magazine Live!, a weekly national radio show about movies, in approximately 50 markets countrywide,[1] with his wife Karen, using the on-air surname Walters, working as co-host.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"8 regional Emmy Awards (individual and group)\n2 L.A. Press Club Awards\nGolden Mic. Award (Best Daytime Newscast)\nWm. Randolph Hearst Award (investigative reporting)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"}],"text":"B.A., University of Southern California, magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa","title":"Education"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District
List of places of worship in Tandridge District
["1 Overview of the district","2 Religious affiliation","3 Administration","3.1 Anglican churches","3.2 Roman Catholic churches","3.3 Other denominations","4 Current places of worship","5 Former places of worship","6 Former places of worship demolished since 2000","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography"]
St John the Baptist's Church at Outwood (1869, by William Burges) is one of many rural parish churches in the district. Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Places of worship in Tandridge District. The district of Tandridge, the easternmost of 11 local government districts in the English county of Surrey, has more than 70 current and former places of worship. Religious buildings dating from every age between the Norman era and the present are found across the area, which is characterised by small towns and ancient hamlets. A range of architectural styles and materials are represented: from "Surrey's only Perpendicular Gothic church of any size or pretension" (at Lingfield) to small weatherboarded buildings, tin tabernacles and modern brick chapels. As of 2022, 61 places of worship are in use in the district and a further 13 former churches and chapels no longer hold religious services but survive in alternative uses. Christianity is the majority religion in Tandridge, and the Church of England — the country's Established Church — is represented by the largest number of churches. Several congregations of Roman Catholics, Methodists, Baptists and the United Reformed Church also meet at their own buildings in the main towns and elsewhere; and various other Protestant Nonconformist denominations are accommodated in chapels and meeting rooms of different styles and ages. Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints both have large places of worship of regional importance in the district. English Heritage has awarded listed status to 28 places of worship in the district of Tandridge. A building is defined as "listed" when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of "special architectural or historic interest" in accordance with the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport, a Government department, is responsible for this; English Heritage, a non-departmental public body, acts as an agency of the department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues. There are three grades of listing status: Grade I, the highest, is defined as being of "exceptional interest"; Grade II* is used for "particularly important buildings of more than special interest"; and Grade II, the lowest, is used for buildings of "special interest". As of February 2001, there were 20 buildings with Grade I status, 52 with Grade II* status and 519 with Grade II status in the district. Overview of the district Tandridge is in the east of Surrey. Tandridge is the easternmost of the 11 districts in Surrey, an inland county in southeast England immediately south of London. It covers 50,440 acres (20,410 ha) and had a population of 82,998 at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011. Clockwise from the north, it shares borders with the London boroughs of Croydon and Bromley, the district of Sevenoaks in Kent, the Wealden district in East Sussex, the Mid Sussex district and the borough of Crawley of West Sussex, and the Surrey district of Reigate and Banstead. The district is largely rural. Caterham is the largest town with 31,000 people, Oxted (which is part of a larger urban area with neighbouring Hurst Green and Limpsfield) has 11,000, and more than half the population lives in the suburbanised northern part of the district which includes these towns and nearby Warlingham, Whyteleafe and Woldingham. This area is adjacent to the London Borough of Croydon and is part of the Greater London Urban Area. Elsewhere, there are many small villages with ancient origins—many have their own parish church, sometimes supplemented with other places of worship. Pains Hill Chapel has served a wide rural area since the early 19th century. Anglican churches with 12th-century or older origins include those at Bletchingley, Burstow, Chelsham, Horne and Nutfield; many have been rebuilt and restored to some extent, but the survival of ancient fabric is common. Caterham's church of St Lawrence, dating from about 1100 and featuring a "truly remarkable" original window, has been supplemented by two 19th-century churches but remains open for services. Other Anglican churches were built in the Victorian era and the 20th century as villages and suburbs expanded: examples include St Luke's at Whyteleafe, the second church (St Christopher's) at Warlingham, and the centrally located and much larger St Paul's at Woldingham (1933)—superseding the isolated single-room St Agatha's Church, called "Surrey's meanest chapel" by Pevsner. Elsewhere, a former school was converted into a church in South Godstone, and at Smallfield a church hall doubles as an Anglican chapel of ease. Protestant Nonconformity has a long history in the district. Baptist worship has taken place at Dormansland since 1792, and the church (which occupies a building dating from 1817) helped to found several others in the area—such as those at Lingfield and Smallfield (both now closed). The isolated Pains Hill Chapel near Limpsfield has existed since 1823, and since World War II Evangelical congregations have developed in Hurst Green and Smallfield. Meanwhile, the village of Newchapel was chosen as the site of England's first Latter-day Saints' Temple, named the London England Temple. The main towns have places of worship serving a wider variety of denominations: the Congregational Federation can be found in Caterham, Oxted has an Open Brethren Gospel Hall, and a Christian Science church, and both places support Roman Catholic and United Reformed congregations. Oxted's Catholic and United Reformed churches are both Grade II-listed: the former, a "quite exceptional building" of the early 20th century, combines the Perpendicular Gothic Revival and Arts and Crafts styles, while the Church of the Peace of God (the United Reformed church) is a 1930s interpretation of the Byzantine style. The Methodist Statistical Returns published in 1947 recorded chapels of Wesleyan Methodist origin in Bletchingley, Caterham (the "Guards' Church", used by the public and by soldiers at the nearby barracks), Caterham Valley, Lingfield and Warlingham. Caterham's chapel, registered in 1904, is still in use; Warlingham's was replaced by a new building on the same site in 1961; Lingfield's is now in secular use; and the other two do not survive. A new Methodist church building was also registered in 1961 in Hurst Green. Elsewhere, the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church have a meeting room in the former goods yard next to Upper Warlingham railway station in Whyteleafe and another on the borders of Whyteleafe and Caterham. Religious affiliation According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, 82,998 people lived in the district of Tandridge. Of these, 64.87% identified themselves as Christian, 0.74% were Hindu, 0.72% were Muslim, 0.36% were Buddhist, 0.16% were Jewish, 0.07% were Sikh, 0.32% followed another religion, 25.27% claimed no religious affiliation and 7.5% did not state their religion. The proportion of Christians was much higher than the 59.38% in England as a whole. Adherents of Islam, Hinduism, Judaism and Sikhism and Buddhism were much less prevalent in the district than in England overall: in 2011, 5.02% of people in England were Muslim, 1.52% were Hindu, 0.79% were Sikh, 0.49% were Jewish and 0.45% were Buddhist. The proportion of people who followed religions not mentioned in the Census was also lower than the national figure of 0.43%. The proportion of people with no religious affiliation was slightly higher than the 24.74% recorded at a national level. Administration Anglican churches All of Tandridge district's Anglican churches are administered by the Anglican Diocese of Southwark, the seat of which is Southwark Cathedral in London. There are three episcopal areas within the diocese, each of which has two archdeaconries; in turn these each cover a number of deaneries. Caterham Deanery and Godstone Deanery, both of which are in the Reigate Archdeaconry and the Croydon Episcopal Area, cover all the district's churches. The three churches at Caterham, two each at Warlingham and Woldingham, and those at Chaldon, Chelsham, Farleigh and Whyteleafe, are administered by Caterham Deanery. Godstone Deanery includes the churches at Bletchingley, Blindley Heath, Burstow, Crowhurst, Dormansland, Felbridge, Godstone, Horne, Hurst Green, Limpsfield, Limpsfield Chart, Lingfield, Nutfield, Outwood, Oxted, South Godstone, South Nutfield, Tandridge and Tatsfield. The church hall at Smallfield in the parish of Burstow is also used for services and is accordingly part of the Deanery. Roman Catholic churches There are Roman Catholic churches at Caterham, Lingfield, Oxted and Warlingham. They are administered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton, whose cathedral is at Arundel in West Sussex. Caterham, Oxted and Warlingham are part of the Redhill Deanery, one of 13 deaneries in the diocese, while Lingfield is in Crawley Deanery as it is part of a joint parish with East Grinstead in West Sussex. The former church at Whyteleafe was also part of Redhill Deanery. Occasional Catholic Masses were held for many years at the Anglican church in Tatsfield, which was covered by the parish of Oxted and Warlingham, but these had ceased by 2019. Other denominations Dormansland Baptist Church is within the Tonbridge Network of the South Eastern Baptist Association, and Godstone Baptist Church is part of that organisation's Gatwick Network. The three Methodist churches in the district—at Caterham, Hurst Green and Warlingham—are part of the seven-church Purley Methodist Circuit. The Southern Synod, one of 13 synods of the United Reformed Church in the United Kingdom, administers the United Reformed churches at Caterham and Oxted. Smallfield Evangelical Church is a member of the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches (FIEC), a pastoral and administrative network of about 500 churches with an evangelical outlook, and of Affinity (formerly the British Evangelical Council), a network of conservative Evangelical congregations throughout Great Britain. Caterham Community Church, Dormansland Baptist Church, Godstone Baptist Church, King's Church at Oxted, Oakhall Church and Whyteleafe United Free Church maintain links with the Evangelical Alliance. Caterham Community Church is also part of the Congregational Federation, an association of independent Congregational churches in Great Britain. The federation came into existence in 1972 when the Congregational Church in England and Wales merged with several other denominations to form the United Reformed Church. Certain congregations wanted to remain independent of this, and instead joined the Congregational Federation. As of January 2021 there were 235 churches in the Federation. Oakhall Church, also in Caterham, is one of 11 churches in the South East region of Partnership UK, a charitable incorporated organisation which acts as a support network for independent and self-governing churches. Current places of worship Current places of worship Name Image Location Denomination/Affiliation Grade Notes Refs St Mary the Virgin's Church(More images) Bletchingley51°14′29″N 0°05′58″W / 51.2414°N 0.0995°W / 51.2414; -0.0995 (St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bletchingley) Anglican I This church is set back from the village street in a large churchyard. Its Norman tower was added to in the 17th century and 1910. The nave is c. 1180 and much 13th-century and older work remains in the chancel, but an aisle was added in 1856 and J.L. Pearson undertook restoration in 1870. St Mark's Chapel Bletchingley51°13′23″N 0°04′48″W / 51.2231°N 0.0799°W / 51.2231; -0.0799 (St Mark's Chapel, South Park, Bletchingley) Anglican II Situated on the South Park estate and originally a 17th-century barn, this private chapel is sometimes used for public services. It was converted in 1909 but was burnt down and rebuilt three years later. Red and brown brick and tiles are the main materials, and the side walls are buttressed. A decorative cupola with a clockface, a dome and a weathervane sits on the gable end. St John the Evangelist's Church(More images) Blindley Heath51°11′46″N 0°03′13″W / 51.1962°N 0.0536°W / 51.1962; -0.0536 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Blindley Heath) Anglican II The Early English Gothic Revival church is mostly the work of the Whichcord & Walker firm; their 1842 design was added to in 1886 by Gordon Macdonald Hills, who built the apse and an additional aisle. There is stained glass by Morris & Co. Rubble and ashlar walls with diagonal buttresses lead to a west tower with a thin spire. St Bartholomew's Church(More images) Burstow51°09′21″N 0°07′29″W / 51.1559°N 0.1248°W / 51.1559; -0.1248 (St Bartholomew's Church, Burstow) Anglican I The Archbishop of Canterbury owned land in the parish and may have built the first church. There are 12th-century windows and some other Norman features, but 15th-century Perpendicular Gothic work is more prevalent—and the "subtle and deft" 16th-century tower, entirely weatherboarded and with a shingled spire, is the dominant feature of the west end. Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed was rector here, and the east window is a memorial to him. St Lawrence's Church(More images) Caterham51°16′56″N 0°05′10″W / 51.2821°N 0.0860°W / 51.2821; -0.0860 (St Lawrence's Church, Caterham) Anglican I The ancient village church fell out of use in 1866 when St Mary's was built opposite, but reopened in 1927 and is back in regular use. The Norman-era apse has gone, but much 12th- and 13th-century work remains and the walls retain their original rubble and clunch. Some windows have their original y-tracery. St John the Evangelist's Church(More images) Caterham51°16′56″N 0°05′07″W / 51.2821°N 0.0853°W / 51.2821; -0.0853 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Caterham) Anglican II A church was provided for the rapidly growing Caterham Valley area around the railway station in 1881–82. William Bassett Smith's large church was later extended on the north side by Thomas Graham Jackson. The east window, by an unknown designer, has Art Nouveau influences. Bargate stone is the main material, and the style is Decorated Gothic Revival. St Mary the Virgin's Church(More images) Caterham51°16′52″N 0°04′35″W / 51.2811°N 0.0763°W / 51.2811; -0.0763 (St Mary the Virgin's Church, Caterham) Anglican II William and C.A. Bassett Smith's new parish church for Caterham, built in 1866–68 of flint and stone in the Early English Gothic Revival style, was criticised as "routine Middle-Pointed at its worst" by Nikolaus Pevsner. The three-stage tower, with a tall broach spire, stands closest to the road; behind this is a twin-aisled nave and a chancel with two side chapels. The internal fittings are mostly 20th-century. Caterham Baptist Chapel(More images) Caterham51°17′16″N 0°04′37″W / 51.2879°N 0.0769°W / 51.2879; -0.0769 (Caterham Baptist Chapel, Caterham) Baptist – Ebenezer Chapel opened on 9 September 1895, although Strict Baptist meetings in Caterham Valley started 18 months earlier. Pastors from the church in Croydon gave much assistance in the early 20th century. The old building, which cost £236 at the time, was deregistered in March 1978 and replaced by the present chapel. This was registered under its present name in May 1978. In the postwar period the church moved towards the theology of General Baptists, having previously identified as a Strict and Particular Baptist congregation aligned to the Gospel Standard movement. Caterham Community Church(More images) Caterham51°17′16″N 0°05′53″W / 51.2878°N 0.0981°W / 51.2878; -0.0981 (Caterham Community Church, Caterham) Congregational Federation – Linked to the main Congregational (now United Reformed) church in Caterham Valley, this was founded in 1876 as Caterham Hill Congregational Church and rebuilt in 1892. It still retained this name when registered for worship in August 1942 and for marriages two months later, but has since adopted a new name. There are weekly services. The building is in the Caterham on the Hill area of the town. Caterham Christian Centre(More images) Caterham51°17′06″N 0°04′44″W / 51.2850°N 0.0788°W / 51.2850; -0.0788 (Caterham Christian Centre, Caterham) Evangelical – The present Evangelical fellowship was founded in the 1990s, but an Open Brethren place of worship existed on the site in Croydon Road from 1888. It was registered with the name Bethany Hall in June 1897. A timber and iron structure served the congregation until the effects of time, weathering and bomb damage made it unusable by the 1960s. The church was rebuilt in brick, and more work took place in the 1970s and 1980s. Caterham Methodist Church(More images) Caterham51°17′20″N 0°05′56″W / 51.2890°N 0.0989°W / 51.2890; -0.0989 (Caterham Methodist Church, Caterham) Methodist – The chapel was originally provided for Nonconformist soldiers at the neighbouring barracks (and was registered in July 1904 as Caterham School Chapel and Soldiers' Rooms), but it later opened for public Methodist worship. The interior was refitted in the 1990s, and the building is now used for social and community events and a Sunday school as well as for worship. Oakhall Church Caterham51°17′00″N 0°05′54″W / 51.2834°N 0.0982°W / 51.2834; -0.0982 (Oakhall Church, Caterham) Non-denominational – The original Oakhall Church was established in Upper Caterham in 1894. A small building on Francis Road was used until 2019, when the congregation moved to a much larger building in another part of Caterham. The opening services and an initial dedication ceremony took place in early February 2019, the church was formally registered the following month, and a further dedication ceremony was held in June. Church of the Sacred Heart(More images) Caterham51°17′15″N 0°05′11″W / 51.2874°N 0.0864°W / 51.2874; -0.0864 (Church of the Sacred Heart, Caterham) Roman Catholic II This church and an associated school both opened in 1881. Edward Ingress Bell adopted a cruciform layout for the Bargate stone-built Early English Gothic Revival church, but his intended corner tower and spire were never built. The nave was lengthened in 1930, forming a porch which was extended again in around 2000. The "impressive" interior was designed as a unified composition and included much Hardman & Co. stained glass. Caterham United Reformed Church(More images) Caterham51°16′49″N 0°04′47″W / 51.2803°N 0.0798°W / 51.2803; -0.0798 (Caterham United Reformed Church, Caterham) United Reformed Church – There was no Nonconformist church in the Caterham area until the Soper family founded one in 1863. Temporary premises were replaced by a chapel from 1865, and the present large building (with a prominent clock tower) was built for £6,000 to the design of John Sulman and opened on 6 April 1875. Lecture rooms and a school were subsequently built as well. St Peter and St Paul's Church(More images) Chaldon51°17′07″N 0°07′29″W / 51.2854°N 0.1247°W / 51.2854; -0.1247 (St Peter and St Paul's Church, Chaldon) Anglican I One window survives from the 11th century, but the present appearance of this small church is largely late-12th-century. Flint, chalk and local firestone are the main materials in the short, wide and tall building. The Decorated Gothic east window has stained glass of 1869 by James Powell and Sons. A c. 1200 mural representing the Purgatorial Ladder has been called "the most interesting ancient wall-painting in England". St Leonard's Church(More images) Chelsham51°18′51″N 0°00′32″W / 51.3142°N 0.0089°W / 51.3142; -0.0089 (St Leonard's Church, Chelsham) Anglican II Victorian restoration (by an architect called Spencer in 1870–71) made the 13th-century exterior "almost unrecognisable", but some even older work survives—such as some herringbone brickwork and a 12th-century shaft and capital inside, possibly from a now vanished arcade (the church has no aisles). The tower is 15th-century. St George's Church(More images) Crowhurst51°12′34″N 0°00′38″W / 51.2094°N 0.0106°W / 51.2094; -0.0106 (St George's Church, Crowhurst) Anglican II The walls of this mostly 12th-century church are of local stone with some brickwork, and a tall broach spire rises from a weatherboarded turret at one end of the nave. The windows are various Early English and Decorated Gothic, some incorporating older material. Minimal restoration work has been undertaken (although some was needed after a fire in 1947), and the Victoria County History of Surrey calls it "one of the most interesting churches in the district". St John the Evangelist's Church(More images) Dormansland51°09′35″N 0°00′19″E / 51.1597°N 0.0053°E / 51.1597; 0.0053 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Dormansland) Anglican – Condemned as "bad" by Nikolaus Pevsner, this Decorated Gothic Revival-style church was designed in 1883 by Arthur Blomfield and became parished two years later. Previously it was in the parish of Lingfield. The stone building has a bellcote at one end. Dormansland Baptist Church(More images) Dormansland51°09′48″N 0°00′27″E / 51.1634°N 0.0075°E / 51.1634; 0.0075 (Dormansland Baptist Church, Dormansland) Baptist – A chapel of 1786 was replaced in 1817 by the present two-storey building, a "completely plain ... brick box" with gable ends and a string-course dividing the two floors—a characteristic feature of 17th-century Nonconformist architecture. There are three segmental-arched windows on the symmetrical façade and a datestone in the gable. The interior is galleried on three sides. Claridge House(More images) Dormansland51°10′01″N 0°00′20″E / 51.1669°N 0.0055°E / 51.1669; 0.0055 (Claridge House, Dormansland) Quaker – Although Claridge House is primarily a Quaker healing centre and spiritual retreat, public meetings for worship take place every Sunday as part of the West Weald Area Meeting, a group of eight Friends Meeting Houses in the Surrey and West Sussex area. St Mary's Church(More images) Farleigh51°19′24″N 0°01′54″W / 51.3233°N 0.0318°W / 51.3233; -0.0318 (St Mary's Church, Farleigh) Anglican I This tiny building, a "surprising survival" in a remote village just outside the urban sprawl of the London Borough of Croydon (and briefly included within it in the 1960s until residents demanded to be moved back into Surrey), dates solely from two periods: c. 1100 and c. 1250. Of the earlier date are the nave and the original section of the chancel; in the mid-13th century 10 feet (3.0 m) was added to the chancel and new windows were inserted. The walls are of flint, long since plastered over and painted, and with some Caen stonework. A church probably existed on the site from the start of the 11th century St John the Divine's Church(More images) Felbridge51°08′29″N 0°02′21″W / 51.1415°N 0.0393°W / 51.1415; -0.0393 (St John the Divine's Church, Felbridge) Anglican – Felbridge was originally in the parish of Godstone, although it is 8 miles (13 km) south of there on the Sussex border. A chapel existed in the medieval period, but the present local stone building by William White dates from 1865. A parish was created from territory in Godstone, Tandridge and East Grinstead parishes. The Decorated Gothic Revival exterior gives way to a "well proportioned well detailed" interior. St Nicholas' Church(More images) Godstone51°14′47″N 0°03′26″W / 51.2464°N 0.0573°W / 51.2464; -0.0573 (St Nicholas' Church, Godstone) Anglican I Greatly extended in 1845 and 1872 with the addition of north and south aisles respectively, the church has 12th-century origins (visible in fragmentary form in the nave) but dates mostly from the 13th and 14th centuries. George Gilbert Scott lived in the parish and carried out the "great and fanciful" works of 1872, which included extending the spire among other things. Ward and Hughes designed the stained glass in the east window in 1865. St Mary's Chapel(More images) Godstone51°14′48″N 0°03′24″W / 51.2466°N 0.0568°W / 51.2466; -0.0568 (St Mary's Chapel, Godstone) Anglican II* George Gilbert Scott also worked on the "very picturesque" group of almshouses next to the church: they date from 1872. The composition includes a chapel which although nominally private, is also open to the public for Anglican services monthly on a Wednesday. The chapel is topped with a flèche and has a "domestic-style" interior with timber framing and details not normally associated with Scott's work. Godstone Baptist Church(More images) Godstone51°15′14″N 0°04′02″W / 51.2538°N 0.0671°W / 51.2538; -0.0671 (Godstone Baptist Church, Godstone) Baptist – A Baptist chapel has existed in Godstone since 1882, but the present building (in the Tyler's Green area of the village) was registered for marriages in July 1940. The original building was a 250-capacity tin tabernacle with an attached schoolroom. The first service was held on 15 February 1882. St Mary the Virgin's Church(More images) Horne51°10′58″N 0°05′19″W / 51.1827°N 0.0887°W / 51.1827; -0.0887 (St Mary the Virgin's Church, Horne) Anglican II* Horne's 14th-century church has only had its own parish since 1705; previously it was administered from Bletchingley. Nothing of how the church looked in that era remains, because Gordon Macdonald Hills undertook a restoration in 1880 variously described as "drastic" and "pitiful", in which he "shuffled the fragments like a pack of cards". Such features include some 14th- and 15th-century windows and the entrance on the south side, all reset from other parts of the church. There is a timber bellcot topped with a small spire. St John the Evangelist's Church(More images) Hurst Green51°14′44″N 0°00′00″W / 51.2456°N 0.0001°W / 51.2456; -0.0001 (St John the Evangelist's Church, Hurst Green) Anglican – In 1912 it was recorded that "a site has been given and money is being collected" for a bigger church to replace St Agatha's Mission Hall, which previously served the village. The new church was completed that year to the design of John Oldrid Scott; it was condemned by Nikolaus Pevsner as "an inept bit of flint Decorated ". H.G. Nisbet extended it in 1962, and a fire caused severe damage in 1988. Hurst Green Evangelical Free Church(More images) Hurst Green51°14′41″N 0°00′18″E / 51.2446°N 0.0051°E / 51.2446; 0.0051 (Hurst Green Evangelical Free Church, Hurst Green) Evangelical – This church replaced an earlier mission hall on the same site when it was registered for worship and for marriages in May 1955. Hurst Green Methodist Church(More images) Hurst Green51°14′32″N 0°00′17″E / 51.2422°N 0.0046°E / 51.2422; 0.0046 (Hurst Green Methodist Church, Hurst Green) Methodist – The congregation meets in a modern building near Hurst Green railway station which was registered for worship and for marriages in October 1961. Various worship and social activities take place regularly. St Peter's Church(More images) Limpsfield51°15′40″N 0°00′44″E / 51.2610°N 0.0123°E / 51.2610; 0.0123 (St Peter's Church, Limpsfield) Anglican I The plain, substantial tower dates from the 1180s, and some herringbone brickwork in the west wall is contemporary. The rest of the "good, dour Wealden building" is 13th-century, although parts were added and rearranged in the Victorian era and the entrance porch is 16th-century. Clayton and Bell provided stained glass in 1871. The church sits high above the road in a large churchyard. St Andrew's Church(More images) Limpsfield Chart51°14′51″N 0°02′34″E / 51.2476°N 0.0429°E / 51.2476; 0.0429 (St Andrew's Church, Limpsfield Chart) Anglican – Also known as St Andrew's-on-the-Chart, this rubble-walled church was founded in 1895 and completed in 1902 with the addition of a spire-topped tower. Reginald Blomfield was the designer; he adopted a loosely Gothic Revival style. Inside, the reredos has Arts and Crafts overtones. A church hall was built alongside in 1959. Pains Hill Chapel(More images) Limpsfield Chart51°15′00″N 0°01′25″E / 51.2499°N 0.0237°E / 51.2499; 0.0237 (Pains Hill Chapel, Limpsfield Chart) Evangelical – With help from the Surrey Congregational Mission and a church at Oxted, a congregation was formed in this isolated hamlet and a chapel was built for £5 in 1823. The first service in the 150-capacity building was on 6 August of that year. By 1860 the church adopted a Baptist character, and in 1966 it became an independent Evangelical church whose trusteeship was vested in the FIEC. It was registered for marriages in August 1926. St Peter and St Paul's Church(More images) Lingfield51°10′35″N 0°00′52″W / 51.1764°N 0.0145°W / 51.1764; -0.0145 (St Peter and St Paul's Church, Lingfield) Anglican I This became a collegiate church when Reginald de Cobham, 2nd Baron Cobham founded St Peter's College (now vanished) here in 1431 and endowed the church accordingly. Only the 14th-century tower, a "peculiar structure" which is disproportionately tall, remains from before his Perpendicular Gothic-style rebuilding, which gave the church a "double nave" effect. The church is built of sandstone throughout, and the roof is tiled with Horsham Stone. St Bernard's Church(More images) Lingfield51°10′32″N 0°01′06″W / 51.1755°N 0.0183°W / 51.1755; -0.0183 (St Bernard's Church, Lingfield) Roman Catholic – Mass is held every Sunday morning at this church, which is part of the parish of East Grinstead with Lingfield. It was registered for worship in March 1945 and for marriages the following April. London England Temple(More images) Newchapel51°09′45″N 0°03′08″W / 51.1626°N 0.0522°W / 51.1626; -0.0522 (London England Temple, Newchapel) Latter-day Saint – Before the temple was built, some rooms at the nearby Newchapel House ("an elaborate fake half-timbered house" of 1908 designed by Charles Bowles) were registered for worship between February 1954 and February 1959. Next to this house, the Latter-day Saints' first temple outside the United States was built in 1958. Edward O. Anderson of Salt Lake City was responsible for the design (an "odd stripped Classical" style, old-fashioned for the date), but T.P. Bennett and Son undertook the work. There is a large multi-floored hall with a tall spire-topped tower at one end. St Peter and St Paul's Church(More images) Nutfield51°14′31″N 0°07′33″W / 51.2420°N 0.1258°W / 51.2420; -0.1258 (St Peter and St Paul's Church, Nutfield) Anglican II* The church is in a large churchyard north of and below the village, and retains some 13th-century features-for example the arcade to the north aisle, the chancel arch and some of the windows. Otherwise the present appearance derives from W.O. Milne's restoration and extension of 1882 (he added an aisle on the south side). The stained glass in the east window, with "deep sultry blues", is by Edward Burne-Jones (1890), and he designed another window in the south aisle. St John the Baptist's Church(More images) Outwood51°11′54″N 0°06′46″W / 51.1982°N 0.1128°W / 51.1982; -0.1128 (St John the Baptist's Church, Outwood) Anglican II William Burges, who also designed the church at nearby Lowfield Heath, was responsible for this smaller and more modest chapel in 1869. It lacked a tower until 1876, when W.P. Manning added the "impressive ... big stuccoed saddleback" structure. St Mary's Church(More images) Oxted51°15′33″N 0°00′31″W / 51.2591°N 0.0087°W / 51.2591; -0.0087 (St Mary's Church, Oxted) Anglican I The church developed slowly between the 12th and 15th centuries: the Bargate stone tower is the oldest remaining structure, the chancel is 13th-century, next came the nave and aisles, and the porch was added in the 15th century. Extensive Victorian restoration gave the building its present appearance. There is some "richly coloured" stained glass by Edward Burne-Jones. First Church of Christ, Scientist, Oxted(More images) Oxted51°15′15″N 0°00′45″W / 51.2543°N 0.0124°W / 51.2543; -0.0124 (First Church of Christ, Scientist, Oxted) Christian Scientist – This branch of the Mother Church in Boston, Massachusetts serves Oxted and the surrounding area and was registered in November 1957. There is also a Christian Science Reading Room in the town. King's Church(More images) Oxted51°15′31″N 0°00′06″W / 51.2586°N 0.0017°W / 51.2586; -0.0017 (King's Church, Oxted) Evangelical – This Evangelical church has its church centre and administrative office at this town-centre location. Worship also takes place at a school. Beadles Lane Gospel Hall(More images) Oxted51°15′06″N 0°00′59″W / 51.2518°N 0.0165°W / 51.2518; -0.0165 (Beadles Lane Gospel Hall, Oxted) Open Brethren – A "neat little chapel" opened on 5 June 1811 in Oxted has been identified as being on Beadles Lane in the Old Oxted part of the town, although this may have been associated with the Surrey Congregational Mission. The present building on this lane is used by the Open Brethren. All Saints Church(More images) Oxted51°15′39″N 0°00′15″W / 51.2609°N 0.0043°W / 51.2609; -0.0043 (All Saints Church, Oxted) Roman Catholic II Architect James Leonard Williams was mainly a house designer who worked in the Arts and Crafts style; his only other church was at Sudbury, London. All Saints was started in 1914 but remained incomplete until 1928, and a major extension was built in 2001. The exterior features a "sensitive blend of brick, stone and flint", and the high-quality fittings include a replica of Fra Angelico's Coronation of the Virgin. The church was registered for marriages in January 1916. Church of the Peace of God(More images) Oxted51°15′36″N 0°00′12″W / 51.2601°N 0.0034°W / 51.2601; -0.0034 (Church of the Peace of God, Oxted) United Reformed Church II A "large Congregational chapel" of 1905 on Bluehouse Lane, which superseded one opened on 12 July 1900, was in turn replaced by the present building on the same site in 1934–35. Frederick Lawrence was the designer of the cruciform Byzantine Revival brick and tile building, which has an apsidal chancel and a small tower with a cross added in 1959. The new church was registered in October 1935. Smallfield Church Hall(More images) Smallfield51°10′18″N 0°06′58″W / 51.1716°N 0.1162°W / 51.1716; -0.1162 (Smallfield Church Hall, Smallfield) Anglican – This combined church hall and chapel of ease to St Bartholomew's Church at Burstow stands on Redehall Road in Smallfield village centre. Although the Incorporated Church Building Society approved a grant of money towards a "mission church" in the parish in 1911, it was not recorded in the Victoria County History of Surrey published that year, and the 1913 Ordnance Survey map shows only a plot of land marked out for it. Smallfield Evangelical Church(More images) Smallfield51°10′22″N 0°06′58″W / 51.1729°N 0.1160°W / 51.1729; -0.1160 (Smallfield Evangelical Church, Smallfield) Evangelical – In the centre of Smallfield village was a long-established mission hall; it existed on the 1896–97 Ordnance Survey map and was described by that name in 1912. It was reregistered as an Evangelical church in April 1965. St Stephen's Church South Godstone51°13′11″N 0°02′57″W / 51.2197°N 0.0491°W / 51.2197; -0.0491 (St Stephen's Church, South Godstone) Anglican – This had its origins in a school chapel—a combined building serving both purposes. It was originally served from the main parish church at Godstone. Surrey Assembly Hall(More images) South Godstone51°11′15″N 0°04′00″W / 51.1874°N 0.0667°W / 51.1874; -0.0667 (Surrey Assembly Hall, South Godstone) Jehovah's Witnesses – This major regional centre for the Jehovah's Witnesses denomination is based in the former Hays Bridge Reformatory School, originally built as Court Lees in 1938 to the design of J. Douglass Matthews & Partners architects. Its bulky Neo-Georgian form is "utterly incongruous" in its plain rural surroundings. It was registered in March 1988. Christ Church(More images) South Nutfield51°13′24″N 0°08′11″W / 51.2234°N 0.1364°W / 51.2234; -0.1364 (Christ Church, South Nutfield) Anglican – This part of the parish of Nutfield grew rapidly after a railway station was opened in 1883. Christ Church dates from 1888 and is a red-brick structure in the Early English Gothic Revival style. There is a tower with a spire, an aisleless nave and a lower chancel. St Silvan's Church Staffhurst Wood51°13′14″N 0°01′01″E / 51.2206°N 0.0170°E / 51.2206; 0.0170 (St Silvan's Church, Staffhurst Wood) Anglican – This small church was originally a mission room in the parish of Limpsfield; although constituted as a full church in 1930, it remains within Limpsfield parish. A mid-19th-century rector of the parish church paid for the building to be constructed in this isolated area. Part of the church was turned into a house in 1976. St Peter's Church(More images) Tandridge51°14′35″N 0°01′55″W / 51.2431°N 0.0320°W / 51.2431; -0.0320 (St Peter's Church, Tandridge) Anglican I The 12th- and 14th-century nave was aisleless until 1844, when one was built on the south side; another was added to the north in 1874 by George Gilbert Scott when he was living at nearby Godstone. To Nikolaus Pevsner, "the interest of the church is in its timberwork", including the cross bracing supporting the small shingled spire. St Mary's Church(More images) Tatsfield51°17′12″N 0°01′52″E / 51.2868°N 0.0310°E / 51.2868; 0.0310 (St Mary's Church, Tatsfield) Anglican II The dedication of this isolated hilltop church was said to be unknown in 1911. The ancient and unusually tall walls combine flint, chalk, local yellow sandstone and plaster. Norman work remains in the aisleless nave, which has been dated to c. 1075; the chancel was remodelled in the 1220s. In 1838 the Gothic-style tower was added. All Saints Church(More images) Warlingham51°18′49″N 0°03′22″W / 51.3136°N 0.0560°W / 51.3136; -0.0560 (All Saints Church, Warlingham) Anglican II* Three Victorian restorations (in 1857, 1887 and 1893) "remov the village character" of this 13th-century flint-built church in the suburbanised village of Warlingham. In the last of these works, an aisle, chancel arch and vestry were added and the church was made 27 feet (8.2 m) wider. There is a 15th-century mural of Saint Christopher. St Christopher's Church(More images) Warlingham51°18′28″N 0°02′28″W / 51.3078°N 0.0411°W / 51.3078; -0.0411 (St Christopher's Church, Warlingham) Anglican – This was built as a mission church in Warlingham parish in 1907; it is situated between Warlingham and Chelsham. J.C. King's "pretty weatherboarded" chapel was not designed in any specific architectural style, and nor was the extension added in 1967. Warlingham Methodist Church(More images) Warlingham51°18′31″N 0°03′04″W / 51.3086°N 0.0510°W / 51.3086; -0.0510 (Warlingham Methodist Church, Warlingham) Methodist – A Wesleyan chapel existed in the village by 1897: it was registered for marriages in January of that year. Its licence was cancelled in March 1961, and November 1961 the present building on Limpsfield Road was registered in its place. St Ambrose's Church(More images) Warlingham51°18′28″N 0°03′15″W / 51.3077°N 0.0541°W / 51.3077; -0.0541 (St Ambrose's Church, Warlingham) Roman Catholic – There were many Roman Catholics in Warlingham by 1920, when Caterham's priest began to say Mass occasionally. This arrangement was formalised in 1936, when weekly Masses began in a house bought by the Archdiocese of Southwark. It was served from Caterham or Selsdon until it became independent in 1942, and Bernard Moss was commissioned to design the present church, built in 1957–58. It was registered in April 1958 in place of the house. St Luke's Church(More images) Whyteleafe51°18′29″N 0°04′58″W / 51.3080°N 0.0828°W / 51.3080; -0.0828 (St Luke's Church, Whyteleafe) Anglican – Loosely Early English Gothic Revival in style and built of red brick, this church opened in the Whyteleafe suburb in 1886 and was immediately parished: its territory was carved out of Caterham, Coulsdon and Warlingham parishes. Whyteleafe Free Church(More images) Whyteleafe51°18′40″N 0°04′45″W / 51.3111°N 0.0791°W / 51.3111; -0.0791 (Whyteleafe Free Church, Whyteleafe) Evangelical – Originally registered under the name Whyteleafe United Free Church, this building was certified for marriages in April 1935. Croydon Road Meeting Room Whyteleafe51°17′54″N 0°04′16″W / 51.2982°N 0.0711°W / 51.2982; -0.0711 (Croydon Road Meeting Room, Whyteleafe) Plymouth Brethren Christian Church – This building at the top of the main Croydon Road from Caterham has been registered for worship by Brethren since March 1995. Westhall Road Meeting Room(More images) Whyteleafe51°18′35″N 0°04′41″W / 51.3097°N 0.0780°W / 51.3097; -0.0780 (Westhall Road Meeting Room, Whyteleafe) Plymouth Brethren Christian Church – This building stands in the former goods yard next to Upper Warlingham railway station. It was registered in April 1989 and is part of a group of meeting rooms centred on a main Brethren meeting hall in Carshalton, south London. St Agatha's Church(More images) Woldingham51°16′38″N 0°02′06″W / 51.2772°N 0.0350°W / 51.2772; -0.0350 (St Agatha's Church, Woldingham) Anglican – This is Surrey's smallest parish church: its external dimensions are 30+1⁄4 feet (9.2 m) long by 20 feet 2 inches (6.15 m) wide, and the interior is a single room with just a screen dividing it. The gable-ended roof has a bellcot, and a gabled porch projects below this. The church was restored in 1831–32 but was nearly derelict again in 1890, when the porch was added. St Paul's Church(More images) Woldingham51°17′12″N 0°02′13″W / 51.2867°N 0.0370°W / 51.2867; -0.0370 (St Paul's Church, Woldingham) Anglican II The present parish church of Woldingham is in the village centre and dates from 1933. Alexander Shaw, 2nd Baron Craigmyle (chairman of P&O) funded it and Herbert Baker was responsible for the "arch neo-Perpendicular" flint building. There is much flushwork inside and out, including some incorporating agate. Former places of worship Former places of worship Name Image Location Denomination/Affiliation Grade Notes Refs Caterham Mission Church Caterham51°16′53″N 0°04′33″W / 51.2815°N 0.0757°W / 51.2815; -0.0757 (Former Mission Church, Caterham) Anglican – In 1867 a Church of England school was started in Caterham Valley, and it was decided to build a mission church to serve the valley as well. This red-brick building was erected in 1872 close to the site now occupied by St John the Evangelist's Church, which replaced it ten years later. At that time it was dismantled and moved to the other side of the Godstone Road, where it was converted into St John's National School. It served until 1975, when the remaining children moved to a new building, and after a period of disuse it was converted into a theatre and day centre, the Miller Centre. A blue plaque commemorating the building's history was unveiled in 2006. Oakhall Church(More images) Caterham51°17′20″N 0°05′50″W / 51.2888°N 0.0973°W / 51.2888; -0.0973 (Former Oakhall Church, Caterham) Non-denominational – E.E. Pickard, a missionary from Sevenoaks, ministered successfully in Caterham in the late 19th century, and Oak Hall—a 250-capacity mission hall—opened in Caterham on the Hill in September 1894 under his leadership. A Mr Thompson built it for £206; the land was acquired for £32.10s in May 1894. A new building was erected in the 1970s on the same site, but growth of the congregation resulted in its closure and replacement by a much larger church of the same name elsewhere in Caterham. The marriage registration, granted in July 1898, was cancelled in March 2019 when the new church was registered. Oahkhall Church still own the building and hire it out. St Agatha's Mission Hall(More images) Hurst Green51°14′36″N 0°00′10″E / 51.2434°N 0.0028°E / 51.2434; 0.0028 (Former St Agatha's Mission Hall, Hurst Green) Anglican – A temporary hut built in the 1880s for navvies building the nearby railway line was replaced in 1895 by this combined hall and church. When St John the Evangelist's Church was built in the village in 1913, the building became its parish hall; but between 1988 and 1990 it held services again after a fire wrecked St John's. Chapel Limpsfield51°15′26″N 0°00′55″E / 51.2572°N 0.0152°E / 51.2572; 0.0152 (Former Chapel, Limpsfield) Unknown (Nonconformist) II Now known as Chapel Cottage, this has been identified by English Heritage as an old Nonconformist chapel of the early 19th century. It is attached to a 17th-century house and has timber framing and painted brickwork. The roof is of slate. The façade of the chapel part steps forward and has a pediment with a blind oval recess in its tympanum. There are two arched windows to each storey. Salem Chapel(More images) Lingfield51°10′29″N 0°01′03″W / 51.1746°N 0.0176°W / 51.1746; -0.0176 (Former Salem Chapel, Lingfield) Strict Baptist – The "neat little" chapel was founded in 1836 by William Killick from the church at Dormansland, and was initially known as Killick's Chapel. The brick building has a stuccoed façade and a slate roof with a gable end. The cause survived until the late 20th century, but the building has been converted into a restaurant. Lingfield Methodist Chapel(More images) Lingfield51°10′27″N 0°00′58″W / 51.1743°N 0.0160°W / 51.1743; -0.0160 (Former Lingfield Methodist Chapel, Lingfield) Methodist – A Wesleyan Methodist church on Lingfield High Street was registered for worship in April 1912. It was replaced with Wesley Hall, a new building, in October 1930; but this has also fallen out of religious use and is now commercial premises. It was in the Redhill Methodist Circuit, and documents exist in its archive for the period 1906 to 1971. Outwood Baptist Church(More images) Outwood51°11′41″N 0°06′09″W / 51.1946°N 0.1025°W / 51.1946; -0.1025 (Former Outwood Baptist Church, Outwood) Baptist – Baptist ministry began in the village in 1710 with the efforts of John Tasker, later pastor at Horsham General Baptist Chapel. A permanent church was later formed out of the Dormansland cause: a meeting at that chapel on 12 May 1834 agreed that a chapel should be built at Outwood, and it opened three months later at a cost of £225. The three-bay symmetrical façade was added to when a cottage was built on the west side. Later administered by the Home Counties Baptist Mission, the church closed in 1979 and was sold. Friends Meeting House(More images) Oxted51°15′22″N 0°00′25″W / 51.2562°N 0.0070°W / 51.2562; -0.0070 (Friends Meeting House, Oxted) Quaker – This meeting house occupied part of an early 20th-century detached house on East Hill Road. It was bought in 1963, opened the following year and was registered in November 1964. It operated as one of eight Quaker meetings in the West Weald Area group, which covers parts of Surrey and West Sussex, but went out of use in about 2011. In 2015 it was stated that the community intended to sell the building. Ebenezer Chapel(More images) Smallfield51°10′37″N 0°06′55″W / 51.1770°N 0.1152°W / 51.1770; -0.1152 (Former Ebenezer Chapel, Smallfield) Strict Baptist – Joseph Hatton moved to Outwood Baptist Chapel to preach in 1849. He was not elected as pastor, but some church members preferred his ministry and seceded to form a new chapel under his leadership. Smallfield Chapel (later Ebenezer Chapel) opened in 1851 and was registered for marriages in July 1880. The walls are of brick, the façade is stuccoed and the name and date of the chapel are shown above the gabled porch. Its extensive churchyard has rare wooden grave-boards. The building became a veterinary surgery in the early 21st century. Tatsfield United Church Tatsfield51°17′49″N 0°01′45″E / 51.2970°N 0.0291°E / 51.2970; 0.0291 (Former Tatsfield United Church, Tatsfield) United Reformed Church – A Baptist chapel was built in the village in 1888, and by 1912 it was recorded as being in occasional use "for Nonconformist services of different kinds". After a period as a gospel hall, it was registered for the United Reformed Church in August 1964 but has now closed. New Gospel Hall Tatsfield51°17′42″N 0°01′38″E / 51.2950°N 0.0271°E / 51.2950; 0.0271 (Former New Gospel Hall, Tatsfield) Open Brethren – This tin tabernacle replaced the original gospel hall (later United Reformed Church) in Tatsfield. It was registered for worship between February 1911 and August 1964. It is now used by the Women's Institute. St James's Church(More images) Titsey51°16′35″N 0°01′08″E / 51.2765°N 0.0189°E / 51.2765; 0.0189 (Former St James's Church, Titsey) Anglican II* The third church to serve the village was designed by J.L. Pearson in 1861 in a gritty, "crisp and hard" Gothic Revival style using sandstone from Limpsfield. It replaced one dated 1775–76 which in turn supplanted the original church built near Titsey Place. It was last used in 1960, declared redundant from 1 August 1973, and vested in the Titsey Trust in 1980; under their ownership it is classed as a "private chapel and monument". It has not been deconsecrated. St Andrew's Church Warwick Wold51°15′34″N 0°07′20″W / 51.2594°N 0.1222°W / 51.2594; -0.1222 (Former St Andrew's Church, Warwick Wold) Anglican – A chapel of ease was provided in the outlying hamlet of Warwick Wold in Bletchingley parish in 1912: the first service took place on 6 October of that year. It was sold for residential conversion after falling out of religious use in the mid-1970s. Former places of worship demolished since 2000 Former places of worship Name Image Location Denomination/Affiliation Grade Notes Refs St Thomas of Canterbury's Church(More images) Whyteleafe51°18′30″N 0°04′43″W / 51.3083°N 0.0785°W / 51.3083; -0.0785 (Former St Thomas of Canterbury's Church, Whyteleafe) Roman Catholic – The church was designed by Broadbent and Partners architects (scheme architect J.F.G. Hastings) in a "modern Gothic " style in 1961 and had two notable features: a distinctive and "dramatic" aluminium spire and good dalle de verre glass by Pierre Fourmaintraux of Whitefriars Glass, which tookup the whole wall of one west-facing room. Congregations declined, and the church closed in October 2010; planning permission for its demolition and replacement by flats was sought in April 2012, and work began in 2016. Notes ^ The statistical return was compiled between 1940 and 1947 with the aim of documenting all Methodist chapels extant at that time: their location, previous affiliation prior to the Methodist Union of 1932, capacity, building materials and similar details. References ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 347. ^ "Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (c. 9)". The UK Statute Law Database. Ministry of Justice. 24 May 1990. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013. ^ "What English Heritage Does". English Heritage. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "Listed Buildings". English Heritage. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "Images of England — Statistics by County (Surrey)". Images of England. English Heritage. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Area: Tandridge (Local Authority) – Population Density, 2011 (QS102EW)". 2011 UK Census statistics for Tandridge. Office for National Statistics. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "United Kingdom: Local Authority Districts, Counties and Unitary Authorities, 2009" (PDF). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2021. ^ a b "Key facts & figures". Tandridge District Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013. ^ "A Profile of Tandridge Today". Tandridge District Core Strategy. Tandridge District Council. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013. ^ "1991 Census top 50 urban areas and constituent parts" (XLS). Office for National Statistics. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Blechingley (sic)". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 253–265. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b c d e f g Malden, H. E., ed. (1911). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Parishes: Burstow". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 176–182. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Chelsham". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 270–274. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b c Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Horne". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 291–296. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Caterham". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 265–270. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 147. ^ a b c Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 535. ^ a b c d e f g Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Godstone". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 283–291. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b c "Smallfield Church Hall, Smallfield". A Church Near You website. Archbishops' Council. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Our History". Dormansland Baptist Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013. ^ Chambers 1952, pp. 55–57. ^ a b c "A Brief History (Page 2): First beginnings". Pains Hill Chapel. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2013. ^ a b "No. 40496". The London Gazette. 3 June 1955. p. 3222. ^ a b "No. 43639". The London Gazette. 30 April 1965. p. 4263. ^ a b Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 381–382. ^ a b "Caterham (est. 1876)". Congregational Federation. 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b "UK Assemblies List – England". A list of Christian assemblies or independent churches (commonly known as the Christian Brethren) in the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Andrew R. Abel. 2001. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 66430; Name: Christian Science Society, Oxted; Address: Church Lane, Oxted; Denomination: Christian Scientists; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 20 November 1957). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/133) ^ a b "Oxted – All Saints". Catholic Trust for England and Wales and English Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ a b Historic England. "United Reformed Church and attached walls, Bluehouse Lane, Oxted (Grade II) (1388287)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "Methodist Church Buildings: Statistical Returns, including seating accommodation, as at July 1st 1940". My Methodist History. Methodist Church of Great Britain. 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ Methodist Church of Great Britain 1947, pp. 30, 31, 32. ^ a b "No. 27693". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 July 1904. p. 4366. ^ a b "No. 42521". The London Gazette. 24 November 1961. p. 8550. ^ a b Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 68407; Name: Hurst Green Methodist Church; Address: Hurstlands and Greenhurst Lane, Hurst Green; Denomination: Methodist Church; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 24 October 1961). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/137) ^ a b Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 77872; Name: Westhall Road Meeting Room; Address: Downside Goods Yard, Westhall Road, Warlingham; Denomination: Christians Not Otherwise Designated; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 5 April 1989). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/156) ^ a b Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 79185; Name: Croydon Road Meeting Room; Address: 300 Croydon Road, Caterham; Denomination: Christians Not Otherwise Designated; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 10 March 1995). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/159) ^ "Area: Tandridge (Local Authority) – Religion, 2011 (QS208EW)". 2011 UK Census statistics for Tandridge. Office for National Statistics. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Welcome". Southwark Cathedral. 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Episcopal Area and Archdeaconry". Diocese of Southwark. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Caterham Deanery". A Church Near You website. Archbishops' Council. 2010. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "Caterham Deanery". Diocese of Southwark. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Godstone Deanery". Diocese of Southwark. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Godstone Deanery". A Church Near You website. Archbishops' Council. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "Arundel Cathedral Parish". Diocese of Arundel and Brighton website. DABNet. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Deaneries of the Diocese". Diocese of Arundel and Brighton website. DABNet. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013. ^ "Tatsfield, Surrey". Diocese of Arundel and Brighton. DABNet. 2011. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ The Diocese of Arundel & Brighton 2019, p. 82. ^ "Networks". South Eastern Baptist Association website. Baptist Union of Great Britain. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2012. ^ "Welcome to the Purley Methodist Circuit website". Purley Circuit of the Methodist Church. 2012–2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Church Directory". The United Reformed Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Caterham". The United Reformed Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Oxted URC (Church of the Peace of God)". The United Reformed Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Our Churches: Smallfield Evangelical Church". FIEC. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "About Us". FIEC. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2012. ^ "Introducing Affinity". Affinity. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ^ "Search results (Surrey)". Affinity. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Find an Alliance member church". Evangelical Alliance. 2006–2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Caterham (est. 1876)". Congregational Federation. 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021. ^ Facey 1981, pp. 226–227. ^ "The Story so far..." Congregational Federation. 2007. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2021. ^ "Church Finder". Congregational Federation. 2021. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021. ^ "Church Directory: South East". Partnership UK. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Ethos". Partnership UK. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary the Virgin, Church Walk, Bletchingley (Grade I) (1029972)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 113–115. ^ Historic England. "Chapel of St Mark, South Park Lane, Bletchingley (Grade II) (1377558)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ^ "Bletchingley, St Mark's Chapel (South Park)" (PDF). Anglican Diocese of Southwark. July 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 116. ^ Historic England. "Church of St John the Evangelist, Eastbourne Road, Blindley Heath (Grade II) (1029770)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Bartholomew, Church Road, Burstow (Grade I) (1204775)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 122–123. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Lawrence, Church Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade I) (1377607)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 137–138. ^ a b c d Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 138. ^ Historic England. "Church of St John, Clareville Road, Caterham Valley (Grade II) (1294940)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary, Church Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade II) (1029816)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 74952; Name: Caterham Baptist Chapel; Address: Beechwood Road, Caterham; Denomination: Particular Baptists; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 25 May 1978). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/150) ^ Chambers 1952, pp. 18–20. ^ "No. 47497". The London Gazette. 23 March 1978. p. 3730. ^ "No. 47562". The London Gazette. 6 June 1978. p. 6865. ^ Johns, Pauline (1994). "Our History". Caterham Baptist Church. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 60207; Name: Caterham Community Church; Address: Coulsdon Road, Caterham Hill, Caterham; Denomination: Congregationalists; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 4 August 1942). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/121) ^ "No. 35748". The London Gazette. 16 October 1942. p. 4511. ^ Cleal & Crippen 1908, p. 155. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 48442; Name: Caterham Christian Centre; Address: Croydon Road, Caterham Valley; Denomination: Free Church). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ "About us". Caterham Christian Centre. 29 November 2011. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ "No. 26861". The London Gazette. 11 June 1897. p. 3268. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 43278; Name: Methodist Church; Address: Corner of Coulsdon Road and William Road, Caterham; Denomination: Methodist Church). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ "Caterham Methodist Church". Purley Circuit of the Methodist Church. 2012–2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ a b "Oakhall Church: An Eventful 100 Years in Caterham" (PDF). Oakhall Church. 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b "No. 62644". The London Gazette. 15 May 2019. p. 8781. ^ "Thanksgiving and Dedication for our new Church Building: 9th June". Oakhall Church. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 26486; Name: Church of the Sacred Heart; Address: Essendene Road, Upper Caterham; Denomination: Roman Catholics). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ Historic England. "Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Essendene Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade II) (1294941)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "Caterham – The Sacred Heart of Jesus". Catholic Trust for England and Wales and English Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ "No. 25160". The London Gazette. 27 October 1882. p. 4795. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 22140; Name: Caterham United Reformed Church; Address: Caterham Valley; Denomination: United Reformed Church). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ Cleal & Crippen 1908, p. 152. ^ "No. 24189". The London Gazette. 12 March 1875. p. 1590. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Peter and St Paul, Church Lane, Chaldon (Grade I) (1029813)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Chaldon". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 188–194. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 140–141. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Leonard, Church Lane, Chelsham (Grade II) (1377636)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 146–147. ^ Historic England. "Church of St George, Crowhurst Lane, Crowhurst (Grade II) (1029927)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Crowhurst". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 274–281. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 176–177. ^ a b Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 199. ^ a b c d Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Lingfield". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 302–311. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Chambers 1952, pp. 53–56. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 10905; Name: Dormans Land Chapel; Address: Dormansland; Denomination: Particular Baptists). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ "Our History". Dormansland Baptist Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Stell 2002, p. 326. ^ Stockwell 1909, pp. 87–90. ^ a b "Other Local Meetings". Dorking Quakers. 30 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "Quaker Meeting". Claridge House Quaker Centre. 2013. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary the Virgin, Farleigh Court Road, Farleigh (Grade I) (1377637)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Farley (sic)". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 281–283. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 228–229. ^ "History". St John the Divine's Church, Felbridge. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 244. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Nicholas, Church Lane, Godstone (Grade I) (1188347)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 260. ^ Historic England. "St Mary's Alms Houses and Chapel of St Mary, Church Lane, Godstone (Grade II*) (1188470)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Sign on exterior of almshouses, photographed on 1 June 2013. "The chapel is open daily. Holy Communion is celebrated on the first Wednesday of each month at 10.00am." ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 59364; Name: Godstone Baptist Chapel; Address: Godstone Hill, Godstone; Denomination: Baptist). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ "No. 34898". The London Gazette. 16 July 1940. p. 4378. ^ Stockwell 1909, p. 103. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary the Virgin, Church Road, Horne (Grade II*) (1377549)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 319–320. ^ a b "St Agatha's Hall". St John's, Hurst Green. 2008. Click on "St Agatha's" on menu bar. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b c d Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Oxted". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 312–321. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b c Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 402. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 64975; Name: Hurst Green Evangelical Free Church; Address: Hurst Green, Oxted; Denomination: Interdenominational; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 26 May 1955). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/130) ^ "No. 40496". The London Gazette. 3 June 1955. p. 3221. ^ "Hurst Green Methodist Church". Purley Circuit of the Methodist Church. 2012–2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ "No. 42499". The London Gazette. 27 October 1961. p. 7794. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Peter, High Street, Limpsfield (Grade I) (1188814)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Limpsfield". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 297–302. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 343–344. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 344. ^ "A Brief History (Page 5): Doctrinal Foundations". Pains Hill Chapel. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "A Brief History (Page 9): Pains Hill 1948–1983". Pains Hill Chapel. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 37914; Name: Pain's Hill Chapel; Address: The Common, Limpsfield; Denomination: Congregationalists). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ a b Cleal & Crippen 1908, p. 83. ^ "No. 33190". The London Gazette. 10 August 1926. p. 5312. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Peter and St Paul, Church Road, Lingfield (Grade I) (1029906)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 347–349. ^ "Lingfield, Surrey". Diocese of Arundel and Brighton. DABNet. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 61034; Name: Catholic Church of Saint Bernard; Address: Vicarage Road, Lingfield; Denomination: Roman Catholics; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 9 March 1945). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/123) ^ "No. 37532". The London Gazette. 12 April 1946. p. 1871. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 67113; Name: The London Temple; Address: Newchapel, Near Lingfield; Denomination: Latter Day Saints; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 26 January 1959). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/135) ^ "No. 41643". The London Gazette. 24 February 1959. p. 1346. ^ a b Malden, H. E., ed. (1911). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Parishes: Nutfield". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 222–229. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Peter and St Paul, Church Hill, Nutfield (Grade II*) (1377573)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 389–390. ^ Historic England. "Church of St John the Baptist with adjacent War Memorial, Brickfield Road, Outwood (Grade II) (1403249)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 400. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary the Virgin, Church Lane, Oxted (Grade I) (1189608)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 401–402. ^ "Christian Science Oxted". First Church of Christ, Scientist, Oxted. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ "King's Church Oxted, Oxted". Search Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ "King's Church". King's Church. 2010. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 80884; Name: The Gospel Hall; Address: Beadles Lane, Oxted; Denomination: Christians Not Otherwise Designated). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 46719; Name: All Saints Roman Catholic Church; Address: Rear of Presbytery, Chichele Road, Oxted; Denomination: Roman Catholics). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ Historic England. "Church of All Saints, Chichele Road, Oxted (Grade II) (1245423)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "No. 29463". The London Gazette. 4 February 1916. p. 1406. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 56138; Name: Church of the Peace of God (United Reformed); Address: Bluehouse Lane, Oxted; Denomination: United Reformed Church). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ Cleal & Crippen 1908, p. 82. ^ "No. 34204". The London Gazette. 4 October 1935. p. 6238. ^ "BURSTOW, Mission Church (1911), Surrey". Church plans online from the archive of the Incorporated Church Building Society. Lambeth Palace Library. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2013. ^ Surrey XLII.NW (includes: Burstow; Horley; Horne.) (Map). 1:2500. Cartography by Ordnance Survey. www.old-maps.co.uk (Historical Map Archive). 1913. Retrieved 16 June 2013. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 70049; Name: Smallfield Evangelical Church; Address: Redehall Road, Smallfield; Denomination: Christians Not Otherwise Designated; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 23 April 1965). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/141) ^ Surrey XLII.NW (includes: Burstow; Horley; Horne.) (Map). 1:2500. Cartography by Ordnance Survey. www.old-maps.co.uk (Historical Map Archive). 1896–97. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 77570; Name: Surrey Assembly Hall; Address: Excluding Minister's Flat, Brickhouse Lane, South Godstone; Denomination: Jehovah's Witnesses; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 17 March 1988). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/156) ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 320. ^ Body 1984, p. 139. ^ "Staffhurst Wood, St Silvan, Limpsfield". A Church Near You website. Archbishops' Council. 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Peter, Tandridge Lane, Tandridge (Grade I) (1189811)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Tandridge". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 321–326. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, p. 480. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary the Virgin, Church Hill, Tatsfield (Grade II) (1029719)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Tatsfield". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 326–330. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 480–481. ^ Historic England. "Church of All Saints, Church Road, Warlingham (Grade II*) (1188033)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Warlingham". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 334–338. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Nairn & Pevsner 1971, pp. 501–502. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 68428; Name: Warlingham Methodist Church; Address: Limpsfield Road, Warlingham; Denomination: Methodist Church; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 17 November 1961). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/137) ^ "No. 42298". The London Gazette. 10 March 1961. p. 1838. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 66656; Name: Saint Ambrose; Address: Warren Park, Off Chapel Road, Warlingham; Denomination: Roman Catholics; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 4 April 1958). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/134) ^ "No. 41358". The London Gazette. 11 April 1958. p. 2308. ^ "St Ambrose History". The Parish of Oxted and Warlingham. 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2013. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 54885; Name: Whyteleafe United Free Church; Address: 157A Godstone Road, Whyteleafe; Denomination: Christians Not Otherwise Designated). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ "No. 34156". The London Gazette. 3 May 1935. p. 2915. ^ Sign on the premises, photographed on 20 April 2013. ^ Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). "A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Woldingham". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 339–341. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Paul, Station Road, Woldingham (Grade II) (1029790)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "Miller Centre Theatre". Theatres Trust Database (item number 3559). Theatres Trust. 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020. ^ "Plaque 20 – St John's National School, now The Miller Centre, Caterham Valley". The Bourne Society. 2020. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 36551; Name: Oakhall Church; Address: Francis Road, Upper Caterham; Denomination: Undenominational Christians). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ Hill 2002, p. 98. ^ "No. 26993". The London Gazette. 5 August 1898. p. 4715. ^ "Next Steps at Francis Road". Oakhall Church. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ "Hurst Green, St Agatha" (PDF). Anglican Diocese of Southwark. July 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ Historic England. "Chapel Cottage, High Street, Limpsfield (Grade II) (1029760)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "No. 26089". The London Gazette. 19 September 1890. p. 5045. ^ Chambers 1952, pp. 56–57. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 32316; Name: Baptist Chapel; Address: Plaistow Street, Lingfield; Denomination: Baptist). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 52666; Name: Wesley Hall; Address: High Street, Lingfield; Denomination: Methodist Church). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ "No. 28601". The London Gazette. 23 April 1912. p. 2928. ^ "No. 33655". The London Gazette. 24 October 1930. p. 6501. ^ "Lingfield Methodist Chapel (GB/NNAF/C74032)". Record of archives relating to Lingfield Methodist Chapel at the Surrey History Centre. The National Archives. 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ a b Chambers 1952, pp. 55–56. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 73781; Name: Outwood Baptist Church; Address: Outwood Common, Outwood, Nr Redhill; Denomination: Baptists; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 10 September 1974). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/148) ^ a b Stell 2002, p. 319. ^ Hooper 1928, p. 74. ^ s.n. 1983, p. 90. ^ Stockwell 1909, p. 187. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 69829; Name: Friends' Meeting House; Address: Ground Floor, 5 East Hill Road, Oxted; Denomination: Friends; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 23 November 1964). Retrieved 14 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/140) ^ Roethe, Johanna (2015). "Former Friends Meeting House, Oxted" (PDF). Quaker Meeting Houses Heritage Project. Quakers in Britain and Historic England. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 12908; Name: Ebenezer Chapel; Address: Smallfield; Denomination: Particular Baptists). Retrieved 10 June 2013. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates) ^ "Smallfield". The Village Animal Hospital. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ "No. 24875". The London Gazette. 20 August 1880. p. 4578. ^ Registered in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 (Number in Worship Register: 69702; Name: Tatsfield United Church (United Reformed Church); Address: Paynesfield Road, Tatsfield; Denomination: United Reformed Church; Date registered (as recorded on original certificate): 19 August 1964). Retrieved 18 November 2020. (Archived version of list from April 2010; subsequent updates; original certificate held at The National Archives in folio RG70/140) ^ "No. 43419". 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Hove: Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton. vteDistrict of TandridgeSettlements(grouped by associatedpost town)Caterham Caterham on the Hill Caterham Valley Chaldon Whyteleafe Woldingham Godstone Godstone East Grinstead Felbridge Felcourt Horley Horne Burstow Lingfield Crowhurst Dormansland Lingfield Newchapel Smallfield Oxted Hurst Green Limpsfield Limpsfield Chart Oxted Tandridge Titsey Redhill Bletchingley Nutfield Warlingham Chelsham Farleigh Fickleshole Hamsey Green (part) Warlingham Westerham Tatsfield Places of worship All Saints Church, Oxted Church of St John the Baptist, Outwood London England Temple (LDS Church) List of places of worship in Tandridge (district) Sacred Heart Church, Caterham Education Caterham School De Stafford School Hazelwood School Lingfield College Oakhyrst Grange School Oxted School Sunnydown School Warlingham School Woldingham School TransportRailway stations Caterham Dormans Godstone Hurst Green Lingfield Nutfield Oxted Upper Warlingham Whytleafe Roads A22 A25 M23 M25 Other North Downs Way/Pilgrims' Way Greensand Way Buildings and structuresHeritage buildings and grounds Bletchingley Castle Titsey Place Spectator sports Lingfield Park Racecourse Theatre Orpheus Centre, Godstone Lakes, watersports and wildlife Hedgecourt Lake Nature Reserve, Felbridge Wire Mill Recreational Lake, Felbridge Mercers Park Country Park, Nutfield Marsh SportFootball Farleigh Rovers F.C. Lingfield F.C. Warlingham F.C. Whyteleafe F.C. Cricket Caterham Cricket Club The administrative centre is Oxted. The largest town is Caterham.Three of the post towns have urban centres Caterham, Godstone and Oxted. Lingfield and Warlingham are major villages which have post town status. The others are outside the area. vtePlaces of worship in Surrey Lists by district Elmbridge Epsom and Ewell Guildford Mole Valley Reigate and Banstead Runnymede Spelthorne Surrey Heath Tandridge Waverley Woking Anglican Current Abinger Common Busbridge Chaldon Charlwood Chobham Dorking Egham Epsom Ewell Farnham Fetcham Godalming Guildford Cathedral of the Holy Spirit Holy Trinity St Mary's St Nicolas' Hale Hambledon Horsell Leatherhead Ottershaw Outwood Staines Stanwell Stoke d'Abernon Sutton Green Thames Ditton Upper Hale Woking St Andrew's Christ Church St John's St Mark's St Peter's Wrecclesham Former Albury Esher Baptist (including General,Reformed and Strict/Particular) Current Dormansland Guildford (Bethel) Redhill (Station Road) Ripley Former Brockham Green Farnham Outwood Smallfield Calvinistic Former Charlwood Epsom Eastern Orthodox Current Brookwood Evangelical, Free Churchand C.o.H. Connexion Current Pains Hill Latter-day Saints Current Newchapel (London England Temple) Methodist Current Farnham (URC/Methodist) Godalming (URC/Methodist) Hale Muslim Current Woking Presbyterian, Congregationaland United Reformed Current Dorking Elstead Farnham (URC/Methodist) Godalming (URC/Methodist) Oxted Redhill Reigate Weybridge Former Godalming Hindhead Quaker Current Capel Dorking Godalming Guildford Reigate Roman Catholic Current Camberley Caterham Chiddingfold Dorking Englefield Green Farnham Godalming Leatherhead Oxted Woking Former Chilworth (friary church) Salvation Army Former Godalming Unitarian Current Godalming Former Guildford
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Outwood_(NHLE_Code_1403249).JPG"},{"link_name":"St John the Baptist's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist,_Outwood"},{"link_name":"Outwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwood,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"William Burges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burges"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"Places of worship in Tandridge District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_England"},{"link_name":"Tandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Norman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"Perpendicular Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture#Perpendicular_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Lingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner347-1"},{"link_name":"tin tabernacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_tabernacle"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Established Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"United Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Nonconformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"listed status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_(Listed_Buildings_and_Conservation_Areas)_Act_1990"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLBCA-2"},{"link_name":"Department for Culture, Media and Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"non-departmental public body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EH1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EH2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoEStats-Surrey-5"}],"text":"St John the Baptist's Church at Outwood (1869, by William Burges) is one of many rural parish churches in the district.Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Wikimedia Commons has media related to Places of worship in Tandridge District.The district of Tandridge, the easternmost of 11 local government districts in the English county of Surrey, has more than 70 current and former places of worship. Religious buildings dating from every age between the Norman era and the present are found across the area, which is characterised by small towns and ancient hamlets. A range of architectural styles and materials are represented: from \"Surrey's only Perpendicular Gothic church of any size or pretension\" (at Lingfield)[1] to small weatherboarded buildings, tin tabernacles and modern brick chapels. As of 2022[update], 61 places of worship are in use in the district and a further 13 former churches and chapels no longer hold religious services but survive in alternative uses.Christianity is the majority religion in Tandridge, and the Church of England — the country's Established Church — is represented by the largest number of churches. Several congregations of Roman Catholics, Methodists, Baptists and the United Reformed Church also meet at their own buildings in the main towns and elsewhere; and various other Protestant Nonconformist denominations are accommodated in chapels and meeting rooms of different styles and ages. Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints both have large places of worship of regional importance in the district.English Heritage has awarded listed status to 28 places of worship in the district of Tandridge. A building is defined as \"listed\" when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of \"special architectural or historic interest\" in accordance with the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.[2] The Department for Culture, Media and Sport, a Government department, is responsible for this; English Heritage, a non-departmental public body, acts as an agency of the department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues.[3] There are three grades of listing status: Grade I, the highest, is defined as being of \"exceptional interest\"; Grade II* is used for \"particularly important buildings of more than special interest\"; and Grade II, the lowest, is used for buildings of \"special interest\".[4] As of February 2001, there were 20 buildings with Grade I status, 52 with Grade II* status and 519 with Grade II status in the district.[5]","title":"List of places of worship in Tandridge District"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tandridge_UK_locator_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom Census 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS-Density-6"},{"link_name":"London boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_boroughs"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"link_name":"Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_England"},{"link_name":"Sevenoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks_District"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Wealden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealden_District"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Mid Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Sussex_District"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Crawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Reigate and Banstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neighbours-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facts-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoreFacts-9"},{"link_name":"Greater London Urban Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GLUA-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facts-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pains_Hill_Chapel,_Chapel_Lane,_Limpsfield_Chart_(from_Southwest).JPG"},{"link_name":"Bletchingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchingley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH43061-11"},{"link_name":"Burstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstow"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH42952-12"},{"link_name":"Chelsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsham"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH43063-13"},{"link_name":"Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horne,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH43067-14"},{"link_name":"Nutfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH43067-14"},{"link_name":"restored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restoration"},{"link_name":"Caterham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH43062-15"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Whyteleafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyteleafe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH43062-15"},{"link_name":"Warlingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlingham"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner147-16"},{"link_name":"Woldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldingham"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner535-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH43066-18"},{"link_name":"chapel of ease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_ease"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACNY-Smallfield-19"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Nonconformity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBC-About-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chambers55%E2%80%9357-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHC02-22"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-40496-3222-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-43639-4263-24"},{"link_name":"Latter-day Saints'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)"},{"link_name":"London England Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_England_Temple"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner381%E2%80%93382-25"},{"link_name":"Congregational Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_Federation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCC-CF-26"},{"link_name":"Open Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Gospel Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Halls"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GospelHalls-27"},{"link_name":"Christian Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WR-66430-28"},{"link_name":"Perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture#Perpendicular_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS-Oxted-29"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1388287-30"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSR30%E2%80%9332-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-27693-4366-Supp-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG-42521-8550-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WR-68407-36"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Brethren Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"Upper Warlingham railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Warlingham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WR-77872-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WR-79185-38"}],"text":"Tandridge is in the east of Surrey.Tandridge is the easternmost of the 11 districts in Surrey, an inland county in southeast England immediately south of London. It covers 50,440 acres (20,410 ha) and had a population of 82,998 at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011.[6] Clockwise from the north, it shares borders with the London boroughs of Croydon and Bromley, the district of Sevenoaks in Kent, the Wealden district in East Sussex, the Mid Sussex district and the borough of Crawley of West Sussex, and the Surrey district of Reigate and Banstead.[7]The district is largely rural. Caterham is the largest town with 31,000 people, Oxted (which is part of a larger urban area with neighbouring Hurst Green and Limpsfield) has 11,000, and more than half the population lives in the suburbanised northern part of the district which includes these towns and nearby Warlingham, Whyteleafe and Woldingham.[8][9] This area is adjacent to the London Borough of Croydon and is part of the Greater London Urban Area.[10] Elsewhere, there are many small villages[8] with ancient origins—many have their own parish church, sometimes supplemented with other places of worship.Pains Hill Chapel has served a wide rural area since the early 19th century.Anglican churches with 12th-century or older origins include those at Bletchingley,[11] Burstow,[12] Chelsham,[13] Horne[14] and Nutfield;[14] many have been rebuilt and restored to some extent, but the survival of ancient fabric is common. Caterham's church of St Lawrence, dating from about 1100 and featuring a \"truly remarkable\" original window, has been supplemented by two 19th-century churches but remains open for services.[15] Other Anglican churches were built in the Victorian era and the 20th century as villages and suburbs expanded: examples include St Luke's at Whyteleafe,[15] the second church (St Christopher's) at Warlingham,[16] and the centrally located and much larger St Paul's at Woldingham (1933)—superseding the isolated single-room St Agatha's Church, called \"Surrey's meanest chapel\" by Pevsner.[17] Elsewhere, a former school was converted into a church in South Godstone,[18] and at Smallfield a church hall doubles as an Anglican chapel of ease.[19]Protestant Nonconformity has a long history in the district. Baptist worship has taken place at Dormansland since 1792, and the church (which occupies a building dating from 1817)[20] helped to found several others in the area—such as those at Lingfield and Smallfield (both now closed).[21] The isolated Pains Hill Chapel near Limpsfield has existed since 1823,[22] and since World War II Evangelical congregations have developed in Hurst Green[23] and Smallfield.[24] Meanwhile, the village of Newchapel was chosen as the site of England's first Latter-day Saints' Temple, named the London England Temple.[25] The main towns have places of worship serving a wider variety of denominations: the Congregational Federation can be found in Caterham,[26] Oxted has an Open Brethren Gospel Hall,[27] and a Christian Science church,[28] and both places support Roman Catholic and United Reformed congregations. Oxted's Catholic and United Reformed churches are both Grade II-listed: the former, a \"quite exceptional building\" of the early 20th century, combines the Perpendicular Gothic Revival and Arts and Crafts styles,[29] while the Church of the Peace of God (the United Reformed church) is a 1930s interpretation of the Byzantine style.[30] The Methodist Statistical Returns published in 1947[note 1] recorded chapels of Wesleyan Methodist origin in Bletchingley, Caterham (the \"Guards' Church\", used by the public and by soldiers at the nearby barracks), Caterham Valley, Lingfield and Warlingham.[32] Caterham's chapel, registered in 1904,[33] is still in use; Warlingham's was replaced by a new building on the same site in 1961;[34] Lingfield's is now in secular use; and the other two do not survive. A new Methodist church building was also registered in 1961 in Hurst Green.[35] Elsewhere, the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church have a meeting room in the former goods yard next to Upper Warlingham railway station in Whyteleafe[36] and another on the borders of Whyteleafe and Caterham.[37]","title":"Overview of the district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom Census 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS-Religion-39"}],"text":"According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, 82,998 people lived in the district of Tandridge. Of these, 64.87% identified themselves as Christian, 0.74% were Hindu, 0.72% were Muslim, 0.36% were Buddhist, 0.16% were Jewish, 0.07% were Sikh, 0.32% followed another religion, 25.27% claimed no religious affiliation and 7.5% did not state their religion. The proportion of Christians was much higher than the 59.38% in England as a whole. Adherents of Islam, Hinduism, Judaism and Sikhism and Buddhism were much less prevalent in the district than in England overall: in 2011, 5.02% of people in England were Muslim, 1.52% were Hindu, 0.79% were Sikh, 0.49% were Jewish and 0.45% were Buddhist. The proportion of people who followed religions not mentioned in the Census was also lower than the national figure of 0.43%. The proportion of people with no religious affiliation was slightly higher than the 24.74% recorded at a national level.[38]","title":"Religious affiliation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican Diocese of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Southwark Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SouthwarkCath-40"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"archdeaconries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon#Anglican_Communion"},{"link_name":"deaneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery#Anglican_usage"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoS-Deaneries-41"},{"link_name":"Caterham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham"},{"link_name":"Warlingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlingham"},{"link_name":"Woldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldingham"},{"link_name":"Chaldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldon"},{"link_name":"Chelsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsham"},{"link_name":"Farleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farleigh,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Whyteleafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyteleafe"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACNY-D37206-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoS-Caterham-43"},{"link_name":"Bletchingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchingley"},{"link_name":"Blindley Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstone#Blindley_Heath"},{"link_name":"Burstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstow"},{"link_name":"Crowhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowhurst,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Dormansland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormansland,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Felbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felbridge"},{"link_name":"Godstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstone"},{"link_name":"Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horne,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Hurst Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurst_Green,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Limpsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpsfield"},{"link_name":"Lingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Nutfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Outwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwood,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Oxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxted"},{"link_name":"South Godstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstone#South_Godstone"},{"link_name":"South Nutfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Tandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandridge,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Tatsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsfield"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoS-Godstone-44"},{"link_name":"Smallfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstow#Smallfield"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACNY-Smallfield-19"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACNY-D37202-45"}],"sub_title":"Anglican churches","text":"All of Tandridge district's Anglican churches are administered by the Anglican Diocese of Southwark, the seat of which is Southwark Cathedral in London.[39] There are three episcopal areas within the diocese, each of which has two archdeaconries; in turn these each cover a number of deaneries. Caterham Deanery and Godstone Deanery, both of which are in the Reigate Archdeaconry and the Croydon Episcopal Area, cover all the district's churches.[40] The three churches at Caterham, two each at Warlingham and Woldingham, and those at Chaldon, Chelsham, Farleigh and Whyteleafe, are administered by Caterham Deanery.[41][42] Godstone Deanery includes the churches at Bletchingley, Blindley Heath, Burstow, Crowhurst, Dormansland, Felbridge, Godstone, Horne, Hurst Green, Limpsfield, Limpsfield Chart, Lingfield, Nutfield, Outwood, Oxted, South Godstone, South Nutfield, Tandridge and Tatsfield.[43] The church hall at Smallfield in the parish of Burstow is also used for services[19] and is accordingly part of the Deanery.[44]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arundel_and_Brighton"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Arundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DABNET-Cathedral-46"},{"link_name":"East Grinstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Grinstead"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DABNet-Deaneries-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DABNET-Tatsfield-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A&B-2019-82-49"}],"sub_title":"Roman Catholic churches","text":"There are Roman Catholic churches at Caterham, Lingfield, Oxted and Warlingham. They are administered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton, whose cathedral is at Arundel in West Sussex.[45] Caterham, Oxted and Warlingham are part of the Redhill Deanery, one of 13 deaneries in the diocese, while Lingfield is in Crawley Deanery as it is part of a joint parish with East Grinstead in West Sussex. The former church at Whyteleafe was also part of Redhill Deanery.[46] Occasional Catholic Masses were held for many years at the Anglican church in Tatsfield, which was covered by the parish of Oxted and Warlingham,[47] but these had ceased by 2019.[48]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEBA-Network-50"},{"link_name":"Methodist Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PMC-51"},{"link_name":"synods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"United Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URC-SynodMap-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URC-Caterham-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URC-Oxted-54"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIEC-Smallfield-55"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIEC-About-56"},{"link_name":"Affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(Christian_organisation)"},{"link_name":"conservative Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Evangelicalism_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affinity-About-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affinity-Surrey-58"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EA-Churches-59"},{"link_name":"Congregational Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_Federation"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-Caterham-60"},{"link_name":"Congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICI226%E2%80%93227-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-Story-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-CF-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUK-SE-64"},{"link_name":"charitable incorporated organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_incorporated_organisation"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUK-Ethos-65"}],"sub_title":"Other denominations","text":"Dormansland Baptist Church is within the Tonbridge Network of the South Eastern Baptist Association, and Godstone Baptist Church is part of that organisation's Gatwick Network.[49] The three Methodist churches in the district—at Caterham, Hurst Green and Warlingham—are part of the seven-church Purley Methodist Circuit.[50] The Southern Synod, one of 13 synods of the United Reformed Church in the United Kingdom,[51] administers the United Reformed churches at Caterham[52] and Oxted.[53] Smallfield Evangelical Church is a member of the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches (FIEC),[54] a pastoral and administrative network of about 500 churches with an evangelical outlook,[55] and of Affinity (formerly the British Evangelical Council), a network of conservative Evangelical congregations throughout Great Britain.[56][57] Caterham Community Church, Dormansland Baptist Church, Godstone Baptist Church, King's Church at Oxted, Oakhall Church and Whyteleafe United Free Church maintain links with the Evangelical Alliance.[58] Caterham Community Church is also part of the Congregational Federation,[59] an association of independent Congregational churches in Great Britain. The federation came into existence in 1972 when the Congregational Church in England and Wales merged with several other denominations to form the United Reformed Church.[60] Certain congregations wanted to remain independent of this, and instead joined the Congregational Federation.[61] As of January 2021 there were 235 churches in the Federation.[62] Oakhall Church, also in Caterham, is one of 11 churches in the South East region[63] of Partnership UK, a charitable incorporated organisation which acts as a support network for independent and self-governing churches.[64]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former places of worship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former places of worship demolished since 2000"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Methodist Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Union"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSR-Overview-31"}],"text":"^ The statistical return was compiled between 1940 and 1947 with the aim of documenting all Methodist chapels extant at that time: their location, previous affiliation prior to the Methodist Union of 1932, capacity, building materials and similar details.[31]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85059-664-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-664-5"},{"link_name":"The story of Congregationalism in Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/storyofcongregat00clea#page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"International Church Index (Doctrinal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/internationalchu0000unse/page/n247/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-907578-00-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907578-00-4"},{"link_name":"The Assemblies Address Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040919173219/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/derek.hill4/2002-Assemblies%20Address%20Book-CRC2.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-872734-25-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872734-25-1"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//homepage.ntlworld.com/derek.hill4/2002-Assemblies%20Address%20Book-CRC2.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"General Baptists in Surrey and Sussex. II: Baptists at Outwood\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/04-2_074.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0005576X.1928.11750125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0005576X.1928.11750125"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120521114231/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/04-2_074.pdf"},{"link_name":"Methodist Church of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Methodist Church Buildings: Statistical Returns including Seating Accommodation as at July 1st, 1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dnvg92zx1wnds.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/cms/l/London_4_districts.pdf"},{"link_name":"Available online in 14 parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mymethodisthistory.org.uk/research-resources-2/1940_statistical_returns_of_methodist_buildings"},{"link_name":"Guide to abbreviations on page 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dnvg92zx1wnds.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/cms/t/Title_Preface_Abbreviations.pdf"},{"link_name":"Nairn, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Nairn"},{"link_name":"Pevsner, Nikolaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-09675-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09675-5"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-873592-50-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873592-50-7"},{"link_name":"s.n.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_nomine"},{"link_name":"\"Outwood Chapel 1834–1979\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/30-2_074.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/0005576X.1983.11751628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F0005576X.1983.11751628"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120521132813/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/30-2_074.pdf"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arundel_and_Brighton"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tandridge"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tandridge"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tandridge"},{"link_name":"District of Tandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandridge_District"},{"link_name":"Caterham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham"},{"link_name":"Caterham on the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Caterham Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham_Valley"},{"link_name":"Chaldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldon"},{"link_name":"Whyteleafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyteleafe"},{"link_name":"Woldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldingham"},{"link_name":"Godstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstone"},{"link_name":"Felbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felbridge"},{"link_name":"Felcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felcourt"},{"link_name":"Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horne,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Burstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstow"},{"link_name":"Lingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Crowhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowhurst,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Dormansland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormansland,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Newchapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newchapel,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Smallfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstow"},{"link_name":"Oxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxted"},{"link_name":"Hurst Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurst_Green,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Limpsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpsfield"},{"link_name":"Limpsfield Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpsfield_Chart"},{"link_name":"Tandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandridge"},{"link_name":"Titsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titsey"},{"link_name":"Bletchingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchingley"},{"link_name":"Nutfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Warlingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlingham"},{"link_name":"Chelsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsham"},{"link_name":"Farleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farleigh,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Fickleshole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fickleshole"},{"link_name":"Hamsey Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsey_Green"},{"link_name":"Tatsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tandridge_UK_locator_map.svg"},{"link_name":"All Saints Church, Oxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Oxted"},{"link_name":"Church of St John the Baptist, Outwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist,_Outwood"},{"link_name":"London England Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_England_Temple"},{"link_name":"LDS Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"List of places of worship in Tandridge (district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Tandridge_(district)"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart Church, Caterham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church,_Caterham"},{"link_name":"Caterham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham_School"},{"link_name":"De Stafford School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stafford_School"},{"link_name":"Hazelwood School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelwood_School"},{"link_name":"Lingfield College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield_College"},{"link_name":"Oakhyrst Grange School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakhyrst_Grange_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oxted School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxted_School"},{"link_name":"Sunnydown School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnydown_School"},{"link_name":"Warlingham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlingham_School"},{"link_name":"Woldingham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woldingham_School"},{"link_name":"Caterham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dormans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormans_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Godstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstone_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hurst Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurst_Green_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nutfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutfield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxted_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Upper Warlingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Warlingham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Whytleafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyteleafe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"A22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"A25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A25_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"M23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_motorway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"M25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"North Downs Way/Pilgrims' Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims%27_Way"},{"link_name":"Greensand Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensand_Way"},{"link_name":"Bletchingley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchingley_Castle"},{"link_name":"Titsey Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titsey_Place"},{"link_name":"Lingfield Park Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield_Park_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Hedgecourt Lake Nature Reserve, Felbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felbridge"},{"link_name":"Wire Mill Recreational Lake, Felbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felbridge"},{"link_name":"Mercers Park Country Park, Nutfield Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutfield,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Farleigh Rovers F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farleigh_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lingfield F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"Warlingham F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Whyteleafe F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyteleafe_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caterham Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterham_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"post towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_town"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Surrey_places_of_worship"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Surrey_places_of_worship"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Surrey_places_of_worship"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Elmbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Elmbridge"},{"link_name":"Epsom and Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Epsom_and_Ewell"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_the_Borough_of_Guildford"},{"link_name":"Mole Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Mole_Valley"},{"link_name":"Reigate and Banstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Reigate_and_Banstead"},{"link_name":"Runnymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Runnymede&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spelthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Spelthorne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surrey Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_of_worship_in_Surrey_Heath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Waverley_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Woking_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Abinger Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Church,_Abinger_Common"},{"link_name":"Busbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbridge_Church"},{"link_name":"Chaldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_and_St_Paul,_Chaldon"},{"link_name":"Charlwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Nicholas,_Charlwood"},{"link_name":"Chobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Lawrence,_Chobham"},{"link_name":"Dorking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Dorking"},{"link_name":"Egham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Egham"},{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin_of_Tours_church,_Epsom"},{"link_name":"Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Ewell"},{"link_name":"Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Farnham"},{"link_name":"Fetcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Fetcham"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter_%26_St_Paul,_Godalming"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Guildford"},{"link_name":"St Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Guildford"},{"link_name":"St Nicolas'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicolas_Church,_Guildford"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist_Church,_Hale,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Hambledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambledon_Church"},{"link_name":"Horsell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Horsell"},{"link_name":"Leatherhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_%26_St_Nicholas,_Leatherhead"},{"link_name":"Ottershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Ottershaw"},{"link_name":"Outwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist,_Outwood"},{"link_name":"Staines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Staines"},{"link_name":"Stanwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Stanwell"},{"link_name":"Stoke d'Abernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Stoke_d%27Abernon"},{"link_name":"Sutton Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Church,_Sutton_Green"},{"link_name":"Thames Ditton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Nicholas,_Thames_Ditton"},{"link_name":"Upper Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark_the_Evangelist_Church,_Upper_Hale,_Farnham"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Goldsworth_Park"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Woking"},{"link_name":"St John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Woking"},{"link_name":"St Mark's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Woking"},{"link_name":"St Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Old_Woking"},{"link_name":"Wrecclesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Wrecclesham"},{"link_name":"Albury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church,_Albury"},{"link_name":"Esher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Esher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church,_Church_Lane,_Albury_(March_2014,_from_Southeast)_(3).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Bugby_Chapel,_Prospect_Place,_Epsom_(NHLE_Code_1232197).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorking_United_Reformed_Church,_West_Street,_Dorking_(NHLE_Code_1230093)_(July_2013)_(7).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_Jesus_Christ_Redeemer_of_Mankind,_St_Nicolas%27_Avenue,_Cranleigh_(May_2014)_(2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Ebenezer_Strict_Baptist_Chapel,_Smallfield.JPG"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Baptists"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Baptists"},{"link_name":"Strict/Particular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Baptists#Strict_Baptists"},{"link_name":"Dormansland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dormansland_Baptist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guildford (Bethel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Chapel,_Guildford"},{"link_name":"Redhill (Station Road)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redhill_Strict_Baptist_Chapel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Chapel,_Ripley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brockham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brockham_Green_Chapel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Lane_Chapel,_Farnham"},{"link_name":"Outwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outwood_Baptist_Chapel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Smallfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Chapel,_Smallfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calvinistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Charlwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Chapel,_Charlwood"},{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugby_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Brookwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Edward_the_Martyr,_Brookwood"},{"link_name":"Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"C.o.H. Connexion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Huntingdon%27s_Connexion"},{"link_name":"Pains Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pains_Hill_Chapel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Newchapel (London England Temple)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_England_Temple"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Farnham (URC/Methodist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spire_Church,_Farnham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godalming (URC/Methodist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming_United_Church"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hale_Methodist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Woking"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism#England"},{"link_name":"Congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Dorking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorking_United_Reformed_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elstead_United_Reformed_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Farnham (URC/Methodist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Spire_Church,_Farnham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godalming (URC/Methodist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming_United_Church"},{"link_name":"Oxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Peace_of_God,_Oxted&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Redhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redhill_United_Reformed_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reigate_Park_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Weybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge_United_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming_Congregational_Church"},{"link_name":"Hindhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindhead_United_Reformed_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Capel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capel_Friends_Meeting_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dorking_Friends_Meeting_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming_Friends_Meeting_House"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guildford_Friends_Meeting_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reigate_Friends_Meeting_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Camberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Tarcisius_Church,_Camberley"},{"link_name":"Caterham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church,_Caterham"},{"link_name":"Chiddingfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Teresa_of_Avila_Church,_Chiddingfold"},{"link_name":"Dorking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_Church,_Dorking"},{"link_name":"Englefield Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption,_Englefield_Green"},{"link_name":"Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Church,_Farnham"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund_Church,_Godalming"},{"link_name":"Leatherhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_and_St_Peter,_Leatherhead"},{"link_name":"Oxted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Oxted"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dunstan%27s_Church,_Woking"},{"link_name":"Chilworth (friary church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey,_Chilworth"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army_Hall"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadrow_Unitarian_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ward_Street_Chapel&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Body, Geoffrey (1984). Railways of the Southern Region. PSL Field Guides. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-664-5.\nChambers, Ralph (1952). The Strict Baptist Chapels of England: Surrey and Hampshire. Vol. 1. Thornton Heath: Ralph Chambers.\nCleal, Edward E.; Crippen, T. G. (1908). The story of Congregationalism in Surrey. London: James Clarke & Co. Retrieved 10 June 2013.\nFacey, Roy A., ed. (1981). International Church Index (Doctrinal). Index Publications. ISBN 0-907578-00-4. Retrieved 16 August 2021.\nHill, Roy (2002) [1990]. The Assemblies Address Book (PDF) (5th ed.). Bristol: Christian Year Publications. ISBN 1-872734-25-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2013.\nHooper, T.R. (April 1928). \"General Baptists in Surrey and Sussex. II: Baptists at Outwood\" (PDF). Baptist Quarterly. 4 (2). Baptist Historical Society: 74–82. doi:10.1080/0005576X.1928.11750125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.\nMethodist Church of Great Britain (1947). Methodist Church Buildings: Statistical Returns including Seating Accommodation as at July 1st, 1940 (PDF). Manchester: The Department for Chapel Affairs. Retrieved 22 November 2020. (Available online in 14 parts; Guide to abbreviations on page 6)\nNairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1971) [1962]. The Buildings of England: Surrey (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-300-09675-5.\nStell, Christopher (2002). Nonconformist Chapels and Meeting-houses in Eastern England. Swindon: English Heritage. ISBN 1-873592-50-7.\ns.n. (April 1983). \"Outwood Chapel 1834–1979\" (PDF). Baptist Quarterly. 30 (2). Baptist Historical Society: 90. doi:10.1080/0005576X.1983.11751628. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.\nStockwell, Arthur H., ed. (1909). The Baptist Churches of Surrey. London: Arthur Stockwell.\nThe Diocese of Arundel & Brighton (2019). Diocese of Arundel & Brighton Diocesan Directory 2019. Hove: Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton.vteDistrict of TandridgeSettlements(grouped by associatedpost town)Caterham\nCaterham on the Hill\nCaterham Valley\nChaldon\nWhyteleafe\nWoldingham\nGodstone\nGodstone\nEast Grinstead\nFelbridge\nFelcourt\nHorley\nHorne\nBurstow\nLingfield\nCrowhurst\nDormansland\nLingfield\nNewchapel\nSmallfield\nOxted\nHurst Green\nLimpsfield\nLimpsfield Chart\nOxted\nTandridge\nTitsey\nRedhill\nBletchingley\nNutfield\nWarlingham\nChelsham\nFarleigh\nFickleshole\nHamsey Green (part)\nWarlingham\nWesterham\nTatsfield\nPlaces of worship\nAll Saints Church, Oxted\nChurch of St John the Baptist, Outwood\nLondon England Temple (LDS Church)\nList of places of worship in Tandridge (district)\nSacred Heart Church, Caterham\nEducation\nCaterham School\nDe Stafford School\nHazelwood School\nLingfield College\nOakhyrst Grange School\nOxted School\nSunnydown School\nWarlingham School\nWoldingham School\nTransportRailway stations\nCaterham\nDormans\nGodstone\nHurst Green\nLingfield\nNutfield\nOxted\nUpper Warlingham\nWhytleafe\nRoads\nA22\nA25\nM23\nM25\nOther\nNorth Downs Way/Pilgrims' Way\nGreensand Way\nBuildings and structuresHeritage buildings and grounds\nBletchingley Castle\nTitsey Place\nSpectator sports\nLingfield Park Racecourse\nTheatre\nOrpheus Centre, Godstone\nLakes, watersports and wildlife\nHedgecourt Lake Nature Reserve, Felbridge\nWire Mill Recreational Lake, Felbridge\nMercers Park Country Park, Nutfield Marsh\nSportFootball\nFarleigh Rovers F.C.\nLingfield F.C.\nWarlingham F.C.\nWhyteleafe F.C.\nCricket\nCaterham Cricket Club\nThe administrative centre is Oxted. The largest town is Caterham.Three of the post towns have urban centres Caterham, Godstone and Oxted. Lingfield and Warlingham are major villages which have post town status. The others are outside the area.vtePlaces of worship in Surrey\nLists by district\nElmbridge\nEpsom and Ewell\nGuildford\nMole Valley\nReigate and Banstead\nRunnymede\nSpelthorne\nSurrey Heath\nTandridge\nWaverley\nWoking\nAnglican\nCurrent\nAbinger Common\nBusbridge\nChaldon\nCharlwood\nChobham\nDorking\nEgham\nEpsom\nEwell\nFarnham\nFetcham\nGodalming\nGuildford\nCathedral of the Holy Spirit\nHoly Trinity\nSt Mary's\nSt Nicolas'\nHale\nHambledon\nHorsell\nLeatherhead\nOttershaw\nOutwood\nStaines\nStanwell\nStoke d'Abernon\nSutton Green\nThames Ditton\nUpper Hale\nWoking\nSt Andrew's\nChrist Church\nSt John's\nSt Mark's\nSt Peter's\nWrecclesham\nFormer\nAlbury\nEsher\nBaptist (including General,Reformed and Strict/Particular)\nCurrent\nDormansland\nGuildford (Bethel)\nRedhill (Station Road)\nRipley\nFormer\nBrockham Green\nFarnham\nOutwood\nSmallfield\nCalvinistic\nFormer\nCharlwood\nEpsom\nEastern Orthodox\nCurrent\nBrookwood\nEvangelical, Free Churchand C.o.H. Connexion\nCurrent\nPains Hill\nLatter-day Saints\nCurrent\nNewchapel (London England Temple)\nMethodist\nCurrent\nFarnham (URC/Methodist)\nGodalming (URC/Methodist)\nHale\nMuslim\nCurrent\nWoking\nPresbyterian, Congregationaland United Reformed\nCurrent\nDorking\nElstead\nFarnham (URC/Methodist)\nGodalming (URC/Methodist)\nOxted\nRedhill\nReigate\nWeybridge\nFormer\nGodalming\nHindhead\nQuaker\nCurrent\nCapel\nDorking\nGodalming\nGuildford\nReigate\nRoman Catholic\nCurrent\nCamberley\nCaterham\nChiddingfold\nDorking\nEnglefield Green\nFarnham\nGodalming\nLeatherhead\nOxted\nWoking\nFormer\nChilworth (friary church)\nSalvation Army\nFormer\nGodalming\nUnitarian\nCurrent\nGodalming\nFormer\nGuildford","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"St John the Baptist's Church at Outwood (1869, by William Burges) is one of many rural parish churches in the district.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church%2C_Outwood_%28NHLE_Code_1403249%29.JPG/300px-St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church%2C_Outwood_%28NHLE_Code_1403249%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tandridge is in the east of Surrey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tandridge_UK_locator_map.svg/220px-Tandridge_UK_locator_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pains Hill Chapel has served a wide rural area since the early 19th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pains_Hill_Chapel%2C_Chapel_Lane%2C_Limpsfield_Chart_%28from_Southwest%29.JPG/220px-Pains_Hill_Chapel%2C_Chapel_Lane%2C_Limpsfield_Chart_%28from_Southwest%29.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (c. 9)\". The UK Statute Law Database. Ministry of Justice. 24 May 1990. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents","url_text":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (c. 9)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127130844/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What English Heritage Does\". English Heritage. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130105071757/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/who-we-are/how-we-are-run/what-we-do","url_text":"\"What English Heritage Does\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage","url_text":"English Heritage"},{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/who-we-are/how-we-are-run/what-we-do/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Listed Buildings\". English Heritage. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130126151823/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings","url_text":"\"Listed Buildings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage","url_text":"English Heritage"},{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Images of England — Statistics by County (Surrey)\". Images of England. English Heritage. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131028094506/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/StatisticsPage/default.aspx?StatsCounty=SURREY","url_text":"\"Images of England — Statistics by County (Surrey)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_of_England","url_text":"Images of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage","url_text":"English Heritage"},{"url":"http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/StatisticsPage/default.aspx?StatsCounty=SURREY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Area: Tandridge (Local Authority) – Population Density, 2011 (QS102EW)\". 2011 UK Census statistics for Tandridge. Office for National Statistics. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275274&c=Tandridge&d=13&e=61&g=6470443&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1370041550469&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1440","url_text":"\"Area: Tandridge (Local Authority) – Population Density, 2011 (QS102EW)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074934/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6275274&c=Tandridge&d=13&e=61&g=6470443&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1370041550469&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491&nsjs=true&nsck=false&nssvg=false&nswid=1440","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"United Kingdom: Local Authority Districts, Counties and Unitary Authorities, 2009\" (PDF). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/counties--non-metropolitan-districts-and-unitary-authorities/map-of-all-uk-local-authorities.pdf","url_text":"\"United Kingdom: Local Authority Districts, Counties and Unitary Authorities, 2009\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information","url_text":"Her Majesty's Stationery Office"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021235656/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/counties--non-metropolitan-districts-and-unitary-authorities/map-of-all-uk-local-authorities.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Key facts & figures\". Tandridge District Council. 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. 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Retrieved 3 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1377558","url_text":"\"Chapel of St Mark, South Park Lane, Bletchingley (Grade II) (1377558)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Bletchingley, St Mark's Chapel (South Park)\" (PDF). Anglican Diocese of Southwark. July 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwark.anglican.org/downloads/lostchurches/BLE02.pdf","url_text":"\"Bletchingley, St Mark's Chapel (South Park)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Southwark","url_text":"Anglican Diocese of Southwark"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St John the Evangelist, Eastbourne Road, Blindley Heath (Grade II) (1029770)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1029770","url_text":"\"Church of St John the Evangelist, Eastbourne Road, Blindley Heath (Grade II) (1029770)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Bartholomew, Church Road, Burstow (Grade I) (1204775)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1204775","url_text":"\"Church of St Bartholomew, Church Road, Burstow (Grade I) (1204775)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Lawrence, Church Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade I) (1377607)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1377607","url_text":"\"Church of St Lawrence, Church Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade I) (1377607)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St John, Clareville Road, Caterham Valley (Grade II) (1294940)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1294940","url_text":"\"Church of St John, Clareville Road, Caterham Valley (Grade II) (1294940)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Mary, Church Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade II) (1029816)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1029816","url_text":"\"Church of St Mary, Church Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade II) (1029816)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47497\". The London Gazette. 23 March 1978. p. 3730.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47497/page/3730","url_text":"\"No. 47497\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 47562\". The London Gazette. 6 June 1978. p. 6865.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/47562/page/6865","url_text":"\"No. 47562\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Johns, Pauline (1994). \"Our History\". Caterham Baptist Church. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://caterhambaptist.org.uk/content/our-history","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161017032823/http://caterhambaptist.org.uk/content/our-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 35748\". The London Gazette. 16 October 1942. p. 4511.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35748/page/4511","url_text":"\"No. 35748\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". Caterham Christian Centre. 29 November 2011. 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The London Gazette. 15 May 2019. p. 8781.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62644/page/8781","url_text":"\"No. 62644\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Thanksgiving and Dedication for our new Church Building: 9th June\". Oakhall Church. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://oakhallchurch.org.uk/dedication/","url_text":"\"Thanksgiving and Dedication for our new Church Building: 9th June\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118170350/https://oakhallchurch.org.uk/dedication/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Essendene Road, Caterham-on-the-Hill (Grade II) (1294941)\". National Heritage List for England. 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The London Gazette. 12 March 1875. p. 1590.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24189/page/1590","url_text":"\"No. 24189\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Peter and St Paul, Church Lane, Chaldon (Grade I) (1029813)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1029813","url_text":"\"Church of St Peter and St Paul, Church Lane, Chaldon (Grade I) (1029813)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). \"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Chaldon\". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 188–194. 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Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 302–311. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Surrey/vol4/pp302-311","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Lingfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Dormansland Baptist Church. 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dormanslandbaptistchurch.org.uk/index.php/about-us/our-history","url_text":"\"Our History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130810080751/http://dormanslandbaptistchurch.org.uk/index.php/about-us/our-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Other Local Meetings\". Dorking Quakers. 30 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. 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Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1377637","url_text":"\"Church of St Mary the Virgin, Farleigh Court Road, Farleigh (Grade I) (1377637)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). \"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Farley (sic)\". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 281–283. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Surrey/vol4/pp281-283","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Farley (sic)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". St John the Divine's Church, Felbridge. 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stjohnsfelbridge.com/about-us/history","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130414071850/http://www.stjohnsfelbridge.com/about-us/history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Nicholas, Church Lane, Godstone (Grade I) (1188347)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1188347","url_text":"\"Church of St Nicholas, Church Lane, Godstone (Grade I) (1188347)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"St Mary's Alms Houses and Chapel of St Mary, Church Lane, Godstone (Grade II*) (1188470)\". National Heritage List for England. 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The London Gazette. 27 October 1961. p. 7794.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/42499/page/7794","url_text":"\"No. 42499\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Peter, High Street, Limpsfield (Grade I) (1188814)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1188814","url_text":"\"Church of St Peter, High Street, Limpsfield (Grade I) (1188814)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Malden, H. E., ed. (1912). \"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Limpsfield\". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 297–302. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Surrey/vol4/pp297-302","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4. Parishes: Limpsfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History (Page 5): Doctrinal Foundations\". Pains Hill Chapel. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.painshillchapel.org.uk/history/history05.html","url_text":"\"A Brief History (Page 5): Doctrinal Foundations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213637/http://www.painshillchapel.org.uk/history/history05.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History (Page 9): Pains Hill 1948–1983\". Pains Hill Chapel. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. 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The London Gazette. 12 April 1946. p. 1871.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37532/page/1871","url_text":"\"No. 37532\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 41643\". The London Gazette. 24 February 1959. p. 1346.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41643/page/1346","url_text":"\"No. 41643\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Malden, H. E., ed. (1911). \"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Parishes: Nutfield\". Victoria County History of Surrey. British History Online. pp. 222–229. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Surrey/vol3/pp222-229","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Parishes: Nutfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Peter and St Paul, Church Hill, Nutfield (Grade II*) (1377573)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1377573","url_text":"\"Church of St Peter and St Paul, Church Hill, Nutfield (Grade II*) (1377573)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St John the Baptist with adjacent War Memorial, Brickfield Road, Outwood (Grade II) (1403249)\". National Heritage List for England. 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The London Gazette. 4 October 1935. p. 6238.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34204/page/6238","url_text":"\"No. 34204\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"BURSTOW, Mission Church (1911), Surrey\". Church plans online from the archive of the Incorporated Church Building Society. Lambeth Palace Library. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. 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(1908). The story of Congregationalism in Surrey. London: James Clarke & Co. Retrieved 10 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/storyofcongregat00clea#page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"The story of Congregationalism in Surrey"}]},{"reference":"Facey, Roy A., ed. (1981). International Church Index (Doctrinal). Index Publications. ISBN 0-907578-00-4. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/internationalchu0000unse/page/n247/mode/2up","url_text":"International Church Index (Doctrinal)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907578-00-4","url_text":"0-907578-00-4"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Roy (2002) [1990]. The Assemblies Address Book (PDF) (5th ed.). Bristol: Christian Year Publications. ISBN 1-872734-25-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040919173219/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/derek.hill4/2002-Assemblies%20Address%20Book-CRC2.pdf","url_text":"The Assemblies Address Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-872734-25-1","url_text":"1-872734-25-1"},{"url":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/derek.hill4/2002-Assemblies%20Address%20Book-CRC2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hooper, T.R. (April 1928). \"General Baptists in Surrey and Sussex. II: Baptists at Outwood\" (PDF). Baptist Quarterly. 4 (2). Baptist Historical Society: 74–82. doi:10.1080/0005576X.1928.11750125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/04-2_074.pdf","url_text":"\"General Baptists in Surrey and Sussex. II: Baptists at Outwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0005576X.1928.11750125","url_text":"10.1080/0005576X.1928.11750125"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120521114231/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/04-2_074.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Methodist Church of Great Britain (1947). Methodist Church Buildings: Statistical Returns including Seating Accommodation as at July 1st, 1940 (PDF). Manchester: The Department for Chapel Affairs. Retrieved 22 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain","url_text":"Methodist Church of Great Britain"},{"url":"https://dnvg92zx1wnds.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/cms/l/London_4_districts.pdf","url_text":"Methodist Church Buildings: Statistical Returns including Seating Accommodation as at July 1st, 1940"}]},{"reference":"Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1971) [1962]. The Buildings of England: Surrey (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-300-09675-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Nairn","url_text":"Nairn, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09675-5","url_text":"0-300-09675-5"}]},{"reference":"Stell, Christopher (2002). Nonconformist Chapels and Meeting-houses in Eastern England. Swindon: English Heritage. ISBN 1-873592-50-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage","url_text":"English Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873592-50-7","url_text":"1-873592-50-7"}]},{"reference":"s.n. (April 1983). \"Outwood Chapel 1834–1979\" (PDF). Baptist Quarterly. 30 (2). Baptist Historical Society: 90. doi:10.1080/0005576X.1983.11751628. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_nomine","url_text":"s.n."},{"url":"http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/30-2_074.pdf","url_text":"\"Outwood Chapel 1834–1979\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0005576X.1983.11751628","url_text":"10.1080/0005576X.1983.11751628"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132813/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/30-2_074.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stockwell, Arthur H., ed. (1909). The Baptist Churches of Surrey. London: Arthur Stockwell.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Diocese of Arundel & Brighton (2019). Diocese of Arundel & Brighton Diocesan Directory 2019. Hove: Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arundel_and_Brighton","url_text":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton"}]}]
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Parishes: Titsey\""},{"Link":"http://www.southwark.anglican.org/downloads/lostchurches/BLE01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bletchingley, St Andrew\""},{"Link":"http://www.dabnet.org/Resources/DABNet/English%20Heritage%20Reports%20Extracts/Whyteleafe%20EH.pdf","external_links_name":"\"St Thomas of Canterbury, Whyteleafe\""},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6HM2jYe6r?url=http://www.dabnet.org/Resources/DABNet/English%20Heritage%20Reports%20Extracts/Whyteleafe%20EH.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/30329/response/84116/attach/4/Places%20of%20Worship%20listApril2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Registered"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923100326/https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/30329/response/84116/attach/4/Places%20of%20Worship%20listApril2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived version of list from April 2010"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/places-of-worship-registered-for-marriage","external_links_name":"subsequent updates"},{"Link":"http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Church-serve-community/story-12665247-detail/story.html#axzz2WP6d455m","external_links_name":"\"Church may still serve community\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240526165338/https://www.webcitation.org/6HQO5VAP3?url=http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Church-serve-community/story-12665247-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Block-flats-church-site-bad-idea/story-15828699-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Whyteleafe church could be knocked down and turned into flats\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130617200105/http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Block-flats-church-site-bad-idea/story-15828699-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/storyofcongregat00clea#page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The story of Congregationalism in Surrey"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/internationalchu0000unse/page/n247/mode/2up","external_links_name":"International Church Index (Doctrinal)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040919173219/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/derek.hill4/2002-Assemblies%20Address%20Book-CRC2.pdf","external_links_name":"The Assemblies Address Book"},{"Link":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/derek.hill4/2002-Assemblies%20Address%20Book-CRC2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/04-2_074.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General Baptists in Surrey and Sussex. II: Baptists at Outwood\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0005576X.1928.11750125","external_links_name":"10.1080/0005576X.1928.11750125"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120521114231/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/04-2_074.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dnvg92zx1wnds.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/cms/l/London_4_districts.pdf","external_links_name":"Methodist Church Buildings: Statistical Returns including Seating Accommodation as at July 1st, 1940"},{"Link":"https://www.mymethodisthistory.org.uk/research-resources-2/1940_statistical_returns_of_methodist_buildings","external_links_name":"Available online in 14 parts"},{"Link":"https://dnvg92zx1wnds.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/cms/t/Title_Preface_Abbreviations.pdf","external_links_name":"Guide to abbreviations on page 6"},{"Link":"http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/30-2_074.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Outwood Chapel 1834–1979\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0005576X.1983.11751628","external_links_name":"10.1080/0005576X.1983.11751628"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132813/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bq/30-2_074.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Magistretti
Emilio Magistretti
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Other projects"]
Italian painter (1851–1936) L'annuncio della morte di Vittorio Emanuele a Milano, 1880 (Fondazione Cariplo) Emilio Magistretti (1851 in Milan – 1936) was an Italian painter. Biography Magistretti studied at the Brera Academy of Fine Arts from 1871 to 1875 under the guidance of Francesco Hayez and then accompanied him on his Italian journey of 1879. He worked initially in a range of different areas, from genre scenes to religious subjects and perspective painting, and successfully tried his hand at painting portraits, animals and landscapes at the turn of the century. He began to establish his reputation as an artist in 1880, when he was awarded a prize by the Ministry of Education, and became well known as a painter of moderately naturalistic portraits particularly appreciated by the middle-class establishment. An autobiography richly illustrated with reproductions of his most celebrated works was published in 1926. References Elena Lissoni, Emilio Magistretti, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article). Other projects Media related to Emilio Magistretti at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prony%27s_method
Prony's method
["1 The method","2 Representations","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Method to estimate the components of a signal Prony analysis of a time-domain signal Prony analysis (Prony's method) was developed by Gaspard Riche de Prony in 1795. However, practical use of the method awaited the digital computer. Similar to the Fourier transform, Prony's method extracts valuable information from a uniformly sampled signal and builds a series of damped complex exponentials or damped sinusoids. This allows the estimation of frequency, amplitude, phase and damping components of a signal. The method Let f ( t ) {\displaystyle f(t)} be a signal consisting of N {\displaystyle N} evenly spaced samples. Prony's method fits a function f ^ ( t ) = ∑ i = 1 N A i e σ i t cos ⁡ ( ω i t + ϕ i ) {\displaystyle {\hat {f}}(t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}A_{i}e^{\sigma _{i}t}\cos(\omega _{i}t+\phi _{i})} to the observed f ( t ) {\displaystyle f(t)} . After some manipulation utilizing Euler's formula, the following result is obtained, which allows more direct computation of terms: f ^ ( t ) = ∑ i = 1 N A i e σ i t cos ⁡ ( ω i t + ϕ i ) = ∑ i = 1 N 1 2 A i ( e j ϕ i e λ i + t + e − j ϕ i e λ i − t ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {f}}(t)&=\sum _{i=1}^{N}A_{i}e^{\sigma _{i}t}\cos(\omega _{i}t+\phi _{i})\\&=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}\left(e^{j\phi _{i}}e^{\lambda _{i}^{+}t}+e^{-j\phi _{i}}e^{\lambda _{i}^{-}t}\right),\end{aligned}}} where λ i ± = σ i ± j ω i {\displaystyle \lambda _{i}^{\pm }=\sigma _{i}\pm j\omega _{i}} are the eigenvalues of the system, σ i = − ω 0 , i ξ i {\displaystyle \sigma _{i}=-\omega _{0,i}\xi _{i}} are the damping components, ω i = ω 0 , i 1 − ξ i 2 {\displaystyle \omega _{i}=\omega _{0,i}{\sqrt {1-\xi _{i}^{2}}}} are the angular-frequency components, ϕ i {\displaystyle \phi _{i}} are the phase components, A i {\displaystyle A_{i}} are the amplitude components of the series, j {\displaystyle j} is the imaginary unit ( j 2 = − 1 {\displaystyle j^{2}=-1} ). Representations Prony's method is essentially a decomposition of a signal with M {\displaystyle M} complex exponentials via the following process: Regularly sample f ^ ( t ) {\displaystyle {\hat {f}}(t)} so that the n {\displaystyle n} -th of N {\displaystyle N} samples may be written as F n = f ^ ( Δ t n ) = ∑ m = 1 M B m e λ m Δ t n , n = 0 , … , N − 1. {\displaystyle F_{n}={\hat {f}}(\Delta _{t}n)=\sum _{m=1}^{M}\mathrm {B} _{m}e^{\lambda _{m}\Delta _{t}n},\quad n=0,\dots ,N-1.} If f ^ ( t ) {\displaystyle {\hat {f}}(t)} happens to consist of damped sinusoids, then there will be pairs of complex exponentials such that B a = 1 2 A i e ϕ i j , B b = 1 2 A i e − ϕ i j , λ a = σ i + j ω i , λ b = σ i − j ω i , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {B} _{a}&={\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{\phi _{i}j},\\\mathrm {B} _{b}&={\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{-\phi _{i}j},\\\lambda _{a}&=\sigma _{i}+j\omega _{i},\\\lambda _{b}&=\sigma _{i}-j\omega _{i},\end{aligned}}} where B a e λ a t + B b e λ b t = 1 2 A i e ϕ i j e ( σ i + j ω i ) t + 1 2 A i e − ϕ i j e ( σ i − j ω i ) t = A i e σ i t cos ⁡ ( ω i t + ϕ i ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathrm {B} _{a}e^{\lambda _{a}t}+\mathrm {B} _{b}e^{\lambda _{b}t}&={\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{\phi _{i}j}e^{(\sigma _{i}+j\omega _{i})t}+{\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{-\phi _{i}j}e^{(\sigma _{i}-j\omega _{i})t}\\&=A_{i}e^{\sigma _{i}t}\cos(\omega _{i}t+\phi _{i}).\end{aligned}}} Because the summation of complex exponentials is the homogeneous solution to a linear difference equation, the following difference equation will exist: f ^ ( Δ t n ) = ∑ m = 1 M f ^ [ Δ t ( n − m ) ] P m , n = M , … , N − 1. {\displaystyle {\hat {f}}(\Delta _{t}n)=\sum _{m=1}^{M}{\hat {f}}P_{m},\quad n=M,\dots ,N-1.} The key to Prony's Method is that the coefficients in the difference equation are related to the following polynomial: z M − P 1 z M − 1 − ⋯ − P M = ∏ m = 1 M ( z − e λ m ) . {\displaystyle z^{M}-P_{1}z^{M-1}-\dots -P_{M}=\prod _{m=1}^{M}\left(z-e^{\lambda _{m}}\right).} These facts lead to the following three steps within Prony's method: 1) Construct and solve the matrix equation for the P m {\displaystyle P_{m}} values: [ F M ⋮ F N − 1 ] = [ F M − 1 … F 0 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ F N − 2 … F N − M − 1 ] [ P 1 ⋮ P M ] . {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}F_{M}\\\vdots \\F_{N-1}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}F_{M-1}&\dots &F_{0}\\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\F_{N-2}&\dots &F_{N-M-1}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}P_{1}\\\vdots \\P_{M}\end{bmatrix}}.} Note that if N ≠ 2 M {\displaystyle N\neq 2M} , a generalized matrix inverse may be needed to find the values P m {\displaystyle P_{m}} . 2) After finding the P m {\displaystyle P_{m}} values, find the roots (numerically if necessary) of the polynomial z M − P 1 z M − 1 − ⋯ − P M . {\displaystyle z^{M}-P_{1}z^{M-1}-\dots -P_{M}.} The m {\displaystyle m} -th root of this polynomial will be equal to e λ m {\displaystyle e^{\lambda _{m}}} . 3) With the e λ m {\displaystyle e^{\lambda _{m}}} values, the F n {\displaystyle F_{n}} values are part of a system of linear equations that may be used to solve for the B m {\displaystyle \mathrm {B} _{m}} values: [ F k 1 ⋮ F k M ] = [ ( e λ 1 ) k 1 … ( e λ M ) k 1 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ( e λ 1 ) k M … ( e λ M ) k M ] [ B 1 ⋮ B M ] , {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}F_{k_{1}}\\\vdots \\F_{k_{M}}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}(e^{\lambda _{1}})^{k_{1}}&\dots &(e^{\lambda _{M}})^{k_{1}}\\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\(e^{\lambda _{1}})^{k_{M}}&\dots &(e^{\lambda _{M}})^{k_{M}}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathrm {B} _{1}\\\vdots \\\mathrm {B} _{M}\end{bmatrix}},} where M {\displaystyle M} unique values k i {\displaystyle k_{i}} are used. It is possible to use a generalized matrix inverse if more than M {\displaystyle M} samples are used. Note that solving for λ m {\displaystyle \lambda _{m}} will yield ambiguities, since only e λ m {\displaystyle e^{\lambda _{m}}} was solved for, and e λ m = e λ m + q 2 π j {\displaystyle e^{\lambda _{m}}=e^{\lambda _{m}\,+\,q2\pi j}} for an integer q {\displaystyle q} . This leads to the same Nyquist sampling criteria that discrete Fourier transforms are subject to | Im ⁡ ( λ m ) | = | ω m | < π Δ t . {\displaystyle \left|\operatorname {Im} (\lambda _{m})\right|=\left|\omega _{m}\right|<{\frac {\pi }{\Delta _{t}}}.} See also Generalized pencil-of-function method Computation of Prony decomposition using Autoregression analysis Application of Prony decomposition in Time-frequency analysis Notes ^ Hauer, J. F.; Demeure, C. J.; Scharf, L. L. (1990). "Initial results in Prony analysis of power system response signals". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 5 (1): 80–89. Bibcode:1990ITPSy...5...80H. doi:10.1109/59.49090. hdl:10217/753. References Carriere, R.; Moses, R. L. (1992). "High resolution radar target modeling using a modified Prony estimator". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 40: 13–18. doi:10.1109/8.123348. Slyusar, V. I. (1998). "Interpretation of the Proni method for solving long-range problems" (PDF). Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. 41 (1): 35–39.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prony2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Riche de Prony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Riche_de_Prony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fourier transform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform"},{"link_name":"damped sinusoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damped_sinusoid"}],"text":"Prony analysis of a time-domain signalProny analysis (Prony's method) was developed by Gaspard Riche de Prony in 1795. However, practical use of the method awaited the digital computer.[1] Similar to the Fourier transform, Prony's method extracts valuable information from a uniformly sampled signal and builds a series of damped complex exponentials or damped sinusoids. This allows the estimation of frequency, amplitude, phase and damping components of a signal.","title":"Prony's method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euler's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula"},{"link_name":"imaginary unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_unit"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n f\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(t)}\n \n be a signal consisting of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n evenly spaced samples. Prony's method fits a functionf\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n t\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n t\n +\n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {f}}(t)=\\sum _{i=1}^{N}A_{i}e^{\\sigma _{i}t}\\cos(\\omega _{i}t+\\phi _{i})}to the observed \n \n \n \n f\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(t)}\n \n. After some manipulation utilizing Euler's formula, the following result is obtained, which allows more direct computation of terms:f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n t\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n t\n +\n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n N\n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n e\n \n j\n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n \n t\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n −\n j\n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{\\hat {f}}(t)&=\\sum _{i=1}^{N}A_{i}e^{\\sigma _{i}t}\\cos(\\omega _{i}t+\\phi _{i})\\\\&=\\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}\\left(e^{j\\phi _{i}}e^{\\lambda _{i}^{+}t}+e^{-j\\phi _{i}}e^{\\lambda _{i}^{-}t}\\right),\\end{aligned}}}whereλ\n \n i\n \n \n ±\n \n \n =\n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n ±\n j\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{i}^{\\pm }=\\sigma _{i}\\pm j\\omega _{i}}\n \n are the eigenvalues of the system,\n\n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n =\n −\n \n ω\n \n 0\n ,\n i\n \n \n \n ξ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{i}=-\\omega _{0,i}\\xi _{i}}\n \n are the damping components,\n\n \n \n \n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n ω\n \n 0\n ,\n i\n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n ξ\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega _{i}=\\omega _{0,i}{\\sqrt {1-\\xi _{i}^{2}}}}\n \n are the angular-frequency components,\n\n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi _{i}}\n \n are the phase components,\n\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{i}}\n \n are the amplitude components of the series,\n\n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n is the imaginary unit (\n \n \n \n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j^{2}=-1}\n \n).","title":"The method"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"difference equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_equation"},{"link_name":"generalized matrix inverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_inverse"}],"text":"Prony's method is essentially a decomposition of a signal with \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n complex exponentials via the following process:Regularly sample \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {f}}(t)}\n \n so that the \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-th of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n samples may be written asF\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n \n Δ\n \n t\n \n \n n\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n 1\n \n \n M\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n Δ\n \n t\n \n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n =\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n N\n −\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{n}={\\hat {f}}(\\Delta _{t}n)=\\sum _{m=1}^{M}\\mathrm {B} _{m}e^{\\lambda _{m}\\Delta _{t}n},\\quad n=0,\\dots ,N-1.}If \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {f}}(t)}\n \n happens to consist of damped sinusoids, then there will be pairs of complex exponentials such thatB\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n j\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n j\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n +\n j\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n b\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n −\n j\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\mathrm {B} _{a}&={\\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{\\phi _{i}j},\\\\\\mathrm {B} _{b}&={\\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{-\\phi _{i}j},\\\\\\lambda _{a}&=\\sigma _{i}+j\\omega _{i},\\\\\\lambda _{b}&=\\sigma _{i}-j\\omega _{i},\\end{aligned}}}whereB\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n a\n \n \n t\n \n \n +\n \n \n B\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n b\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n e\n \n (\n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n +\n j\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n )\n t\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n e\n \n (\n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n −\n j\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n )\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n A\n \n i\n \n \n \n e\n \n \n σ\n \n i\n \n \n t\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n ω\n \n i\n \n \n t\n +\n \n ϕ\n \n i\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\mathrm {B} _{a}e^{\\lambda _{a}t}+\\mathrm {B} _{b}e^{\\lambda _{b}t}&={\\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{\\phi _{i}j}e^{(\\sigma _{i}+j\\omega _{i})t}+{\\frac {1}{2}}A_{i}e^{-\\phi _{i}j}e^{(\\sigma _{i}-j\\omega _{i})t}\\\\&=A_{i}e^{\\sigma _{i}t}\\cos(\\omega _{i}t+\\phi _{i}).\\end{aligned}}}Because the summation of complex exponentials is the homogeneous solution to a linear difference equation, the following difference equation will exist:f\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n \n Δ\n \n t\n \n \n n\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n 1\n \n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n [\n \n Δ\n \n t\n \n \n (\n n\n −\n m\n )\n ]\n \n P\n \n m\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n =\n M\n ,\n …\n ,\n N\n −\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {f}}(\\Delta _{t}n)=\\sum _{m=1}^{M}{\\hat {f}}[\\Delta _{t}(n-m)]P_{m},\\quad n=M,\\dots ,N-1.}The key to Prony's Method is that the coefficients in the difference equation are related to the following polynomial:z\n \n M\n \n \n −\n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n \n z\n \n M\n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n ⋯\n −\n \n P\n \n M\n \n \n =\n \n ∏\n \n m\n =\n 1\n \n \n M\n \n \n \n (\n \n z\n −\n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{M}-P_{1}z^{M-1}-\\dots -P_{M}=\\prod _{m=1}^{M}\\left(z-e^{\\lambda _{m}}\\right).}These facts lead to the following three steps within Prony's method:1) Construct and solve the matrix equation for the \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{m}}\n \n values:[\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n N\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n M\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n \n F\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n N\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n \n F\n \n N\n −\n M\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}F_{M}\\\\\\vdots \\\\F_{N-1}\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}F_{M-1}&\\dots &F_{0}\\\\\\vdots &\\ddots &\\vdots \\\\F_{N-2}&\\dots &F_{N-M-1}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}P_{1}\\\\\\vdots \\\\P_{M}\\end{bmatrix}}.}Note that if \n \n \n \n N\n ≠\n 2\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\neq 2M}\n \n, a generalized matrix inverse may be needed to find the values \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{m}}\n \n.2) After finding the \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{m}}\n \n values, find the roots (numerically if necessary) of the polynomialz\n \n M\n \n \n −\n \n P\n \n 1\n \n \n \n z\n \n M\n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n ⋯\n −\n \n P\n \n M\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z^{M}-P_{1}z^{M-1}-\\dots -P_{M}.}The \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n-th root of this polynomial will be equal to \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{\\lambda _{m}}}\n \n.3) With the \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{\\lambda _{m}}}\n \n values, the \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F_{n}}\n \n values are part of a system of linear equations that may be used to solve for the \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {B} _{m}}\n \n values:[\n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n k\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n (\n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n (\n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n k\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n …\n \n \n (\n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n k\n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n M\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}F_{k_{1}}\\\\\\vdots \\\\F_{k_{M}}\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}(e^{\\lambda _{1}})^{k_{1}}&\\dots &(e^{\\lambda _{M}})^{k_{1}}\\\\\\vdots &\\ddots &\\vdots \\\\(e^{\\lambda _{1}})^{k_{M}}&\\dots &(e^{\\lambda _{M}})^{k_{M}}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathrm {B} _{1}\\\\\\vdots \\\\\\mathrm {B} _{M}\\end{bmatrix}},}where \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n unique values \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{i}}\n \n are used. It is possible to use a generalized matrix inverse if more than \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n samples are used.Note that solving for \n \n \n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda _{m}}\n \n will yield ambiguities, since only \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{\\lambda _{m}}}\n \n was solved for, and \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n e\n \n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n \n +\n \n q\n 2\n π\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{\\lambda _{m}}=e^{\\lambda _{m}\\,+\\,q2\\pi j}}\n \n for an integer \n \n \n \n q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q}\n \n. This leads to the same Nyquist sampling criteria that discrete Fourier transforms are subject to|\n \n Im\n ⁡\n (\n \n λ\n \n m\n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n =\n \n |\n \n ω\n \n m\n \n \n |\n \n <\n \n \n π\n \n Δ\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\operatorname {Im} (\\lambda _{m})\\right|=\\left|\\omega _{m}\\right|<{\\frac {\\pi }{\\Delta _{t}}}.}","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1990ITPSy...5...80H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ITPSy...5...80H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/59.49090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2F59.49090"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10217/753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10217%2F753"}],"text":"^ Hauer, J. F.; Demeure, C. J.; Scharf, L. L. (1990). \"Initial results in Prony analysis of power system response signals\". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 5 (1): 80–89. Bibcode:1990ITPSy...5...80H. doi:10.1109/59.49090. hdl:10217/753.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Prony analysis of a time-domain signal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/79/Prony2.jpg/275px-Prony2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Generalized pencil-of-function method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_pencil-of-function_method"},{"title":"Autoregression analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing#Autoregression_analysis"},{"title":"Time-frequency analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing#Time-frequency_analysis"}]
[{"reference":"Hauer, J. F.; Demeure, C. J.; Scharf, L. L. (1990). \"Initial results in Prony analysis of power system response signals\". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 5 (1): 80–89. Bibcode:1990ITPSy...5...80H. doi:10.1109/59.49090. hdl:10217/753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ITPSy...5...80H","url_text":"1990ITPSy...5...80H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F59.49090","url_text":"10.1109/59.49090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10217%2F753","url_text":"10217/753"}]},{"reference":"Carriere, R.; Moses, R. L. (1992). \"High resolution radar target modeling using a modified Prony estimator\". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 40: 13–18. doi:10.1109/8.123348.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F8.123348","url_text":"10.1109/8.123348"}]},{"reference":"Slyusar, V. I. (1998). \"Interpretation of the Proni method for solving long-range problems\" (PDF). Radioelectronics and Communications Systems. 41 (1): 35–39.","urls":[{"url":"http://slyusar.kiev.ua/en/IZV_1998_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Interpretation of the Proni method for solving long-range problems\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990ITPSy...5...80H","external_links_name":"1990ITPSy...5...80H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F59.49090","external_links_name":"10.1109/59.49090"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10217%2F753","external_links_name":"10217/753"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F8.123348","external_links_name":"10.1109/8.123348"},{"Link":"http://slyusar.kiev.ua/en/IZV_1998_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Interpretation of the Proni method for solving long-range problems\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KF8
Kindle File Format
["1 History","2 References"]
E-book file format Kindle File FormatFilename extension .azw, .azw3, .kfxInternet media type application/vnd.amazon.mobi8-ebookDeveloped byAmazon.comInitial release2007Latest release1011 August 2015 Type of formate-book file formatExtended fromHTML5, CSS3, MOBIOpen format?No Kindle File Format is a proprietary e-book file format created by Amazon.com that can be downloaded and read on devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or e-readers that have Amazon's Kindle app. E-book files in the Kindle File Format originally had the filename extension .azw; version 8 (KF8) introduced HTML5 & CSS3 features and have the .azw3 extension, and version 10 introduced a new typesetting and layout engine featuring hyphens, kerning, & ligatures and have the .kfx extension. History Kindle devices and apps are designed to use Amazon's e-book formats: AZW that is based on Mobipocket; in fourth generation and later Kindles, AZW3, also called KF8; and in seventh generation and later Kindles, KFX. When uploaded via the Send to Kindle service Kindles now support the EPUB file format used by many other e-book readers. Similar to EPUB, Amazon's file formats are intended for reflowable, richly formatted e-book content and support DRM restrictions, but unlike EPUB, they are proprietary formats. AZW files debuted with the first Amazon Kindle in 2007. Software such as the free and open source Calibre, Amazon's KindleGen, and the email based Send-to-Kindle service are available to convert e-books into supported Kindle file formats. Kindle devices can also display some generic document formats such as plain text (TXT) and Portable Document Format (PDF) files; however, reflowing is not supported for these file types. In late 2011, the Kindle Fire introduced "Kindle Format 8" (KF8), also known as AZW3 file format. AZW3 supports a subset of HTML5 and CSS3 features, while acting as a container for a backwards-compatible MOBI content document. In August 2015, all the Kindle e-readers released within the previous two years were updated with a new typesetting and layout engine that adds hyphens, kerning and ligatures to the text; e-books that support this engine require the use of the "Kindle Format 10" (KFX) file format. E-books that support the enhanced typesetting format are indicated in the e-book's description on its product page. In 2017, Amazon released Kindle Create, a tool that can convert Microsoft Word files to Kindle file format. In 2022, while the Send-to-Kindle service only supported the original .mobi/.azw ebook formats (along with some other non-ebook file formats), Amazon announced removing this support in favor of .epub which will be converted to Amazon's KF8 (.azw3) from late-2022. References ^ "AZW3 file - Zamzar - Free online file conversion". Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2017-08-15. ^ "Kindle Publishing Programs". Amazon.com. July 12, 2011. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011. Now via Internet Archive. ^ "KindleGen". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019. ^ Kindle Format 8 Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, Amazon.com, October 2011. ^ "List of supported HTML tags and CSS elements". Amazon. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2012. ^ Sabrina Ricci (March 6, 2012). "The New Kindle Format (KF8)". Digital Pubbing. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2018. ^ "Amazon Throws A Minor Curveball With HTML5-Powered Kindle Format 8" Archived 2017-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, TechCrunch, October 20, 2011. ^ Kindle eBooks with Improved Typography Use New KFX File Format Archived 2019-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 August 2015 ^ "Kindle Create: A New Ebook Conversion Tool". EpubSecrets. April 6, 2017. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020. ^ a b "Learn About Sending Documents to Your Kindle Library". Amazon. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-04. ^ Michael Kozlowski (April 30, 2022). "The Amazon Kindle will support EPUB in late 2022". Good E-Reader. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ Michael Cavacini (2022-05-04). "Amazon Kindle Will Support EPUB Books, Abandoning MOBI Format". michaelcavacini.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-04. vteEbooksFormats ePub FictionBook CBR/CBZ Kindle File Format Mobipocket PDF Plain text IBA ReadingDevices Amazon Kindle Barnes & Noble Nook Bookeen Elonex ebook enTourage eDGe Hanlin eReader iPad iRiver Story Kobo eReader Onyx Boox Plastic Logic Reader PocketBook eReader Rocket eBook SoftBook Smartphones Tablets Software Adobe Acrobat Adobe Digital Editions Aldiko Apple Books (iBooks) Aquafadas Blio Bluefire Reader Calibre FBReader Foliate Google Play Books Kindle app Kitabu Kobo Lector Lektz Lucifox Microsoft Reader MuPDF Okular OverDrive Media Console Snapplify STDU Viewer Sumatra PDF Editing ABBYY FineReader AbiWord Adobe InDesign Adobe RoboHelp Aquafadas Atlantis Word Processor Booktype Calibre Calligra Author Collabora Online eXeLearning Help & Manual HelpNDoc iBooks Author iStudio Publisher LaTeX LibreOffice MadCap Flare Oxygen XML Editor PagePlus Pages QuarkXPress Scrivener Sigil Writer2epub VendorsCommercial Apple Books Store Amazon Kindle Store Baen Free Library Barnes & Noble Booktrack BookWalker Feedbooks Google Google Play Google Books Jarir.com Kobo Bookstore Sony Reader Store Smashwords Noncommercial Aozora Bunko Faded Page HathiTrust Internet Archive Project Gutenberg Australia Canada Standard Ebooks Wikisource Related Academic journal publishing reform Books Braille e-book Comparison of ebook readers Comparison of iOS ebook reader software Comparison of Android ebook reader software E-book lending Electronic publishing iBooks Author Conference International Digital Publishing Forum Kindle single OPDS Reflowable document Self-publishing Semantic publishing
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proprietary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_format"},{"link_name":"e-book file format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphones"},{"link_name":"tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers"},{"link_name":"e-readers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-reader"},{"link_name":"Kindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle"},{"link_name":"E-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book"},{"link_name":"filename extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension"},{"link_name":"HTML5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5"},{"link_name":"CSS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS3"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_extension"},{"link_name":"kerning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerning"},{"link_name":"ligatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(writing)"}],"text":"Kindle File Format is a proprietary e-book file format created by Amazon.com that can be downloaded and read on devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or e-readers that have Amazon's Kindle app. E-book files in the Kindle File Format originally had the filename extension .azw; version 8 (KF8) introduced HTML5 & CSS3 features and have the .azw3 extension, and version 10 introduced a new typesetting and layout engine featuring hyphens, kerning, & ligatures and have the .kfx extension.","title":"Kindle File Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobipocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipocket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"EPUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB"},{"link_name":"reflowable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflowable_document"},{"link_name":"DRM restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"proprietary formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_format"},{"link_name":"free and open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source"},{"link_name":"Calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibre_(software)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"plain text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_text"},{"link_name":"Portable Document Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"},{"link_name":"reflowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflowable_document"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HTML5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5"},{"link_name":"CSS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"MOBI content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipocket"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tc-7"},{"link_name":"hyphens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen"},{"link_name":"kerning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerning"},{"link_name":"ligatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_ligature"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Send-to-Kindle service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Send_to_Kindle_service"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azn_info_1-10"},{"link_name":".epub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeR_info_1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC_info_1-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azn_info_1-10"}],"text":"Kindle devices and apps are designed to use Amazon's e-book formats: AZW that is based on Mobipocket; in fourth generation and later Kindles, AZW3, also called KF8; and in seventh generation and later Kindles, KFX.[1] When uploaded via the Send to Kindle service Kindles now support the EPUB file format used by many other e-book readers. Similar to EPUB, Amazon's file formats are intended for reflowable, richly formatted e-book content and support DRM restrictions, but unlike EPUB, they are proprietary formats. AZW files debuted with the first Amazon Kindle in 2007.Software such as the free and open source Calibre, Amazon's KindleGen,[2][3] and the email based Send-to-Kindle service are available to convert e-books into supported Kindle file formats. Kindle devices can also display some generic document formats such as plain text (TXT) and Portable Document Format (PDF) files; however, reflowing is not supported for these file types.In late 2011, the Kindle Fire introduced \"Kindle Format 8\" (KF8), also known as AZW3 file format.[4] AZW3 supports a subset of HTML5 and CSS3 features,[5] while acting as a container for a backwards-compatible MOBI content document.[6][7]In August 2015, all the Kindle e-readers released within the previous two years were updated with a new typesetting and layout engine that adds hyphens, kerning and ligatures to the text; e-books that support this engine require the use of the \"Kindle Format 10\" (KFX) file format.[8] E-books that support the enhanced typesetting format are indicated in the e-book's description on its product page.In 2017, Amazon released Kindle Create, a tool that can convert Microsoft Word files to Kindle file format.[9]In 2022, while the Send-to-Kindle service only supported the original .mobi/.azw ebook formats (along with some other non-ebook file formats),[10] Amazon announced removing this support in favor of .epub which will be converted to Amazon's KF8 (.azw3) from late-2022.[11][12][10]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"AZW3 file - Zamzar - Free online file conversion\". Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2017-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zamzar.com/fileformats/azw3","url_text":"\"AZW3 file - Zamzar - Free online file conversion\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190418102418/https://www.zamzar.com/fileformats/azw3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kindle Publishing Programs\". Amazon.com. July 12, 2011. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110815083555/http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=1000234621","url_text":"\"Kindle Publishing Programs\""},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com:80/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=1000234621","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KindleGen\". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=1000765211","url_text":"\"KindleGen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190905040839/https://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?ie=UTF8&docId=1000765211","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of supported HTML tags and CSS elements\". Amazon. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html/ref=amb_link_357613442_1?ie=UTF8&docId=1000729901&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-5&pf_rd_r=1SMP3WA2ZFPE1V88B33V&pf_rd_t=1401&pf_rd_p=1321300302&pf_rd_i=1000729511","url_text":"\"List of supported HTML tags and CSS elements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214232547/https://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html/ref=amb_link_357613442_1?ie=UTF8&docId=1000729901&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-5&pf_rd_r=1SMP3WA2ZFPE1V88B33V&pf_rd_t=1401&pf_rd_p=1321300302&pf_rd_i=1000729511","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sabrina Ricci (March 6, 2012). \"The New Kindle Format (KF8)\". Digital Pubbing. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalpubbing.com/the-new-kindle-format-8-kf8","url_text":"\"The New Kindle Format (KF8)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190423033921/https://digitalpubbing.com/the-new-kindle-format-8-kf8/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kindle Create: A New Ebook Conversion Tool\". EpubSecrets. April 6, 2017. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://epubsecrets.com/kindle-create-a-new-ebook-conversion-tool.php","url_text":"\"Kindle Create: A New Ebook Conversion Tool\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200225053159/http://epubsecrets.com/kindle-create-a-new-ebook-conversion-tool.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Learn About Sending Documents to Your Kindle Library\". Amazon. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=hp_pdoc_main_short_us?nodeId=200767340","url_text":"\"Learn About Sending Documents to Your Kindle Library\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220125031356/https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=hp_pdoc_main_short_us?nodeId=200767340","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michael Kozlowski (April 30, 2022). \"The Amazon Kindle will support EPUB in late 2022\". Good E-Reader. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://goodereader.com/blog/kindle/the-amazon-kindle-will-support-epub-in-late-2022","url_text":"\"The Amazon Kindle will support EPUB in late 2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220504105242/https://goodereader.com/blog/kindle/the-amazon-kindle-will-support-epub-in-late-2022","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michael Cavacini (2022-05-04). \"Amazon Kindle Will Support EPUB Books, Abandoning MOBI Format\". michaelcavacini.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://michaelcavacini.com/2022/05/04/amazon-kindle-will-support-epub-books-abandoning-mobi-format","url_text":"\"Amazon Kindle Will Support EPUB Books, Abandoning MOBI Format\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220504113326/https://michaelcavacini.com/2022/05/04/amazon-kindle-will-support-epub-books-abandoning-mobi-format/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Cherry
Trevor Cherry
["1 Playing career","1.1 Huddersfield Town","1.2 Leeds United","1.3 Bradford City and management","2 International career","3 Post-football","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
English footballer and manager (1948–2020) Trevor CherryPersonal informationFull name Trevor John CherryDate of birth (1948-02-23)23 February 1948Place of birth Huddersfield, EnglandDate of death 29 April 2020(2020-04-29) (aged 72)Height 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Position(s) DefenderYouth career1963–1965 Huddersfield TownSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1965–1972 Huddersfield Town 156 (11)1972–1982 Leeds United 399 (24)1982–1985 Bradford City 92 (0)Total 679 (36)International career1977 England U21 1 (0)1976–1980 England 27 (0)Managerial career1982–1987 Bradford City *Club domestic league appearances and goals Trevor John Cherry (23 February 1948 – 29 April 2020) was an English footballer who notably captained both England and Leeds United. A defender, Cherry also played for Huddersfield Town and Bradford City, and managed the latter club. Born in Huddersfield, he started his career at his hometown team before he made his name at Leeds United during the 1970s, making 486 appearances and winning the Championship title in 1973–74. He won a total of 27 international caps and captained the England team on one occasion. Playing career Huddersfield Town Born in Huddersfield on 23 January 1948, Cherry joined his hometown club Huddersfield Town as part of the groundstaff in July 1963 as a 15-year-old from the Huddersfield YMCA, before signing a full-time professional contract in 1965. He made his debut in 1965, aged 17, establishing himself as a classy defender who could play anywhere across the back line, and helped Huddersfield win the Second Division title in the 1969–70 season. They were relegated after two seasons in the top flight and in 1972 Cherry left for local rivals Leeds United after making a total of 188 appearances; he had impressed Leeds manager Don Revie enough for him to consider him a potential replacement for Jack Charlton. Leeds United Cherry – along with teammate Roy Ellam – moved along the M62 in 1972 when Leeds paid £100,000 to Huddersfield for his services. He ended up playing both alongside and instead of Charlton in his first season but predominantly at left back, replacing broken leg victim Terry Cooper. By the end of the season Cherry had amassed 38 League appearances and was selected by Revie for the 1973 FA Cup final, which Leeds lost to Sunderland. He did, however, win the League championship with Leeds in 1973–74, as the team went on a record 29-match unbeaten run at the start of the season to make sure the title would be theirs; Cherry spent much of the season at left back, playing 38 times in total. The following season, 1974–75, was a mixed year for Cherry. Injury curtailed half of his season, but he recovered in time to help Leeds in their European Cup campaign as they progressed towards the semi-finals and a game against Barcelona. Cherry marked Dutch legend Johan Cruyff out of each leg as Leeds reached the final, but after missing subsequent League matches through suspension, manager Jimmy Armfield placed him on the substitute's bench for the final against Bayern Munich, and he did not play. In 1976, Cherry became Leeds captain after Billy Bremner left, and won his first England cap. He continued to play for Leeds until 1982, the year that the club were relegated to the Second Division, and won the club's Player of The Season award in 1981. In 2000, Cherry was voted the 30th best Leeds United player by its fans. Bradford City and management Cherry played three months of Second Division football for Leeds before leaving for another neighbouring club, Bradford City, where he became player-manager. He played for three years until he retired to concentrate on management. His final game in football was City's 2–0 win against Bolton Wanderers on 6 May 1985 which captured the Division Three title. Cherry also won the Third Division manager of the season award. However, Cherry's own personal success paled into insignificance when the Valley Parade ground was devastated by the Bradford City stadium fire during the final game of the season on 11 May 1985, killing 56 people. The subsequent appeal to raise money for the bereaved families and injured supporters raised more than four million pounds, and Cherry was among the mourners at many funerals. He steered Bradford to 13th place the following season despite the club having to play home games at three other grounds; Odsal Stadium, Bradford and his former home grounds of Elland Road and Leeds Road. Cherry was manager when City returned to Valley Parade in December 1986 but was sacked the following month when the club was struggling – a surprise decision that provoked angry demonstrations against the board. International career Cherry won his first English cap on 24 March 1976 against Wales. He became the first England player to be sent off in an international friendly, when he was sent off against Argentina in 1977. Cherry lost two teeth after being punched in the mouth by Daniel Bertoni, whom Cherry had felled with a nasty tackle from behind; Bertoni also received a red card. England did not qualify for the 1978 World Cup, but did so for the 1980 European Championships, and Cherry was included in the squad of 22 to travel there. In a warm-up game just before the tournament, Cherry captained his country for the only time in a 2–1 win against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground. His tournament was limited, however, to a single substitute appearance against Spain. It was to be his 27th and final cap. Post-football After he was sacked by Bradford City, Cherry gave up football in general for a number of years. He ran a promotions and hospitality company in Huddersfield, a waste paper company and a five-a-side football centre. In 2004, he also made a bid to buy into Leeds United. He was also given an honorary degree by the University of Huddersfield in November 2005. Cherry died suddenly on 29 April 2020, aged 72 from COVID-19. He was survived by his wife Sue, with whom he had two sons and a daughter, and five grandchildren. Honours Leeds United FA Cup runner-up: 1972–73 References ^ Rollin, Jack (1981). Rothmans Football Yearbook: 1981-82. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-362-02046-9. OCLC 868301130. ^ "RIP Trevor Cherry". Huddersfield Town A.F.C. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City – A Complete Record 1903–1988. Breedon Books Sport. p. 92. ISBN 0-907969-38-0. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wobschall, Leon (29 April 2020). "Former Leeds United and Huddersfield Town defender Trevor Cherry dies at the age of 72". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ a b "Trevor Cherry: England & Leeds defender dies, aged 72". BBC Sport. 29 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ a b Deniran-Alleyne, Tashan (29 April 2020). "Leeds United legend Trevor Cherry passes away at 72". Leeds Live. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ "RIP Trevor Cherry". Leeds United F.C. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ a b c d e f "Trevor Cherry, former Leeds and England defender, dies aged 72". The Guardian. 29 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ Wells, Darren (29 April 2020). "Trevor Cherry dead: Former Leeds United defender passes away suddenly aged 72". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ "Trevor Cherry: 1948–2020". Bradford City F.C. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City A Complete Record 1903–1988. Breedon Books Sport. p. 81. ISBN 0-907969-38-0. ^ a b c Parker, Simon (29 April 2020). "Former Bradford City manager and player Trevor Cherry dies". Telegraph and Argus. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ "Trevor Cherry: Huddersfield-born Mr Reliable who became a Leeds great". Express and Star. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ "Clever Trevor is mixing his business with leisure". Telegraph & Argus. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. ^ "Yorkshire trio's future on line". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ "University honour for soccer star". BBC News. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 29 April 2020. ^ "Former England defender Cherry dies from COVID-19". Retrieved 2 April 2023. ^ Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6. External links Trevor Cherry at Englandstats.com Trevor Cherry management career statistics at Soccerbase vteLeeds United F.C. Player of the Year 1971: Hunter 1972: Lorimer 1973: Clarke 1974: Jones 1975: McQueen 1976: Madeley 1977: McQueen 1978: Currie 1979: Flynn 1980: Lukic 1981: Cherry 1982: Gray 1983: Burns 1984: Wright 1985: Aspin 1986: Snodin 1987: Sheridan 1988: Haddock 1989: Baird 1990: Fairclough 1991: Batty 1992: Dorigo 1993: Strachan 1994: McAllister 1995: Deane 1996: Yeboah 1997: Martyn 1998: Radebe 1999: Bowyer 2000: Kewell 2001: Bowyer 2002: Ferdinand 2003: Robinson 2004: Smith 2005: Sullivan 2006: Kelly 2007: Lewis 2008: Beckford 2009: Beckford 2010: Kisnorbo 2011: Gradel 2012: Snodgrass 2013: Byram 2014: McCormack 2015: Mowatt 2016: Taylor 2017: Wood 2018: Hernández 2019: Hernández 2020: Hernández 2021: Dallas 2022: n/a 2023: n/a 2024: Ampadu vteEngland squad – UEFA Euro 1980 1 Clemence 2 Neal 3 Sansom 4 Thompson 5 Watson 6 Wilkins 7 Keegan (c) 8 Coppell 9 Johnson 10 Brooking 11 Woodcock 12 Anderson 13 Shilton 14 Cherry 15 Hughes 16 Mills 17 McDermott 18 Kennedy 19 Hoddle 20 Mariner 21 Birtles 22 Corrigan Coach: Greenwood vteBradford City A.F.C. – managers Campbell (1903–05) O'Rourke (1905–21) Menzies (1921–26) Veitch (1926–28) Fosterc (1928) O'Rourke (1928–30) Peart (1930–35) Ray (1935–37) Westgarth (1938–43) Sharp (1943–46) Barker (1946–47) Milburn (1947–48) Steele (1948–52) A. Harrisi (1952) Powell (1952–55) P. Jackson (1955–61) Brocklebank (1961–64) B. Harris (1965–66) Watson (1966–67) Hair (1967–68) McAnearney & Hallettc (1968) Wheeler (1968–71) Wilsonc (1971) Edwards (1971–75) Kennedy (1975–78) Napier (1978) Mulhall (1978–81) McFarland (1981–82) Cherry (1982–87) Dolan (1987–89) Yorath (1989–90) Docherty (1990–91) Stapleton (1991–94) Lawrence (1994–95) Kamara (1995–98) Jewell (1998–2000) Hutchings (2000) McCallc (2000) Jefferies (2000–01) Smithc (2001) Law (2002–03) Atherton, Jacobs, Wetherall & Windassc (2003) Robson (2003–04) Todd (2004–07) Wetherall (2007) McCall (2007–10) Jacobsc (2010) Taylor (2010–11) P. A. Jackson (2011) Cooperc (2011) Parkinson (2011–16) McCall (2016–18) Abbottc (2018) Grayson (2018) Collins (2018) Hopkin (2018–19) Druryc (2019) Bowyer (2019–20) McCall (2020) Trueman & Sellarsc (2020–21) Trueman & Sellars (2021) Adams (2021–22) Trueman c (2022) Hughes (2022–23) McDonaldc (2023) Truemanc (2023) Alexander (2023–) (i) = interim manager; (c) = caretaker manager
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Bradford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"Championship title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"England team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"}],"text":"Trevor John Cherry (23 February 1948 – 29 April 2020) was an English footballer who notably captained both England and Leeds United. A defender, Cherry also played for Huddersfield Town and Bradford City, and managed the latter club.Born in Huddersfield, he started his career at his hometown team before he made his name at Leeds United during the 1970s, making 486 appearances and winning the Championship title in 1973–74. He won a total of 27 international caps and captained the England team on one occasion.","title":"Trevor Cherry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC1-5"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"Don Revie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Revie"},{"link_name":"Jack Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Charlton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC1-5"}],"sub_title":"Huddersfield Town","text":"Born in Huddersfield on 23 January 1948,[2] Cherry joined his hometown club Huddersfield Town as part of the groundstaff in July 1963 as a 15-year-old from the Huddersfield YMCA, before signing a full-time professional contract in 1965.[3] He made his debut in 1965, aged 17, establishing himself as a classy defender who could play anywhere across the back line,[4] and helped Huddersfield win the Second Division title in the 1969–70 season.[5] They were relegated after two seasons in the top flight and in 1972 Cherry left for local rivals Leeds United after making a total of 188 appearances;[4] he had impressed Leeds manager Don Revie enough for him to consider him a potential replacement for Jack Charlton.[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Ellam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Ellam"},{"link_name":"M62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M62_motorway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"Terry Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"1973 FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_Final_1973"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLOBIT-6"},{"link_name":"League championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LU-7"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Leeds_United_A.F.C._season"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUAR-8"},{"link_name":"Johan Cruyff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruijff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Armfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Armfield"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_European_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"Billy Bremner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bremner"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUAR-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LLOBIT-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Leeds United","text":"Cherry – along with teammate Roy Ellam – moved along the M62 in 1972 when Leeds paid £100,000 to Huddersfield for his services.[4] He ended up playing both alongside and instead of Charlton in his first season but predominantly at left back, replacing broken leg victim Terry Cooper.[4] By the end of the season Cherry had amassed 38 League appearances and was selected by Revie for the 1973 FA Cup final, which Leeds lost to Sunderland.[6]He did, however, win the League championship with Leeds in 1973–74, as the team went on a record 29-match unbeaten run at the start of the season to make sure the title would be theirs; Cherry spent much of the season at left back, playing 38 times in total.[7] The following season, 1974–75, was a mixed year for Cherry. Injury curtailed half of his season, but he recovered in time to help Leeds in their European Cup campaign as they progressed towards the semi-finals and a game against Barcelona.[8] Cherry marked Dutch legend Johan Cruyff out of each leg as Leeds reached the final,[4] but after missing subsequent League matches through suspension, manager Jimmy Armfield placed him on the substitute's bench for the final against Bayern Munich, and he did not play.[4]In 1976, Cherry became Leeds captain after Billy Bremner left, and won his first England cap.[8] He continued to play for Leeds until 1982, the year that the club were relegated to the Second Division, and won the club's Player of The Season award in 1981.[6] In 2000, Cherry was voted the 30th best Leeds United player by its fans.[9]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Division Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Valley Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Parade"},{"link_name":"Bradford City stadium fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_stadium_fire"},{"link_name":"bereaved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTA-12"},{"link_name":"Odsal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odsal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Elland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland_Road"},{"link_name":"Leeds Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Road"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTA-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTA-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"}],"sub_title":"Bradford City and management","text":"Cherry played three months of Second Division football for Leeds before leaving for another neighbouring club, Bradford City, where he became player-manager.[4] He played for three years until he retired to concentrate on management.[4] His final game in football was City's 2–0 win against Bolton Wanderers on 6 May 1985 which captured the Division Three title.[10] Cherry also won the Third Division manager of the season award.[11] However, Cherry's own personal success paled into insignificance when the Valley Parade ground was devastated by the Bradford City stadium fire during the final game of the season on 11 May 1985, killing 56 people. The subsequent appeal to raise money for the bereaved families and injured supporters raised more than four million pounds, and Cherry was among the mourners at many funerals.[12]He steered Bradford to 13th place the following season despite the club having to play home games at three other grounds; Odsal Stadium, Bradford and his former home grounds of Elland Road and Leeds Road.[12] Cherry was manager when City returned to Valley Parade in December 1986 but was sacked the following month when the club was struggling – a surprise decision that provoked angry demonstrations against the board.[12][4]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUAR-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bertoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bertoni"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUAR-8"},{"link_name":"1978 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1980 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_UEFA_European_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YPOBIT-4"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUAR-8"}],"text":"Cherry won his first English cap on 24 March 1976 against Wales.[8] He became the first England player to be sent off in an international friendly,[13] when he was sent off against Argentina in 1977. Cherry lost two teeth after being punched in the mouth by Daniel Bertoni, whom Cherry had felled with a nasty tackle from behind; Bertoni also received a red card.[8]England did not qualify for the 1978 World Cup, but did so for the 1980 European Championships, and Cherry was included in the squad of 22 to travel there.[4] In a warm-up game just before the tournament, Cherry captained his country for the only time in a 2–1 win against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground.[4] His tournament was limited, however, to a single substitute appearance against Spain. It was to be his 27th and final cap.[8]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"University of Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUAR-8"}],"text":"After he was sacked by Bradford City, Cherry gave up football in general for a number of years. He ran a promotions and hospitality company in Huddersfield, a waste paper company and a five-a-side football centre.[14] In 2004, he also made a bid to buy into Leeds United.[15] He was also given an honorary degree by the University of Huddersfield in November 2005.[16]Cherry died suddenly on 29 April 2020, aged 72 from COVID-19.[17] He was survived by his wife Sue, with whom he had two sons and a daughter, and five grandchildren.[8]","title":"Post-football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Leeds UnitedFA Cup runner-up: 1972–73[18]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rollin, Jack (1981). Rothmans Football Yearbook: 1981-82. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-362-02046-9. OCLC 868301130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-362-02046-9","url_text":"0-362-02046-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868301130","url_text":"868301130"}]},{"reference":"\"RIP Trevor Cherry\". Huddersfield Town A.F.C. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.htafc.com/news/2020/april/rest-in-peace-trevor-cherry/","url_text":"\"RIP Trevor Cherry\""}]},{"reference":"Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City – A Complete Record 1903–1988. Breedon Books Sport. p. 92. ISBN 0-907969-38-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907969-38-0","url_text":"0-907969-38-0"}]},{"reference":"Wobschall, Leon (29 April 2020). \"Former Leeds United and Huddersfield Town defender Trevor Cherry dies at the age of 72\". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/former-leeds-united-and-huddersfield-town-defender-trevor-cherry-dies-age-72-2567489","url_text":"\"Former Leeds United and Huddersfield Town defender Trevor Cherry dies at the age of 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Cherry: England & Leeds defender dies, aged 72\". BBC Sport. 29 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52479100","url_text":"\"Trevor Cherry: England & Leeds defender dies, aged 72\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200429202411/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52479100","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Deniran-Alleyne, Tashan (29 April 2020). \"Leeds United legend Trevor Cherry passes away at 72\". Leeds Live. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/leeds-united-legend-trevor-cherry-18173787","url_text":"\"Leeds United legend Trevor Cherry passes away at 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIP Trevor Cherry\". Leeds United F.C. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leedsunited.com/news/team-news/26590/rip-trevor-cherry","url_text":"\"RIP Trevor Cherry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Cherry, former Leeds and England defender, dies aged 72\". The Guardian. 29 April 2020. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/apr/29/trevor-cherry-former-leeds-and-england-defender-dies-aged-72","url_text":"\"Trevor Cherry, former Leeds and England defender, dies aged 72\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200429212834/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/apr/29/trevor-cherry-former-leeds-and-england-defender-dies-aged-72","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wells, Darren (29 April 2020). \"Trevor Cherry dead: Former Leeds United defender passes away suddenly aged 72\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/trevor-cherry-dead-former-leeds-21949064","url_text":"\"Trevor Cherry dead: Former Leeds United defender passes away suddenly aged 72\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Cherry: 1948–2020\". Bradford City F.C. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bradfordcityfc.co.uk/news/2020/april/trevor-cherry-1948-2020/","url_text":"\"Trevor Cherry: 1948–2020\""}]},{"reference":"Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City A Complete Record 1903–1988. Breedon Books Sport. p. 81. ISBN 0-907969-38-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907969-38-0","url_text":"0-907969-38-0"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Simon (29 April 2020). \"Former Bradford City manager and player Trevor Cherry dies\". Telegraph and Argus. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/18415013.former-bradford-city-manager-player-trevor-cherry-dies/","url_text":"\"Former Bradford City manager and player Trevor Cherry dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trevor Cherry: Huddersfield-born Mr Reliable who became a Leeds great\". Express and Star. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/uk-sports/2020/04/29/trevor-cherry-huddersfield-born-mr-reliable-who-became-a-leeds-great/","url_text":"\"Trevor Cherry: Huddersfield-born Mr Reliable who became a Leeds great\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clever Trevor is mixing his business with leisure\". Telegraph & Argus. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090520032839/http://archive.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/2005/9/5/180207.html","url_text":"\"Clever Trevor is mixing his business with leisure\""},{"url":"http://archive.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/2005/9/5/180207.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yorkshire trio's future on line\". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/viewarticle.aspx?sectionid=89&articleid=741457","url_text":"\"Yorkshire trio's future on line\""}]},{"reference":"\"University honour for soccer star\". BBC News. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4395690.stm","url_text":"\"University honour for soccer star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Former England defender Cherry dies from COVID-19\". Retrieved 2 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.khabarhub.com/2020/30/92659/","url_text":"\"Former England defender Cherry dies from COVID-19\""}]},{"reference":"Vernon, Leslie; Rollin, Jack (1977). Rothmans Football Yearbook 1977–78. London: Brickfield Publications Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 0354 09018 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0354_09018_6","url_text":"0354 09018 6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Sachsen_(1916)
SMS Sachsen (1916)
["1 Development","2 Description","3 Construction and cancellation","4 Notes","4.1 Footnotes","4.2 Citations","5 References","6 Further reading"]
Battleship of the German Imperial Navy Bayern, Sachsen's sister ship History German Empire NameSMS Sachsen NamesakeSaxony BuilderGermaniawerft, Kiel Yard number210 Laid down15 April 1914 Launched21 November 1916 Stricken3 November 1919 FateBroken up, 1921–1923 General characteristics Class and typeBayern-class battleship Displacement Normal: 28,800 t (28,300 long tons) Full load: 32,500 t (32,000 long tons) Length182.4 m (598 ft 5 in) loa Beam30 m (98 ft 5 in) Draft9.3 to 9.4 m (30 ft 6 in to 30 ft 10 in) Installed power 9 × water-tube boilers 54,000 metric horsepower (53,000 shp) Propulsion 2 × steam turbines 1 × diesel engine 3 × screw propellers Speed22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph) Range5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) Complement 42 officers 1,129 enlisted men Armament 8 × 38 cm (15 in) SK L/45 guns 16 × 15 cm (5.9 in) SK L/45 guns 4 × 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/45 guns 5 × 60 cm (23.6 in) torpedo tubes Armor Belt: 170 to 350 mm (6.7 to 13.8 in) Conning tower: 400 mm (15.7 in) Deck: 60 to 100 mm (2.4 to 3.9 in) Turrets: 200 to 350 mm (7.9 to 13.8 in) For the armored frigate, see SMS Sachsen. SMS Sachsen was the third of four dreadnought-type Bayern-class battleships built, but never finished, for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in the 1910s. This ship is sometimes considered to be part of a sub-class with her sister Württemberg. Like the other members of the class, she was to be armed with the same main battery of eight 38 cm (15 in) guns in four gun turrets, but she differed from the other members of her class in her propulsion system. She exchanged the steam turbine on her center propeller shaft in favor of a diesel engine. She was laid down in April 1914 at the Germaniawerft shipyard, but the start of World War I in July slowed work on the ship; she was launched in November 1916, but as resources were diverted to more pressing projects, including U-boat construction, work stopped completely when the ship was about nine months from completion. Some components of her propulsion system were reused in several of the Type U 151 submarines. The Treaty of Versailles that ended the war in June 1919 specified that all warships under construction in Germany were to be destroyed, and Sachsen was accordingly sold for scrap in 1920 and dismantled the following year. Development Queen Elizabeth, which prompted the revisions to Sachsen's design Design work on the Bayern class began in 1910 in the context of the Anglo-German naval arms race, with initial discussions focused on the caliber of the main battery; previous German battleships had carried 30.5 cm (12 in) guns, but as foreign navies adopted 34 cm (13.5 in) and 35.6 cm (14 in) weapons, the German naval command felt the need to respond with larger guns of their own. They considered 32 cm (12.6 in), 38 cm (15 in), and 40 cm (15.7 in) guns. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the State Secretary of the Reichsmarineamt (RMA—Imperial Naval Office), was able to use public outcry over the Agadir Crisis to pressure the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) into appropriating additional funds for the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) to offset the additional cost of the larger weapons. The design staff settled on the 38 cm caliber since the 40 cm was significantly more expensive and the 38 cm gun marked a significant improvement over existing German guns. As the German Navy began preparations to begin construction for the battleship of fiscal year 1914, designated "Ersatz Kaiser Friedrich III" in 1912 as a replacement for the elderly pre-dreadnought battleship Kaiser Friedrich III, the design staff became aware that the latest British battleships—the Queen Elizabeth class—would have a high top speed. The Germans opted to make another attempt to incorporate a diesel engine to power the new ship's center propeller shaft (they had previously sought to install them on the earlier König class but they were not ready in time). The diesel engine was larger than a comparable turbine installation, increasing displacement by about 200 t (197 long tons), which required a lengthening of the hull by 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) to keep her draft from increasing. This had the benefit of refining the hull lines and thereby improving its hydrodynamic shape, increasing her speed. Because of these changes, some historians, including the German naval historian Dirk Nottellmann, consider Sachsen and the fourth Bayern-class battleship, Württemberg, to constitute a sub-class of the basic Bayern design. Description Main article: Bayern-class battleship Side view of the Bayern class showing the protection scheme Sachsen was 181.8 m (596 ft 5 in) long at the waterline, and 182.4 m (598 ft 5 in) long overall. She had a beam of 30 m (98 ft 5 in) and a draft of between 9.3–9.4 m (30 ft 6 in – 30 ft 10 in). Sachsen would have displaced 28,800 metric tons (28,300 long tons) at her designed displacement, which did not include a full load of supplies, fuel, and other operational necessities; at full load, she would have displaced up to 32,500 metric tons (32,000 long tons). Unlike her three sister ships, which were powered by three sets of Schichau steam turbines, Sachsen received only two sets of turbines on the outboard shafts, with steam provided by six coal-fired water-tube boilers and three oil-fired models. Her third shaft was powered by a MAN, six-cylinder, two-stroke diesel engine which was rated at 12,000 metric horsepower (12,000 shp); combined with the turbines, her propulsion system produced 54,000 metric horsepower (53,000 shp). Designed speed was 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph). Her engines would have provided a cruising range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). Upon commissioning, she would have carried a crew of 42 officers and 1,129 enlisted men. Had she been completed, she would have been armed with eight 38 cm (15 in) SK L/45 guns.. These would have been arranged in four twin-gun turrets: two superfiring turret pairs fore and aft of the superstructure. Her secondary armament was to have consisted of sixteen 15 cm (5.9 in) guns and four 8.8 cm (3.5 in) guns. She would also have been fitted with five 60 cm (23.6 in) torpedo tubes submerged in her hull, one in the bow and two on each broadside. The ship had an armored belt that was 170–350 mm (6.7–13.8 in) thick and an armored deck that was 60–100 mm (2.4–3.9 in) thick. Her forward conning tower had 400 mm (15.7 in) sides, and the main battery turrets had 350 mm thick sides and 200 mm (7.9 in) thick roofs. Construction and cancellation The Germaniawerft shipyard, c. 1902 Sachsen was ordered under the fourth and final Naval Law, which was passed in 1912. Kaiser Wilhelm II approved the design, which had already been ordered from the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel; the Reichstag had not officially approved the budget, making the beginning of construction a matter of risk for the shipyard. Funding for the vessel was duly authorized, and on 21 February 1914, the battleship Kronprinz was launched, which cleared the slipway that had been reserved to build Ersatz Kaiser Friedrich III. Preparatory work began immediately after Kronprinz vacated the slipway and on 21 March, Wilhelm II signed the final order to build the new ship. Her keel laying took place on 15 April, and she was assigned the construction number 210. Initial work proceeded slowly, owing to the start of World War I in July, as resources were diverted to complete fitting-out work on Kronprinz as well as several torpedo boats and U-boats under construction at the yard. Her completed hull was scheduled to be launched in early 1916, but the delays pushed her launching to 21 November. Her completion had been planned for early 1917, but increased shortages of material and labor, particularly as these resources began to be diverted to supporting the U-boat campaign against Britain, further slowed work, which eventually ground to a halt. After Germany resumed and greatly expanded the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign in February 1917, Admiral Eduard von Capelle, who had by then replaced Tirpitz as the head of the RMA, argued that capital ship construction should be halted in favor of U-boat construction. As a result, work stopped on Sachsen altogether, when she was about nine months from completion. Components that had been assembled for her diesel generators were reused on the merchant submarine Bremen. The diesel engine was divided into propulsion systems for four of the Type U 151 submarines in early 1917. By the time work stopped in 1917, Sachsen had received six of her eight main guns, and the remaining pair had been diverted to be converted into railway guns or fixed batteries in Flanders. Approximately 76 percent of the hull had been assembled and 13 percent of her armor had been fitted, with much of the rest in the workshop alongside, being prepared to be installed. The ship was complete up to the battery deck—one deck below the main deck—and 50 percent of her upper deck was in place. Her boilers had been installed and both of her turbines and the diesel engine had been almost completely assembled in the workshop, requiring trials before they could be fitted. Both of her funnels had been erected. The ship laid unfinished in Kiel at the end of the war. According to Article 186 of the Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919, all German surface warships under construction were to be immediately broken up for scrap. At the same time, her guns were removed and she was moved to the Kieler Förde later that year to await the breakers' yard. Sachsen was duly stricken from the naval register on 3 November 1919 and sold in late 1920 to ship breakers. After being sold, she was returned to the shipyard to have her side armor and gun turrets removed. She was then transferred to the breakers to be dismantled, work lasting until 1923. Notes Footnotes ^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun is quick loading, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 calibers, meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in bore diameter. Citations ^ Friedman, p. 131. ^ Dodson, p. 97. ^ Nottelmann, pp. 289–293. ^ Nottelmann, pp. 300–301. ^ Breyer, p. 276. ^ Gröner, pp. 28–30. ^ Nottelmann, p. 301. ^ Grießmer, p. 177. ^ Gröner, p. 30. ^ Dodson, p. 225. ^ Herwig, p. 81. ^ Weir, p. 178. ^ Nottelmann, pp. 301–302, 317. ^ a b c Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 97. ^ Forstmeier & Breyer, p. 44. ^ Nottelmann, pp. 303, 317–318. ^ Nottelmann, p. 318. References Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battlecruisers 1905–1970: Historical Development of the Capital Ship. Garden City: Doubleday and Company. ISBN 978-0-385-07247-2. Dodson, Aidan (2016). The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-229-5. Forstmeier, Friedrich & Breyer, Siegfried (2002). Deutsche Großkampfschiffe 1915 bis 1918 – Die Entwicklung der Typenfrage im Ersten Weltkrieg (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 978-3-7637-6230-9. Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7. Grießmer, Axel (1999). Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9. Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. Herwig, Holger (1998) . "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9. Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart . Vol. 7. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0267-1. Nottelmann, Dirk (December 2019). "From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy, 1864–1918: Part XA, "Lost Ambitions"". Warship International. 56 (4). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization. ISSN 0043-0374. Weir, Gary (1992). Building the Kaiser's Navy. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-929-1. Further reading Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020). Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4198-1. Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 2). Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8. vteBayern-class battleships Bayern Baden Sachsen Württemberg Preceded by: König class Followed by: L 20e α class (planned) / Scharnhorst class (actual) List of battleships of Germany
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This ship is sometimes considered to be part of a sub-class with her sister Württemberg. Like the other members of the class, she was to be armed with the same main battery of eight 38 cm (15 in) guns in four gun turrets, but she differed from the other members of her class in her propulsion system. She exchanged the steam turbine on her center propeller shaft in favor of a diesel engine. She was laid down in April 1914 at the Germaniawerft shipyard, but the start of World War I in July slowed work on the ship; she was launched in November 1916, but as resources were diverted to more pressing projects, including U-boat construction, work stopped completely when the ship was about nine months from completion. Some components of her propulsion system were reused in several of the Type U 151 submarines. 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They considered 32 cm (12.6 in), 38 cm (15 in), and 40 cm (15.7 in) guns. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the State Secretary of the Reichsmarineamt (RMA—Imperial Naval Office), was able to use public outcry over the Agadir Crisis to pressure the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) into appropriating additional funds for the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) to offset the additional cost of the larger weapons. The design staff settled on the 38 cm caliber since the 40 cm was significantly more expensive and the 38 cm gun marked a significant improvement over existing German guns.[1][2][3]As the German Navy began preparations to begin construction for the battleship of fiscal year 1914, designated \"Ersatz Kaiser Friedrich III\" in 1912 as a replacement for the elderly pre-dreadnought battleship Kaiser Friedrich III, the design staff became aware that the latest British battleships—the Queen Elizabeth class—would have a high top speed. The Germans opted to make another attempt to incorporate a diesel engine to power the new ship's center propeller shaft (they had previously sought to install them on the earlier König class but they were not ready in time). The diesel engine was larger than a comparable turbine installation, increasing displacement by about 200 t (197 long tons), which required a lengthening of the hull by 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) to keep her draft from increasing. This had the benefit of refining the hull lines and thereby improving its hydrodynamic shape, increasing her speed. Because of these changes, some historians, including the German naval historian Dirk Nottellmann, consider Sachsen and the fourth Bayern-class battleship, Württemberg, to constitute a sub-class of the basic Bayern design.[4][5]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMS-Bayern-protection-scheme-EN.svg"},{"link_name":"long at the waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_at_the_waterline"},{"link_name":"long overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"full load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_load"},{"link_name":"sister ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Schichau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schichau-Werke"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"MAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE"},{"link_name":"diesel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"metric horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_horsepower"},{"link_name":"shp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner28%E2%80%9330-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENottelmann301-7"},{"link_name":"38 cm (15 in) SK L/45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_cm_SK_L/45_%22Max%22"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"gun turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"superfiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfire"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"secondary armament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_armament"},{"link_name":"15 cm (5.9 in) guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_cm_SK_L/45"},{"link_name":"8.8 cm (3.5 in) guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.8_cm_SK_L/45_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"armored belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner30-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson225-11"}],"text":"Side view of the Bayern class showing the protection schemeSachsen was 181.8 m (596 ft 5 in) long at the waterline, and 182.4 m (598 ft 5 in) long overall. She had a beam of 30 m (98 ft 5 in) and a draft of between 9.3–9.4 m (30 ft 6 in – 30 ft 10 in). Sachsen would have displaced 28,800 metric tons (28,300 long tons) at her designed displacement, which did not include a full load of supplies, fuel, and other operational necessities; at full load, she would have displaced up to 32,500 metric tons (32,000 long tons). Unlike her three sister ships, which were powered by three sets of Schichau steam turbines, Sachsen received only two sets of turbines on the outboard shafts, with steam provided by six coal-fired water-tube boilers and three oil-fired models. Her third shaft was powered by a MAN, six-cylinder, two-stroke diesel engine which was rated at 12,000 metric horsepower (12,000 shp); combined with the turbines, her propulsion system produced 54,000 metric horsepower (53,000 shp). Designed speed was 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph). Her engines would have provided a cruising range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). Upon commissioning, she would have carried a crew of 42 officers and 1,129 enlisted men.[6][7]Had she been completed, she would have been armed with eight 38 cm (15 in) SK L/45 guns.[a]. These would have been arranged in four twin-gun turrets: two superfiring turret pairs fore and aft of the superstructure. Her secondary armament was to have consisted of sixteen 15 cm (5.9 in) guns and four 8.8 cm (3.5 in) guns. She would also have been fitted with five 60 cm (23.6 in) torpedo tubes submerged in her hull, one in the bow and two on each broadside. The ship had an armored belt that was 170–350 mm (6.7–13.8 in) thick and an armored deck that was 60–100 mm (2.4–3.9 in) thick. Her forward conning tower had 400 mm (15.7 in) sides, and the main battery turrets had 350 mm thick sides and 200 mm (7.9 in) thick roofs.[9] [10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germaniawerft.jpg"},{"link_name":"Germaniawerft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Krupp_Germaniawerft"},{"link_name":"Naval Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Naval_Laws"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerwig81-12"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II"},{"link_name":"Germaniawerft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Krupp_Germaniawerft"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Kronprinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kronprinz"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_launching"},{"link_name":"slipway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipway"},{"link_name":"keel laying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"construction number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_number"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"fitting-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting-out"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"U-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"U-boat campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir178-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENottelmann301%E2%80%93302,_317-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_R%C3%B6hr,_&_Steinmetz97-15"},{"link_name":"unrestricted submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"Eduard von Capelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Capelle"},{"link_name":"capital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_ship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForstmeier_&_Breyer44-16"},{"link_name":"diesel generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_generator"},{"link_name":"merchant submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_submarine"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(German_submarine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_R%C3%B6hr,_&_Steinmetz97-15"},{"link_name":"Type U 151 submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_U_151_submarine"},{"link_name":"railway guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_gun"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"main deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_deck"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENottelmann303,_317%E2%80%93318-17"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"broken up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"Kieler Förde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieler_F%C3%B6rde"},{"link_name":"naval register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_register"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_R%C3%B6hr,_&_Steinmetz97-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENottelmann318-18"}],"text":"The Germaniawerft shipyard, c. 1902Sachsen was ordered under the fourth and final Naval Law, which was passed in 1912.[11] Kaiser Wilhelm II approved the design, which had already been ordered from the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel; the Reichstag had not officially approved the budget, making the beginning of construction a matter of risk for the shipyard. Funding for the vessel was duly authorized, and on 21 February 1914, the battleship Kronprinz was launched, which cleared the slipway that had been reserved to build Ersatz Kaiser Friedrich III. Preparatory work began immediately after Kronprinz vacated the slipway and on 21 March, Wilhelm II signed the final order to build the new ship. Her keel laying took place on 15 April, and she was assigned the construction number 210. Initial work proceeded slowly, owing to the start of World War I in July, as resources were diverted to complete fitting-out work on Kronprinz as well as several torpedo boats and U-boats under construction at the yard. Her completed hull was scheduled to be launched in early 1916, but the delays pushed her launching to 21 November. Her completion had been planned for early 1917, but increased shortages of material and labor, particularly as these resources began to be diverted to supporting the U-boat campaign against Britain, further slowed work, which eventually ground to a halt.[12][13][14]After Germany resumed and greatly expanded the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign in February 1917, Admiral Eduard von Capelle, who had by then replaced Tirpitz as the head of the RMA, argued that capital ship construction should be halted in favor of U-boat construction.[15] As a result, work stopped on Sachsen altogether, when she was about nine months from completion. Components that had been assembled for her diesel generators were reused on the merchant submarine Bremen.[14] The diesel engine was divided into propulsion systems for four of the Type U 151 submarines in early 1917. By the time work stopped in 1917, Sachsen had received six of her eight main guns, and the remaining pair had been diverted to be converted into railway guns or fixed batteries in Flanders. Approximately 76 percent of the hull had been assembled and 13 percent of her armor had been fitted, with much of the rest in the workshop alongside, being prepared to be installed. The ship was complete up to the battery deck—one deck below the main deck—and 50 percent of her upper deck was in place. Her boilers had been installed and both of her turbines and the diesel engine had been almost completely assembled in the workshop, requiring trials before they could be fitted. Both of her funnels had been erected.[16]The ship laid unfinished in Kiel at the end of the war. According to Article 186 of the Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919, all German surface warships under construction were to be immediately broken up for scrap. At the same time, her guns were removed and she was moved to the Kieler Förde later that year to await the breakers' yard. Sachsen was duly stricken from the naval register on 3 November 1919 and sold in late 1920 to ship breakers. After being sold, she was returned to the shipyard to have her side armor and gun turrets removed. She was then transferred to the breakers to be dismantled, work lasting until 1923.[14][17]","title":"Construction and cancellation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"calibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrie%C3%9Fmer177-8"}],"sub_title":"Footnotes","text":"^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, \"SK\" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun is quick loading, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 calibers, meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in bore diameter.[8]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman131_1-0"},{"link_name":"Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFriedman"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson97_2-0"},{"link_name":"Dodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDodson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENottelmann289%E2%80%93293_3-0"},{"link_name":"Nottelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNottelmann"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENottelmann300%E2%80%93301_4-0"},{"link_name":"Nottelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNottelmann"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreyer276_5-0"},{"link_name":"Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBreyer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner28%E2%80%9330_6-0"},{"link_name":"Gröner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGr%C3%B6ner"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENottelmann301_7-0"},{"link_name":"Nottelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNottelmann"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrie%C3%9Fmer177_8-0"},{"link_name":"Grießmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrie%C3%9Fmer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner30_10-0"},{"link_name":"Gröner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGr%C3%B6ner"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson225_11-0"},{"link_name":"Dodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDodson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerwig81_12-0"},{"link_name":"Herwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHerwig"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir178_13-0"},{"link_name":"Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeir"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENottelmann301%E2%80%93302,_317_14-0"},{"link_name":"Nottelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNottelmann"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_R%C3%B6hr,_&_Steinmetz97_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_R%C3%B6hr,_&_Steinmetz97_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand,_R%C3%B6hr,_&_Steinmetz97_15-2"},{"link_name":"Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHildebrand,_R%C3%B6hr,_&_Steinmetz"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForstmeier_&_Breyer44_16-0"},{"link_name":"Forstmeier & Breyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFForstmeier_&_Breyer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENottelmann303,_317%E2%80%93318_17-0"},{"link_name":"Nottelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNottelmann"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENottelmann318_18-0"},{"link_name":"Nottelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNottelmann"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Friedman, p. 131.\n\n^ Dodson, p. 97.\n\n^ Nottelmann, pp. 289–293.\n\n^ Nottelmann, pp. 300–301.\n\n^ Breyer, p. 276.\n\n^ Gröner, pp. 28–30.\n\n^ Nottelmann, p. 301.\n\n^ Grießmer, p. 177.\n\n^ Gröner, p. 30.\n\n^ Dodson, p. 225.\n\n^ Herwig, p. 81.\n\n^ Weir, p. 178.\n\n^ Nottelmann, pp. 301–302, 317.\n\n^ a b c Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 97.\n\n^ Forstmeier & Breyer, p. 44.\n\n^ Nottelmann, pp. 303, 317–318.\n\n^ Nottelmann, p. 318.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5267-4198-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4198-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84603-468-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-468-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bayern_class_battleship"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bayern_class_battleship"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bayern_class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Bayern-class battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Bayern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Bayern"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Baden"},{"link_name":"Sachsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_W%C3%BCrttemberg_(1917)"},{"link_name":"König class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nig-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"L 20e α class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_20e_%CE%B1-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"Scharnhorst class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharnhorst-class_battleship"},{"link_name":"List of battleships of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Germany"}],"text":"Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020). Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4198-1.\nStaff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 2). Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8.vteBayern-class battleships\nBayern\nBaden\nSachsen\nWürttemberg\n\nPreceded by: König class\nFollowed by: L 20e α class (planned) / Scharnhorst class (actual)\n\nList of battleships of Germany","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Queen Elizabeth, which prompted the revisions to Sachsen's design","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_Lemnos_1915_AWM_H12931_clipped.jpeg/220px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_Lemnos_1915_AWM_H12931_clipped.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Side view of the Bayern class showing the protection scheme","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SMS-Bayern-protection-scheme-EN.svg/310px-SMS-Bayern-protection-scheme-EN.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Germaniawerft shipyard, c. 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Germaniawerft.jpg/220px-Germaniawerft.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battlecruisers 1905–1970: Historical Development of the Capital Ship. Garden City: Doubleday and Company. ISBN 978-0-385-07247-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-07247-2","url_text":"978-0-385-07247-2"}]},{"reference":"Dodson, Aidan (2016). The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-229-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidan_Dodson","url_text":"Dodson, Aidan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-229-5","url_text":"978-1-84832-229-5"}]},{"reference":"Forstmeier, Friedrich & Breyer, Siegfried (2002). Deutsche Großkampfschiffe 1915 bis 1918 – Die Entwicklung der Typenfrage im Ersten Weltkrieg (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 978-3-7637-6230-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-6230-9","url_text":"978-3-7637-6230-9"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7","url_text":"978-1-84832-100-7"}]},{"reference":"Grießmer, Axel (1999). Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz [The Battleships of the Imperial Navy: 1906–1918; Constructions between Arms Competition and Fleet Laws] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5985-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7637-5985-9","url_text":"978-3-7637-5985-9"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Gr%C3%B6ner","url_text":"Gröner, Erich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-790-6","url_text":"978-0-87021-790-6"}]},{"reference":"Herwig, Holger (1998) [1980]. \"Luxury\" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-286-9","url_text":"978-1-57392-286-9"}]},{"reference":"Hildebrand, Hans H.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart [The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present]. Vol. 7. Ratingen: Mundus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7822-0267-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7822-0267-1","url_text":"978-3-7822-0267-1"}]},{"reference":"Nottelmann, Dirk (December 2019). \"From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy, 1864–1918: Part XA, \"Lost Ambitions\"\". Warship International. 56 (4). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Weir, Gary (1992). Building the Kaiser's Navy. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-929-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-929-1","url_text":"978-1-55750-929-1"}]},{"reference":"Dodson, Aidan; Cant, Serena (2020). Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4198-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4198-1","url_text":"978-1-5267-4198-1"}]},{"reference":"Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 2). Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-468-8","url_text":"978-1-84603-468-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(2002_film)
Miranda (2002 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Filming locations","4 Critical reception","5 References","6 External links"]
2002 British filmMirandaDVD coverDirected byMarc MundenWritten byRob YoungProduced byLaurence BowenStarringChristina RicciKyle MacLachlanJohn SimmJohn HurtCinematographyBen DavisEdited byWilliam DiverMusic byMurray GoldDistributed byFirst Look PicturesRelease date 18 January 2002 (2002-01-18) (Sundance Film Festival) Running time93 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Miranda is a 2002 British comedy film starring Christina Ricci, Kyle MacLachlan, John Simm, John Hurt, Tamsin Greig and Julian Rhind-Tutt. The film is classified as a romance/thriller by IMDb. Plot Frank (Simm), a librarian in the United Kingdom, falls in love with a mysterious American dancer named Miranda (Ricci). Frank appears naive, but his character is as complex as Miranda's. Graphic scenes of sex and seduction illustrate Frank's fantasy and unrealistic love for Miranda. She suddenly disappears, and he tracks her down in London, discovering she is actually a con artist. He leaves her, returning to Northern England. Miranda and her boss (Hurt), who not so secretly "loves" her, are in business selling buildings that they don't own to unwitting customers. These buildings are really being prepared for demolition. In one scene in which Miranda is negotiating the sale of a warehouse with Nailor (MacLachlan), Nailor sees men putting down cable around the building. He asked Miranda what were they doing and she replies that they are putting in cable TV when, in fact, they are preparing the warehouse for demolition. After making a big score, by successfully conning Nailor to buy the warehouse, her boss leaves her, and Nailor seeks revenge against Miranda. Frank realizes that he should not have left her, and returns to London, with a very quirky friend who is instrumental in saving Miranda from a knife-wielding Nailor. While Frank's friend distracts Nailor with fancy jiu-jitsu moves, Frank slams a table over Nailor's head. The film ends in comic relief with Frank and Miranda living the good life off Miranda's ill-gotten gains. Cast Christina Ricci John Simm Kyle MacLachlan John Hurt Julian Rhind-Tutt Matthew Marsh Pik Sen Lim Joanne Froggatt Cavan Clerkin Tamsin Greig Ryozo Kohira Dennis Matsuki Carol Sua Filming locations Filmed on location in London and Scarborough. Critical reception On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 44% based on 9 reviews. BBC Movies review labelled the film as a "limp, homegrown romantic comedy" and "a soul-sapping stinker'. The Radio Times listed the film as being a Comedy-Romance "but featuring little of either" and describing the film as a "dull British embarrassment" with "one of Christina Ricci's worst performances to date". References ^ "MIRANDA | British Board of Film Classification". bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ a b "BBC – Films – review – Miranda". BBC. 14 October 2003. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ "'When I cry on screen, those are real tears – that's how I cry". The Scotsman. 26 October 2003. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ James, Simon R H (2007). London film location guide. London: Batsford. p. 17. ISBN 9780713490626. ^ "HOLLYWOOD IS HERE!". The Scarborough News. 21 March 2001. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ Jones, Alan. "Miranda – review | cast and crew, movie star rating and where to watch film on TV and online". Radio Times. Retrieved 23 April 2018. External links Miranda at IMDb Miranda at the TCM Movie Database Miranda at Rotten Tomatoes Miranda (2002 film) at AllMovie This article related to a British film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an erotic thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Christina Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"John Simm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simm"},{"link_name":"John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"Tamsin Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsin_Greig"},{"link_name":"Julian Rhind-Tutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Rhind-Tutt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:BBC:-2"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb"}],"text":"2002 British filmMiranda is a 2002 British comedy film starring Christina Ricci, Kyle MacLachlan, John Simm, John Hurt, Tamsin Greig and Julian Rhind-Tutt.[2] The film is classified as a romance/thriller by IMDb.","title":"Miranda (2002 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"con artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_artist"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"jiu-jitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiu-jitsu"}],"text":"Frank (Simm), a librarian in the United Kingdom, falls in love with a mysterious American dancer named Miranda (Ricci).[3] Frank appears naive, but his character is as complex as Miranda's. Graphic scenes of sex and seduction illustrate Frank's fantasy and unrealistic love for Miranda. She suddenly disappears, and he tracks her down in London, discovering she is actually a con artist. He leaves her, returning to Northern England.Miranda and her boss (Hurt), who not so secretly \"loves\" her, are in business selling buildings that they don't own to unwitting customers. These buildings are really being prepared for demolition. In one scene in which Miranda is negotiating the sale of a warehouse with Nailor (MacLachlan), Nailor sees men putting down cable around the building. He asked Miranda what were they doing and she replies that they are putting in cable TV when, in fact, they are preparing the warehouse for demolition. After making a big score, by successfully conning Nailor to buy the warehouse, her boss leaves her, and Nailor seeks revenge against Miranda.Frank realizes that he should not have left her, and returns to London, with a very quirky friend who is instrumental in saving Miranda from a knife-wielding Nailor. While Frank's friend distracts Nailor with fancy jiu-jitsu moves, Frank slams a table over Nailor's head. The film ends in comic relief with Frank and Miranda living the good life off Miranda's ill-gotten gains.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christina Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci"},{"link_name":"John Simm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simm"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"Julian Rhind-Tutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Rhind-Tutt"},{"link_name":"Matthew Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Marsh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joanne Froggatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Froggatt"},{"link_name":"Cavan Clerkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavan_Clerkin"},{"link_name":"Tamsin Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsin_Greig"}],"text":"Christina Ricci\nJohn Simm\nKyle MacLachlan\nJohn Hurt\nJulian Rhind-Tutt\nMatthew Marsh\nPik Sen Lim\nJoanne Froggatt\nCavan Clerkin\nTamsin Greig\nRyozo Kohira\nDennis Matsuki\nCarol Sua","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Filmed on location in London and Scarborough.[4][5]","title":"Filming locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:BBC:-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 44% based on 9 reviews. BBC Movies review labelled the film as a \"limp, homegrown romantic comedy\" and \"a soul-sapping stinker'.[2] The Radio Times listed the film as being a Comedy-Romance \"but featuring little of either\" and describing the film as a \"dull British embarrassment\" with \"one of Christina Ricci's worst performances to date\".[6]","title":"Critical reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Mariani
Cesare Mariani
["1 Early life and training","2 Mature work","3 Awards and teaching roles","4 References","5 External links"]
Italian painter (1826–1901) The flower maidens Cesare Mariani (January 13, 1826 – February 21, 1901) was an Italian painter and architect of the late-19th century, active in Rome and Ascoli Piceno. Early life and training He was born in Rome to Pietro and Maria Agnelletti; his father worked for the Giustiniani family. This helped him access in 1837 to studies at the Accademia San Luca of Rome. His first masters were a painter by the name of Delicati and G. Silvagni, who taught design at the academy. He entered the studio of Tommaso Minardi from 1842 to 1850. There he worked alongside Guglielmo De Sanctis, Cesare Fracassini, Nicola Consoni, and Cesare Marianecci. One of his works were displayed at the Universal Exposition in London of 1851. His work was influenced by works of Ingres and the Nazarene movement, but also by Francesco Hayez's interest in genre depiction, and which differed from the more academic style of Vincenzo Cammuccini. Mariani painted a portrait for the Monument to Cardinal R. Fornari (1855, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome). Mature work His easel paintings gave him a good degree of success. He moved into a room in the Palazzo Dovizielli on Via Margutta. Sharing the flat were painter Bernardo Celentano and Fracassini. Here he painted Sappho (1858), followed by The Diviner, Astrologer in the act of Divination, and a Music Lesson exhibited in the 1861 Universal Exhibition in Florence. Mainardi gained commissions in frescoes for many churches and palaces in Rome, Lazio, Umbria and finally in the Marche and Abruzzo. For example, he helped complete the decoration (1857–1860) for the rebuilt basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, working on Paul laying on of hands on Barnabas in Antioch and The Magician Elymas in Pafo del Sud. His also worked on the decoration of the church of Santa Maria in Monticelli, restored by the architect Francesco Azzurri. Mariani entirely frescoed the vault with Christian heroines, the presbytery with Christ and Christ teaches children between the crowds in the hall of the temple, the wall above the organ with Moses and the burning bush, Jacob's Dream, the choir with Saint Cecilia in the midst of a choir of angels, painted in monochrome on a design by Minardi. In 1862 he moved to Arpino to decorate the ceiling of the Palazzo Sangermano, with a fresco depicting Chariot of Venus with some nymphs, for which he was paid 200 scudi. In 1863, he married Virginia Barlocci, herself a painter and ceramist, widow of the painter Bernardino Riccardi, and by September of the same year he was appointed academic of merit in the Accademia di San Luca. In 1865, he completed frescoes for the church of Santa Maria in Aquiro, during its restoration by G. Morichini between 1861 and 1866. Here he painted three octagons with angels in the ceiling, with evangelists and angels on the pendents. He also painted the four Doctors of the Church on pillars of the nave and the Eternal Father on a gold background in the dome. In 1868, he became a member of the Artistic Commission for Roman Copperplate Engraving. After the death of Cesare Fracassini, Mariani, along with Francesco Grandi, and Coghetti, were asked to complete the fresco decoration of the newly rebuilt Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. He painted a Martyrdom and Burial of St Stephen, both destroyed during the bombing of 1943 (the Martyrdom was reproduced in 1920 by G. Fantoni of Gemona on the vault of the parish of San Stefano in San Stino of Livenza). He helped decorate the Sanctuary of Santa Maria Auxilium Christianorum Trevi, near Montefalco in Umbria. On the vault, he painted Apostles, Prophets, Patriarchs and Sibyls, in the pendentives, Heroines of the Bible and a Coronation of the Virgin in the apse. The altarpieces of the sanctuary were painted by Pollastrini and Overbeck. In 1870, he worked with Domenico Bruschi in frescos for the Palazzo della Consulta in Rome. He completed the figures of Geometry and Dialectic for the monument of the Roman Cemetery of Verano. He completed an altarpiece of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple for a cycle of paintings about the mysteries of the Rosary for the Cathedral in Santiago, Chile. He frescoed the walls and painted the altarpiece (1870) for the Chapel of St Matthew in the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco. He also frescoed (1870–74) the cupola, lunettes of the counterfacade, and the chapel of the Crucifix of the church of Santa Maria di Loreto alla Colonna Traiana. He decorated in the oratory of the Merchants at the Convent of the Gesù, and painted a St Bridget between the windows of the nave of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1872). He painted frescoes for the Chapel of the Madonna in San Salvatore in Onda (1875–76), and the ceiling of Sant' Omobono (1877), the nave and chancel in San Giuseppe dei Falegnami near the Mamertine Jail, restored by A. Parisi (1880–83), and finally he painted two panels in San Rocco Ripetta (1885). In 1887 he painted a Japanese Martyrs crucified in 1597 in Nagasaki for the church of San Antonio di Padua on Via Merulana. He also painted two versions of this painting for the School of Giovanni Battista de la Salle (1887–88) and contributed to the cycles of frescoes for the Cathedral of St. Emidio at Ascoli Piceno (1884–91) and for the shrine of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Teramo. In Teramo, he also painted a triptych depicting the Virgin Enthroned with Saints Francis and Anne for the Savini chapel, and decorated the palace city of the same family. In 1878, he won a contest to paint the main Hall of the Finance Ministry, where he depicted an allegory of the Unity of Italy with Illustrious Men of Past and Present. He lost a competition to Maccari to paint the So-called Yellow Hall of the Senate; Maccari went on to paint his masterpiece Cicero Denounces Catiline. He painted frescoes for a number of Roman palaces including the Marignoli and Bobrinski. Mariani gave drawing lessons to the Prince of Naples Vittorio Emanuele and was commissioned to paint a frieze in the Royal apartments of the Palazzo Quirinale. He also painted a canvas about the Kingship being offered to Emanuele Filiberto, which was sent to the International Exhibition of Rome in 1883. He completed paintings for the chapel of San Giovanni Miani. For Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, he painted frescoes with three scenes: The Vision of St Bonaventure, Pope Sixtus V blesses the Redeemed Barbary Slaves, and The oath of Giovanni Cerrone. In 1867, he was commissioned by Signore Baldini Giustiniani to paint frescoes at the Castello at Rocca di Lanciano, depicting Aurora and the Chariot of the Sun. He continued the inveterate tradition of Italian religious frescoes with work at the Cathedral of Ascoli Piceno, the church of Madonna delle Grazie in the city of Teramo in the region of Abruzzo and the churches of Santa Maria del Suffragio and Santo Stefano del Cacco. Cesare's style owes as much to the Italian heritage as to modern pre-raphaelite styles; in effect, his work at Sant' Emidio, named for a 4th-century saint, is striking for its faith that art could revitalize a hagiography that was waning in a secularizing Italy. Awards and teaching roles In May 1870, he was appointed as Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Pius IX. After just over a year, July 30, 1871, he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy, and in 1872 the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil awarded him the Cross of the Order of the Rose. In 1870, he became a member of Academies of Fine Arts of many cities in Italy, including Perugia, Florence, Milan, Urbino, Carrara, Orvieto, and Ravenna. He was also named to the council than of Fine Arts of the Ministry of Public Education. In 1872, the city council of Rome sent Mariani to National Art Exhibition in Milan, and in 1873, he was on the jury of the World Exhibition in Vienna with Filippo Palizzi. From 1888 to 1890 he was president of the Accademia di San Luca. The last official task of the artist was to participate in 1896 in the juried competition, "Per una memoria sulla tecnica dei dipinti", launched by the Ministry of Education public, replacing Francesco Jacovacci. He was reduced to inactivity in 1898, the same year of the death of his wife, and died in Rome on February 21, 1901. References ^ Mariani, Cesare by Silvia Silvestri, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Volume 70 (2007) ^ Enciclopedia treccani ^ Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti, by Angelo de Gubernatis. Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, page 279. ^ Website of Cathedral of Sant'Emidio ^ Description of church of Madonna delle Grazie in Teramo. Archived October 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine External links Media related to Cesare Mariani at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy United States Vatican Artists Musée d'Orsay RKD Artists ULAN People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cesare_Mariani_-_The_flower_maidens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Ascoli Piceno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno"}],"text":"The flower maidensCesare Mariani (January 13, 1826 – February 21, 1901) was an Italian painter and architect of the late-19th century, active in Rome and Ascoli Piceno.","title":"Cesare Mariani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accademia San Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_San_Luca"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Minardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Minardi"},{"link_name":"Guglielmo De Sanctis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_De_Sanctis"},{"link_name":"Cesare Fracassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Fracassini"},{"link_name":"Nicola Consoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Consoni"},{"link_name":"Cesare Marianecci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Marianecci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ingres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Auguste_Dominique_Ingres"},{"link_name":"Nazarene movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_movement"},{"link_name":"Francesco Hayez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Hayez"},{"link_name":"genre depiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_art"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Cammuccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Cammuccini"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria sopra Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva"}],"text":"He was born in Rome to Pietro and Maria Agnelletti; his father worked for the Giustiniani family. This helped him access in 1837 to studies at the Accademia San Luca of Rome. His first masters were a painter by the name of Delicati and G. Silvagni, who taught design at the academy. He entered the studio of Tommaso Minardi from 1842 to 1850. There he worked alongside Guglielmo De Sanctis, Cesare Fracassini, Nicola Consoni, and Cesare Marianecci. One of his works were displayed at the Universal Exposition in London of 1851. His work was influenced by works of Ingres and the Nazarene movement, but also by Francesco Hayez's interest in genre depiction, and which differed from the more academic style of Vincenzo Cammuccini. Mariani painted a portrait for the Monument to Cardinal R. Fornari (1855, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome).","title":"Early life and training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Via Margutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Margutta"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Celentano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Celentano"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"San Paolo fuori le Mura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Paolo_fuori_le_Mura"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Monticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Monticelli"},{"link_name":"Francesco Azzurri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Azzurri"},{"link_name":"Minardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Minardi"},{"link_name":"Arpino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpino"},{"link_name":"Virginia Barlocci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Mariani"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Riccardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardino_Riccardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Accademia di San Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_di_San_Luca"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Aquiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Aquiro"},{"link_name":"gold background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_background"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cesare Fracassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Fracassini"},{"link_name":"Francesco Grandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Grandi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coghetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Coghetti"},{"link_name":"Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_Mura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Montefalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefalco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pollastrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Pollastrini"},{"link_name":"Overbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Overbeck"},{"link_name":"Domenico Bruschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Bruschi"},{"link_name":"Palazzo della Consulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta"},{"link_name":"Cemetery of Verano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Verano"},{"link_name":"Santiago, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Santo Stefano del Cacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_del_Cacco"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria di Loreto alla Colonna Traiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Loreto_alla_Colonna_Traiana"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Trastevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere"},{"link_name":"San Salvatore in Onda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvatore_in_Onda"},{"link_name":"Sant' Omobono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27_Omobono"},{"link_name":"San Giuseppe dei Falegnami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giuseppe_dei_Falegnami"},{"link_name":"San Rocco Ripetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Rocco_Ripetta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Via Merulana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Merulana"},{"link_name":"Ascoli Piceno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno"},{"link_name":"Teramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teramo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maccari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Maccari"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Quirinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Quirinale"},{"link_name":"Santa Lucia del Gonfalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Lucia_del_Gonfalone"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"link_name":"Rocca di Lanciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocca_di_Lanciano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madonna delle Grazie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_delle_Grazie,_Teramo"},{"link_name":"Teramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teramo"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria del Suffragio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Suffragio,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Santo Stefano del Cacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Stefano_del_Cacco"},{"link_name":"pre-raphaelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-raphaelite"},{"link_name":"4th-century saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emygdius"}],"text":"His easel paintings gave him a good degree of success. He moved into a room in the Palazzo Dovizielli on Via Margutta. Sharing the flat were painter Bernardo Celentano and Fracassini. Here he painted Sappho (1858), followed by The Diviner, Astrologer in the act of Divination, and a Music Lesson exhibited in the 1861 Universal Exhibition in Florence. Mainardi gained commissions in frescoes for many churches and palaces in Rome, Lazio, Umbria and finally in the Marche and Abruzzo. For example, he helped complete the decoration (1857–1860) for the rebuilt basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, working on Paul laying on of hands on Barnabas in Antioch and The Magician Elymas in Pafo del Sud.His also worked on the decoration of the church of Santa Maria in Monticelli, restored by the architect Francesco Azzurri. Mariani entirely frescoed the vault with Christian heroines, the presbytery with Christ and Christ teaches children between the crowds in the hall of the temple, the wall above the organ with Moses and the burning bush, Jacob's Dream, the choir with Saint Cecilia in the midst of a choir of angels, painted in monochrome on a design by Minardi. In 1862 he moved to Arpino to decorate the ceiling of the Palazzo Sangermano, with a fresco depicting Chariot of Venus with some nymphs, for which he was paid 200 scudi.In 1863, he married Virginia Barlocci, herself a painter and ceramist, widow of the painter Bernardino Riccardi, and by September of the same year he was appointed academic of merit in the Accademia di San Luca.In 1865, he completed frescoes for the church of Santa Maria in Aquiro, during its restoration by G. Morichini between 1861 and 1866. Here he painted three octagons with angels in the ceiling, with evangelists and angels on the pendents. He also painted the four Doctors of the Church on pillars of the nave and the Eternal Father on a gold background in the dome.[1]In 1868, he became a member of the Artistic Commission for Roman Copperplate Engraving. After the death of Cesare Fracassini, Mariani, along with Francesco Grandi, and Coghetti, were asked to complete the fresco decoration of the newly rebuilt Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura. He painted a Martyrdom and Burial of St Stephen, both destroyed during the bombing of 1943 (the Martyrdom was reproduced in 1920 by G. Fantoni of Gemona on the vault of the parish of San Stefano in San Stino of Livenza).[2] He helped decorate the Sanctuary of Santa Maria Auxilium Christianorum Trevi, near Montefalco in Umbria.[3] On the vault, he painted Apostles, Prophets, Patriarchs and Sibyls, in the pendentives, Heroines of the Bible and a Coronation of the Virgin in the apse. The altarpieces of the sanctuary were painted by Pollastrini and Overbeck.In 1870, he worked with Domenico Bruschi in frescos for the Palazzo della Consulta in Rome. He completed the figures of Geometry and Dialectic for the monument of the Roman Cemetery of Verano. He completed an altarpiece of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple for a cycle of paintings about the mysteries of the Rosary for the Cathedral in Santiago, Chile. He frescoed the walls and painted the altarpiece (1870) for the Chapel of St Matthew in the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco. He also frescoed (1870–74) the cupola, lunettes of the counterfacade, and the chapel of the Crucifix of the church of Santa Maria di Loreto alla Colonna Traiana.He decorated in the oratory of the Merchants at the Convent of the Gesù, and painted a St Bridget between the windows of the nave of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1872). He painted frescoes for the Chapel of the Madonna in San Salvatore in Onda (1875–76), and the ceiling of Sant' Omobono (1877), the nave and chancel in San Giuseppe dei Falegnami near the Mamertine Jail, restored by A. Parisi (1880–83), and finally he painted two panels in San Rocco Ripetta (1885).In 1887 he painted a Japanese Martyrs crucified in 1597 in Nagasaki for the church of San Antonio di Padua on Via Merulana. He also painted two versions of this painting for the School of Giovanni Battista de la Salle (1887–88) and contributed to the cycles of frescoes for the Cathedral of St. Emidio at Ascoli Piceno (1884–91) and for the shrine of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Teramo. In Teramo, he also painted a triptych depicting the Virgin Enthroned with Saints Francis and Anne for the Savini chapel, and decorated the palace city of the same family.[4]In 1878, he won a contest to paint the main Hall of the Finance Ministry, where he depicted an allegory of the Unity of Italy with Illustrious Men of Past and Present. He lost a competition to Maccari to paint the So-called Yellow Hall of the Senate; Maccari went on to paint his masterpiece Cicero Denounces Catiline.He painted frescoes for a number of Roman palaces including the Marignoli and Bobrinski. Mariani gave drawing lessons to the Prince of Naples Vittorio Emanuele and was commissioned to paint a frieze in the Royal apartments of the Palazzo Quirinale. He also painted a canvas about the Kingship being offered to Emanuele Filiberto, which was sent to the International Exhibition of Rome in 1883. He completed paintings for the chapel of San Giovanni Miani. For Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, he painted frescoes with three scenes: The Vision of St Bonaventure, Pope Sixtus V blesses the Redeemed Barbary Slaves, and The oath of Giovanni Cerrone. In 1867, he was commissioned by Signore Baldini Giustiniani to paint frescoes at the Castello at Rocca di Lanciano, depicting Aurora and the Chariot of the Sun.He continued the inveterate tradition of Italian religious frescoes with work at the Cathedral of Ascoli Piceno, the church of Madonna delle Grazie in the city of Teramo in the region of Abruzzo[5] and the churches of Santa Maria del Suffragio and Santo Stefano del Cacco. Cesare's style owes as much to the Italian heritage as to modern pre-raphaelite styles; in effect, his work at Sant' Emidio, named for a 4th-century saint, is striking for its faith that art could revitalize a hagiography that was waning in a secularizing Italy.","title":"Mature work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Emperor Pedro II of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Pedro_II_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbino"},{"link_name":"Carrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrara"},{"link_name":"Orvieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvieto"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Filippo Palizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Palizzi"},{"link_name":"Accademia di San Luca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_di_San_Luca"},{"link_name":"Francesco Jacovacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Jacovacci"}],"text":"In May 1870, he was appointed as Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Pius IX. After just over a year, July 30, 1871, he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy, and in 1872 the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil awarded him the Cross of the Order of the Rose. In 1870, he became a member of Academies of Fine Arts of many cities in Italy, including Perugia, Florence, Milan, Urbino, Carrara, Orvieto, and Ravenna. He was also named to the council than of Fine Arts of the Ministry of Public Education. In 1872, the city council of Rome sent Mariani to National Art Exhibition in Milan, and in 1873, he was on the jury of the World Exhibition in Vienna with Filippo Palizzi.From 1888 to 1890 he was president of the Accademia di San Luca. The last official task of the artist was to participate in 1896 in the juried competition, \"Per una memoria sulla tecnica dei dipinti\", launched by the Ministry of Education public, replacing Francesco Jacovacci. He was reduced to inactivity in 1898, the same year of the death of his wife, and died in Rome on February 21, 1901.","title":"Awards and teaching roles"}]
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Cove_Marine_Provincial_Park
Dixie Cove Marine Provincial Park
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 50°03′00″N 127°12′00″W / 50.05000°N 127.20000°W / 50.05000; -127.20000Provincial park in British Columbia, Canada Dixie Cove Marine Provincial ParkIUCN category II (national park)Map of Vancouver IslandShow map of Vancouver IslandMap of British ColumbiaShow map of British ColumbiaLocationRupert Land District, British Columbia, CanadaNearest cityPort McNeill, BCCoordinates50°03′04″N 127°11′55″W / 50.05111°N 127.19861°W / 50.05111; -127.19861Area164 ha. (1.64 km²)EstablishedApril 30, 1996Governing bodyBC Parks Dixie Cove Marine Provincial Park, originally Dixie Cove Provincial Park, is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the east side of Hohoae Island, which is just west of Fair Harbour in Kyuquot Sound on the West Coast of Vancouver Island. References ^ "Dixie Cove Marine Park". BC Geographical Names. vteProtected areas of British Columbia CRHP Alberni-Clayoquot RD BC Coast Capital RD Kootenay RD Columbia-Shuswap RD Comox Valley RD Cowichan Valley RD East Kootenay RD Fraser Valley RD Kootenay Boundary RD Nanaimo RD New Westminster North Okanagan RD North Shore Northern/Central BC Interior Okanagan-Similkameen RD Squamish-Lillooet RD Strathcona RD Surrey Thompson-Nicola RD Vancouver Victoria International RecognitionWorld Heritage Sites Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge Reefs (proposed) Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek SGang Gwaay Stein Valley (proposed) Biosphere Reserves Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Region National Parks and affiliated areasNational Parks Glacier Gulf Islands Reserve Gwaii Haanas Reserve Kootenay Mount Revelstoke Pacific Rim Reserve South Okanagan—Similkameen (proposed) Yoho Marine Conservation Areas Gwaii Haanas Reserve Southern Strait of Georgia Reserve (proposed) National Historic Sites Chilkoot Trail Fisgard Lighthouse Fort Langley Fort Rodd Hill Fort St. James Gitwangak Battle Hill Gulf of Georgia Cannery Kicking Horse Pass Kootanae House Nan Sdins Rogers Pass Stanley Park Twin Falls Tea House more... National Wildlife AreasNational Wildlife Areas Alaksen Columbia Qualicum Scott Islands Marine Vaseux-Bighorn Widgeon Valley Migratory Bird Sanctuaries Christie Islet Esquimalt Lagoon George C. Reifel Nechako River Shoal Harbour Vaseux Lake Victoria Harbour Marine Protected AreasMarine Protected Areas Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge Reefs SGaan Kinghlas-Bowie Seamount Marine Refuges Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) Offshore Pacific Seamounts and Vents Strait of Georgia and Howe Sound Glass Sponge Reef Provincial Parks & affiliated areasParksAlberni-Clayoquot RD Clayoquot Arm Clayoquot Plateau Dawley Passage Epper Passage Flores Island Fossli Gibson Marine Hesquiat Lake Hesquiat Peninsula Hitchie Creek Kennedy Lake Kennedy River Bog Maquinna Nitinat River Sproat Lake Stamp River Strathcona Sulphur Passage Sydney Inlet Taylor Arm Tranquil Creek Vargas Island Bulkley-Nechako RD Atna River Babine Lake Marine Babine Mountains Babine River Corridor Beaumont Burns Lake Call Lake Dead Man's Island Driftwood Canyon Entiako Ethel F. Wilson Memorial Finger-Tatuk François Lake Little Andrews Bay Marine Morice Lake Mount Blanchet Mount Pope Mudzenchoot Nadina Mountain Nation Lakes Nenikëkh/Nanika-Kidprice Netalzul Meadows Nilkitkwa Lake Old Man Lake Omineca Paarens Beach Rainbow Alley Red Bluff Rubyrock Lake Stuart Lake Stuart Lake Marine Stuart River Sutherland River Takla Lake Marine Tazdli Wyiez Bin/Burnie-Shea Topley Landing Trembleur Lake Tweedsmuir North Tweedsmuir South Tyhee Lake Uncha Mountain Red Hills Wistaria Capital RD Beaver Point Bellhouse Bodega Ridge Burgoyne Bay Collinson Point Dionisio Point Discovery Island Marine French Beach Goldstream Gowland Tod ȽÁU,WELṈEW̱/John Dean Juan de Fuca Montague Harbour Mount Erskine Mount Maxwell Ruckle Sooke Mountain Sooke Potholes Wallace Island Cariboo RD Beaver Valley Big Creek Bowron Lake Bridge Lake Bull Canyon Canim Beach Cariboo Mountains Cariboo Nature Cariboo River Cedar Point Cottonwood River Donnely Lake Dragon Mountain Flat Lake Horsefly Lake Itcha Ilgachuz Junction Sheep Range Kluskoil Lake Lac La Hache Moose Valley Nazko Lake Nuntsi Pinnacles Puntchesakut Lake Punti Island Rainbow-Qiwentem Ruth Lake Schoolhouse Lake Ten Mile Lake Titetown Ts'il?os Wells Gray Wendle White Pelican Central Coast RD Codville Lagoon Marine Oliver Cove Marine Penrose Island Marine Sir Alexander Mackenzie Tweedsmuir South Central Kootenay RD Arrow Lakes Champion Lakes Cody Caves Drewry Point Erie Creek Gladstone Goat Range Grohman Narrows Kianuko Kokanee Creek Kokanee Glacier Kootenay Lake Lockhart Beach Lockhart Creek McDonald Creek Pilot Bay Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Rosebery Ryan Stagleap Summit Lake Syringa Valhalla West Arm Yahk Central Okanagan RD Bear Creek Browne Lake Fintry Graystokes Kalamalka Lake Myra-Bellevue Okanagan Mountain Trepanier Wrinkly Face Columbia-Shuswap RD Adams Lake Anstey-Hunakwa Arrow Lakes Blanket Creek Bugaboo Burges James Gadsden Cinnemousun Narrows Cummins Lakes English Lake Hamber Herald Kingfisher Creek Marl Creek Martha Creek Oregana Creek Pukeashun Shuswap Lake Marine Shuswap Lake Shuswap River Islands Silver Beach Skookumchuck Rapids Sunnybrae Tsútswecw Upper Seymour River Victor Lake White Lake Yard Creek Comox Valley RD Boyle Point Denman Island Fillongley Helliwell Jáji7em and Kw’ulh (Sandy Island) Marine Kin Beach Kitty Coleman Miracle Beach Mount Geoffrey Escarpment Rosewall Creek Strathcona Tribune Bay Cowichan Valley RD Bamberton Carmanah Walbran Chemainus River Cowichan River Eves Gordon Bay Koksilah River Memory Island Nitinat River Spectacle Lake Wakes Cove West Shawnigan Lake Whaleboat Island Marine East Kootenay RD Akamina-Kishinena Bugaboo Columbia Lake Crowsnest Dry Gulch Elk Lakes Elk Valley Gilnockie Height of the Rockies Inonoaklin James Chabot Jimsmith Lake Kikomun Creek Morrissey Mount Assiniboine Mount Fernie Moyie Lake Norbury Lake Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Premier Lake Ryan St. Mary's Alpine Thunder Hill Top of the World Wardner Wasa Lake Whiteswan Lake Windermere Lake Fraser-Fort George RD Ancient Forest/Chun T’oh Whudujut Arctic Pacific Lakes Bijoux Falls Bobtail Mountain Carp Lake Close-To-The-Edge Crooked River Dahl Lake Erg Mountain Eskers Evanoff Fort George Canyon Fraser River Heather-Dina Lakes Jackman Flats Kakwa Monkman Mount Robson Mount Terry Fox Pine Le Moray Ptarmigan Creek Purden Lake Rearguard Falls Slim Creek Small River Caves Sowchea Bay Sugarbowl-Grizzly Den Three Sisters Lakes Tudyah Lake West Lake West Twin Whiskers Point Fraser Valley RD Alexandra Bridge Bridal Veil Falls Chilliwack River Coquihalla Canyon Coquihalla River Cultus Lake Davis Lake E.C. Manning Emory Creek F.H. 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Krajina Protected areas Anarchist Brent Mountain Brim River Hot Springs Chukachida Churn Creek Craig Headwaters Damdochax Homathko River - Tatlayoko Klua Lakes Lac du Bois Grasslands Lucy Islands Nechako Canyon Pitman River Snowy South Okanagan Grasslands Thinahtea Thunderbird's Nest (T'iitsk'in Paawats) Upper Raush Vaseux White Lake Grasslands Recreation areas Coquihalla Summit Kettle River Mount Edziza (former) Wildlife Management Areas Bert Brink Boundary Bay Chilanko Marsh Cluxewe Columbia Wetlands Coquitlam River Cranberry Marsh/Starratt Dewdrop-Rosseau Creek East Side Columbia Lake Green Mountain Hamling Lakes Lhá:lt/Harrison-Chehalis Lazo Marsh-North East Comox McTaggart-Cowan/Nsək'łniw't Midge Creek Parksville-Qualicum Beach Pemberton Wetlands Pitt-Addington Marsh Quatse Estuary Roberts Bank S'amunu Serpentine Skwelwil'em Squamish Estuary South Arm Marshes South Okanagan Stellako River Sturgeon Bank Swan Lake Todagin Tofino Mudflats Tranquille Regional Parks Burnaby Lake Campbell Valley Capilano River Cascade Falls Derby Reach Elk/Beaver Lake Island View Beach Kanaka Creek Minnekhada Mount Arrowsmith Mount Douglas Pacific Spirit Sooke Potholes Surrey Bend təmtəmíxʷtən/Belcarra Other Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area Hidden Grove/Sechelt Heritage Forest Maplewood Flats Conservation Area Muskwa-Kechika Management Area Sacred Headwaters (proposed) Sea to Sea Green Blue Belt Swan Lake Nature Sanctuary Category BC Parks Commons 50°03′00″N 127°12′00″W / 50.05000°N 127.20000°W / 50.05000; -127.20000 This British Columbia protected areas related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dixie Cove Marine Park\". BC Geographical Names.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/54204.html","url_text":"\"Dixie Cove Marine Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names","url_text":"BC Geographical Names"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_the_Outlaw_Roadshow
Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow
["1 Track listing","2 Tour dates","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References","6 External links"]
Live album by Counting Crows Echoes of the Outlaw RoadshowLive album by Counting CrowsReleasedApril 8, 2013 (2013-04-08)Recorded2012, live across the United StatesGenreAlternative rock, country rockLength79:23LanguageEnglishLabelCooking VinylCounting Crows chronology Underwater Sunshine (or What We Did on Our Summer Vacation)(2012) Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow(2013) Somewhere Under Wonderland(2014) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAbsolutePunk7.5/10 Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow is a 2013 live album from American alternative rock band Counting Crows, released on Cooking Vinyl. The album was made available by the band through digital distributors, physical media, and pre-orders for tickets to their co-headlining tour with The Wallflowers. Track listing "Girl from the North Country" (Bob Dylan) – 6:04 "Round Here" (David Bryson, Adam Duritz, Dave Janusko, Dan Jewett, and Chris Roldan) – 10:12 "Untitled (Love Song)" (Luke McMaster) – 4:52 "Four Days" (Adam Duritz) – 3:32 "Hospital" (Coby Brown) – 3:07 "Carriage" (Duritz) – 4:04 "Start Again" (Norman Blake) – 3:29 "I Wish I Was a Girl" (Duritz and Charlie Gillingham) – 5:48 "Sundays" (Duritz) – 4:39 "Mercury" (Duritz) – 6:37 "Friend of the Devil" (John Dawson, Jerry Garcia, and Robert Hunter) – 4:32 "Rain King" (Bryson and Duritz) – 7:38 "Le Ballet d'Or" (Duritz, Gillingham, and David Immerglück) – 5:01 "Up All Night (Frankie Miller Goes to Hollywood)" (Duritz) – 5:22 "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" (Dylan) – 4:26 Track No. 12 includes lyrics of the Elbow song "Lippy Kids". Tour dates Date City Venue March 9, 2012 San Francisco Slim's Nightclub March 10, 2012 Great American Music Hall April 13, 2012 Seattle Showbox Sodo April 14, 2012 Portland Roseland Theatre April 16, 2012 Oakland Fox Theater April 17, 2012 Los Angeles Club Nokia April 19, 2012 Denver Paramount Theater April 21, 2012 Minneapolis State Theatre April 22, 2012 Chicago Riviera Theatre April 24, 2012 New York City Roseland Ballroom April 25, 2012 Boston House of Blues April 27, 2012 Mashantucket MGM Grand Casino April 28, 2012 Atlantic City Borgata Spas and Resorts May 1, 2012 Jacksonville Florida Theatre May 2, 2012 West Palm Beach SunFest May 4, 2012 Atlanta The Tabernacle May 5, 2012 Nashville Ryman Auditorium June 8, 2012 New York City Good Morning America November 25, 2012 Anaheim Grove of Anaheim Personnel Counting Crows Jim Bogios – drums, backing vocals David Bryson – guitar, backing vocals Adam Duritz – lead vocals, piano Charlie Gillingham – accordion, keyboards, piano David Immerglück – guitar Millard Powers – bass guitar, backing vocals Dan Vickrey – lead guitar, backing vocals Charts Chart (2013) Peakposition Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 120 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 80 References ^ Manzoor, Sarfraz (April 17, 2013). "Counting Crows: Adam Duritz interview". The Daily Telegraph. ^ Manning, Craig (April 20, 2013). "Counting Crows – Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow". AbsolutePunk. ^ Hill, Erin (June 12, 2013). "Counting Crows' Adam Duritz: 'Rock 'n' Roll Is Not a Popularity Contest'". Parade. Advance Publications. ^ Graff, Gary (June 12, 2013). "Counting Crows Working on First Album of New Material Since 2008". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. ^ "Ultratop.be – Counting Crows – Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 21, 2021. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Counting Crows – Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 21, 2021. External links Official website Announcement of the album's release Cooking Vinyl's page for the album Archived September 4, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow at AllMusic Interview with Duritz on Underwater Sunshine and Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow hosted on Internet Archive vteCounting Crows Jim Bogios David Bryson Adam Duritz Charlie Gillingham David Immerglück Millard Powers Dan Vickrey Steve Bowman Matt Malley Ben Mize Studio albums August and Everything After Recovering the Satellites This Desert Life Hard Candy Saturday Nights & Sunday Mornings Underwater Sunshine (or What We Did on Our Summer Vacation) Somewhere Under Wonderland EPs Butter Miracle Live albums Across a Wire: Live in New York City New Amsterdam: Live at Heineken Music Hall February 4–6, 2003 August and Everything After: Live at Town Hall Echoes of the Outlaw Roadshow Compilations Films About Ghosts (The Best Of...) Aural 6 Singles "Mr. Jones" "Round Here" "Einstein on the Beach (For an Eggman)" "Rain King" "A Murder of One" "Angels of the Silences" "A Long December" "Daylight Fading" "Hanginaround" "Mrs. Potter's Lullaby" "American Girls" "Miami" "Big Yellow Taxi" "If I Could Give All My Love (Richard Manuel Is Dead)" "She Don't Want Nobody Near" "Accidentally in Love" "Holiday in Spain" "1492" "You Can't Count On Me" "Come Around" "When I Dream of Michelangelo" "Palisades Park" Other songs "Colorblind" Concert videos August and Everything After: Live at Town Hall Related articles Discography The Himalayans Sordid Humor Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namak_Rudbar
Namak Rudbar
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°08′39″N 49°52′53″E / 37.14417°N 49.88139°E / 37.14417; 49.88139Village in Gilan, IranNamak Rudbar نمك رودبارvillageNamak RudbarCoordinates: 37°08′39″N 49°52′53″E / 37.14417°N 49.88139°E / 37.14417; 49.88139Country IranProvinceGilanCountySiahkalBakhshCentralRural DistrictMalfejanPopulation (2006) • Total384Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Namak Rudbar (Persian: نمك رودبار, also Romanized as Namak Rūdbār) is a village in Malfejan Rural District, in the Central District of Siahkal County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 384, in 103 families. References ^ Namak Rudbar can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3792861" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Siahkal CountyCapital Siahkal DistrictsCentralCities Siahkal Rural Districts and villagesKhara Rud Bozgah Chaleshom Chehel Gacheh Dehgah Doktor Yusefpur Fishery Dusatlat Eshkorab Fashtal Gand Lavar Gavkul Gerdkuh Gilbam Golestan Sara Kajan Kajil Khara Rud Kolamsar Lishak Madar Sara Malek Rud Panabandan Radar Poshteh Rudbar Sara Salash Salash-e Disam Sardarabad Su Sara Tazehabad-e Jankah Tui Dasht Malfejan Alibeyk Sara Bala Kala Gavabar Bar Poshteh Sar Bidrun Bijar Posht Butestan Chufolki Chushal Dazrud Deh Boneh Dima Sara Ezbaram Galesh-e Musha Gil-e Musha Halestan Kal Sar Karaf Kol Karafestan Khushal Kish Mahalleh Kolah Duz Mahalleh Lashkarian Lelam Maldeh Malfejan Namak Rudbar Nayaji Nowruzabad Pain Kala Gavabar Rajurazbaram Rubarabr Sara Rud Separdan Shirkuh Mahalleh Siahkal Mahalleh Ziaratgah Tutaki Aghuzbon Angulvar Asbrahan Ashk-e Majan Pahlu Asu Azarcheh Bijar Sara Chalak Saraki Erbeh Bon Esfandiyarsara Jan Sherud Kalnadan-e Bala Kashal Kashki Kia Rud Kohneh Sara Kolandi Korf Poshteh Korf Poshteh-ye Galeshi Korf Poshteh-ye Ilyati Korf Poshteh-ye Tazehabad Lashkaj Lialehkal-e Bala Lialehkal-e Pain Lish Lunak Lusha Deh Mehraban Nispey Pileh Sara Saleh Kuh Seh Chekeh Shabkhus Lat Siah Bijar Sikash Sowt Gavaber Titi Karvansara Tukandeh Tushi Tutaki Yakavarak Zia Kuh Zizakesh DeylamanCities Deylaman Rural Districts and villagesDeylaman Ali Va Arushki Ashurabad Asiabar Asiabarak Azarestanak Baba Vali Band-e Bon Cheshna Sar Darvish Khani Diar Jan Espeyli Estalakh Kian Eyn-e Sheykh Gisel Gulak Ishku-ye Bala Ishku-ye Pain Khak Shur Khorram Rud Koshti Gichak Kuh Pas Langol Lavar Liyeh Lur Mian Marz Mikal Molumeh Niavol Nowruz Mahalleh Pash-e Olya Pash-e Sofla Pelleh Shah Pilbur Qeshlaq Raz Darreh Raz Darrud Siah Karbon Siah Khani Sivasarak Sufian Sar Talesh Kuh Tang Rud Tarik Darreh Tokam Tolum Khani Zin Poshteh Pir Kuh Asiab Sar Boneh-ye Zamin Chak Rud Chamchal Garmavar Gilakash Haft Band Jaliseh Jaran Kalak Karsang-e Shahi Jan Komoni Lardeh Lavali Liyeh Chak Molla Mahalleh Pey Navand Pir Kuh-e Olya Pir Kuh-e Sofla Pishkeli Jan-e Bala Pishkeli Jan-e Pain Sardsar-e Shahi Jan Talijan Kar Vasmeh Jan Yareshlaman Yasan Zenash Zenash Darreh Iran portal This Siahkal County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Mesmari
Nuri al-Mismari
["1 Biography","1.1 Background and career","1.2 Defection to France","1.3 Libyan Civil War","1.4 Posthumous allegations against Gaddafi","2 References"]
Nuri al-Mismarial-Mismari in the Plenary Hall of the United Nations building in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia during the African Union Summit on 2 February 2009Born1942 (age 81–82)TripoliOccupation(s)politician, diplomatRelativesIhab Al-Mismari (son) Nuri al-Mismari (born 1942) is the former Chief of Protocol of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and one of his closest aides. He was a key member of Gaddafi's inner circle and served under him for 40 years. Biography Background and career A grandfather and a father to many, Nuri Al Mismari was born in 1942 in Tripoli. He comes from a prominent family as his father was a minister in the Kingdom of Libya under Idris of Libya. He is from the Masamir tribe. One of his sons was shot under mysterious circumstances in 2007 and the death was ruled a suicide. He speaks fluent English and French. He was seen as the "gatekeeper" of Gaddafi and one of a small group of officials with access to Gaddafi's tent. Distinguished by his dyed blonde hair and goatee and ceremonial uniform, he was often seen standing next to Gaddafi at public events and shepherding visitors to Gaddafi. A hotelier by trade, he was in charge of coordinating visits by foreign heads of state to Libya (including lodging at palaces), overseeing Libya's payments to Gaddafi's children, and managing Gaddafi's fleet of airplanes. He was considered a pro-free market reformer aligned with Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam within the Libyan ruling elite. In 2008, Mismari played a minor role in reuniting a British woman with her daughter after her ex-husband abducted their daughter and took her to Libya. Defection to France On 21 October 2010, Mismari fled to France after stopping by Tunisia. He was last seen with Gaddafi at the Arab-African summit in Sirte on 9 and 10 October 2010. It was alleged Gaddafi had insulted and slapped Mismari at the summit. His defection was not publicized until 28 November 2010, when Libya issued an international arrest warrant against him. He was arrested in Paris at the request of Libya, which alleged he was involved in embezzlement. Mismari was subsequently the subject of an international incident between Libya and France when it was alleged that he had defected to France. His supporters in Libya, including sources close to Gaddafi's reformist son Saif al-Islam, countered that Mismari only went to France to undergo heart surgery and was set up amid a power struggle within Gaddafi's inner circle. According to Francois Bechis of the Italian newspaper Libero, Mismari gave extensive information while under French custody, claimed that he had connections within Tunisian dissidents, pinpointed the weaknesses of the Gaddafi regime, and was formally seeking asylum in France. Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa was held responsible for Mismari's defection and, anticipating more potential defections, Gaddafi confiscated the passports of several senior officials, including Koussa. On 15 December 2010, Mismari was released from French custody to the Hôtel Concorde Lafayette and his extradition hearing was subsequently postponed as the French judge requested more information from Libya. On 16 December 2010, Gaddafi sent Abdallah Mansour, the head of Libyan state media, to lure Mismari back to Libya. Instead, Mansour was arrested at the Hotel Concorde Lafayette. On 23 December 2010, a delegation of anti-Gaddafi Libyans (Farj Charrani, Fathi Boukhris, and Ali Ounes Mansouri) arrived in Paris to dine with Mismari, yet sources close to Mismari claimed he had resumed his "normal functions" as Head of Protocol and was preparing to return to Libya. Due to the Libyan Civil War breaking out in February 2011, Mismari was never extradited to Libya. In February 2011, one of Gaddafi's sons, Mutassim, allegedly came to Paris to ask him to return to Libya to no avail and Mismari subsequently tendered his resignation as Chief of Protocol from exile. As of 2013, he was still living in Paris. Libyan Civil War In February 2011, his son, Ihab El-Mismari, a high-ranking diplomat representing the Libyan embassy in Canada, resigned in protest over Gaddafi's crackdown of protestors in the early phase of the Libyan Civil War. Ihab was not among the five Libyan diplomats expelled from Canada in May 2011. In March 2011, Mismari predicted that Gaddafi would fight to the end in the Libyan Civil War rather than step down, commit suicide, or go into exile. He also alleged that Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy, had sent escorts to an unidentified African leader to help Gaddafi get elected as Chairperson of the African Union in 2009. On 30 April 2011, Gaddafi's son Saif al-Arab and three grandchildren were killed by a French airstrike and it was alleged that Mismari had given away the locations of Gaddafi's secret safe houses to the French. Posthumous allegations against Gaddafi In a 2012 interview with Al-Hayat, Mismari alleged that Gaddafi's mother was Jewish and that Gaddafi killed anybody who found out about it, notably Libyan ambassador to Italy, Ammar Dhu, and military officer, Salih Bu Farwa. Mismari also claimed that on two occasions, Gaddafi raped foreign visitors to Libya. The alleged victims were a Nigerian woman and the wife of a Swiss businessman. He also alleged that Gaddafi sexually harassed the ex-wife of French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Cecilia. In a 2013 interview with French journalist Annick Cojean, Gaddafi's Chief of Security Mansour Dhao accused Mismari and Mabrouka Sherif of being the primary facilitators of Gaddafi's alleged sexual abuse. Dhao also accused Mismari of procuring prostitutes for Gaddafi and practicing black magic. Mismari was named in Cojean's book Gaddafi's Harem: The Story of a Young Woman and the Abuses of Power in Libya. In 2014, Mismari was interviewed by BBC for the documentary “Mad Dog – Qaddafi’s Secret World," where he alleged that Gaddafi was "terribly sexually deviant," kept underaged male and female sex slaves, and kept the body of Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia, former Libyan Minister of Foreign Affairs, in a freezer. References ^ a b c "Arrested Gaddafi's top aide says was "set up"". Reuters. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b c d e f g h "Fin de partie pour Mesmari – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b "Under Gaddafi's tent - the book". The Africa Report.com. 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b "Muammar Qaddafi's 'sex dungeon' revealed in British documentary". Al Arabiya English. 2014-01-26. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "LIBYA : Looking for Nouri Mesmari - 18/11/2010 - Maghreb Confidential". Africa Intelligence. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b c d e f "Reports suggest French intelligence encouraged anti-Gaddafi protests". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "How Colonel Gaddafi helped to get my daughter back". the Guardian. 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "LIBYA : Nouri Mesmari - 21/10/2010 - Maghreb Confidential". Africa Intelligence. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Libyan leader Gaddafi's close aide 'held in France'". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b "LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 09/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b Prashad, Vijay (2011-03-31). "America's Libyans". CounterPunch.org. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "LIBYA : Mesmari Affair Could Unseat Kussa - 02/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Nouri Mesmari libéré – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "FRANCE/LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 16/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 23/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ Baker, Russ (2011-08-31). "The Libya Secret: How West Cooked Up "People's Uprising"". WhoWhatWhy. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "LIBYA : Benghazi's rising opposition - 17/02/2011 - Maghreb Confidential". Africa Intelligence. 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b "Ex-Gaddafi aide sees bitter fight to the end". Reuters. 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Libyan diplomat resigns in protest". thestar.com. 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Libyan diplomat kicked out of Canada headed intelligence". CBC.ca. 2011-05-19. ^ "Libyan rebels reportedly repulse loyalists' attack". The Columbus Dispatch. 2011-03-02. ^ "Berlusconi sent escorts to Col Gaddafi opponent as favour". Deccan Herald. 2011-03-07. ^ "Berlusconi 'sent escorts to Gaddafi opponent as favour to Libya leader'". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ Council, Atlantic (2018-03-22). "Sarkozy's Gadhafi Connection". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ a b c Miller, Elhanan. "Gaddafi killed anyone who discovered his mother was Jewish, aide claims". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Former Muammar Gaddafi security chief Mansour Daw lifts the lid on dictator's harem". The Courier Mail. ^ a b Cojean, Annick (2013-09-22). "Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes". Salon. Retrieved 2022-02-12. ^ "Book review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, trans. Marjolijn de". The Independent. 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2022-02-12. ^ IANS (2013-09-24). "Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2023-01-17. vteLibyan civil war (2011) Part of the Arab Spring Timeline 15 February–18 March 19 March–31 May June–15 August 16 August–23 October Forces Opposition National Liberation Army Free Libyan Air Force NCLO Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Libyan Army Libyan Air Force Libyan Navy Revolutionary Guard Corps BattlesCyrenaica Battle of Bayda First Battle of Benghazi First Battle of Brega Battle of Ra's Lanuf Battle of Bin Jawad Second Battle of Brega Battle of Ajdabiya Second Battle of Benghazi First Gulf of Sidra offensive Third Battle of Brega Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road Cyrenaica campaign Fourth Battle of Brega Ra's Lanuf raid Fezzan Sabha clashes Fezzan campaign Battle of Sabha Ghadames raid Tripolitania First Tripoli clashes Battle of Misrata First Battle of Zawiya Nafusa Mountain Campaign Battle of Wazzin Battle of Gharyan Battle of the Misrata frontline Zliten uprising Battle of Zliten Battle of Tawergha Zawiya skirmish Msallata clashes Rebel coastal offensive Second Battle of Zawiya Ras Ajdir clashes Battle of Tripoli Second Gulf of Sidra offensive Battle of Sirte Battle of Bani Walid Second Tripoli clashes NATO operations Operation Ellamy Opération Harmattan Operation Mobile Operation Odyssey Dawn Operation Unified Protector PeopleAnti-Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul Jalil Mahmoud Jibril Abdul Fatah Younis Khalifa Haftar Abdelhakim Belhadj Ali al-Sallabi Abdul Hafiz Ghoga Suleiman Mahmoud Omar El-Hariri Mohammed Ali Madani Mustafa Bin Dardef Hamid Hassy Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak Jalal al-Digheily Ali Tarhouni Abdel Moneim al-Houni Ali Zeidan Abdurrahim El-Keib Osama al-Juwaili Ahmed al-Senussi Hussein Darbouk Fathi Terbil Ali Attalah Obeidi Mahdi al-Harati Khalid Shahmah Yousef Mangoush Abu Oweis Abdullah Naker Ismail al-Salabi Sadiq Al-Ghariani Seham Sergiwa Fathi Bashagha Mustafa A. G. Abushagur Ahmed Omar Bani Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi Salwa Bughaighis Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi Kais al-Hilali Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi Mohammed Magariaf Mohammed Najm Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo Mahmoud al-Werfalli Pro-Gaddafi Muammar Gaddafi Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr Saif al-Islam Gaddafi Khamis Gaddafi Mutassim Gaddafi Al-Saadi Gaddafi Ayesha Gaddafi Abdullah Senussi Ali Sharif al-Rifi Moussa Ibrahim Abuzed Omar Dorda Baghdadi Mahmudi Mansour Dhao Saif al-Arab Gaddafi Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi Bashir Saleh Bashir Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid Tohami Khaled Ali Kanna Khweldi Hameidi Muftah Anaqrat Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi Mohamed Gayth Massoud Abdelhafid Mahdi al-Arabi Huda Ben Amer Hala Misrati Safia Farkash Abdul Ati al-Obeidi Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai Salih Rajab al-Mismari Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud Tayeb El-Safi Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam Bashir Saghir Hawadi Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi Mustafa Kharoubi NATO James G. Stavridis Charles Bouchard Ralph Jodice Rinaldo Veri J. Christopher Stevens Others Moussa Koussa Shukri Ghanem Abdel Rahman Shalgham Abdessalam Jalloud Ali Treki Imbarek Shamekh Nuri al-Mismari Mohammed Nabbous Iman al-Obeidi Prince Mohammed El Senussi Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi Hussein Sadiq al Musrati Mustafa Ben Halim Ihab Al-Mismari Places, buildingsand structures Abu Salim prison Bab al-Azizia Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture Giuliana Bridge Green Square/Martyrs' Square Maydan al Shajara Mitiga International Airport People's Hall, Tripoli Impact Casualties Domestic responses Human rights violations Rape allegations Humanitarian situation Refugees International reactions International reactions to military intervention Protests against military intervention U.S. reactions to military intervention International reactions to Gaddafi's death Factional violence in Libya 2012 Benghazi attack 2014–2020 civil war Timeline Manchester Arena bombing Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209 Other Belarus in Libyan conflict Democratic Party (Libya) Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign Media National Transitional Council Topple the Tyrants United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016 Voice of Free Libya Zenga Zenga Italics denote operations or battles related to the military intervention in Libya Category Commons Wikinews Wikiquotes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Nuri al-Mismari (born 1942) is the former Chief of Protocol of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and one of his closest aides.[1][2] He was a key member of Gaddafi's inner circle and served under him for 40 years.[3][4]","title":"Nuri al-Mismari"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Idris of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_of_Libya"},{"link_name":"Masamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masamir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"hotelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_manager"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"Saif al-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Background and career","text":"A grandfather and a father to many, Nuri Al Mismari was born in 1942 in Tripoli. He comes from a prominent family as his father was a minister in the Kingdom of Libya under Idris of Libya. He is from the Masamir tribe.[2] One of his sons was shot under mysterious circumstances in 2007 and the death was ruled a suicide.[2] He speaks fluent English and French.[2]He was seen as the \"gatekeeper\" of Gaddafi and one of a small group of officials with access to Gaddafi's tent. Distinguished by his dyed blonde hair and goatee and ceremonial uniform, he was often seen standing next to Gaddafi at public events and shepherding visitors to Gaddafi.[1][2] A hotelier by trade, he was in charge of coordinating visits by foreign heads of state to Libya (including lodging at palaces), overseeing Libya's payments to Gaddafi's children, and managing Gaddafi's fleet of airplanes.[5][6][2]He was considered a pro-free market reformer aligned with Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam within the Libyan ruling elite.[6] In 2008, Mismari played a minor role in reuniting a British woman with her daughter after her ex-husband abducted their daughter and took her to Libya.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"embezzlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Saif al-Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"set up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"Francois Bechis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Bechis"},{"link_name":"Libero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libero_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"Moussa Koussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Koussa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Concorde Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Concorde_La_Fayette"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hotel Concorde Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Concorde_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Libyan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"Mutassim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"sub_title":"Defection to France","text":"On 21 October 2010, Mismari fled to France after stopping by Tunisia.[6][8] He was last seen with Gaddafi at the Arab-African summit in Sirte on 9 and 10 October 2010. It was alleged Gaddafi had insulted and slapped Mismari at the summit.[2] His defection was not publicized until 28 November 2010, when Libya issued an international arrest warrant against him. He was arrested in Paris at the request of Libya, which alleged he was involved in embezzlement. Mismari was subsequently the subject of an international incident between Libya and France when it was alleged that he had defected to France.[9] His supporters in Libya, including sources close to Gaddafi's reformist son Saif al-Islam, countered that Mismari only went to France to undergo heart surgery and was set up amid a power struggle within Gaddafi's inner circle.[1][2] According to Francois Bechis of the Italian newspaper Libero, Mismari gave extensive information while under French custody, claimed that he had connections within Tunisian dissidents, pinpointed the weaknesses of the Gaddafi regime, and was formally seeking asylum in France.[10][6][11] Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa was held responsible for Mismari's defection and, anticipating more potential defections, Gaddafi confiscated the passports of several senior officials, including Koussa.[12][10]On 15 December 2010, Mismari was released from French custody to the Hôtel Concorde Lafayette and his extradition hearing was subsequently postponed as the French judge requested more information from Libya.[13] On 16 December 2010, Gaddafi sent Abdallah Mansour, the head of Libyan state media, to lure Mismari back to Libya. Instead, Mansour was arrested at the Hotel Concorde Lafayette.[14][6] On 23 December 2010, a delegation of anti-Gaddafi Libyans (Farj Charrani, Fathi Boukhris, and Ali Ounes Mansouri) arrived in Paris to dine with Mismari, yet sources close to Mismari claimed he had resumed his \"normal functions\" as Head of Protocol and was preparing to return to Libya.[15][11][16][17]Due to the Libyan Civil War breaking out in February 2011, Mismari was never extradited to Libya.[18] In February 2011, one of Gaddafi's sons, Mutassim, allegedly came to Paris to ask him to return to Libya to no avail and Mismari subsequently tendered his resignation as Chief of Protocol from exile.[18][6] As of 2013, he was still living in Paris.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ihab El-Mismari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihab_Al-Mismari"},{"link_name":"Libyan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Libyan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"escorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"Chairperson of the African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Saif al-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"safe houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_house"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Libyan Civil War","text":"In February 2011, his son, Ihab El-Mismari, a high-ranking diplomat representing the Libyan embassy in Canada, resigned in protest over Gaddafi's crackdown of protestors in the early phase of the Libyan Civil War.[19] Ihab was not among the five Libyan diplomats expelled from Canada in May 2011.[20]In March 2011, Mismari predicted that Gaddafi would fight to the end in the Libyan Civil War rather than step down, commit suicide, or go into exile.[21] He also alleged that Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy, had sent escorts to an unidentified African leader to help Gaddafi get elected as Chairperson of the African Union in 2009.[22][23]On 30 April 2011, Gaddafi's son Saif al-Arab and three grandchildren were killed by a French airstrike and it was alleged that Mismari had given away the locations of Gaddafi's secret safe houses to the French.[24]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Hayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hayat"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"raped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"sexually harassed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"Cecilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cilia_Attias"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-25"},{"link_name":"Annick Cojean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annick_Cojean"},{"link_name":"Mansour Dhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansour_Dhao"},{"link_name":"black magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service"},{"link_name":"sexually deviant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_deviant"},{"link_name":"Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansour_Rashid_El-Kikhia"},{"link_name":"Libyan Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Libya)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Posthumous allegations against Gaddafi","text":"In a 2012 interview with Al-Hayat, Mismari alleged that Gaddafi's mother was Jewish and that Gaddafi killed anybody who found out about it, notably Libyan ambassador to Italy, Ammar Dhu, and military officer, Salih Bu Farwa.[25] Mismari also claimed that on two occasions, Gaddafi raped foreign visitors to Libya. The alleged victims were a Nigerian woman and the wife of a Swiss businessman.[25] He also alleged that Gaddafi sexually harassed the ex-wife of French President Nicolas Sarkozy, Cecilia.[25]In a 2013 interview with French journalist Annick Cojean, Gaddafi's Chief of Security Mansour Dhao accused Mismari and Mabrouka Sherif of being the primary facilitators of Gaddafi's alleged sexual abuse. Dhao also accused Mismari of procuring prostitutes for Gaddafi and practicing black magic.[26][27][28][29] Mismari was named in Cojean's book Gaddafi's Harem: The Story of a Young Woman and the Abuses of Power in Libya.[27]In 2014, Mismari was interviewed by BBC for the documentary “Mad Dog – Qaddafi’s Secret World,\" where he alleged that Gaddafi was \"terribly sexually deviant,\" kept underaged male and female sex slaves, and kept the body of Mansour Rashid El-Kikhia, former Libyan Minister of Foreign Affairs, in a freezer.[4]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Arrested Gaddafi's top aide says was \"set up\"\". Reuters. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-gaddafi-mismari-idUSTRE6B142520101202","url_text":"\"Arrested Gaddafi's top aide says was \"set up\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fin de partie pour Mesmari – Jeune Afrique\". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/193598/politique/fin-de-partie-pour-mesmari/","url_text":"\"Fin de partie pour Mesmari – Jeune Afrique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Under Gaddafi's tent - the book\". The Africa Report.com. 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theafricareport.com/6030/under-gaddafis-tent-the-book/","url_text":"\"Under Gaddafi's tent - the book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muammar Qaddafi's 'sex dungeon' revealed in British documentary\". Al Arabiya English. 2014-01-26. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.alarabiya.net/perspective/features/2014/01/26/Muammar-Qaddafi-s-sex-dungeon-revealed-in-British-documentary","url_text":"\"Muammar Qaddafi's 'sex dungeon' revealed in British documentary\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIBYA : Looking for Nouri Mesmari - 18/11/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\". Africa Intelligence. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/11/18/looking-for-nouri-mesmari,86280721-art","url_text":"\"LIBYA : Looking for Nouri Mesmari - 18/11/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reports suggest French intelligence encouraged anti-Gaddafi protests\". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/03/inte-m28.html","url_text":"\"Reports suggest French intelligence encouraged anti-Gaddafi protests\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Colonel Gaddafi helped to get my daughter back\". the Guardian. 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/09/gaddafi-helped-get-abducted-daughter-home","url_text":"\"How Colonel Gaddafi helped to get my daughter back\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIBYA : Nouri Mesmari - 21/10/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\". Africa Intelligence. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/10/21/nouri-mesmari,85881927-bre","url_text":"\"LIBYA : Nouri Mesmari - 21/10/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libyan leader Gaddafi's close aide 'held in France'\". www.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8175192/Libyan-leader-Gaddafis-close-aide-held-in-France.html","url_text":"\"Libyan leader Gaddafi's close aide 'held in France'\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 09/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-09. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/09/nuri-mesmari,86610927-bre","url_text":"\"LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 09/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""}]},{"reference":"Prashad, Vijay (2011-03-31). \"America's Libyans\". CounterPunch.org. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.counterpunch.org/2011/03/31/america-s-libyans/","url_text":"\"America's Libyans\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIBYA : Mesmari Affair Could Unseat Kussa - 02/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/02/mesmari-affair-could-unseat-kussa,86487805-art","url_text":"\"LIBYA : Mesmari Affair Could Unseat Kussa - 02/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nouri Mesmari libéré – Jeune Afrique\". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/183270/politique/nouri-mesmari-lib-r/","url_text":"\"Nouri Mesmari libéré – Jeune Afrique\""}]},{"reference":"\"FRANCE/LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 16/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/16/nuri-mesmari,86808930-bre","url_text":"\"FRANCE/LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 16/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 23/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\". Africa Intelligence. 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/23/nuri-mesmari,87012492-bre","url_text":"\"LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 23/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Russ (2011-08-31). \"The Libya Secret: How West Cooked Up \"People's Uprising\"\". WhoWhatWhy. 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The Columbus Dispatch. 2011-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2011/03/03/libyan-rebels-reportedly-repulse-loyalists/23859175007/","url_text":"\"Libyan rebels reportedly repulse loyalists' attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch","url_text":"The Columbus Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlusconi sent escorts to Col Gaddafi opponent as favour\". Deccan Herald. 2011-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/143806/berlusconi-sent-escorts-col-gaddafi.html","url_text":"\"Berlusconi sent escorts to Col Gaddafi opponent as favour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Herald","url_text":"Deccan Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlusconi 'sent escorts to Gaddafi opponent as favour to Libya leader'\". www.telegraph.co.uk. 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Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaddafi-killed-anyone-who-discovered-his-mother-was-jewish-claims-aide/","url_text":"\"Gaddafi killed anyone who discovered his mother was Jewish, aide claims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Muammar Gaddafi security chief Mansour Daw lifts the lid on dictator's harem\". The Courier Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/former-muammar-gaddafi-security-chief-mansour-daw-lifts-the-lid-on-dictator8217s-harem/news-story/d969ebb7a9dc029108202a8214cd7acd","url_text":"\"Former Muammar Gaddafi security chief Mansour Daw lifts the lid on dictator's harem\""}]},{"reference":"Cojean, Annick (2013-09-22). \"Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes\". Salon. Retrieved 2022-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2013/09/22/muammar_gaddafis_sexual_crimes/","url_text":"\"Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, trans. Marjolijn de\". The Independent. 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2022-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-review-gaddafi-s-harem-by-annick-cojean-trans-marjolijn-de-jager-8901967.html","url_text":"\"Book review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, trans. Marjolijn de\""}]},{"reference":"IANS (2013-09-24). \"Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes\". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gaddafi-formed-special-department-to-find-prostitutes-113092400941_1.html","url_text":"\"Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-gaddafi-mismari-idUSTRE6B142520101202","external_links_name":"\"Arrested Gaddafi's top aide says was \"set up\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/193598/politique/fin-de-partie-pour-mesmari/","external_links_name":"\"Fin de partie pour Mesmari – Jeune Afrique\""},{"Link":"https://www.theafricareport.com/6030/under-gaddafis-tent-the-book/","external_links_name":"\"Under Gaddafi's tent - the book\""},{"Link":"https://english.alarabiya.net/perspective/features/2014/01/26/Muammar-Qaddafi-s-sex-dungeon-revealed-in-British-documentary","external_links_name":"\"Muammar Qaddafi's 'sex dungeon' revealed in British documentary\""},{"Link":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/11/18/looking-for-nouri-mesmari,86280721-art","external_links_name":"\"LIBYA : Looking for Nouri Mesmari - 18/11/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/03/inte-m28.html","external_links_name":"\"Reports suggest French intelligence encouraged anti-Gaddafi protests\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/09/gaddafi-helped-get-abducted-daughter-home","external_links_name":"\"How Colonel Gaddafi helped to get my daughter back\""},{"Link":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/10/21/nouri-mesmari,85881927-bre","external_links_name":"\"LIBYA : Nouri Mesmari - 21/10/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8175192/Libyan-leader-Gaddafis-close-aide-held-in-France.html","external_links_name":"\"Libyan leader Gaddafi's close aide 'held in France'\""},{"Link":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/09/nuri-mesmari,86610927-bre","external_links_name":"\"LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 09/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://www.counterpunch.org/2011/03/31/america-s-libyans/","external_links_name":"\"America's Libyans\""},{"Link":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/02/mesmari-affair-could-unseat-kussa,86487805-art","external_links_name":"\"LIBYA : Mesmari Affair Could Unseat Kussa - 02/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/183270/politique/nouri-mesmari-lib-r/","external_links_name":"\"Nouri Mesmari libéré – Jeune Afrique\""},{"Link":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/16/nuri-mesmari,86808930-bre","external_links_name":"\"FRANCE/LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 16/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2010/12/23/nuri-mesmari,87012492-bre","external_links_name":"\"LIBYA : Nuri Mesmari - 23/12/2010 - Maghreb Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://whowhatwhy.org/politics/government-integrity/now-that-were-celebrating-qaddafis-end-can-we-get-a-little-truth/","external_links_name":"\"The Libya Secret: How West Cooked Up \"People's Uprising\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.africaintelligence.com/north-africa/2011/02/17/benghazi-s-rising-opposition,88135131-art","external_links_name":"\"LIBYA : Benghazi's rising opposition - 17/02/2011 - Maghreb Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-55069620110222","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Gaddafi aide sees bitter fight to the end\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2011/02/23/libyan_diplomat_resigns_in_protest.html","external_links_name":"\"Libyan diplomat resigns in protest\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/libyan-diplomat-kicked-out-of-canada-headed-intelligence-1.1071676","external_links_name":"\"Libyan diplomat kicked out of Canada headed intelligence\""},{"Link":"https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2011/03/03/libyan-rebels-reportedly-repulse-loyalists/23859175007/","external_links_name":"\"Libyan rebels reportedly repulse loyalists' attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/143806/berlusconi-sent-escorts-col-gaddafi.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlusconi sent escorts to Col Gaddafi opponent as favour\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/silvio-berlusconi/8364768/Berlusconi-sent-escorts-to-Gaddafi-opponent-as-favour-to-Libya-leader.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlusconi 'sent escorts to Gaddafi opponent as favour to Libya leader'\""},{"Link":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/sarkozy-s-gadhafi-connection/","external_links_name":"\"Sarkozy's Gadhafi Connection\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaddafi-killed-anyone-who-discovered-his-mother-was-jewish-claims-aide/","external_links_name":"\"Gaddafi killed anyone who discovered his mother was Jewish, aide claims\""},{"Link":"https://www.couriermail.com.au/news/former-muammar-gaddafi-security-chief-mansour-daw-lifts-the-lid-on-dictator8217s-harem/news-story/d969ebb7a9dc029108202a8214cd7acd","external_links_name":"\"Former Muammar Gaddafi security chief Mansour Daw lifts the lid on dictator's harem\""},{"Link":"https://www.salon.com/2013/09/22/muammar_gaddafis_sexual_crimes/","external_links_name":"\"Muammar Gaddafi's sexual crimes\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-review-gaddafi-s-harem-by-annick-cojean-trans-marjolijn-de-jager-8901967.html","external_links_name":"\"Book review: Gaddafi's Harem, By Annick Cojean, trans. Marjolijn de\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gaddafi-formed-special-department-to-find-prostitutes-113092400941_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Gaddafi formed special department to find prostitutes\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cassowary
Northern cassowary
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Phylogeny","4 Range and habitat","5 Behaviour","6 Conservation","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Sources","8 External links"]
Species of bird Northern cassowary At Bali Bird Park Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Infraclass: Palaeognathae Order: Casuariiformes Family: Casuariidae Genus: Casuarius Species: C. unappendiculatus Binomial name Casuarius unappendiculatusBlyth, 1860 Distribution of the northern cassowary Synonyms Casuarius doggetti Rothschild 1904 Casuarius unappendiculatus doggetti (Rothschild 1904) Casuarius unappendiculatus hagenbecki (Rothschild 1904) Casuarius unappendiculatus jamrachi (Rothschild 1904) Casuarius unappendiculatus mitratus Rothschild 1904 Casuarius unappendiculatus multicolor Le Souef 1930 Casuarius unappendiculatus suffusus Rothschild 1904 Casuarius rothschildi Matschie 1901 Casuarius unappendiculatus rothschildi (Matschie 1901) Casuarius philipi Rothschild 1898 Casuarius unappendiculatus philipi (Rothschild 1898) Casuarius unappendiculatus unappendiculatus (Blyth 1860) Casuarius occipitalis Salvadori 1878 Casuarius unappendiculatus occipitalis (Salvadori 1878) Casuarius unappendiculatus rufotinctus Rothschild 1900 Casuarius unappendiculatus aurentiacus Rothschild 1899 Casuarius kaupi Rosenberg 1861 Casuarius laglaizei Oustalet 1893 The northern cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus), also known as the one-wattled cassowary, single-wattled cassowary, or golden-necked cassowary, is a large, stocky flightless bird of northern New Guinea. It is one of the three living species of cassowary, alongside the dwarf cassowary and the southern cassowary. It is a member of the superorder Paleognathae. Taxonomy Edward Blyth first identified the northern cassowary from a specimen from an aviary located in Calcutta, India, in 1860. It is the most recently discovered of all the cassowary species. The genus name Casuarius is derived from the Malay word kesuari "cassowary", while the species name unappendiculatus refers to the species' single wattle. Officially, there are no subspecies, though some authors list several subspecies. Description At Walsrode Bird Park The northern cassowary has a hard and stiff black plumage, blue facial skin and a casque on top of the head. It has a bright red or yellow coloured neck and wattle. The feet are huge and strong with long, dagger-like claw on its inner toe. The sexes are similar in appearance. The male, at 30 to 37 kg (66 to 82 lb), is smaller than the female, at an average of 58 kg (128 lb), making it the fourth heaviest living bird species after the common ostrich, Somali ostrich and the southern cassowary. These birds measure 149 cm (4 ft 10+1⁄2 in) long and stand 1.5–1.8 m (4 ft 11 in – 5 ft 11 in) in height. Compared to the southern cassowary, the northern cassowary has a slightly shorter bill, at 12 to 13.7 cm (4.7 to 5.4 in), but a slightly longer tarsal length, at 28 to 33.2 cm (11.0 to 13.1 in). Phylogeny Northern cassowaries are members of the family Casuariidae, of which there are only four extant members. Three of being the Cassowaries; the other the last remaining extant species of emu. All present superficial similarities, along being large flightless birds. The northern cassowary and the emu share homologous features. For example, both have a blue patch of colour on their face/neck, but the functions of these differ. The emu's patch is of a paler colour and is used as a form of camouflage where it is located. The northern cassowary's patch of blue is brighter, and is used for attracting mates. An alternate classification was proposed in 2014 by Mitchell et al., based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA. This splits off the Casuariidae into their own order, the Casuariformes, and includes only the cassowaries in the family Casuariidae, placing the emus in their own family, Dromaiidae. Range and habitat The northern cassowary is distributed and endemic to coastal swamp and lowland rainforests of northern New Guinea and the islands of Yapen, Batanta and Salawati. They prefer elevations below 490 m (1,610 ft). Breeding population and trends Location Population Trend Northern Papua New Guinea Unknown Declining Yapen Unknown Declining Batanta Unknown Declining Salawati Unknown Declining Waigeo Unknown Declining Total 2,500 to 10,000 Declining Behaviour Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden As with other cassowaries, the northern cassowary is a shy and solitary bird. Their diet consists mainly of berries, fruits and small animals, such as mice, rats, frogs, snakes, lizards, smaller birds and a variety of small insects and snails. They will eat dead animals when they find them. The young have been observed to eat the feces of the males raising them and clutch mates. Adults will eat their own feces as it often contains undigested fruits. They make grunting and hissing sounds, like other cassowaries. In the breeding season, the polygamous female lays three to five green eggs on a well camouflaged nest prepared by the male; she then leaves the nest and eggs to find another mate. The male incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone for about nine months. Conservation Although subject to ongoing habitat loss and overhunting in some areas, as of 2017, the northern cassowary is evaluated as Least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as population size estimates suggest that populations are actually larger than previously estimated. However, it is the most threatened of the three extant cassowary types as of 2022. Hunting is still considered the biggest threat. Native people use the bones and eggs, and take the chicks to be raised for meat. As logging opens up more areas of the forest, hunting will be more of a problem. Their occurrence range is 186,000 km2 (72,000 sq mi) and a 2000 estimate placed their numbers at 9300. References Notes ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Casuarius unappendiculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22678114A118134784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22678114A118134784.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003) ^ Peron, Richard. "Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. ^ a b "Cassowary". San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022. ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995) ^ Avibase ^ Brands, S. (2008) ^ Clements, J (2007) ^ a b c d e BirdLife International (2008)(a) ^ a b "Casuarius unappendiculatus (Northern cassowary)". Animal Diversity Web. Sources "Casuarius unappendiculatus". Avibase. BirdLife International (2008). "Northern Cassowary - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 6 February 2009. Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Casuarius unappendiculatus". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 4 February 2009. Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9. Davies, Stephen (2002). Ratites and Tinamous. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854996-3. Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Cassowaries". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 75–77, 80. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0. Gotch, A.F. (1995) . "Cassowaries". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. London: Facts on File. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casuarius unappendiculatus. Wikispecies has information related to Casuarius unappendiculatus. BirdLife species factsheet for Casuarius unappendiculatus "Northern cassowary media". Internet Bird Collection. Northern cassowary photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University) Interactive range map of Casuarius unappendiculatus at IUCN Red List maps Audio recordings of Northern cassowary on Xeno-canto. vteCasuariiformes (cassowaries and emus)Casuariidae (cassowaries)Casuarius Southern cassowary (C. casuarius) Dwarf cassowary (C. bennetti) Northern cassowary (C. unappendiculatus) †C. lydekkeri Dromaiidae (emus)Dromaius Emu (D. novaehollandiae) (subspecies: †Tasmanian emu (D. n. diemenensis) †Kangaroo Island emu (D. n. baudinianus) †King Island emu (D. n. minor)) †D. ocypus †Emuarius †E. guljaruba †E. gidju Taxon identifiersCasuarius unappendiculatus Wikidata: Q843182 Wikispecies: Casuarius unappendiculatus ADW: Casuarius_unappendiculatus ARKive: casuarius-unappendiculatus Avibase: 32E7303BCA959B16 BirdLife: 22678114 BOW: norcas1 CoL: RQZ4 eBird: norcas1 GBIF: 5231785 IBC: northern-cassowary-casuarius-unappendiculatus iNaturalist: 20501 IRMNG: 11188162 ITIS: 174390 IUCN: 22678114 NCBI: 1740858 Observation.org: 70131 Open Tree of Life: 3600826 Paleobiology Database: 399852 TSA: 3580 Xeno-canto: Casuarius-unappendiculatus
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"cassowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassowary"},{"link_name":"dwarf cassowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_cassowary"},{"link_name":"southern cassowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_cassowary"},{"link_name":"Paleognathae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleognathae"}],"text":"The northern cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus), also known as the one-wattled cassowary, single-wattled cassowary,[2] or golden-necked cassowary, is a large, stocky flightless bird of northern New Guinea. It is one of the three living species of cassowary, alongside the dwarf cassowary and the southern cassowary. It is a member of the superorder Paleognathae.","title":"Northern cassowary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blyth"},{"link_name":"aviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanDiegoZoo-4"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Edward Blyth first identified the northern cassowary from a specimen from an aviary located in Calcutta, India, in 1860.[2] It is the most recently discovered of all the cassowary species.[4] The genus name Casuarius is derived from the Malay word kesuari \"cassowary\", while the species name unappendiculatus refers to the species' single wattle.[5] Officially, there are no subspecies, though some authors list several subspecies.[6][7]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casuarius_unappendiculatus_qtl1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walsrode Bird Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltvogelpark_Walsrode"},{"link_name":"casque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casque_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"wattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"common ostrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich"},{"link_name":"Somali ostrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_ostrich"},{"link_name":"southern cassowary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_cassowary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"tarsal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"}],"text":"At Walsrode Bird ParkThe northern cassowary has a hard and stiff black plumage, blue facial skin and a casque on top of the head. It has a bright red or yellow coloured neck and wattle. The feet are huge and strong with long, dagger-like claw on its inner toe. The sexes are similar in appearance. The male, at 30 to 37 kg (66 to 82 lb), is smaller than the female, at an average of 58 kg (128 lb), making it the fourth heaviest living bird species after the common ostrich, Somali ostrich and the southern cassowary.[2] These birds measure 149 cm (4 ft 10+1⁄2 in) long and stand 1.5–1.8 m (4 ft 11 in – 5 ft 11 in) in height.[2] Compared to the southern cassowary, the northern cassowary has a slightly shorter bill, at 12 to 13.7 cm (4.7 to 5.4 in), but a slightly longer tarsal length, at 28 to 33.2 cm (11.0 to 13.1 in).[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Northern cassowaries are members of the family Casuariidae, of which there are only four extant members. Three of being the Cassowaries; the other the last remaining extant species of emu. All present superficial similarities, along being large flightless birds. The northern cassowary and the emu share homologous features. For example, both have a blue patch of colour on their face/neck, but the functions of these differ. The emu's patch is of a paler colour and is used as a form of camouflage where it is located. The northern cassowary's patch of blue is brighter, and is used for attracting mates.[citation needed]An alternate classification was proposed in 2014 by Mitchell et al., based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA. This splits off the Casuariidae into their own order, the Casuariformes, and includes only the cassowaries in the family Casuariidae, placing the emus in their own family, Dromaiidae.","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism_in_birds"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Yapen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Batanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanta"},{"link_name":"Salawati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawati"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI2-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"}],"text":"The northern cassowary is distributed and endemic to coastal swamp and lowland rainforests of northern New Guinea and the islands of Yapen,[8] Batanta and Salawati.[9] They prefer elevations below 490 m (1,610 ft).[2]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casuarius_unappendiculatus_MWNH_0014.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museum Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"cassowaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassowary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animaldiversity.org-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI2-9"},{"link_name":"polygamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy"}],"text":"Egg, Collection Museum WiesbadenAs with other cassowaries, the northern cassowary is a shy and solitary bird. Their diet consists mainly of berries,[10] fruits[2] and small animals, such as mice, rats, frogs, snakes, lizards, smaller birds and a variety of small insects and snails. They will eat dead animals when they find them. The young have been observed to eat the feces of the males raising them and clutch mates. Adults will eat their own feces as it often contains undigested fruits.[10] They make grunting and hissing sounds, like other cassowaries.[9]In the breeding season, the polygamous female lays three to five green eggs on a well camouflaged nest prepared by the male; she then leaves the nest and eggs to find another mate. The male incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone for about nine months.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanDiegoZoo-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI2-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies-2003-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI2-9"}],"text":"Although subject to ongoing habitat loss and overhunting in some areas, as of 2017, the northern cassowary is evaluated as Least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as population size estimates suggest that populations are actually larger than previously estimated. However, it is the most threatened of the three extant cassowary types as of 2022.[4] Hunting is still considered the biggest threat.[9] Native people use the bones and eggs, and take the chicks to be raised for meat. As logging opens up more areas of the forest, hunting will be more of a problem.[1][2] Their occurrence range is 186,000 km2 (72,000 sq mi) and a 2000 estimate placed their numbers at 9300.[9]","title":"Conservation"}]
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null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Casuarius unappendiculatus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22678114A118134784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22678114A118134784.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22678114/118134784","url_text":"\"Casuarius unappendiculatus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22678114A118134784.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22678114A118134784.en"}]},{"reference":"Peron, Richard. \"Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031102/http://www.perron.eu/Publications/All%20cassowaries.html","url_text":"\"Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius\""},{"url":"http://www.perron.eu/Publications/All%20cassowaries.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cassowary\". San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/cassowary","url_text":"\"Cassowary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casuarius unappendiculatus (Northern cassowary)\". Animal Diversity Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Casuarius_unappendiculatus/","url_text":"\"Casuarius unappendiculatus (Northern cassowary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web","url_text":"Animal Diversity Web"}]},{"reference":"\"Casuarius unappendiculatus\". Avibase.","urls":[{"url":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=32E7303BCA959B16","url_text":"\"Casuarius unappendiculatus\""}]},{"reference":"BirdLife International (2008). \"Northern Cassowary - BirdLife Species Factsheet\". Data Zone. Retrieved 6 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=6&m=0","url_text":"\"Northern Cassowary - BirdLife Species Factsheet\""}]},{"reference":"Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). \"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Casuarius unappendiculatus\". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 4 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51274.htm","url_text":"\"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Casuarius unappendiculatus\""}]},{"reference":"Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4501-9","url_text":"978-0-8014-4501-9"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Stephen (2002). Ratites and Tinamous. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854996-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854996-3","url_text":"978-0-19-854996-3"}]},{"reference":"Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). \"Cassowaries\". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 75–77, 80. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-5784-0","url_text":"0-7876-5784-0"}]},{"reference":"Gotch, A.F. (1995) [1979]. \"Cassowaries\". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. London: Facts on File. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3377-3","url_text":"0-8160-3377-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Northern cassowary media\". Internet Bird Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/northern-cassowary-casuarius-unappendiculatus","url_text":"\"Northern cassowary media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection","url_text":"Internet Bird Collection"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Young
Zora Young
["1 Discography","2 References"]
American blues singer (born 1948) Zora YoungYoung in 1982Background informationBirth nameZora YoungBorn (1948-01-21) January 21, 1948 (age 76)West Point, Mississippi, United StatesGenresBluesOccupation(s)Musician, singerInstrument(s)VocalsYears activeLate 1960s–presentLabelsDelmarkDelugeAirwayWebsiteZoraYoungMusic.comMusical artist Young in 2007 Zora Young (born January 21, 1948, West Point, Mississippi, United States) is an American blues singer. She is distantly related to Howlin' Wolf. Young's family moved to Chicago when she was seven. She began singing gospel music at the Greater Harvest Baptist Church. As an adult she began singing blues and R&B. Over the course of her career, she has performed with Junior Wells, Jimmy Dawkins, Bobby Rush, Buddy Guy, Albert King, Professor Eddie Lusk, and B. B. King. Among those she has collaborated with on record are Willie Dixon, Sunnyland Slim, Mississippi Heat, Paul DeLay, and Maurice John Vaughn. In 1982, she toured Europe with Bonnie Lee and Big Time Sarah, billed as "Blues with the Girls", and recorded an album in Paris. She was later cast in the role of Bessie Smith in the stage show The Heart of the Blues. By 1991 she had recorded the album Travelin' Light, with the Canadian guitarist Colin Linden. Young has toured Europe more than thirty times and has made appearances in Turkey and Taiwan. She was the featured performer at the Chicago Blues Festival six times. In 2014, she was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the category 'Traditional Blues Female' (known as the Koko Taylor Award). Her latest album, Friday Night (2016), featured Little Mike and the Tornadoes. Discography Travelin' Light (Deluge Records, 1992) Learned My Lesson (Delmark Records, 2000) Tore Up from the Floor Up (Delmark, 2005) Sunnyland (Airway, 2009) The French Connection (Delmark, 2009) Friday Night (Elrob Records, 2016) References ^ a b c d Linda Seida (1948-01-21). "Zora Young | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2015-10-07. ^ a b Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 195. ISBN 1-85868-255-X. ^ "2014 Blues Music Awards Nominees and Winners". Blues.about.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2014-05-16. ^ "Friday Night - Zora Young". Store.cdbaby.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2017. ^ "Zora Young | Album Discography". AllMusic. 1948-01-21. Retrieved 2016-10-05. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
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B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._B._King"},{"link_name":"record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Sunnyland Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyland_Slim"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Heat"},{"link_name":"Paul DeLay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_DeLay"},{"link_name":"Maurice John Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_John_Vaughn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Lee"},{"link_name":"Big Time Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Time_Sarah"},{"link_name":"recorded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"Bessie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Travelin' Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelin%27_Light_(Zora_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"Colin Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Linden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russell-2"},{"link_name":"toured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blues Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blues_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"Blues Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Little Mike and the Tornadoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mike_and_the_Tornadoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Musical artistYoung in 2007Zora Young (born January 21, 1948, West Point, Mississippi, United States)[1] is an American blues singer. She is distantly related to Howlin' Wolf.[2]Young's family moved to Chicago when she was seven. She began singing gospel music at the Greater Harvest Baptist Church.[1] As an adult she began singing blues and R&B. Over the course of her career, she has performed with Junior Wells, Jimmy Dawkins, Bobby Rush, Buddy Guy, Albert King, Professor Eddie Lusk, and B. B. King. Among those she has collaborated with on record are Willie Dixon, Sunnyland Slim, Mississippi Heat, Paul DeLay, and Maurice John Vaughn.[1]In 1982, she toured Europe with Bonnie Lee and Big Time Sarah, billed as \"Blues with the Girls\", and recorded an album in Paris. She was later cast in the role of Bessie Smith in the stage show The Heart of the Blues. By 1991 she had recorded the album Travelin' Light, with the Canadian guitarist Colin Linden.[2]Young has toured Europe more than thirty times and has made appearances in Turkey and Taiwan. She was the featured performer at the Chicago Blues Festival six times.[1]In 2014, she was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the category 'Traditional Blues Female' (known as the Koko Taylor Award).[3] Her latest album, Friday Night (2016), featured Little Mike and the Tornadoes.[4]","title":"Zora Young"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travelin' Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelin%27_Light_(Zora_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"Delmark Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmark_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Travelin' Light (Deluge Records, 1992)\nLearned My Lesson (Delmark Records, 2000)\nTore Up from the Floor Up (Delmark, 2005)\nSunnyland (Airway, 2009)\nThe French Connection (Delmark, 2009)\nFriday Night (Elrob Records, 2016)[5]","title":"Discography"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southend_United_F.C._seasons
List of Southend United F.C. seasons
["1 Key","2 Seasons","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Southend United Football Club, an English association football club based in Southend, Essex, was founded in 1906. The club's first team won the Southern League Second Division championship in their first season. Southend had to apply for election alongside the two bottom First Division teams who were applying for re-election, and were unsuccessful. Southend won the title again the following year, and this time, with more places available after two clubs had joined the Football League, they were elected. By 1910–11, the Southern League had adopted automatic promotion and relegation, and Southend were relegated. They returned to the top tier as runners-up in 1912–13, and remained at that level until 1920, when the Football League added a Third Division made up almost entirely of the Southern League First Division teams. That same season, Southend reached the third round (last 16) of the FA Cup; they have progressed to the last 16 four times since, but have gone no further. Southend remained in the Third Division for the next 39 seasons. The closest they came to a change were via two successful application for re-election, in 1921–22, their second season as a Football League club, and then in 1934–35, and two third-place finishes, in 1931–32 and 1949–50, at a time when only the divisional champions were promoted. In 1965–66, they were relegated to the Fourth Division, and spent the next 25 years oscillating between the two. Southend's first trophy in the Football League came in 1980–81, courtesy of a strong defence and a particularly strong home record, as they won the Fourth Division title by a two-point margin. Eight years later, they were again promoted from the fourth tier, this time in third place, and the following season, a final-day defeat deprived Southend of the title but they were still sure of the runners-up spot that gained promotion to the second tier for the first time in the club's history. Southend spent six seasons at the higher level, during which time they lost a penalty shoot-out to Notts County in the semi-final of the 1993–94 Anglo-Italian Cup, before two consecutive relegations took them back whence they came. In 2006–07, again after consecutive promotions, they played one more season in the Championship – the Football League's divisions had been rebranded two years earlier – and produced their best League Cup performance, eliminating Manchester United in the fourth round before losing to Tottenham Hotspur in the quarter-final via an arguably offside goal scored five minutes from the end of extra time. Southend reached the final of the Football League Trophy, a cup competition open to teams in the lower divisions of the Football League, in both 2004 and 2005. Both finals were played at the Millennium Stadium while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction, and both ended in defeat by two goals to nil, to Blackpool in 2004 and Wrexham the following year. They repeated the procedure in 2013, albeit this time at the new Wembley, losing 2–0 to Crewe Alexandra and equalling Brentford's record of three final appearances without winning. Financial issues mounted in the 2019–20 season: against a background of non-payment of wages, unpaid taxes, winding-up orders and a transfer embargo meant Southend were unable to avoid relegation to League Two, and even when the tax bill was paid after the sale of the stadium for housing, a 23rd-place finish in 2020–21 meant that Southend United dropped out of the League after 101 years' continuous membership. As of the end of the 2020–21 season, the team have spent 26 seasons in the fourth tier of the English football league system, 61 in the third, and 7 in the second. The table details the team's achievements and the top goalscorer in senior first-team competitions from their debut season in the Southern League in 1906–07 to the end of the most recently completed season. Key Key to league record: P – Played W – Games won D – Games drawn L – Games lost F – Goals for A – Goals against Pts – Points Pos – Final position Key to colours and symbols: 1st or W Winners 2nd or F Runners-up ↑ Promoted ↓ Relegated ♦ Top league scorer in Southend's division Key to divisions: South 1 – Southern Football League First Division South 2 – Southern Football League Second Division Div 1 – Football League First Division Div 2 – Football League Second Division Div 3 – Football League Third Division Div 4 – Football League Fourth Division Champ – Football League Championship League 1 – Football League One, EFL League One League 2 – Football League Two, EFL League Two National – National League Key to stages of competitions: Group – Group stage Prelim – Preliminary round QR1 – First qualifying round QR2 – Second qualifying round, etc. R1 – First round R2 – Second round, etc. QF – Quarter-final SF – Semi-final F – Runners-up W – Winners (S) – Southern section of regionalised stage Details of the abandoned 1939–40 season are shown in italics and appropriately footnoted. Seasons List of seasons, including league division and statistics, cup results, and top scorer(s) Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Top scorer(s) Division P W D L F A Pts Pos Competition Result Name Goals 1906–07 South 2 22 14 5 3 58 23 33 1st — — — — Not known — 1907–08 South 2 ↑ 18 13 3 2 47 16 29 1st QR4 — — — Not known — 1908–09 South 1 40 14 10 16 52 54 38 12th QR5 — — — Not known — 1909–10 South 1 42 12 9 21 51 90 33 20th R2 — — — Not known — 1910–11 South 1 ↓ 38 10 9 19 47 64 29 19th R1 — — — Not known — 1911–12 South 2 26 16 1 9 73 24 33 4th QR5 — — — Not known — 1912–13 South 2 ↑ 24 14 6 4 43 23 34 2nd R1 — — — Not known — 1913–14 South 1 38 10 12 16 41 66 32 16th R1 — — — Not known — 1914–15 South 1 38 10 8 20 44 64 28 18th R2 — — — Not known — 1915–19 The Southern League and FA Cup were suspended until after the First World War. 1919–20 South 1 42 13 17 12 46 48 43 11th R1 — — — Not known — 1920–21 Div 3 42 14 8 20 44 61 36 17th R3 — — — Albert Fairclough 15 1921–22 Div 3S 42 8 11 23 34 74 27 22nd R2 — — — Jimmy Evans 10 1922–23 Div 3S 42 12 13 17 49 54 37 15th QR5 — — — Billy Goodwin 22 1923–24 Div 3S 42 12 10 20 53 84 34 19th QR6 — — — Billy Goodwin 11 1924–25 Div 3S 42 19 5 18 51 61 43 10th QR5 — — — Jimmy McClelland 21 1925–26 Div 3S 42 19 4 19 78 73 42 11th R5 — — — William Shaw 21 1926–27 Div 3S 42 14 6 22 64 77 34 19th R2 — — — Billy Hick 29 1927–28 Div 3S 42 20 6 16 80 64 46 7th R2 — — — Billy Hick 26 1928–29 Div 3S 42 15 11 16 80 75 41 12th R1 — — — Jimmy Shankly 35 1929–30 Div 3S 42 15 13 14 69 59 43 11th R2 — — — Fred Baron 22 1930–31 Div 3S 42 22 5 15 76 60 49 5th R1 — — — Jimmy Shankly 28 1931–32 Div 3S 42 21 11 10 77 53 53 3rd R2 — — — Jimmy Shankly 20 1932–33 Div 3S 42 15 11 16 65 82 41 13th R4 — — — Jack Morfitt 21 1933–34 Div 3S 42 12 10 20 51 74 34 16th R3 — Third Division South Cup R2 Leo Stevens 21 1934–35 Div 3S 42 11 9 22 65 78 31 21st R3 — Third Division South Cup R1 Harry Johnson 22 1935–36 Div 3S 42 13 10 19 61 62 36 18th R3 — Third Division South Cup QF Harry Lane 17 1936–37 Div 3S 42 17 11 14 78 67 45 10th R2 — Third Division South Cup R2 Billy Dickinson 19 1937–38 Div 3S 42 15 10 17 70 68 40 12th R3 — Third Division South Cup R1 Tudor Martin 18 1938–39 Div 3S 42 16 9 17 61 64 41 12th R4 — Third Division South Cup R1 Alf Smirk 18 1939–40 Div 3S 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 — — — — — Sam BellJack Ormandyand one own goal 1 1939–45 The Football League and FA Cup were suspended until after the Second World War. 1945–46 — — — — — — — — — R1 — — — Alf Smirk 1 1946–47 Div 3S 42 17 10 15 71 60 44 8th R3 — — — Cyril Thompson 27 1947–48 Div 3S 42 15 13 14 51 58 43 9th R1 — — — Cyril Thompson 14 1948–49 Div 3S 42 9 16 17 41 46 34 18th R1 — — — Frank Dudley 12 1949–50 Div 3S 42 19 13 10 66 48 51 3rd R3 — — — Albert Wakefield 28 1950–51 Div 3S 46 21 10 15 92 69 52 7th R1 — — — Les Stubbs 19 1951–52 Div 3S 46 19 10 17 75 66 48 9th R5 — — — Albert Wakefield 21 1952–53 Div 3S 46 18 13 15 69 74 49 8th R1 — — — Cyril Grant 13 1953–54 Div 3S 46 18 7 21 69 71 43 16th R2 — — — Ken Bainbridge 12 1954–55 Div 3S 46 17 12 17 83 80 46 10th R3 — — — Roy Hollis 32 1955–56 Div 3S 46 21 11 14 88 80 53 4th R4 — — — Roy Hollis 26 1956–57 Div 3S 46 18 12 16 73 65 48 7th R4 — — — Roy Hollis 20 1957–58 Div 3S 46 21 12 13 90 58 54 7th R3 — — — Sammy McCrory 33 ♦ 1958–59 Div 3 46 21 8 17 85 80 50 8th R1 — — — Bud Houghton 20 1959–60 Div 3 46 19 8 19 76 74 46 12th R2 — — — Dudley Price 29 1960–61 Div 3 46 14 11 21 60 76 39 20th R2 R2 — — Peter CorthineJim Fryatt 16 1961–62 Div 3 46 13 16 17 57 69 42 16th R1 R1 — — Ken Jones 13 1962–63 Div 3 46 19 12 15 75 77 50 8th R2 R2 — — Ken Jones 19 1963–64 Div 3 46 15 15 16 77 78 45 14th R1 R3 — — Mike Beesley 13 1964–65 Div 3 46 19 8 19 78 71 46 12th R1 R3 — — Bobby Gilfillan 23 1965–66 Div 3 ↓ 46 16 4 26 54 83 36 21st R3 R2 — — Eddie Firmani 20 1966–67 Div 4 46 22 9 15 70 49 53 6th R1 R1 — — Ray Smith 19 1967–68 Div 4 46 20 14 12 77 58 54 6th R1 R2 — — Phil ChisnallJohn McKinven 17 1968–69 Div 4 46 19 13 14 78 61 51 7th R4 R2 — — Billy Best 31 1969–70 Div 4 46 15 10 21 59 85 40 17th R1 R3 — — Billy Best 24 1970–71 Div 4 46 14 15 17 53 66 43 18th R3 R1 — — Billy Best 22 1971–72 Div 4 ↑ 46 24 12 10 81 55 60 2nd R2 R1 — — Bill Garner 26 1972–73 Div 3 46 17 10 19 61 54 44 14th R1 R2 — — Chris Guthrie 15 1973–74 Div 3 46 16 14 16 62 62 46 12th R3 R1 — — Stuart Brace 20 1974–75 Div 3 46 13 16 17 46 51 42 18th R3 R2 — — Chris Guthrie 17 1975–76 Div 3 ↓ 46 12 13 21 65 75 37 23rd R5 R1 — — Peter Silvester 23 1976–77 Div 4 46 15 19 12 52 45 49 10th R3 R1 — — Stuart Parker 16 1977–78 Div 4 ↑ 46 25 10 11 66 39 60 2nd R3 R1 — — Derrick Parker 23 1978–79 Div 3 46 15 15 16 51 49 45 13th R3 R1 — — Derrick Parker 12 1979–80 Div 3 ↓ 46 14 10 22 47 58 38 22nd R2 R3 — — Derrick Parker 10 1980–81 Div 4 ↑ 46 30 7 9 79 31 67 1st R1 R1 — — Derek Spence 21 1981–82 Div 3 46 18 15 13 63 51 69 7th R1 R1 Football League Group Cup Group Keith Mercer 13 1982–83 Div 3 46 15 14 17 66 65 59 15th R3 R1 Football League Group Cup Group Steve Phillips 20 1983–84 Div 3 ↓ 46 10 14 22 55 76 44 22nd R1 R1 Associate Members' Cup QF(S) Steve Phillips 17 1984–85 Div 4 46 13 11 22 58 83 50 20th R1 R1 Associate Members' Cup R1(S) Steve Phillips 23 1985–86 Div 4 46 18 10 18 69 67 64 9th R1 R1 Associate Members' Cup Group Richard Cadette 25 ♦ 1986–87 Div 4 ↑ 46 25 5 16 68 55 80 3rd R2 R2 Associate Members' Cup R1(S) Richard Cadette 30 1987–88 Div 3 46 14 13 19 65 83 55 17th R1 R3 Associate Members' Cup R1(S) David Crown 17 1988–89 Div 3 ↓ 46 13 15 18 56 75 54 21st R1 R2 Associate Members' Cup R1(S) David Crown 29 ♦ 1989–90 Div 4 ↑ 46 22 9 15 61 48 75 3rd R1 R2 Associate Members' Cup QF(S) David Crown 23 1990–91 Div 3 ↑ 46 26 7 13 67 51 85 2nd R1 R2 Associate Members' Cup SF(S) Brett Angell 26 1991–92 Div 2 46 17 11 18 63 63 62 12th R3 R1 Full Members' Cup R2(S) Brett Angell 23 1992–93 Div 1 46 13 13 20 54 64 52 18th R5 R1 Anglo-Italian Cup Prelim Stan Collymore 18 1993–94 Div 1 46 17 8 21 63 67 59 15th R3 R2 Anglo-Italian Cup SF Ricky Otto 15 1994–95 Div 1 46 18 8 20 54 73 62 13th R3 R1 — — Gary JonesAndy Thomson 11 1995–96 Div 1 46 15 14 17 52 61 59 14th R3 R2 Anglo-Italian Cup Group Dave Regis 9 1996–97 Div 1 ↓ 46 8 15 23 42 86 39 24th R3 R1 — — Andy Rammell 10 1997–98 Div 2 ↓ 46 11 10 25 47 79 43 24th R2 R2 Football League Trophy R1(S) Jeroen Boere 14 1998–99 Div 3 46 14 12 20 52 58 54 18th R1 R2 Football League Trophy R2(S) Rob Newman 8 1999–2000 Div 3 46 15 11 20 53 61 56 16th R1 R1 Football League Trophy R1(S) Martin Carruthers 19 2000–01 Div 3 46 15 18 13 55 53 63 11th R3 R1 Football League Trophy F(S) Ben AbbeyMartin CarruthersDavid Lee 10 2001–02 Div 3 46 15 13 18 51 54 58 12th R3 R1 Football League Trophy R2(S) Tes Bramble 13 2002–03 Div 3 46 17 3 26 47 59 54 17th R2 R1 Football League Trophy R1(S) Mark Rawle 12 2003–04 Div 3 46 14 12 20 51 63 54 17th R3 R1 Football League Trophy F Leon Constantine 25 2004–05 League 2 ↑ 46 22 12 12 65 46 78 4th R1 R1 Football League Trophy F Freddy Eastwood 24 2005–06 League 1 ↑ 46 23 13 10 72 43 82 1st R2 R1 Football League Trophy R1(S) Freddy Eastwood 25 2006–07 Champ ↓ 46 10 12 24 47 80 42 22nd R4 QF — — Freddy Eastwood 16 2007–08 League 1 46 22 10 14 70 55 76 6th R4 R3 Football League Trophy R1(S) Nicky Bailey 12 2008–09 League 1 46 21 8 17 58 61 71 8th R3 R1 Football League Trophy R1(S) Lee Barnard 11 2009–10 League 1 ↓ 46 10 13 23 51 72 43 23rd R1 R2 Football League Trophy R2(S) Lee Barnard 17 2010–11 League 2 46 16 13 17 62 56 61 13th R1 R2 Football League Trophy QF(S) Barry Corr 21 2011–12 League 2 46 25 8 13 77 48 83 4th R2 R1 Football League Trophy SF(S) Ryan Hall 14 2012–13 League 2 46 16 13 17 61 55 61 11th R3 R1 Football League Trophy F Britt AssombalongaGavin Tomlin 16 2013–14 League 2 46 19 15 12 56 39 72 5th R4 R1 Football League Trophy R2(S) Barry Corr 13 2014–15 League 2 ↑ 46 24 12 10 54 38 84 5th R1 R1 Football League Trophy R1(S) Barry Corr 16 2015–16 League 1 46 16 11 19 58 64 59 14th R1 R1 Football League Trophy QF(S) Jack Payne 9 2016–17 League 1 46 20 12 14 70 53 72 7th R1 R1 EFL Trophy R2(S) Simon Cox 16 2017–18 League 1 46 17 12 17 58 62 63 10th R1 R1 EFL Trophy R2(S) Simon Cox 10 2018–19 League 1 46 14 8 24 55 68 50 19th R2 R1 EFL Trophy R3(S) Simon Cox 15 2019–20 League 1 ↓ 35 4 7 24 39 85 19 22nd R1 R2 EFL Trophy Group(S) Charlie Kelman 7 2020–21 League 2 ↓ 46 10 15 21 29 58 45 23rd R1 R1 EFL Trophy Group(S) Tom CliffordTimothée DiengJames Olayinka 3 2021–22 National 44 16 10 18 45 61 58 13th R1 — FA Trophy R4 Sam Dalby 10 2022–23 National 46 20 9 17 57 45 69 8th QR4 — FA Trophy R5 Jack Bridge 13 Notes ^ The League Cup competition started in the 1960–61 season. ^ Includes goals scored in all nationally organised competitions, i.e. the Football League, including play-offs, National League, FA Cup, Football League Cup, Third Division South Cup, Football League Group Cup, Associate Members' Cup / Football League Trophy / EFL Trophy, Full Members' Cup, Anglo-Italian Cup and FA Trophy. For seasons from 1920–21 to 2009–10, sourced to the English National Football Archive; Football League seasons thereafter, to Soccerbase; for National League season, to Soccerway. ^ From the 1920–21 Football League season onwards, divisions are sorted according to their level within the English football league system, and separately from the pre-Football League divisions. ^ a b Successfully applied for re-election to the Football League. ^ All of Evans' goals were penalty kicks. ^ The 1939–40 Football League season was abandoned with three matches played when the Second World War began. ^ Although the Football League did not resume until the 1946–47 season, the FA Cup was contested in 1945–46. From the first round proper to the sixth round (quarter-final), results were determined on aggregate score over two legs. ^ Southend's top-half finish meant they were placed in the Football League Third Division when the regional sections were amalgamated into national Third and Fourth Divisions for the 1958–59 season. ^ Scored 31 goals in the Third Division South. ^ The 1981–82 season saw the introduction of three points for a win instead of two. ^ Scored 26 goals in the Third Division. ^ Promoted to the second tier for the first time. ^ The newly formed FA Premier League split from the Football League, and the remaining divisions of the Football League were renumbered upwards. ^ From the 2004–05 season, the Football League divisions were rebranded: Division One was renamed the Football League Championship, and Divisions Two and Three became Football League One and Football League Two respectively. ^ Promoted to League One via the play-offs, beating Northampton Town 1–0 on aggregate in the semi-final and Lincoln City 2–0 after extra time in the final. ^ Southend's best performance in the League Cup. They eliminated Manchester United in the fourth round before losing narrowly to Tottenham Hotspur in the quarter-final. ^ Lost 5–1 on aggregate to Doncaster Rovers in the play-off semi-final. ^ Lost 3–2 on aggregate to Crewe Alexandra in the play-off semi-final. ^ Lost 3–2 on aggregate to Burton Albion in the play-off semi-final. ^ Promoted to League One via the play-offs, beating Stevenage 4–2 on aggregate in the semi-final and Wycombe Wanderers on penalties in the final. ^ The 2019–20 football season was disrupted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The EFL was suspended in March 2020 and in June, the League One clubs voted to end the regular season programme early. Teams had not all played the same number of matches, so it was agreed to construct final league tables on a points-per-game basis. Southend United's 23.89 points per game placed them 22nd. ^ Relegated from the League after 101 years continuous membership. References ^ "Southern League Annual Meeting". Daily Mirror. London. 31 May 1907. p. 14. The retiring clubs, last on the tournament list—Crystal Palace and Northampton Town—both appealed for re-election, and Southend United (the head of the Second Division) and Croydon Town were also applicants for positions in the League. On a vote being taken, Crystal Palace (thirty-three votes) and Northampton (thirty) were re-elected, Croydon receiving two votes and Southend one. ^ "'Spurs and Rangers left on the rocks". Daily Mirror. London. 30 May 1908. p. 14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Southend United". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 7 July 2022. ^ a b "Southend United". footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2016. ^ Miles, Peter (19 May 2016). "Blues history: the eighties". Southend United F.C. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ Miles, Peter (19 May 2016). "Blues history: the nineties". Southend United F.C. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ a b "League gets revamp". BBC Sport. 10 June 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2016. ^ a b Moore, Glenn (8 November 2006). "Southend United 1 Manchester United 0: Eastwood inspires humbling of United". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.Leach, Conrad (21 December 2006). "Tottenham Hotspur 1 Southend United 0 (after extra time): Defoe strikes in extra time to break Southend". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2022.Burnton, Simon (21 December 2006). "Defoe strikes in extra-time to finish Southend". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ "Blackpool 2–0 Southend". BBC Sport. 21 March 2004. Retrieved 30 May 2016.Lloyd, Grahame (11 April 2005). "Wrexham see silver lining in first prize". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ Osborne, Chris (7 April 2013). "Johnstone's Paint Trophy final: Crewe 2–0 Southend". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 May 2016."Football League Trophy". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 26 May 2015. ^ Speller, Glenn (9 January 2020). "Southend United players to meet with PFA over unpaid wages". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ "Southend United: Chairman Ron Martin confirms club under transfer embargo". BBC Sport. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ "Southend United pay up £493,991 tax bill as winding-up petition dismissed". BBC Sport. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ a b "Barrow 1–2 Southend United". BBC Sport. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ "Southend United league performance history". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Individual seasons accessed via dropdown menu. ^ a b "Past Results". The Football Association. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Individual seasons accessed via dropdown menu. ^ a b "Southend United football club complete match record". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 7 July 2022. ^ a b c d "History of the Football League". The Football League. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. ^ For Football League Group Cup: "Football League Group Cup". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 7 June 2016. ^ For Third Division South Cup: "South Cup Summary – Contents". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ "Clubs". English National Football Archive. Retrieved 3 March 2020. Select season required via dropdown menu, and "Season players" tab for goals. ^ "Southend: Player appearances". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Select season required via dropdown menu. ^ "Southend United FC Squad". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Select season and competition required via dropdown menu. ^ a b c Ross, James M. (25 June 2015). "English League Leading Goalscorers". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 29 May 2016. Covers up to 2006–07 season. ^ Leach, Conrad (28 May 2005). "League Two play-off final: Freddy turns the dream into reality". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2022. ^ Sanghera, Mandeep (16 May 2008). "Doncaster 5–1 Southend (Agg 5–1)". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ "Crewe reach League Two play-off final after draw at Southend". The Guardian. London. Press Association. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ "Southend 2–2 Burton Albion (agg 2–3)". BBC Sport. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ Garry, Tom (14 May 2015). "Southend United 3–1 Stevenage (agg 4–2)". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ "Southend 1–1 Wycombe (Southend win 7–6 on pens): Daniel Bentley stars in win". Sky Sports. 24 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ "League One & League Two clubs vote to end seasons early". BBC Sport. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ "Sky Bet League One". English Football League. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020. External links Southend United F.C. official website vteSouthend United Football ClubThe club Players Managers Ron Martin (owner) Grounds Kursaal Southend Stadium Roots Hall Fossetts Farm Stadium History History Essex derby List of former players List of seasons Reference All articles Seasons 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vteLists of English men's football seasons by club Clubs are grouped by their division in the 2023–24 season Premier League AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Aston Villa Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Liverpool Luton Town Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Sheffield United Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Championship Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Bristol City Cardiff City Coventry City Huddersfield Town Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Plymouth Argyle Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Rotherham United Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Watford West Bromwich Albion League One Barnsley Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bristol Rovers Burton Albion Cambridge United Carlisle United Charlton Athletic Cheltenham Town Derby County Exeter City Fleetwood Town Leyton Orient Lincoln City Northampton Town Oxford United Peterborough United Port Vale Portsmouth Reading Shrewsbury Town Stevenage Wigan Athletic Wycombe Wanderers League Two Accrington Stanley AFC Wimbledon Barrow Bradford City Colchester United Crawley Town Crewe Alexandra Doncaster Rovers Forest Green Rovers Gillingham Grimsby Town Harrogate Town Mansfield Town Milton Keynes Dons Morecambe Newport County Notts County Salford City Stockport County Sutton United Swindon Town Tranmere Rovers Walsall Wrexham Non-League AFC Fylde Aldershot Town Alfreton Town Altrincham Arlesey Town Ashford United Banbury United Barnet Bath City Bishop's Stortford Blyth Spartans Brackley Town Bradford Park Avenue Bromley Burnham Bury Cambridge City Chester Chesham United Chesterfield Chippenham Town Cirencester Town Corby Town Dagenham & Redbridge Darlington Dartford Dover Athletic Eastbourne Borough Eastbourne Town Ebbsfleet United FC Halifax Town F.C. United of Manchester Gateshead Glossop North End Gloucester City Harrow Borough Hartlepool United Havant & Waterlooville Hayes & Yeading United Hitchin Town Kidderminster Harriers King's Lynn Town Macclesfield Town Maidstone United Margate Nelson Northwich Victoria Nuneaton Town Oldham Athletic Redditch United Rochdale Scarborough Athletic Scunthorpe United Southend United Southport Spennymoor Town Swindon Supermarine Tamworth Torquay United Walton & Hersham Walton Casuals Welling United Weymouth Whitby Town Wingate & Finchley Woking Yeovil Town York City Defunct clubs Aldershot Chester City Gateshead Hereford United Hinckley United Rushden & Diamonds Salisbury City Scarborough Wimbledon Wigan Borough Category Includes clubs based in Wales that compete in English leagues.
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The closest they came to a change were via two successful application for re-election, in 1921–22, their second season as a Football League club, and then in 1934–35,[4] and two third-place finishes, in 1931–32 and 1949–50, at a time when only the divisional champions were promoted. In 1965–66, they were relegated to the Fourth Division, and spent the next 25 years oscillating between the two.[3] Southend's first trophy in the Football League came in 1980–81, courtesy of a strong defence and a particularly strong home record, as they won the Fourth Division title by a two-point margin.[5] Eight years later, they were again promoted from the fourth tier, this time in third place,[3] and the following season, a final-day defeat deprived Southend of the title but they were still sure of the runners-up spot that gained promotion to the second tier for the first time in the club's history.[6] Southend spent six seasons at the higher level, during which time they lost a penalty shoot-out to Notts County in the semi-final of the 1993–94 Anglo-Italian Cup, before two consecutive relegations took them back whence they came.In 2006–07, again after consecutive promotions, they played one more season in the Championship – the Football League's divisions had been rebranded two years earlier[7] – and produced their best League Cup performance, eliminating Manchester United in the fourth round before losing to Tottenham Hotspur in the quarter-final via an arguably offside goal scored five minutes from the end of extra time.[8] Southend reached the final of the Football League Trophy, a cup competition open to teams in the lower divisions of the Football League, in both 2004 and 2005. Both finals were played at the Millennium Stadium while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction, and both ended in defeat by two goals to nil, to Blackpool in 2004 and Wrexham the following year.[9] They repeated the procedure in 2013, albeit this time at the new Wembley, losing 2–0 to Crewe Alexandra and equalling Brentford's record of three final appearances without winning.[10] Financial issues mounted in the 2019–20 season: against a background of non-payment of wages, unpaid taxes, winding-up orders and a transfer embargo meant Southend were unable to avoid relegation to League Two,[11][12] and even when the tax bill was paid after the sale of the stadium for housing, a 23rd-place finish in 2020–21 meant that Southend United dropped out of the League after 101 years' continuous membership.[13][14]As of the end of the 2020–21 season, the team have spent 26 seasons in the fourth tier of the English football league system, 61 in the third, and 7 in the second.[3] The table details the team's achievements and the top goalscorer in senior first-team competitions from their debut season in the Southern League in 1906–07 to the end of the most recently completed season.","title":"List of Southend United F.C. seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Promoted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Relegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relegated"},{"link_name":"Southern Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Southern Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Football League Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Football League Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"Football League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"EFL League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Football League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"EFL League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(division)"}],"text":"Key to league record:\n\nP – Played\nW – Games won\nD – Games drawn\nL – Games lost\nF – Goals for\nA – Goals against\nPts – Points\nPos – Final position\nKey to colours and symbols:\n\n\n\n\n1st or W\nWinners\n\n\n2nd or F\nRunners-up\n\n\n↑\nPromoted\n\n\n↓\nRelegated\n\n\n♦\nTop league scorer in Southend's division\n\n\n\nKey to divisions:\n\nSouth 1 – Southern Football League First Division\nSouth 2 – Southern Football League Second Division\nDiv 1 – Football League First Division\nDiv 2 – Football League Second Division\nDiv 3 – Football League Third Division\nDiv 4 – Football League Fourth Division\nChamp – Football League Championship\nLeague 1 – Football League One, EFL League One\nLeague 2 – Football League Two, EFL League Two\nNational – National League\n\n\nKey to stages of competitions:\n\nGroup – Group stage\nPrelim – Preliminary round\nQR1 – First qualifying round\nQR2 – Second qualifying round, etc.\nR1 – First round\nR2 – Second round, etc.\nQF – Quarter-final\nSF – Semi-final\nF – Runners-up\nW – Winners\n(S) – Southern section of regionalised stageDetails of the abandoned 1939–40 season are shown in italics and appropriately footnoted.","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLHist-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(English_football)"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Football League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Third Division South Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_South_Cup"},{"link_name":"Football League Group Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Group_Cup"},{"link_name":"Associate Members' Cup / Football League Trophy / EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Full Members' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Members%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Italian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Italian_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENFA-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"1920–21 Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Football_League"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Re-elected_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Re-elected_27-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballsite-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"penalty kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"1939–40 Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"1945–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"over two legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FACupArchive-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLHist-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-divbest-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"three points for a win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_points_for_a_win"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLHist-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-divbest-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"FA Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLHist-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Football League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"Football League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rebrand2004-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Football_League_play-offs#League_Two"},{"link_name":"Northampton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"on aggregate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-legged_tie"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"after extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_extra_time"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Football_League_Two_play-off_Final"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FLC0607-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers"},{"link_name":"play-off semi-final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Football_League_play-offs#League_One"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra"},{"link_name":"play-off semi-final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Football_League_play-offs#League_Two"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Burton Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Albion"},{"link_name":"play-off semi-final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Football_League_play-offs#League_Two"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PO2014-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Football_League_play-offs#League_Two"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PO2015-48"},{"link_name":"Wycombe Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Football_League_Two_play-off_Final"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920Table-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Down-14"}],"text":"^ The League Cup competition started in the 1960–61 season.[18]\n\n^ Includes goals scored in all nationally organised competitions, i.e. the Football League, including play-offs, National League, FA Cup, Football League Cup, Third Division South Cup, Football League Group Cup, Associate Members' Cup / Football League Trophy / EFL Trophy, Full Members' Cup, Anglo-Italian Cup and FA Trophy. For seasons from 1920–21 to 2009–10, sourced to the English National Football Archive;[21] Football League seasons thereafter, to Soccerbase;[22] for National League season, to Soccerway.[23]\n\n^ From the 1920–21 Football League season onwards, divisions are sorted according to their level within the English football league system, and separately from the pre-Football League divisions.\n\n^ a b Successfully applied for re-election to the Football League.[4]\n\n^ All of Evans' goals were penalty kicks.\n\n^ The 1939–40 Football League season was abandoned with three matches played when the Second World War began.[3]\n\n^ Although the Football League did not resume until the 1946–47 season, the FA Cup was contested in 1945–46. From the first round proper to the sixth round (quarter-final), results were determined on aggregate score over two legs.[16][3]\n\n^ Southend's top-half finish meant they were placed in the Football League Third Division when the regional sections were amalgamated into national Third and Fourth Divisions for the 1958–59 season.[18]\n\n^ Scored 31 goals in the Third Division South.[24]\n\n^ The 1981–82 season saw the introduction of three points for a win instead of two.[18]\n\n^ Scored 26 goals in the Third Division.[24]\n\n^ Promoted to the second tier for the first time.\n\n^ The newly formed FA Premier League split from the Football League, and the remaining divisions of the Football League were renumbered upwards.[18]\n\n^ From the 2004–05 season, the Football League divisions were rebranded: Division One was renamed the Football League Championship, and Divisions Two and Three became Football League One and Football League Two respectively.[7]\n\n^ Promoted to League One via the play-offs, beating Northampton Town 1–0 on aggregate in the semi-final and Lincoln City 2–0 after extra time in the final.[3][25]\n\n^ Southend's best performance in the League Cup. They eliminated Manchester United in the fourth round before losing narrowly to Tottenham Hotspur in the quarter-final.[8]\n\n^ Lost 5–1 on aggregate to Doncaster Rovers in the play-off semi-final.[26]\n\n^ Lost 3–2 on aggregate to Crewe Alexandra in the play-off semi-final.[27]\n\n^ Lost 3–2 on aggregate to Burton Albion in the play-off semi-final.[28]\n\n^ Promoted to League One via the play-offs, beating Stevenage 4–2 on aggregate in the semi-final[29] and Wycombe Wanderers on penalties in the final.[30]\n\n^ The 2019–20 football season was disrupted by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The EFL was suspended in March 2020 and in June, the League One clubs voted to end the regular season programme early. Teams had not all played the same number of matches, so it was agreed to construct final league tables on a points-per-game basis. Southend United's 23.89 points per game placed them 22nd.[31][32]\n\n^ Relegated from the League after 101 years continuous membership.[14]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Southern League Annual Meeting\". Daily Mirror. London. 31 May 1907. p. 14. The retiring clubs, last on the tournament list—Crystal Palace and Northampton Town—both appealed for re-election, and Southend United (the head of the Second Division) and Croydon Town were also applicants for positions in the League. On a vote being taken, Crystal Palace (thirty-three votes) and Northampton (thirty) were re-elected, Croydon receiving two votes and Southend one.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"'Spurs and Rangers left on the rocks\". Daily Mirror. London. 30 May 1908. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Southend United\". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://fchd.info/SOUTHENU.HTM","url_text":"\"Southend United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend United\". footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/ClubbyClub/ClubHistories/SouthendUnited.htm","url_text":"\"Southend United\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, Peter (19 May 2016). \"Blues history: the eighties\". Southend United F.C. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/article/blues-history-part-five-881355.aspx","url_text":"\"Blues history: the eighties\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, Peter (19 May 2016). \"Blues history: the nineties\". Southend United F.C. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/article/blues-history-part-six-897147.aspx","url_text":"\"Blues history: the nineties\""}]},{"reference":"\"League gets revamp\". BBC Sport. 10 June 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3795239.stm","url_text":"\"League gets revamp\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Glenn (8 November 2006). \"Southend United 1 Manchester United 0: Eastwood inspires humbling of United\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/southend-united-1-manchester-united-0-eastwood-inspires-humbling-of-united-423428.html","url_text":"\"Southend United 1 Manchester United 0: Eastwood inspires humbling of United\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707154811/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/southend-united-1-manchester-united-0-eastwood-inspires-humbling-of-united-423428.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leach, Conrad (21 December 2006). \"Tottenham Hotspur 1 Southend United 0 (after extra time): Defoe strikes in extra time to break Southend\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/tottenham-hotspur-1-southend-united-0-after-extra-time-defoe-strikes-in-extra-time-to-break-southend-6229504.html","url_text":"\"Tottenham Hotspur 1 Southend United 0 (after extra time): Defoe strikes in extra time to break Southend\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160805140040/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/tottenham-hotspur-1-southend-united-0-after-extra-time-defoe-strikes-in-extra-time-to-break-southend-6229504.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burnton, Simon (21 December 2006). \"Defoe strikes in extra-time to finish Southend\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/dec/21/match.tottenhamhotspur","url_text":"\"Defoe strikes in extra-time to finish Southend\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool 2–0 Southend\". BBC Sport. 21 March 2004. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3517244.stm","url_text":"\"Blackpool 2–0 Southend\""}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Grahame (11 April 2005). \"Wrexham see silver lining in first prize\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/apr/11/match.sport5","url_text":"\"Wrexham see silver lining in first prize\""}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Chris (7 April 2013). \"Johnstone's Paint Trophy final: Crewe 2–0 Southend\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/21986344","url_text":"\"Johnstone's Paint Trophy final: Crewe 2–0 Southend\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football League Trophy\". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fchd.info/cups/fltrophysummary.htm","url_text":"\"Football League Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"Speller, Glenn (9 January 2020). \"Southend United players to meet with PFA over unpaid wages\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51053076","url_text":"\"Southend United players to meet with PFA over unpaid wages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend United: Chairman Ron Martin confirms club under transfer embargo\". BBC Sport. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51706877","url_text":"\"Southend United: Chairman Ron Martin confirms club under transfer embargo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend United pay up £493,991 tax bill as winding-up petition dismissed\". BBC Sport. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54718151","url_text":"\"Southend United pay up £493,991 tax bill as winding-up petition dismissed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barrow 1–2 Southend United\". BBC Sport. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/56869357","url_text":"\"Barrow 1–2 Southend United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend United league performance history\". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/teams/southend-united/tab/leagueTables/","url_text":"\"Southend United league performance history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Results\". The Football Association. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/thefacup/more/pastresults","url_text":"\"Past Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend United football club complete match record\". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/teams/southend-united/tab/matches/","url_text":"\"Southend United football club complete match record\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Football League\". The Football League. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110501121005/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/History/HistoryDetail/0%2C%2C10794~1357277%2C00.html","url_text":"\"History of the Football League\""},{"url":"http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/History/HistoryDetail/0,,10794~1357277,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Football League Group Cup\". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 7 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fchd.info/cups/flgroupcupsummary.htm","url_text":"\"Football League Group Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Cup Summary – Contents\". Football Club History Database. Richard Rundle. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fchd.info/cups/div3scupsummary.htm","url_text":"\"South Cup Summary – Contents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clubs\". English National Football Archive. Retrieved 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend: Player appearances\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=2393&teamTabs=stats","url_text":"\"Southend: Player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend United FC Squad\". Soccerway. Perform Group. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/teams/england/southend-united-fc/741/squad/","url_text":"\"Southend United FC Squad\""}]},{"reference":"Ross, James M. (25 June 2015). \"English League Leading Goalscorers\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). Retrieved 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engtops.html","url_text":"\"English League Leading Goalscorers\""}]},{"reference":"Leach, Conrad (28 May 2005). \"League Two play-off final: Freddy turns the dream into reality\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football-league/league-two-play-off-final-freddy-turns-the-dream-into-reality-492442.html","url_text":"\"League Two play-off final: Freddy turns the dream into reality\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606095751/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/football-league/league-two-playoff-final-freddy-turns-the-dream-into-reality-492442.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sanghera, Mandeep (16 May 2008). \"Doncaster 5–1 Southend (Agg 5–1)\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/7393765.stm","url_text":"\"Doncaster 5–1 Southend (Agg 5–1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crewe reach League Two play-off final after draw at Southend\". The Guardian. London. Press Association. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/may/16/crewe-southend-league-two-playoff-semifinal","url_text":"\"Crewe reach League Two play-off final after draw at Southend\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend 2–2 Burton Albion (agg 2–3)\". BBC Sport. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27354155","url_text":"\"Southend 2–2 Burton Albion (agg 2–3)\""}]},{"reference":"Garry, Tom (14 May 2015). \"Southend United 3–1 Stevenage (agg 4–2)\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32620041","url_text":"\"Southend United 3–1 Stevenage (agg 4–2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southend 1–1 Wycombe (Southend win 7–6 on pens): Daniel Bentley stars in win\". Sky Sports. 24 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skysports.com/football/southend-vs-wycombe/338814","url_text":"\"Southend 1–1 Wycombe (Southend win 7–6 on pens): Daniel Bentley stars in win\""}]},{"reference":"\"League One & League Two clubs vote to end seasons early\". BBC Sport. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52705124","url_text":"\"League One & League Two clubs vote to end seasons early\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Bet League One\". English Football League. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200620044445/https://www.efl.com/clubs-and-competitions/sky-bet-league-one/league-table/","url_text":"\"Sky Bet League One\""},{"url":"https://www.efl.com/clubs-and-competitions/sky-bet-league-one/league-table/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Swiss_Serie_A
1927–28 Swiss Serie A
["1 East","1.1 Table","1.2 Results","2 Central","2.1 Table","2.2 Results","3 West","3.1 Table","3.2 Results","4 Final","4.1 Table","4.2 Results","5 Sources"]
31st season of top-tier Swiss football Football league seasonSwiss Serie ASeason1927–28← 1926–27 1928–29 → Statistics of Swiss Super League in the 1927–28 season. East Table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Grasshopper Club Zürich 16 13 2 1 57 22 +35 28 2 Young Fellows Zürich 16 11 2 3 40 20 +20 24 3 FC Lugano 16 8 3 5 47 36 +11 19 4 Blue Stars Zürich 16 6 4 6 40 43 −3 16 5 FC Zürich 16 6 3 7 43 42 +1 15 6 FC Chiasso 16 4 4 8 29 41 −12 12 7 FC St. Gallen 16 3 4 9 27 38 −11 10 7 Brühl St. Gallen 16 3 4 9 26 47 −21 10 7 FC Winterthur 16 5 0 11 26 46 −20 10 Source: rsssf.com Results Home \ Away BSZ BRÜ CHI GCZ LUG STG WIN YFZ ZÜR Blue Stars Zürich 3–3 0–2 2–3 3–3 2–2 1–0 3–1 2–4 Brühl 0–4 2–2 0–1 3–1 2–2 5–3 2–3 3–5 Chiasso 0–4 4–0 2–5 0–3 2–1 3–4 1–2 3–3 Grasshopper 2–2 5–1 3–1 6–3 4–2 6–1 2–1 9–2 Lugano 4–2 8–0 3–3 2–3 1–1 4–2 1–5 2–1 St. Gallen 2–4 4–3 3–1 0–3 1–3 1–3 1–2 4–2 Winterthur 3–0 0–1 0–2 2–0 3–7 2–1 0–2 1–4 Young Fellows 6–1 2–1 2–2 1–1 3–1 2–0 0–1 4–1 Zürich 7–1 0–0 6–1 0–4 0–1 2–2 3–1 2–4 Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Central Table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Nordstern Basel 16 10 3 3 40 11 +29 23 2 BSC Young Boys 16 9 4 3 34 10 +24 22 3 FC Basel 16 10 1 5 27 21 +6 21 4 FC Aarau 16 8 4 4 27 19 +8 20 5 FC Bern 16 7 3 6 32 22 +10 17 6 FC Grenchen 16 5 3 8 20 33 −13 13 7 FC Concordia Basel 16 5 1 10 26 38 −12 11 8 BSC Old Boys Basel 16 4 2 10 15 40 −25 10 9 FC Solothurn 16 2 3 11 16 43 −27 7 Source: rsssf.com Results Home \ Away AAR BAS BER CON GRE NOR OBB SOL YB Aarau 2–0 2–3 4–2 0–0 1–0 2–0 3–1 2–0 Basel 3–1 1–2 2–1 2–1 1–0 2–0 4–0 0–5 Bern 2–2 3–2 5–0 4–1 0–1 4–0 1–0 1–2 Concordia 0–2 0–1 3–2 3–0 0–4 2–0 8–2 2–7 Grenchen 3–2 3–2 2–2 3–2 0–0 1–2 1–2 1–0 Nordstern 1–1 0–1 2–1 1–0 8–0 2–0 7–3 1–1 Old Boys 1–1 2–3 2–1 1–2 1–4 0–5 5–3 0–0 Solothurn 1–2 1–3 1–1 0–0 1–0 1–5 0–1 0–2 Young Boys 1–0 0–0 1–0 4–0 2–0 1–3 8–0 0–0 Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. West Table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Etoile Carouge 16 13 1 2 41 15 +26 27 2 Servette Genf 16 10 0 6 52 26 +26 20 2 FC Biel Bienne 16 8 4 4 31 22 +9 20 4 Etoile La Chaux-de-Fonds 16 6 5 5 30 28 +2 17 5 Lausanne Sports 16 5 3 8 32 36 −4 13 5 FC La Chaux-de-Fonds 16 5 3 8 19 32 −13 13 7 FC Fribourg 16 5 2 9 22 36 −14 12 7 Urania Geneve Sport 16 5 2 9 19 33 −14 12 9 Cantonal Neuchâtel 16 3 4 9 14 32 −18 10 Source: rsssf.com Results Home \ Away BIE CAN CDF ÉTC ÉTS FRI LS SER UGS Biel 2–1 3–1 1–2 1–1 6–1 1–0 3–2 2–1 Cantonal Neuchâtel 2–2 2–0 1–3 2–2 0–3 1–1 1–0 1–0 Chaux-de-Fonds 0–0 2–0 1–1 2–1 2–1 1–5 2–3 2–2 Étoile Carouge 0–2 3–1 2–1 2–3 4–3 4–1 2–0 5–1 Étoile-Sporting 4–3 4–2 2–0 0–1 1–3 3–1 4–2 0–1 Fribourg 1–0 1–0 0–1 0–5 1–1 2–4 0–2 3–1 Lausanne-Sports 2–3 0–0 0–1 0–4 2–2 7–2 1–2 3–0 Servette 3–1 7–0 6–2 0–1 4–0 1–3 10–4 5–0 Urania 1–1 2–0 4–1 0–2 3–2 1–0 0–1 2–5 Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Final Table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Grasshopper Club Zürich 2 2 0 0 6 2 +4 4 2 Nordstern Basel 2 1 0 1 3 3 0 2 3 Etoile Carouge 2 0 0 2 2 6 −4 0 Source: rsssf.com Results Team 1  Score  Team 2 22 April 1928 Nordstern 2–1 Étoile Carouge 29 April 1928 Grasshopper 4–1 Étoile Carouge 13 May 1928 Grasshopper 2–1 Nordstern Grasshopper Club Zürich won the championship. Sources Switzerland 1927-28 at RSSSF vteSeasons of the Swiss Football LeagueSerie A era, 1897–1931Seasons 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 Nationalliga era, 1931–1944Seasons 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 Nationalliga A era, 1944–2003Seasons 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 Super League era, 2003–presentSeasons 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte1927–28 in European football « 1926–27 1928–29 » Domestic leagues Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia '27 '28 Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '27 '28 Italy Latvia '27 '28 Lithuania '27 '28 Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Poland '27 '28 Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland Turkey '27 Yugoslavia '27 '28 Domestic cups Austria Denmark (Copenhagen '27) England France Hungary Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '27 '28 Palestine Portugal Republic of Ireland Scotland Spain '27 '28 Switzerland Wales
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League"}],"text":"Football league seasonStatistics of Swiss Super League in the 1927–28 season.","title":"1927–28 Swiss Serie A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BSZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Blue_Stars_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"BRÜ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Br%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"CHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Chiasso"},{"link_name":"GCZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"LUG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lugano"},{"link_name":"STG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"WIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Winterthur"},{"link_name":"YFZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Young_Fellows_Juventus"},{"link_name":"ZÜR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Blue Stars Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Blue_Stars_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Brühl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Br%C3%BChl"},{"link_name":"Chiasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Chiasso"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lugano"},{"link_name":"St. Gallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Gallen"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Winterthur"},{"link_name":"Young Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Young_Fellows_Juventus"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nBSZ\n\nBRÜ\n\nCHI\n\nGCZ\n\nLUG\n\nSTG\n\nWIN\n\nYFZ\n\nZÜR\n\n\nBlue Stars Zürich\n\n\n\n3–3\n\n0–2\n\n2–3\n\n3–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–4\n\n\nBrühl\n\n0–4\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n5–3\n\n2–3\n\n3–5\n\n\nChiasso\n\n0–4\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n2–5\n\n0–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–4\n\n1–2\n\n3–3\n\n\nGrasshopper\n\n2–2\n\n5–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n6–3\n\n4–2\n\n6–1\n\n2–1\n\n9–2\n\n\nLugano\n\n4–2\n\n8–0\n\n3–3\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n1–5\n\n2–1\n\n\nSt. Gallen\n\n2–4\n\n4–3\n\n3–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n4–2\n\n\nWinterthur\n\n3–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n3–7\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–4\n\n\nYoung Fellows\n\n6–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n\nZürich\n\n7–1\n\n0–0\n\n6–1\n\n0–4\n\n0–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–4\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"East"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Central"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"Central"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"BAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"BER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bern"},{"link_name":"CON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Concordia_Basel"},{"link_name":"GRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Grenchen"},{"link_name":"NOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nordstern_Basel"},{"link_name":"OBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Old_Boys"},{"link_name":"SOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Solothurn"},{"link_name":"YB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bern"},{"link_name":"Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Concordia_Basel"},{"link_name":"Grenchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Grenchen"},{"link_name":"Nordstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nordstern_Basel"},{"link_name":"Old Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Old_Boys"},{"link_name":"Solothurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Solothurn"},{"link_name":"Young Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAAR\n\nBAS\n\nBER\n\nCON\n\nGRE\n\nNOR\n\nOBB\n\nSOL\n\nYB\n\n\nAarau\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–3\n\n4–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nBasel\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–5\n\n\nBern\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n5–0\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n\nConcordia\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n0–4\n\n2–0\n\n8–2\n\n2–7\n\n\nGrenchen\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n\nNordstern\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n8–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n7–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nOld Boys\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–4\n\n0–5\n\n\n\n5–3\n\n0–0\n\n\nSolothurn\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–5\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n\nYoung Boys\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n8–0\n\n0–0\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Central"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Biel-Bienne"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel_Xamax"},{"link_name":"CDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_La_Chaux-de-Fonds"},{"link_name":"ÉTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_Carouge_FC"},{"link_name":"ÉTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_%C3%89toile-Sporting"},{"link_name":"FRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Fribourg"},{"link_name":"LS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lausanne-Sports"},{"link_name":"SER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servette_FC"},{"link_name":"UGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_Gen%C3%A8ve_Sport"},{"link_name":"Biel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Biel-Bienne"},{"link_name":"Cantonal Neuchâtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel_Xamax"},{"link_name":"Chaux-de-Fonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_La_Chaux-de-Fonds"},{"link_name":"Étoile Carouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_Carouge_FC"},{"link_name":"Étoile-Sporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_%C3%89toile-Sporting"},{"link_name":"Fribourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Fribourg"},{"link_name":"Lausanne-Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lausanne-Sports"},{"link_name":"Servette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servette_FC"},{"link_name":"Urania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urania_Gen%C3%A8ve_Sport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Home \\ Away\n\nBIE\n\nCAN\n\nCDF\n\nÉTC\n\nÉTS\n\nFRI\n\nLS\n\nSER\n\nUGS\n\n\nBiel\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n6–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n\nCantonal Neuchâtel\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nChaux-de-Fonds\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–5\n\n2–3\n\n2–2\n\n\nÉtoile Carouge\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n2–3\n\n4–3\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n5–1\n\n\nÉtoile-Sporting\n\n4–3\n\n4–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n3–1\n\n4–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nFribourg\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–5\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n2–4\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n\nLausanne-Sports\n\n2–3\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–4\n\n2–2\n\n7–2\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n\nServette\n\n3–1\n\n7–0\n\n6–2\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–3\n\n10–4\n\n\n\n5–0\n\n\nUrania\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–5\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"West"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html"}],"sub_title":"Table","text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grasshopper Club Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"Grasshopper Club Zürich won the championship.","title":"Final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland 1927-28 at RSSSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwithist-reg.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Swiss_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Swiss_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swiss_Football_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"Swiss Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1897–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897%E2%80%9398_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1898–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898%E2%80%9399_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1899–1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931900_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1900–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900%E2%80%9301_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1901–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%E2%80%9302_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1902–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1903–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%E2%80%9304_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1904–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1905–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%9306_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1906–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1907–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%E2%80%9308_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1908–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908%E2%80%9309_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1909–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%E2%80%9310_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1910–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910%E2%80%9311_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1911–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911%E2%80%9312_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1912–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1913–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913%E2%80%9314_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1914–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1915–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915%E2%80%9316_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1916–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%9317_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1917–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917%E2%80%9318_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1918–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1919–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1920–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1921–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1922–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%E2%80%9323_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1925–26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925%E2%80%9326_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1927–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1928–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1929–30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%E2%80%9330_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1930–31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%9331_Swiss_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"1931–32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931%E2%80%9332_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1932–33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1933–34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1934–35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1935–36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1936–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1937–38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1938–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1939–40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1940–41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1941–42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1942–43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942%E2%80%9343_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1943–44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%E2%80%9344_Nationalliga"},{"link_name":"1944–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%E2%80%9345_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1945–46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1946–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1949–50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1950–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1956–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1957–58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1958–59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1959–60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1961–62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1963–64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%E2%80%9368_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1969–70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Swiss_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Swiss_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikip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Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Irish_League"},{"link_name":"'27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"'28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_League_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Divizia_A"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Scottish_Division_One"},{"link_name":"Soviet 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'27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_KBUs_Pokalturnering"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%9328_Coupe_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Magyar_Kupa"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%9328_KNVB_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Irish_Cup"},{"link_name":"'27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"'28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Palestine_Cup"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Campeonato_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_FAI_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"'27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"'28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%9328_Swiss_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927%E2%80%9328_Welsh_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Switzerland 1927-28 at RSSSFvteSeasons of the Swiss Football LeagueSerie A era, 1897–1931Seasons\n1897–98\n1898–99\n1899–1900\n1900–01\n1901–02\n1902–03\n1903–04\n1904–05\n1905–06\n1906–07\n1907–08\n1908–09\n1909–10\n1910–11\n1911–12\n1912–13\n1913–14\n1914–15\n1915–16\n1916–17\n1917–18\n1918–19\n1919–20\n1920–21\n1921–22\n1922–23\n1923–24\n1924–25\n1925–26\n1926–27\n1927–28\n1928–29\n1929–30\n1930–31\nNationalliga era, 1931–1944Seasons\n1931–32\n1932–33\n1933–34\n1934–35\n1935–36\n1936–37\n1937–38\n1938–39\n1939–40\n1940–41\n1941–42\n1942–43\n1943–44\nNationalliga A era, 1944–2003Seasons\n1944–45\n1945–46\n1946–47\n1947–48\n1948–49\n1949–50\n1950–51\n1951–52\n1952–53\n1953–54\n1954–55\n1955–56\n1956–57\n1957–58\n1958–59\n1959–60\n1960–61\n1961–62\n1962–63\n1963–64\n1964–65\n1965–66\n1966–67\n1967–68\n1968–69\n1969–70\n1970–71\n1971–72\n1972–73\n1973–74\n1974–75\n1975–76\n1976–77\n1977–78\n1978–79\n1979–80\n1980–81\n1981–82\n1982–83\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1995–96\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n1999–2000\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2002–03\nSuper League era, 2003–presentSeasons\n2003–04\n2004–05\n2005–06\n2006–07\n2007–08\n2008–09\n2009–10\n2010–11\n2011–12\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2014–15\n2015–16\n2016–17\n2017–18\n2018–19\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2022–23\n2023–24\n2024–25vte1927–28 in European football « 1926–27 1928–29 » Domestic leagues\nAustria\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEngland\nEstonia '27 '28\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland '27 '28\nItaly\nLatvia '27 '28\nLithuania '27 '28\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nPoland '27 '28\nRepublic of Ireland\nRomania\nScotland\nSoviet Union\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey '27\nYugoslavia '27 '28\nDomestic cups\nAustria\nDenmark (Copenhagen '27)\nEngland\nFrance\nHungary\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nNorway '27 '28\nPalestine\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland\nScotland\nSpain '27 '28\nSwitzerland\nWales","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_and_Cripple_Creek_Railroad
Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad
["1 History","2 Locomotives","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Railroad in Colorado (1893–1915) Florence and Cripple Creek RailroadFlorence and Cripple Creek Railroad Adelaide, Fremont County, Colorado bridge in Phantom CanyonOverviewLocaleColoradoDates of operation1893–1915TechnicalTrack gauge3 ft (914 mm) The Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad (F&CC) was a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow-gauge railroad running northward from junctions with the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad at the mill towns of Florence and later moved to Cañon City, Colorado, on the banks of the Arkansas River, up steep and narrow Phantom Canyon to the Cripple Creek Mining District, west of Pikes Peak. It was founded in 1893 and went out of business in 1915. History Started in 1893, it was the first railroad to reach the new, booming mining district from the "outside world" and as a result it earned substantial profits in its first years. The railroad hauled people and goods into the mining district, and ore concentrates from the mines south for milling in either Florence, through a branch line to Canon City, or transfer to the D&RG for milling in Pueblo, Colorado. The F&CC's first main terminal was located in Victor, the "second city" of the district but its branch lines served many of the largest mines within the area. Ultimately, the F&CC began to struggle financially as other competing railroads, built to the 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge, Midland Terminal and Colorado Springs & Cripple Creek District Railroads entered the district from Colorado Springs from the north or east. In addition, flash floods washed out significant sections of the F&CC mainline in the narrows of Phantom Canyon several times. By the early 1900s, the railroad was in serious financial trouble and merged with other railroads of the area under the Cripple Creek Central holding company. A final, large flash flood destroyed enough of the F&CC's right-of-way to convince its new owners it was financially unwise to spend money rebuilding it; and the line was abandoned and scrapped. In 1912, the Adelaide Phantom Canyon bridge–named for the nearby settlement of Adelaide–was abandoned. The railroad went out of business in 1915. The F&CC's well-kept motive power, twelve 2-8-0 Consolidation freight engines, six 4-6-0 Ten-Wheelers passenger engines, and one 2-4-4T engine to power commuter trains were quickly sold to other area 3 ft (914 mm) gauge railroads. An F&CC subsidiary, the Golden Circle Railroad, which operated 3 ft (914 mm) commuter routes within the district itself, continued to operate for several more years after its parent's abandonment. Today Phantom Canyon Road, which incorporates much of the original grade for this route but has fewer crossings of the creek, is part of the Gold Belt Byway and is open to traffic for most of the summer months. The Canon City branch roughly follows County Road 123 from the Phantom Canyon Road to US 50 near Canon City. The graded gravel Phantom Canyon road is suitable for regular cars and has a unique bent bridge. Locomotives Number Type Builder SN Built Disposition Notes 1 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14185 12/1894 Unknown. 2 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14186 12/1894 Unknown. 3 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14352 7/1895 Sold in 1917 to Denver & Rio Grande #425. Renumbered to D&RGW #315 in 1924. Currently in operational condition at the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad in Chama, New Mexico. 4 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14353 7/1895 Sold in 1918 to Montana Southern #1. Scrapped 1935. 5 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14513 10/1895 Sold in 1917 to Denver & Rio Grande #427. Renumbered to D&RGW #317 in 1924. Scrapped 1948. 6 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14514 10/1895 Unknown. 7 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14768 3/1896 Sold to Cripple Creek & Colorado Springs Railroad #35. Sold in 1920 to Denver & Rio Grande #424. Renumbered D&RGW #320 in 1924. Scrap 1938. 8 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14769 3/1896 Sold in 1917 to Denver & Rio Grande #428. Renumbered to D&RGW #318 in 1924. Currently on display at the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden. Colorado. 9 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14770 3/1896 Sold in 1917 to Denver & Rio Grande #429. Renumbered to D&RGW #319 in 1924. Intentionally destroyed in 1951 for the movie Denver and Rio Grande. 10 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 14771 3/1896 Sold in 1917 to the Uintah Railway #12. Sold in 1937 to the Eureka-Nevada #12. Currently on display at the Nevada Southern Railway Museum. 11 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 15246 3/1897 Sold in 1917 to Denver & Rio Grande #426. Renumbered to D&RGW #316 in 1924. Scrapped 1946. 12 2-8-0 Baldwin Locomotive Works 15247 3/1897 Sold in 1920 to Montana Southern #2. Scrapped 1935. 20 4-6-0 Schenectady Locomotive Works 5007 4/1899 Sold in 1916 to the Rio Grande Southern #20. Currently operational at the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden, Colorado. 21 4-6-0 Schenectady Locomotive Works 5008 4/1899 Sold in 1916 to Rio Grande Southern #25. Renumbered #25 in 1905. Scrapped 1940. 22 4-6-0 Schenectady Locomotive Works 5399 1/1900 Sold to Nevada-California-Oregon #22 in 1915. Moved to the Carson & Colorado as Southern Pacific #22 in 1928. Scrapped 1949. 23 4-6-0 Schenectady Locomotive Works 5420 1/1900 Sold to Nevada-California-Oregon #23 in 1915. Moved to the Carson & Colorado as Southern Pacific #23 in 1928. Not used by SP. Scrapped 1946. 24 4-6-0 Schenectady Locomotive Works 5421 1/1900 Sold in 1916 to Rio Grande Southern #22. Scrapped 1946. 51 2-4-4T Schenectady Locomotive Works 4740 5/1898 Sold in 1914 to Pajaro Valley Consolidated Railway #10. Built as Golden Circle Railway #51. Sold to F&CC #51 in 1900. Scrapped 1935. 52 4-6-0 Schenectady Locomotive Works 5006 4/1899 Sold in 1920 to Kentwood, Greensburg & Southwestern Railroad. Built as Golden Circle Railway #52. Sold to F&CC #52 in 1900. Presumed scrapped. See also Railways portal Cripple Creek & Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad References ^ James Baughn (2007). "Adelaide Bridge". Bridgehunter. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ McClellan, Barbara (Summer 1971). McClellan, Barbara (ed.). "A Colorado Short Line Railroad: The Florence and Cripple Creek 1894-1915". Arizona and the West. 13 (2). Journal of the Southwest: 129–142. JSTOR 40167621. Further reading Cafky, Morris(1949?) Rails Around Gold Hill Feitz, Leland, Cripple Creek Railroads, 1968, Golden Bell Press Ferrell, M. H. (1969?). The Cripple Creek Road. Lewis, Allan C. (2002). Florence & Cripple Creak Railroad : Forty Miles to Fortune. Denver, CO: Sundance Publications, Limited. ISBN 978-0-913582-72-5. McFarland, Edward M (1984). The Cripple Creek Road : a Midland Terminal guide and data book. Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87108-647-1. OCLC 9044886. Wilkins, Tivis E. (1976) Colorado Rail Annual No. 13: A History of the Florence & Cripple Creek Railroad External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad. THE FLORENCE AND CRIPPLE CREEK RAILROAD from The Cripple Creek Times New Year 1903 (including postcard views) The History of the Florence & Cripple Creek Railroad vteClass I railroads of North AmericaCurrentUnited States AMTK BNSF CN (GTC) CPKC KCS SOO CSX NS UP Canada CN CPKC CP VIA Mexico CPKC KCSM FXE Former1956–present AA ACL AC&Y AGS ASAB AT&N AT&SF AUT A&WP B&AR B&M BN B&O CAR&NW CB&Q C&EI CG CGW C&IM CNJ CNO&TP C&NW C&O CPME CR CRR C&S CS CSPM&O CV C&W C&WC DH DL&W DM&IR D&RGW DSS&A DT&I D&TSL DW&P EJ&E EL ERIE FEC FW&D GA GB&W G&F GM&O GN GS&F GTW IC ICG ITC KO&G L&A L&HR LI L&M L&N L&NE LS&I LV MEC MGA MI MILW/CMStP&P MIS MKT MN&S MON MP M&STL NC&STL NH NKP/ NYC&StL NYS&W NO&NE NP NS N&W NWP NYC NYCN NYO&W PC P&LE P&N PRR PRSL P&WV RDG RF&P RUT QA&P RI/CRIP S&A SAL SBD SCL SD&AE SI SIRT SLSF SLSFTX SN SOO/MStP&SSM SOU SP SP&S SSW TC TFM TM T&NO T&P TP&W VGN WA WAB WC WM WP pre-1956 A AB&A AB&C AC A&D A&STL BA&P BC&A B&G BRI BR&P B&S BSL&W C&A CA&C C&C CCC&STL C&E C&G CH&D C&I CINN CI&S CI&W CL&N CM CM&PS CNE CNNE CNOR CP&STL CPVT CRI&G CR&NW CRP CVRR DGH&M D&IR D&M DM&N DNW&P D&SL EP&SW E&TH F&CC FJ&G FS&W FW&RG GC&SF GH&SA GM&N GR&I G&SI HE&WT H&TC HV ICRY IGN KCM&O KCM&OTX LA&SL LE&W LS&MS MC MD&V M&I M&NA M&O MSC MTR MV NCRY NJ&NY NN NOT&M NYP&N OCAA OE OR&L OSL OWRN PB&W PCC&STL PCO PE P&E PM PRDG P&S P&SF PS&N SA&AP SB&NY SD&A SFP&P S&IE SJ&GI SLB&M SLIM&S SOUMS SSWTX T&BV T&FS T&N T&OC TSTL&W U&D UTAH VAND VS&P WJ&S W&LE WPT WSN WV Y&MV Timeline 1910–1929 1930–1976 1977–present Railroads in italics meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3 ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_ft_gauge_railways"},{"link_name":"narrow-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Denver & Rio Grande Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_%26_Rio_Grande_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Cañon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_City"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"Phantom Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Canyon_(Pikes_Peak_Area)"},{"link_name":"Cripple Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Pikes Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak"}],"text":"The Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad (F&CC) was a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow-gauge railroad running northward from junctions with the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad at the mill towns of Florence and later moved to Cañon City, Colorado, on the banks of the Arkansas River, up steep and narrow Phantom Canyon to the Cripple Creek Mining District, west of Pikes Peak. It was founded in 1893 and went out of business in 1915.","title":"Florence and Cripple Creek Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ore concentrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_concentrate"},{"link_name":"Pueblo, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"Midland Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Terminal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs & Cripple Creek District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_and_Cripple_Creek_District_Railway"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"flash floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_floods"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide,_Fremont_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridge-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2-8-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-8-0"},{"link_name":"2-4-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-4-4T"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_tank_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Gold Belt Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Belt_Byway"}],"text":"Started in 1893, it was the first railroad to reach the new, booming mining district from the \"outside world\" and as a result it earned substantial profits in its first years. The railroad hauled people and goods into the mining district, and ore concentrates from the mines south for milling in either Florence, through a branch line to Canon City, or transfer to the D&RG for milling in Pueblo, Colorado. The F&CC's first main terminal was located in Victor, the \"second city\" of the district but its branch lines served many of the largest mines within the area.Ultimately, the F&CC began to struggle financially as other competing railroads, built to the 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge, Midland Terminal and Colorado Springs & Cripple Creek District Railroads entered the district from Colorado Springs from the north or east. In addition, flash floods washed out significant sections of the F&CC mainline in the narrows of Phantom Canyon several times. By the early 1900s, the railroad was in serious financial trouble and merged with other railroads of the area under the Cripple Creek Central holding company. A final, large flash flood destroyed enough of the F&CC's right-of-way to convince its new owners it was financially unwise to spend money rebuilding it; and the line was abandoned and scrapped.In 1912, the Adelaide Phantom Canyon bridge–named for the nearby settlement of Adelaide–was abandoned.[1] The railroad went out of business in 1915.[2] The F&CC's well-kept motive power, twelve 2-8-0 Consolidation freight engines, six 4-6-0 Ten-Wheelers passenger engines, and one 2-4-4T engine to power commuter trains were quickly sold to other area 3 ft (914 mm) gauge railroads. An F&CC subsidiary, the Golden Circle Railroad, which operated 3 ft (914 mm) commuter routes within the district itself, continued to operate for several more years after its parent's abandonment.Today Phantom Canyon Road, which incorporates much of the original grade for this route but has fewer crossings of the creek, is part of the Gold Belt Byway and is open to traffic for most of the summer months. The Canon City branch roughly follows County Road 123 from the Phantom Canyon Road to US 50 near Canon City. The graded gravel Phantom Canyon road is suitable for regular cars and has a unique bent bridge.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Locomotives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-913582-72-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913582-72-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87108-647-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87108-647-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9044886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/9044886"}],"text":"Cafky, Morris(1949?) Rails Around Gold Hill\nFeitz, Leland, Cripple Creek Railroads, 1968, Golden Bell Press\nFerrell, M. H. (1969?). The Cripple Creek Road.\nLewis, Allan C. (2002). Florence & Cripple Creak Railroad : Forty Miles to Fortune. Denver, CO: Sundance Publications, Limited. ISBN 978-0-913582-72-5.\nMcFarland, Edward M (1984). The Cripple Creek Road : a Midland Terminal guide and data book. Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87108-647-1. OCLC 9044886.\nWilkins, Tivis E. (1976) Colorado Rail Annual No. 13: A History of the Florence & Cripple Creek Railroad","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Railways portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Railways"},{"title":"Cripple Creek & Victor Narrow Gauge Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_and_Victor_Narrow_Gauge_Railroad"}]
[{"reference":"James Baughn (2007). \"Adelaide Bridge\". Bridgehunter. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bridgehunter.com/co/fremont/adelaide/","url_text":"\"Adelaide Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"McClellan, Barbara (Summer 1971). McClellan, Barbara (ed.). \"A Colorado Short Line Railroad: The Florence and Cripple Creek 1894-1915\". Arizona and the West. 13 (2). Journal of the Southwest: 129–142. JSTOR 40167621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167621","url_text":"40167621"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Allan C. (2002). Florence & Cripple Creak Railroad : Forty Miles to Fortune. Denver, CO: Sundance Publications, Limited. ISBN 978-0-913582-72-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913582-72-5","url_text":"978-0-913582-72-5"}]},{"reference":"McFarland, Edward M (1984). The Cripple Creek Road : a Midland Terminal guide and data book. Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87108-647-1. OCLC 9044886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87108-647-1","url_text":"978-0-87108-647-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9044886","url_text":"9044886"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://bridgehunter.com/co/fremont/adelaide/","external_links_name":"\"Adelaide Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167621","external_links_name":"40167621"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9044886","external_links_name":"9044886"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708204342/http://www.cripplecreekrailroads.com/about/railroads/f%26cc/1903_cc-times_textinfo-fcc.htm","external_links_name":"THE FLORENCE AND CRIPPLE CREEK RAILROAD from The Cripple Creek Times New Year 1903 (including postcard views)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110215114435/http://www.visitcripplecreek.com/Railroads.aspx","external_links_name":"The History of the Florence & Cripple Creek Railroad"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Board_of_the_Royal_Schools_of_Music
ABRSM
["1 History","2 Music Medals","3 Teacher training","4 ABRSM publications","5 ABRSM digital resources","6 Ethnic diversity in syllabus","7 References","8 External links"]
UK music examinations board (est. 1889) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "ABRSM" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)"LRSM" redirects here. For the airport in Romania with that ICAO code, see Satu Mare International Airport. ABRSMCompany typeCharityIndustryMusic educationFounded1 October 1889 (1889-10-01)FounderSir George Grove Sir Alexander MackenzieSir Arthur Sullivan Sir Charles Stanford Sir Walter ParrattSir Hubert ParrySir John StainerHeadquarters4 London Wall Place London EC2Y 5AU, United KingdomArea served93 countries worldwideKey peopleChris Cobb(Chief Executive)Colette Bowe (Chairman)Mervyn Cousins(Chief Examiner)ProductsMusic exams Sheet music publicationsDigital music applicationsMusic education courses and eventsRevenue23,397,000 pound sterling (2021) Net income£45.5 million (2023)Number of employees182 (2023)Websiteabrsm.org The ABRSM (Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music) is an examination board and registered charity based in the United Kingdom. ABRSM is one of five examination boards accredited by Ofqual to award graded exams and diploma qualifications in music within the UK's National Qualifications Framework (along with the London College of Music, RSL Awards (Rockschool Ltd), Trinity College London, and the Music Teachers' Board). 'The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music' was established in 1889 and rebranded as ABRSM in 2009. The clarifying strapline "the exam board of the Royal Schools of Music" was introduced in 2012. More than 600,000 candidates take ABRSM exams each year in over 93 countries. ABRSM also provides a publishing house for music which produces syllabus booklets, sheet music and exam papers and runs professional development courses and seminars for teachers. ABRSM is one of the UK's 200 largest charitable organisations ranked by annual expenditure. History The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music was founded in 1889 when Alexander Mackenzie, then the Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, and George Grove, founding Director of the Royal College of Music, decided that the two institutions should combine to form an associated examining board to run joint local exams. The first syllabi were published in 1890 for Piano, Organ, Violin, Cello and Harp, with Viola, Double Bass and woodwind instruments added the following year. Originally, the ABRSM had only two grades and were the equivalent of the current grades 6 and 7. Due to the demand for beginner grades, the present structure (grades 1–8) was introduced in 1933. In 1947, the Royal Manchester College of Music (merged to form the present Royal Northern College of Music) and Royal Scottish Academy of Music (now the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) joined ABRSM. Specifically, the Royal Schools referred to in ABRSM's title are the Royal Academy of Music, the Royal College of Music, the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland and the Royal Northern College of Music. Since the post-World War II years, the ABRSM saw an increase in overseas exam applications. The curriculum also expanded, with the addition of Guitar, Harpsichord, Voice, (with the option of both classical singing and singing for musical theatre), percussion, Recorder and all brass instruments. The 1990s saw percussion and jazz added to the syllabus. For Diplomas, LRSM was the one that was always available. The DipABRSM and FRSM were introduced much later in the year 2000 as well as similar exams for instructors and teachers. The ARSM was introduced in the year 2016-2017 to serve as a bridge between the Grade 8 and DipABRSM exams. In 2023 ABRSM announced major revisions to their diploma syllabuses. The DipABRSM diplomas will be withdrawn and replaced by new ARSM Diplomas in teaching and directing, alongside the ARSM performance option currently offered. Additionally, the ARSM, LRSM, and FRSM syllabuses will be revised. Music Medals Music Medals are QCA–accredited music assessments and teaching resources aimed at younger, group-taught learners. Music Medals are distinct from graded music exams in that no external examiners are involved and the initial assessment is made by the teacher. Teacher training Since 1995, the CT ABRSM (Certificate of Teaching) designed specifically for music teachers has been offered in addition to the diplomas, albeit as a separate qualification. In 2010, the new CT ABRSM Plus, which combined the DipABRSM and old CT ABRSM, was launched to give teachers access to the DipABRSM. From September 2013, the CT ABRSM Plus stopped being offered in the UK or Singapore for financial reasons. There are also numerous short courses and seminars on music teaching, accompaniment and syllabus instruction available to teachers. ABRSM publications ABRSM published its first books in 1918 and its publishing department was first set up in 1921 and was designed to provide suitable music for examinations, performance editions of popular works and new instructional compositions. One of the original editors was Sir Donald Tovey, who wrote informative notes on the music which are still highly regarded today. ABRSM (Publishing) Ltd. was established as a separate company in 1985. ABRSM digital resources Since 2009 ABRSM has produced several practice applications to support teachers and students: Melody Writer - a tool designed to help improve melody writing and music theory knowledge and understanding Aural Trainer - an iPhone app that helps students practice their aural skills Speedshifter - a practice tool that allows students to vary the speed of audio without altering the pitch Piano Practice Partner - an app for iOS and Android devices that helps students practice exam pieces for piano at Grades 1 to 3. Piano Practice Partner plays one hand so that students can play the other as they learn. Ethnic diversity in syllabus In response to the Black Lives Matter movement, on 15 July 2020, the ABRSM syllabus came under public scrutiny for the lack of BAME representation in the 2019/20 syllabus. Over 4,000 people signed a petition which found "255 pieces in the new piano syllabus" to not include any black composers. Chi-chi Nwanoku "described the 'woeful lack' of ethnic diversity in the ABRSM syllabus as appalling" with Scott Caizley also stating how "the ABRSM should make its syllabuses less white if it was "committed to seeing a more racially diverse intake of students entering conservatoires". The ABRSM's spokesman responded to the criticism and said "the death of George Floyd in the US had made it think deeply about its efforts to get more black composers in its syllabuses". References ^ "Charity Commission". Apps.charitycommission.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2015. ^ "ABRSM, registered charity no. 292182". Charity Commission for England and Wales. ^ "ABRSM history". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013. ^ a b "Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music" (archived versions of website). Internet Archive. 19 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. ^ Charities Direct: Top 500 Charities – Expenditure Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "How Many Singing Grades are there in the UK? | Superprof". The Superprof Blog - UK. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ a b "ABRSM through time" (PDF). Libretto (2). ABRSM: 16–17. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ "Feature: Professional Development for Teachers". musicteachers.co.uk. January 2001. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016. ^ "ABRSM: News and articles". ^ ^ "CT ABRSM Plus". abrsm.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. ^ "Melody Writer". Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014. ^ "Aural Trainer". Gb.abrsm.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014. ^ "Speedshifter". Gb.abrsm.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014. ^ "Piano Practice Partner". Gb.abrsm.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ "ABRSM must include more black and BAME composers in exam syllabus, music leaders urge". Classic FM. Retrieved 19 January 2022. ^ "UK royal schools of music exam board urged to address colonial legacy". the Guardian. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2022. External links Official website(UK version) vteMusic schools in the United KingdomMusic schoolSecondary Chetham's School of Music City of Edinburgh Music School Kimichi School North East of Scotland Music School Purcell School for Young Musicians St Mary's Music School Wells Cathedral School Yehudi Menuhin School Tertiary Academy of Contemporary Music BIMM University Cardiff University School of Music Guildhall School of Music and Drama Ian Tomlin School of Music The Institute of Contemporary Music Performance Leeds Conservatoire Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts London College of Creative Media London School of Musical Theatre National Opera Studio Point Blank Music School Royal Academy of Music Royal Birmingham Conservatoire Royal College of Music Royal College of Organists Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Royal Northern College of Music Royal School of Church Music Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama School of Sound Recording Tech Music School Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance Wales International Academy of Voice Military Army School of Bagpipe Music and Highland Drumming Royal Military School of Music Associated organisations Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music Conservatoires UK European Association of Conservatoires Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Catalonia Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Other MusicBrainz label
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satu Mare International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_Mare_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"examination board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examination_board"},{"link_name":"registered charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ofqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofqual"},{"link_name":"National Qualifications Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Music_Examinations"},{"link_name":"Trinity College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rebranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebrand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayback-4"},{"link_name":"strapline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strapline"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayback-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"LRSM\" redirects here. For the airport in Romania with that ICAO code, see Satu Mare International Airport.The ABRSM (Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music) is an examination board and registered charity[2] based in the United Kingdom. ABRSM is one of five examination boards accredited by Ofqual to award graded exams and diploma qualifications in music within the UK's National Qualifications Framework (along with the London College of Music, RSL Awards (Rockschool Ltd), Trinity College London, and the Music Teachers' Board). 'The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music' was established in 1889[3] and rebranded as ABRSM in 2009.[4] The clarifying strapline \"the exam board of the Royal Schools of Music\" was introduced in 2012.[4]More than 600,000 candidates take ABRSM exams each year in over 93 countries. ABRSM also provides a publishing house for music which produces syllabus booklets, sheet music and exam papers and runs professional development courses and seminars for teachers.ABRSM is one of the UK's 200 largest charitable organisations ranked by annual expenditure.[5]","title":"ABRSM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"George Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grove"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Manchester College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Manchester_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Royal Northern College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Royal Conservatoire of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Conservatoire_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libretto2014-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music was founded in 1889 when Alexander Mackenzie, then the Principal of the Royal Academy of Music, and George Grove, founding Director of the Royal College of Music, decided that the two institutions should combine to form an associated examining board to run joint local exams.[6] The first syllabi were published in 1890 for Piano, Organ, Violin, Cello and Harp, with Viola, Double Bass and woodwind instruments added the following year. Originally, the ABRSM had only two grades and were the equivalent of the current grades 6 and 7. Due to the demand for beginner grades, the present structure (grades 1–8) was introduced in 1933.[citation needed] In 1947, the Royal Manchester College of Music (merged to form the present Royal Northern College of Music) and Royal Scottish Academy of Music (now the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) joined ABRSM. Specifically, the Royal Schools referred to in ABRSM's title are the Royal Academy of Music, the Royal College of Music, the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland and the Royal Northern College of Music.Since the post-World War II years, the ABRSM saw an increase in overseas exam applications. The curriculum also expanded, with the addition of Guitar, Harpsichord, Voice, (with the option of both classical singing and singing for musical theatre), percussion, Recorder and all brass instruments.The 1990s saw percussion and jazz added to the syllabus. For Diplomas, LRSM was the one that was always available. The DipABRSM and FRSM were introduced much later in the year 2000[7] as well as similar exams for instructors and teachers.[8] The ARSM was introduced in the year 2016-2017 to serve as a bridge between the Grade 8 and DipABRSM exams.In 2023 ABRSM announced major revisions to their diploma syllabuses. The DipABRSM diplomas will be withdrawn and replaced by new ARSM Diplomas in teaching and directing, alongside the ARSM performance option currently offered. Additionally, the ARSM, LRSM, and FRSM syllabuses will be revised.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Medals"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"QCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualifications_and_Curriculum_Authority"}],"text":"Music Medals[10] are QCA–accredited music assessments and teaching resources aimed at younger, group-taught learners. Music Medals are distinct from graded music exams in that no external examiners are involved and the initial assessment is made by the teacher.","title":"Music Medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Since 1995, the CT ABRSM (Certificate of Teaching) designed specifically for music teachers has been offered in addition to the diplomas, albeit as a separate qualification. In 2010, the new CT ABRSM Plus, which combined the DipABRSM and old CT ABRSM, was launched to give teachers access to the DipABRSM. From September 2013, the CT ABRSM Plus stopped being offered in the UK or Singapore for financial reasons.[11] There are also numerous short courses and seminars on music teaching, accompaniment and syllabus instruction available to teachers.","title":"Teacher training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libretto2014-7"},{"link_name":"Donald Tovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey"}],"text":"ABRSM published its first books in 1918[7] and its publishing department was first set up in 1921 and was designed to provide suitable music for examinations, performance editions of popular works and new instructional compositions. One of the original editors was Sir Donald Tovey, who wrote informative notes on the music which are still highly regarded today. ABRSM (Publishing) Ltd. was established as a separate company in 1985.","title":"ABRSM publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Since 2009 ABRSM has produced several practice applications to support teachers and students:Melody Writer[12] - a tool designed to help improve melody writing and music theory knowledge and understanding\nAural Trainer[13] - an iPhone app that helps students practice their aural skills\nSpeedshifter[14] - a practice tool that allows students to vary the speed of audio without altering the pitch\nPiano Practice Partner[15] - an app for iOS and Android devices that helps students practice exam pieces for piano at Grades 1 to 3. Piano Practice Partner plays one hand so that students can play the other as they learn.","title":"ABRSM digital resources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"BAME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chi-chi Nwanoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-chi_Nwanoku"},{"link_name":"Scott Caizley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Caizley"},{"link_name":"conservatoires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoires_UK"},{"link_name":"George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"undue weight?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:ABRSM#Ethnic_diversity_in_syllabus"}],"text":"In response to the Black Lives Matter movement, on 15 July 2020, the ABRSM syllabus came under public scrutiny for the lack of BAME representation in the 2019/20 syllabus.[16] Over 4,000 people signed a petition which found \"255 pieces in the new piano syllabus\" to not include any black composers. Chi-chi Nwanoku \"described the 'woeful lack' of ethnic diversity in the ABRSM syllabus as appalling\" with Scott Caizley also stating how \"the ABRSM should make its syllabuses less white if it was \"committed to seeing a more racially diverse intake of students entering conservatoires\". The ABRSM's spokesman responded to the criticism and said \"the death of George Floyd in the US had made it think deeply about its efforts to get more black composers in its syllabuses\".[17][undue weight? – discuss]","title":"Ethnic diversity in syllabus"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Charity Commission\". Apps.charitycommission.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=292182&SubsidiaryNumber=0","url_text":"\"Charity Commission\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316071519/https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ABRSM, registered charity no. 292182\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=292182&subId=0","url_text":"\"ABRSM, registered charity no. 292182\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"ABRSM history\". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130213235519/http://gb.abrsm.org/en/about-us/abrsm-history","url_text":"\"ABRSM history\""},{"url":"http://gb.abrsm.org/en/about-us/abrsm-history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music\" (archived versions of website). Internet Archive. 19 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abrsm.org/","url_text":"\"Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120717154627/http://www.abrsm.org/en/home","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How Many Singing Grades are there in the UK? | Superprof\". The Superprof Blog - UK. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.superprof.co.uk/blog/singing-grades-uk/","url_text":"\"How Many Singing Grades are there in the UK? | Superprof\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABRSM through time\" (PDF). Libretto (2). ABRSM: 16–17. 2014. 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Retrieved 1 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicteachers.co.uk/journal/2001-01_abrsm_3.html","url_text":"\"Feature: Professional Development for Teachers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412005052/http://www.musicteachers.co.uk/journal/2001-01_abrsm_3.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ABRSM: News and articles\".","urls":[{"url":"https://gb.abrsm.org/en/about-us/news/articles/?abrsm%5bnewsid%5d=94157","url_text":"\"ABRSM: News and articles\""}]},{"reference":"\"CT ABRSM Plus\". abrsm.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403032611/http://www.abrsm.org/en/teachers/courses/ukireland/ctabrsm/ctabrsmplusfirst/","url_text":"\"CT ABRSM Plus\""},{"url":"http://www.abrsm.org/en/teachers/courses/ukireland/ctabrsm/ctabrsmplusfirst/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Melody Writer\". Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_tectonics
Salt tectonics
["1 Passive salt structures","2 Active salt structures","3 Reactive salt structures","4 Salt detached fault systems","5 Salt weld","6 Allochthonous salt structures","7 Effects on sedimentary systems","8 Economic importance","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Geometries and processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of evaporites Salt tectonics, or halokinesis, or halotectonics, is concerned with the geometries and processes associated with the presence of significant thicknesses of evaporites containing rock salt within a stratigraphic sequence of rocks. This is due both to the low density of salt, which does not increase with burial, and its low strength. Salt structures (excluding undeformed layers of salt) have been found in more than 120 sedimentary basins around the world. Passive salt structures Structures may form during continued sedimentary loading, without any external tectonic influence, due to gravitational instability. Pure halite has a density of 2160 kg/m3. When initially deposited, sediments generally have a lower density of 2000 kg/m3, but with loading and compaction their density increases to 2500 kg/m3, which is greater than that of salt. Once the overlying layers have become denser, the weak salt layer will tend to deform into a characteristic series of ridges and depressions, due to a form of Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Further sedimentation will be concentrated in the depressions and the salt will continue to move away from them into the ridges. At a late stage, diapirs tend to initiate at the junctions between ridges, their growth fed by movement of salt along the ridge system, continuing until the salt supply is exhausted. During the later stages of this process the top of the diapir remains at or near the surface, with further burial being matched by diapir rise, and is sometimes referred to as downbuilding. The Schacht Asse II and Gorleben salt domes in Germany are an example of a purely passive salt structure. Such structures do not always form when a salt layer is buried beneath a sedimentary overburden. This can be due to a relatively high strength overburden or to the presence of sedimentary layers interbedded within the salt unit that increase both its density and strength. Active salt structures Active tectonics will increase the likelihood of salt structures developing. In the case of extensional tectonics, faulting will both reduce the strength of the overburden and thin it. In an area affected by thrust tectonics, buckling of the overburden layer will allow the salt to rise into the cores of anticlines, as seen in salt domes in the Zagros Mountains and in El Gordo diapir (Coahuila fold-and-thrust belt, NE Mexico). If the pressure within the salt body becomes sufficiently high it may be able to push through its overburden, this is known as forceful diapirism. Many salt diapirs may contain elements of both active and passive salt movement. An active salt structure may pierce its overburden and from then on continue to develop as a purely passive salt diapir. Reactive salt structures In those cases where salt layers do not have the conditions necessary to develop passive salt structures, the salt may still move into relatively low pressure areas around developing folds and faults. Such structures are described as reactive. Salt detached fault systems When one or more salt layers are present during extensional tectonics, a characteristic set of structures is formed. Extensional faults propagate up from the middle part of the crust until they encounter the salt layer. The weakness of the salt prevents the fault from propagating through. However, continuing displacement on the fault offsets the base of the salt and causes bending of the overburden layer. Eventually the stresses caused by this bending will be sufficient to fault the overburden. The types of structures developed depend on the initial salt thickness. In the case of a very thick salt layer there is no direct spatial relationship between the faulting beneath the salt and that in the overburden, such a system is said to be unlinked. For intermediate salt thicknesses, the overburden faults are spatially related to the deeper faults, but offset from them, normally into the footwall; these are known as soft-linked systems. When the salt layer becomes thin enough, the fault that develops in the overburden is closely aligned with that beneath the salt, and forms a continuous fault surface after only a relatively small displacement, forming a hard-linked fault. In areas of thrust tectonics salt layers act as preferred detachment planes. In the Zagros fold and thrust belt, variations in the thickness and therefore effectiveness of the late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Hormuz salt are thought to have had a fundamental control on the overall topography. Salt weld When a salt layer becomes too thin to be an effective detachment layer, due to salt movement, dissolution or removal by faulting, the overburden and the underlying sub-salt basement become effectively welded together. This may cause the development of new faults in the cover sequence and is an important consideration when modeling the migration of hydrocarbons. Salt welds may also develop in the vertical direction by putting the sides of a former diapir in contact. Allochthonous salt structures Main article: Salt surface structures Salt that pierces to the surface, either on land or beneath the sea, tends to spread laterally away and such salt is said to be "allochthonous". Salt glaciers are formed on land where this happens in an arid environment, such as in the Zagros Mountains. Offshore tongues of salt are generated that may join together with others from neighbouring piercements to form canopies. Effects on sedimentary systems On passive margins where salt is present, such as the Gulf of Mexico, salt tectonics largely control the evolution of deep-water sedimentary systems; for example submarine channels, as modern and ancient case studies show. Economic importance A significant proportion of the world's hydrocarbon reserves are found in structures related to salt tectonics, including many in the Middle East, the South Atlantic passive margins (Brazil, Gabon and Angola), the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pricaspian Basin. See also Plasticity (physics) – Non-reversible deformation of a solid material in response to applied forces References ^ Hudec, M.R.; Jackson, M.P.A. (2007). "Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics". Earth-Science Reviews. 82 (1–2): 1–28. Bibcode:2007ESRv...82....1H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001. ^ Roberts, D. G.; Bally, A. W., eds. (2012). Regional Geology and Tectonics: Phanerozoic Passive Margins, Cratonic Basins and Global Tectonic Maps – Volume 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-444-56357-6. ^ McGeary. D and C. C. Plummer (1994) Physical Geology: Earth revealed, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, p. 475-476 ISBN 0-697-12687-0 ^ Vendeville, B.C.; Jackson, M.P.A. (1992). "The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 9 (4): 331–354. Bibcode:1992MarPG...9..331V. doi:10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I. ^ Millán-Garrido, H. (2004). "Geometry and kinematics of compressional growth structures and diapirs in the La Popa basin of northeast Mexico: Insights from sequential restoration of a regional cross section and three-dimensional analysis". Tectonics. 23 (5). Bibcode:2004Tecto..23.5011M. doi:10.1029/2003TC001540. ^ Stewart, S. A. (2007). "Salt tectonics in the North Sea Basin: A structural style template for seismic interpreters". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 272 (1): 361–396. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.272..361S. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.272.01.19. S2CID 131252286. ^ Bahroudi, Abbas; Koyi, Hemina (2003). "Effect of spatial distribution of Hormuz salt on deformation style in the Zagros fold and thrust belt: An analogue modelling approach". Journal of the Geological Society. 160 (5): 719–733. Bibcode:2003JGSoc.160..719B. doi:10.1144/0016-764902-135. S2CID 131504678. ^ Giles, Katherine A.; Lawton, Timothy F. (1999). "Attributes and evolution of an exhumed salt weld, la Popa basin, northeastern Mexico". Geology. 27 (4): 323. Bibcode:1999Geo....27..323G. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0323:AAEOAE>2.3.CO;2. ^ Mayall, Mike; Lonergan, Lidia; Bowman, Andrew; James, Stephen; Mills, Keith; Primmer, Tim; Pope, Dave; Rogers, Louise; Skeene, Roxanne (2010). "The response of turbidite slope channels to growth-induced seabed topography". AAPG Bulletin. 94 (7): 1011–1030. Bibcode:2010BAAPG..94.1011M. doi:10.1306/01051009117. ^ Volozh, Yuri; Talbot, Christopher; Ismail-Zadeh, Alik (2003). "Salt structures and hydrocarbons in the Pricaspian basin". AAPG Bulletin. 87 (2): 313–334. Bibcode:2003BAAPG..87..313V. doi:10.1306/09060200896. External links Gorleben salt dome Archived 2008-06-30 at the Wayback Machine NOAA site on brine pools Salt Tectonics Publications vte Geologic principles and processesStratigraphic principles Principle of original horizontality Law of superposition Principle of lateral continuity Principle of cross-cutting relationships Principle of faunal succession Principle of inclusions and components Walther's law Petrologic principles Intrusive Extrusive Volcanic Exfoliation Weathering Soil formation Diagenesis Compaction Metamorphism Geomorphologic processes Plate tectonics Salt tectonics Tectonic uplift Subsidence Marine transgression Marine regression Sediment transport Fluvial processes Aeolian processes Glacial processes Mass wasting processes Geology portal vteSaltHistory History In the American Civil War International Salt Co. v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road Types Abraum Alaea Alberger Asín tibuok Bittern Black lava Butter Calcium chloride Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Jugyeom Kala namak Korean brining Kosher Monosodium glutamate Moshio salt Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate River reed salt Sodium nitrate Onion Rock Salammoniac Salt substitute Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Sodium chloride Truffle Túltul Food usage Brining Salting Brined cheese Salt-cured meat Salted fish Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease Commerceand industry Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Salt mining Salt well Sink works Open-pan salt making List of countries by salt production Salt tectonics By region In Cheshire In Ghana San Francisco Bay In Pakistan Culture Grain of salt Salt in the Bible Salting the earth Miscellaneous Mineral lick Road salt Smelling salts Water softening Ximenes Redoubt Tax Category Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
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Pure halite has a density of 2160 kg/m3. When initially deposited, sediments generally have a lower density of 2000 kg/m3, but with loading and compaction their density increases to 2500 kg/m3, which is greater than that of salt.[3] Once the overlying layers have become denser, the weak salt layer will tend to deform into a characteristic series of ridges and depressions, due to a form of Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Further sedimentation will be concentrated in the depressions and the salt will continue to move away from them into the ridges. At a late stage, diapirs tend to initiate at the junctions between ridges, their growth fed by movement of salt along the ridge system, continuing until the salt supply is exhausted. During the later stages of this process the top of the diapir remains at or near the surface, with further burial being matched by diapir rise, and is sometimes referred to as downbuilding. The Schacht Asse II and Gorleben salt domes in Germany are an example of a purely passive salt structure.[citation needed]Such structures do not always form when a salt layer is buried beneath a sedimentary overburden. This can be due to a relatively high strength overburden or to the presence of sedimentary layers interbedded within the salt unit that increase both its density and strength.[citation needed]","title":"Passive salt structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaltTectonics3.jpg"},{"link_name":"tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics"},{"link_name":"extensional tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensional_tectonics"},{"link_name":"faulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faulting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"thrust tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_tectonics"},{"link_name":"anticlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline"},{"link_name":"salt domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_dome"},{"link_name":"Zagros Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mill%C3%A1n-Garrido2004-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Active tectonics will increase the likelihood of salt structures developing. In the case of extensional tectonics, faulting will both reduce the strength of the overburden and thin it.[4] In an area affected by thrust tectonics, buckling of the overburden layer will allow the salt to rise into the cores of anticlines, as seen in salt domes in the Zagros Mountains and in El Gordo diapir (Coahuila fold-and-thrust belt, NE Mexico).[5]If the pressure within the salt body becomes sufficiently high it may be able to push through its overburden, this is known as forceful diapirism. Many salt diapirs may contain elements of both active and passive salt movement. An active salt structure may pierce its overburden and from then on continue to develop as a purely passive salt diapir.[citation needed]","title":"Active salt structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaltTectonics2.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In those cases where salt layers do not have the conditions necessary to develop passive salt structures, the salt may still move into relatively low pressure areas around developing folds and faults. Such structures are described as reactive.[citation needed]","title":"Reactive salt structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extensional tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensional_tectonics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"thrust tectonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_tectonics"},{"link_name":"Zagros fold and thrust belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_fold_and_thrust_belt"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Early Cambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cambrian"},{"link_name":"Hormuz salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormuz_Formation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"When one or more salt layers are present during extensional tectonics, a characteristic set of structures is formed. Extensional faults propagate up from the middle part of the crust until they encounter the salt layer. The weakness of the salt prevents the fault from propagating through. However, continuing displacement on the fault offsets the base of the salt and causes bending of the overburden layer. Eventually the stresses caused by this bending will be sufficient to fault the overburden. The types of structures developed depend on the initial salt thickness. In the case of a very thick salt layer there is no direct spatial relationship between the faulting beneath the salt and that in the overburden, such a system is said to be unlinked. For intermediate salt thicknesses, the overburden faults are spatially related to the deeper faults, but offset from them, normally into the footwall; these are known as soft-linked systems. When the salt layer becomes thin enough, the fault that develops in the overburden is closely aligned with that beneath the salt, and forms a continuous fault surface after only a relatively small displacement, forming a hard-linked fault.[6]In areas of thrust tectonics salt layers act as preferred detachment planes. In the Zagros fold and thrust belt, variations in the thickness and therefore effectiveness of the late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Hormuz salt are thought to have had a fundamental control on the overall topography.[7]","title":"Salt detached fault systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"When a salt layer becomes too thin to be an effective detachment layer, due to salt movement, dissolution or removal by faulting, the overburden and the underlying sub-salt basement become effectively welded together. This may cause the development of new faults in the cover sequence and is an important consideration when modeling the migration of hydrocarbons.\nSalt welds may also develop in the vertical direction by putting the sides of a former diapir in contact.[8]","title":"Salt weld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_glacier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Salt that pierces to the surface, either on land or beneath the sea, tends to spread laterally away and such salt is said to be \"allochthonous\". Salt glaciers are formed on land where this happens in an arid environment, such as in the Zagros Mountains. Offshore tongues of salt are generated that may join together with others from neighbouring piercements to form canopies.[citation needed]","title":"Allochthonous salt structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passive margins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_margin"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayalletal.2010-9"}],"text":"On passive margins where salt is present, such as the Gulf of Mexico, salt tectonics largely control the evolution of deep-water sedimentary systems; for example submarine channels, as modern and ancient case studies show.[9]","title":"Effects on sedimentary systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A significant proportion of the world's hydrocarbon reserves are found in structures related to salt tectonics, including many in the Middle East, the South Atlantic passive margins (Brazil, Gabon and Angola), the Gulf of Mexico,[citation needed] and the Pricaspian Basin.[10]","title":"Economic importance"}]
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[{"title":"Plasticity (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)"}]
[{"reference":"Hudec, M.R.; Jackson, M.P.A. (2007). \"Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics\". Earth-Science Reviews. 82 (1–2): 1–28. Bibcode:2007ESRv...82....1H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ESRv...82....1H","url_text":"2007ESRv...82....1H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2007.01.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, D. G.; Bally, A. W., eds. (2012). Regional Geology and Tectonics: Phanerozoic Passive Margins, Cratonic Basins and Global Tectonic Maps – Volume 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-444-56357-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-56357-6","url_text":"978-0-444-56357-6"}]},{"reference":"Vendeville, B.C.; Jackson, M.P.A. (1992). \"The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension\". Marine and Petroleum Geology. 9 (4): 331–354. Bibcode:1992MarPG...9..331V. doi:10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992MarPG...9..331V","url_text":"1992MarPG...9..331V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0264-8172%2892%2990047-I","url_text":"10.1016/0264-8172(92)90047-I"}]},{"reference":"Millán-Garrido, H. (2004). \"Geometry and kinematics of compressional growth structures and diapirs in the La Popa basin of northeast Mexico: Insights from sequential restoration of a regional cross section and three-dimensional analysis\". Tectonics. 23 (5). Bibcode:2004Tecto..23.5011M. doi:10.1029/2003TC001540.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003TC001540","url_text":"\"Geometry and kinematics of compressional growth structures and diapirs in the La Popa basin of northeast Mexico: Insights from sequential restoration of a regional cross section and three-dimensional analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Tecto..23.5011M","url_text":"2004Tecto..23.5011M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003TC001540","url_text":"10.1029/2003TC001540"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, S. A. (2007). \"Salt tectonics in the North Sea Basin: A structural style template for seismic interpreters\". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 272 (1): 361–396. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.272..361S. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.272.01.19. S2CID 131252286.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GSLSP.272..361S","url_text":"2007GSLSP.272..361S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2007.272.01.19","url_text":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.272.01.19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131252286","url_text":"131252286"}]},{"reference":"Bahroudi, Abbas; Koyi, Hemina (2003). \"Effect of spatial distribution of Hormuz salt on deformation style in the Zagros fold and thrust belt: An analogue modelling approach\". Journal of the Geological Society. 160 (5): 719–733. Bibcode:2003JGSoc.160..719B. doi:10.1144/0016-764902-135. S2CID 131504678.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGSoc.160..719B","url_text":"2003JGSoc.160..719B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2F0016-764902-135","url_text":"10.1144/0016-764902-135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131504678","url_text":"131504678"}]},{"reference":"Giles, Katherine A.; Lawton, Timothy F. (1999). \"Attributes and evolution of an exhumed salt weld, la Popa basin, northeastern Mexico\". Geology. 27 (4): 323. Bibcode:1999Geo....27..323G. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0323:AAEOAE>2.3.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Geo....27..323G","url_text":"1999Geo....27..323G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281999%29027%3C0323%3AAAEOAE%3E2.3.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0323:AAEOAE>2.3.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Mayall, Mike; Lonergan, Lidia; Bowman, Andrew; James, Stephen; Mills, Keith; Primmer, Tim; Pope, Dave; Rogers, Louise; Skeene, Roxanne (2010). \"The response of turbidite slope channels to growth-induced seabed topography\". AAPG Bulletin. 94 (7): 1011–1030. Bibcode:2010BAAPG..94.1011M. doi:10.1306/01051009117.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BAAPG..94.1011M","url_text":"2010BAAPG..94.1011M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1306%2F01051009117","url_text":"10.1306/01051009117"}]},{"reference":"Volozh, Yuri; Talbot, Christopher; Ismail-Zadeh, Alik (2003). \"Salt structures and hydrocarbons in the Pricaspian basin\". AAPG Bulletin. 87 (2): 313–334. Bibcode:2003BAAPG..87..313V. doi:10.1306/09060200896.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BAAPG..87..313V","url_text":"2003BAAPG..87..313V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1306%2F09060200896","url_text":"10.1306/09060200896"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thomas_Jefferson_Hour
The Thomas Jefferson Hour
["1 History","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
Radio program & podcast Radio show The Thomas Jefferson HourGenreEducationalRunning time60 minutesCountry of originUnited StatesLanguage(s)EnglishSyndicatesPrairie Public RadioHosted byDavid SwensonStarring Clay JenkinsonCreated byClay JenkinsonRecording studioMakoché Recording StudiosBismarck, North DakotaOriginal release1994 (1994) –2023No. of episodes1548 Websitejeffersonhour.comPodcastjeffersonhour.libsyn.com/rss The Thomas Jefferson Hour was a syndicated public radio program and podcast produced in Bismarck, North Dakota. It featured author-historian Clay S. Jenkinson in a first-person portrayal of Thomas Jefferson, the third US President, and was co-hosted by David Swenson. Jenkinson remained in-character as Jefferson throughout the first half of the program, delivering monologues and answering listener questions regarding Jefferson's personal and political life and the history of early America. The character of Jefferson generally confined his discussion to matters of history, politics, and philosophy as indirect context for modern times, but at times provided a limited analysis of current events (carefully attempting to limit his analysis to matters on which the actual Jefferson's view might be meaningfully determined). In the second portion of the program, Jenkinson stepped out of character to discuss his in-character answers during the first half of the show and also to talk generally about the topic of the episode. History The Jefferson Hour began production in Reno, Nevada in the 1990s. For 12 years, Jenkinson collaborated with co-host Bill Chrystal (not to be confused with commentator Bill Kristol), a Congregational pastor and fellow historical interpreter. Chrystal was not the original co-host of the program, however. Jenkinson moved back to North Dakota in 2005, and introduced himself at Swenson's Makoché Recording Studios. Swenson agreed to co-host the program for a few transitional weeks, but was ultimately the "semi-permanent guest host" for 19 years. The Thomas Jefferson Hour was superseded by Listening to America with Clay Jenkinson in May 2023. Notes ^ This count reflects the current episode number. In episode #987, however, Swenson explains that a numbering discontinuity was introduced when the program moved to North Dakota. References ^ a b "Episode #998 Interchange of Sentiments" (Podcast). 18 November 2012. ^ a b "Episode #987 At The Barn" (Podcast). 2 September 2012. ^ "Jefferson Hour "About" page". The Thomas Jefferson Hour. The Thomas Jefferson Hour, Inc. Retrieved 25 January 2016. ^ "Bill Chrystal biography". Retrieved 13 May 2017. ^ "Episode #996 Round Two" (Podcast). 4 November 2012. ^ "About Listening to America". Listening To America. Retrieved 2023-05-31. External links The Thomas Jefferson Hour website vteThomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States (1801–1809) 2nd Vice President of the United States (1797–1801) 1st United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (1783–1784) 2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781) Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775–1776) Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention (1776) Foundingdocuments ofthe United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774) Olive Branch Petition (initial draft; 1775) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775) Declaration of Independence (1776) Committee of Five authored physical history "All men are created equal" "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" "Consent of the governed" Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage Freedom of religion Land Ordinance of 1784 Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance (1787) French Revolution Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) Presidency Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Dunbar and Hunter Expedition Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake–Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act First Barbary War Native American policy Burr conspiracy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses 1801 1802 1805 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other notedaccomplishments Early life and career Franco-American alliance Founder, University of Virginia history Ratification Day Anti-Administration party Democratic-Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States (1790) Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801) American Creed Jefferson disk Swivel chair Megalonyx Jeffersonianarchitecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Jefferson Hall Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary (1786) European journey memorandums (1787) Indian removal letters The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 1819) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Founders Online Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Historical reputation Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Sally Hemings Jefferson–Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state The American Museum magazine Tufton Farm Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) Virginia dynasty Ward republic Elections Presidential elections 1796 1800 1804 Legacy andmemorials Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Jefferson River Jefferson Territory Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Statues Karl Bitter statues Hempstead statue Louisville statue University of Virginia statue David d'Angers statue Jefferson Literary and Debating Society Thomas Jefferson Foundation Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Peaks and mountains Jefferson Rock Other placenames Jefferson–Jackson Day Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two-dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 250th Anniversary silver dollar U.S. postage stamps Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence Culturaldepictions The Patriots (1946 play) Ben and Me (1953 short) 1776 1969 musical 1972 film Jefferson in Paris (1995 film) Thomas Jefferson (1997 film) Liberty! (1997 documentary series) Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series) John Adams (2008 miniseries) Jefferson's Garden (2015 play) Hamilton 2015 musical 2020 film Washington (2020 miniseries) Wine bottles controversy Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings Family Martha Jefferson (wife) Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter) Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter) Harriet Hemings (daughter) Madison Hemings (son) Eston Hemings (son) Thomas J. Randolph (grandson) Francis Eppes (grandson) George W. Randolph (grandson) John Wayles Jefferson (grandson) Frederick Madison Roberts (great-grandson) Peter Jefferson (father) Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother) Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister) Randolph Jefferson (brother) Isham Randolph (grandfather) William Randolph (great-grandfather) ← John Adams James Madison → ← John Adams Aaron Burr → Category This North Dakota–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a radio show or program in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Clay S. Jenkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_S._Jenkinson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"US President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JeffersonHour-About-4"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"}],"text":"Radio showThe Thomas Jefferson Hour was a syndicated public radio program and podcast produced in Bismarck, North Dakota. It featured author-historian Clay S. Jenkinson in a first-person portrayal of Thomas Jefferson, the third US President, and was co-hosted by David Swenson.[3] Jenkinson remained in-character as Jefferson throughout the first half of the program, delivering monologues and answering listener questions regarding Jefferson's personal and political life and the history of early America. The character of Jefferson generally confined his discussion to matters of history, politics, and philosophy as indirect context for modern times, but at times provided a limited analysis of current events (carefully attempting to limit his analysis to matters on which the actual Jefferson's view might be meaningfully determined). In the second portion of the program, Jenkinson stepped out of character to discuss his in-character answers during the first half of the show and also to talk generally about the topic of the episode.","title":"The Thomas Jefferson Hour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reno, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JeffersonHour0998-1"},{"link_name":"Bill Chrystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_G._Chrystal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillChrystal-bio-5"},{"link_name":"Bill Kristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kristol"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JeffersonHour0996-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JeffersonHour0987-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Jefferson Hour began production in Reno, Nevada in the 1990s.[1] For 12 years, Jenkinson collaborated with co-host Bill Chrystal[4] (not to be confused with commentator Bill Kristol), a Congregational pastor and fellow historical interpreter. Chrystal was not the original co-host of the program, however.[5] Jenkinson moved back to North Dakota in 2005, and introduced himself at Swenson's Makoché Recording Studios. Swenson agreed to co-host the program for a few transitional weeks, but was ultimately the \"semi-permanent guest host\" for 19 years.[2] The Thomas Jefferson Hour was superseded by Listening to America with Clay Jenkinson in May 2023.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JeffersonHour0987_3-0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JeffersonHour0987-2"}],"text":"^ This count reflects the current episode number. In episode #987, however, Swenson explains that a numbering discontinuity was introduced when the program moved to North Dakota.[2]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Cooper_(politician)
Edmund Cooper (politician)
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources"]
American politician This article is about the U.S. congressman. For the British writer, see Edmund Cooper. Edmund CooperMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Tennessee's 4th districtIn officeJuly 24, 1866 – March 3, 1867Preceded byAndrew J. ClementsSucceeded byJames Mullins Personal detailsBorn(1821-09-11)September 11, 1821Franklin, Tennessee, U.S.DiedJuly 21, 1921(1921-07-21) (aged 99)Shelbyville, Tennessee, U.SPolitical partyUnionistEducationHarvard University Edmund Cooper (September 11, 1821 – July 21, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Tennessee. Biography Cooper was born in Franklin, Tennessee. He was the brother of Henry Cooper. Cooper graduated from Jackson (Tennessee) College in 1839. He studied law at Harvard University. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Shelbyville, Tennessee, in 1841. He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1849. He served as presidential elector on the Constitutional Union ticket in 1860. Union delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1861. During the American Civil War he served as a secretary to military governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson. Cooper was again elected to the State house of representatives but in 1865 resigned. Upon the readmission of the State of Tennessee to representation Cooper was elected as a Unionist to the Thirty-ninth Congress and served from July 24, 1866, to March 3, 1867. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Fortieth Congress. On October 3, 1867, he replaced Robert Johnson, Andrew Johnson's son, as private secretary to the President. He was appointed by President Johnson Assistant Secretary of the Treasury November 20, 1867, and served until March 20, 1869. He resumed the practice of law at Shelbyville and died there July 21, 1911. He was interred in Willow Mount Cemetery. References ^ Maslowski, Peter (1978). Treason must be made odious : military occupation and wartime reconstruction in Nashville, Tennessee, 1862-65. Internet Archive. Millwood, N.Y. : KTO Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-527-62185-8. ^ "Gets His Reward". Harrisburg Telegraph. 1867-10-04. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com. Sources United States Congress. "Edmund Cooper (id: C000747)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.  This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byCivil War Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district July 24, 1866 - March 3, 1867 Succeeded byJames Mullins Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Elephant_Makes_Love_to_a_Pig
An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Cultural references","4 Reception","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
5th episode of the 1st season of South Park "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig"South Park episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 5Directed byTrey Parker (uncredited)Written byTrey Parker Matt Stone Dan SterlingProduction code105Original air dateSeptember 10, 1997 (1997-09-10)Episode chronology ← Previous"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride" Next →"Death" South Park season 1List of episodes "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American animated television series South Park. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on September 10, 1997. In the episode, the boys of South Park try to force Kyle Broflovski's pet elephant to crossbreed with Eric Cartman's pet pig for a class project on genetic engineering. Meanwhile, Stan Marsh tries to deal with his elder sister Shelley, who keeps beating him up. This episode was written by series creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone along with Dan Sterling. "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" episode served as both a parody of genetic engineering and a statement against its potential evils. The scenes of Stan getting beat up by his sister were inspired by Parker's real-life childhood experiences with his own sister, who is also named Shelley. "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" was met with generally positive reviews, and has been described as one of the most popular early South Park episodes. Several commentators praised its satirical elements with regard to genetic engineering. The episode marked the first appearance of Shelley Marsh, Stan's mother Sharon Marsh (at the time named Carol), the mad scientist Dr. Alphonse Mephesto, who was inspired by the title character of the 1996 film, The Island of Dr. Moreau, as well as revealing that Randy Marsh is Stan's father. Plot The boys are waiting at the bus stop when Eric Cartman notices Stan Marsh has a black eye and it turns out his elder sister Shelley has been beating him up, all because she got new headgear at the dentist. Kyle Broflovski has problems of his own; his mother Sheila will not let him keep his new pet elephant in the house. At school, Mr. Hat teaches the class about genetic engineering, which prompts Kyle to decide to crossbreed his elephant with Cartman's pot-bellied pig, Fluffy, to make little "pot-bellied elephants", which he could keep in his house. Upon hearing this, Terrance Mephesto bets Kyle that he can clone a whole person before Kyle can create a pot-bellied elephant. Their teacher Mr. Garrison suggests the boys use their genetic modifications for the upcoming science fair and go to the South Park Genetic Engineering Ranch. At the ranch, Dr. Alphonse Mephesto shows them his genetically engineered collection, including several different animals with four pairs of buttocks, such as a monkey, ostrich and mongoose. Mephesto then explains that, just like the Loverboy song says, "pig and elephant DNA just won't splice", and steals a blood sample from Stan and the boys leave. At school the boys learn Terrance has cloned a human foot. The boys go to Chef with their genetic engineering problem, and after he too cites the Loverboy song, he gives them the idea to try to have the animals "make sweet love" to breed. Meanwhile, back at the ranch, Mephesto and his assistant Kevin have created a human clone of Stan for Terrance. The boys attempt to get the pig and the elephant drunk and to mate, but it does not seem to be working until Chef stops by and sings to the animals with a little help from Elton John. The cloned Stan breaks free from Mephesto's ranch and proceeds to terrorize the town. The boys eventually find the clone and take it to Stan's house and convince it to attack Shelley; however she easily defeats it and the clone decides to destroy the house and indirectly kills Kenny McCormick, by flinging him into a microwave, with a chair. Mephesto shows up and shoots the clone, but Stan is afraid he will be in trouble for everything the clone did. However, in a brief moment of kindness, Shelley takes the blame, after which she beats up Stan. When the science projects are due, Terrance presents a monkey with five pairs of buttocks, known as the "Five-Assed Monkey", but Kyle has nothing until the pig gives birth to a pot-bellied pig that looks like Mr. Garrison, implying the pig was impregnated by Mr. Garrison before the elephant. Garrison quickly awards it first prize over Terrance's monkey. Production "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" was written by show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, and Dan Sterling. It first aired on September 10, 1997, in the United States on Comedy Central. Parker and Stone intended to call this episode "An Elephant Fucks a Pig", but changed the title under pressure from Comedy Central. The network also made them cut a scene in which Shelley sets Stan on fire, to keep the show from coming under the same controversy for showing dangerous acts that can easily be imitated as MTV's Beavis and Butt-Head and later, MTV's Jackass. On early reruns of "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig", water under Stan would appear without an explanation. It was until later when South Park was re-released in HD when the water under Stan was removed. It was during the writing of this episode that Parker and Stone decided Kyle would be the good student and "school-smarter than the other kids". South Park co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone wrote "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" The subplot with Stan getting beat up by his sister Shelley came from Parker's real-life experiences getting beat up as a child by his sister, also named Shelley, who is three years his elder. Parker said although his sister would later deny it, she regularly beat him up or locked him out of the house for hours. He stated that the scene when Stan says "You're my sister and I love you" in order to try to avoid a beating, but was subsequently beat even harder, was based on an actual experience with his sister. A scene in which Stan asks the giant mutant Stan to attack Shelley is based on Parker's childhood fantasy of having a larger version of himself beat up his sister. The resolution to the subplot, in which Shelley takes the blame for Stan's mistakes, and then beats up Stan when he tries to thank her, was also based on experiences Parker had when his sister would bail him out of trouble. The dialogue spoken by the giant mutant Stan was inspired by a mentally handicapped character in the MTV show How's Your News?, which Parker and Stone produced. According to Parker and Stone, the character could only say phrases like "Bubba chop, bubba chewy chomp", and both men took turns voicing mutant Stan to sound the same way. Isaac Hayes, who does the voice of Chef, recorded all his lines via phone from New York City. Parker and Stone said they were nervous to ask him to repeat the line, "Now I know how all those white women felt", but he had no problem repeating it. The genetic mutations Dr. Mephesto creates, including the animals with multiple asses and the goldfish with bunny ears, were inspired by things Parker drew during high school. The scene in the cafeteria, in which the four boys are annoyed by Pip Pirrup, is a cut scene from the original version of the South Park pilot, "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe". As such, the animation in that individual scene is actually traditional paper cutout stop motion, while the animation throughout the rest of the episode is done with computers. In order to illustrate the aftermath after the destruction scenes, Parker and Stone smudged the paper sets with their fingerprints and stains to make them look like scorch burns. Cultural references The Baltimore Sun writer Tamara Ikenberg equated the episode as both a parody of genetic engineering and a statement against its potential evils, particularly through its portrayal of the giant mutant Stan wreaking havoc through South Park. This episode marked the first appearances of the characters Shelley and Sharon Marsh, Stan's elder sister and mother respectively, as well as that of Dr. Mephesto. Dr. Mephesto is based on Marlon Brando's character Dr. Moreau in the 1996 film, The Island of Dr. Moreau, which is based on the 1896 H. G. Wells novel of the same name. Mephesto is named after Mephistopheles, the demon in the Faust legend. Kevin, the companion of Dr. Mephesto, is based on the small creature who resembles and dresses like a miniature version of Brando's character in the film. Elton John, the English singer and songwriter, appears as a guest vocalist for Chef's song, in one of the earliest celebrity spoof appearances on South Park. Trey Parker, who provided the voice for Elton John, said many people thought it was the actual John singing because his impression was so accurate. In another musical reference featured in the episode, several characters claim the real-life Canadian rock group Loverboy wrote a song about the fact that the DNA of an elephant and pig will not splice. "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" includes several pop cultural references to films and television shows. The last line in the episode, "That'll do pig", spoken by Cartman, is a reference to the final line of the 1995 film Babe, a movie about a talking pig, which Stone has described as one of his favorite films. When the boys try to tell police officer Barbrady about the clone, he suggests that the boys have seen too many episodes of The X-Files. In the scene in which Pip is introduced, Stan asks Pip about his peculiar name, but Cartman interrupts Pip during his answer. Pip's reply – "my father's family name being Pirrip and my Christian name Phillip, my infant tongue--" – is identical to the opening line of the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations, which is narrated by its protagonist, Pip. The fourth season episode "Pip" is a parody and comedic retelling of the novel, and stars Pip, who assumes the role of his namesake. Reception Several media outlets described "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" as one of the most popular early South Park episodes. Tom Carson of Newsday said it was the most outrageous South Park episode until "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo" aired three months later. Many reviewers said the mere title demonstrated the crudeness and originality of South Park, then still a relatively new show. Chris Vognar of The Dallas Morning News said, "With episode titles such as, 'An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig,' suffice it to say there ain't much on the air like it." Tamara Ikenberg of The Baltimore Sun said the episode demonstrated the show's ability to address ethically challenging issues like genetic engineering with an "imaginative, unconventional flair". Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times praised the episode, and said the bestiality hinted at in the final scene of the episode illustrated the outrageousness of the show, as well as the fact that the show would probably not be enjoyed by all audiences. Rick Bentley of The Fresno Bee said the biggest laughs from the episode come from the song Chef sings to the elephant and pig. In 2008, Alicia Wade of the Daily Egyptian said the episode and its theme about genetic engineering still felt fresh more than 10 years after its original broadcast. In 2009, Travis Fickett from IGN rated the episode an 8.3 out of 10, and concluded, "It's a bit shocking, perhaps offensive to some, but in the context of murdering mutants and five-assed monkeys created by Brando parodies in Hawaiian moo-moos – it all makes perfect sense. And it's all quintessentially South Park." Home media "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" was released, alongside five other episodes, in a three-set VHS on May 5, 1998, marking the first time South Park was made available on video. The episode was released on the "Volume III" video, along with "Death"; other featured episodes included "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe", "Volcano", "Weight Gain 4000" and "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride". The episode was re-released by Warner Home Video in 2002, as part of the DVD box set South Park – The Complete First Season. "Tonight is Right for Love", the song sung by Chef to encourage the elephant and pig to make love, is featured in the 1998 South Park soundtrack "Chef Aid: The South Park Album". In the track, rock singer Meat Loaf sings the song along with Isaac Hayes, the actor who voices Chef. The distribution license for "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" was among six South Park episodes purchased in 2000 by the Pittsburgh-based company and website SightSound.com. The site made the episodes available for download $2.50 for a two-day download and $4.95 for a permanent copy. It was one of the first experiments with making television videos available for Internet download, making "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" one of the first of any television episode made legally available on the Internet. References ^ Stratyner, Leslie; James R. Keller (2009). The Deep End of South Park. McFarland. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-7864-4307-9. Retrieved July 30, 2009. ^ a b c Stall, Sam (2009). The South Park Episode Guide: Volume 1, Seasons 1–5. Running Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7624-3561-6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Trey Parker, Matt Stone (2003). South Park: The Complete First Season: "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" (Audio commentary, CD). Comedy Central. ^ "FAQ: How come the part in 'An Elephant Makes Love To A Pig' when Pip was talking to Cartman and Stan looked like it was from 'Cartman Gets An Anal Probe' with the different colours and animation?". South Park Studios. July 23, 2001. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2012. ^ a b Ikenberg, Tamara (February 18, 1998). "Rude rules; On Comedy Central's satirical "South Park", there are little lessons tucked in among the bad words and smart-aleck behavior". The Baltimore Sun. p. 1E. ^ a b Bentley, Rick (April 16, 1998). "New fans in the house; Loyal followers of Comedy Central's 'South Park' invade Jax House each Wednesday". The Fresno Bee. p. E1. ^ "FAQ – South Park Studios". South Park Studios. June 26, 2001. Archived from the original on April 4, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2009. ^ Calef, Scott (2006). "Four-Assed Monkeys: Genetics and Gen-Ethics in Small-Town Colorado". In Robert, Arp (ed.). South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today. Blackwell Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 1-4051-6160-4. ^ a b c d Vognar, Chris (February 1, 1998). "Brats entertainment; South Park' creators potty hardy on Comedy Central show". The Dallas Morning News. p. 1C. ^ Pratt, Doug (2005). Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!. UNET 2 Corporation. p. 1126. ISBN 1-932916-01-6. ^ Monahan, Mark (June 4, 2005). "Film-makers on film: Matt Stone and Trey Parker". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December 31, 2011. ^ Booker, M. Keith (2006). Drawn to television. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-275-99019-0. ^ Dickens, Charles (1881). "Chapter I.". Great Expectations. Estes and Lauriat. p. 21. My father's family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip. ^ McKay, John (August 8, 1998). "Creators defend South Park". The London Free Press. p. C5. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 20, 2004). "Writer-producer Dan Sterling has inked a two-year overall deal with 20th Century Fox Television". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ "South Park maniacs tune in". The Collegio. March 11, 1998. ^ Carson, Tom (March 15, 1998). "Culture Watch / South Park – gross anatomy of American childhood". Newsday. p. B06. ^ "Suck it and see". The Sunday Mail. September 27, 1998. p. 27. ^ Rosenberg, Howard (October 15, 1997). "Yes, I know it's sick, but still.". Los Angeles Times. p. F1. ^ Wade, Alicia (March 25, 2008). ""South Park" gone preachy". Daily Egyptian. ^ Fickett, Travis (June 24, 2009). "South Park Flashback: "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" Review". IGN. Retrieved February 21, 2022. ^ "Comedy Central's South Park – Three Collectible Videos Available For The First Time With Made-For-Video Footage Featuring Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone". Business Wire. March 26, 1998. ^ Werts, Diane (November 13, 2002). "Complete South Park DVD Incomplete". Newsday. p. B31. ^ "Season 1 (Region 1)". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ^ Bair, Jeffrey (September 26, 2000). "South Park on the web". Associated Press. ^ "SouthPark". Sightsound.com. September 25, 2000. Archived from the original on October 17, 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2010. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig. "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" Full episode at South Park Studios "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" at IMDb vteSouth Park episodes Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Specials Season 1 "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" "Volcano" "Weight Gain 4000" "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride" "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig" "Death" "Pinkeye" "Starvin' Marvin" "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo" "Damien" "Tom's Rhinoplasty" "Mecha-Streisand" "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park_season_1"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"Kyle Broflovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Broflovski"},{"link_name":"Eric Cartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Cartman"},{"link_name":"genetic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Stan Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_Park_families#Shelly_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Trey Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Parker"},{"link_name":"Matt Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Stone"},{"link_name":"Dan Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Sharon Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_and_Sharon_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Dr. Alphonse Mephesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supporting_characters_on_South_Park#Dr._Alphonse_Mephesto_and_Kevin"},{"link_name":"The Island of Dr. Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_of_Dr._Moreau_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Randy Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Marsh_(South_Park)"}],"text":"5th episode of the 1st season of South Park\"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American animated television series South Park. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on September 10, 1997. In the episode, the boys of South Park try to force Kyle Broflovski's pet elephant to crossbreed with Eric Cartman's pet pig for a class project on genetic engineering. Meanwhile, Stan Marsh tries to deal with his elder sister Shelley, who keeps beating him up.This episode was written by series creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone along with Dan Sterling. \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" episode served as both a parody of genetic engineering and a statement against its potential evils. The scenes of Stan getting beat up by his sister were inspired by Parker's real-life childhood experiences with his own sister, who is also named Shelley.\"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" was met with generally positive reviews, and has been described as one of the most popular early South Park episodes. Several commentators praised its satirical elements with regard to genetic engineering. The episode marked the first appearance of Shelley Marsh, Stan's mother Sharon Marsh (at the time named Carol), the mad scientist Dr. Alphonse Mephesto, who was inspired by the title character of the 1996 film, The Island of Dr. Moreau, as well as revealing that Randy Marsh is Stan's father.","title":"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Cartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Cartman"},{"link_name":"Stan Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Marsh"},{"link_name":"headgear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headgear"},{"link_name":"Kyle Broflovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Broflovski"},{"link_name":"Sheila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_and_Sheila_Broflovski"},{"link_name":"Mr. Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Garrison#Mr._Hat"},{"link_name":"pot-bellied pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Pot-bellied"},{"link_name":"Mr. Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Garrison"},{"link_name":"Dr. Alphonse Mephesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supporting_characters_on_South_Park#Dr._Alphonse_Mephesto_and_Kevin"},{"link_name":"Loverboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loverboy"},{"link_name":"Chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef_(South_Park)"},{"link_name":"his assistant Kevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supporting_characters_on_South_Park#Dr._Alphonse_Mephesto_and_Kevin"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Kenny McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_McCormick"},{"link_name":"impregnated by Mr. Garrison before the elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiality"}],"text":"The boys are waiting at the bus stop when Eric Cartman notices Stan Marsh has a black eye and it turns out his elder sister Shelley has been beating him up, all because she got new headgear at the dentist. Kyle Broflovski has problems of his own; his mother Sheila will not let him keep his new pet elephant in the house. At school, Mr. Hat teaches the class about genetic engineering, which prompts Kyle to decide to crossbreed his elephant with Cartman's pot-bellied pig, Fluffy, to make little \"pot-bellied elephants\", which he could keep in his house. Upon hearing this, Terrance Mephesto bets Kyle that he can clone a whole person before Kyle can create a pot-bellied elephant. Their teacher Mr. Garrison suggests the boys use their genetic modifications for the upcoming science fair and go to the South Park Genetic Engineering Ranch.At the ranch, Dr. Alphonse Mephesto shows them his genetically engineered collection, including several different animals with four pairs of buttocks, such as a monkey, ostrich and mongoose. Mephesto then explains that, just like the Loverboy song says, \"pig and elephant DNA just won't splice\", and steals a blood sample from Stan and the boys leave. At school the boys learn Terrance has cloned a human foot. The boys go to Chef with their genetic engineering problem, and after he too cites the Loverboy song, he gives them the idea to try to have the animals \"make sweet love\" to breed.Meanwhile, back at the ranch, Mephesto and his assistant Kevin have created a human clone of Stan for Terrance. The boys attempt to get the pig and the elephant drunk and to mate, but it does not seem to be working until Chef stops by and sings to the animals with a little help from Elton John. The cloned Stan breaks free from Mephesto's ranch and proceeds to terrorize the town. The boys eventually find the clone and take it to Stan's house and convince it to attack Shelley; however she easily defeats it and the clone decides to destroy the house and indirectly kills Kenny McCormick, by flinging him into a microwave, with a chair. Mephesto shows up and shoots the clone, but Stan is afraid he will be in trouble for everything the clone did. However, in a brief moment of kindness, Shelley takes the blame, after which she beats up Stan.When the science projects are due, Terrance presents a monkey with five pairs of buttocks, known as the \"Five-Assed Monkey\", but Kyle has nothing until the pig gives birth to a pot-bellied pig that looks like Mr. Garrison, implying the pig was impregnated by Mr. Garrison before the elephant. Garrison quickly awards it first prize over Terrance's monkey.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trey Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Parker"},{"link_name":"Matt Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Stone"},{"link_name":"Dan Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPEpGuide-2"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Beavis and Butt-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head"},{"link_name":"Jackass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trey_Parker_Matt_Stone_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trey Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Parker"},{"link_name":"Matt Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"How's Your News?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%27s_Your_News%3F"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayes"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"Pip Pirrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_students_at_South_Park_Elementary#Pip_Pirrup"},{"link_name":"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartman_Gets_an_Anal_Probe"},{"link_name":"cutout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutout_animation"},{"link_name":"stop motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPEpGuide-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faq_pilotscene-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"}],"text":"\"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" was written by show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, and Dan Sterling. It first aired on September 10, 1997, in the United States on Comedy Central. Parker and Stone intended to call this episode \"An Elephant Fucks a Pig\", but changed the title under pressure from Comedy Central.[2] The network also made them cut a scene in which Shelley sets Stan on fire, to keep the show from coming under the same controversy for showing dangerous acts that can easily be imitated as MTV's Beavis and Butt-Head and later, MTV's Jackass. On early reruns of \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\", water under Stan would appear without an explanation. It was until later when South Park was re-released in HD when the water under Stan was removed. It was during the writing of this episode that Parker and Stone decided Kyle would be the good student and \"school-smarter than the other kids\".[3]South Park co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone wrote \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\"The subplot with Stan getting beat up by his sister Shelley came from Parker's real-life experiences getting beat up as a child by his sister, also named Shelley, who is three years his elder. Parker said although his sister would later deny it, she regularly beat him up or locked him out of the house for hours. He stated that the scene when Stan says \"You're my sister and I love you\" in order to try to avoid a beating, but was subsequently beat even harder, was based on an actual experience with his sister. A scene in which Stan asks the giant mutant Stan to attack Shelley is based on Parker's childhood fantasy of having a larger version of himself beat up his sister. The resolution to the subplot, in which Shelley takes the blame for Stan's mistakes, and then beats up Stan when he tries to thank her, was also based on experiences Parker had when his sister would bail him out of trouble.[3]The dialogue spoken by the giant mutant Stan was inspired by a mentally handicapped character in the MTV show How's Your News?, which Parker and Stone produced. According to Parker and Stone, the character could only say phrases like \"Bubba chop, bubba chewy chomp\", and both men took turns voicing mutant Stan to sound the same way. Isaac Hayes, who does the voice of Chef, recorded all his lines via phone from New York City. Parker and Stone said they were nervous to ask him to repeat the line, \"Now I know how all those white women felt\", but he had no problem repeating it. The genetic mutations Dr. Mephesto creates, including the animals with multiple asses and the goldfish with bunny ears, were inspired by things Parker drew during high school.[3]The scene in the cafeteria, in which the four boys are annoyed by Pip Pirrup, is a cut scene from the original version of the South Park pilot, \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\". As such, the animation in that individual scene is actually traditional paper cutout stop motion, while the animation throughout the rest of the episode is done with computers.[2][3][4] In order to illustrate the aftermath after the destruction scenes, Parker and Stone smudged the paper sets with their fingerprints and stains to make them look like scorch burns.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Baltimore Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun"},{"link_name":"genetic engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS0218-5"},{"link_name":"Sharon Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_and_Sharon_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPEpGuide-2"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"The Island of Dr. Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_of_Dr._Moreau_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_of_Doctor_Moreau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fresno-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mephistopheles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephistopheles"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMN0201-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Loverboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loverboy"},{"link_name":"Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Barbrady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbrady"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Great Expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Expectations"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novel_firstpara-13"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park_season_4"},{"link_name":"Pip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_(South_Park)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Baltimore Sun writer Tamara Ikenberg equated the episode as both a parody of genetic engineering and a statement against its potential evils, particularly through its portrayal of the giant mutant Stan wreaking havoc through South Park.[5] This episode marked the first appearances of the characters Shelley and Sharon Marsh, Stan's elder sister and mother respectively, as well as that of Dr. Mephesto.[2] Dr. Mephesto is based on Marlon Brando's character Dr. Moreau in the 1996 film, The Island of Dr. Moreau, which is based on the 1896 H. G. Wells novel of the same name.[3][6][7] Mephesto is named after Mephistopheles, the demon in the Faust legend.[8] Kevin, the companion of Dr. Mephesto, is based on the small creature who resembles and dresses like a miniature version of Brando's character in the film.[citation needed]Elton John, the English singer and songwriter, appears as a guest vocalist for Chef's song, in one of the earliest celebrity spoof appearances on South Park.[9] Trey Parker, who provided the voice for Elton John, said many people thought it was the actual John singing because his impression was so accurate.[3][10] In another musical reference featured in the episode, several characters claim the real-life Canadian rock group Loverboy wrote a song about the fact that the DNA of an elephant and pig will not splice. \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" includes several pop cultural references to films and television shows. The last line in the episode, \"That'll do pig\", spoken by Cartman, is a reference to the final line of the 1995 film Babe, a movie about a talking pig, which Stone has described as one of his favorite films.[3][11] When the boys try to tell police officer Barbrady about the clone, he suggests that the boys have seen too many episodes of The X-Files.[12] In the scene in which Pip is introduced, Stan asks Pip about his peculiar name, but Cartman interrupts Pip during his answer. Pip's reply – \"my father's family name being Pirrip and my Christian name Phillip, my infant tongue--\" – is identical to the opening line of the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations, which is narrated by its protagonist, Pip.[13] The fourth season episode \"Pip\" is a parody and comedic retelling of the novel, and stars Pip, who assumes the role of his namesake.[citation needed]","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Hankey,_the_Christmas_Poo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMN0201-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Dallas Morning News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMN0201-9"},{"link_name":"The Baltimore Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS0218-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"bestiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Fresno Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresno_Bee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fresno-6"},{"link_name":"Daily Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Egyptian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Several media outlets described \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" as one of the most popular early South Park episodes.[14][15][16] Tom Carson of Newsday said it was the most outrageous South Park episode until \"Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo\" aired three months later.[17] Many reviewers said the mere title demonstrated the crudeness and originality of South Park, then still a relatively new show.[9][18] Chris Vognar of The Dallas Morning News said, \"With episode titles such as, 'An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig,' suffice it to say there ain't much on the air like it.\"[9]Tamara Ikenberg of The Baltimore Sun said the episode demonstrated the show's ability to address ethically challenging issues like genetic engineering with an \"imaginative, unconventional flair\".[5] Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times praised the episode, and said the bestiality hinted at in the final scene of the episode illustrated the outrageousness of the show, as well as the fact that the show would probably not be enjoyed by all audiences.[19]Rick Bentley of The Fresno Bee said the biggest laughs from the episode come from the song Chef sings to the elephant and pig.[6] In 2008, Alicia Wade of the Daily Egyptian said the episode and its theme about genetic engineering still felt fresh more than 10 years after its original broadcast.[20] In 2009, Travis Fickett from IGN rated the episode an 8.3 out of 10, and concluded, \"It's a bit shocking, perhaps offensive to some, but in the context of murdering mutants and five-assed monkeys created by Brando parodies in Hawaiian moo-moos – it all makes perfect sense. And it's all quintessentially South Park.\"[21]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(South_Park)"},{"link_name":"Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_(South_Park_episode)"},{"link_name":"Weight Gain 4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_Gain_4000"},{"link_name":"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Gay_Al%27s_Big_Gay_Boat_Ride"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMN0201-9"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news.google-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"\"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" was released, alongside five other episodes, in a three-set VHS on May 5, 1998, marking the first time South Park was made available on video. The episode was released on the \"Volume III\" video, along with \"Death\"; other featured episodes included \"Cartman Gets an Anal Probe\", \"Volcano\", \"Weight Gain 4000\" and \"Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride\".[22] The episode was re-released by Warner Home Video in 2002, as part of the DVD box set South Park – The Complete First Season.[23][24]\"Tonight is Right for Love\", the song sung by Chef to encourage the elephant and pig to make love, is featured in the 1998 South Park soundtrack \"Chef Aid: The South Park Album\".[9] In the track, rock singer Meat Loaf sings the song along with Isaac Hayes, the actor who voices Chef.[3]The distribution license for \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" was among six South Park episodes purchased in 2000 by the Pittsburgh-based company and website SightSound.com. The site made the episodes available for download $2.50 for a two-day download and $4.95 for a permanent copy. It was one of the first experiments with making television videos available for Internet download, making \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" one of the first of any television episode made legally available on the Internet.[25][26]","title":"Home media"}]
[{"image_text":"South Park co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone wrote \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Trey_Parker_Matt_Stone_2007.jpg/300px-Trey_Parker_Matt_Stone_2007.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Stratyner, Leslie; James R. Keller (2009). The Deep End of South Park. McFarland. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-7864-4307-9. Retrieved July 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q_dHbk7CdOkC&q=An+Elephant+Makes+Love+to+a+Pig","url_text":"The Deep End of South Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4307-9","url_text":"978-0-7864-4307-9"}]},{"reference":"Stall, Sam (2009). The South Park Episode Guide: Volume 1, Seasons 1–5. Running Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7624-3561-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Press","url_text":"Running Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3561-6","url_text":"978-0-7624-3561-6"}]},{"reference":"Trey Parker, Matt Stone (2003). South Park: The Complete First Season: \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" (Audio commentary, CD). Comedy Central.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"FAQ: How come the part in 'An Elephant Makes Love To A Pig' when Pip was talking to Cartman and Stan looked like it was from 'Cartman Gets An Anal Probe' with the different colours and animation?\". South Park Studios. July 23, 2001. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130202190411/http://www.southparkstudios.com/fans/faq/353041","url_text":"\"FAQ: How come the part in 'An Elephant Makes Love To A Pig' when Pip was talking to Cartman and Stan looked like it was from 'Cartman Gets An Anal Probe' with the different colours and animation?\""},{"url":"https://southpark.cc.com/fans/faq/353041","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ikenberg, Tamara (February 18, 1998). \"Rude rules; On Comedy Central's satirical \"South Park\", there are little lessons tucked in among the bad words and smart-aleck behavior\". The Baltimore Sun. p. 1E.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Rick (April 16, 1998). \"New fans in the house; Loyal followers of Comedy Central's 'South Park' invade Jax House each Wednesday\". The Fresno Bee. p. E1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresno_Bee","url_text":"The Fresno Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ – South Park Studios\". South Park Studios. June 26, 2001. Archived from the original on April 4, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080404233334/http://www.southparkstudios.com/fans/faq/archives.php?id=1673","url_text":"\"FAQ – South Park Studios\""},{"url":"https://southpark.cc.com/fans/faq/archives.php?id=1673","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Calef, Scott (2006). \"Four-Assed Monkeys: Genetics and Gen-Ethics in Small-Town Colorado\". In Robert, Arp (ed.). South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today. Blackwell Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 1-4051-6160-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park_and_Philosophy:_You_Know,_I_Learned_Something_Today","url_text":"South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-6160-4","url_text":"1-4051-6160-4"}]},{"reference":"Vognar, Chris (February 1, 1998). \"Brats entertainment; South Park' creators potty hardy on Comedy Central show\". The Dallas Morning News. p. 1C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"Pratt, Doug (2005). Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!. UNET 2 Corporation. p. 1126. ISBN 1-932916-01-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932916-01-6","url_text":"1-932916-01-6"}]},{"reference":"Monahan, Mark (June 4, 2005). \"Film-makers on film: Matt Stone and Trey Parker\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved December 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmmakersonfilm/3643149/Film-makers-on-film-Matt-Stone-and-Trey-Parker.html","url_text":"\"Film-makers on film: Matt Stone and Trey Parker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Booker, M. Keith (2006). Drawn to television. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-275-99019-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EGtTOAGYSWQC&q=An+Elephant+Makes+Love+to+a+Pig","url_text":"Drawn to television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99019-0","url_text":"978-0-275-99019-0"}]},{"reference":"Dickens, Charles (1881). \"Chapter I.\". Great Expectations. Estes and Lauriat. p. 21. My father's family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens","url_text":"Dickens, Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fhUXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19","url_text":"\"Chapter I.\""}]},{"reference":"McKay, John (August 8, 1998). \"Creators defend South Park\". The London Free Press. p. C5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Free_Press","url_text":"The London Free Press"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (February 20, 2004). \"Writer-producer Dan Sterling has inked a two-year overall deal with 20th Century Fox Television\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"South Park maniacs tune in\". The Collegio. March 11, 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carson, Tom (March 15, 1998). \"Culture Watch / South Park – gross anatomy of American childhood\". Newsday. p. B06.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"}]},{"reference":"\"Suck it and see\". The Sunday Mail. September 27, 1998. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Mail_(Brisbane)","url_text":"The Sunday Mail"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Howard (October 15, 1997). \"Yes, I know it's sick, but still.\". Los Angeles Times. p. F1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Alicia (March 25, 2008). \"\"South Park\" gone preachy\". Daily Egyptian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Egyptian","url_text":"Daily Egyptian"}]},{"reference":"Fickett, Travis (June 24, 2009). \"South Park Flashback: \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved February 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/25/south-park-flashback-an-elephant-makes-love-to-a-pig-review","url_text":"\"South Park Flashback: \"An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig\" Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"Comedy Central's South Park – Three Collectible Videos Available For The First Time With Made-For-Video Footage Featuring Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone\". Business Wire. March 26, 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"Werts, Diane (November 13, 2002). \"Complete South Park DVD Incomplete\". Newsday. p. B31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"}]},{"reference":"\"Season 1 (Region 1)\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090415003558/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/South-Park-Complete-1st-Season/1413","url_text":"\"Season 1 (Region 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVShowsOnDVD.com","url_text":"TVShowsOnDVD.com"},{"url":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/South-Park-Complete-1st-Season/1413","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bair, Jeffrey (September 26, 2000). \"South Park on the web\". Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2foaAAAAIBAJ&dq=bair%20jeffrey%202000%20comedy%20central%20trying%20south-park%20downloads%20associated%20press%20pittsburgh%20pennsylvania&pg=3362%2C3254131","url_text":"\"South Park on the web\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"SouthPark\". Sightsound.com. September 25, 2000. Archived from the original on October 17, 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001017162725/http://www.sightsound.com/ComedyCentral/southpark.html","url_text":"\"SouthPark\""},{"url":"http://www.sightsound.com/ComedyCentral/southpark.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_Biological_Effectiveness
Relative biological effectiveness
["1 Application","2 Relation to radiation weighting factors (WR)","3 Experimental methods","3.1 Dependence on tissue type","3.2 Dependence on source location","4 History","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
"RBE" redirects here. For other uses, see RBE (disambiguation). Not to be confused with the tissue sensitivity weighting factor Wf used in calculating the effective dose (radiation safety). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Relative biological effectiveness" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy. The RBE is an empirical value that varies depending on the type of ionizing radiation, the energies involved, the biological effects being considered such as cell death, and the oxygen tension of the tissues or so-called oxygen effect. Application The absorbed dose can be a poor indicator of the biological effect of radiation, as the biological effect can depend on many other factors, including the type of radiation, energy, and type of tissue. The relative biological effectiveness can help give a better measure of the biological effect of radiation. The relative biological effectiveness for radiation of type R on a tissue is defined as the ratio R B E = D X D R {\displaystyle RBE={\frac {D_{X}}{D_{R}}}} where DX is a reference absorbed dose of radiation of a standard type X, and DR is the absorbed dose of radiation of type R that causes the same amount of biological damage. Both doses are quantified by the amount of energy absorbed in the cells. Different types of radiation have different biological effectiveness mainly because they transfer their energy to the tissue in different ways. Photons and beta particles have a low linear energy transfer (LET) coefficient, meaning that they ionize atoms in the tissue that are spaced by several hundred nanometers (several tenths of a micrometer) apart, along their path. In contrast, the much more massive alpha particles and neutrons leave a denser trail of ionized atoms in their wake, spaced about one tenth of a nanometer apart (i.e., less than one-thousandth of the typical distance between ionizations for photons and beta particles). RBEs can be used for either cancer/hereditary risks (stochastic) or for harmful tissue reactions (deterministic) effects. Tissues have different RBEs depending on the type of effect. For high LET radiation (i.e., alphas and neutrons), the RBEs for deterministic effects tend to be lower than those for stochastic effects. The concept of RBE is relevant in medicine, such as in radiology and radiotherapy, and to the evaluation of risks and consequences of radioactive contamination in various contexts, such as nuclear power plant operation, nuclear fuel disposal and reprocessing, nuclear weapons, uranium mining, and ionizing radiation safety. Relation to radiation weighting factors (WR) ICRP Protection Dose quantities in SI units For the purposes of computing the equivalent dose to an organ or tissue, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has defined a standard set of radiation weighting factors (WR), formerly termed the quality factor (Q). The radiation weighting factors convert absorbed dose (measured in SI units of grays or non-SI rads) into formal biological equivalent dose for radiation exposure (measured in units of sieverts or rem). However, ICRP states: "The quantities equivalent dose and effective dose should not be used to quantify higher radiation doses or to make decisions on the need for any treatment related to tissue reactions . For such purposes, doses should be evaluated in terms of absorbed dose (in gray, Gy), and where high-LET radiations (e.g., neutrons or alpha particles) are involved, an absorbed dose, weighted with an appropriate RBE, should be used" Radiation weighting factors are largely based on the RBE of radiation for stochastic health risks. However, for simplicity, the radiation weighting factors are not dependent on the type of tissue, and the values are conservatively chosen to be greater than the bulk of experimental values observed for the most sensitive cell types, with respect to external (external to the cell) sources. Radiation weighting factors have not been developed for internal sources of heavy ions, such as a recoil nucleus. The ICRP 2007 standard values for relative effectiveness are given below. The higher radiation weighting factor for a type of radiation, the more damaging it is, and this is incorporated into the calculation to convert from gray to sievert units. The radiation weighting factor for neutrons has been revised over time and remains controversial. Radiation Energy WR (formerly Q) x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, muons 1 neutrons (< 1 MeV) 2.5 + 18.2e-2/6 neutrons (1 - 50 MeV) 5.0 + 17.0e-2/6 neutrons (> 50 MeV) 2.5 + 3.25e-2/6 protons, charged pions 2 alpha particles, nuclear fission products, heavy nuclei 20 Radiation weighting factors that go from physical energy to biological effect must not be confused with tissue weighting factors. The tissue weighting factors are used to convert an equivalent dose to a given tissue in the body, to an effective dose, a number that provides an estimation of total danger to the whole organism, as a result of the radiation dose to part of the body. Experimental methods Data for CHO-K1 cell line irradiated by photons (blue curve) and by carbon ions (red curve). The RBE is given by D x D i {\displaystyle {\frac {D_{x}}{D_{i}}}} . Typically the evaluation of relative biological effectiveness is done on various types of living cells grown in culture medium, including prokaryotic cells such as bacteria, simple eukaryotic cells such as single celled plants, and advanced eukaryotic cells derived from organisms such as rats. By irradiating batches of cells with different doses and types of radiation, a relationship between dose and the fraction of cells that die can be found, and then used to find the doses corresponding to some common survival rate. The ratio of these doses is the RBE of R. Instead of death, the endpoint might be the fraction of cells that become unable to undergo mitotic division (or, for bacteria, binary fission), thus being effectively sterilized — even if they can still carry out other cellular functions. The types R of ionizing radiation most considered in RBE evaluation are X-rays and gamma radiation (both consisting of photons), alpha radiations (helium-4 nuclei), beta radiation (electrons and positrons), neutron radiation, and heavy nuclei, including the fragments of nuclear fission. For some kinds of radiation, the RBE is strongly dependent on the energy of the individual particles. Dependence on tissue type Early on it was found that X-rays, gamma rays, and beta radiation were essentially equivalent for all cell types. Therefore, the standard radiation type X is generally an X-ray beam with 250 keV photons or cobalt-60 gamma rays. As a result, the relative biological effectiveness of beta and photon radiation is essentially 1. For other radiation types, the RBE is not a well-defined physical quantity, since it varies somewhat with the type of tissue and with the precise place of absorption within the cell. Thus, for example, the RBE for alpha radiation is 2–3 when measured on bacteria, 4–6 for simple eukaryotic cells, and 6–8 for higher eukaryotic cells. According to one source it may be much higher (6500 with X rays as the reference) on ovocytes. The RBE of neutrons is 4–6 for bacteria, 8–12 for simple eukaryotic cells, and 12–16 for higher eukaryotic cells. Dependence on source location In the early experiments, the sources of radiation were all external to the cells that were irradiated. However, since alpha particles cannot traverse the outermost dead layer of human skin, they can do significant damage only if they come from the decay of atoms inside the body. Since the range of an alpha particle is typically about the diameter of a single eukaryotic cell, the precise location of the emitting atom in the tissue cells becomes significant. For this reason, it has been suggested that the health impact of contamination by alpha emitters might have been substantially underestimated. Measurements of RBE with external sources also neglect the ionization caused by the recoil of the parent-nucleus due to the alpha decay. While the recoil of the parent-nucleus of the decaying atom typically carries only about 2% of the energy of the alpha-particle that is emitted by the decaying atom, its range is extremely short (about 2–3 angstroms), due to its high electric charge and high mass. The parent nucleus is required to recoil, upon emission of an alpha particle, with a discrete kinetic energy due to conservation of momentum. Thus, all of the ionization energy from the recoil-nucleus is deposited in an extremely small volume near its original location, typically in the cell nucleus on the chromosomes, which have an affinity for heavy metals. The bulk of studies, using sources that are external to the cell, have yielded RBEs between 10 and 20. Since most of the ionization damage from the travel of the alpha particle is deposited in the cytoplasm, whereas from the travel of the recoil-nucleus is on the DNA itself, it is likely greater damage is caused by the recoil nucleus than by the alpha particle itself. History In 1931, Failla and Henshaw reported on determination of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of x rays and γ rays. This appears to be the first use of the term ‘RBE’. The authors noted that RBE was dependent on the experimental system being studied. Somewhat later, it was pointed out by Zirkle et al. (1952) that the biological effectiveness depends on the spatial distribution of the energy imparted and the density of ionisations per unit path length of the ionising particles. Zirkle et al. coined the term ‘linear energy transfer (LET)’ to be used in radiobiology for the stopping power, i.e. the energy loss per unit path length of a charged particle. The concept was introduced in the 1950s, at a time when the deployment of nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors spurred research on the biological effects of artificial radioactivity. It had been noticed that those effects depended both on the type and energy spectrum of the radiation, and on the kind of living tissue. The first systematic experiments to determine the RBE were conducted in that decade. See also Background radiation Linear energy transfer (LET) Theory of dual radiation action References ^ a b c "The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection". Annals of the ICRP. ICRP publication 103. 37 (2–4). 2007. ISBN 978-0-7020-3048-2. Retrieved 17 May 2012. ^ Sinclair DW (January 2003). "Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality factor (Q) and radiation weighting factor (Wr)". Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 92. 33 (4). ISBN 978-0-08-044311-9. ^ Nagasawa, H.; Little, J. B. (1992-11-15). "Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by extremely low doses of alpha-particles". Cancer Research. 52 (22): 6394–6396. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 1423287. ^ Winters TH, Di Franza JR (February 1982). "Radioactivity in cigarette smoking". The New England Journal of Medicine. 306 (6): 364–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM198202113060613. PMID 7054712. ^ Zhu G, Zhang CY (December 2014). "Functional nucleic acid-based sensors for heavy metal ion assays". The Analyst. 139 (24): 6326–42. Bibcode:2014Ana...139.6326Z. doi:10.1039/C4AN01069H. PMID 25356810. ^ Barton JK (1994). "Chapter 8: Metal/Nucleic-Acid Interactions" (PDF). In Bertini I, Gray HB, Lippard SJ, Valentine JS (eds.). Bioinorganic Chemistry. Mill Valley, Calif.: Univ. Science Books. pp. 455–503. ISBN 0-935702-57-1. ^ Kim SH, Shin WC, Warrant R (1985). "Heavy metal ion-nucleic acid interaction". Diffraction Methods for Biological Macromolecules Part A. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 114. pp. 156–67. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(85)14016-4. ISBN 978-0-12-182014-5. PMID 3853074. ^ Chambers DB, Osborne RV, Garva AL (2006). "Choosing an alpha radiation weighting factor for doses to non-human biota". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 87 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.10.009. PMID 16377039. External links Relative Biological Effectiveness in Ion Beam Therapy
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For other uses, see RBE (disambiguation).Not to be confused with the tissue sensitivity weighting factor Wf used in calculating the effective dose (radiation safety).In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy. 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The relative biological effectiveness can help give a better measure of the biological effect of radiation. The relative biological effectiveness for radiation of type R on a tissue is defined as the ratioR\n B\n E\n =\n \n \n \n D\n \n X\n \n \n \n D\n \n R\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle RBE={\\frac {D_{X}}{D_{R}}}}where DX is a reference absorbed dose of radiation of a standard type X, and DR is the absorbed dose of radiation of type R that causes the same amount of biological damage. Both doses are quantified by the amount of energy absorbed in the cells.Different types of radiation have different biological effectiveness mainly because they transfer their energy to the tissue in different ways. Photons and beta particles have a low linear energy transfer (LET) coefficient, meaning that they ionize atoms in the tissue that are spaced by several hundred nanometers (several tenths of a micrometer) apart, along their path. In contrast, the much more massive alpha particles and neutrons leave a denser trail of ionized atoms in their wake, spaced about one tenth of a nanometer apart (i.e., less than one-thousandth of the typical distance between ionizations for photons and beta particles).RBEs can be used for either cancer/hereditary risks (stochastic) or for harmful tissue reactions (deterministic) effects. Tissues have different RBEs depending on the type of effect. For high LET radiation (i.e., alphas and neutrons), the RBEs for deterministic effects tend to be lower than those for stochastic effects.[1]The concept of RBE is relevant in medicine, such as in radiology and radiotherapy, and to the evaluation of risks and consequences of radioactive contamination in various contexts, such as nuclear power plant operation, nuclear fuel disposal and reprocessing, nuclear weapons, uranium mining, and ionizing radiation safety.","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SI_Radiation_dose_units.png"},{"link_name":"equivalent dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose"},{"link_name":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection"},{"link_name":"radiation weighting factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_weighting_factor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icrp103-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icrp92-2"},{"link_name":"absorbed dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbed_dose"},{"link_name":"grays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(unit)"},{"link_name":"rads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad_(unit)"},{"link_name":"equivalent dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose"},{"link_name":"sieverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert"},{"link_name":"rem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icrp103-1"},{"link_name":"stochastic health risks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiobiology#Stochastic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neutron_radiation_weighting_factor_as_a_function_of_kinetic_energy.gif"},{"link_name":"tissue weighting factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_weighting_factor"},{"link_name":"equivalent dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_dose"},{"link_name":"effective dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)"}],"text":"ICRP Protection Dose quantities in SI unitsFor the purposes of computing the equivalent dose to an organ or tissue, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has defined a standard set of radiation weighting factors (WR), formerly termed the quality factor (Q).[1][2] The radiation weighting factors convert absorbed dose (measured in SI units of grays or non-SI rads) into formal biological equivalent dose for radiation exposure (measured in units of sieverts or rem). However, ICRP states:[1]\"The quantities equivalent dose and effective dose should not be used to quantify higher radiation doses or to make decisions on the need for any treatment related to tissue reactions [i.e., deterministic effects]. For such purposes, doses should be evaluated in terms of absorbed dose (in gray, Gy), and where high-LET radiations (e.g., neutrons or alpha particles) are involved, an absorbed dose, weighted with an appropriate RBE, should be used\"Radiation weighting factors are largely based on the RBE of radiation for stochastic health risks. However, for simplicity, the radiation weighting factors are not dependent on the type of tissue, and the values are conservatively chosen to be greater than the bulk of experimental values observed for the most sensitive cell types, with respect to external (external to the cell) sources. Radiation weighting factors have not been developed for internal sources of heavy ions, such as a recoil nucleus.The ICRP 2007 standard values for relative effectiveness are given below. The higher radiation weighting factor for a type of radiation, the more damaging it is, and this is incorporated into the calculation to convert from gray to sievert units.The radiation weighting factor for neutrons has been revised over time and remains controversial.Radiation weighting factors that go from physical energy to biological effect must not be confused with tissue weighting factors. The tissue weighting factors are used to convert an equivalent dose to a given tissue in the body, to an effective dose, a number that provides an estimation of total danger to the whole organism, as a result of the radiation dose to part of the body.","title":"Relation to radiation weighting factors (WR)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rbe_definition.png"},{"link_name":"culture medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_medium"},{"link_name":"prokaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"mitotic division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotic_division"},{"link_name":"binary fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_fission"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"gamma radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_radiation"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"alpha radiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_radiation"},{"link_name":"helium-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-4"},{"link_name":"beta radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_radiation"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"positrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron"},{"link_name":"neutron radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_radiation"},{"link_name":"nuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"}],"text":"Data for CHO-K1 cell line irradiated by photons (blue curve) and by carbon ions (red curve). The RBE is given by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n x\n \n \n \n D\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {D_{x}}{D_{i}}}}\n \n.Typically the evaluation of relative biological effectiveness is done on various types of living cells grown in culture medium, including prokaryotic cells such as bacteria, simple eukaryotic cells such as single celled plants, and advanced eukaryotic cells derived from organisms such as rats. By irradiating batches of cells with different doses and types of radiation, a relationship between dose and the fraction of cells that die can be found, and then used to find the doses corresponding to some common survival rate. The ratio of these doses is the RBE of R. Instead of death, the endpoint might be the fraction of cells that become unable to undergo mitotic division (or, for bacteria, binary fission), thus being effectively sterilized — even if they can still carry out other cellular functions.The types R of ionizing radiation most considered in RBE evaluation are X-rays and gamma radiation (both consisting of photons), alpha radiations (helium-4 nuclei), beta radiation (electrons and positrons), neutron radiation, and heavy nuclei, including the fragments of nuclear fission. For some kinds of radiation, the RBE is strongly dependent on the energy of the individual particles.","title":"Experimental methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"keV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"},{"link_name":"cobalt-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt-60"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Dependence on tissue type","text":"Early on it was found that X-rays, gamma rays, and beta radiation were essentially equivalent for all cell types. Therefore, the standard radiation type X is generally an X-ray beam with 250 keV photons or cobalt-60 gamma rays. As a result, the relative biological effectiveness of beta and photon radiation is essentially 1.For other radiation types, the RBE is not a well-defined physical quantity, since it varies somewhat with the type of tissue and with the precise place of absorption within the cell. Thus, for example, the RBE for alpha radiation is 2–3 when measured on bacteria, 4–6 for simple eukaryotic cells, and 6–8 for higher eukaryotic cells. According to one source it may be much higher (6500 with X rays as the reference) on ovocytes.[3] The RBE of neutrons is 4–6 for bacteria, 8–12 for simple eukaryotic cells, and 12–16 for higher eukaryotic cells.","title":"Experimental methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"recoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil"},{"link_name":"electric charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"alpha particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle"},{"link_name":"conservation of momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"}],"sub_title":"Dependence on source location","text":"In the early experiments, the sources of radiation were all external to the cells that were irradiated. However, since alpha particles cannot traverse the outermost dead layer of human skin, they can do significant damage only if they come from the decay of atoms inside the body. Since the range of an alpha particle is typically about the diameter of a single eukaryotic cell, the precise location of the emitting atom in the tissue cells becomes significant.For this reason, it has been suggested that the health impact of contamination by alpha emitters might have been substantially underestimated.[4] Measurements of RBE with external sources also neglect the ionization caused by the recoil of the parent-nucleus due to the alpha decay. While the recoil of the parent-nucleus of the decaying atom typically carries only about 2% of the energy of the alpha-particle that is emitted by the decaying atom, its range is extremely short (about 2–3 angstroms), due to its high electric charge and high mass. The parent nucleus is required to recoil, upon emission of an alpha particle, with a discrete kinetic energy due to conservation of momentum. Thus, all of the ionization energy from the recoil-nucleus is deposited in an extremely small volume near its original location, typically in the cell nucleus on the chromosomes, which have an affinity for heavy metals.[5][6][7] The bulk of studies, using sources that are external to the cell, have yielded RBEs between 10 and 20.[8] Since most of the ionization damage from the travel of the alpha particle is deposited in the cytoplasm, whereas from the travel of the recoil-nucleus is on the DNA itself, it is likely greater damage is caused by the recoil nucleus than by the alpha particle itself.","title":"Experimental methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_spectrum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1931, Failla and Henshaw reported on determination of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of x rays and γ rays. This appears to be the first use of the term ‘RBE’. The authors noted that RBE was dependent on the experimental system being studied. Somewhat later, it was pointed out by Zirkle et al. (1952) that the biological effectiveness depends on the spatial distribution of the energy imparted and the density of ionisations per unit path length of the ionising particles. Zirkle et al. coined the term ‘linear energy transfer (LET)’ to be used in radiobiology for the stopping power, i.e. the energy loss per unit path length of a charged particle. The concept was introduced in the 1950s, at a time when the deployment of nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors spurred research on the biological effects of artificial radioactivity. It had been noticed that those effects depended both on the type and energy spectrum of the radiation, and on the kind of living tissue. The first systematic experiments to determine the RBE were conducted in that decade.[citation needed]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"ICRP Protection Dose quantities in SI units","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SI_Radiation_dose_units.png/437px-SI_Radiation_dose_units.png"},{"image_text":"The radiation weighting factor for neutrons has been revised over time and remains controversial.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Neutron_radiation_weighting_factor_as_a_function_of_kinetic_energy.gif/273px-Neutron_radiation_weighting_factor_as_a_function_of_kinetic_energy.gif"},{"image_text":"Data for CHO-K1 cell line irradiated by photons (blue curve) and by carbon ions (red curve). The RBE is given by \n \n \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n x\n \n \n \n D\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {D_{x}}{D_{i}}}}\n \n.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Rbe_definition.png/300px-Rbe_definition.png"}]
[{"title":"Background radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation"},{"title":"Linear energy transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer"},{"title":"Theory of dual radiation action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_dual_radiation_action&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
[{"reference":"\"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection\". Annals of the ICRP. ICRP publication 103. 37 (2–4). 2007. ISBN 978-0-7020-3048-2. Retrieved 17 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103","url_text":"\"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3048-2","url_text":"978-0-7020-3048-2"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair DW (January 2003). \"Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality factor (Q) and radiation weighting factor (Wr)\". Annals of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 92. 33 (4). ISBN 978-0-08-044311-9.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%2092","url_text":"\"Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), quality factor (Q) and radiation weighting factor (Wr)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044311-9","url_text":"978-0-08-044311-9"}]},{"reference":"Nagasawa, H.; Little, J. B. (1992-11-15). \"Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by extremely low doses of alpha-particles\". Cancer Research. 52 (22): 6394–6396. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 1423287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-5472","url_text":"0008-5472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1423287","url_text":"1423287"}]},{"reference":"Winters TH, Di Franza JR (February 1982). \"Radioactivity in cigarette smoking\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 306 (6): 364–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM198202113060613. PMID 7054712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198202113060613","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM198202113060613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7054712","url_text":"7054712"}]},{"reference":"Zhu G, Zhang CY (December 2014). \"Functional nucleic acid-based sensors for heavy metal ion assays\". The Analyst. 139 (24): 6326–42. Bibcode:2014Ana...139.6326Z. doi:10.1039/C4AN01069H. PMID 25356810.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Ana...139.6326Z","url_text":"2014Ana...139.6326Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4AN01069H","url_text":"10.1039/C4AN01069H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25356810","url_text":"25356810"}]},{"reference":"Barton JK (1994). \"Chapter 8: Metal/Nucleic-Acid Interactions\" (PDF). In Bertini I, Gray HB, Lippard SJ, Valentine JS (eds.). Bioinorganic Chemistry. Mill Valley, Calif.: Univ. Science Books. pp. 455–503. ISBN 0-935702-57-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://authors.library.caltech.edu/25052/9/BioinCh_chapter8.pdf","url_text":"\"Chapter 8: Metal/Nucleic-Acid Interactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-57-1","url_text":"0-935702-57-1"}]},{"reference":"Kim SH, Shin WC, Warrant R (1985). \"Heavy metal ion-nucleic acid interaction\". Diffraction Methods for Biological Macromolecules Part A. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 114. pp. 156–67. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(85)14016-4. ISBN 978-0-12-182014-5. PMID 3853074.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/diffractionmetho0000unse/page/156","url_text":"\"Heavy metal ion-nucleic acid interaction\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/diffractionmetho0000unse/page/156","url_text":"156–67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0076-6879%2885%2914016-4","url_text":"10.1016/0076-6879(85)14016-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-182014-5","url_text":"978-0-12-182014-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3853074","url_text":"3853074"}]},{"reference":"Chambers DB, Osborne RV, Garva AL (2006). \"Choosing an alpha radiation weighting factor for doses to non-human biota\". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 87 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.10.009. PMID 16377039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2005.10.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.10.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16377039","url_text":"16377039"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States
List of alcohol laws of the United States
["1 Table","1.1 Alabama–Hawaii","1.2 Idaho–Massachusetts","1.3 Michigan–New Mexico","1.4 New York–South Dakota","1.5 Tennessee–Wyoming, Puerto Rico","2 See also","3 Footnotes","4 References","5 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of alcohol laws of the United States" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Beer at a Walmart in Kissimmee, Florida. Some states permit alcoholic beverages to be sold at all stores selling groceries while others have more restrictive laws, with laws of many states specifying different restrictions for different categories of alcoholic beverages. In the United States, the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution grants each state and territory the power to regulate intoxicating liquors within their jurisdiction. As such, laws pertaining to the production, sale, distribution, and consumption of alcohol vary significantly across the country. On July 17, 1984, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was enacted. The Act requires all states to either set their minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages and the minimum age to possess alcoholic beverages in public to no lower than 21 years of age or lose 10% (Changed to 8% in 2012) of their allocated federal highway funding if the minimum age for the aforementioned is lower than 21 years of age. As of July 1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum purchase age of 21, with some grandfather clauses, and with the exception of Louisiana's complicated legal situation that was not resolved until July 2, 1996. Prior to 1988, the minimum purchase age varied by jurisdiction. After enactment of the Act, states not in compliance had a portion of their federal highway budget withheld. South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply, in mid-1988. Since the Act does not restrict the minimum drinking age or the minimum age to possess alcohol in private, most states continue to allow those under 21 to drink in certain circumstances. Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington, which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes. States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises. Some states like Ohio allow under 21 to drink in private and public including bars and restaurants if accompanied by parents, guardians, or spouse that is 21 or older. The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 requires all states to impose a "zero-tolerance law" prohibiting drivers under 21 years of age from operating a motor vehicle with at least 0.02% blood alcohol content to discourage underage drinking. Any state that did not comply would have up to 10 percent of its federal highway funding withheld, the same strategy used to compel states into raising their drinking age to 21. Unlike within the United States, the United States territories of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands have a minimum purchasing age and drinking age of 18 since the language of the Act only applies the provisions of the Act to states. The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. United States military reservations are exempt under federal law from state, county, and locally enacted alcohol laws. Class Six stores in a base exchange facility, officers' or NCO clubs, as well as other military commissaries which are located on a military reservation, may sell and serve alcoholic beverages at any time during their prescribed hours of operation to authorized patrons. While the installation commander is free to set the drinking age, with some exceptions, most stateside military bases have a drinking age that mirrors the local community. Individual states remain free to restrict or prohibit the manufacture of beer, mead, hard cider, wine, and other fermented alcoholic beverages at home. Homebrewing beer became legal in all 50 states in 2013 as the governors of Mississippi and Alabama both signed bills legalizing homebrewing that year. The Alabama bill went into effect on May 9, and the Mississippi bill went into effect on July 1. Most states allow brewing 100 US gallons (380 L) of beer per adult per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons (760 L) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in the household. Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes, homebrewers are prohibited from selling any beer they brew. This similarly applies in most Western countries. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers, which was at the time not permitted without paying the excise taxes as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages (repealed in 1933). This change also exempted home brewers from posting a "penal bond" (which is currently $1,000.00). Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the national level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51. Numerous requirements must be met to do so, and production carries an excise tax. Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties. In land or property that is being rented or owned by the federal government, state, federal district, and territory alcohol laws do not apply. Instead, only laws made by the federal government apply. Table Alabama–Hawaii Statefederal district or territory Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On-premises Off-premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Alabama Yes Prohibited between midnight and noon on Sundays in some counties. Private clubs, which require a membership fee and a membership card, have no day or time restrictions. Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law 13.9% ABV cap on beerBeer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces (0.75 L)ABV > 14.9% wine sold in ABC storesAlcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances. Twenty-six of Alabama's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol. However, possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties. Of the 26 "dry" counties, 23 have at least one "wet" city; these are considered "moist" dry counties. Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities. State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to "go wet" if a referendum is passed by 50% of voters. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only. Distilled spirits (liquor) are purchasable in either state-owned retail liquor stores, known as ABC Stores, or privately owned retail liquor stores. Privately owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays, public (federal & state) holidays, and later hours than state-owned liquor stores. State-owned liquor stores are closed on Sundays and public holidays. If a state-owned liquor store is located in an unincorporated area, only the state sales tax and county sales tax is collected. Alaska No 8 a.m. – 5 a.m., except election days (liquor stores may not open until polls close) No (although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well) 21 21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes, and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent Most communities have more restrictive laws, ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession. Sellers or servers may not, for any reason, give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost. Sellers and servers may drink while on duty, but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises, so an impaired server could be arrested. Arizona No 6 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days a week—no election day nor holiday restrictions Yes 21 21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for religious and medical purposes Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off-premises liquor license, including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores. Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises. Drive-through liquor stores are allowed. Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 (95% alcohol) is legal. A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations, many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law, up to and including total prohibition. "Beer busts" (all the beer/liquor one can drink for a set price) in bars are illegal. Persons 18 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol. Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 50 ounces of beer, 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time. DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation. A person convicted of a DUI (even first offense) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year. Arizona has an 'Impaired to the Slightest Degree' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than .08%. As a driver's BAC increases, so does the severity of the legal consequences they face. A driver with a BAC between .15 and .20 may face "extreme DUI" charges, and a driver with a BAC above .20 may face "super extreme DUI" charges. Arkansas No 7 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Restaurants)7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Class A license)10 a.m. – 5 a.m. (Class B license) 7 a.m. – 1 a.m.(Generally prohibited on Sundays, but exceptions can be made through local option.) Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas, but private clubs can serve even in dry areas. No sales on Christmas Day. Alcohol sales are permitted 24 hours a day 7 days a week regardless of holiday in state casinos. California No 6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Yes 21 21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for possessing or consuming alcohol if:(1)The underage person called 911 and reported that either himself or herself or another person was in need of medical assistance due to alcohol consumption;(2) The underage person was the first person to make the 911 report; and(3) The underage person, who reported that another person was in need of medical assistance, remained on the scene with the other person until that medical assistance arrived and cooperated with medical assistance and law enforcement personnel on the scene. Relatively unrestricted; beer, wine and liquor available at grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and warehouse clubs. No statewide holiday restrictions. Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol (duty-free). Sale or distribution of grain alcohol higher than 60% ABV is illegal (legal if it is sold by a pharmacy or drug store to a person with a prescription), but there is no upper limit for other distilled liquors (B&P 23403). You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age.City and county governments can set different sale hours.18-, 19- and 20-year-old wine and beer production students can taste—but not consume—what they are making and studying. Colorado No 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. Beer, wine, and liquor: 8 a.m. – midnight 3.2 beer: 5 a.m.-midnight Yes No* 21 21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed for religious, medical, and educational purposes, or on private, non-alcohol selling premises with parental/guardian presence and consent. Spirituous, vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores only. Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day. Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1, 2008. Liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores may have only one location, while beer may be sold in gas stations, supermarkets, and convenience stores. As of January 1, 2019, such establishments may sell full-strength beer., and as of March 1, 2023, wine. Appropriately licensed businesses may sell beer for both on and off-premises consumption. A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer, wine, and spirits. As an example, a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer, wine, and spirits. Connecticut No 9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Thurs.)9 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Fri.–Sat.)11 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Sun.) 8 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon.–Sat.) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun.) Yes No 21 Exception: No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older 21 Exception: Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for medical and religious purposes, and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent. Sunday off-premises sales allowed as of May 20, 2012; Sunday on-premises sales subject to local ordinances. Beer can be purchased at grocery/convenience stores. Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores. No off-premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day. Open container law applies only to drivers, not passengers. Delaware No 9 a.m. – 1 a.m. 9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)noon–8 p.m. (Sun.) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance. No 21 21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency. Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious purposes. For off-premises consumption, alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store, taproom, or a brew pub that has an off-premises license. Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21, no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason, even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets. No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving, Easter or Christmas. District of Columbia No 8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun.–Thu., 8 a.m. – 3 a.m. Fri.–Sat. Liquor Stores: 9 a.m. – midnight daily* Grocery Stores: 9 a.m.-12 a.m. daily Yes No 21 21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency. *Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16, 2013. No singles sold, but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption. Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC, but as of 2005 none are The day before a federal or district holiday, on-premises retailers may sell/serve from 8 a.m.-3 a.m. On New Year's Eve, on-premises retailers may sell/serve until 4 a.m. on January 1. Florida No State, federal district or territory law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m., unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later (FS 562.14(1)) ; such as for Sunday morning; Ormond Beach stays open until 7 pm on Sundays. Miami-Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day. Yes No 21 21 Exception: 18 for educational purposes Sale, processing or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal. (FSS 565.07) No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon. FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer, low-alcohol liquors, and wine. Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store. As of July 1, 2015, the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers, or growlers, has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces, in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes. Georgia No Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction. No alcohol sales on Christmas Day. Yes No 21 21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent, and for religious and medical purposes. 14% ABV cap on beer. Sunday off-premises sales from 12:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum. In general, one may not be drunk in public. Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public, most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property, with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell. A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly. Hawaii No Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m., but some hold a special 'cabaret license' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m. 6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii counties Yes 21 21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes Idaho–Massachusetts Statefederal district or territory Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On-premises Off-premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Idaho No Yes 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m., 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. in some counties Yes No 21 21 Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16% ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores, or contracted stores. Illinois No Depending on local government; 24-hour bars are permitted in Cicero; a handful of 21- to 22-hour bars exist in Cook County, and the Metro East. In Rock Island County, many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day. Yes 21 21 Opening/closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities. Indiana No 7 a.m. – 3 a.m. 7 a.m. – 3 a.m.Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday. Yes Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations, but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores (IC 7.1-5-10-11). Sales during a portion of the day (e.g., happy hours) are prohibited, but all-day drink specials are allowed (IC 7.1-5-10-20). Minors, including babies, are not allowed to enter liquor stores, taverns, or bars (IC 7.1-5-7-9). Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off-premises transactions to anyone who appears to be less than 40 years old. (IC 7.1-5-10-23). Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor. (IC 7.1-5-1-3) Iowa No Yes 6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Yes 21 21 Exception: In Iowa, minors under 18 can legally drink in a private residence under the supervision of their parents. If a controlled substance is detected in a person's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle, they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated (OWI) even if they were not "impaired" by that substance Kansas No 6 a.m. - 2 a.m. (in counties which allow on-premises sales) 9 a.m. - 11 p.m. (Mon–Sat)9 a.m. - 8 p.m. (Sun) (in communities which allow Sunday off-premises sales) Yes (6.0% ABV maximum) No 21 21 No exceptions to the law Kansas's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States. Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948, and continued to prohibit on-premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987. Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005. Today, 3 counties still do not permit the on-premises sale of alcohol. 63 counties require a business to receive at least 30% of revenue from food sales to allow on-premises sale of alcohol. Only 39 counties allow general on-premises sales. Not all communities which allow off-premises sales allow sales on Sunday. There are four towns where liquor stores are not allowed. Off premise sales are prohibited on Christmas, Easter and Thanksgiving. Beer containing no more than 6.0% alcohol by volume may be sold in grocery and convenience stores. Prior to April 1, 2019, the only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations were allowed to sell was beer with no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight. Other liquor sales only are allowed at state-licensed retail liquor stores. Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles, public intoxication laws, and requirements for prospective on-premises or off-premises licensees. Liquor stores can now be open at 9am on Sunday where Sunday Sales are allowed and cocktails to go are now permanently legal Kentucky No 6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday 1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays Yes No Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants. Sales 2–4 a.m. only in Louisville. As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law, but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance (as of early 2006, such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro, though these cities have since changed local ordinances). Alcohol sale restriction and wet/dry (both by drink and package) allowed by both county and city local option. Approximately 39 counties in the state (mostly eastern and southern counties) are dry, all alcohol sale and possession prohibited; 22 "moist" counties (with "wet" cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry); 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries. Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas (Louisville, Lexington, Covington, Bowling Green). Note: Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville, KY beginning at 10:00 am. Bowling Green, KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry-out beer, wine, and liquor. Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24, 2013. Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition, the other being South Carolina. Louisiana No No state imposed restrictions on on-premises hours. 24 hour bars are common in the New Orleans metro area. 24 hour bars also exist in the Lake Charles metro area (Calcasieu Parish) and in Cameron Parish, however those in the city limits of Lake Charles must close on Sundays. Shreveport's closing time for bars is 6am downtown and 4am elsewhere. Most municipalities and parishes (including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish) require on-premises service to stop at 3:00 am or earlier. No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales. Yes 21 Exceptions to state law include: For an established religious purpose;When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol. Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets, drug stores, gas stations, and convenience stores. Local municipalities may not restrict this. As a result, dedicated "liquor stores" are mostly specialty stores in larger cities, and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines, and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection. Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an "unbreakable container" (no glass) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it. Otherwise, it depends on the locality. Most parishes other than Orleans and Lafayette Parishes do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out. However, many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages (for example, cans of beer) on the street. Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited. One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol. Also, it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child. There are numerous dry towns in Louisiana with the bulk of them in the northern half of the state, and until 2020, West Carroll Parish was the last completely dry Parish in Louisiana. Drive-thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common, but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container, if you have put the straw in the cup Maine No Yes 5 a.m. to 1 a.m. (Mon–Sun) Yes 21 21 Minors may consume alcohol at home in the presence of their parent, guardian, or custodian. ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week, may not be purchased prior to 5 a.m. Bars and restaurants may serve until 1:15 a.m. On New Year's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments. Wholesaling through state-licensed monopoly. Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum; 56 towns have done so. Maryland No, except Montgomery County Variable by locality Variable by locality No, with exceptions for stores grandfathered in prior to the law. 21 ? Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas. In the counties of Montgomery, Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards, there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law. Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas. There are no dry counties, but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local-option basis. Massachusetts No 8:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m. by state law, although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11:00 a.m. and after 11:00 p.m. Not before 11:00 a.m. on Sunday. 8:00 a.m. – 11:00 p.m., or 8:00 a.m. – 11:30 p.m. on the day before a holiday. Not before 10:00 am on Sunday. Yes. 21 21 As of January 2020, no individual, partnership, or corporation may have more than nine off-premises licences in the state, nor more than two in any city, nor more than one in any town. No individual, partnership, or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license, although one may devolve thereupon.As of October 29, 2012, a Massachusetts driver's license, Massachusetts Liquor ID card, RMV-issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card, passport (issued by the US or a US-recognized foreign entity), US-issued Passport Card, and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law. Out of state or Canadian driver's licenses/ ID's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age (and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason). On-premises regulations: No discounts at specific times (i.e. no "Happy Hour" discounts) or for specific individuals, no fixed-price open bar or all-you-can-drink (except at private functions), no more than two drinks per individual at any one time, no pitchers for fewer than two people, no drinking contests, no drinks as prizes, no free drinks.Off-premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May (Memorial Day), Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday.Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days (subject to local exceptions)."Malt beverages" defined as having not more than 12% alcohol by weight. Michigan–New Mexico Statefederal district or territory Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On-premises Off-premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Michigan No Yes 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.) noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension 7 a.m.-2 a.m. (Mon-Sat) noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension, Yes 21 21 The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11:59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12:00 p.m. on December 25. On-premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4:00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales. State does not operate retail outlets; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only. State owns liquor until purchased and distributor acts as a delivery service for cases sold to retailers. Minnesota No, however numerous towns and cities have a monopoly on retail sales 8 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days 8:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. (Mon–Sat); 11:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. (Sun) 3.2% Only No 21 ? Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off-sale licenses. Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week. Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores; they are permitted, but not required, to exclude privately owned stores. Off-premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1, 2017. Mississippi No Yes Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale Liquor Stores 10:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. (Mon–Sat) Convenience/Grocery stores(Beer only): 24/7 unless restricted by local ordinance Yes No 21 ? ABW > 5% wine and sparkling wine sold in state-contracted stores which are open from 10:00 am until 10:00 pm (Closed Sundays) statewide. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%, ABV < ~6.3%) sold in convenience stores/supermarkets. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%) may be consumed by persons age 18–20 with parental supervision. Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8% ABW/10% ABV on April 9, 2012. The bill went into effect on July 1, 2012. No sales on Christmas Day. No state open container laws. Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos.In most counties, alcohol cannot be sold on Sundays. There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages, though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales. Missouri No Most establishments: (Sun-Sat) 6:00 am – 1:30 am Special licenses in Kansas City, St. Louis and Lake of the Ozarks: (Sun-Sat) 6:00 am – 3:00 am (Sun-Sat) 6:00 am – 1:30 am Sales permitted until 3:00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores. Yes 21 Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children. One of the most alcohol-permissive states, perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana: No open container law. No state public intoxication law. Liquor control law covers all beverages containing more than 0.5% alcohol, without further particularities based on percentage. Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off-premises alcohol sales. No dry jurisdictions. State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law. Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores. Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3:00 am in Kansas City, Jackson County, North Kansas City, St. Louis, St. Louis County, and Lake of the Ozarks. Grocery stores, drug stores, and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours. Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City's Power & Light District. Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use, without any further state limitation, state taxation, or state license. (Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use.) Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage: liquor, which is any beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol except "non-intoxicating beer"; and "non-intoxicating beer", which is beer containing between 0.5% and 3.2% alcohol. Liquor laws apply to all liquor, and special laws apply to "non-intoxicating beer". Restaurants may sell bulk quantities of pre-mixed cocktails, such as margaritas, provided that they are sold in sealed containers. Originally introduced during the COVID pandemic, this was permanently permitted beginning August 28, 2021. Montana No Yes Closing 2 am No alcohol sales between 2 am and 8 am Yes No 21 Minors can consume alcohol purchased by a parent or guardian in a private location. ABV > 16% wine sold in state-contracted stores, ABV < 16% may be sold in grocery stores. Some local ordinances restrict alcohol sales on Sundays. State run liquor stores are closed on Sundays. Nebraska No 6 a.m. – 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on-premises sales to 2 a.m. with two-thirds approval of city or county councils. Yes 21 ? No on- or off-premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays. All beer, wine, and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m. Nevada No 24 hours Yes 21 ? There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age. The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80%. State law also renders public intoxication legal, and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence. Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca. New Hampshire No Yes 6 a.m. – 1 a.m. 6 a.m. – 11:45 p.m. Yes No 21 Liquor sold in state-run stores, many found at highway rest areas.14% ABV cap on beer. State is wholesaler of wine. State taxes beer $0.30/gal at the wholesale level. New Jersey No Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance. Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City, Brigantine, Absecon, Elwood, Pomona, Smithville, Galloway, and Mullica (All in Atlantic County) serve 24 hours. There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state, including Ocean City. 9 a.m.–10 p.m. for liquor. Beer and wine can be sold at any time on-premise sales are permitted in that municipality. This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 pm, however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine. Cities of the first class (e.g. Jersey City and Newark) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales. Rarely 21 21 (unless provided by parent or guardian in private) Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state. Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores, New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses, so with only a few exceptions, most supermarkets/convenience stores/gas stations/pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages. In addition, liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store. The ability of a "liquor store" to sell other items, such as convenience store fare, is determined by municipality. Many towns permit beer/wine/liquor stores to sell non-alcohol items including convenience store items at the same register. In such towns, grocery stores including chains may theoretically apply for and receive a liquor license if the company does not already have two in the state. Bars are allowed to off-sale packaged goods. With the exception of Jersey City and Newark, all municipalities MUST allow off-sales of beer and wine at any time on-sales are permitted. However, since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores, this right is rarely exercised. Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off-sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine. New Mexico No 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. 7 a.m. – midnight Yes 21 New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on-premises: a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol, or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only. An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale (on or off premises) on Sundays. Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas, regardless of the day it falls on, and a Sunday permit allowing of sale (on or off premises) until 2:00 a.m. January 1, if December 31 falls on a Sunday. Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district. Selling, serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison, except when "a parent, legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property, other than licensed premises, under the control of the parent, legal guardian or adult spouse", or for religious purposes. New York–South Dakota Statefederal district or territory Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On-premises Off-premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption New York No 8 a.m. – 4 a.m. (Mon – Sat) Noon – 4 a.m. (Sun) Some counties have more restrictive hours. Beer: 24 hours Wine & spirits: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon–Sat) Noon – 9 p.m. (Sun). Yes No 21 Off-premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores, and beer is not sold at liquor stores; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores. Exchanges for returned items are permitted (at store owners' discretion). Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30, 2006. There are twelve dry towns, mostly in the western region of the state. Many counties have more restrictive off-premises hours, such as bans on beer sales overnight (hours vary). All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner, who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it—effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state. New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public. Distilled spirits may not be sold within 200 feet of a school, church, synagogue or other place of worship. North Carolina No Yes 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat) 10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun) Beer and wine: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat) 10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun) Liquor: 9 a.m. – 9 p.m. (Mon – Sat) Yes No 21 15% ABV cap on beer, 16% cap on unfortified wine, 24% cap on fortified wine. No "happy hour", "buy one get one free", or "ladies night" style specials allowed. North Dakota No 8 a.m. – 2 a.m. 8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Yes, however it needs to be separated by a wall from the rest of the store 21 No off-sale on Thanksgiving Day after 2 a.m. No Christmas Day on-sale, nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m. Ohio No Yes 5:30 a.m. – 2:30 a.m. 5:30 a.m. – 1 a.m. Yes, under 21% ABV 21 21 or older, unrestricted under supervision of individual's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse 12% ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31, 2016. 21% ABV cap on wine. Some counties have more restrictive off-premises hours. The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission. Normal proof spirits (>21% ABV) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores. Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits (diluted by water to 21% ABV) under a more readily obtained permit. No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty-one years of age, except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales, and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel, restaurant, club, or night club. . Beverages with less than 0.5% ABV can be sold/given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes, or the underage person is accompanied by a parent, spouse who is not an underage person, or legal guardian. Oklahoma No 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. Liquor stores: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon – Sat) Sunday sales vary by county. Grocery stores: 6 a.m. - 2 a.m. seven days a week including holidays. Yes No 21 Consumption by those under 21 is not prohibited in private settings, where supervised by a parent or guardian. Beer (up to 15% ABV) and wine (up to 15% ABV) can be sold in grocery and convenience stores, and can be sold refrigerated. Distilled spirits are only available in package liquor stores. State law prohibits public intoxication, many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication. Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m. 7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor, all of which is state-owned prior to sale to consumers, is sold in private liquor stores. These stores are approved by Oregon's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state's behalf. Pennsylvania No Yes Restaurants, and bars: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat) 11 a.m. - 2 a.m. (Sun) Clubs: 7 a.m. – 3 a.m. Beverage Centers and State Run Stores: 9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat) Noon – 5 p.m. . (Sun) Grocery Stores: 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. (Mon–Sat) 9 a.m. - 10 p.m. (Sun) Yes* No 21 Spirits can only be sold at state-operated stores. All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state-operated liquor store alone. Beer is not sold at state-operated liquor stores. Beer (but not wine) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity. Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater. The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016. *Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores (at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores) (six and 12 packs/192oz max. purchase (two six packs)) with Liquor Control Board–issued licenses. Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 (selected locations) and beverage outlets (owner's option) until 2005. Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year, and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants. Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage. Rhode Island No 9 am – 1 a.m. (Mon – Sat) Noon – 1 a.m. (Sun) 9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun) No 21 21 All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores. Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state-recognized holiday. South Carolina No Liquor: 10 am - 2 am. Beer and Wine: Local Option. Beer and low-alcohol wine: 24 hours Liquor: 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. (Mon – Sat.) Yes No 21 14% ABW (17.5% ABV) cap on beerWine > 16% ABV sold in liquor storesNo hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays. No off-premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday, except in Aiken, Greenville, Pendleton, Spartanburg, Horry County, Colleton County, Richland County, Charleston County/city, Beaufort County, York County, and Newberry County. South Dakota No 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. Yes 21 14% ABV cap on beer Tennessee–Wyoming, Puerto Rico Statefederal district or territory Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On-premises Off-premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon-Sat: 8 a.m. to 3 a.m.; Sun: Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission. Beer: By municipality.Wine & Spirits: 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon–Sat, 10 a.m. to 11 p.m. Sun Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores. Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays, and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off-premises consumption.There are no liquor sales in OFF Premise Grocery Stores as of 8/2018. Retail package stores must be closed for business on Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, and Easter. Beer above 8% ABW /10.1% ABV must be sold in liquor stores. Open container law only applies to drivers, not passengers. It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis. While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside, many do not allow drinks from outside. Texas No Monday–Friday: 7 am–midnightSaturday: 7 am – 1 amSunday: Noon to 12 midnight.Some cities/counties permit sale until 2 am (with license). Hotel bars: 24/7 Beer/Non-hard liquor: 7 a.m. to midnight (Mon.–Fri.)7 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. (Sat.)10 a.m. to midnight (Sun)Hard Liquor:10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Mon.–Sat.) Yes No Texas law permits consumption by minors (any age under 21) if in the "visible presence" of a parent, guardian or adult spouse. (Section 106.04) No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5% requires additional license, so many places are beer/wine only.Wet/dry issues determined by city/county election.Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday and on specified holidays (on those holidays which fall on a Sunday, the stores must be closed the following Monday).An alcoholic beverage served (on-premises) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer. Five Texas counties are completely dry. In many counties, public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld. Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education, or in the visible presence of an adult parent, guardian or spouse, or supervision of a commissioned peace officer. (Section 106.05) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention. Sunday beer and wine sales will be allowed at 10 a.m. starting September 1, 2021 along with no closing time for hotel bars that serve alcohol to registered guests. Utah Yes Restaurants: Noon to midnight for liquor, 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. for beer. Bars may serve liquor from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 4% only No ABV > 5.0+% sold in state-controlled stores only. 4.0% ABW (5.0% ABV) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores. State-controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week. Restaurants must buy from the state-controlled store (no delivery) at retail prices. No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food. Sales of kegs prohibited. Happy hours or discounted alcoholic drinks prohibited. Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited. Vermont No Yes 8 a.m. – 2 a.m. 6 a.m. – midnight Yes No ABV > 16% beer and ABV > 16% wine are only available through state liquor stores (most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores). A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16%. Virginia No Yes 6 a.m. – 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees. 6 a.m. – 11:59 p.m. except local blue law. Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations may sell beer and wine. They are also now selling some "ready to drink" cocktails with spirits. Off-premises sales no later than 12 midnight. Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10 am – 9 pm Monday–Saturday and 10 am – 6 pm on Sunday. Washington No 6 a.m. – 2 a.m. (A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours.) Yes Beer and wine are available in specialty stores, grocery stores, convenience stores, department stores, taverns, and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft (grocery stores, big box liquor chains). There are two exceptions to the 10,000-sq-ft rule: 1) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state. 2) Cities, mostly in rural areas, that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area. West Virginia No Yes Taverns, etc., except Private Clubs(Beer/Wine): 6 am – 2 am Private Clubs(Beer, Wine, and Liquor): 6 am – 3 am Beer and Wine: 6 am – 2 am Liquor stores: 6 am-Midnight, no sales on Christmas Day and Easter Sunday Yes 12% ABV Cap on Beer. 75% ABV spirits Permitted. Liquor, wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations. State no longer operates retail stores (formerly State ABC Stores); Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population. All stores are state contracted; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only. Wisconsin No 6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sunday–Thursday, 2:30 a.m. Friday–Saturday, no closing time on New Year's Day. 6 a.m. – midnight for beer (some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer), 6 a.m. – 9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors, provided they are being supervised by parents/guardians/spouses. Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales. Notable exceptions: Kenosha, Green Bay, La Crosse, Maple Bluff (near Madison), Baraboo (near the Dells). Supermarkets, liquor stores, and gas stations may sell liquor, wine, and beer. Law changed effective December 7, 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Wyoming No Yes 6:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m. Yes Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority, but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory-wide mandated last call No territory-wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores, but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2:00 weekends. Beer, wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets, convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores. 18 Minimum drinking age is 18.Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan (except in designated areas during selected street festivals) but not in all cities. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beer_at_Walmart_in_Kissimmee_FL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"Kissimmee, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"National Minimum Drinking Age Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Minimum_Drinking_Age_Act"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"minimum purchase age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state"},{"link_name":"grandfather clauses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_clause"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_(state)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"motor vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle"},{"link_name":"blood alcohol content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Alcohol_Content"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Classification_of_current_U.S._territories"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"United States Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"U.S. Minor Outlying Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands"},{"link_name":"base exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_exchange"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aha_laws-6"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"excise taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aha_laws-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donaldjsmith-10"},{"link_name":"penal bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_and_permit_bond"},{"link_name":"distilled alcohols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ttb_gov-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornell_law-12"},{"link_name":"rented or owned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_enclave"}],"text":"Beer at a Walmart in Kissimmee, Florida. Some states permit alcoholic beverages to be sold at all stores selling groceries while others have more restrictive laws, with laws of many states specifying different restrictions for different categories of alcoholic beverages.In the United States, the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution grants each state and territory the power to regulate intoxicating liquors within their jurisdiction. As such, laws pertaining to the production, sale, distribution, and consumption of alcohol vary significantly across the country.On July 17, 1984, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was enacted. The Act requires all states to either set their minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages and the minimum age to possess alcoholic beverages in public to no lower than 21 years of age or lose 10% (Changed to 8% in 2012) of their allocated federal highway funding if the minimum age for the aforementioned is lower than 21 years of age. As of July 1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum purchase age of 21, with some grandfather clauses, and with the exception of Louisiana's complicated legal situation that was not resolved until July 2, 1996.[1][2] Prior to 1988, the minimum purchase age varied by jurisdiction. After enactment of the Act, states not in compliance had a portion of their federal highway budget withheld. South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply, in mid-1988. Since the Act does not restrict the minimum drinking age or the minimum age to possess alcohol in private, most states continue to allow those under 21 to drink in certain circumstances. Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington, which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes. States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises. Some states like Ohio allow under 21 to drink in private and public including bars and restaurants if accompanied by parents, guardians, or spouse that is 21 or older.[3]The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 requires all states to impose a \"zero-tolerance law\" prohibiting drivers under 21 years of age from operating a motor vehicle with at least 0.02% blood alcohol content to discourage underage drinking.[4] Any state that did not comply would have up to 10 percent of its federal highway funding withheld, the same strategy used to compel states into raising their drinking age to 21.Unlike within the United States, the United States territories of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands have a minimum purchasing age and drinking age of 18 since the language of the Act only applies the provisions of the Act to states. The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.United States military reservations are exempt under federal law from state, county, and locally enacted alcohol laws. Class Six stores in a base exchange facility, officers' or NCO clubs, as well as other military commissaries which are located on a military reservation, may sell and serve alcoholic beverages at any time during their prescribed hours of operation to authorized patrons.[i] While the installation commander is free to set the drinking age, with some exceptions, most stateside military bases have a drinking age that mirrors the local community.Individual states remain free to restrict or prohibit the manufacture of beer, mead, hard cider, wine, and other fermented alcoholic beverages at home.[5] Homebrewing beer became legal in all 50 states in 2013 as the governors of Mississippi and Alabama both signed bills legalizing homebrewing that year. The Alabama bill went into effect on May 9,[6] and the Mississippi bill went into effect on July 1.[7] Most states allow brewing 100 US gallons (380 L) of beer per adult per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons (760 L) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in the household.[8] Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes, homebrewers are prohibited from selling any beer they brew. This similarly applies in most Western countries. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers, which was at the time not permitted without paying the excise taxes as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages (repealed in 1933).[5][9] This change also exempted home brewers from posting a \"penal bond\" (which is currently $1,000.00).Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the national level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51. Numerous requirements must be met to do so, and production carries an excise tax.[10] Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties.[11]In land or property that is being rented or owned by the federal government, state, federal district, and territory alcohol laws do not apply. Instead, only laws made by the federal government apply.","title":"List of alcohol laws of the United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alabama–Hawaii","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Idaho–Massachusetts","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Michigan–New Mexico","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New York–South Dakota","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tennessee–Wyoming, Puerto Rico","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"honorably retired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge#Types"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"^ The United States Department of Defense defines Authorized Patron as a person who is an active member of or a member who has the status of honorably retired from the United States Army, United States Air Force, United States Coast Guard, United States Marine Corps, and the United States Navy, and their direct dependents with proper military identification/dependents identification.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Beer at a Walmart in Kissimmee, Florida. Some states permit alcoholic beverages to be sold at all stores selling groceries while others have more restrictive laws, with laws of many states specifying different restrictions for different categories of alcoholic beverages.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Beer_at_Walmart_in_Kissimmee_FL.jpg/220px-Beer_at_Walmart_in_Kissimmee_FL.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Alcohol exclusion laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws"},{"title":"Blue laws in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_laws_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Drunk driving in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Dry county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_county"},{"title":"Granholm v. Heald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granholm_v._Heald"},{"title":"Last call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_call_(bar_term)"},{"title":"Legal drinking age controversy in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_controversy_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Liquor store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_store"},{"title":"List of dry communities by U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state"},{"title":"Shoulder tap (alcohol)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)"},{"title":"United States open container laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_open_container_laws"},{"title":"Wine shipping laws in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_shipping_laws_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state"}]
[{"reference":"Bragg, Rick (March 23, 1996). \"Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/23/us/louisiana-stands-alone-on-drinking-at-18.html","url_text":"\"Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151127154100/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/23/us/louisiana-stands-alone-on-drinking-at-18.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 21\". The New York Times. July 3, 1996. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/03/us/louisiana-court-upholds-drinking-age-of-21.html","url_text":"\"Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118133524/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/03/us/louisiana-court-upholds-drinking-age-of-21.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 4301.69 - Underage persons offenses concerning\".","urls":[{"url":"https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-4301.69","url_text":"\"Section 4301.69 - Underage persons offenses concerning\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 | FHWA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/spring-1996/national-highway-system-designation-act-1995","url_text":"\"The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 | FHWA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government Affairs\". American Homebrewers Association. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.homebrewersassociation.org/pages/government-affairs/statutes","url_text":"\"Government Affairs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217151917/http://www.homebrewersassociation.org/pages/government-affairs/statutes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rawls, Phillip (May 10, 2013). \"Home brewing legal in Alabama\". Tuscaloosa News. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130510/NEWS/130509760","url_text":"\"Home brewing legal in Alabama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa_News","url_text":"Tuscaloosa News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140122194045/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130510/NEWS/130509760","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Elkins, Chris (March 19, 2013). \"Gov. Bryant signs bill to allow home brewing |\". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Tupelo, Mississippi. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130410181545/http://djournal.com/view/full_story/22013509/article-Gov--Bryant-signs-bill-to-allow-home-brewing?instance=home_news_right","url_text":"\"Gov. Bryant signs bill to allow home brewing |\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Mississippi_Daily_Journal","url_text":"Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal"},{"url":"http://djournal.com/view/full_story/22013509/article-Gov--Bryant-signs-bill-to-allow-home-brewing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"27 CFR 25.205 - Production. | LII / Legal Information Institute\". Law.cornell.edu. January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/25/205","url_text":"\"27 CFR 25.205 - Production. | LII / Legal Information Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"TTBGov General Alcohol FAQ\". Alcohol and Tobacco Trade Bureau. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100104073929/http://www.ttb.gov/faqs/genalcohol.shtml","url_text":"\"TTBGov General Alcohol FAQ\""},{"url":"https://www.ttb.gov/faqs/genalcohol.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"United States Code: Title 26,5601. Criminal penalties\". Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/26/5601.shtml","url_text":"\"United States Code: Title 26,5601. Criminal penalties\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120119074005/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/26/5601.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule of Local Option Communities\" (PDF). Alcoholic Beverage Control Board. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Scottish_Open_(snooker)
2000 Scottish Open (snooker)
["1 Main draw","2 Final","3 References"]
2000 Regal Scottish OpenTournament informationDates28 March – 9 April 2000 (2000-03-28 – 2000-04-09)VenueAECCCityAberdeenCountryScotlandOrganisationWPBSAFormatRanking eventTotal prize fund£400,000Highest break Ronnie O'Sullivan (ENG) (147)FinalChampion Ronnie O'Sullivan (ENG)Runner-up Mark Williams (WAL)Score9–1← 1999 2001 → Snooker tournament The 2000 Scottish Open (officially the 2000 Regal Scottish Open) was a professional ranking snooker tournament, that was held from March to April 2000 at the AECC, Aberdeen, Scotland. Stephen Hendry, was the defending champion but he lost 2–5 in the last 16 to Matthew Stevens. Ronnie O'Sullivan won the tournament by defeating Mark Williams nine frames to one in the final. O'Sullivan made a 147 maximum break in frame four of his 5–4 victory over Quinten Hann in the last 32. Stephen Maguire had also made a 147 in the qualifying stages (not televised) so this marked the first time that two maximum breaks had been made in the same ranking tournament. Main draw Last 64Best of 9 frames Last 32Best of 9 frames Last 16Best of 9 frames Quarter-finalsBest of 9 frames Semi-finalsBest of 11 frames FinalBest of 17 frames                    Stephen Hendry 5 Lee Walker 0 Stephen Hendry 5 Craig Harrison 2 Andy Hicks 4 Craig Harrison 5 Stephen Hendry 2 Matthew Stevens 5 Matthew Stevens 5 Patrick Delsemme 1 Matthew Stevens 5 Steve James 1 Brian Morgan 2 Steve James 5 Matthew Stevens 3 Graeme Dott 5 Fergal O'Brien 5 Mark Gray 1 Fergal O'Brien 5 James Wattana 2 James Wattana 5 Peter Lines 2 Fergal O'Brien 3 Graeme Dott 5 Stephen Lee w/d Nick Dyson w/o Nick Dyson 3 Graeme Dott 5 Graeme Dott 5 Sean Storey 2 Graeme Dott 5 Ronnie O'Sullivan 6 John Parrott 3 Ali Carter 5 Ali Carter 1 Paul Davies 5 Terry Murphy 3 Paul Davies 5 Paul Davies 1 Dave Harold 5 Steve Davis 5 David McLellan 0 Steve Davis 0 Dave Harold 5 Dave Harold 5 Mick Price 3 Dave Harold 1 Ronnie O'Sullivan 5 Jimmy White 4 Marcus Campbell 5 Marcus Campbell 5 Ian Brumby 3 Darren Morgan 3 Ian Brumby 5 Marcus Campbell 4 Ronnie O'Sullivan 5 Ronnie O'Sullivan 5 Dave Finbow 4 Ronnie O'Sullivan 5 Quinten Hann 4 Quinten Hann 5 Wayne Brown 0 Ronnie O'Sullivan 9 Mark Williams 1 Mark Williams 5 John Lardner 1 Mark Williams 5 Kristján Helgason 3 Jamie Burnett 3 Kristján Helgason 5 Mark Williams 5 Mark King 4 Mark King 5 Drew Henry 3 Mark King 5 Alfie Burden 2 Joe Swail 4 Alfie Burden 5 Mark Williams 5 Anthony Hamilton 2 Anthony Hamilton 5 Karl Broughton 1 Anthony Hamilton 5 Chris Small 3 Chris Small 5 Rod Lawler 3 Anthony Hamilton 5 Ken Doherty 2 Ken Doherty 5 Ian McCulloch 2 Ken Doherty 5 Gary Wilkinson 2 Gary Wilkinson 5 Jonathan Birch 4 Mark Williams 6 Marco Fu 5 Alan McManus 5 Noppadon Noppachorn 0 Alan McManus 4 Marco Fu 5 Tony Drago 2 Marco Fu 5 Marco Fu 5 Gary Ponting 0 Paul Hunter 2 Gary Ponting 5 Gary Ponting 5 Billy Snaddon 0 Billy Snaddon 5 Joe Perry 2 Marco Fu 5 John Higgins 3 Peter Ebdon 5 Stuart Pettman 0 Peter Ebdon 5 Dominic Dale 3 Dominic Dale 5 Hugh Abernethy 0 Peter Ebdon 1 John Higgins 5 John Higgins 5 Anthony Davies 2 John Higgins 5 Martin Clark 1 Nigel Bond 2 Martin Clark 5 Final Final: Best of 17 frames.AECC, Aberdeen, Scotland. 9 April 2000. Ronnie O'Sullivan  England 9–1 Mark Williams  Wales Afternoon: 75–68 (O'Sullivan 59 + re-spotted black, Williams 68), 85–5 (65), 69–0, 75–13, 65–53 (60), 24–69, 76–48 (67), 79–32 (69)Evening: 71–0 (57), 94–1 (58) 69 Highest break 68 0 Century breaks 0 7 50+ breaks 1 References ^ Layton, Eric. Cuesport Book of Professional Snooker. p. 177. ^ "Scottish Open". Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ mymcmanaman (19 December 2007), 147 by Ronnie O'Sullivan 2000 Scottish Open vs Quinten Hann, retrieved 11 July 2019 ^ a b "Regal Scottish Open 2000". snooker.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ "Scottish Open". Snooker Scene. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2018. vteScottish Open Part of the Home Nations Series (since 2016) Part of the European Series (since 2021) International Open 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Aberdeen 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Edinburgh 2003 2022 2023 Glasgow 2004 2016 2017 2018 2019 Ravenscraig 2012 Milton Keynes 2020 Llandudno 2021 List of winners vte1999–2000 snooker season « 1998–99 2000–01 » Ranking events British Open Grand Prix UK Championship China Open Welsh Open Malta Grand Prix Thailand Masters Scottish Open World Championship Non-ranking events Millennium Cup Champions Cup Scottish Masters Benson & Hedges Championship Nations Cup The Masters Irish Masters Premier League Pontins Professional World Seniors Masters
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Ladies_Masters
Australian Ladies Masters
["1 Tournament winners","2 Multiple winners","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°00′25″S 153°22′41″E / 28.007°S 153.378°E / -28.007; 153.378Golf tournament formerly on the LPGA Tour Golf tournament RACV Gold Coast ChallengeTournament informationLocationBenowa, AustraliaEstablished1990Course(s)RACV Royal Pines ResortPar73Length5,982 yards (5,470 m)Tour(s)ALPG TourFormatStroke playPrize fund€106,796approx. A$150,000Month playedFebruaryFinal year2017Tournament record scoreAggregate262 Karrie Webb (1999, 2010)To par−26 Karrie Webb (1999, 2010)Final champion Prima Thammaraks RoyalPinesResortclass=notpageimage| Location in Australia The RACV Gold Coast Challenge was a golf tournament played in Australia. It was one of the leading tournaments on the ALPG Tour and was co-sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour (LET) since 2001. Between 1997 and 2000 it was an event on the LPGA Tour. It has been played at the RACV Royal Pines Resort in Benowa, Queensland, a suburb of Gold Coast since 1992. In 2007 the Masters was the richest women's golf tournament in Australia, with a prize fund of A$800,000. Although the 2008 prize fund dropped to A$600,000, the tournament remained the richest in Australia. The 144 strong 2015 field consisted of 50 ALPG players, 50 LET players, 10 LPGA of Korea Tour players, 5 China Ladies Professional Golf Association players, 3 leading players from the Women's World Golf Rankings and sponsor's invitees. The tournament was founded in 1990 as a 54-hole stroke play event, and was originally called the Australian Ladies Masters. It expanded to 72 holes in 1994. Australia's most successful women golfer Karrie Webb won the event a record eight times. Tournament winners Year Venue Winner Country Score Margin of victory Runner(s)-up Country RACV Gold Coast Challenge 2017 Royal Pines Resort Prima Thammaraks  Thailand 213 (−6) 1 stroke Sarah Jane Smith  Australia Volvik RACV Ladies Masters 2016 Royal Pines Resort Jiyai Shin  South Korea 278 (−14) 3 strokes Holly Clyburn  England 2015 Royal Pines Resort Su-Hyun Oh  Australia 285 (−7) 3 strokes Charley Hull  England Katherine Kirk  Australia Florentyna Parker  England 2014 Royal Pines Resort Cheyenne Woods  United States 276 (−16) 2 strokes Minjee Lee (amateur)  Australia 2013 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 275 (−13) 2 strokes Chella Choi  South Korea Ariya Jutanugarn  Thailand Su-Hyun Oh  Australia Gold Coast RACV Australian Ladies Masters 2012 Royal Pines Resort Christel Boeljon  Netherlands 267 (−21) 1 stroke Diana Luna  Italy Kim Ha-neul  South Korea Ryu So-yeon  South Korea ANZ RACV Ladies Masters 2011 Royal Pines Resort Yani Tseng  Taiwan 264 (−24) 4 strokes Nikki Campbell  Australia Stacy Lewis  United States ANZ Ladies Masters 2010 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 262 (−26) 6 strokes Katherine Hull  Australia Lee Bo-Mee  South Korea 2009 Royal Pines Resort Katherine Hull  Australia 272 (−16) 5 strokes Ryu So-Yeon  South Korea Tamie Durdin  Australia 2008 Royal Pines Resort Lisa Hall  England 203 (−13) 1 stroke Shin Hyun-Ju  South Korea 2007 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 269 (−19) 2 strokes Jiyai Shin  South Korea 2006 Royal Pines Resort Amy Yang (amateur)  South Korea 275 (−13) Playoff Catherine Cartwright  United States 2005 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 271 (−16) 1 stroke Ai Miyazato  Japan 2004 Royal Pines Resort Annika Sörenstam  Sweden 269 (−19) 4 strokes Karen Stupples  England 2003 Royal Pines Resort Laura Davies  England 203 (−13) 1 stroke Rebecca Stevenson  Australia Karrie Webb  Australia 2002 Royal Pines Resort Annika Sörenstam  Sweden 278 (−10) Playoff Karrie Webb  Australia 2001 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 271 (−17) 8 strokes Rachel Teske  Australia Australian Ladies Masters 2000 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 274 (−14) 1 stroke Lorie Kane  Canada 1999 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 262 (−26) 10 strokes Janice Moodie  Scotland 1998 Royal Pines Resort Karrie Webb  Australia 272 (−16) 5 strokes Park Hyun-Soon  South Korea Annika Sörenstam  Sweden Alpine Australian Ladies Masters 1997 Royal Pines Resort Gail Graham  Canada 273 (−15) 1 stroke Karrie Webb  Australia 1996 Royal Pines Resort Jane Crafter  Australia 273 (−19) 1 stroke Jane Geddes  United States Laura Davies  England 1995 Royal Pines Resort Annika Sörenstam  Sweden 270 (−22) 8 strokes Jane Geddes  United States 1994 Royal Pines Resort Laura Davies  England 272 (−20) 4 strokes Karrie Webb  Australia 1993 Royal Pines Resort Laura Davies  England 211 (−8) 1 stroke Leigh Ann Mills  United States Jane Geddes  United States Muffin Spencer-Delvin  United States 1992 Royal Pines Resort Jane Crafter  Australia 207 (−15) 3 strokes Brandie Burton  United States Jane Geddes  United States Leigh Ann Mills  United States Daikyo Australian Ladies Masters 1991 Palm Meadows Jane Geddes  United States 209 (−13) 3 strokes Corinne Dibnah  Australia 1990 Palm Meadows Jane Geddes  United States 209 (−13) Playoff Kristal Parker  United States Contested over 54 holes from 1990 through 1993, reduced to 54 holes due to adverse weather in 2008, and contested over 54 holes in 2017. Source: Multiple winners Five players won this tournament more than once. 8 wins Karrie Webb: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013 3 wins Annika Sörenstam: 1995, 2002, 2004 Laura Davies: 1993, 1994, 2003 2 wins Jane Crafter: 1992, 1996 Jane Geddes: 1990, 1991 Source: References ^ "Players Information" (PDF). ladiesmasters.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. ^ "Australian Ladies Masters, past results & past champions". ladiesmasters.com. Tuohy Associates (TA Golf). Retrieved 2 March 2024. ^ "Australian Ladies Masters, Hall of Fame". ladiesmasters.com. Tuohy Associates (TA Golf). Retrieved 2 March 2024. External links Official website Coverage on the ALPG Tour's official site Coverage on the Ladies European Tour's official site vteFormer LPGA Tour events 500 Ladies Classic ADT Championship AI Star/Centinela Hospital Classic Alamo Ladies Classic Albuquerque Swing Parade All American Open Alliance Machine International Open Amarillo Ladies' Open American Defender Classic American Women's Open areaWEB.COM Challenge Ardmore Open Arkansas Open Asahi Ryokuken International Championship Asheville Open Austin Civitan Open Australian Ladies Masters Babe Zaharias Invitational Babe Zaharias Open Bakersfield Open Barth Classic Baton Rouge Ladies Invitational Battle Creek Open Betty Jameson Open Bing Crosby International Classic Birmingham Classic Blue Bay LPGA Bluegrass Invitational Borden Classic Buckeye Savings Invitational Cameron Park Open Canyon Ladies Classic Carlsbad Jaycee Open The Carlton Carrollton Open Cavalier Open Charity Golf Classic Chicago Challenge Child & Family Services Open Chrysler-Plymouth Classic Cisco World Ladies Match Play Championship Clock Open Coates Golf Championship Colgate European Open Colgate Far East Open Colgate-Hong Kong Open Columbia Savings LPGA National Pro-Am Concord Open Corpus Christi Civitan Open Corpus Christi Tournament Cosmopolitan Open Crestar-Farm Fresh Classic Cross Country 144 Hole Weathervane Cubic Corporation Classic CVS/pharmacy LPGA Challenge Damon Runyon Cancer Fund Tournament Danbury Lady Carling Open Desert Inn Classic Eastern Women's Open Elizabeth Arden Classic ERA Real Estate Classic Fieldcrest Cannon Classic Fields Open in Hawaii Florida's Natural Charity Championship Fort Wayne Open Franklin American Mortgage Championship Freedom/Orlando Classic French Lick Open Fresno Open Friendly's Classic GAC Classic Gatlinburg Open George Washington Classic Giant Eagle LPGA Classic Ginn Open Ginn Tribute Hosted by Annika Glass City Classic GNA/Glendale Federal Classic Golden Circle of Golf Festival Golden Lights Championship Golden Triangle Festival Grand China Air LPGA Greater Baltimore Golf Classic Greater Ft. Myers Classic Greater Washington Open Grossinger Open Hardscrabble Open Havana Open Hawaiian Ladies Open HealthSouth Inaugural Heart of America Invitational Heritage Village Open Hillside Open Hollywood Lakes Open Honda Civic Classic Hoosier Open Houston Exchange Clubs Classic Howard Johnson Invitational HSBC Women's World Match Play Championship Idaho Centennial Ladies' Open Indy Women in Tech Championship J Golf Phoenix LPGA International J&B Scotch Pro-Am Jackson Open Jacksonville Ladies Open The Jamaica Classic Kapalua LPGA Classic Karsten-Ping Open Kathy Ireland Championship Kellogg-Keebler Classic Kings River Open Knoxville Ladies Classic Konica San Jose Classic Kyocera Inamori Classic Ladies' Los Angeles Open Lady Carling Eastern Open Lady Errol Classic Lady Keystone Open Lady Stroh's Open Lake Worth Open Las Cruces Ladies Open Las Vegas LPGA Lawson's LPGA Classic Lawton Open Lincoln-Mercury Open Links Invitation Open Lorena Ochoa Invitational Los Angeles Open Los Angeles Women's Championship Los Coyotes LPGA Classic Louise Suggs Invitational LPGA Corning Classic LPGA KEB Hana Bank Championship LPGA State Farm Classic LPGA Takefuji Classic LPGA Tour Championship LPGA Volvik Championship Manulife LPGA Classic Mary Kay Classic Mary Mills Mississippi Gulf Coast Invitational MasterCard Classic MasterCard International Pro-Am Mayfair Open Mayflower Classic Mazda Hall of Fame Championship McCall's LPGA Classic McDonald's Championship Memphis Open Mercury Titleholders Championship Michelob Light Classic Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill Mickey Wright Invitational Mile High Open Milwaukee Jaycee Open The Mitchell Company Tournament of Champions Molson's Canadian Open Moss Creek Women's Invitational Mt. Prospect Open Muskogee Civitan Open Naples Lely Classic New Orleans Women's Open New Zealand Women's Open Niagara Frontier Classic Ocean State Open The Office Depot Office Depot Championship Oklahoma City Open Oldsmobile Classic Olympia Gold Classic Omaha Jaycee Open Opie Turner Open O'Sullivan Ladies Open Pacific Ladies Classic Palm Beach County Open Palm Springs Open Patty Berg Classic Patty Berg Classic (Massachusetts) Peach Blossom Open Pelican Women's Championship Pensacola Ladies Invitational The Phar-Mor at Inverrary Pinewild Women's Championship PING/Welch's Championship Planters Pat Bradley International Pocono Northeast Classic Phoenix Thunderbirds Open Pittsburgh Open Pompano Beach Classic Port Charlotte Invitational Port Malabar Invitational Potamkin Cadillac Classic Pure Silk-Bahamas LPGA Classic Pure Silk Championship Rainbow Foods LPGA Classic Reignwood LPGA Classic Reno Open Richmond Open River Plantation Invitational Riverside Ladies Open Rock City Ladies Open Royal Crown Open Royal Poinciana Invitational S&H Green Stamp Classic Sacramento Open Sacramento Union Ladies Classic Safeco Classic Samsung World Championship San Diego Open Sandhills Women's Open Santa Barbara Open Sara Lee Classic The Sarah Coventry Sarasota Classic Sarasota Open SBS Open at Turtle Bay Sea Island Open Sears Women's Classic SemGroup Championship Serbin Open Shirley Englehorn Invitational Shreveport Kiwanis Invitational Sime Darby LPGA Malaysia Smirnoff Ladies Irish Open Southgate Ladies Open Spokane Women's Open Springfield Jaycee Open St. Louis Women's Invitational St. Petersburg Women's Open Star Bank LPGA Classic Stockton Open Subaru Memorial of Naples Sunshine Women's Open Supertest Ladies Open Suzuki Golf Internationale Swinging Skirts LPGA Classic Sybase Classic Sybase Match Play Championship Syracuse Open Tall City Open Tampa Women's Open Texas Women's Open Thomasville Open Thornberry Creek LPGA Classic Titleholders Championship Tippecanoe Open Tournament of Champs Tres Marias Championship Triangle Round Robin Uniden LPGA Invitational United Voluntary Services Open Valhalla Open Venice Ladies Open Visalia Open Wachovia LPGA Classic Waco Tribune Herald Ladies Classic Waldemar Open Waterloo Women's Open Invitational Wegmans LPGA Welch's/Fry's Championship Wendell-West Open Wendy's Championship for Children West Virginia LPGA Classic White Mountain Open Wichita Open Willow Park Ladies Invitational Wolverine Open Women's Australian Open Women's Golf Charities Open Women's Kemper Open Women's Victorian Open Women's Western Open World Championship WUI Classic Yankee Women's Open Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic Youngstown Kitchens Trumbull Open YourLife Vitamins LPGA Classic Team events: Lexus Cup (annual) Unofficial events: HSBC Brazil Cup Hyundai Team Matches JCPenney Classic LPGA Skins Game The Mojo 6 Women's World Cup of Golf Current LPGA Tour Events 28°00′25″S 153°22′41″E / 28.007°S 153.378°E / -28.007; 153.378
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Sanz_(footballer)
Paco Sanz
[]
Paco Sanz may refer to: Paco Sanz (actor), Spanish actor Paco Sanz (footballer, born 1972), Spanish footballer Paco Sanz (footballer, born 2004), Spanish footballer and son of the player above Paco Sanz (sport shooter), Spanish sport shooter Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Paco_Sanz&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_in_popular_culture
Bigfoot in popular culture
["1 Advertising","2 Films","2.1 Bigfoot as a primary subject","2.2 Appearance or reference","3 Games","3.1 Toys and board games","3.2 Video games","4 Law","5 Literature","6 Miscellaneous","7 Music","8 Podcasts","9 Sports","10 Television","11 Theatre","12 Tourism","13 See also","14 References"]
Cultural references to Bigfoot/Sasquatch This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bigfoot in popular culture" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may contain unverified or indiscriminate information in embedded lists. Please help clean up the lists by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bigfoot is an alleged human or ape-like cryptid in North America. Since the mid-20th century, Bigfoot has become increasingly relevant in popular culture and is the subject of film, television, advertising, music, literature and more. Advertising "Bigfoot" and "Sasquatch" are pop culture terms that have been used in advertising across many different products and services Jack Link's brand of beef jerky uses Bigfoot as a product mascot. The company also produces a series of commercials entitled "Messin' with Sasquatch". In the commercials, hikers play tricks on Bigfoot. The end of the commercials typically show the creature reacting angrily to the pranks, chasing, and sometimes attacking them. Game camera manufacturer the Bushnell Corporation, along with Field & Stream, launched a promotional contest over a photo taken in September 2007, by deer hunter Rick Jacobs of Pennsylvania on his game camera of what some believe could be a young Bigfoot. More skeptical viewers deemed it a bear. The companies offered a one million dollar reward for a verifiable photo of Bigfoot taken on a game camera. The food chain Red Robin ran a television commercial in which a hiker speaks the words "Red Robin" and hears a reply of "Yummm" from Bigfoot. The restaurant chain Boston Pizza used "Louie" the Bigfoot in a series of television commercials around 2007. Ultimately they decided to drop the character as a promotional gimmick. Kokanee Beer used a Bigfoot named "Mel" in a series of commercials pitting him against the "Kokanee Ranger" played by John Novak. In 2004, a Mel statue was built in Creston, British Columbia. The Columbia Brewery Company paid for half the construction costs. Carlsberg Beer used Bigfoot in two commercials. American comfort technology company Purple launched an internet ad on YouTube in November 2016 entitled, "Can Your Mattress Protector Stand up to Sasquatch?". It depicts a Bigfoot mother advertising the brand in a comedic style along with her husband and son. As of January 2022, this advertisement has over 128 million views. American Insurance company Progressive launched a commercial in March 2020 depicting fictional saleswoman Flo having a conversation with a Bigfoot named "Darryl" who is upset that people are so preoccupied with their outdoor recreational vehicles that no one wants to find him anymore. American personal care products company Dr. Squatch parodies the name "Sasquatch" in their brand and the creature is depicted in their logo. Sierra Nevada Brewing Company brews a barley wine-style ale called "Bigfoot". The U.S. Forest Service uses Bigfoot in comedic environmental protection campaigns. In the spring of 2020, fire safety officials in Oregon began a forest fire safety campaign called "Safer with Sasquatch". Among the various characters associated with Chuck E. Cheese's is a Bigfoot named Nigel. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bigfoot was used as a symbol for numerous private and public social distancing campaigns. Veganuary launched an advertisement in December 2021 in which a Bigfoot, voiced by James Cromwell, plans to switch to a vegan diet in order to help prevent climate change. In a 2024 Booking.com Super Bowl LVIII commercial, Tina Fey appears as Bigfoot being groomed by Jack McBrayer. Films Bigfoot is a popular film subject that has appeared in numerous genres including horror films, comedy films, animated films, documentary films and more. Bigfoot as a primary subject Bigfoot (1970) The Geek (1971) The Legend of Boggy Creek (1972) Bigfoot Man or Beast (1972) Shriek of the Mutilated (1974) Sasqua (1975) The Mysterious Monsters (1976) Creature from Black Lake (1976) Snowbeast (1976) Sasquatch, the Legend of Bigfoot (1976) Manbeast, Myth Or Monster? (1978) Curse of Bigfoot (1978) The Capture of Bigfoot (1979) Revenge of Bigfoot (1979) Night of the Demon (1980) Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues (1985) Bigfoot (1987) Cry Wilderness (1987) Harry and the Hendersons (1987) Jacaranda Joe (1994) Drawing Flies (1996) Little Bigfoot (1997) Little Bigfoot 2: The Journey Home (1997) Sasquatch Hunters (1997), Ape Canyon (2002)Whatcom County The Untold (2002) Bigfootville (2002) They Call Him Sasquatch (2003) Sasquatch Hunters (2005) The Unknown (2005) Bigfoot (2006) Abominable (2006) Bigfoot (2006) Sasquatch Mountain (2006) The Legend of Sasquatch (2006) The Sasquatch Gang (2007) Not Your Typical Bigfoot Movie (2008) Bigfoot (2009) The Wild Man of the Navidad (2009) Boggy Creek (2009) Momo (2009) Letters from the Big Man (2011) The Erickson Project (2011) Bigfoot: The Lost Coast Tapes (2012) Bigfoot (2012) Willow Creek (2013) Feed the Gods (2014) Stomping Ground (2014) Hunting the Legend (2014) Exists (2014) The Legend of Grassman (2014) Bigfoot vs. D.B. Cooper (2014) Something in the Woods (2015) Valley of the Sasquatch (2015) Bigfoot vs. Zombies (2015) Bigfoot: The Movie (2015) Sassquatch: Return of the Queen (2015) The Sighting (2016) Gimme Head: the Tale of the Cuyahoga Valley Bigfoot (2016) The Bigfoot Project (2017) The Son of Bigfoot (2017) Big Legend (2018) The Man Who Killed Hitler and then The Bigfoot (2018) Missing Link (2019) Big Fur (2019) Bigfoot Family (2020) Bigfoot vs. the Illuminati (2020) Sasquatch (2021) Bigfoot vs Megalodon (2021) Sasquatch Sunset (2024) Appearance or reference Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) - a character references a Bigfoot sighting. A Goofy Movie (1995) - Bigfoot (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) interacts with Goofy and Max Goof while they are camping. Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels (2004) features a sequence recreating the filming of one of the episodes of The Six Million Dollar Man featuring Bigfoot; John DeSantis portrays the unidentified actor playing Bigfoot (in real life either Andre the Giant or Ted Cassidy). Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny (2006) - John C. Reilly portrays Sasquatch in a Tenacious D music video. TMNT (2007) - Appears as an other-dimensional antagonist whom the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles fight. The Dark Knight (2008) - Bigfoot, specifically a still from the famous Patterson–Gimlin film, is shown on a board at the Gotham City Police Department where the identity of the Joker is being investigated. Strange Wilderness (2008) Bedtime Stories (2008) Hotel Transylvania (2012) - In this franchise, Bigfoot is pictured as being a large size. His head is the only thing that is not shown. The Cabin in the Woods (2012) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 (2013) - Depicted as a Foodimal called the "Sasquash" which is a humanoid squash that hides in the background. Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015) - Same description as the previous movie. Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018) - Same description as the previous movie. By the end of the film, his head is finally shown. Missing 411: The Hunted (2019) Games Toys and board games The Milton Bradley Company released a board game in 1977 entitled Big Foot The Giant Snow Monster. Fisher-Price released an "Imaginext" remote controlled robot called BIG FOOT The Monster in 2010. Archie McPhee produces a Bigfoot action figure as well as other novelty Bigfoot-related items including car air fresheners, a lunchbox, and ornaments. The Ravensburger game company made a strategy board game call HORRIFIED: American Monsters, in which the Bigfoot prominently features. Bigfoot is a prominent Beastie character in MetaZoo, a cryptozoology-themed collectible card game released in 2020. In 2022, Nerf announced their new mascot, Murph, a dart-covered Bigfoot. Video games In the Darkstalkers series, Sasquatch is a playable character. In the 1991 The Simpsons arcade game, Bigfoot is depicted as an opponent. In the 1993 game Sam & Max Hit the Road, the eponymous characters embark on a search for a Bigfoot that escaped from a traveling freak show. Later an entire population of bigfoots is encountered. In the 2000 game Banjo-Tooie, the player encounters a Bigfoot/Yeti-like creature called "Biggafoot" in Hailfire Peaks. In the 2000 game Ski Resort Tycoon, Bigfoot is an obstacle that players must overcome when building their resort. In the 2001 game Zoo Tycoon, players can unlock Bigfoot and the Yeti for display at their zoo. In the 2003 game Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge, the player encounters a creature in the swamp level "Bad Magic Bayou" called a "Bogfoot". In the 2004 game Tony Hawk's Underground 2, when unlocked, Bigfoot is a playable character. In the 2004 game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, a rumor surfaced regarding players allegedly catching a glimpse of Bigfoot within the game's forests. It soon became a popular topic on sites such as YouTube, and much like its real-life counterpart, players searching for Bigfoot within the game became a commonplace. Rockstar Games has denied the existence of Bigfoot within the game. Modders have since added their own versions of the creature to the game. In the 2007 game The Sims 2: Bon Voyage, a Bigfoot sim can be found on a secret vacation lot and brought home to live with the player's sim. In the 2007 game Poptropica, on Cryptids Island, Bigfoot is the last cryptid that the player must find. He is proven to be real, and is found in the Pacific Northwest. In the 2007 game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2007, Bigfoot is seen hiding behind a tree and an easter egg. In the 2010 game Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare, a side-mission entitled "Birth of the Conservation Movement", has the main protagonist, John Marston, interact with the last living Sasquatch. In the 2012 game Assassin's Creed III, the young assassin Connor is told stories of a tall, hairy figure who steals from hunter's traps. This starts a side quest, where the player is tasked with finding out the truth about this story. In the 2013 game Grand Theft Auto V, Bigfoot is seen in the game's "Predator" mission. After completion of the story mode, players who attain the 100% Completion goal can undertake a mission to hunt Bigfoot, although it turns out to be a man in a suit. Additionally, players can find and consume peyote plants, one of which temporarily transforms the player into a Bigfoot. For Halloween 2022, players who completed certain tasks in the Grand Theft Auto Online version of the game received a Bigfoot costume for their wardrobe. In the 2020 game Terrordrome: Reign of the Legends, Sasquatch appears as one of the playable characters. In the 2022 game Splatoon 3, Bigfoot was featured as the third option in the April 2023 Cryptid Splatfest Nessie vs. Aliens vs. Bigfoot. Law Skamania County, Washington passed a law regarding Bigfoot in 1969 declaring that "any willful, wanton slaying of such creatures shall be deemed a felony" subject to substantial fine and/or imprisonment. The fact that this legislation was passed on April 1 did not escape notice, but County Commissioner Conrad Lundy said that "this is not an April Fool's Day joke ... there is reason to believe such an animal exists." The ordinance was amended in 1984 to preclude an insanity defense and to consider such a killing homicide if the creature was proven by a coroner to be humanoid. The Skamania County ordinance speculates on whether or not Bigfoot is a subspecies of Homo sapiens. Whatcom County, Washington passed a bill on June 9, 1991, which declared Whatcom County a "Sasquatch Protection and Refuge Area". Literature Like film and television, Bigfoot is a common subject of literature appearing in a variety of genres. The Long Earth is a novel by Terry Pratchett and Stephen Baxter whose main antagonists are a dimension jumping archaic humanoid species similar to man which are referred to as trolls. Sasquatch Books is the largest publishing house in the Pacific Northwest. Its logo features a Sasquatch footprint. The Gwaii, published by Arcana Studio, is a children's graphic novel that features a Sasquatch named "Tanu" searching for his mother and tribe in the Canadian wilderness. John Prufrock, the hero of the comic book Proof, is a Bigfoot who works for a secret agency that hunts and captures other cryptids. The comic was written by Alex Grecian and illustrated by Riley Rossmo. It was published in Image Comics from October 2007 to May 2011. Donations to Clarity, a 2011 novel by Noah Baird, tells the story of a Bigfoot who falls in love with a Bigfoot hoaxer. A character called "The Sasquatch" appears in the Italian comic series Tex (as a huge wild man with thaumaturgical powers) and Martin Mystère. In the non-canon Star Wars Tales comic "Into the Great Unknown", the Millennium Falcon, after a blind hyperspace jump, crash-lands on what appears to be Endor but is in fact the Pacific Northwest around the time of Lewis and Clark, resulting in Han Solo's death at the hands of the natives and the eventual discovery of his body by Indiana Jones (who is disturbed by something "eerily familiar" about the remains) - "Sasquatch" is actually Chewbacca. One of the main characters from the Canadian Marvel Comics superhero team Alpha Flight is called Sasquatch. Alternate history author Harry Turtledove has written stories as part of the "State of Jefferson Stories" titled "Visitor from the East" (May 2016), "Peace is Better" (May 2016), "Typecasting" (June 2016) and "Three Men and a Sasquatch" (2019) published online here where Sasquatches, Yetis and other related cryptids are real. However, unlike common popular depictions of such creatures as less evolved primates, they are essentially another race of human beings, and have been integrated into society. In the poem Satch by Jeannette Allée (Fence literary magazine, Vol. 8,1&2, Summer 2005), Bigfoot is a metaphor for how individuals childishly hide from their own talents, desires, love. In the SCP Foundation mythos, the Bigfoot are depicted as Homo nocturnalis, an endangered species of the genus Homo classified as SCP-1000. A cover story initially introduces SCP-1000 as possessing a fictitious genetic disease that increases the likelihood of spontaneous brain death in other hominids the longer they are viewed at. In actuality, SCP-1000 was once the dominant species of Earth until prehistoric humans stole and used their own technology against them, drove them to near extinction, and wiped their civilization from history. The survivors and their descendants have been given the moniker of the "Children of the Night" by a group of human oral historians known as the "Children of the Sun." Author Max Brooks released a novel on June 16, 2020 entitled Devolution: A Firsthand Account of the Rainier Sasquatch Massacre, about a fictional Bigfoot attack at Mount Rainier. In the My Little Pony IDW comic series, Micro-Series Issue 6, Applejack and her family pursue the mythical and mysterious "Sass Squash" during the Hearth's Warming Eve season. The 2024 book The Secret History of Bigfoot: Field Notes on a North American Monster by John O'Connor explores the cultural obsession with Bigfoot. Miscellaneous Bigfoot is a popular Halloween costume. The 2021 Ford Bronco features a "Sasquatch" package. Statues of Bigfoots have been added to the Frontierland areas at every Disney theme park. Music Country musician Don Jones released an album in the 1970s called Bigfoot (Northwest’s Abominable Snowman), which included the song "Bigfoot" (also released as a single), which featured supposedly genuine Bigfoot screams recorded by Ray Wallace, the man who claimed responsibility for finding Bigfoot evidence. "The Bigfoot Song: I Still Believe in Bigfoot", by singer/songwriter Danny Freyer, has become somewhat of an anthem for Bigfoot enthusiasts since it was first released in 2005, and is used in the closing credits of the short documentary film American Bigfoot (2017), which is directed by American comedian Bobcat Goldthwait. The song's lyrics include, "I still believe in Bigfoot/Don't care what they say/Still believe in apple pie and the good ol' U.S.A," and were written in response to a news article following the death of Ray Wallace. The article quoted Wallace's son stating that his father had perpetrated a hoax, carving the footprints himself. The song highlights the desire of many Bigfoot enthusiasts to believe in Bigfoot, regardless of scientific evidence or lack thereof. The song "Bigfoot!" by the Winnipeg indie-rock band The Weakerthans is about the frustration and humiliation of a man who is purported to have seen a Bigfoot. The pop punk band Groovie Ghoulies released a song in 1997 about Bigfoot called "Running with Bigfoot". American chiptune-based synthpunk band, Math the Band released a song as part of their Don't Worry album in 2009 titled "Bigfoot". The musician Saxsquatch has had a number of viral videos where he, dressed in a Sasquatch costume, performs saxophone covers of popular music. Saxsquatch has gathered a large social media following. Podcasts The Adventure Zone, a popular real-play RPG podcast, features Bigfoot as a side character in its Amnesty campaign, set in West Virginia. Bigfoot and Beyond, a podcast hosted by Finding Bigfoot cast members James "BoBo" Fay, and Cliff Barackman. Wild Thing Bigfoot has been a topic of discussion the Joe Rogan Experience; guests that discussed the topic with Rogan include Bobcat Goldthwait, Les Stroud, Rutledge Wood, Tony Hinchcliffe, and Steven Tyler. Sports Bigfoot is the name of the first series of monster trucks. In 1975, Bob Chandler created the original truck, which he named after his driving style rather than its characteristically large tires. Squatch was the mascot of the Seattle SuperSonics, who were a professional basketball franchise that was based in Seattle, Washington and played in the NBA from 1967 until 2008. Quatchi, one of three mascots for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, is portrayed as a "young sasquatch who comes from the mysterious forests of Canada". Bigfoot is the name of the athletics teams of the Community Colleges of Spokane, with the mascot being named “Skitch the Sasquatch”. Television This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bigfoot has been featured in a wide variety of television and has been the focus point such as in documentaries and programs depicting the search for the creature, or referenced in many other ways within shows of varying genres and types. Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond in October 1959 presented one of the earliest television series episodes referencing a Bigfoot-like creature that rescues a little boy, Davey Morris, who is lost in the woods. Davey insists that a giant, furry friend helped him and visits him at home where the creature leaves giant footprints and an unpleasant, lingering odor. Davey's father and friends hunt the creature and set the woods on fire to flush it out but with no success. One horrified hunter does glimpse the creature but can't come to terms with what he has seen. Finding Bigfoot on Animal Planet follows a team of Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization (BFRO) members searching for the creature. Destination Truth on Syfy features multiple episodes of host Josh Gates searching for Bigfoot or related creatures such as the Yeti. Survivorman season 6 depicted Les Stroud searching for the creature while surviving in the wilderness alone. It was titled - Survivorman Bigfoot. Unsolved Mysteries seasons one and six featured episodes regarding eyewitness accounts of Bigfoot encounters. The Animal X series on the Discovery Channel featured an episode related to Bigfoot in which a research team discovered the Skookum cast in the year 2000. The 2004 spin-off "Animal X - Natural Mystery Unit" showcased an episode in where a team searched for Bigfoot in Texas. Ancient Aliens on History aired an episode on May 23, 2012 entitled "Aliens and Bigfoot", which explored theories between extraterrestrials and Bigfoot. The Six Million Dollar Man and its spin-off, The Bionic Woman featured three separate stories (two of them two-part episodes) featuring a bionic Bigfoot which was created by aliens (and the source of the legend owing to the aliens' extended time taking refuge in the wilderness of northern California); initially an antagonist, Bigfoot eventually becomes a friend and ally to the heroes. In the first two-part episode, the creature was played by professional wrestler André the Giant while in the latter episodes he was played by Ted Cassidy. The Beachcombers episode "The Sasquatch Walks By Night", aired January 13, 1974 and depicts a storyline involving a hoaxed Bigfoot sighting. Bigfoot and Wildboy, which started as a segment of the second season of the Krofft Supershow before spinning off into a series, has the title character joined by a young orphan. Harry and the Hendersons was a 72 episode show that ran from 1991 to 1993 and was based on the film of the same name. Trailer Park Boys depicts one of the characters frequently mispronounces Sasquatch as a "Samsquanch". Sasquatch was also featured in the Tenacious D (The Greatest Band in the World) TV show and wanted to join the band but was unable to. Sasquatch did, however, cause Jack Black and Kyle Gass regained their trust in the rock star mythos. Bigfoot makes an appearance in a Futurama episode entitled "Spanish Fry", where Philip J. Fry attempts to find Bigfoot. A female Bigfoot appears near in the end of The All New Popeye Hour episode "Popeye and Bigfoot" and carries Bluto. In the TV series The Invisible Man, the title character of Darien Fawkes is turned invisible by a chemical derived from Bigfoot; Bigfoot has escaped detection over the centuries by turning invisible. In The Simpsons episode "The Call of the Simpsons", Homer Simpson gets covered in mud and is mistaken for Bigfoot. In DuckTales episode "The Other Bin of Scrooge McDuck!", Bigfoot (voiced by Sam Riegel) was found with a thorn in his paw by Huey, who removed the thorn, hoarded him in McDuck Manor, and named him Tenderfeet. In Tom and Jerry Tales episode "Sasquashed", while on a camping trip, Tom, Jerry and Tuffy find a Bigfoot named Sheldon. In Phineas and Ferb episode "Get That Bigfoot Outta My Face!", Candace was eaten by a Bigfoot, mistaking with real, however, it turns out that was a Bigfoot costume instead of real. In The Newsroom episode "I'll Fix You", news researchers discuss and (often jokingly) debate the reality of Bigfoot as a future story for the news. The iCarly episode "iBelieve in Bigfoot" focuses on the main characters visiting a forest in search of Bigfoot. In The California Raisin Show, the Raisins, sick and tired of autograph hounds and obsessive fans, elect to go camping in the deep woods for a much needed vacation. One of the Raisins tells of a Native American (portrayed as potatoes) legend of a monster called "Sasquash". In the fruit & vegetable manner of the show, the Raisins come across a race of gigantic anthropomorphic squash and appease them by performing an impromptu concert, then return to civilization leaving a boombox of their music and an autograph for the Bigfoot-type creatures. Bigfoot makes an appearance in the "Summer Camp!" episode of the family comedy series The Aquabats! Super Show!, turning out to be the boyfriend of a female shapeshifting "Were-Ape" which has been terrorizing a summer camp. In the Brickleberry episode "Steve's Bald", one of the park rangers, Steve, is mistaken for Bigfoot after overuse of a black-market baldness cure leaves his whole body covered in hair, playing along with the misconception until being accused of killing Steve - prompting a chase which leads to the discovery, and death, of the real Bigfoot. The Penn & Teller: Bullshit! episode "Cryptozoology" discusses Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. The Spike reality show 10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty has nine teams trying to find proof of Bigfoot's existence. In the Littlest Pet Shop episode "Littlest Bigfoot", Penny Ling encounters a juvenile bigfoot in a forested National Park. Her friends are skeptical of her findings, until they encounter the creature themselves later in the episode. In the Australian YouTube series The Big Lez Show, Sassy the Sasquatch is one of the main protagonists, accompanied by other Sasquatch like creatures. Sassy and his friends frequently engage in recreational drug use. In Gravity Falls, Bigfoot appears for a split second in the theme song and is parodied in the series.. At the Mystery Shack, Grunkle Stan has a statue in one of his exhibits called the "Sascrotch", which appears as Bigfoot wearing underwear. In Timon & Pumbaa episode “Bigfoot, Littlebrain”, Timon and Pumbaa meet Bigfoot (voiced by Bill Fagerbakke). When they accidentally eat Bigfoot's bug friends, Bigfoot makes them keep him company so that he won't be lonely. In Animal Mechanicals, Sasquatch is a blue Bigfoot with the ability to stretch his arms and/or legs to an incredible length. In How I Met Your Mother, Marshall Eriksen (played by Jason Segel) has often declared himself a 'believer' of Sasquatch, although being frequently mocked for this by his friends. Bigfoot is a recurring character in Back at the Barnyard. In the Goof Troop episode "Winter Blunderland", Pete convinces Goofy to play Bigfoot in order to bring business to his car lot. Instead of customers, the real female Bigfoot is attracted. In the SheZow episode "SheSquatch", SheZow and Maz help a female Sasquatch named SheSquatch from an evil park ranger from forcing her to scare campers. In the Round the Twist episode "The Nirandathal Beast", the title creature is based on Bigfoot. Bronson gets mistaken for the beast after growing a long beard due to using the family razor before Pete and gets the attention of the authorities and eventually bounty hunters. In the Cartoon Network series We Bare Bears, the character Charlie is an anthropomorphic Bigfoot. In The A-Team episode "Timber", Murdock (played by actor Dwight Schultz) searches for Bigfoot. A childlike version of Bigfoot is a recurring character in Wabbit, voiced by Matthew Mercer. In Mr. Pickles, a mafia hit-man is turned into Bigfoot. "Bigfoot: The Convincing Evidence", released on April 14, 2017, is episode 2 of season 2 of BuzzFeed web series, BuzzFeed Unsolved: Supernatural in which evidence suggesting the existence of Bigfoot is discussed and investigated. In the Courage the Cowardly Dog episode "Courage Meets Bigfoot" the titular character befriends a Bigfoot and protects him from a mob. In the Dexter's Laboratory episode "Sassy Come Home", Dee Dee befriends a Bigfoot due to their mutual huge feet and they have to contend with Dexter, who is determined to capture the sasquatch. In The Powerpuff Girls episode "Say Uncle", The girls take a Bigfoot-like Beastman (vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker) home by mistake thinking he is their uncle Eugene, but problems ensue when they take the Beastman to Townsville. In the Blaze and the Monster Machines episode "Gasquatch!", the guest character is a large, fur-covered Bigfoot-like monster truck who lives in the forest and loves mud. In the CatDog episodes, "The Great Parent Mystery" and "Vexed of Kin", the titular characters' adopted mother is a blue-furred sasquatch married to a big-nosed frog. In the Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi episode "Camping Caper", Ami gets kidnapped by a giant Bigfoot, Yumi attempts to rescue Ami before being eaten by the Bigfoot. In the MacGyver episode "Ghost Ship", MacGyver encounters BigFoot on an abandoned boat in an Alaskan bay. The 2010 Super Sentai series, Tensou Sentai Goseiger featured the antagonistic cryptid-themed monster group Yuumajuu. Their second-in-command, Kinggon, is a bigfoot with secondary theme of tarantula. In the second season of The World According to Jeff Goldblum, the 2021 episode entitled "Monsters" has Jeff Goldblum joining Bigfoot hunters at Mount Shasta. In Yellowstone season three, main character John Dutton (portrayed by Kevin Costner) explains the hardships of ranching to his grandson Tate and talks about livestock being killed by predators, including joking about cattle being eaten by a "big stinkin' Sasquatch". When Tate asks Dutton if Sasquatch are real, Dutton laughs and responds that he has never seen one. In The Pentaverate, Sasquatch is depicted as the "guard dog" of The Pentaverate secret society. In episode four, Shrek knocks Sasquatch unconscious. In the fifth series of the British version of the The Masked Singer reality game show, runner-up Alex Brooker wore a Bigfoot costume. In the Fugget About It episode "Sasquatchewan", Jimmy and Petey go on a hunting trip and come home with a Sasquatch. Theatre Sasquatched! The Musical is a musical play written and composed by Minnesota native Phil Darg in 2012. It follows the story of a gentle, dignified talking Sasquatch named Arthur, his interactions with the human characters of the surrounding Pacific Northwest area, and the issues revolving around Sasquatch-human relations. The style of the play is humorous, fast-moving, and family-friendly. The play was submitted as an entry to the New York Musical Theatre Festival in September 2012. In February, it was chosen as one of NYMF's Next Link selections and later received an award from the Anna Sosenko Assist Trust. In July 2013, the show was performed as part of NYMF at the Pearl Theatre in New York City. Tourism There are annual Bigfoot-related conventions and festivals, and the creature notably plays a role in Pacific Northwest tourism, such as the annual "Sasquatch Daze" held for several years in Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia and the Oregon "Bigfoot Festival" held in Troutdale, Oregon which draws thousands in attendance from all over. The small town of Remer, Minnesota holds an annual festival called "Bigfoot Days". Primatologist and Bigfoot researcher John Napier commented on this, stating that "Bigfoot in some quarters of North America has become big business ... It can no longer be considered simply as a natural phenomenon that can be studied with the techniques of a naturalist; the entrepreneurs have moved in and folklore has become fakelore." In March 2021, as a means to draw tourism, Oklahoma announced it will issue "Bigfoot Tracking Permits" to be sold at certain businesses and will offer a $2.1 million bounty for a Bigfoot captured alive, unharmed, and legally. See also Bigfoot Loch Ness Monster in popular culture Patterson–Gimlin film Sasquatch! Music Festival Hibagon - Japan's Bigfoot Kraken in popular culture Sasquatch Pushing Over a House (1982), Seattle, Washington Peter C. Byrne References ^ Little, Becky. "How the Bigfoot Legend Began". HISTORY. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. 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NPR. 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ "Groovie Ghoulies - Running with Bigfoot". discogs.com. 1997. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021. ^ "Bigfoot - song by Math the Band". February 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2021 – via Spotify. ^ Thomson, Rex (5 November 2020). "In Search Of Saxsquatch ". liveformusic.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ "The Adventure Zone: Amnesty - Episode 2 | Maximum Fun". Maximum Fun. 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2018-10-01. ^ "The Best Joe Rogan Episodes About Bigfoot". ranker.com. Ranker. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ NBA Media Ventures, LLC (2006). Squatch, The Sonics Mascot Archived 2007-01-25 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics - results & video highlights". International Olympic Committee. June 29, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. 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Since the mid-20th century, Bigfoot has become increasingly relevant in popular culture and is the subject of film, television, advertising, music, literature and more.[1]","title":"Bigfoot in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"Jack Link's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Link%27s_Beef_Jerky"},{"link_name":"beef jerky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_jerky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bushnell Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushnell_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Field & Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_%26_Stream"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debate-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Red Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Robin"},{"link_name":"television commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Boston Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Pizza"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kokanee Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokanee_Beer"},{"link_name":"John Novak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Novak_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Creston, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creston,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Columbia Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Beer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Flo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_(Progressive_Insurance)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dr. Squatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Squatch"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada Brewing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"barley wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_wine"},{"link_name":"ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"U.S. Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"forest fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_fire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFPA_Journal-16"},{"link_name":"Chuck E. Cheese's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_E._Cheese%27s"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"social distancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Veganuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganuary"},{"link_name":"James Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Booking.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking.com"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVIII"},{"link_name":"Tina Fey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Fey"},{"link_name":"Jack McBrayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McBrayer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"\"Bigfoot\" and \"Sasquatch\" are pop culture terms that have been used in advertising across many different products and servicesJack Link's brand of beef jerky uses Bigfoot as a product mascot. The company also produces a series of commercials entitled \"Messin' with Sasquatch\". In the commercials, hikers play tricks on Bigfoot. The end of the commercials typically show the creature reacting angrily to the pranks, chasing, and sometimes attacking them.[2][3]\nGame camera manufacturer the Bushnell Corporation, along with Field & Stream, launched a promotional contest over a photo taken in September 2007, by deer hunter Rick Jacobs of Pennsylvania[4] on his game camera of what some believe could be a young Bigfoot.[5] More skeptical viewers deemed it a bear.[6] The companies offered a one million dollar reward for a verifiable photo of Bigfoot taken on a game camera.[7]\nThe food chain Red Robin ran a television commercial in which a hiker speaks the words \"Red Robin\" and hears a reply of \"Yummm\" from Bigfoot.[8]\nThe restaurant chain Boston Pizza used \"Louie\" the Bigfoot in a series of television commercials around 2007. Ultimately they decided to drop the character as a promotional gimmick.[9]\nKokanee Beer used a Bigfoot named \"Mel\" in a series of commercials pitting him against the \"Kokanee Ranger\" played by John Novak. In 2004, a Mel statue was built in Creston, British Columbia. The Columbia Brewery Company paid for half the construction costs.[10]\nCarlsberg Beer used Bigfoot in two commercials.[11]\nAmerican comfort technology company Purple launched an internet ad on YouTube in November 2016 entitled, \"Can Your Mattress Protector Stand up to Sasquatch?\". It depicts a Bigfoot mother advertising the brand in a comedic style along with her husband and son. As of January 2022, this advertisement has over 128 million views.[12]\nAmerican Insurance company Progressive launched a commercial in March 2020 depicting fictional saleswoman Flo having a conversation with a Bigfoot named \"Darryl\" who is upset that people are so preoccupied with their outdoor recreational vehicles that no one wants to find him anymore.[13]\nAmerican personal care products company Dr. Squatch parodies the name \"Sasquatch\" in their brand and the creature is depicted in their logo.\nSierra Nevada Brewing Company brews a barley wine-style ale called \"Bigfoot\".[14]\nThe U.S. Forest Service uses Bigfoot in comedic environmental protection campaigns.[15]\nIn the spring of 2020, fire safety officials in Oregon began a forest fire safety campaign called \"Safer with Sasquatch\".[16]\nAmong the various characters associated with Chuck E. Cheese's is a Bigfoot named Nigel.[17]\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Bigfoot was used as a symbol for numerous private and public social distancing campaigns.[18][19]\nVeganuary launched an advertisement in December 2021 in which a Bigfoot, voiced by James Cromwell, plans to switch to a vegan diet in order to help prevent climate change.[20]\nIn a 2024 Booking.com Super Bowl LVIII commercial, Tina Fey appears as Bigfoot being groomed by Jack McBrayer.[21]","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_films"},{"link_name":"comedy films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_films"},{"link_name":"animated films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_films"},{"link_name":"documentary films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_films"}],"text":"Bigfoot is a popular film subject that has appeared in numerous genres including horror films, comedy films, animated films, documentary films and more.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"The Geek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geek"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Boggy Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Boggy_Creek"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Shriek of the Mutilated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriek_of_the_Mutilated"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Mysterious Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mysterious_Monsters"},{"link_name":"Creature from Black Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_from_Black_Lake"},{"link_name":"Snowbeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowbeast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch, the Legend of 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needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Mountain"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Sasquatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sasquatch"},{"link_name":"The Sasquatch Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sasquatch_Gang"},{"link_name":"Not Your Typical Bigfoot Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Your_Typical_Bigfoot_Movie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"The Wild Man of the Navidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Man_of_the_Navidad"},{"link_name":"Boggy Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggy_Creek"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Willow Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Creek_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Exists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exists_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Sasquatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Sasquatch"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Son of Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Son_of_Bigfoot"},{"link_name":"Big Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Legend"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Killed Hitler and then The Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Killed_Hitler_and_Then_the_Bigfoot"},{"link_name":"Missing Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_Link_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_Family"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Sunset"}],"sub_title":"Bigfoot as a primary subject","text":"Bigfoot (1970)\nThe Geek (1971)\nThe Legend of Boggy Creek (1972)\nBigfoot Man or Beast (1972)[22]\nShriek of the Mutilated (1974)\nSasqua (1975)[citation needed]\nThe Mysterious Monsters (1976)\nCreature from Black Lake (1976)\nSnowbeast (1976)[citation needed]\nSasquatch, the Legend of Bigfoot (1976)\nManbeast, Myth Or Monster? (1978)[citation needed]\nCurse of Bigfoot (1978)\nThe Capture of Bigfoot (1979)[citation needed]\nRevenge of Bigfoot (1979)[citation needed]\nNight of the Demon (1980)\nBoggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues (1985)\nBigfoot (1987)[citation needed]\nCry Wilderness (1987)[citation needed]\nHarry and the Hendersons (1987)\nJacaranda Joe (1994)[23]\nDrawing Flies (1996)[citation needed]\nLittle Bigfoot (1997)[citation needed]\nLittle Bigfoot 2: The Journey Home (1997)[citation needed]\nSasquatch Hunters (1997),[citation needed]\nApe Canyon (2002)[citation needed]Whatcom County\nThe Untold (2002)[citation needed]\nBigfootville (2002)[citation needed]\nThey Call Him Sasquatch (2003)[citation needed]\nSasquatch Hunters (2005)[citation needed]\nThe Unknown (2005)[citation needed]\nBigfoot (2006)[24]\nAbominable (2006)\nBigfoot (2006)[citation needed]\nSasquatch Mountain (2006)\nThe Legend of Sasquatch (2006)\nThe Sasquatch Gang (2007)\nNot Your Typical Bigfoot Movie (2008)[citation needed]\nBigfoot (2009)\nThe Wild Man of the Navidad (2009)\nBoggy Creek (2009)[25]\nMomo (2009)[26]\nLetters from the Big Man (2011)[citation needed]\nThe Erickson Project (2011)[27]\nBigfoot: The Lost Coast Tapes (2012)\nBigfoot (2012)\nWillow Creek (2013)\nFeed the Gods (2014)[citation needed]\nStomping Ground (2014) [28]\nHunting the Legend (2014) [29]\nExists (2014)[citation needed]\nThe Legend of Grassman (2014)[citation needed]\nBigfoot vs. D.B. Cooper (2014)[citation needed]\nSomething in the Woods (2015)[30]\nValley of the Sasquatch (2015)[31]\nBigfoot vs. Zombies (2015) [32]\nBigfoot: The Movie (2015) [33]\nSassquatch: Return of the Queen (2015)[34]\nThe Sighting (2016) [35]\nGimme Head: the Tale of the Cuyahoga Valley Bigfoot (2016)[citation needed]\nThe Bigfoot Project (2017)[citation needed]\nThe Son of Bigfoot (2017)\nBig Legend (2018)\nThe Man Who Killed Hitler and then The Bigfoot (2018)\nMissing Link (2019)\nBig Fur (2019)[citation needed]\nBigfoot Family (2020)\nBigfoot vs. the Illuminati (2020)[citation needed]\nSasquatch (2021)[citation needed]\nBigfoot vs Megalodon (2021)[citation needed]\nSasquatch Sunset (2024)","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Close Encounters of the Third Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"A Goofy Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"Goofy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy"},{"link_name":"Max Goof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Goof"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_the_Camera:_The_Unauthorized_Story_of_Charlie%27s_Angels"},{"link_name":"The Six Million Dollar Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man"},{"link_name":"John DeSantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DeSantis"},{"link_name":"Andre the Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_the_Giant"},{"link_name":"Ted Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_in_The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"John C. Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Reilly"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"TMNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMNT_(film)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"The Dark Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Patterson–Gimlin film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%E2%80%93Gimlin_film"},{"link_name":"Gotham City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(The_Dark_Knight)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Strange Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Bedtime Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedtime_Stories_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hotel Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Cabin in the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabin_in_the_Woods"},{"link_name":"Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudy_with_a_Chance_of_Meatballs_2"},{"link_name":"squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"Hotel Transylvania 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_2"},{"link_name":"Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_3:_Summer_Vacation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Appearance or reference","text":"Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) - a character references a Bigfoot sighting.[36]\nA Goofy Movie (1995) - Bigfoot (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) interacts with Goofy and Max Goof while they are camping.[37]\nBehind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels (2004) features a sequence recreating the filming of one of the episodes of The Six Million Dollar Man featuring Bigfoot; John DeSantis portrays the unidentified actor playing Bigfoot (in real life either Andre the Giant or Ted Cassidy).\nTenacious D in The Pick of Destiny (2006) - John C. Reilly portrays Sasquatch in a Tenacious D music video.[citation needed]\nTMNT (2007) - Appears as an other-dimensional antagonist whom the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles fight.\nThe Dark Knight (2008) - Bigfoot, specifically a still from the famous Patterson–Gimlin film, is shown on a board at the Gotham City Police Department where the identity of the Joker is being investigated.[citation needed]\nStrange Wilderness (2008)\nBedtime Stories (2008)\nHotel Transylvania (2012) - In this franchise, Bigfoot is pictured as being a large size. His head is the only thing that is not shown.\nThe Cabin in the Woods (2012)\nCloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 (2013) - Depicted as a Foodimal called the \"Sasquash\" which is a humanoid squash that hides in the background.\nHotel Transylvania 2 (2015) - Same description as the previous movie.\nHotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018) - Same description as the previous movie. By the end of the film, his head is finally shown.\nMissing 411: The Hunted (2019)[citation needed]","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milton Bradley Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Bradley_Company"},{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Fisher-Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Price"},{"link_name":"robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Archie McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_McPhee"},{"link_name":"action figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_figure"},{"link_name":"novelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty"},{"link_name":"air fresheners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_freshener"},{"link_name":"lunchbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunchbox"},{"link_name":"ornaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_ornament"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ravensburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensburger"},{"link_name":"MetaZoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetaZoo"},{"link_name":"cryptozoology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology"},{"link_name":"collectible card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectible_card_game"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Nerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Toys and board games","text":"The Milton Bradley Company released a board game in 1977 entitled Big Foot The Giant Snow Monster.[38]\nFisher-Price released an \"Imaginext\" remote controlled robot called BIG FOOT The Monster in 2010.[39]\nArchie McPhee produces a Bigfoot action figure as well as other novelty Bigfoot-related items including car air fresheners, a lunchbox, and ornaments.[40]\nThe Ravensburger game company made a strategy board game call HORRIFIED: American Monsters, in which the Bigfoot prominently features.\nBigfoot is a prominent Beastie character in MetaZoo, a cryptozoology-themed collectible card game released in 2020.[41]\nIn 2022, Nerf announced their new mascot, Murph, a dart-covered Bigfoot.[42]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darkstalkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkstalkers"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_(Darkstalkers)"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-43"},{"link_name":"Sam & Max Hit the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%26_Max_Hit_the_Road"},{"link_name":"freak show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Tooie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Tooie"},{"link_name":"Yeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ski Resort Tycoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Resort_Tycoon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-43"},{"link_name":"Zoo Tycoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_Tycoon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-43"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie:_Grunty%27s_Revenge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Underground 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Underground_2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-43"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto:_San_Andreas"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Rockstar Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Games"},{"link_name":"Modders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Sims 2: Bon Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sims_2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-43"},{"link_name":"Poptropica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poptropica"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods_PGA_Tour_2007"},{"link_name":"easter egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-43"},{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption:_Undead_Nightmare"},{"link_name":"John Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marston_(Red_Dead)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III"},{"link_name":"Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assassin%27s_Creed_characters#Ratonhnhak%C3%A9%EA%9E%89ton"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V"},{"link_name":"peyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyote"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_Online"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Splatoon 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_3"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"In the Darkstalkers series, Sasquatch is a playable character.\nIn the 1991 The Simpsons arcade game, Bigfoot is depicted as an opponent.[43]\nIn the 1993 game Sam & Max Hit the Road, the eponymous characters embark on a search for a Bigfoot that escaped from a traveling freak show. Later an entire population of bigfoots is encountered.[44]\nIn the 2000 game Banjo-Tooie, the player encounters a Bigfoot/Yeti-like creature called \"Biggafoot\" in Hailfire Peaks.[45]\nIn the 2000 game Ski Resort Tycoon, Bigfoot is an obstacle that players must overcome when building their resort.[43]\nIn the 2001 game Zoo Tycoon, players can unlock Bigfoot and the Yeti for display at their zoo.[43]\nIn the 2003 game Banjo-Kazooie: Grunty's Revenge, the player encounters a creature in the swamp level \"Bad Magic Bayou\" called a \"Bogfoot\".[citation needed]\nIn the 2004 game Tony Hawk's Underground 2, when unlocked, Bigfoot is a playable character.[43]\nIn the 2004 game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, a rumor surfaced regarding players allegedly catching a glimpse of Bigfoot within the game's forests. It soon became a popular topic on sites such as YouTube, and much like its real-life counterpart, players searching for Bigfoot within the game became a commonplace. Rockstar Games has denied the existence of Bigfoot within the game. Modders have since added their own versions of the creature to the game.[46]\nIn the 2007 game The Sims 2: Bon Voyage, a Bigfoot sim can be found on a secret vacation lot and brought home to live with the player's sim.[43]\nIn the 2007 game Poptropica, on Cryptids Island, Bigfoot is the last cryptid that the player must find. He is proven to be real, and is found in the Pacific Northwest.[citation needed]\nIn the 2007 game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2007, Bigfoot is seen hiding behind a tree and an easter egg.[43]\nIn the 2010 game Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare, a side-mission entitled \"Birth of the Conservation Movement\", has the main protagonist, John Marston, interact with the last living Sasquatch.[47]\nIn the 2012 game Assassin's Creed III, the young assassin Connor is told stories of a tall, hairy figure who steals from hunter's traps. This starts a side quest, where the player is tasked with finding out the truth about this story.[48]\nIn the 2013 game Grand Theft Auto V, Bigfoot is seen in the game's \"Predator\" mission. After completion of the story mode, players who attain the 100% Completion goal can undertake a mission to hunt Bigfoot, although it turns out to be a man in a suit. Additionally, players can find and consume peyote plants, one of which temporarily transforms the player into a Bigfoot.[49] For Halloween 2022, players who completed certain tasks in the Grand Theft Auto Online version of the game received a Bigfoot costume for their wardrobe.\nIn the 2020 game Terrordrome: Reign of the Legends, Sasquatch appears as one of the playable characters.[50]\nIn the 2022 game Splatoon 3, Bigfoot was featured as the third option in the April 2023 Cryptid Splatfest Nessie vs. Aliens vs. Bigfoot.[51]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skamania County, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skamania_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"April Fool's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fool%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"insanity defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense"},{"link_name":"homicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide"},{"link_name":"coroner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-53"},{"link_name":"Homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-53"},{"link_name":"Whatcom County, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatcom_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Skamania County, Washington passed a law regarding Bigfoot in 1969 declaring that \"any willful, wanton slaying of such creatures shall be deemed a felony\" subject to substantial fine and/or imprisonment. The fact that this legislation was passed on April 1 did not escape notice, but County Commissioner Conrad Lundy said that \"this is not an April Fool's Day joke ... there is reason to believe such an animal exists.\"[52] The ordinance was amended in 1984 to preclude an insanity defense and to consider such a killing homicide if the creature was proven by a coroner to be humanoid.[52][53] The Skamania County ordinance speculates on whether or not Bigfoot is a subspecies of Homo sapiens.[53]\nWhatcom County, Washington passed a bill on June 9, 1991, which declared Whatcom County a \"Sasquatch Protection and Refuge Area\".[54]","title":"Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Long Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Earth"},{"link_name":"Terry Pratchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett"},{"link_name":"Stephen Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Books"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Arcana Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcana_Studio"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_(comics)"},{"link_name":"cryptids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptids"},{"link_name":"Alex Grecian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Grecian"},{"link_name":"Riley Rossmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Rossmo"},{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Tex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Willer"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Martin Mystère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Myst%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"non-canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-canon"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Tales_Volume_5"},{"link_name":"Millennium Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Endor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endor_(Star_Wars)"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Han Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Solo"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)"},{"link_name":"eerily familiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford"},{"link_name":"Chewbacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewbacca"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Alpha Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Flight"},{"link_name":"Sasquatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"Harry Turtledove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove"},{"link_name":"published online here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tor.com/2016/06/15/typecasting/"},{"link_name":"Fence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"SCP Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCP_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo"},{"link_name":"brain death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_death"},{"link_name":"dominant species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_species"},{"link_name":"extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"oral historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_historians"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Max Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Devolution: A Firsthand Account of the Rainier Sasquatch Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution:_A_Firsthand_Account_of_the_Rainier_Sasquatch_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Mount Rainier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"My Little Pony IDW comic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony_(IDW_Publishing)"},{"link_name":"Micro-Series Issue 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_My_Little_Pony_comics_issued_by_IDW_Publishing#My_Little_Pony:_Micro-series_(February%E2%80%93December_2013)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Like film and television, Bigfoot is a common subject of literature appearing in a variety of genres.The Long Earth is a novel by Terry Pratchett and Stephen Baxter whose main antagonists are a dimension jumping archaic humanoid species similar to man which are referred to as trolls.[citation needed]\nSasquatch Books is the largest publishing house in the Pacific Northwest. Its logo features a Sasquatch footprint.[55]\nThe Gwaii, published by Arcana Studio,[56] is a children's graphic novel that features a Sasquatch named \"Tanu\" searching for his mother and tribe in the Canadian wilderness.\nJohn Prufrock, the hero of the comic book Proof, is a Bigfoot who works for a secret agency that hunts and captures other cryptids. The comic was written by Alex Grecian and illustrated by Riley Rossmo. It was published in Image Comics from October 2007 to May 2011.[57][58]\nDonations to Clarity, a 2011 novel by Noah Baird, tells the story of a Bigfoot who falls in love with a Bigfoot hoaxer.[59]\nA character called \"The Sasquatch\" appears in the Italian comic series Tex (as a huge wild man with thaumaturgical powers)[60] and Martin Mystère.\nIn the non-canon Star Wars Tales comic \"Into the Great Unknown\", the Millennium Falcon, after a blind hyperspace jump, crash-lands on what appears to be Endor but is in fact the Pacific Northwest around the time of Lewis and Clark, resulting in Han Solo's death at the hands of the natives and the eventual discovery of his body by Indiana Jones (who is disturbed by something \"eerily familiar\" about the remains) - \"Sasquatch\" is actually Chewbacca.\nOne of the main characters from the Canadian Marvel Comics superhero team Alpha Flight is called Sasquatch.\nAlternate history author Harry Turtledove has written stories as part of the \"State of Jefferson Stories\" titled \"Visitor from the East\" (May 2016), \"Peace is Better\" (May 2016), \"Typecasting\" (June 2016) and \"Three Men and a Sasquatch\" (2019) published online here where Sasquatches, Yetis and other related cryptids are real. However, unlike common popular depictions of such creatures as less evolved primates, they are essentially another race of human beings, and have been integrated into society.\nIn the poem Satch by Jeannette Allée (Fence literary magazine, Vol. 8,1&2, Summer 2005), Bigfoot is a metaphor for how individuals childishly hide from their own talents, desires, love.\nIn the SCP Foundation mythos, the Bigfoot are depicted as Homo nocturnalis, an endangered species of the genus Homo classified as SCP-1000. A cover story initially introduces SCP-1000 as possessing a fictitious genetic disease that increases the likelihood of spontaneous brain death in other hominids the longer they are viewed at. In actuality, SCP-1000 was once the dominant species of Earth until prehistoric humans stole and used their own technology against them, drove them to near extinction, and wiped their civilization from history. The survivors and their descendants have been given the moniker of the \"Children of the Night\" by a group of human oral historians known as the \"Children of the Sun.\"[61]\nAuthor Max Brooks released a novel on June 16, 2020 entitled Devolution: A Firsthand Account of the Rainier Sasquatch Massacre, about a fictional Bigfoot attack at Mount Rainier.[62]\nIn the My Little Pony IDW comic series, Micro-Series Issue 6, Applejack and her family pursue the mythical and mysterious \"Sass Squash\" during the Hearth's Warming Eve season.\nThe 2024 book The Secret History of Bigfoot: Field Notes on a North American Monster by John O'Connor explores the cultural obsession with Bigfoot.[63]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Ford Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Bronco#Sixth_generation_(U725;_2021)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Frontierland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontierland"},{"link_name":"Disney theme park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Parks_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"Bigfoot is a popular Halloween costume.[64][65]\nThe 2021 Ford Bronco features a \"Sasquatch\" package.[66]\nStatues of Bigfoots have been added to the Frontierland areas at every Disney theme park.[67]","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Country musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"single)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ray Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_L._Wallace"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Danny Freyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Freyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bobcat Goldthwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Goldthwait"},{"link_name":"Ray Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_L._Wallace"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"The Weakerthans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weakerthans"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"pop punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punk"},{"link_name":"Groovie Ghoulies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovie_Ghoulies"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"chiptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiptune"},{"link_name":"synthpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Math the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_the_Band"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Saxsquatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxsquatch"},{"link_name":"viral videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_videos"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Country musician Don Jones released an album in the 1970s called Bigfoot (Northwest’s Abominable Snowman), which included the song \"Bigfoot\" (also released as a single), which featured supposedly genuine Bigfoot screams recorded by Ray Wallace, the man who claimed responsibility for finding Bigfoot evidence.[68][69]\n\"The Bigfoot Song: I Still Believe in Bigfoot\", by singer/songwriter Danny Freyer, has become somewhat of an anthem for Bigfoot enthusiasts since it was first released in 2005, and is used in the closing credits of the short documentary film American Bigfoot (2017), which is directed by American comedian Bobcat Goldthwait. The song's lyrics include, \"I still believe in Bigfoot/Don't care what they say/Still believe in apple pie and the good ol' U.S.A,\" and were written in response to a news article following the death of Ray Wallace. The article quoted Wallace's son stating that his father had perpetrated a hoax, carving the footprints himself. The song highlights the desire of many Bigfoot enthusiasts to believe in Bigfoot, regardless of scientific evidence or lack thereof.[citation needed]\nThe song \"Bigfoot!\" by the Winnipeg indie-rock band The Weakerthans is about the frustration and humiliation of a man who is purported to have seen a Bigfoot.[70]\nThe pop punk band Groovie Ghoulies released a song in 1997 about Bigfoot called \"Running with Bigfoot\".[71]\nAmerican chiptune-based synthpunk band, Math the Band released a song as part of their Don't Worry album in 2009 titled \"Bigfoot\".[72]\nThe musician Saxsquatch has had a number of viral videos where he, dressed in a Sasquatch costume, performs saxophone covers of popular music. Saxsquatch has gathered a large social media following.[73]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Adventure Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure_Zone"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Finding Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Bigfoot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wild Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Thing_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"Joe Rogan Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan_Experience"},{"link_name":"Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rogan"},{"link_name":"Bobcat Goldthwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Goldthwait"},{"link_name":"Les Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Stroud"},{"link_name":"Rutledge Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutledge_Wood"},{"link_name":"Tony Hinchcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hinchcliffe"},{"link_name":"Steven Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tyler"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"The Adventure Zone, a popular real-play RPG podcast, features Bigfoot as a side character in its Amnesty campaign, set in West Virginia.[74]\nBigfoot and Beyond, a podcast hosted by Finding Bigfoot cast members James \"BoBo\" Fay, and Cliff Barackman.[citation needed]\nWild Thing\nBigfoot has been a topic of discussion the Joe Rogan Experience; guests that discussed the topic with Rogan include Bobcat Goldthwait, Les Stroud, Rutledge Wood, Tony Hinchcliffe, and Steven Tyler.[75]","title":"Podcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_(truck)"},{"link_name":"monster trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_truck"},{"link_name":"Squatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatch"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics_relocation_to_Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Quatchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miga,_Quatchi,_Sumi_and_Mukmuk"},{"link_name":"mascots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Community Colleges of Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Colleges_of_Spokane"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"Bigfoot is the name of the first series of monster trucks. In 1975, Bob Chandler created the original truck, which he named after his driving style rather than its characteristically large tires.\nSquatch was the mascot of the Seattle SuperSonics, who were a professional basketball franchise that was based in Seattle, Washington and played in the NBA from 1967 until 2008.[76]\nQuatchi, one of three mascots for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, is portrayed as a \"young sasquatch who comes from the mysterious forests of Canada\".[77]\nBigfoot is the name of the athletics teams of the Community Colleges of Spokane, with the mascot being named “Skitch the Sasquatch”.[78]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"documentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentaries"},{"link_name":"Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa_Presents:_One_Step_Beyond"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Finding Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Bigfoot"},{"link_name":"Animal Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Planet"},{"link_name":"Destination Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_Truth"},{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Josh Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Gates"},{"link_name":"Survivorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivorman"},{"link_name":"Les Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Stroud"},{"link_name":"Unsolved Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Animal X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_X_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"Skookum cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skookum_cast"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Ancient Aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Six Million Dollar Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man"},{"link_name":"The Bionic Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bionic_Woman"},{"link_name":"André the Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_the_Giant"},{"link_name":"Ted Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"The Beachcombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beachcombers"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bigfoot and Wildboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot_and_Wildboy"},{"link_name":"Krofft Supershow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krofft_Supershow"},{"link_name":"Harry and the Hendersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_the_Hendersons_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"the film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_and_the_Hendersons"},{"link_name":"Trailer Park Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D"},{"link_name":"Jack Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Futurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama"},{"link_name":"Spanish Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Fry"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Fry"},{"link_name":"The All New Popeye Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_All_New_Popeye_Hour"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Invisible Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"The Call of the Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"Homer Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Simpson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DuckTales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckTales_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sam Riegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Riegel"},{"link_name":"Tom and Jerry Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_Tales"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Phineas and Ferb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_and_Ferb"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Newsroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newsroom_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"iCarly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICarly"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The California Raisin Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_California_Raisin_Show"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Aquabats! Super Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aquabats!_Super_Show!"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brickleberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickleberry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Penn & Teller: Bullshit!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller:_Bullshit!"},{"link_name":"Loch Ness Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Million_Dollar_Bigfoot_Bounty"},{"link_name":"Littlest Pet Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlest_Pet_Shop_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Big Lez Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Lez_Show"},{"link_name":"recreational drug use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Gravity Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Falls"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Timon & Pumbaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_%26_Pumbaa_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Timon and Pumbaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_and_Pumbaa"},{"link_name":"Bill Fagerbakke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Fagerbakke"},{"link_name":"Animal Mechanicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Mechanicals"},{"link_name":"How I Met Your Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother"},{"link_name":"Marshall Eriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Eriksen"},{"link_name":"Jason Segel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Segel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Back at the Barnyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_at_the_Barnyard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Goof Troop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goof_Troop"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SheZow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheZow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Round the Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_the_Twist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"We Bare Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Bare_Bears"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The A-Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A-Team"},{"link_name":"Dwight Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Schultz"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabbit_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Mr. Pickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Pickles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"BuzzFeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed"},{"link_name":"BuzzFeed Unsolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed_Unsolved"},{"link_name":"Courage the Cowardly Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_the_Cowardly_Dog"},{"link_name":"Dexter's Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Powerpuff Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls"},{"link_name":"Dee Bradley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Bradley_Baker"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Blaze and the Monster Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze_and_the_Monster_Machines"},{"link_name":"CatDog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CatDog"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_Hi_Puffy_AmiYumi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MacGyver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Super Sentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sentai"},{"link_name":"Tensou Sentai Goseiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensou_Sentai_Goseiger"},{"link_name":"Yuumajuu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tensou_Sentai_Goseiger_characters#Yuumajuu"},{"link_name":"Kinggon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tensou_Sentai_Goseiger_characters#Kinggon"},{"link_name":"tarantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantula"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The World According to Jeff Goldblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Jeff_Goldblum"},{"link_name":"Jeff Goldblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum"},{"link_name":"Mount Shasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shasta"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Costner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costner"},{"link_name":"ranching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranching"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"The Pentaverate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentaverate"},{"link_name":"Shrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek_(character)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"fifth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masked_Singer_(British_series_5)"},{"link_name":"The Masked Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masked_Singer_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alex Brooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Brooker"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Fugget About It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugget_About_It"}],"text":"Bigfoot has been featured in a wide variety of television and has been the focus point such as in documentaries and programs depicting the search for the creature, or referenced in many other ways within shows of varying genres and types.Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond in October 1959 presented one of the earliest television series episodes referencing a Bigfoot-like creature that rescues a little boy, Davey Morris, who is lost in the woods. Davey insists that a giant, furry friend helped him and visits him at home where the creature leaves giant footprints and an unpleasant, lingering odor. Davey's father and friends hunt the creature and set the woods on fire to flush it out but with no success. One horrified hunter does glimpse the creature but can't come to terms with what he has seen.[citation needed]\nFinding Bigfoot on Animal Planet follows a team of Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization (BFRO) members searching for the creature.\nDestination Truth on Syfy features multiple episodes of host Josh Gates searching for Bigfoot or related creatures such as the Yeti.\nSurvivorman season 6 depicted Les Stroud searching for the creature while surviving in the wilderness alone. It was titled - Survivorman Bigfoot.\nUnsolved Mysteries seasons one and six featured episodes regarding eyewitness accounts of Bigfoot encounters.[citation needed]\nThe Animal X series on the Discovery Channel featured an episode related to Bigfoot in which a research team discovered the Skookum cast in the year 2000. The 2004 spin-off \"Animal X - Natural Mystery Unit\" showcased an episode in where a team searched for Bigfoot in Texas.\nAncient Aliens on History aired an episode on May 23, 2012 entitled \"Aliens and Bigfoot\", which explored theories between extraterrestrials and Bigfoot.[citation needed]\nThe Six Million Dollar Man and its spin-off, The Bionic Woman featured three separate stories (two of them two-part episodes) featuring a bionic Bigfoot which was created by aliens (and the source of the legend owing to the aliens' extended time taking refuge in the wilderness of northern California); initially an antagonist, Bigfoot eventually becomes a friend and ally to the heroes. In the first two-part episode, the creature was played by professional wrestler André the Giant while in the latter episodes he was played by Ted Cassidy.[79]\nThe Beachcombers episode \"The Sasquatch Walks By Night\", aired January 13, 1974 and depicts a storyline involving a hoaxed Bigfoot sighting.[citation needed]\nBigfoot and Wildboy, which started as a segment of the second season of the Krofft Supershow before spinning off into a series, has the title character joined by a young orphan.\nHarry and the Hendersons was a 72 episode show that ran from 1991 to 1993 and was based on the film of the same name.\nTrailer Park Boys depicts one of the characters frequently mispronounces Sasquatch as a \"Samsquanch\".[citation needed]\nSasquatch was also featured in the Tenacious D (The Greatest Band in the World) TV show and wanted to join the band but was unable to. Sasquatch did, however, cause Jack Black and Kyle Gass regained their trust in the rock star mythos.[citation needed]\nBigfoot makes an appearance in a Futurama episode entitled \"Spanish Fry\", where Philip J. Fry attempts to find Bigfoot.\nA female Bigfoot appears near in the end of The All New Popeye Hour episode \"Popeye and Bigfoot\" and carries Bluto.[citation needed]\nIn the TV series The Invisible Man, the title character of Darien Fawkes is turned invisible by a chemical derived from Bigfoot; Bigfoot has escaped detection over the centuries by turning invisible.[citation needed]\nIn The Simpsons episode \"The Call of the Simpsons\", Homer Simpson gets covered in mud and is mistaken for Bigfoot.[citation needed]\nIn DuckTales episode \"The Other Bin of Scrooge McDuck!\", Bigfoot (voiced by Sam Riegel) was found with a thorn in his paw by Huey, who removed the thorn, hoarded him in McDuck Manor, and named him Tenderfeet.\nIn Tom and Jerry Tales episode \"Sasquashed\", while on a camping trip, Tom, Jerry and Tuffy find a Bigfoot named Sheldon.[citation needed]\nIn Phineas and Ferb episode \"Get That Bigfoot Outta My Face!\", Candace was eaten by a Bigfoot, mistaking with real, however, it turns out that was a Bigfoot costume instead of real.[citation needed]\nIn The Newsroom episode \"I'll Fix You\", news researchers discuss and (often jokingly) debate the reality of Bigfoot as a future story for the news.[citation needed]\nThe iCarly episode \"iBelieve in Bigfoot\" focuses on the main characters visiting a forest in search of Bigfoot.[citation needed]\nIn The California Raisin Show, the Raisins, sick and tired of autograph hounds and obsessive fans, elect to go camping in the deep woods for a much needed vacation. One of the Raisins tells of a Native American (portrayed as potatoes) legend of a monster called \"Sasquash\". In the fruit & vegetable manner of the show, the Raisins come across a race of gigantic anthropomorphic squash and appease them by performing an impromptu concert, then return to civilization leaving a boombox of their music and an autograph for the Bigfoot-type creatures.[citation needed]\nBigfoot makes an appearance in the \"Summer Camp!\" episode of the family comedy series The Aquabats! Super Show!, turning out to be the boyfriend of a female shapeshifting \"Were-Ape\" which has been terrorizing a summer camp.[citation needed]\nIn the Brickleberry episode \"Steve's Bald\", one of the park rangers, Steve, is mistaken for Bigfoot after overuse of a black-market baldness cure leaves his whole body covered in hair, playing along with the misconception until being accused of killing Steve - prompting a chase which leads to the discovery, and death, of the real Bigfoot.[citation needed]\nThe Penn & Teller: Bullshit! episode \"Cryptozoology\" discusses Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster.\nThe Spike reality show 10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty has nine teams trying to find proof of Bigfoot's existence.\nIn the Littlest Pet Shop episode \"Littlest Bigfoot\", Penny Ling encounters a juvenile bigfoot in a forested National Park. Her friends are skeptical of her findings, until they encounter the creature themselves later in the episode.[citation needed]\nIn the Australian YouTube series The Big Lez Show, Sassy the Sasquatch is one of the main protagonists, accompanied by other Sasquatch like creatures. Sassy and his friends frequently engage in recreational drug use.[80]\nIn Gravity Falls, Bigfoot appears for a split second in the theme song and is parodied in the series.[citation needed]. At the Mystery Shack, Grunkle Stan has a statue in one of his exhibits called the \"Sascrotch\", which appears as Bigfoot wearing underwear.\nIn Timon & Pumbaa episode “Bigfoot, Littlebrain”, Timon and Pumbaa meet Bigfoot (voiced by Bill Fagerbakke). When they accidentally eat Bigfoot's bug friends, Bigfoot makes them keep him company so that he won't be lonely.\nIn Animal Mechanicals, Sasquatch is a blue Bigfoot with the ability to stretch his arms and/or legs to an incredible length.\nIn How I Met Your Mother, Marshall Eriksen (played by Jason Segel) has often declared himself a 'believer' of Sasquatch, although being frequently mocked for this by his friends.[citation needed]\nBigfoot is a recurring character in Back at the Barnyard.[citation needed]\nIn the Goof Troop episode \"Winter Blunderland\", Pete convinces Goofy to play Bigfoot in order to bring business to his car lot. Instead of customers, the real female Bigfoot is attracted.[citation needed]\nIn the SheZow episode \"SheSquatch\", SheZow and Maz help a female Sasquatch named SheSquatch from an evil park ranger from forcing her to scare campers.[citation needed]\nIn the Round the Twist episode \"The Nirandathal Beast\", the title creature is based on Bigfoot. Bronson gets mistaken for the beast after growing a long beard due to using the family razor before Pete and gets the attention of the authorities and eventually bounty hunters.[citation needed]\nIn the Cartoon Network series We Bare Bears, the character Charlie is an anthropomorphic Bigfoot.[citation needed]\nIn The A-Team episode \"Timber\", Murdock (played by actor Dwight Schultz) searches for Bigfoot.[citation needed]\nA childlike version of Bigfoot is a recurring character in Wabbit, voiced by Matthew Mercer.\nIn Mr. Pickles, a mafia hit-man is turned into Bigfoot.[citation needed]\n\"Bigfoot: The Convincing Evidence\", released on April 14, 2017, is episode 2 of season 2 of BuzzFeed web series, BuzzFeed Unsolved: Supernatural in which evidence suggesting the existence of Bigfoot is discussed and investigated.\nIn the Courage the Cowardly Dog episode \"Courage Meets Bigfoot\" the titular character befriends a Bigfoot and protects him from a mob.\nIn the Dexter's Laboratory episode \"Sassy Come Home\", Dee Dee befriends a Bigfoot due to their mutual huge feet and they have to contend with Dexter, who is determined to capture the sasquatch.[citation needed]\nIn The Powerpuff Girls episode \"Say Uncle\", The girls take a Bigfoot-like Beastman (vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker) home by mistake thinking he is their uncle Eugene, but problems ensue when they take the Beastman to Townsville.[citation needed]\nIn the Blaze and the Monster Machines episode \"Gasquatch!\", the guest character is a large, fur-covered Bigfoot-like monster truck who lives in the forest and loves mud.\nIn the CatDog episodes, \"The Great Parent Mystery\" and \"Vexed of Kin\", the titular characters' adopted mother is a blue-furred sasquatch married to a big-nosed frog.[citation needed]\nIn the Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi episode \"Camping Caper\", Ami gets kidnapped by a giant Bigfoot, Yumi attempts to rescue Ami before being eaten by the Bigfoot.[citation needed]\nIn the MacGyver episode \"Ghost Ship\", MacGyver encounters BigFoot on an abandoned boat in an Alaskan bay.[81]\nThe 2010 Super Sentai series, Tensou Sentai Goseiger featured the antagonistic cryptid-themed monster group Yuumajuu. Their second-in-command, Kinggon, is a bigfoot with secondary theme of tarantula.[citation needed]\nIn the second season of The World According to Jeff Goldblum, the 2021 episode entitled \"Monsters\" has Jeff Goldblum joining Bigfoot hunters at Mount Shasta.[82]\nIn Yellowstone season three, main character John Dutton (portrayed by Kevin Costner) explains the hardships of ranching to his grandson Tate and talks about livestock being killed by predators, including joking about cattle being eaten by a \"big stinkin' Sasquatch\". When Tate asks Dutton if Sasquatch are real, Dutton laughs and responds that he has never seen one.[83]\nIn The Pentaverate, Sasquatch is depicted as the \"guard dog\" of The Pentaverate secret society. In episode four, Shrek knocks Sasquatch unconscious.[84]\nIn the fifth series of the British version of the The Masked Singer reality game show, runner-up Alex Brooker wore a Bigfoot costume.[85]\nIn the Fugget About It episode \"Sasquatchewan\", Jimmy and Petey go on a hunting trip and come home with a Sasquatch.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Musical Theatre Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Musical_Theatre_Festival"},{"link_name":"Pearl Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"Sasquatched! The Musical is a musical play written and composed by Minnesota native Phil Darg in 2012. It follows the story of a gentle, dignified talking Sasquatch named Arthur, his interactions with the human characters of the surrounding Pacific Northwest area, and the issues revolving around Sasquatch-human relations. The style of the play is humorous, fast-moving, and family-friendly. The play was submitted as an entry to the New York Musical Theatre Festival in September 2012. In February, it was chosen as one of NYMF's Next Link selections and later received an award from the Anna Sosenko Assist Trust. In July 2013, the show was performed as part of NYMF at the Pearl Theatre in New York City.[86]","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Hot_Springs,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Troutdale, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troutdale,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Remer, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remer,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"John Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier_(primatologist)"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"fakelore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakelore"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"There are annual Bigfoot-related conventions and festivals, and the creature notably plays a role in Pacific Northwest tourism, such as the annual \"Sasquatch Daze\" held for several years in Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia and the Oregon \"Bigfoot Festival\" held in Troutdale, Oregon which draws thousands in attendance from all over. The small town of Remer, Minnesota holds an annual festival called \"Bigfoot Days\".Primatologist and Bigfoot researcher John Napier commented on this, stating that \"Bigfoot in some quarters of North America has become big business ... It can no longer be considered simply as a natural phenomenon that can be studied with the techniques of a naturalist; the entrepreneurs have moved in and folklore has become fakelore.\"[87]In March 2021, as a means to draw tourism, Oklahoma announced it will issue \"Bigfoot Tracking Permits\" to be sold at certain businesses and will offer a $2.1 million bounty for a Bigfoot captured alive, unharmed, and legally.[88]","title":"Tourism"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bigfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot"},{"title":"Loch Ness Monster in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster_in_popular_culture"},{"title":"Patterson–Gimlin film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%E2%80%93Gimlin_film"},{"title":"Sasquatch! Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch!_Music_Festival"},{"title":"Hibagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibagon"},{"title":"Kraken in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken_in_popular_culture"},{"title":"Sasquatch Pushing Over a House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Pushing_Over_a_House"},{"title":"Peter C. Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_C._Byrne"}]
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A new book dives deep into the legend\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehorrordome.com/products/bigfoot-hd-studios-pro-halloween-costume","external_links_name":"\"Bigfoot: The Costume\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210424072033/https://www.thehorrordome.com/products/bigfoot-hd-studios-pro-halloween-costume","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.halloweencostumes.com/bigfoot-costumes.html","external_links_name":"\"Bigfoot Costumes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122123046/https://www.halloweencostumes.com/bigfoot-costumes.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211202183805/https://www.ford.com/suvs/bronco/models/bronco-wildtrak/image/sasquatch-package/","external_links_name":"\"2021 Bronco Wildtrak\""},{"Link":"https://www.ford.com/suvs/bronco/models/bronco-wildtrak/image/sasquatch-package/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.haint.blue/post/we-got-the-beast-don-jones-croons-bigfoot-screams/","external_links_name":"\"We Got The Beast: Don Jones Croons, Bigfoot Screams, We Sing Along\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/4240490-Don-Jones-6/","external_links_name":"\"Don Jones\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/transcripts/14719293","external_links_name":"\"The Weakerthans: Curlers, Bigfoot-Spotters Unite\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210707054946/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/14719293","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Groovie-Ghoulies-Running-With-Bigfoot/release/3543893","external_links_name":"\"Groovie Ghoulies - 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The Musical\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727012101/http://www.sasquatched.com/about.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fox13now.com/news/national-news/2-1-million-bounty-offered-for-capture-of-bigfoot","external_links_name":"\"$2.1 million bounty offered for capture of Bigfoot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210323010857/https://www.fox13now.com/news/national-news/2-1-million-bounty-offered-for-capture-of-bigfoot","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Thorold_(MP)
Anthony Thorold (MP)
["1 References"]
16th-century English politician Sir Anthony Thorold or Tharrolde (by 1520 – 26 June 1594), of Marston and Blankney, Lincolnshire, was an English lawyer and politician. Thorold was born in or before 1520, the eldest son of William Thorold (died 1569) and Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Leke of Halloughton, Nottinghamshire. He was admitted to Gray's Inn in 1537, becoming Recorder of Grantham soon after 1550, which he probably held until his death. With the support of Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, he became the Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Grantham in 1558. The following year, again with Rutland's support, he became Recorder of Lincoln (which he resigned in 1570) and was elected MP for Lincoln. He was Sheriff of Lincolnshire between 1571 and 1572 and was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant by 1584. He was knighted in 1585. Tomb of Sir Anthony Thorold in Marston church He married Margaret, daughter of Henry Sutton of Wellingore, and they had four sons and two daughters including Thomas (died 1574) and William (died by 1594). After Margaret's death, he married Anne, widow of George Babington and daughter and coheir of Sir John Constable of Kinoulton, Nottinghamshire. They had one daughter, Winifred. Thorold died on 26 June 1594 and was buried at the church in Marston. References ^ a b c d Hodgett, Gerald A. J. (2004). "Thorold family (per. c.1492–1717)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/77204. Retrieved 1 December 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "THOROLD (THARROLDE), Anthony (by 1520-94), of Marston and Blankney, Lincs. - History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 31 August 2018. This article about a 16th-century Member of the Parliament of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_trick
Alexander's trick
["1 Statement","2 Proof","3 Radial extension","3.1 Exotic spheres","4 See also","5 References"]
Two homeomorphisms of the n-ball which agree on the boundary sphere are isotopic Alexander's trick, also known as the Alexander trick, is a basic result in geometric topology, named after J. W. Alexander. Statement Two homeomorphisms of the n-dimensional ball D n {\displaystyle D^{n}} which agree on the boundary sphere S n − 1 {\displaystyle S^{n-1}} are isotopic. More generally, two homeomorphisms of D n {\displaystyle D^{n}} that are isotopic on the boundary are isotopic. Proof Base case: every homeomorphism which fixes the boundary is isotopic to the identity relative to the boundary. If f : D n → D n {\displaystyle f\colon D^{n}\to D^{n}} satisfies f ( x ) = x  for all  x ∈ S n − 1 {\displaystyle f(x)=x{\text{ for all }}x\in S^{n-1}} , then an isotopy connecting f to the identity is given by J ( x , t ) = { t f ( x / t ) , if  0 ≤ ‖ x ‖ < t , x , if  t ≤ ‖ x ‖ ≤ 1. {\displaystyle J(x,t)={\begin{cases}tf(x/t),&{\text{if }}0\leq \|x\|<t,\\x,&{\text{if }}t\leq \|x\|\leq 1.\end{cases}}} Visually, the homeomorphism is 'straightened out' from the boundary, 'squeezing' f {\displaystyle f} down to the origin. William Thurston calls this "combing all the tangles to one point". In the original 2-page paper, J. W. Alexander explains that for each t > 0 {\displaystyle t>0} the transformation J t {\displaystyle J_{t}} replicates f {\displaystyle f} at a different scale, on the disk of radius t {\displaystyle t} , thus as t → 0 {\displaystyle t\rightarrow 0} it is reasonable to expect that J t {\displaystyle J_{t}} merges to the identity. The subtlety is that at t = 0 {\displaystyle t=0} , f {\displaystyle f} "disappears": the germ at the origin "jumps" from an infinitely stretched version of f {\displaystyle f} to the identity. Each of the steps in the homotopy could be smoothed (smooth the transition), but the homotopy (the overall map) has a singularity at ( x , t ) = ( 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (x,t)=(0,0)} . This underlines that the Alexander trick is a PL construction, but not smooth. General case: isotopic on boundary implies isotopic If f , g : D n → D n {\displaystyle f,g\colon D^{n}\to D^{n}} are two homeomorphisms that agree on S n − 1 {\displaystyle S^{n-1}} , then g − 1 f {\displaystyle g^{-1}f} is the identity on S n − 1 {\displaystyle S^{n-1}} , so we have an isotopy J {\displaystyle J} from the identity to g − 1 f {\displaystyle g^{-1}f} . The map g J {\displaystyle gJ} is then an isotopy from g {\displaystyle g} to f {\displaystyle f} . Radial extension Some authors use the term Alexander trick for the statement that every homeomorphism of S n − 1 {\displaystyle S^{n-1}} can be extended to a homeomorphism of the entire ball D n {\displaystyle D^{n}} . However, this is much easier to prove than the result discussed above: it is called radial extension (or coning) and is also true piecewise-linearly, but not smoothly. Concretely, let f : S n − 1 → S n − 1 {\displaystyle f\colon S^{n-1}\to S^{n-1}} be a homeomorphism, then F : D n → D n  with  F ( r x ) = r f ( x )  for all  r ∈ [ 0 , 1 ]  and  x ∈ S n − 1 {\displaystyle F\colon D^{n}\to D^{n}{\text{ with }}F(rx)=rf(x){\text{ for all }}r\in {\text{ and }}x\in S^{n-1}} defines a homeomorphism of the ball. Exotic spheres The failure of smooth radial extension and the success of PL radial extension yield exotic spheres via twisted spheres. See also Clutching construction References Hansen, Vagn Lundsgaard (1989). Braids and coverings: selected topics. London Mathematical Society Student Texts. Vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511613098. ISBN 0-521-38757-4. MR 1247697. Alexander, J. W. (1923). "On the deformation of an n-cell". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 9 (12): 406–407. Bibcode:1923PNAS....9..406A. doi:10.1073/pnas.9.12.406. PMC 1085470. PMID 16586918.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geometric topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_topology"},{"link_name":"J. W. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Waddell_Alexander_II"}],"text":"Alexander's trick, also known as the Alexander trick, is a basic result in geometric topology, named after J. W. Alexander.","title":"Alexander's trick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homeomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"},{"link_name":"dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"isotopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy#Isotopy"}],"text":"Two homeomorphisms of the n-dimensional ball \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D^{n}}\n \n which agree on the boundary sphere \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{n-1}}\n \n are isotopic.More generally, two homeomorphisms of \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D^{n}}\n \n that are isotopic on the boundary are isotopic.","title":"Statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thurston"},{"link_name":"germ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"PL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise_linear_manifold"}],"text":"Base case: every homeomorphism which fixes the boundary is isotopic to the identity relative to the boundary.If \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon D^{n}\\to D^{n}}\n \n satisfies \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n \n  for all \n \n x\n ∈\n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=x{\\text{ for all }}x\\in S^{n-1}}\n \n, then an isotopy connecting f to the identity is given byJ\n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n t\n f\n (\n x\n \n /\n \n t\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n if \n \n 0\n ≤\n ‖\n x\n ‖\n <\n t\n ,\n \n \n \n \n x\n ,\n \n \n \n if \n \n t\n ≤\n ‖\n x\n ‖\n ≤\n 1.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle J(x,t)={\\begin{cases}tf(x/t),&{\\text{if }}0\\leq \\|x\\|<t,\\\\x,&{\\text{if }}t\\leq \\|x\\|\\leq 1.\\end{cases}}}Visually, the homeomorphism is 'straightened out' from the boundary, 'squeezing' \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n down to the origin. William Thurston calls this \"combing all the tangles to one point\". In the original 2-page paper, J. W. Alexander explains that for each \n \n \n \n t\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t>0}\n \n the transformation \n \n \n \n \n J\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle J_{t}}\n \n replicates \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n at a different scale, on the disk of radius \n \n \n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}\n \n, thus as \n \n \n \n t\n →\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\rightarrow 0}\n \n it is reasonable to expect that \n \n \n \n \n J\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle J_{t}}\n \n merges to the identity.The subtlety is that at \n \n \n \n t\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t=0}\n \n, \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n \"disappears\": the germ at the origin \"jumps\" from an infinitely stretched version of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n to the identity. Each of the steps in the homotopy could be smoothed (smooth the transition), but the homotopy (the overall map) has a singularity at \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n t\n )\n =\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,t)=(0,0)}\n \n. This underlines that the Alexander trick is a PL construction, but not smooth.General case: isotopic on boundary implies isotopicIf \n \n \n \n f\n ,\n g\n :\n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f,g\\colon D^{n}\\to D^{n}}\n \n are two homeomorphisms that agree on \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{n-1}}\n \n, then \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{-1}f}\n \n is the identity on \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{n-1}}\n \n, so we have an isotopy \n \n \n \n J\n \n \n {\\displaystyle J}\n \n from the identity to \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g^{-1}f}\n \n. The map \n \n \n \n g\n J\n \n \n {\\displaystyle gJ}\n \n is then an isotopy from \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n to \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n.","title":"Proof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homeomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism"},{"link_name":"piecewise-linearly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise_linear_homeomorphism"}],"text":"Some authors use the term Alexander trick for the statement that every homeomorphism of \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{n-1}}\n \n can be extended to a homeomorphism of the entire ball \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle D^{n}}\n \n.However, this is much easier to prove than the result discussed above: it is called radial extension (or coning) and is also true piecewise-linearly, but not smoothly.Concretely, let \n \n \n \n f\n :\n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n →\n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon S^{n-1}\\to S^{n-1}}\n \n be a homeomorphism, thenF\n :\n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n →\n \n D\n \n n\n \n \n \n  with \n \n F\n (\n r\n x\n )\n =\n r\n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n  for all \n \n r\n ∈\n [\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ]\n \n  and \n \n x\n ∈\n \n S\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle F\\colon D^{n}\\to D^{n}{\\text{ with }}F(rx)=rf(x){\\text{ for all }}r\\in [0,1]{\\text{ and }}x\\in S^{n-1}}\n \n defines a homeomorphism of the ball.","title":"Radial extension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exotic spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_sphere"},{"link_name":"twisted spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_sphere#Twisted_spheres"}],"sub_title":"Exotic spheres","text":"The failure of smooth radial extension and the success of PL radial extension\nyield exotic spheres via twisted spheres.","title":"Radial extension"}]
[]
[{"title":"Clutching construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutching_construction"}]
[{"reference":"Hansen, Vagn Lundsgaard (1989). Braids and coverings: selected topics. London Mathematical Society Student Texts. Vol. 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511613098. ISBN 0-521-38757-4. MR 1247697.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511613098","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9780511613098"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38757-4","url_text":"0-521-38757-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1247697","url_text":"1247697"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, J. W. (1923). \"On the deformation of an n-cell\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 9 (12): 406–407. Bibcode:1923PNAS....9..406A. doi:10.1073/pnas.9.12.406. PMC 1085470. PMID 16586918.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Waddell_Alexander_II","url_text":"Alexander, J. W."},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085470","url_text":"\"On the deformation of an n-cell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America","url_text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923PNAS....9..406A","url_text":"1923PNAS....9..406A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.9.12.406","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.9.12.406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1085470","url_text":"1085470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16586918","url_text":"16586918"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McEvoy
Richard McEvoy
["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","3 Amateur wins","4 Professional wins (6)","4.1 European Tour wins (1)","4.2 Challenge Tour wins (3)","4.3 PGA EuroPro Tour wins (2)","5 Results in major championships","6 Team appearances","7 See also","8 External links"]
English golfer (born 1979) Richard McEvoyPersonal informationBorn (1979-06-13) 13 June 1979 (age 45)Shoeburyness, EnglandHeight5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Sporting nationality EnglandResidenceShoeburyness, EssexCareerTurned professional2001Current tour(s)European TourFormer tour(s)Challenge TourProfessional wins6Number of wins by tourEuropean Tour1Challenge Tour3Other2Best results in major championshipsMasters TournamentDNPPGA ChampionshipDNPU.S. OpenDNPThe Open ChampionshipT48: 2011 Richard McEvoy (born 13 June 1979) is an English professional golfer who plays on the European Tour. In July 2018, he had his third Challenge Tour win, the Le Vaudreuil Golf Challenge and then won the Porsche European Open, on the European Tour, the following week. Amateur career McEvoy's amateur wins included the 2001 Lytham Trophy, and the 2001 Irish Amateur Open Championship. He was a member of the 2001 Great Britain & Ireland Walker Cup team, and turned professional at the end of the year. Professional career McEvoy won two third-tier PGA EuroPro Tour events in 2002, before gaining a European Tour card at the 2003 final qualifying school where he was also medalist. He has played several seasons on the tour, but never made enough money in a season to retain his card, until 2010. He regained privileges via the second tier Challenge Tour Rankings in 2005, having won the Panasonic Panama Open during that season, qualifying school in 2006 and through the Challenge Tour again in 2009. McEvoy's victory at the 2018 Porsche European Open came in his 285th European Tour start and only after he birdied the last hole. He was the first since Martin Wiegele in 2010 to follow a Challenge Tour win with a European Tour win. Prior to his win, McEvoy had never finished better than 3rd in an event or 101st in the Race to Dubai, only kept his European Tour Card twice, and had gone to Q school 12 times during his 17-year professional career. Amateur wins 2001 Lytham Trophy, Irish Amateur Open Championship Professional wins (6) European Tour wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runners-up 1 29 Jul 2018 Porsche European Open −11 (70-65-69-73=277) 1 stroke Christofer Blomstrand, Allen John (a), Renato Paratore Challenge Tour wins (3) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 5 Dec 2004(2005 season) Panasonic Panama Open1 −11 (67-72-71-67=277) 1 stroke Marco Ruiz 2 2 Jul 2017 SSE Scottish Hydro Challenge −16 (70-65-67-66=268) 4 strokes James Heath 3 22 Jul 2018 Le Vaudreuil Golf Challenge −18 (64-66-68-68=266) 2 strokes Steven Tiley 1Co-sanctioned by the Tour de las Américas PGA EuroPro Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runners-up 1 24 May 2002 Quinta da Marinha Oitavos Golfe Open −3 (73-67-70=210) 2 strokes Peter Whiteford, Tom Whitehouse 2 5 Jul 2002 Owston Hall Challenge −12 (66-66-72=204) 3 strokes Simon Griffiths, Darren Prosser, Scott Stevens Results in major championships Tournament 2011 2012 2013 Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship T48 CUT PGA Championship   Did not play CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied for place Team appearances Amateur European Youths' Team Championship (representing England): 2000 (winners) European Amateur Team Championship (representing England): 2001 Walker Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2001 (winners) See also 2005 Challenge Tour graduates 2006 European Tour Qualifying School graduates 2009 Challenge Tour graduates 2012 European Tour Qualifying School graduates 2014 European Tour Qualifying School graduates 2015 European Tour Qualifying School graduates 2016 European Tour Qualifying School graduates External links Richard McEvoy at the European Tour official site Richard McEvoy at the Official World Golf Ranking official site
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morgenbesser
Sidney Morgenbesser
["1 Life and career","2 Influence","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]
American philosopher (1921–2004) Sidney MorgenbesserBorn(1921-09-22)September 22, 1921New York City, U.S.DiedAugust 1, 2004(2004-08-01) (aged 82)New York City, U.S.EducationCity College of New YorkUniversity of PennsylvaniaAlma materCity College of New YorkJewish Theological Seminary of AmericaOccupation(s)Philosopher and academicEmployerColumbia University Sidney Morgenbesser (September 22, 1921 – August 1, 2004) was an American philosopher and professor at Columbia University. He wrote little but is remembered by many for his philosophical witticisms. Life and career Sidney Morgenbesser was born on September 22, 1921, in New York City and raised in Manhattan's Lower East Side. Morgenbesser undertook philosophical study at the City College of New York (B.S.S., 1942) and rabbinical study at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (B.J.P., 1941). Following World War II, he pursued graduate study in philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. There he obtained his M.A. in 1950 and, with a thesis titled Theories And Schemata In The Social Sciences, his Ph.D. in 1956. It was also at Pennsylvania, Morgenbesser records, that he would have his first job teaching philosophy. Morgenbesser taught at Swarthmore College and then The New School for Social Research. He then took a position at Columbia University in 1954. He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1963, and by 1966 he was made a full professor at Columbia. He was visiting professor at the Rockefeller University in 1967—1968 and in 1975 was named the John Dewey Professor of Philosophy at Columbia. This position he held until retirement. Morgenbesser's areas of expertise included the philosophy of social science, political philosophy, epistemology, and the history of American Pragmatism. He founded the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs along with G.A. Cohen, Thomas Nagel and others. Morgenbesser appeared on in an interview by Bryan Magee on the topic of American Pragmatism in 1987 that is available on YouTube. He died on 1 August 2004 at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in Manhattan at the age of 82. Influence See also: Sidney Morgenbesser on Wikiquote Morgenbesser was known particularly for his sharp witticisms and humor which often penetrated to the heart of the philosophical issue at hand, on which account The New York Times Magazine dubbed him the "Sidewalk Socrates." According to one anecdote, when J. L. Austin claimed that, although a double negative often implies a positive meaning (e.g., "he is not unlike his sister"), there is no language in which a double positive implies a negative, Morgenbesser retorted: "Yeah, yeah." In another commonly reported story, Morgenbesser was asked by a student whether he agreed with Chairman Mao's view that a statement can be both true and false at the same time, to which Morgenbesser replied "Well, I do and I don't." Another anecdote is given as follows by the Independent: unfortunate encounter with the police occurred when he lit up his pipe on the way out of a subway station. Morgenbesser protested to the officer who tried to stop him that the rules covered smoking in the station, not outside. The cop conceded he had a point, but said: "If I let you get away with it, I'd have to let everyone get away with it." To which Morgenbesser, in a famously misunderstood line, retorted: "Who do you think you are, Kant?" Hauled off to the precinct lock-up, Morgenbesser only won his freedom after a colleague showed up and explained the Categorical Imperative to the nonplussed boys in blue. Morgenbesser published little and established no school, but was revered for his extraordinary intelligence and moral seriousness. He was a famously influential teacher; his former students included Jerry Fodor, Raymond Geuss, Alvin Goldman, Daniel M. Hausman, Robert Nozick, Hilary Putnam, Gideon Rosen, Mark Steiner, and Michael Stocker. In 1967, Morgenbesser signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes in protest against the U.S. war in Vietnam, and urging other people to also take this stand. Works Books, (co-)edited (1960) with Arthur Danto , Philosophy of Science (New York). (1962) with James Walsh, Free Will, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,).ISBN 978-0385030373 (1967) Philosophy of Science Today, US: Basic Books Inc. ISBN 9780465056835 (1969) with Patrick Suppes and Morton White, Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel ISBN 9780312607258 (1974) with Virginia Held and Thomas Nagel, Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: essays edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595. (1977) Dewey and His Critics: Essays from the Journal of Philosophy (New York). ISBN 9780931206009 Select articles, book chapters (co-)authored “The Decline of Religious Liberalism,” The Reconstructionist 19 (1953): 17–24. "On the Justification of Beliefs and Attitudes." The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 51, no. 20, 1954, pp. 565–576 "Character and Free Will," with Arthur Danto, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 54, No. 16 (Aug. 1, 1957), pp. 493–505 "Approaches to Ethical Objectivity," Educational Theory 7 (1957): 180–86. “Social Inquiry and Moral Judgement,” in Philosophy and Education, ed. Israel Scheffler (1958): 180–200. “Role and Status of Anthropological Theories,” Science 128 (1958): 72–9. "A Comment on Toulmin," in Dimensions Of Mind: A Symposium ed. Sidney Hook (1960) “The Deductive Model and Its Qualifications,” in Induction: Some Current Issues, ed. Henry Kyburg and Ernest Nagel (1963), pp. 169–80. “Perception: Cause and Achievement,” in Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, ed. Marx Wartofsky (1963), pp. 206–12. "Belief and Disposition," with Isaac Levi American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 3, 1964, pp. 221–232. reprinted in Dispositions (1978) “Is It Science?” Social Research 33 (1966): 255–71. “The Realist-instrumentalist Controversy,” in Philosophy, Science and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel (1969), pp. 200–18. “Imperialism: Some Preliminary Distinctions,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 3 (1973): 3–44. “Experimentation and Consent: A Note,” in Philosophical Medical Ethics: Its Nature and Significance ed. Stuart Spicker and H. Tristam Engelhardt (1977), 97–110. “Picking and Choosing,” with E. Ullman-Marglit, Social Research 44 (1977): 757–85. “The Questions of Isaiah Berlin,” with Jonathan Lieberson, New York Review of Books 27 no.3 (1980) "The Choices of Isaiah Berlin". with Jonathan Lieberson, The New York Review of Book 27, no.4. (1980) For a more complete record of publications see "Sidney Morgenbesser: A Bibliography" in the below. Festschrift How Many Questions?: Essays in Honour of Sidney Morgenbesser, (eds.) Leigh S. Cauman, Isaac Levi, Charles D. Parsons and Robert Schwartz (1983) References ^ a b c d Martin, Douglas (August 4, 2004). "Sidney Morgenbesser, 82, Kibitzing Philosopher, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2015. ^ a b c d e f The Independent, Professor Sidney Morgenbesser: Philosopher celebrated for his withering New York Jewish humour, 6 August 2004 ^ Morgenbesser, Sidney, "Theories and Schemata in the Social Sciences" (1956). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI0017254. ^ a b c d Schwartz, Robert (2005). "Sidney Morgenbesser (1921—2004)" In Shook, John R. (ed). The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers (2005) ISBN 9781843710370, republished in Shook, John R. (ed). The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Philosophers in America: From 1600 to the Present (2016) ISBN 9781472570543. ^ Morgenbesser, Sidney (1998), "Response to Hilary Putnam's "Pragmatism and Realism"", The Revival of Pragmatism, Duke University Press, pp. 54–61, doi:10.1215/9780822382522-004, ISBN 9780822322283, retrieved September 27, 2019, My first teaching job in philosophy was at the University of Pennsylvania, where I encountered Hilary Putnam as a student. ^ a b GARY SHAPIRO The New York Sun; (October 26, 2004) Columbia Pays Final Respects To Professor Sidney Morgenbesser ^ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Sidney Morgenbesser". Retrieved September 26, 2019. ^ Sidney Morgenbesser, Esteemed Philosophy Professor Emeritus, Dies at 82 Colin Morris, Columbia News, ^ David Albert, Arthur C. Danto, Mark Steiner. "Remembering Sidney Morgenbesser". Columbia College Today. Retrieved September 27, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Morgenbesser would be succeeded as John Dewey Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University in 1992 by Isaac Levi who had previously co-authored with Morgenbesser "Belief and Disposition" (1964)] and, with Leigh Cauman and Robert Schwartz, co-edited How Many Questions? Essays in Honor of Sidney Morgenbesser (1983). see: "LEVI, Isaac (1930– )" in The Dictionary Of Modern American Philosophers pps. 1453–1455 ^ Virginia Held; Sidney Morgenbesser; Thomas Nagel (1974). Philosophy, morality, and international affairs: essays edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595. ^ American Pragmatism - Bryan Magee & Sidney Morgenbesser (1987), retrieved July 20, 2022 ^ Ryerson, James (December 26, 2004). "Sidewalk Socrates". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved July 7, 2015. ^ Shatz, David (June 27, 2014). "'Yeah, Yeah': Eulogy for Sidney Morgenbesser, Philosopher With a Yiddish Accent". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ The Times, Sidney Morgenbesser: Erudite and influential American linguistic philosopher with the analytical acuity of Spinoza and the blunt wit of Groucho Marx, September 8, 2004 ^ "An Open Letter" archived at Horowitz Transaction Publishers Archive ^ Levi, Isaac (1961). "Review of Philosophy of Science, , , ; The Structure of Scientific Thought: An Introduction to Philosophy of". The Journal of Philosophy. 58 (14): 387–390. doi:10.2307/2022951. ISSN 0022-362X. JSTOR 2022951. ^ Stuewer, Roger H. (1968). "Review of Philosophy of Science Today, edited by Sidney Morgenbesser". Isis. 59 (4): 445–446. doi:10.1086/350432. ISSN 0021-1753. ^ Buchdahl, Gerd (June 1971). "Nagel's Message" (PDF). Nature. 231 (5302): 399. Bibcode:1971Natur.231..399B. doi:10.1038/231399a0. ISSN 1476-4687. ^ (available for loan at Internet Archive with registration) ^ (free to read online at JSTOR with registration) ^ Misak, Cheryl (January 1985). "Leigh S. Cauman, Isaac Levi, Charles D. Parsons and Robert Schwartz, eds. 'How Many Questions?: Essays in Honour of Sidney Morgenbesser.'" Philosophy In Review. v.5, no.1: 7–9. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Sidney Morgenbesser. The Witty Professor, NPR Columbia News death notice (archived) Columbia College Today: Remembering Sidney Morgenbesser - memoirs by David Albert, Arthur C. Danto and Mark Steiner (also archived here) Sidney Morgenbesser, Crooked Timber Sidney, by Leon Wieseltier, The New Republic Sidney Morgenbesser interviewed by Bryan Magee on American Pragmatism (Video). Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"}],"text":"Sidney Morgenbesser (September 22, 1921 – August 1, 2004) was an American philosopher and professor at Columbia University. He wrote little but is remembered by many for his philosophical witticisms.","title":"Sidney Morgenbesser"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Lower East Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_East_Side"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-2"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"The New School for Social Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School_for_Social_Research"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_University"},{"link_name":"John Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"philosophy of social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science"},{"link_name":"political philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy"},{"link_name":"epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"American Pragmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pragmatism"},{"link_name":"G.A. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.A._Cohen"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeldMorgenbesser1974-11"},{"link_name":"Bryan Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Magee"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Luke%27s%E2%80%93Roosevelt_Hospital_Center"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"}],"text":"Sidney Morgenbesser was born on September 22, 1921, in New York City and raised in Manhattan's Lower East Side.[1][2]Morgenbesser undertook philosophical study at the City College of New York (B.S.S., 1942) and rabbinical study at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (B.J.P., 1941). Following World War II, he pursued graduate study in philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. There he obtained his M.A. in 1950 and, with a thesis titled Theories And Schemata In The Social Sciences,[3] his Ph.D. in 1956.[4] It was also at Pennsylvania, Morgenbesser records, that he would have his first job teaching philosophy.[5]Morgenbesser taught at Swarthmore College and then The New School for Social Research.[4] He then took a position at Columbia University in 1954.[4][6][2][1] He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1963,[7] and by 1966 he was made a full professor at Columbia.[8][9] He was visiting professor at the Rockefeller University in 1967—1968 and in 1975 was named the John Dewey Professor of Philosophy at Columbia.[2][4] This position he held until retirement.[10]Morgenbesser's areas of expertise included the philosophy of social science, political philosophy, epistemology, and the history of American Pragmatism. He founded the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs along with G.A. Cohen, Thomas Nagel and others.[11]Morgenbesser appeared on in an interview by Bryan Magee on the topic of American Pragmatism in 1987 that is available on YouTube.[12]He died on 1 August 2004 at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in Manhattan at the age of 82.[1]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sidney Morgenbesser on Wikiquote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sidney_Morgenbesser"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sidewalk-13"},{"link_name":"J. L. Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin"},{"link_name":"double negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negative"},{"link_name":"double positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleonasm"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesonline-15"},{"link_name":"Chairman Mao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-2"},{"link_name":"Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant"},{"link_name":"Categorical Imperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_Imperative"},{"link_name":"Jerry Fodor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fodor"},{"link_name":"Raymond Geuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Geuss"},{"link_name":"Alvin Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman"},{"link_name":"Daniel M. Hausman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_M._Hausman"},{"link_name":"Robert Nozick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick"},{"link_name":"Hilary Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"},{"link_name":"Gideon Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Mark Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Michael Stocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stocker"},{"link_name":"refuse to pay taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_resistance"},{"link_name":"war in Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collection1.libraries.psu.edu-16"}],"text":"See also: Sidney Morgenbesser on WikiquoteMorgenbesser was known particularly for his sharp witticisms and humor which often penetrated to the heart of the philosophical issue at hand, on which account The New York Times Magazine dubbed him the \"Sidewalk Socrates.\"[13] According to one anecdote, when J. L. Austin claimed that, although a double negative often implies a positive meaning (e.g., \"he is not unlike his sister\"), there is no language in which a double positive implies a negative, Morgenbesser retorted: \"Yeah, yeah.\"[14][2][15] In another commonly reported story, Morgenbesser was asked by a student whether he agreed with Chairman Mao's view that a statement can be both true and false at the same time, to which Morgenbesser replied \"Well, I do and I don't.\"[2][1]Another anecdote is given as follows by the Independent:[2][An] unfortunate encounter with the police occurred when he lit up his pipe on the way out of a subway station. Morgenbesser protested to the officer who tried to stop him that the rules covered smoking in the station, not outside. The cop conceded he had a point, but said: \"If I let you get away with it, I'd have to let everyone get away with it.\" To which Morgenbesser, in a famously misunderstood line, retorted: \"Who do you think you are, Kant?\" Hauled off to the precinct lock-up, Morgenbesser only won his freedom after a colleague showed up and explained the Categorical Imperative to the nonplussed boys in blue.Morgenbesser published little and established no school, but was revered for his extraordinary intelligence and moral seriousness. He was a famously influential teacher; his former students included Jerry Fodor, Raymond Geuss, Alvin Goldman, Daniel M. Hausman, Robert Nozick, Hilary Putnam,[6] Gideon Rosen, Mark Steiner, and Michael Stocker. In 1967, Morgenbesser signed a letter declaring his intention to refuse to pay taxes in protest against the U.S. war in Vietnam, and urging other people to also take this stand.[16]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Danto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Danto"},{"link_name":"Ernest Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Nagel"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0385030373","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385030373"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of Science Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophyofscie0000sidn_p1j9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780465056835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465056835"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuewer1968-18"},{"link_name":"Patrick Suppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Suppes"},{"link_name":"Morton White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_White"},{"link_name":"Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophyscienc0000unse_c1j2/page/n5/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780312607258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312607258"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Virginia Held","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Held"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel"},{"link_name":"Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: essays edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophymorali0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780195017595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195017595"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Dewey and His Critics: Essays from the Journal of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/deweyhiscriticse0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780931206009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780931206009"},{"link_name":"The Reconstructionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconstructionist_Journal"},{"link_name":"\"On the Justification of Beliefs and Attitudes.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2021464"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"\"Character and Free Will,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2022445"},{"link_name":"Arthur Danto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Danto"},{"link_name":"\"Approaches to Ethical Objectivity,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-5446.1957.tb01192.x"},{"link_name":"“Social Inquiry and Moral Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophyeducat0000unse_e7y3/page/180/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Israel Scheffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Scheffler"},{"link_name":"“Role and Status of Anthropological Theories,”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1756320"},{"link_name":"Dimensions Of Mind: A Symposium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/dimensionsofmind013653mbp"},{"link_name":"Sidney Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Hook"},{"link_name":"Henry Kyburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Kyburg_Jr."},{"link_name":"“Perception: Cause and Achievement,”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-3263-6_17"},{"link_name":"\"Belief and Disposition,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20009137"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dispositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/isbn_9789027708106"},{"link_name":"“Is It Science?”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40969833"},{"link_name":"Social Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Research_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Philosophy, Science and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophyscienc0000unse_c1j2"},{"link_name":"“Imperialism: Some Preliminary Distinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2264890"},{"link_name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_%26_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"“Experimentation and Consent: A Note,”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophicalmed0000tran/page/97/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Medical Ethics: Its Nature and Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/philosophicalmed0000tran"},{"link_name":"H. Tristam Engelhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Tristram_Engelhardt_Jr."},{"link_name":"“Picking and Choosing,”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40971175"},{"link_name":"“The Questions of Isaiah Berlin,”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20210509225419/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1980/03/06/the-questions-of-isaiah-berlin/"},{"link_name":"New York Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"\"The Choices of Isaiah Berlin\".","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20220212161814/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1980/03/20/the-choices-of-isaiah-berlin/"},{"link_name":"\"Sidney Morgenbesser: A Bibliography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/howmanyquestions0000unse/page/498/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"How Many Questions?: Essays in Honour of Sidney Morgenbesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/howmanyquestions0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Books, (co-)edited(1960) with Arthur Danto [preface by Ernest Nagel], Philosophy of Science (New York).[17]\n(1962) with James Walsh, Free Will, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,).ISBN 978-0385030373\n(1967) Philosophy of Science Today, US: Basic Books Inc. ISBN 9780465056835[18]\n(1969) with Patrick Suppes and Morton White, Philosophy, Science, and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel ISBN 9780312607258[19]\n(1974) with Virginia Held and Thomas Nagel, Philosophy, Morality, and International Affairs: essays edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595.[20]\n(1977) Dewey and His Critics: Essays from the Journal of Philosophy (New York). ISBN 9780931206009Select articles, book chapters (co-)authored“The Decline of Religious Liberalism,” The Reconstructionist 19 (1953): 17–24.\n\"On the Justification of Beliefs and Attitudes.\" The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 51, no. 20, 1954, pp. 565–576\n\"Character and Free Will,\" with Arthur Danto, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 54, No. 16 (Aug. 1, 1957), pp. 493–505\n\"Approaches to Ethical Objectivity,\" Educational Theory 7 (1957): 180–86.\n“Social Inquiry and Moral Judgement,” in Philosophy and Education, ed. Israel Scheffler (1958): 180–200.\n“Role and Status of Anthropological Theories,” Science 128 (1958): 72–9.\n\"A Comment on Toulmin,\" in Dimensions Of Mind: A Symposium ed. Sidney Hook (1960)\n“The Deductive Model and Its Qualifications,” in Induction: Some Current Issues, ed. Henry Kyburg and Ernest Nagel (1963), pp. 169–80.\n“Perception: Cause and Achievement,” in Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, ed. Marx Wartofsky (1963), pp. 206–12.\n\"Belief and Disposition,\" with Isaac Levi American Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 3, 1964, pp. 221–232.[21] reprinted in Dispositions (1978)\n“Is It Science?” Social Research 33 (1966): 255–71.\n“The Realist-instrumentalist Controversy,” in Philosophy, Science and Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel (1969), pp. 200–18.\n“Imperialism: Some Preliminary Distinctions,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 3 (1973): 3–44.\n“Experimentation and Consent: A Note,” in Philosophical Medical Ethics: Its Nature and Significance ed. Stuart Spicker and H. Tristam Engelhardt (1977), 97–110.\n“Picking and Choosing,” with E. Ullman-Marglit, Social Research 44 (1977): 757–85.\n“The Questions of Isaiah Berlin,” with Jonathan Lieberson, New York Review of Books 27 no.3 (1980)\n\"The Choices of Isaiah Berlin\". with Jonathan Lieberson, The New York Review of Book 27, no.4. (1980)For a more complete record of publications see \"Sidney Morgenbesser: A Bibliography\" in the below.FestschriftHow Many Questions?: Essays in Honour of Sidney Morgenbesser, (eds.) Leigh S. Cauman, Isaac Levi, Charles D. Parsons and Robert Schwartz (1983)[22]","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (August 4, 2004). \"Sidney Morgenbesser, 82, Kibitzing Philosopher, Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/04/obituaries/04morgenbesser.html","url_text":"\"Sidney Morgenbesser, 82, Kibitzing Philosopher, Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Morgenbesser, Sidney (1998), \"Response to Hilary Putnam's \"Pragmatism and Realism\"\", The Revival of Pragmatism, Duke University Press, pp. 54–61, doi:10.1215/9780822382522-004, ISBN 9780822322283, retrieved September 27, 2019, My first teaching job in philosophy was at the University of Pennsylvania, where I encountered Hilary Putnam as a student.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q7XiVP_AagC&pg=PA54","url_text":"\"Response to Hilary Putnam's \"Pragmatism and Realism\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F9780822382522-004","url_text":"10.1215/9780822382522-004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822322283","url_text":"9780822322283"}]},{"reference":"\"John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Sidney Morgenbesser\". Retrieved September 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/sidney-morgenbesser/","url_text":"\"John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Sidney Morgenbesser\""}]},{"reference":"David Albert, Arthur C. Danto, Mark Steiner. \"Remembering Sidney Morgenbesser\". Columbia College Today. Retrieved September 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/may05/forum.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Sidney Morgenbesser\""}]},{"reference":"Virginia Held; Sidney Morgenbesser; Thomas Nagel (1974). Philosophy, morality, and international affairs: essays edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195017595.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0fPbAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Philosophy, morality, and international affairs: essays edited for the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195017595","url_text":"9780195017595"}]},{"reference":"American Pragmatism - Bryan Magee & Sidney Morgenbesser (1987), retrieved July 20, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yRBlyX20Ss","url_text":"American Pragmatism - Bryan Magee & Sidney Morgenbesser (1987)"}]},{"reference":"Ryerson, James (December 26, 2004). \"Sidewalk Socrates\". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved July 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/26/magazine/26MORGENBESSER.html","url_text":"\"Sidewalk Socrates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine","url_text":"The New York Times Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Shatz, David (June 27, 2014). \"'Yeah, Yeah': Eulogy for Sidney Morgenbesser, Philosopher With a Yiddish Accent\". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016220254/https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/177249/sidney-morgenbesser","url_text":"\"'Yeah, Yeah': Eulogy for Sidney Morgenbesser, Philosopher With a Yiddish Accent\""},{"url":"https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/177249/sidney-morgenbesser","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levi, Isaac (1961). \"Review of Philosophy of Science, , , ; The Structure of Scientific Thought: An Introduction to Philosophy of\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_ben_Menasya
Simeon ben Menasya
["1 Biography","2 Teachings","2.1 Halacha","2.2 Aggadah","3 References","3.1 Bibliography"]
Late 2nd/early 3rd century Judean rabbi Tomb of Shim’on ben Menasya, Galilee, Israel Rabbinical eras Chazal Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim vte Shim’on ben Menasya (Hebrew: שמעון בן מנסיא) was a Jewish rabbi who lived in the late 2nd-early 3rd centuries (fourth and fifth generations of Tannaim). Biography He was a contemporary of R. Judah ha-Nasi, with whom he engaged in a halakhic dispute. He was somewhat older than Judah, yet he immensely respected Judah and spoke in Judah's praise. He and Jose ben Meshullam formed a group called "Kahal Kadosh" (the Holy Community) or "Edah Kedosha", because its members devoted one-third of the day to the study of the Torah, one-third to prayer, and the remaining third to work. The group is recorded as being located in Jerusalem, surprising given that Hadrian banned Torah study and practice in Jerusalem after the Bar Kochba revolt. Modern scholarly opinions differ on whether the ban was eventually rescinded, not enforced, or if this community carried on their activities secretly and in great danger. Teachings Halacha He is mentioned once in the Mishnah, though some consider this a later addition. Some halakhic teachings by him have been preserved elsewhere. Following Proverbs 17:14, Simeon says that a judge may call upon the parties to accept a compromise; but once the judge has heard the statements of both parties, or made up his mind as to the nature of his decision, he must decide according to the letter of the law. Aggadah Referring to Psalms 44:23, he says, "It is not possible for one to be killed every day; but God reckons the life of the pious as though they died a martyr's death daily". He says that "Song of Songs was inspired by the Holy Ghost, while Ecclesiastes expresses merely the wisdom of Solomon". His interpretation of Exodus 31:14 - "The words ' unto you' imply that the Sabbath is given to you, and that you are not given to the Sabbath" - is noteworthy for paralleling a saying of Jesus. References ^ Beitzah 26a ^ Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 11:3 ^ Yerushalmi Ma'aser Sheni 2:4 53d; Ecclesiastes Rabbah 9:9; Beitzah 27a ^ See Hebrew version of this page for sources ^ Hagigah 1:7 ^ Tosefta Kelim Bava Batra 4:10; Zevachim 94a, 97 ^ Sanhedrin 6b ^ Sifre Deuteronomy 32 ^ Tosefta Yadayim 2:14 ^ Mekhilta Ki Tissa ; compare Mark 2:27, where Jesus says, "The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath"  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bacher, Wilhelm; Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel (1901–1906). "Simeon b. Menasya". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 May 2011. Bibliography Heilprin, Seder ha-Dorot, ii. 271–272; Frankel, Hodegetica in Mischnam, p. 202; Brüll, Einleitung in die Mischna, i. 239–240; Bacher, Ag. Tan. ii. 489–494. vteTannaimLast Generation of Zugot Era Hillel the Elder Shammai Houses of Hillel and Shammai Bnei Bathyra Menahem Hananiah ben Hezekiah ben Garon Simeon ben Hillel First Generation Gamaliel I, the Elder Shimon ben Gamliel (I) Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen Yohanan ben Zakkai Jonathan ben Uzziel Baba ben Buta Hanina ben Dosa Hanina Segan ha-Kohanim Abba Saul ben Batnit Admon Dosa ben Harkinas Judah ben Bathyra Eliezer ben Jacob I Nahum the Mede Second Generation Gamaliel II Joshua ben Hananiah Eliezer ben Hurcanus Eleazar ben Arach Nehunya ben HaKanah Nachum Ish Gamzu Abba Hilkiah Rabbi Zadok Akabia ben Mahalalel Simeon HaPakoli Shmuel ha-Katan Third Generation Rabbi Akiva Rabbi Tarfon Judah ben Bava Rabbi Ishmael Eleazar ben Azariah Jose the Galilean Eliezer ben Jose Haninah ben Teradion Eleazar ben Perata I Johanan ben Baroka Simeon ben Zoma Simeon ben Azzai Onkelos Hanina ben Antigonus Hanina ben Hakinai Yochanan ben Nuri Eleazar Chisma Elisha ben Abuyah Rabbi Ilai I Eleazar of Modi'im Halafta Haninah ben Ahi R. Joshua Abtolemus Jose ben Kisma Jeshbab the Scribe Aquila of Sinope Johanan ben Torta Eleazar ben Judah of Bartota Matteya ben Heresh Hanan the Egyptian Simeon the Yemenite Abba Jose ben Hanan Judah ben Dama Fourth Generation Simeon ben Gamaliel II Judah bar Ilai Jose ben Halafta Shimon ben Halafta Rabbi Jonathan Rabbi Meir (and wife Bruriah) Shimon bar Yochai Eleazar ben Shammua Rabbi Nehemiah Rabbi Nathan Joshua ben Karha Abba Saul Johanan HaSandlar Pinchas ben Yair Simeon Shezuri Hananiah ben Akavia Eliezer ben Jacob II Fifth Generation Judah haNasi (Judah I) Huna Kamma Jose ben Judah Ishmael ben Jose Eleazar ben Simeon Simeon ben Eleazar Eleazar ha-Kappar Symmachus ben Joseph Issi ben Judah Bar Kappara Jose ben Zimra Levi ben Sisi Rabbi Bana'ah Simeon ben Menasya Yadua the Babylonian Joshua ben Levi Abba Kohen Bardela This biographical article about a rabbi from the Middle East is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atunaisa_Moli
Atu Moli
["1 Early career","2 Senior career","3 Super Rugby","4 International","5 References","6 External links"]
NZ international rugby union player Rugby playerAtu MoliFull nameAtunaisa MoliDate of birth (1995-06-12) 12 June 1995 (age 29)Place of birthGisborne, New ZealandHeight189 cm (6 ft 2 in)Weight127 kg (280 lb; 20 st 0 lb)SchoolMarlborough Boys' CollegeUniversityUniversity of WaikatoNotable relative(s)Monu Moli (brother), Sam Moli (brother)Rugby union careerPosition(s) PropCurrent team Tasman, ForceSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2015–2018 Waikato 18 (15)2016–2023 Chiefs 54 (15)2019– Tasman 14 (0)2024– Western Force 0 (0) Correct as of 17 September 2023International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2014–2015 New Zealand U20 12 (0)2017 Barbarian F.C. 1 (0)2017–2019 New Zealand 5 (0) Correct as of 17 September 2023 Atunaisa Moli (born 12 June 1995) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a Prop for the Force in Super Rugby and Tasman in the Bunnings NPC. He has represented the New Zealand national rugby union team the All Blacks. Starting his career as a Tighthead Prop, Moli converted to Loosehead Prop during his professional career. Moli made his debut for New Zealand in 2017, earning a recall in 2019 after a spell of injury and made their team for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Early career Moli was born in the North Island town of Gisborne, but attended Marlborough Boys' College in the South Island town of Blenheim. He is of Tongan descent. While attending college, he represented Marlborough at under 16 and Tasman at under 18 level before moving to Waikato after graduation and representing them at under 19 level. Senior career Moli debuted for Waikato during the 2015 ITM Cup in a match against Tasman on 14 August after starring as a school boy. Hindered by a foot injury, he only played 6 games during his first season of provincial level rugby, 2 of which were from the start. 2016 again saw him make 6 appearances, this time however, they were all from the start as he began to make the number 1 jersey his own. In 2019 Moli made his debut for Tasman against Manawatu at Lansdowne Park in Blenheim. Moli missed the 2020 Mitre 10 Cup with injury as the Mako went on to win their second premiership title in a row. He played for the Mako during the 2021 Bunnings NPC but again suffered an injury before the end of the season. Super Rugby After just 6 games at provincial level, Moli made the Chiefs Super Rugby squad for the 2016 Super Rugby season, debuting in a match against the Southern Kings in Port Elizabeth. A season ending injury to Nepo Laulala meant that he received more game time during his debut season than he might have otherwise expected, playing 10 times and scoring 1 try. He was retained by the side for the 2017 Super Rugby season. Moli missed the whole 2018 Super Rugby season due to a leg injury. He forced his way back into the first choice team during the 2019 Super Rugby season, establishing himself as one of the Chiefs best performers during the season. After over a year injured Moli returned to the Chiefs side in Round 2 of the Super Rugby Trans-Tasman competition, coming off the bench in a 40-19 win for the side - however that was the only match he played during the 2021 Super Rugby season. International Moli represented New Zealand Schools in 2013 and was a member of the New Zealand Under 20 teams which competed in the 2014 and 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championships. He appeared 5 times as New Zealand finished third in 2014 and made another 5 appearances, this time as captain as the Kiwis lifted the title in 2015 with a 21-16 victory over England in the final. Moli was selected as a non playing "Apprentice" in the All Blacks squad for the 2017 Rugby Championship. Moli was only the third New Zealander to be selected for the All Blacks as an apprentice, following Ardie Savea who was an apprentice in 2013 and Jordie Barrett who held the title in 2016. After injuries to Joe Moody and Owen Franks, the All Blacks coaches had to seek more depth for the end of year tour. This meant that after starting in a 31-22 loss against the All Blacks for the Barbarians coached by Robbie Deans on 4 November, Moli joined the All Blacks squad again, making his debut for New Zealand against a French side 10 days later, replacing Tim Perry with 23 minutes left. Moli was one of six players to make their All Blacks debut in the 28-23 win. In 2019, Moli was recalled into the All Blacks squad, named to play Argentina at Jose Amalfitani Stadium (Estadio Velez Sarsfield) in Buenos Aires on Saturday 20 July as part of The Rugby Championship. He made his test debut in the 60th minute of the game, replacing Ofa Tu'ungafasi. With experienced props, Karl Tu'inukuafe and Owen Franks, axed from the team, Moli also earned an appearance off the bench against Australia during a 26-47 loss. In August 2019, Moli was named in the All Blacks squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Moli earned his first start for the All Blacks in the sides 63-0 win over Canada, lasting the whole 80 minutes of the test. Moli played one more test during the competition, coming off the bench against Wales in the Bronze Final, with New Zealand winning 40-17 to claim third place. References ^ a b c "Atu Moli itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics". itsrugby.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ a b "Chiefs sign New Zealand Under-20s captain Atu Moli on two-year deal". Stuff.co.nz. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015. ^ "Chiefs 2017 Squad Guide" (PDF). All Blacks.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "Atu Moli". chiefs.co.nz. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ a b c "Atu Moli #1168". All Blacks. Retrieved 21 July 2019. ^ "Moli on his way to the top". Stuff.co.nz. 16 December 2013. ^ "Chiefs prop Atu Moli riding the wave in his first season of Super Rugby". Rugby Heaven. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "Atunaisa (Atu) Moli". mako.nz. Retrieved 6 October 2020. ^ "All Blacks prop Atu Moli ruled out for 2020 season due to double surgery for chronic hip disfunction". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ "'Year of the broken bone': Beaten up Tasman Mako eye NPC three-peat". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 21 November 2021. ^ "Moli's return bolsters Chiefs for Brumbies clash". www.superrugby.co.nz. Retrieved 20 June 2021. ^ "NZU20 squad named for IRB JWC2014". All Blacks.com. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "NZ Under 20 squad named for World Champs in Italy". All Blacks.com. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "2013 NZ Schools team named". All Blacks.com. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ "All Blacks deny Argentina famous victory in Buenos Aires to win Rugby Championship opener". TVNZ. Retrieved 21 July 2019. External links Atunaisa Moli at ESPNscrum Atunaisa Moli at ItsRugby.co.uk vteWestern Force – current squadForwards Siosifa Amone Tim Anstee Josh Bartlett Ollie Callan Sam Carter Ryan Coxon Lopeti Faifua Tom Franklin Ben Funnell Charlie Hancock Will Harris Joel Hintz Harry Hoopert Tom Horton Feleti Kaitu'u Felix Kalapu Santiago Medrano Atu Moli Titi Nofoagatotoa Marley Pearce Reed Prinsep Izack Rodda Papillon Sevele Tiaan Tauakipulu Carlo Tizzano Angus Wagner Michael Wells Jeremy Williams Backs Kurtley Beale Max Burey Ollie Cummins Ben Donaldson Issak Fines-Leleiwasa Nikolai Foliaki Bayley Kuenzle Ronan Leahy Henry O'Donnell Campbell Parata Reesjan Pasitoa George Poolman Harry Potter Ian Prior Sam Spink Hamish Stewart Chase Tiatia Nic White CoachSimon Cron vteTasman – current squadForwards Fletcher Anderson Seta Baker Netani Baleisomosomo Ethan Blackadder Te Ahiwaru Cirikidaveta Ryan Coxon Michael Curry Miracle Faiʻilagi Matt Graham-Williams Max Hicks Luca Inch Feleti Kaitu'u Hunter Leppien Tyrel Lomax Quentin MacDonald Sam Matenga Atu Moli Monu Moli Sam Moli Viliami Napa'a Pari Pari Parkinson Hugh Renton Tim Sail Antonio Shalfoon Braden Stewart Quinten Strange Kershawl Sykes-Martin Backs Tomasi Alosio Levi Aumua Louie Chapman Finlay Christie Will Gualter David Havili William Havili Noah Hotham Mitch Hunt Will Jordan Tom Marshall Shun Miyake Tim O'Malley Campbell Parata Sevu Reece Taine Robinson Macca Springer Timoci Tavatavanawai Graham Urquhart Coach(es) Gray Cornelius Dan Perrin vteNew Zealand squad – 2019 Rugby World Cup third placeForwards S. Barrett Cane Coles Coltman Frizell (replaced Jacobson) Jacobson (ruled out by injury) Laulala Moli Moody Read (c) Retallick Savea Taʻavao Taylor Todd Tuipulotu Tuʻungafasi Whitelock Backs B. Barrett J. Barrett Bridge Crotty Goodhue Ioane Lienert-Brown Mo'unga Perenara Reece A. Smith B. Smith Weber Williams Head coach: Hansen
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Force"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_(National_Provincial_Championship)"},{"link_name":"Bunnings NPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnings_NPC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atu_Moli_itsrugby.co.uk_Player_Statistics-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiefs_sign_New_Zealand_Under-20s_captain_Atu_Moli_on_two-year_deal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiefs_2017_Squad_Guide-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allblacks-5"},{"link_name":"2019 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup"}],"text":"Rugby playerAtunaisa Moli (born 12 June 1995) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a Prop for the Force in Super Rugby and Tasman in the Bunnings NPC.[1][2][3][4] He has represented the New Zealand national rugby union team the All Blacks.[5]Starting his career as a Tighthead Prop, Moli converted to Loosehead Prop during his professional career. Moli made his debut for New Zealand in 2017, earning a recall in 2019 after a spell of injury and made their team for the 2019 Rugby World Cup.","title":"Atu Moli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"Marlborough Boys' College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Boys%27_College"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_(National_Provincial_Championship)"},{"link_name":"Waikato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikato_Rugby_Union"}],"text":"Moli was born in the North Island town of Gisborne, but attended Marlborough Boys' College in the South Island town of Blenheim. He is of Tongan descent.[6] While attending college, he represented Marlborough at under 16 and Tasman at under 18 level before moving to Waikato after graduation and representing them at under 19 level.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 ITM Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_ITM_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_(National_Provincial_Championship)"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Mitre_10_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atu_Moli_itsrugby.co.uk_Player_Statistics-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiefs_prop_Atu_Moli_riding_the_wave_in_his_first_season_of_Super_Rugby-7"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Mitre_10_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_(National_Provincial_Championship)"},{"link_name":"Manawatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu_(National_Provincial_Championship)"},{"link_name":"Lansdowne Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansdowne_Park,_Blenheim"},{"link_name":"Blenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2020 Mitre 10 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Mitre_10_Cup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2021 Bunnings NPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Bunnings_NPC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Moli debuted for Waikato during the 2015 ITM Cup in a match against Tasman on 14 August after starring as a school boy. Hindered by a foot injury, he only played 6 games during his first season of provincial level rugby, 2 of which were from the start. 2016 again saw him make 6 appearances, this time however, they were all from the start as he began to make the number 1 jersey his own.[1][7] In 2019 Moli made his debut for Tasman against Manawatu at Lansdowne Park in Blenheim.[8] Moli missed the 2020 Mitre 10 Cup with injury as the Mako went on to win their second premiership title in a row.[9] He played for the Mako during the 2021 Bunnings NPC but again suffered an injury before the end of the season.[10]","title":"Senior career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 Super Rugby season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiefs_sign_New_Zealand_Under-20s_captain_Atu_Moli_on_two-year_deal-2"},{"link_name":"Southern Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kings"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"Nepo Laulala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepo_Laulala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atu_Moli_itsrugby.co.uk_Player_Statistics-1"},{"link_name":"2017 Super Rugby season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"2018 Super Rugby season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"2019 Super Rugby season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby Trans-Tasman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby_Trans-Tasman"},{"link_name":"2021 Super Rugby season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After just 6 games at provincial level, Moli made the Chiefs Super Rugby squad for the 2016 Super Rugby season,[2] debuting in a match against the Southern Kings in Port Elizabeth. A season ending injury to Nepo Laulala meant that he received more game time during his debut season than he might have otherwise expected, playing 10 times and scoring 1 try.[1] He was retained by the side for the 2017 Super Rugby season.Moli missed the whole 2018 Super Rugby season due to a leg injury. He forced his way back into the first choice team during the 2019 Super Rugby season, establishing himself as one of the Chiefs best performers during the season.After over a year injured Moli returned to the Chiefs side in Round 2 of the Super Rugby Trans-Tasman competition, coming off the bench in a 40-19 win for the side - however that was the only match he played during the 2021 Super Rugby season.[11]","title":"Super Rugby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_schoolboy_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Under 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_IRB_Junior_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZU20_squad_named_for_IRB_JWC2014-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_Under_20_squad_named_for_World_Champs_in_Italy-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_NZ_Schools_team_named-14"},{"link_name":"2017 Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ardie Savea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardie_Savea"},{"link_name":"Jordie Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordie_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Joe Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Moody_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Owen Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Franks"},{"link_name":"Robbie Deans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Deans"},{"link_name":"Tim Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Perry_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allblacks-5"},{"link_name":"The Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ofa Tu'ungafasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofa_Tu%27ungafasi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Karl Tu'inukuafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Tu%27inukuafe"},{"link_name":"Owen Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Franks"},{"link_name":"2019 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allblacks-5"}],"text":"Moli represented New Zealand Schools in 2013 and was a member of the New Zealand Under 20 teams which competed in the 2014 and 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championships. He appeared 5 times as New Zealand finished third in 2014 and made another 5 appearances, this time as captain as the Kiwis lifted the title in 2015 with a 21-16 victory over England in the final.[12][13][14]Moli was selected as a non playing \"Apprentice\" in the All Blacks squad for the 2017 Rugby Championship. Moli was only the third New Zealander to be selected for the All Blacks as an apprentice, following Ardie Savea who was an apprentice in 2013 and Jordie Barrett who held the title in 2016. After injuries to Joe Moody and Owen Franks, the All Blacks coaches had to seek more depth for the end of year tour. This meant that after starting in a 31-22 loss against the All Blacks for the Barbarians coached by Robbie Deans on 4 November, Moli joined the All Blacks squad again, making his debut for New Zealand against a French side 10 days later, replacing Tim Perry with 23 minutes left. Moli was one of six players to make their All Blacks debut in the 28-23 win.[5]In 2019, Moli was recalled into the All Blacks squad, named to play Argentina at Jose Amalfitani Stadium (Estadio Velez Sarsfield) in Buenos Aires on Saturday 20 July as part of The Rugby Championship. He made his test debut in the 60th minute of the game, replacing Ofa Tu'ungafasi.[15] With experienced props, Karl Tu'inukuafe and Owen Franks, axed from the team, Moli also earned an appearance off the bench against Australia during a 26-47 loss.In August 2019, Moli was named in the All Blacks squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Moli earned his first start for the All Blacks in the sides 63-0 win over Canada, lasting the whole 80 minutes of the test.[5] Moli played one more test during the competition, coming off the bench against Wales in the Bronze Final, with New Zealand winning 40-17 to claim third place.","title":"International"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Atu Moli itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics\". itsrugby.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player_32268.html","url_text":"\"Atu Moli itsrugby.co.uk Player Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chiefs sign New Zealand Under-20s captain Atu Moli on two-year deal\". Stuff.co.nz. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/71391164/chiefs-sign-new-zealand-under20s-captain-atu-moli-on-twoyear-deal","url_text":"\"Chiefs sign New Zealand Under-20s captain Atu Moli on two-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chiefs 2017 Squad Guide\" (PDF). All Blacks.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511031335/http://files.allblacks.com/comms/2016-ISR/2017_ISR_Squad_Naming_Chiefs-PUBLISHED-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Chiefs 2017 Squad Guide\""},{"url":"http://files.allblacks.com/comms/2016-ISR/2017_ISR_Squad_Naming_Chiefs-PUBLISHED-01.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Atu Moli\". chiefs.co.nz. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chiefs.co.nz/player/atunaisa-moli","url_text":"\"Atu Moli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atu Moli #1168\". All Blacks. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.allblacks.com/asp/profile.asp?ABID=1168","url_text":"\"Atu Moli #1168\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moli on his way to the top\". Stuff.co.nz. 16 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/editors-picks/9512962/Moli-on-his-way-to-the-top","url_text":"\"Moli on his way to the top\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chiefs prop Atu Moli riding the wave in his first season of Super Rugby\". Rugby Heaven. 16 July 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/82079646/chiefs-prop-atu-moli-riding-the-wave-in-his-first-season-of-super-rugby","url_text":"\"Chiefs prop Atu Moli riding the wave in his first season of Super Rugby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atunaisa (Atu) Moli\". mako.nz. Retrieved 6 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mako.nz/atunaisa-atu-moli","url_text":"\"Atunaisa (Atu) Moli\""}]},{"reference":"\"All Blacks prop Atu Moli ruled out for 2020 season due to double surgery for chronic hip disfunction\". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/all-blacks/300031602/all-blacks-prop-atu-moli-ruled-out-for-2020-season-due-to-double-surgery-for-chronic-hip-dysfunction","url_text":"\"All Blacks prop Atu Moli ruled out for 2020 season due to double surgery for chronic hip disfunction\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Year of the broken bone': Beaten up Tasman Mako eye NPC three-peat\". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 21 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/provincial/300458286/year-of-the-broken-bone-beaten-up-tasman-mako-eye-npc-threepeat","url_text":"\"'Year of the broken bone': Beaten up Tasman Mako eye NPC three-peat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moli's return bolsters Chiefs for Brumbies clash\". www.superrugby.co.nz. Retrieved 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/molis-return-bolsters-chiefs-for-brumbies-clash/","url_text":"\"Moli's return bolsters Chiefs for Brumbies clash\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZU20 squad named for IRB JWC2014\". All Blacks.com. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112212/http://www.allblacks.com/News/24842/nzu20-squad-named-for-irb-jwc2014","url_text":"\"NZU20 squad named for IRB JWC2014\""},{"url":"http://www.allblacks.com/News/24842/nzu20-squad-named-for-irb-jwc2014","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Under 20 squad named for World Champs in Italy\". All Blacks.com. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123335/http://www.allblacks.com/news/27229/nz-under-20-squad-named-for-world-champs-in-italy","url_text":"\"NZ Under 20 squad named for World Champs in Italy\""},{"url":"http://www.allblacks.com/news/27229/nz-under-20-squad-named-for-world-champs-in-italy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 NZ Schools team named\". All Blacks.com. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161203125957/http://www.allblacks.com/News/23290/2013-nz-schools-team-named","url_text":"\"2013 NZ Schools team named\""},{"url":"http://www.allblacks.com/News/23290/2013-nz-schools-team-named","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"All Blacks deny Argentina famous victory in Buenos Aires to win Rugby Championship opener\". TVNZ. Retrieved 21 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/sport/rugby/all-blacks-deny-argentina-famous-victory-in-buenos-aires-win-rugby-championship-opener","url_text":"\"All Blacks deny Argentina famous victory in Buenos Aires to win Rugby Championship opener\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Get_Away_with_Murder
You Can't Get Away with Murder
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Home media","4 In popular culture","5 References","6 External links"]
1939 film by Lewis Seiler This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "You Can't Get Away with Murder" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You Can't Get Away with MurderTheatrical posterDirected byLewis SeilerWritten byJonathan FinnLewis E. LawesScreenplay byRobert BucknerDon RyanKenneth GametBased onChalked Out (1937) (play) by Lewis E. LawesProduced byJack L. WarnerHal B. WallisSamuel BischoffStarringHumphrey BogartGale PageBilly HalopCinematographySol PolitoEdited byJames GibbonMusic byHeinz RoemheldDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date May 20, 1939 (1939-05-20) Running time79 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish You Can't Get Away with Murder is a 1939 crime drama directed by Lewis Seiler, starring Humphrey Bogart and Gale Page, and featuring "Dead End Kid" leader Billy Halop. The film is from Bogart's period of being cast in B pictures by Warner Bros., before his breakthrough as a leading man in High Sierra two years later. The film is based on the play "Chalked Out" by Lewis E. Lawes. Plot In New York's Hell's Kitchen, young Johnny Stone goes against the advice of his sister Madge and hooks up with mobster Frank Wilson. First, Johnny and Frank steal a car, and then hold up a gas station. Later, Johnny takes a gun belonging to Madge's fiancé Fred Burke and lends it to Frank to use in a pawnshop robbery. This time the owner resists and sounds an alarm; Frank kills him and leaves the gun there, so Johnny cannot return it to Fred's room as he intended. After finding his gun at the scene, the authorities do not believe Fred's alibi and he is arrested and convicted of murder. Meanwhile, based on fingerprint evidence, Frank and Johnny are arrested and convicted of the gas station robbery. All three men are sent to Sing Sing. Johnny is not a hardened criminal like Frank, and is tortured by the thought that Fred is facing execution for their crime. But Frank repeatedly reminds Johnny that he must continue "playing dumb", as both of them face execution if either confesses. The prison authorities are suspicious of their attitude to each other and transfer Johnny from working in the prison shoe factory alongside Frank to the prison library run by a mild-mannered older convict known as Pop. Johnny expects Fred to be cleared on appeal, not knowing that Frank also planted stolen property as evidence against him. When the appeal is denied, Johnny's pangs of conscience increase. By now Madge is convinced that Johnny knows the true killer and begs him to talk, still not suspecting Johnny's own involvement. Pop also appeals to Johnny's conscience. Fred's lawyer, Carey, eventually deduces that Johnny took Fred's gun and was responsible for its presence at the murder, but without evidence the district attorney will not request a stay of Fred's execution. Through all this, Johnny continues to "play dumb". On the day set for Fred's execution, Frank and Johnny join in a jailbreak. In that situation Johnny is finally willing to tell the truth. He produces a written confession that he stole the gun and Frank did the shooting, leaving it for Pop to find after the breakout. But Frank sees him drop the paper and takes it instead. He decides to kill Johnny after the jailbreak. But the jailbreak fails, ending with Frank and Johnny in a railroad boxcar surrounded by prison guards. Frank has a gun and starts shooting at the guards from concealment. When they return fire, Frank shoots Johnny and puts the gun next to him, then gives himself up, claiming that he was unarmed. Although mortally wounded, Johnny survives long enough to tell the truth, implicating Frank for both murders and finally clearing Fred. Cast Humphrey Bogart as Frank Wilson Gale Page as Madge Stone Billy Halop as Johnny Stone John Litel as Attorney Carey Henry Travers as Pop Harvey Stephens as Fred Burke Harold Huber as Tom Scappa Joe Sawyer as Red Joe Downing as Smitty George E. Stone as Toad Joe King as Principal Keeper (P.K.) (credited as Joseph King) Joseph Crehan as Warden John Ridgely as Gas Station Attendant Herbert Rawlinson as District Attorney Emory Parnell as Second Detective (uncredited) Frankie Burke as Billiard Player (uncredited) Eddie Anderson as Sam (uncredited) Frank Faylen as Boat Tour Guide (uncredited) Home media The film was released on DVD by Warner Archive on February 23, 2012. In popular culture In the 1939 film Invisible Stripes, the George Raft character (Cliff Taylor) is waiting outside a movie theater. As he paces back and forth, he passes an advertising placard for the movie You Can't Get Away With Murder which is currently playing in the theater. When he reaches the turn around point, out walks Humphrey Bogart in his "Stripes" character of Charles "Chuck" Martin with a female companion. The characters of Taylor and Martin have a brief conversation before Martin, with his companion, walk away and the scene changes. References ^ The AFI Catalog of Feature Films: You Can't Get Away with Murder ^ a b McCarty, Clifford (1965). Bogey - The Films of Humphrey Bogart. Cadillac Publishing Co., Inc. p. 72. ^ "You Can't Get Away with Murder". Amazon. External links You Can't Get Away with Murder at IMDb You Can't Get Away with Murder at AllMovie You Can't Get Away with Murder at the TCM Movie Database vteFilms directed by Lewis Seiler Darwin Was Right (1924) No Man's Gold (1926) The Great K & A Train Robbery (1926) The Last Trail (1927) Outlaws of Red River (1927) Tumbling River (1927) Wolf Fangs (1927) Square Crooks (1928) A Song of Kentucky (1929) The Ghost Talks (1929) Deception (1932) Frontier Marshal (1934) Charlie Chan in Paris (1935) Here Comes Trouble (1936) The First Baby (1936) Career Woman (1936) Turn Off the Moon (1937) Crime School (1938) Penrod's Double Trouble (1938) Heart of the North (1938) The Kid from Kokomo (1939) King of the Underworld (1939) You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939) Hell's Kitchen (1939) Dust Be My Destiny (1939) It All Came True (1940) Murder in the Air (1940) Flight Angels (1940) Tugboat Annie Sails Again (1940) South of Suez (1940) Kisses for Breakfast (1941) The Smiling Ghost (1941) You're in the Army Now (1941) The Big Shot (1942) Pittsburgh (1942) Guadalcanal Diary (1943) Something for the Boys (1944) Molly and Me (1945) Doll Face (1945) If I'm Lucky (1946) Whiplash (1948) Breakthrough (1950) The Tanks Are Coming (1951) The Winning Team (1952) Operation Secret (1952) The Bamboo Prison (1954) Women's Prison (1955) Battle Stations (1956) Over-Exposed (1956) The True Story of Lynn Stuart (1958)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"Lewis Seiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Seiler"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart"},{"link_name":"Gale Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Page"},{"link_name":"Dead End Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_End_Kids"},{"link_name":"Billy Halop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Halop"},{"link_name":"B pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_pictures"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"High Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sierra_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lewis E. Lawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_E._Lawes"}],"text":"You Can't Get Away with Murder is a 1939 crime drama directed by Lewis Seiler, starring Humphrey Bogart and Gale Page, and featuring \"Dead End Kid\" leader Billy Halop. The film is from Bogart's period of being cast in B pictures by Warner Bros., before his breakthrough as a leading man in High Sierra two years later.[1] The film is based on the play \"Chalked Out\" by Lewis E. Lawes.","title":"You Can't Get Away with Murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hell's Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen,_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Sing Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing"}],"text":"In New York's Hell's Kitchen, young Johnny Stone goes against the advice of his sister Madge and hooks up with mobster Frank Wilson.First, Johnny and Frank steal a car, and then hold up a gas station. Later, Johnny takes a gun belonging to Madge's fiancé Fred Burke and lends it to Frank to use in a pawnshop robbery. This time the owner resists and sounds an alarm; Frank kills him and leaves the gun there, so Johnny cannot return it to Fred's room as he intended. After finding his gun at the scene, the authorities do not believe Fred's alibi and he is arrested and convicted of murder. Meanwhile, based on fingerprint evidence, Frank and Johnny are arrested and convicted of the gas station robbery. All three men are sent to Sing Sing.Johnny is not a hardened criminal like Frank, and is tortured by the thought that Fred is facing execution for their crime. But Frank repeatedly reminds Johnny that he must continue \"playing dumb\", as both of them face execution if either confesses. The prison authorities are suspicious of their attitude to each other and transfer Johnny from working in the prison shoe factory alongside Frank to the prison library run by a mild-mannered older convict known as Pop.Johnny expects Fred to be cleared on appeal, not knowing that Frank also planted stolen property as evidence against him. When the appeal is denied, Johnny's pangs of conscience increase. By now Madge is convinced that Johnny knows the true killer and begs him to talk, still not suspecting Johnny's own involvement. Pop also appeals to Johnny's conscience. Fred's lawyer, Carey, eventually deduces that Johnny took Fred's gun and was responsible for its presence at the murder, but without evidence the district attorney will not request a stay of Fred's execution. Through all this, Johnny continues to \"play dumb\".On the day set for Fred's execution, Frank and Johnny join in a jailbreak. In that situation Johnny is finally willing to tell the truth. He produces a written confession that he stole the gun and Frank did the shooting, leaving it for Pop to find after the breakout. But Frank sees him drop the paper and takes it instead. He decides to kill Johnny after the jailbreak.But the jailbreak fails, ending with Frank and Johnny in a railroad boxcar surrounded by prison guards. Frank has a gun and starts shooting at the guards from concealment. When they return fire, Frank shoots Johnny and puts the gun next to him, then gives himself up, claiming that he was unarmed.Although mortally wounded, Johnny survives long enough to tell the truth, implicating Frank for both murders and finally clearing Fred.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humphrey Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart"},{"link_name":"Gale Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Page"},{"link_name":"Billy Halop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Halop"},{"link_name":"John Litel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Litel"},{"link_name":"Henry Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Travers"},{"link_name":"Harvey Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Stephens"},{"link_name":"Harold Huber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Huber"},{"link_name":"Joe Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Joe Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Downing"},{"link_name":"George E. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Stone"},{"link_name":"Joe King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_King_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Crehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Crehan"},{"link_name":"John Ridgely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ridgely"},{"link_name":"Herbert Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Rawlinson"},{"link_name":"Emory Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Parnell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-2"},{"link_name":"Frankie Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Burke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cast-2"},{"link_name":"Eddie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_%22Rochester%22_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Frank Faylen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Faylen"}],"text":"Humphrey Bogart as Frank Wilson\nGale Page as Madge Stone\nBilly Halop as Johnny Stone\nJohn Litel as Attorney Carey\nHenry Travers as Pop\nHarvey Stephens as Fred Burke\nHarold Huber as Tom Scappa\nJoe Sawyer as Red\nJoe Downing as Smitty\nGeorge E. Stone as Toad\nJoe King as Principal Keeper (P.K.) (credited as Joseph King)\nJoseph Crehan as Warden\nJohn Ridgely as Gas Station Attendant\nHerbert Rawlinson as District Attorney\nEmory Parnell as Second Detective (uncredited) [2]\nFrankie Burke as Billiard Player (uncredited) [2]\nEddie Anderson as Sam (uncredited)\nFrank Faylen as Boat Tour Guide (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Archive"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The film was released on DVD by Warner Archive on February 23, 2012.[3]","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Invisible Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_Stripes"}],"text":"In the 1939 film Invisible Stripes, the George Raft character (Cliff Taylor) is waiting outside a movie theater. As he paces back and forth, he passes an advertising placard for the movie You Can't Get Away With Murder which is currently playing in the theater. When he reaches the turn around point, out walks Humphrey Bogart in his \"Stripes\" character of Charles \"Chuck\" Martin with a female companion. The characters of Taylor and Martin have a brief conversation before Martin, with his companion, walk away and the scene changes.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letton_Hall
Letton Hall
["1 History","1.1 Construction","1.2 Victorian & Edwardian Period","1.3 Twentieth Century","1.4 Present Day","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°36′53″N 0°54′40″E / 52.6147°N 0.9110°E / 52.6147; 0.9110 Letton Hall Letton Hall is a Grade II listed eighteenth-century Neoclassical stately home designed by Sir John Soane for the Gurdon family between 1783 and 1789. It is located at Letton near Shipdham, Norfolk. History Construction The house was Sir John Soane's first domestic commission, which he designed in 1783 and constructed during the following six years for Brampton Gurdon Dillingham. This replaced the Old Hall, which Dillingham had inherited in 1783, but had been convinced by Soane to demolish. Victorian & Edwardian Period The house passed through members of the Gurdon family to Robert Thornhagh Gurdon. After the death of his father, John Brampton Gurdon, in 1881, R.T. Gurdon commissioned Edward Boardman to renovate the site, including the construction of the clock-tower and summer-house and a remodeling of the gardens. Bertram Francis Gurdon succeeded to the estate in 1899, aged 25, and extended the library to create a billiards room. B.F. Gurdon however put the property up for auction in 1914, at the eve of the First World War, and moved to his family estates in Woodbridge. Twentieth Century At the 1914 auction, the estate was purchased by Arthur Gordon, who moved in after the conclusion of the war. Gordon improved the utilities of the Hall, but, after its requisition during the Second World War, put the estate up for sale. It was purchased by George Eglington, who developed the estate into a successful agricultural venture, notably breeding Welsh Pigs and Polled Friesian Cattle. While the Eglingtons still farm the estate, after George Eglington's death, the Hall was separated from the grazing land and once more put up for sale. In 1979 Peter Carroll bought Letton Hall and ten acres of gardens to create a conference and activity centre; Mary, his wife, died just six months after their arrival, but their project was completed. Present Day The hall is now mainly used for Christian conferences, youth camps and school trips. The hall includes its own purpose-built karting track. 52°36′53″N 0°54′40″E / 52.6147°N 0.9110°E / 52.6147; 0.9110 References ^ British Listed Building - Letton Hall External links Letton Hall website This article about a Norfolk building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%BF_V%C3%B5_District
Quế Võ
["1 Education","2 References"]
Coordinates: 21°07′59″N 106°10′01″E / 21.133°N 106.167°E / 21.133; 106.167You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (March 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Vietnamese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|vi|Quế Võ}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Town in Red River Delta, VietnamQuế Võ Thị xã Quế VõTown (Class-4)Quế Võ townPhố Mới town entranceCountry VietnamRegionRed River DeltaProvinceBắc NinhCapitalPhố MớiArea • Total66 sq mi (171 km2)Population (2019 census) • Total195,666 • Density3,000/sq mi (1,100/km2)Time zoneUTC+7 (Indochina Time) Quế Võ is a town of Bắc Ninh province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the town had a population of 195,666. The district covers an area of 171 km². The district capital lies at Phố Mới. Education Vietnamese-Japanese Foreign Language-Technology College References ^ "Vietnam: Administrative Division (Provinces and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-07. ^ a b "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved March 13, 2009. 21°07′59″N 106°10′01″E / 21.133°N 106.167°E / 21.133; 106.167 vteCities in VietnamMunicipalitiesSpecial Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) Class-1 Cantho Danang Haiphong Municipal citiesClass-1 Thủ Đức Provincial citiesClass-1 Bắc Ninh Biên Hòa Buôn Ma Thuột Da Lat Hạ Long Hải Dương Huế Long Xuyên Mỹ Tho Nam Định Nha Trang Pleiku Quy Nhon Thái Nguyên Thanh Hóa Thủ Dầu Một Việt Trì Vinh Vũng Tàu Class-2 Bà Rịa Bạc Liêu Bắc Giang Bến Tre Cà Mau Cao Lãnh Cẩm Phả Châu Đốc Đồng Hới Hà Tĩnh Lào Cai Lạng Sơn Móng Cái Ninh Bình Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm Phan Thiết Phủ Lý Phú Quốc Quảng Ngãi Rạch Giá Sa Đéc Sơn La Tam Kỳ Tân An Thái Bình Trà Vinh Tuy Hòa Uông Bí Vị Thanh Vĩnh Long Vĩnh Yên Class-3 Bắc Kạn Bảo Lộc Bến Cát Cam Ranh Cao Bằng Chí Linh Dĩ An Điện Biên Phủ Đông Hà Đồng Xoài Gia Nghĩa Gò Công Hà Giang Hà Tiên Hòa Bình Hội An Hưng Yên Hồng Ngự Kon Tum Lai Châu Long Khánh Ngã Bảy Phổ Yên Phúc Yên Sầm Sơn Sóc Trăng Sông Công Tân Uyên Tam Điệp Tây Ninh Thuận An Tuyên Quang Từ Sơn Yên Bái District-level townsClass-3 An Nhơn Bỉm Sơn Bình Minh Cai Lậy Cửa Lò Đông Triều Kỳ Anh La Gi Long Mỹ Phú Mỹ Phú Thọ Quảng Yên Sông Cầu Sơn Tây Tân Châu Class-4 An Khê Ayun Pa Ba Đồn Bình Long Buôn Hồ Chơn Thành Duy Tiên Duyên Hải Điện Bàn Đức Phổ Đông Hòa Giá Rai Hòa Thành Hoài Nhơn Hoàng Mai Hồng Lĩnh Hương Thủy Hương Trà Kiến Tường Kinh Môn Mường Lay Mỹ Hào Ngã Năm Nghi Sơn Nghĩa Lộ Ninh Hòa Phước Long Quảng Trị Quế Võ Sa Pa Thái Hòa Thuận Thành Tịnh Biên Trảng Bàng Việt Yên Vĩnh Châu vteBắc Ninh provinceCapital: Bắc NinhBắc Ninh Đại Phúc Đáp Cầu Hạp Lĩnh Hòa Long Khắc Niệm Khúc Xuyên Kim Chân Kinh Bắc Nam Sơn Ninh Xá Phong Khê Suối Hoa Thị Cầu Tiền An Vạn An Vân Dương Vệ An Võ Cường Vũ Ninh Từ Sơn Châu Khê Đình Bảng Đông Ngàn Đồng Nguyên Đồng Kỵ Tân Hồng Trang Hạ Hương Mạc Phù Chẩn Phù Khê Tam Sơn Tương Giang Quế Võ Phố Mới Bằng An Bồng Lai Cách Bi Châu Phong Chi Lăng Đại Xuân Đào Viên Đức Long Hán Quảng Mộ Đạo Ngọc Xá Nhân Hòa Phù Lãng Phù Lương Phương Liễu Phượng Mao Quế Tân Việt Hùng Việt Thống Yên Giả Thuận Thành Hồ An Bình Đại Đồng Thành Đình Tổ Gia Đông Hà Mãn Hoài Thượng Mão Điền Nghĩa Đạo Ngũ Thái Nguyệt Đức Ninh Xá Song Hồ Song Liễu Thanh Khương Trạm Lộ Trí Quả Xuân Lâm Gia Bình District Gia Bình Bình Dương Cao Đức Đại Bái Đại Lai Đông Cứu Giang Sơn Lãng Ngâm Nhân Thắng Quỳnh Phú Song Giang Thái Bảo Vạn Ninh Xuân Lai Lương Tài District Thứa An Thịnh Bình Định Lai Hạ Lâm Thao Minh Tân Mỹ Hương Phú Hòa Phú Lương Quảng Phú Tân Lãng Trung Chính Trung Kênh Trừng Xá Tiên Du District Lim Cảnh Hưng Đại Đồng Hoàn Sơn Hiên Vân Lạc Vệ Liên Bão Minh Đạo Nội Duệ Phật Tích Phú Lâm Tân Chi Tri Phương Việt Đoàn Yên Phong District Chờ Dũng Liệt Đông Phong Đông Thọ Đông Tiến Hòa Tiến Long Châu Tam Đa Tam Giang Thụy Hòa Trung Nghĩa Văn Môn Yên Phụ Yên Trung vteDistricts of the Red River DeltaHanoi city Urban districts Ba Đình Bắc Từ Liêm Cầu Giấy Đống Đa Hà Đông Hai Bà Trưng Hoàn Kiếm※ Hoàng Mai Long Biên Nam Từ Liêm Tây Hồ Thanh Xuân Sơn Tây town Ba Vì Chương Mỹ Đan Phượng Đông Anh Gia Lâm Hoài Đức Mê Linh Mỹ Đức Phú Xuyên Phúc Thọ Quốc Oai Sóc Sơn Thanh Oai Thạch Thất Thanh Trì Thường Tín Ứng Hòa Haiphong city Urban districts Đồ Sơn Dương Kinh Hải An Kiến An Hồng Bàng※ Lê Chân Ngô Quyền An Dương An Lão Bạch Long Vĩ Island Cát Hải Island Kiến Thụy Tiên Lãng Vĩnh Bảo Thủy Nguyên Bắc Ninh province Bắc Ninh city※ Từ Sơn city Quế Võ town Thuận Thành town Gia Bình Lương Tài Tiên Du Yên Phong Hà Nam province Phủ Lý city※ Duy Tiên town Bình Lục Kim Bảng Lý Nhân Thanh Liêm Hải Dương province Chí Linh city Hải Dương city※ Kinh Môn town Bình Giang Cẩm Giàng Gia Lộc Kim Thành Nam Sách Ninh Giang Thanh Hà Thanh Miện Tứ Kỳ Hưng Yên province Hưng Yên city※ Mỹ Hào town Ân Thi Khoái Châu Kim Động Phù Cừ Tiên Lữ Văn Giang Văn Lâm Yên Mỹ Nam Định province Nam Định city※ Giao Thủy Hải Hậu Mỹ Lộc Nam Trực Nghĩa Hưng Trực Ninh Vụ Bản Xuân Trường Ý Yên Ninh Bình province Ninh Bình city※ Tam Điệp city Gia Viễn Hoa Lư Kim Sơn Nho Quan Yên Khánh Yên Mô Thái Bình province Thái Bình city※ Đông Hưng Hưng Hà Kiến Xương Quỳnh Phụ Thái Thụy Tiền Hải Vũ Thư Vĩnh Phúc province Phúc Yên city Vĩnh Yên city※ Bình Xuyên Lập Thạch Sông Lô Tam Đảo Tam Dương Vĩnh Tường Yên Lạc ※ denotes provincial seat. This article about a location in Bắc Ninh province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Vuillier
Gaston Vuillier
["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
French painter Gaston Vuillier (c.1900) Gaston Charles Vuillier (7 October 1845, Perpignan – 2 February 1915, Gimel-les-Cascades) was a French painter, designer, traveller and ethnographer. He was employed by many of the major periodicals and journals of the time; including Le Tour du monde and Le Monde illustré. Biography His father, Paul Vuillier, was a blacksmith from Aude, where he spent most of his childhood. Later, he attended a boarding school in Perpignan. He originally studied to be a lawyer, and worked as a notary, but his desire to be an artist asserted itself, and he enrolled at the École des Beaux-Arts de Marseille . It was, however, while serving with the French Army in Algeria that he made his final decision to become a painter, which led to studies with Emmanuel Lansyer  in Paris. In 1878, having just presented his first exhibition at the Salon, he applied for a position at the Maison Hachette, where he interviewed with Édouard Charton and was hired as an illustrator for their magazines. During his many travels throughout Europe, on his own as well as on assignments, he became acquainted with Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria, a noted researcher of the Mediterranean region. This resulted in his working with the folklorist, Giuseppe Pitré. These encounters created a lifelong interest in ethnography. For many years after his death, he would be better known for his work in that field than as an artist. In 1892, fascinated by the natural scenery there, he settled in Gimel-les-Cascades, and would later be a staunch advocate for protecting the waterfalls that gave the area its name. He also acted as a landscape designer, adorning the area with walkways, observation sites, gates and trees. Ultimately, despite opposition from local business interests, he was successful in preventing the construction of a dam upriver. He also created large, thoroughly researched works on Dance Through the Ages (1898) and Pleasures and Games (1900). In his final years, he focused on illustrating classics by Prosper Mérimée, Pierre Louys and François-René de Chateaubriand, among others. Selected works A Female Dancer Pulquero Landakis, or Hill Hindus The Grand Cascade at Gimel References ^ a b "Le tour du monde de Gaston Vuillier. Biographie d’un peintre ethnographe" by Daniel Fabre @ Bérose, encyclopédie en ligne des savoirs anthropologiques. ^ His relationship with the Archduke plays a major part in the historical novel, L'Archiduc sans frontière, by Jean-Louis Sarthou . Éditions du Vieux Caroubier, 2013 ISBN 978-2-95458-760-8 Further reading Daniel Fabre and Anna Iuso, Gaston Vuillier ou le trait du voyageur, Garae Hesiode, 2002 ISBN 978-2-906156-24-1 External links Media related to Gaston Vuillier at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists Scientific illustrators RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie
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He was employed by many of the major periodicals and journals of the time; including Le Tour du monde and Le Monde illustré.","title":"Gaston Vuillier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aude"},{"link_name":"École des Beaux-Arts de Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Marseille&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27art_et_de_design_Marseille-M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%A9rose-1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Lansyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Lansyer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Lansyer"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Maison Hachette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Édouard Charton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Charton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%A9rose-1"},{"link_name":"Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Ludwig_Salvator_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Pitré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pitr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Prosper Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Pierre Louys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louys"},{"link_name":"François-René de Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand"}],"text":"His father, Paul Vuillier, was a blacksmith from Aude, where he spent most of his childhood. Later, he attended a boarding school in Perpignan. He originally studied to be a lawyer, and worked as a notary, but his desire to be an artist asserted itself, and he enrolled at the École des Beaux-Arts de Marseille [fr].[1] It was, however, while serving with the French Army in Algeria that he made his final decision to become a painter, which led to studies with Emmanuel Lansyer [fr] in Paris.In 1878, having just presented his first exhibition at the Salon, he applied for a position at the Maison Hachette, where he interviewed with Édouard Charton and was hired as an illustrator for their magazines.[1] During his many travels throughout Europe, on his own as well as on assignments, he became acquainted with Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria, a noted researcher of the Mediterranean region. This resulted in his working with the folklorist, Giuseppe Pitré.[2] These encounters created a lifelong interest in ethnography. For many years after his death, he would be better known for his work in that field than as an artist.In 1892, fascinated by the natural scenery there, he settled in Gimel-les-Cascades, and would later be a staunch advocate for protecting the waterfalls that gave the area its name. He also acted as a landscape designer, adorning the area with walkways, observation sites, gates and trees. Ultimately, despite opposition from local business interests, he was successful in preventing the construction of a dam upriver.He also created large, thoroughly researched works on Dance Through the Ages (1898) and Pleasures and Games (1900). In his final years, he focused on illustrating classics by Prosper Mérimée, Pierre Louys and François-René de Chateaubriand, among others.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vuillier-Dancer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nouvelle_g%C3%A9ographie_universelle_-_la_terre_et_les_hommes_(1876)_(14774339661).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pulquero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclopedia_universal_history_-_embracing_the_most_complete_and_recent_presentation_of_the_subject_in_two_principal_parts_or_divisions_of_more_than_six_thousand_pages_(1895)_(14780824454).jpg"},{"link_name":"Landakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brive_vuillier_gimel.JPG"}],"text":"A Female Dancer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPulquero\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLandakis, or Hill Hindus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Grand Cascade at Gimel","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-906156-24-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-906156-24-1"}],"text":"Daniel Fabre and Anna Iuso, Gaston Vuillier ou le trait du voyageur, Garae Hesiode, 2002 ISBN 978-2-906156-24-1","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang_Fan
Huang Fan
["1 References"]
Huang Fan (Chinese:黃凡) is a contemporary Taiwanese writer, born in 1950. He grew up in a family dependants community, like many people from Mainland China who arrived with Chiang Kai-shek in 1949. His educational background is in engineering. He is now a professional writer. His fiction is urbane and often experimental in technique. He had been disappeared in the literary circle for more than 10 years, from about 1990 to 2003. References ^ "台灣文學作家系列". Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2011. Authority control databases International ISNI 2 3 VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_246
List of bus routes in London
["1 Classification of route numbers","1.1 Historic classification","1.2 Current classification","2 List of routes","2.1 1–99","2.2 100–199","2.3 200–299","2.4 300–399","2.5 400–499","2.6 500–599","2.7 600–699","2.8 900–999","2.9 Letter prefixes","2.10 East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed)","2.11 Superloop routes (SL-prefixed)","2.12 Night only routes (N-prefixed)","3 Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London","4 Former routes","5 Future routes","6 Temporary routes","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of bus routes in London" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022 A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022 This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches). Bus services in London are operated by Arriva London, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central and London General), Metroline, RATP Dev Transit London (London Sovereign, London United and London Transit), Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Transport UK London Bus and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Examples of non TfL-sponsored operators include, but are not limited to: Arriva Herts & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Carousel Buses, Diamond South East, Go-Coach, First Beeline, Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Thames Valley Buses and Reading Buses. Classification of route numbers In Victorian times, people who took the bus would recognise the owner and the route of an omnibus (Latin: "for everyone") only by its livery and its line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread. Historic classification Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows. The London Traffic Act 1924 imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Superintendent (later Chief Constable) Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. For many decades, variant and short workings used letter suffixes (e.g. "77B"). The numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed: From 1934 Route numbers Type of service 1–199 "Central Area" red double-decker services. 200–289 "Central Area" red single-decker services. 290–299 "Central Area" night bus routes. 300–399 "Country Area" north of the River Thames. (Rural services were operated by London Country Bus Services after 1970). 400–499 "Country Area" south of the River Thames. 500–699 Trolleybuses. 701–799 Green Line. 800–899 "Country Area New Towns" routes. Current classification Route numbers Type of service 1–599 Most local day routes, including 24-hour services. 600–699 School services, with the majority of them operating only one return journey per day. 700–799 Regional and national coach services, including Green Line. Also used for temporary TfL routes. 800–899 Regional and national coach services. 900–999 One mobility buses route within TfL, detailed below. Other letter-prefixed routes Local day routes, including 24-hour services, with the letter denoting a key area the bus travels through. EL-prefixed routes East London Transit routes. SL-prefixed routes Superloop routes. N-prefixed routes Night Bus routes. List of routes All routes operate in both directions unless detailed. 1–99 Route Start End Operator Notes 1 Canada Water bus station Hampstead Heath Go-Ahead London 2 Marylebone station Norwood bus garage Arriva London 3 Crystal Palace bus station Victoria bus station Transport UK London Bus 4 Archway tube station Blackfriars station Metroline 5 Canning Town bus station Romford Market Go-Ahead London 6 London Victoria station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 7 East Acton Oxford Circus Metroline 8 Bow Church Tottenham Court Road station Stagecoach London 9 Aldwych Hammersmith bus station Metroline 11 Fulham Town Hall London Waterloo station Go-Ahead London 12 Dulwich Library Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 13 North Finchley bus station London Victoria station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 14 Putney Heath Russell Square Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 15 Blackwall DLR station Charing Cross tube station Go-Ahead London 16 Brent Park London Paddington station Metroline 17 Archway tube station London Bridge bus station Metroline 18 Euston bus station Sudbury & Harrow Road railway station RATP Dev Transit London 19 Battersea Bridge Finsbury Park bus station Arriva London 20 Debden Walthamstow bus station Stagecoach London 21 Lewisham Shopping Centre Holloway Go-Ahead London 22 Oxford Circus Putney Common Go-Ahead London 23 Aldwych Westbourne Park tube station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 24 Hampstead Heath Pimlico Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 25 Ilford St Paul's tube station Stagecoach London Temporarily withdrawn between City Thameslink railway station and St Paul's tube station until 19:00 on 29 September 2024 due to Cadent Gas works closing Farringdon Street northbound from Ludgate Circus to Charterhouse Street. 26 Hackney Wick London Victoria station Stagecoach London 27 Chalk Farm Hammersmith Grove Transport UK London Bus 28 Kensal Rise railway station Southside Wandsworth Metroline 29 Trafalgar Square Wood Green tube station Arriva London 30 Hackney Wick Marble Arch tube station Metroline 31 White City bus station Camden Town tube station Metroline 32 Edgware bus station Kilburn Park tube station Metroline 33 Fulwell railway station Castelnau RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 34 Barnet Church Walthamstow bus station Arriva London 35 Clapham Junction railway station Shoreditch Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 36 New Cross bus garage Queen's Park station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 37 Peckham Putney Heath Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 38 Clapton Pond Victoria bus station Arriva London Several buses start from Hackney Central during weekday daytimes. 39 Clapham Junction railway station Putney Bridge tube station Go-Ahead London 40 Clerkenwell Road Dulwich Library Go-Ahead London 41 Archway tube station Tottenham Hale bus station Arriva London 42 East Dulwich Shoreditch Go-Ahead London Extended from Denmark Hill to East Dulwich on 1 October 2016. 43 Friern Barnet London Bridge bus station Metroline 24-hour operation. 44 Tooting railway station London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 45 Clapham Park Elephant and Castle Transport UK London Bus Ran to London King's Cross railway station until 15 June 2019. 46 London Paddington station St Bartholomew's Hospital Metroline Operated with electric buses since 20 October 2018. 47 Catford bus garage Shoreditch Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 49 Clapham Junction White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London 50 Fairfield Halls Stockwell tube station Arriva London 51 Orpington railway station Beresford Square Go-Ahead London 52 Victoria bus station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 53 Plumstead railway station Lower Marsh Stagecoach London 54 Woolwich railway station Elmers End station Stagecoach London Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Stagecoach London on 3 May 2014. 55 Walthamstow bus station Oxford Circus Stagecoach London 56 St Bartholomew's Hospital Whipps Cross Stagecoach London 57 Clapham Park Fairfield bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 58 East Ham Walthamstow bus station Stagecoach London 59 St Bartholomew's Hospital Streatham Hill Arriva London 60 Old CoulsdonOasis Academy Coulsdon (schoolday journeys to Streatham railway station) Streatham railway station Arriva London 61 Bromley North railway station Chislehurst Stagecoach London 62 Barking Marks Gate Stagecoach London 63 London King's Cross railway station Honor Oak Transport UK London Bus 64 New Addington Thornton Heath Pond Arriva London 24-hour operation. 65 Ealing Broadway station Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London 66 Leytonstone bus station Romford railway station Arriva London 67 Wood Green tube station Dalston Go-Ahead London 68 Euston bus station West Norwood Transport UK London Bus 69 Canning Town bus station Walthamstow bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 70 Chiswick Business Park South Kensington tube station RATP Dev Transit London 71 Chessington World of Adventures Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 72 East Acton Hammersmith Bridge RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Hammersmith Bridge and Roehampton until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 73 Oxford Circus Stoke Newington Common Arriva London 74 Baker Street tube station Putney Exchange Go-Ahead London 75 Fairfield Halls Lewisham station Stagecoach London 76 Tottenham Hale bus station Lower Marsh Arriva London 24-hour operation. 77 Tooting railway station London Waterloo station Go-Ahead London 78 Nunhead Shoreditch High Street railway station Go-Ahead London 79 Stonebridge Park station Edgware bus station RATP Dev Transit London 80 Downview & High Down Prisons Hackbridge Go-Ahead London 81 Slough Hounslow bus station Metroline Temporarily withdrawn between Slough bus station and Slough until further notice due to Slough bus station being closed due to damage caused by a recent fire. 83 Alperton Golders Green tube station Metroline 85 Kingston upon Thames Putney Bridge tube station RATP Dev Transit London 86 Romford railway station Stratford bus station Stagecoach London 87 Aldwych Wandsworth Go-Ahead London Originally numbered 77A until 3 June 2006. 88 Parliament Hill Fields Clapham Common Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 89 Lewisham station Slade Green railway station Go-Ahead London 90 Feltham Northolt tube station Metroline Operated with double-decker buses since 29 August 2015. 91 Crouch End Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London Transferred from Metroline to Go-Ahead London on 4 February 2023. 92 Ealing Hospital St Raphael's North Metroline 93 North Cheam Putney Bridge tube station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 94 Acton Green Piccadilly Circus RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 95 Shepherd's Bush Green Southall Town Hall Metroline 96 Bluewater Shopping Centre Woolwich Stagecoach London 97 Chingford railway station Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 98 Red Lion Square Willesden bus garage Metroline 99 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Beresford Square Arriva London Extended from Erith to Bexleyheath Shopping Centre on 24 January 2009. 100–199 Route Start End Operator Notes 100 St Paul's tube station Shadwell railway station Go-Ahead London Operated with electric buses since 18 January 2020. 101 Beckton bus station Wanstead tube station Go-Ahead London 102 Brent Cross bus station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation between Edmonton Green bus station and Golders Green tube station. 103 Chase Cross Rainham railway station Arriva London 104 Beckton bus station Stratford bus station Go-Ahead London 105 Greenford station Heathrow Central bus station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 106 Finsbury Park bus station Whitechapel Go-Ahead London 107 Edgware bus station New Barnet railway station Metroline Crosses border into Hertfordshire at Elstree & Borehamwood railway station. 108 Lewisham Shopping Centre Stratford International station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 108D Lewisham Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London Runs only at night. 109 Croydon Brixton tube station Transport UK London Bus 110 Hammersmith bus station Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 111 Heathrow Central bus station Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 112 Ealing Broadway station Tally Ho Corner Metroline 113 Edgware bus station Marble Arch tube station Metroline 114 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Ruislip tube station Metroline 115 Aldgate bus station East Ham Go-Ahead London 116 Ashford Hospital Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 117 Staines-upon-Thames West Middlesex University Hospital RATP Dev Transit London 118 Morden tube station Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London 119 Bromley North railway station Croydon Colonnades Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 120 Hounslow bus station Northolt tube station Metroline 121 Enfield Island Village Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 122 Crystal Palace bus station Plumstead bus garage Stagecoach London 123 Ilford Wood Green tube station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 124 St Dunstan's College Eltham Stagecoach London 125 Colindale tube station Winchmore Hill RATP Dev Transit London 126 Bromley Eltham Go-Ahead London 127 Purley railway station Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London 128 Claybury Broadway Romford railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 129 Lewisham Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London 130 New Addington Thornton Heath Transport UK London Bus 131 Fairfield bus station Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London Transferred from London United to Go-Ahead London on 30 September 2017. 132 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London Extended from Eltham railway station to North Greenwich bus station on 24 January 2009. 133 Streatham railway station Holborn tube station Transport UK London Bus 134 University College Hospital Tally Ho Corner Metroline 24-hour operation. 135 Cubitt Town Moorfields Eye Hospital Stagecoach London 136 Elephant and Castle Grove Park railway station Stagecoach London 137 Marble Arch tube station Streatham Hill Arriva London 138 Bromley North railway station Coney Hall Go-Ahead London 139 Golders Green tube station London Waterloo station Metroline 24-hour operation. 140 Harrow Weald bus garage Hayes & Harlington railway station Metroline Withdrawn between Heathrow Central bus station and Hayes & Harlington railway station on 7 December 2019. 141 London Bridge bus station Palmers Green Arriva London 142 Brent Cross bus station Watford Junction railway station Metroline 143 Archway tube station Brent Cross bus station Metroline 144 Edmonton Green bus station Muswell Hill Arriva London 145 Dagenham Leytonstone bus station Stagecoach London 146 Bromley North railway station Downe Stagecoach London 147 Canning Town bus station Ilford Go-Ahead London 148 Camberwell Green White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 149 Edmonton Green bus station London Bridge bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 150 Becontree Heath Chigwell Row Arriva London 151 Wallington Worcester Park railway station Go-Ahead London 152 New Malden Pollards Hill Go-Ahead London 153 Finsbury Park bus station Liverpool Street bus station Go-Ahead London 154 Morden tube station West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 155 Elephant and Castle St George's Hospital Go-Ahead London 156 Vauxhall bus station Wimbledon station Transport UK London Bus 157 Crystal Palace bus station Morden tube station Go-Ahead London 158 Chingford Mount Stratford bus station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 159 Oxford Circus Streatham railway station Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 160 Catford Bridge railway station Sidcup railway station Stagecoach London 161 Chislehurst North Greenwich bus station Stagecoach London 162 Beckenham Junction station Eltham railway station Go-Ahead London 163 Morden tube station Wimbledon Go-Ahead London 164 Wimbledon Sutton railway station Go-Ahead London 165 Rainham The Brewery Stagecoach London 166 BansteadEpsom Hospital (once per hour) West Croydon bus station Arriva London 167 Ilford Loughton tube station Stagecoach London 169 Barking Clayhall Stagecoach London 170 Roehampton London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 171 Elephant and Castle Catford bus garage Go-Ahead London Ran to Holborn tube station until 15 June 2019. 172 Brockley Rise Aldwych Go-Ahead London Ran to Clerkenwell Green until 15 June 2019. 173 Beckton bus station King George Hospital Stagecoach London 174 Beam Park Harold Hill Stagecoach London 175 Dagenham Hillrise Estate Arriva London 176 Penge Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 177 Peckham Thamesmead Stagecoach London 178 Lewisham station Woolwich Go-Ahead London 179 Chingford railway station Ilford Stagecoach London 180 Erith North Greenwich bus station Stagecoach London 181 Grove Park railway station Lewisham station Stagecoach London 182 Brent Cross bus station Harrow Weald Metroline 183 Golders Green tube station Pinner tube station RATP Dev Transit London 184 Chipping Barnet Turnpike Lane bus station Go-Ahead London 185 Lewisham station London Victoria station Go-Ahead London 186 Brent Cross bus station Northwick Park Hospital Metroline 187 O2 Centre Central Middlesex Hospital Metroline 188 North Greenwich bus station Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 189 Brent Cross bus station Marble Arch tube station Metroline 24-hour operation. 190 Richmond bus station Empress State Building Metroline 191 Brimsdown railway station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London 192 Enfield Town Tottenham Hale bus station Arriva London 193 County Park Estate Queen's Hospital Stagecoach London 194 Lower Sydenham West Croydon bus station Arriva London 195 Brentford Charville Lane Estate Transport UK London Bus 196 Elephant and Castle Norwood Junction railway station Transport UK London Bus 197 Fairfield Halls Peckham Go-Ahead London 198 Shrublands Thornton Heath Arriva London 199 Canada Water bus station Catford bus garage Stagecoach London 200–299 Route Start End Operator Notes 200 Mitcham Raynes Park Go-Ahead London 201 Herne Hill railway station Morden tube station Transport UK London Bus 202 Crystal Palace bus station Blackheath Arriva London 203 Staines-upon-Thames Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 204 Edgware bus station Sudbury Town tube station Metroline 205 Bow Church Paddington Stagecoach London 206 Kilburn Park tube station Wembley Park Metroline 207 Hayes Bypass White City bus station Transport UK London Bus 208 Lewisham station Orpington Go-Ahead London 209 Mortlake Castelnau Go-Ahead London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 210 Brent Cross bus station Finsbury Park bus station Metroline 211 Hammersmith bus station London Waterloo station RATP Dev Transit London 212 Chingford railway station St. James Street railway station Go-Ahead London 213 Fairfield bus station Sutton bus garage Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 214 Highgate Village Finsbury Square Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 215 Walthamstow bus station Lee Valley Campsite Stagecoach London 216 Kingston upon Thames Staines-upon-Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 217 Turnpike Lane bus station Waltham Cross Sullivan Buses 218 North Acton Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London Introduced on 7 December 2019 with a peak frequency of every 10 minutes. 219 Clapham Junction Wimbledon Go-Ahead London 220 Southside Wandsworth Willesden Junction station RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 221 Edgware bus station Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 222 Uxbridge tube station Hounslow bus station Metroline 24-hour operation. 223 Harrow Wembley Central station Metroline 224 St Raphael's Estate Alperton RATP Dev Transit London 225 Canada Water bus station Hither Green railway station Go-Ahead London 226 Ealing Broadway station Golders Green tube station RATP Dev Transit London 227 Crystal Palace bus station Bromley North railway station Go-Ahead London 228 Central Middlesex Hospital Maida Hill Metroline 229 Queen Mary's Hospital Thamesmead Arriva London 230 Upper Walthamstow Wood Green tube station Go-Ahead London Transferred from Arriva London to Go-Ahead London on 20 June 2020. 231 Enfield Chase railway station Turnpike Lane bus station Metroline 232 St Raphael's Estate Turnpike Lane bus station Go-Ahead London 233 Eltham railway station Swanley Go-Ahead London 234 The Spires Barnet Archway tube station Metroline 235 North Brentford Sunbury Village RATP Dev Transit London Extended from Brentford to North Brentford on 7 December 2013.Transferred from Metroline to RATP Dev Transit London on 8 January 2022. 236 Finsbury Park bus station Hackney Wick Stagecoach London 237 Hounslow Heath White City bus station Metroline 238 Barking station Stratford bus station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 240 Edgware bus station Golders Green tube station Metroline 241 Royal Wharf Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 242 Homerton University Hospital Aldgate bus station Stagecoach London 243 London Waterloo station Wood Green tube station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 244 Abbey Wood Queen Elizabeth Hospital Go-Ahead London 245 Alperton Golders Green tube station Metroline 246 Bromley North railway station WesterhamChartwell (8 buses on Summer Sundays) Stagecoach London 247 Barkingside tube station Romford railway station Stagecoach London 248 Cranham Romford Market Arriva London 249 Anerley railway station Clapham Common Arriva London 250 West Croydon bus station Brixton tube station Arriva London 251 Arnos Grove tube station Edgware bus station Metroline 252 Collier Row Hornchurch Stagecoach London 253 Euston bus station Hackney Central railway station Arriva London 254 Aldgate bus station Holloway Arriva London 255 Balham station Pollards Hill Arriva London 256 Hornchurch Noak Hill Stagecoach London 257 Stratford bus station Walthamstow bus station (20:00 until 03:00)Bakers Arms (03:00 until 20:00) Stagecoach London Temporarily withdrawn between Walthamstow bus station and Bakers Arms during 03:00-20:00 each day until the end of August due to Walthamstow bus station being closed for works. 258 South Harrow tube station Watford Junction railway station RATP Dev Transit London 259 Edmonton Green bus station King's Cross Arriva London 260 Golders Green tube station White City bus station Metroline 261 Lewisham station Princess Royal University Hospital Stagecoach London 262 Gallions Reach Shopping Park Stratford bus station Go-Ahead London 263 Barnet Hospital Highbury Barn Metroline 264 West Croydon bus station St George's Hospital Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 265 Putney Bridge tube station Tolworth Go-Ahead London 266 Brent Cross bus station Acton RATP Dev Transit London 267 Fulwell Hammersmith bus station Transport UK London Bus 268 O2 Centre Golders Green tube station Metroline 269 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Bromley North railway station Arriva London 270 Mitcham Putney Bridge tube station Transport UK London Bus 272 Shepherd's Bush Green Chiswick RATP Dev Transit London 273 Lewisham Petts Wood railway station Stagecoach London 274 Angel Islington Lancaster Gate tube station Metroline 275 Barkingside St. James Street railway station Stagecoach London Crosses border into Essex in Chigwell. 276 Newham University Hospital Stoke Newington Common Stagecoach London Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Stagecoach London on 16 September 2023. 277 Cubitt Town Dalston Stagecoach London 278 Heathrow Central bus station Ruislip tube station Transport UK London Bus Introduced on 7 December 2019. 279 Manor House tube station Waltham Cross Arriva London 280 St George's Hospital Belmont railway station Go-Ahead London 281 Hounslow bus station Tolworth RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 282 Ealing Hospital Mount Vernon Hospital Metroline 283 East Acton Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London 284 Lewisham station Grove Park Cemetery Stagecoach London 285 Heathrow Central bus station Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 286 Cutty Sark Queen Mary's Hospital Go-Ahead London 287 Barking station Rainham Stagecoach London 288 Broadfields Estate Queensbury RATP Dev Transit London 289 Elmers End station Purley railway station Arriva London 290 Staines-upon-Thames Twickenham RATP Dev Transit London 291 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Woodlands Estate Go-Ahead London 292 Borehamwood Colindale Metroline 293 Morden tube station Epsom Hospital RATP Dev Transit London 294 Havering Country Park Noak Hill Stagecoach London 295 Clapham Junction railway station Ladbroke Grove RATP Dev Transit London 24-hour operation. 296 Ilford Romford railway station Stagecoach London 297 Ealing Broadway station Willesden bus garage Metroline 24-hour operation. 298 Arnos Grove tube station Potters Bar railway station Sullivan Buses Withdrawn between Potters Bar and Potters Bar railway station on 13 November 2017. 299 Muswell Hill Cockfosters tube station Sullivan Buses 300–399 Route Start End Operator Notes 300 Canning Town bus station East Ham Go-Ahead London 301 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Beresford Square Arriva London Introduced on 13 July 2019. 302 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Kensal Rise railway station Metroline 303 Kingsbury Edgware bus station RATP Dev Transit London 304 Manor Park Custom House station Go-Ahead London Introduced on 21 May 2022 in preparation for the Elizabeth line. 306 Acton Vale Sands End Transport UK London Bus Introduced on 7 December 2019 with a peak frequency of every 12 minutes. 307 Barnet Hospital Brimsdown railway station Arriva London 308 Clapton Pond Wanstead Stagecoach London 309 Bethnal Green Canning Town bus station Stagecoach London 312 Norwood Junction railway station Purley Arriva London 313 Chingford railway stationEnfield bus garage (schoolday journeys to and from Dame Alice Owen's School) Potters Bar railway stationDame Alice Owen's School (schoolday journeys to and from Enfield bus garage) Arriva London 314 New Addington tram stop Eltham railway station Stagecoach London 315 Balham station West Norwood Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to Abellio London on 17 October 2020. 316 Brent Cross West railway station White City bus station Metroline Extended from Cricklewood bus garage to Brent Cross West railway station on 10 December 2023. 317 Enfield Town Waltham Cross Metroline 318 North Middlesex University Hospital Stamford Hill Arriva London 319 Sloane Square Streatham Hill Arriva London 320 Biggin Hill Valley Catford Bridge railway station Go-Ahead London 321 Foots Cray New Cross Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 322 Crystal Palace bus station Clapham Common Transport UK London Bus 323 Canning Town bus station Mile End tube station Stagecoach London 324 Brent Cross Elstree Metroline 325 East Beckton Prince Regent DLR station Go-Ahead London 326 The Spires Barnet Brent Cross bus station RATP Dev Transit London 327 Waltham Cross Circular via Elsinge Estate & Turkey Street railway station Sullivan Buses 328 World's End Golders Green tube station Metroline 329 Enfield Town Turnpike Lane bus station Arriva London 330 Thames Barrier Wanstead Park railway station Stagecoach London 331 Uxbridge tube station Ruislip tube station Metroline Runs via Harefield.Crosses border into Hertfordshire at Batchworth Heath and into Buckinghamshire at Denham railway station. 333 Elephant and Castle Tooting Broadway tube station Go-Ahead London 335 Kidbrooke North Greenwich bus station Arriva London Introduced on 26 October 2019. 336 Catford Bridge railway station Locksbottom Stagecoach London 337 Clapham Junction Richmond bus station Go-Ahead London 339 Leytonstone bus station Shadwell DLR station Stagecoach London 340 Edgware bus station Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 341 London Waterloo station Meridian Water railway station Arriva London 24-hour operation. 343 Aldgate bus station New Cross Gate Go-Ahead London 344 Clapham Junction railway station Liverpool Street bus station Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 345 Peckham Natural History Museum Transport UK London Bus 24-hour operation. 346 Upminster Park Estate Harold Hill Stagecoach London 347 Romford railway station Ockendon railway station Arriva London 349 Enfield bus garage Stamford Hill Arriva London 350 Hayes Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 352 Bromley North railway station Lower Sydenham Go-Ahead London 353 Forestdale Ramsden Go-Ahead London 354 Bromley North railway station Penge Go-Ahead London 355 Mitcham Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London 356 Shirley Upper Sydenham Stagecoach London 357 Chingford Hatch Whipps CrossWhipps Cross University Hospital (Sundays only) Go-Ahead London 358 Crystal Palace bus station Orpington railway station Go-Ahead London 359 Addington Village Interchange Purley Go-Ahead London 360 Elephant and Castle Royal Albert Hall Go-Ahead London 362 King George Hospital Grange Hill tube station Stagecoach London 363 Crystal Palace bus station Elephant and Castle Transport UK London Bus 364 Dagenham East Ilford Go-Ahead London 365 Beam Park Havering Country Park Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 366 Beckton bus station Redbridge Go-Ahead London 367 West Croydon bus station Bromley North railway station Transport UK London Bus 368 Barking Chadwell Heath Go-Ahead London 370 Romford Lakeside Shopping Centre Arriva London 371 Richmond Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London 372 Hornchurch Lakeside Shopping Centre Stagecoach London Partially replaced former route 324 that ran between Hornchurch and Bluewater Shopping Centre. 375 Romford railway station Passingford Bridge Arriva London Partially replaced commercial routes 500 and 575. 376 Beckton bus station Newham Town Hall Go-Ahead London 377 Enfield bus garage Oakwood tube station Arriva London 378 Mortlake Putney Bridge Go-Ahead London 379 Chingford railway station Yardley Lane Estate Stagecoach London 380 Lewisham Shopping Centre Belmarsh Prison Stagecoach London 381 County Hall Peckham Transport UK London Bus 382 Southgate tube station Mill Hill East Metroline 383 The Spires Barnet Finchley Memorial Hospital Uno 384 Edgware bus station Cockfosters tube station Metroline 385 Chingford railway station Salisbury Hall Stagecoach London 386 Blackheath Village Woolwich Arsenal station Go-Ahead London 388 London Bridge bus station Stratford City bus station Stagecoach London 389 The Spires Barnet Circular via High Barnet tube station Sullivan Buses 390 Victoria bus station Archway tube station Metroline 24-hour operation. 393 Chalk Farm Clapton Pond Metroline 394 Islington Homerton University Hospital Stagecoach London 395 Greenford Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 396 Ilford King George Hospital Go-Ahead London 397 Salisbury Hall Debden Stagecoach London 398 Ruislip tube station Wood End RATP Dev Transit London 399 The Spires Barnet Circular via Hadley Wood railway station Sullivan Buses 400–499 Route Start End Operator Notes 401 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Thamesmead Arriva London 403 Warlingham West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 404 Caterham on the Hill Coulsdon Transport UK London Bus 405 Croydon Redhill Arriva London 406 EpsomEpsom Hospital (schoolday journeys) Kingston upon Thames RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 407 Sutton Caterham Valley Transport UK London Bus 410 Crystal Palace bus station Wallington Arriva London Frequency reduced from a bus every 9 minutes to a bus every 10 minutes on 30 June 2018. 411 Kingston upon Thames West Molesey RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 412 Croydon Purley Arriva London 413 Morden tube station Sutton bus garage Go-Ahead London 414 Putney Bridge tube station Marble Arch tube station RATP Dev Transit London 415 Old Kent Road Tulse Hill railway station Transport UK London Bus 417 Crystal Palace bus station Clapham Common Arriva London 418 Kingston upon Thames Epsom RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 419 Roehampton Richmond bus station RATP Dev Transit London 422 North Greenwich bus station Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Stagecoach London 423 Heathrow Terminal 5 Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London 424 Putney Heath Fulham Go-Ahead London 425 Clapton Ilford Stagecoach London 427 Southall Uxbridge Transport UK London Bus 428 Erith Bluewater Shopping Centre Arriva London 430 Victoria and Albert Museum Roehampton Go-Ahead London 432 Anerley railway station Brixton tube station Arriva London 433 Croydon Addington Village Interchange Transport UK London Bus Originally numbered T33 until 24 October 2015. 434 Coulsdon Caterham Valley Go-Ahead London 436 Battersea Park railway station Lewisham Shopping Centre Go-Ahead London 439 Waddon Marsh tram stop Whyteleafe South Go-Ahead London 440 Wembley Turnham Green Church RATP Dev Transit London 444 Turnpike Lane bus station Chingford railway station Go-Ahead London 450 Lower Sydenham West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London 452 Ladbroke Grove Vauxhall bus station RATP Dev Transit London Extended from Wandsworth Road railway station to Vauxhall bus station on 19 November 2016.Temporarily withdrawn between Kensal Rise railway station and Ladbroke Grove until further notice due to road layout changes at the bus stand at Kensal Rise railway station by the London Borough of Brent. 453 Marylebone station Deptford Bridge DLR station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 456 North Middlesex University Hospital Crews Hill Go-Ahead London 460 North Finchley bus station Willesden bus garage Metroline 462 Ilford Hainault Stagecoach London Crosses border into Essex at Grange Hill tube station. 463 Pollards Hill Coulsdon South railway station Go-Ahead London 464 Tatsfield New Addington tram stop Transport UK London Bus 465 Kingston upon Thames Dorking RATP Dev Transit London Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 466 Caterham on the HillOasis Academy Coulsdon (schoolday journeys) Addington Village Interchange Arriva London 467 HookHinchley Wood School (schoolday journeys from Epsom) EpsomEpsom Hospital (schoolday journeys from Hook) RATP Dev Transit London 468 Elephant and Castle South Croydon Arriva London 469 Queen Elizabeth Hospital Erith Go-Ahead London Extended from Bexleyheath Shopping Centre to Queen Elizabeth Hospital on 24 January 2009. 470 Colliers Wood tube station Sutton railway station Go-Ahead London 472 North Greenwich bus station Abbey Wood railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 473 Stratford bus station North Woolwich Go-Ahead London 474 Canning Town Manor Park railway station Stagecoach London 24-hour operation. 476 Northumberland Park railway station London King's Cross railway station Go-Ahead London 481 West Middlesex University Hospital Kingston upon Thames Metroline Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 481D Whitton Kingston upon Thames Transport UK London Bus Schoolday journeys only.Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 482 Southall Town Hall Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 483 Harrow bus station Windmill Park Metroline 484 Camberwell Green Lewisham station Go-Ahead London 485 Southside Wandsworth Castelnau Go-Ahead London Temporarily withdrawn between Castelnau and Hammersmith bus station until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge.Route serves the WWT London Wetland Centre in both directions during opening hours. 486 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre North Greenwich bus station Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation. 487 Willesden Junction station South Harrow tube station Metroline 488 Bromley-by-Bow Dalston Stagecoach London 490 Pools on the Park Heathrow Terminal 5 Transport UK London Bus 491 North Middlesex University Hospital Waltham Cross Metroline 492 Bluewater Shopping Centre Sidcup railway station Arriva London 493 St George's Hospital Richmond bus station Go-Ahead London 496 Queen's Hospital Harold Wood Stagecoach London 498 Queen's Hospital Brentwood Stagecoach London Introduced on 26 December 2005. 499 Gallows Corner loop service via Heath Park Estate Stagecoach London 500–599 Route Start End Operator Notes 533 Hammersmith bus station loop service via Castelnau Go-Ahead London A temporary route replacing routes 33, 72, 209 and 485 until further notice due to the closure of Hammersmith Bridge. 549 Loughton tube station South Woodford tube station Sullivan Buses Frequency reduced from a bus every 67 minutes to a bus every 90 minutes on 12 March 2022.To be withdrawn on 7 September 2024, being replaced by a restructured version of route W14. 600–699 Route numbers from 600 to 699 are used for school services, with the majority of them running one return journey on each weekday during peak times and during school term time. Route Start End Schools Operator Notes 601 Thamesmead Wilmington Academy Wilmington Academy Go-Ahead London 602 Thamesmead Townley Grammar School Townley Grammar School Stagecoach London 603 Swiss Cottage tube station Muswell Hill N/A Metroline 605 Burnt Oak tube station Totteridge & Whetstone tube station Mill Hill County High School Sullivan Buses 606 Queensbury tube station The Totteridge Academy The Totteridge AcademyQueen Elizabeth's School, Barnet Sullivan Buses 608 Gallows Corner Shenfield High School Shenfield High School Go-Ahead London 612 Selsdon Wallington County Grammar School Wallington County Grammar SchoolRiddlesdown CollegiateThe John Fisher SchoolWallington High School for Girls Arriva London 613 Tolworth railway station Glenthorne High School Glenthorne High School RATP Dev Transit London 616 Winchmore Hill Edmonton Green bus station The Latymer School Stagecoach London 617 Turnpike Lane bus station Turkey Street railway station St Ignatius College Sullivan Buses 621 Lewisham station Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stagecoach London 624 Grove Park railway station Stationers' Crown Woods AcademyWelling (1 bus eastbound only) Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Go-Ahead London 625 Plumstead Common Chislehurst N/A Go-Ahead London 626 Finchley Central tube station Dame Alice Owen's School Dame Alice Owen's School Metroline 627 Wallington High School for Girls Worcester Park railway station Wallington High School for Girls Arriva London 628 JFS Southgate tube station JFS Uno Runs one way to Southgate tube station only. 629 Turkey Street railway station Wood Green bus garage St Ignatius College Sullivan Buses 631 Golders Green tube station Henrietta Barnett School Henrietta Barnett School Metroline 632 Grahame Park Kilburn Park tube station St James' Catholic High School Metroline 633 Pollards Hill Coulsdon South railway station Woodcote High School Go-Ahead London Transferred from Quality Line to Go-Ahead London on 3 April 2021.Extended from Wallington to Pollards Hill on 4 January 2022. 634 Muswell Hill Chipping Barnet Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet Metroline 635 St Paul's College Hounslow bus station St Paul's College Metroline 638 Coney Hall Kemnal Technology College Chislehurst School for GirlsKemnal Technology CollegeCoopers SchoolEltham College Stagecoach London 639 Roehampton St John Bosco College St John Bosco College Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to London United on 5 June 2021 and transferred from RATP Dev Transit London to Transport UK London Bus on 8 June 2024. 640 South Harrow tube station Bentley Wood High School Whitmore High SchoolSalvatorian CollegeSacred Heart Language CollegeBentley Wood High School Sullivan Buses 642 West Hendon London Academy London Academy Metroline 643 Brent Cross bus station Christ's College Finchley Christ's College Finchley Uno 645 Purley Cross Waddon N/A Arriva London Introduced on 4 January 2022 to replace route 405D. 646 Noak Hill Cranham N/A Go-Ahead London 649 Romford bus garage The Campion School The Campion School Go-Ahead London 650 Romford bus garage Emerson Park Academy Emerson Park Academy Go-Ahead London 651 Romford railway station Chase Cross Bower Park Academy Go-Ahead London 652 Rainham Upminster station Sanders Draper SchoolHavering Sixth Form CollegeThe Brittons AcademyHarris Academy Rainham Go-Ahead London 653 JFS Muswell Hill JFS Uno 654 Addington Village Interchange Ramsden Harris Academy OrpingtonRavens Wood School Go-Ahead London 655 Mitcham Raynes Park High School Raynes Park High School RATP Dev Transit London 656 Gallows Corner Emerson Park Academy Emerson Park Academy Go-Ahead London 657 Salisbury Hall Bancroft's School Trinity Catholic High SchoolBancroft's School Go-Ahead London 658 Woolwich Arsenal station Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Go-Ahead London 660 Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Catford bus garage Stationers' Crown Woods Academy Stagecoach London 661 Chislehurst Petts Wood railway station Eltham CollegeCoopers School Stagecoach London 662 Surbiton railway station Holy Cross School Holy Cross School RATP Dev Transit London 663 Thornton Heath railway station Harris Academy Purley Harris Academy Purley Go-Ahead London 664 New Addington Charles Darwin School Charles Darwin SchoolRavens Wood School Go-Ahead London 665 Surbiton Holy Cross School Holy Cross School RATP Dev Transit London 667 Ilford West Hatch High School West Hatch High School Stagecoach London 669 Thamesmead Cleeve Park School Cleeve Park School Stagecoach London 670 Roehampton St John Bosco College St John Bosco College Transport UK London Bus Transferred from Go-Ahead London to London United on 5 June 2021 and transferred from RATP Dev Transit London to Transport UK London Bus on 8 June 2024. 671 Chessington South railway station Tiffin Girls' School Tiffin Girls' School Transport UK London Bus 672 Thamesmead Beresford Square Hawksmoor Primary School Stagecoach London 673 The Warren School Beckton bus station The Warren School Stagecoach London Runs one way to Beckton bus station only. 674 Romford railway station Harold Hill Royal Liberty School Stagecoach London 675 St. James Street railway station Woodbridge High School Woodbridge High School Arriva London 677 Ilford Debden Davenant Foundation School Go-Ahead London 678 Beckton bus station Stratford bus station St Angela's Ursuline SchoolSt Bonaventure'sForest Gate Community SchoolStratford School Stagecoach London 679 Goodmayes Woodford Wells Woodford County High School For GirlsTrinity Catholic High SchoolBancroft's School Go-Ahead London 681 Hounslow bus station Teddington School Teddington School RATP Dev Transit London 683 Friern Barnet JFS JFS Uno 684 Orpington railway station Charles Darwin School Charles Darwin School Stagecoach London 685 Warlingham School Selsdon Warlingham SchoolRiddlesdown Collegiate Arriva London Runs one way to Selsdon only. 686 Romford railway station St Edward's Church of England Academy St Edward's Church of England Academy Go-Ahead London Afternoon journeys from St Edward's Church of England Academy terminate at Harold Hill. 687 Dagenham Park Church of England School Barking station Dagenham Park Church of England School Go-Ahead London 688 Southgate tube station JFS JFS Uno 689 West Croydon bus station Monks Orchard Orchard Park High School Arriva London 690 Burntwood School Norwood bus garage Burntwood School Go-Ahead London 696 Hayes Bishop Ramsey School Bishop Ramsey School RATP Dev Transit London 697 The Douay Martyrs School Hayes End The Douay Martyrs School RATP Dev Transit London Morning journeys from Hayes End terminate at Ickenham tube station. 698 The Douay Martyrs School West Drayton The Douay Martyrs School RATP Dev Transit London Morning journeys from West Drayton terminate at Ickenham tube station. 699 Winchmore Hill Dame Alice Owen's School Dame Alice Owen's School Uno 900–999 Route numbers from 900 to 999 represent mobility buses; these mostly provide a once-a-week return journey to a local shopping centre from relatively low-density neighbourhoods where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The number of mobility buses routes has declined over the past few years because low-floor and wheelchair-accessible buses run on all London Buses routes. Route Start End Operator Notes 969 Whitton Roehampton Vale Transport UK London Bus Operates one return journey on Tuesdays and Fridays only. Letter prefixes Route Start End Operator Letter code Notes A10 Uxbridge tube station Heathrow Central bus station Metroline Heathrow Airport B11 Bexleyheath bus garage South Thamesmead Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath B12 Erith Joyden's Wood Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath Extended from Bexleyheath Shopping Centre to Joyden's Wood on 24 January 2009.Runs in a loop in Joyden's Wood via Dartford Road, Old Bexley Lane, Oakfield Lane, Leyton Cross Road, Birchwood Road, Summerhouse Drive, Tile Kiln Lane and Baldwyn's Park, exiting the loop at the junction with Baldwyn's Park and Dartford Road. Runs the loop in reverse after 12:00. B13 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre New Eltham railway station Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath B14 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Orpington railway station Stagecoach London Bexleyheath B15 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Horn Park Arriva London Bexleyheath B16 Bexleyheath bus garage Kidbrooke Go-Ahead London Bexleyheath C1 London Victoria station White City bus station RATP Dev Transit London Central London C3 Clapham Junction railway station Earl's Court Transport UK London Bus Chelsea C10 London Victoria station Canada Water bus station Transport UK London Bus Central London C11 Archway tube station Brent Cross bus station Metroline Cricklewood D3 Bethnal Green Leamouth Go-Ahead London London Docklands D6 Ash Grove bus garage Cubitt Town Stagecoach London London Docklands D7 Mile End tube station All Saints Church Stagecoach London London Docklands D8 Cubitt Town Stratford bus station Stagecoach London London Docklands E1 Ealing Broadway station Greenford Broadway Metroline Ealing E2 Brentford Greenford Broadway Metroline Ealing E3 Chiswick Greenford Broadway RATP Dev Transit London Ealing E5 Perivale Southall Transport UK London Bus Dormers Wells E6 Bulls Bridge Greenford Broadway Transport UK London Bus Yeading Temporarily withdrawn between Greenford station and Greenford Broadway until 20:00 on 17 August 2024 due to gas works on Oldfield Lane North. E7 Ealing Broadway station Ruislip tube station Transport UK London Bus Ealing Runs via Wood Lane in Ruislip during shopping hours. E8 Ealing Broadway station Hounslow Metroline Ealing E9 Ealing Broadway station Yeading Metroline Ealing E10 Ealing Broadway station Northolt Transport UK London Bus Ealing E11 Ealing Common Greenford Broadway Transport UK London Bus Ealing G1 Shaftesbury Park Estate Norbury Go-Ahead London St George's Hospital H2 Golders Green tube station Circular via Hampstead Garden Suburb Metroline Hampstead Garden Suburb H3 East Finchley Golders Green tube station Metroline Hampstead Garden Suburb H9 Northwick Park Hospital (circular) anticlockwise via Kenton station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H10 Northwick Park Hospital (circular) clockwise via South Harrow tube station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H11 Harrow bus station Mount Vernon Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H12 South Harrow tube station Stanmore tube station RATP Dev Transit London Hatch End H13 Northwood Hills Ruislip Lido Metroline Ruislip H14 Northwick Park Hospital Hatch End RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H17 Harrow bus station Wembley Central station Metroline Harrow H18 Harrow bus station (circular) clockwise via North Harrow RATP Dev Transit London Harrow H19 Harrow bus station (circular) anticlockwise via Kenton station RATP Dev Transit London Harrow Route terminates at St George's Shopping Centre instead of Harrow bus station. H20 Hounslow Ivybridge Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H22 Hounslow West Middlesex University Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow H25 Hanworth Hatton Cross tube station Transport UK London Bus Hatton H26 Feltham Hatton Cross tube station Transport UK London Bus Hatton H28 Bulls Bridge Osterley Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H32 Southall Town Hall Hounslow bus station Transport UK London Bus Hounslow H37 Richmond Hounslow RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow H91 Hammersmith bus station Hounslow West tube station Metroline Hounslow H98 Hayes End Hounslow bus station RATP Dev Transit London Hounslow K1 Kingston upon Thames New Malden railway station RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. K2 Kingston Hospital Hook RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K3 Roehampton Vale Esher RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K4 Mansfield Park Estate Kingston Hospital RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames K5 Morden tube station Ham RATP Dev Transit London Kingston upon Thames P4 Lewisham station Brixton tube station Go-Ahead London Dulwich P5 Elephant and Castle Patmore Estate Transport UK London Bus Clapham P12 Surrey Quays Shopping Centre Brockley Rise Go-Ahead London Peckham P13 New Cross Streatham railway station Transport UK London Bus Peckham R1 Green Street Green St Paul's Cray Go-Ahead London Orpington R2 Orpington Biggin Hill Valley Go-Ahead London Orpington R3 Princess Royal University Hospital Orpington railway station Go-Ahead London Orpington R4 Princess Royal University Hospital Paul's Cray Hill Go-Ahead London Orpington R5 Orpington railway station (circular) clockwise via Knockholt Go-Ahead London Orpington R6 Orpington railway station St Mary Cray railway station Go-Ahead London Orpington To be withdrawn on 29 March 2025, being replaced by a reroute of route B14. R7 Chelsfield Village Chislehurst Go-Ahead London Orpington R8 Orpington railway station Biggin Hill Go-Ahead London Orpington R9 Orpington railway station Ramsden Go-Ahead London Orpington R10 Orpington railway station (circular) anticlockwise via Cudham Go-Ahead London Orpington R11 Green Street Green Queen Mary's Hospital Go-Ahead London Orpington R68 Hampton Court railway station Kew Transport UK London Bus Richmond R70 Richmond Hampton Transport UK London Bus Richmond S1 Lavender Fields Banstead Go-Ahead London Sutton S2 St Helier railway station Epsom Go-Ahead London Sutton S3 Belmont railway station Malden Manor railway station Transport UK London Bus Sutton S4 Sutton Waddon Marsh tram stop Transport UK London Bus Sutton U1 Ruislip tube station West Drayton railway station Metroline Uxbridge U2 Uxbridge tube station Brunel University Metroline Uxbridge Runs via Hillingdon tube station.Runs via Leybourne Road in North Hillingdon during Monday-Saturday shopping hours. U3 Uxbridge tube station Heathrow Central bus station Metroline Uxbridge U4 Uxbridge tube station Hayes Metroline Uxbridge U5 Uxbridge Hayes Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U7 Uxbridge tube station Hayes Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U9 Uxbridge tube station Harefield Hospital Transport UK London Bus Uxbridge U10 Uxbridge tube station Ruislip Metroline Uxbridge W3 Finsbury Park bus station Northumberland Park railway station Arriva London Wood Green W4 Oakthorpe Park Tottenham Hale Arriva London West Green W5 Archway tube station Harringay Stagecoach London Crouch End W6 Southgate tube station Edmonton Green bus station Arriva London Palmers Green W7 Finsbury Park bus station Muswell Hill Metroline Crouch End W8 Lee Valley Leisure Complex Chase Farm Hospital Metroline Enfield Town W9 Southgate tube station Chase Farm Hospital Sullivan Buses Enfield Town W11 Walthamstow bus station Chingford Hall Estate Stagecoach London Walthamstow W12 Walthamstow Wanstead Stagecoach London Walthamstow W13 Leytonstone bus station Woodford Wells Stagecoach London Woodford W14 Leyton Mills Woodford Bridge Stagecoach London Woodford W15 Hackney Town Hall Higham Hill Go-Ahead London Walthamstow W16 Leytonstone bus station Chingford Mount Stagecoach London Highams Park W19 Walthamstow Ilford Stagecoach London Walthamstow East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed) Main article: East London Transit Route Start End Operator Notes EL1 Barking Riverside Ilford Go-Ahead London 24-hour operation.Originally numbered 369 until 20 February 2010. EL2 Becontree Heath Dagenham Dock Go-Ahead London EL3 Barking Riverside Little Heath Go-Ahead London Originally numbered 387 until 18 February 2017. Superloop routes (SL-prefixed) Main article: London Superloop Route Start End Operator Notes SL1 North Finchley bus station Walthamstow bus station Arriva London SL2 Walthamstow bus station North Woolwich Arriva London SL3 Thamesmead Bromley North railway station Stagecoach London SL5 Bromley North railway station Croydon Arriva London SL6 Russell Square West Croydon bus station Go-Ahead London Runs non-stop between Waterloo and West Norwood.Runs only on weekdays during peak hours only.Runs towards Russell Square in the morning peak, and runs towards West Croydon bus station in the evening peak. SL7 West Croydon bus station Heathrow Central bus station Go-Ahead London SL8 Uxbridge tube station White City bus station Metroline SL9 Heathrow Central bus station Harrow bus station RATP Dev Transit London SL10 Harrow bus station North Finchley bus station RATP Dev Transit London Night only routes (N-prefixed) Main article: Night buses in London Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations. Route Start End Operator N1 Thamesmead Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London N2 Crystal Palace bus station Marylebone station Arriva London N3 Bromley North railway station Oxford Circus Transport UK London Bus N5 Edgware bus station Trafalgar Square RATP Dev Transit London N7 Northolt tube station Oxford Circus Metroline N8 Hainault Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N9 Heathrow Terminal 5 Aldwych Metroline N11 Ealing Broadway station Whitehall Go-Ahead London N15 Romford Market Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N18 Harrow Weald bus garage Trafalgar Square RATP Dev Transit London N19 Clapham Junction railway station Finsbury Park bus station Arriva London N20 Barnet Hospital Trafalgar Square Metroline N21 Bexleyheath Shopping Centre Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N22 Fulwell Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N25 Ilford Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N26 Chingford railway station London Victoria station Stagecoach London N27 Hammersmith bus station Chalk Farm Transport UK London Bus N28 Camden Town Southside Wandsworth Metroline N29 Enfield Town Trafalgar Square Arriva London N31 Camden Town Clapham Junction railway station Metroline N32 Edgware bus station London Victoria station Metroline N33 Fulwell railway station Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London N38 Walthamstow bus station Victoria bus station Arriva London N41 Tottenham Hale bus station Trafalgar Square Arriva London N44 Sutton railway station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N53 Plumstead railway station Whitehall Stagecoach London N55 Woodford Wells Oxford Circus Stagecoach London N63 Crystal Palace bus station London King's Cross railway station Transport UK London Bus N65 Chessington World of Adventures Ealing Broadway station RATP Dev Transit London N68 Old Coulsdon Tottenham Court Road station Transport UK London Bus N72 East Acton Roehampton RATP Dev Transit London N73 Walthamstow bus station Oxford Circus Arriva London N74 Roehampton Baker Street tube station Go-Ahead London N83 Ealing Hospital Golders Green tube station Metroline N86 Harold Hill Stratford bus station Stagecoach London N87 Fairfield bus station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N89 Erith Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N91 Cockfosters tube station Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N97 Hammersmith bus station Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N98 Stanmore tube station Red Lion Square Metroline N109 Croydon Oxford Circus Transport UK London Bus N113 Edgware bus station Trafalgar Square Metroline N133 Morden tube station Liverpool Street bus station Transport UK London Bus N136 Chislehurst Oxford Circus Go-Ahead London N137 Crystal Palace bus station Oxford Circus Arriva London N140 Harrow Weald bus garage Heathrow Central bus station Metroline N155 Morden tube station Aldwych Go-Ahead London N171 Hither Green railway station Tottenham Court Road station Go-Ahead London N199 St Mary Cray railway station Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London N205 Leyton Paddington Stagecoach London N207 Uxbridge tube station Bloomsbury Square Transport UK London Bus N242 Homerton University Hospital Tottenham Court Road station Stagecoach London N250 Brixton Fairfield Halls Arriva London N253 Aldgate bus station Tottenham Court Road station Arriva London N266 Brent Cross bus station Hammersmith bus station RATP Dev Transit London N271 Finsbury Square Tally Ho Corner Metroline N277 Cubitt Town Islington Stagecoach London N279 Waltham Cross Trafalgar Square Arriva London N343 New Cross Gate Trafalgar Square Go-Ahead London N381 Peckham Whitehall Transport UK London Bus N550 Canning Town bus station Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London N551 Gallions Reach Shopping Park Trafalgar Square Stagecoach London Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London These bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not 'London Buses', all but three run from villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within. They are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps and appear on TfL bus stops. Route Start End Operator Source Notes 3 Locksbottom Sevenoaks Go-Coach 3 Slough Uxbridge tube station First Beeline 5 Cippenham Heathrow Terminal 5 Thames Valley Buses 7 Britwell Heathrow Terminal 5 First Beeline Limited early morning trips extend to and from to Heathrow Central bus station. 8 Slough Heathrow Terminal 5 First Beeline 84B Barnet Hospital Potters Bar railway station Central Connect 102 High Wycombe Heathrow Central bus station Carousel Buses 104 High Wycombe Uxbridge Carousel Buses 269 Brentwood Grays NIBS Buses Crosses border into Greater London in North Ockendon. 328 Mount Vernon Hospital Abbots Langley Red Rose Travel 355 Carterhatch Nicholas Breakspear School Sullivan Buses 356 Bush Hill Park Nicholas Breakspear School Sullivan Buses 409 East Grinstead Selsdon Metrobus 411 Reigate Selsdon Metrobus Limited service of one journey per day to Selsdon, all other journeys terminate at Warlingham or Chelsham. 420 Sutton bus garage Whitebushes Metrobus Limited Monday-Saturday services extend to and from Gatwick Airport.Sunday services extend to and from Crawley. 429 West Kingsdown Dartford Go-Coach Crosses border into Greater London in Coldblow. 442 Heathrow Terminal 5 Staines-upon-Thames Carlone Limited Limited early morning and late evening buses extend to and from Englefield Green.Special journeys extend to and from Heathrow Central bus station. 446 Hatton Cross tube station Woking railway station White Bus Services 458 Kingston upon Thames Staines-upon-Thames White Bus Services Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 461 Kingston upon Thames St Peter's Hospital Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 477 Orpington railway station Dartford Arriva Kent Thameside Formerly ran to Bluewater Shopping Centre until 17 April 2022.The Sunday service was also discontinued at that time. 513 Kingston upon Thames Downside Reptons Coaches Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 514 Kingston upon Thames Weybridge Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 515 Kingston upon Thames Weybridge Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 555 Heathrow Central bus station Whiteley Village Diamond South East 556 Heathrow Terminal 4 Chertsey Diamond South East Limited early morning and late evening trips extend to and from Heathrow Central bus station. 581 Uxbridge Higher Denham Carousel Buses 583 Uxbridge Hedgerley Carousel Buses 610 Cockfosters tube station Luton railway station Uno 614 Queensbury tube station Hatfield railway station Uno 644 Queensbury tube station Hatfield railway station Uno 668 North Cheam St Andrew's Catholic School Go-Ahead London 695 Oxted School Westerham Metrobus Crosses border into Greater London in Biggin Hill. 702 Legoland Windsor Resort Green Line Coach Station Reading Buses 703 Bracknell bus station Heathrow Terminal 5 Thames Valley Buses 715 Kingston upon Thames Guildford Falcon Buses Temporarily withdrawn between Cromwell Road bus station and Kingston upon Thames until summer 2024 due to Cromwell Road bus station being closed for redevelopment works. 724 Harlow Heathrow Central bus station Arriva Herts & Essex 820 Sutton bus garage Redhill Metrobus 847 Stratford City bus station Here East Go-Ahead London Runs the Here East shuttle. 866 Coulsdon The Beacon School Metrobus A4 Cippenham Heathrow Central bus station First Beeline E16 Epsom Circular via Worcester Park railway station Falcon Buses KU1 Seething Wells Roehampton Vale RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. KU2 Berrylands Circular via Surbiton railway station RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. KU3 Seething Wells Circular via Kingston upon Thames and Surbiton railway station RATP Dev Transit London Only runs on schooldays. R1 Maple Cross Mount Vernon Hospital Red Eagle R2 Chorleywood Mount Vernon Hospital Red Eagle Runs to Watford on Tuesdays and Fridays only. R17 Carpenders Park railway station Harrow Arts Centre Red Eagle Only runs on Wednesdays. S3 Orpington Sevenoaks Go-Coach S32 Kemnal Technology College Trinity School Go-Coach X442 Heathrow Terminal 5 Staines-upon-Thames Carlone Limited Limited stop version of route 442, but avoids Ashford Hospital and sections in Stanwell and Stanwell Moor. Z2 Canning Town bus station Tilbury First Essex Only to be used by Amazon Tilbury staff. Former routes Route Start End Withdrawal date(s) Notes 9H Kensington High Street Trafalgar Square 25 July 2014 Heritage route that used AEC Routemaster buses. 10 Hammersmith bus station London King's Cross railway station 24 November 2018 Partially replaced by route 23. 15H Tower Hill tube station Trafalgar Square 14 November 2020 Heritage route that used AEC Routemaster buses. 48 London Bridge bus station Walthamstow bus station 12 October 2019 Replaced by routes 26, 55 and 388. 77A Aldwych Wandsworth 3 June 2006 Renumbered 87. 82 North Finchley bus station Victoria bus station 1 April 2017 Replaced by route 13. 87 Barking Romford Market 25 March 2006 Replaced by an extension of route 5. 129 Claybury Broadway Becontree Heath 26 June 2004 Replaced by revised versions of routes 128 and 150. 143D Christ's College Finchley Archway tube station 4 February 2023 Ran schoolday journeys only. 168 Hampstead Heath Old Kent Road 30 September 2023 Replaced by route 1. 239 London Victoria station Clapham Junction 16 February 2008 Replaced by route 170. 271 Finsbury Square Highgate Village 4 February 2023 Replaced by routes 21, 263 and N271. 305 Edgware bus station Kingsbury 1 September 2018 Replaced by route 303. 332 Brent Park London Paddington station 29 April 2023 Replaced by route 16. 369 Ilford Thames View Estate 20 February 2010 Replaced by new routes EL1 and EL2. 387 Little Heath Barking Riverside 18 February 2017 Renumbered EL3. 391 Richmond Hammersmith bus station 12 December 2020 Replaced by route 110. 405D Purley West Croydon bus station 4 January 2022 Replaced by route 645. 455 Purley Wallington railway station 2 March 2024 Replaced by routes 166, 312 and S4. 497 Harold Wood railway station Harold Hill 9 March 2024 Replaced by an extension of route 346. 507 London Waterloo station Victoria bus station 29 April 2023 Replaced by routes 3, 11 and C10. 521 London Bridge bus station London Waterloo station 29 April 2023 Replaced by routes 59 and 133. 530 Holloway Angel tube station 29 October 2017 A temporary route introduced on 16 August 2017 and operated by Go-Ahead London. Created due to works on Upper Street.Ran one way to Angel tube station only. 541 Prince Regent DLR station Keir Hardie Estate 1 June 201231 March 201330 October 201519 February 2016 A temporary route introduced on 3 May 2011, 1 October 2012, 14 September 2013 and 15 February 2016 and operated by Stagecoach London (3 May 2011 until 1 June 2012 and 1 October 2012 until 31 March 2013) and Go-Ahead London (14 September 2013 until 30 October 2015 and 15 February 2015 until 19 February 2016). Created multiple times due to a temporary withdrawal of route 241 between Canning Town bus station and Prince Regent DLR station. 558 Seven Sisters station Chingford Mount 28 August 2015 A temporary route introduced on 10 August 2015 and operated by Metroline. Created due to a closure of the Victoria line between Seven Sisters and Walthamstow Central stations. 588 Hackney Wick Stratford City bus station 14 December 2013 A temporary route introduced on 13 July 2013 and operated by Stagecoach London. Was the first bus route to operate through the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. 607 Uxbridge tube station White City bus station 15 July 2023 Renumbered SL8. 609 The Harrodian School Hammersmith bus station 18 May 2019 Morning journeys from Hammersmith bus station terminated at Mortlake. 611 Stonebridge Park station Christ's College Finchley 18 July 2020 Partly replaced by route 112. 618 Mill Hill Broadway railway station Avanti House Secondary School 3 April 2018 619 Edgware bus station Avanti House Secondary School 3 April 2018 636 Kemnal Technology College Grove Park 2 September 2017 Ran one way to Grove Park only. 637 Kemnal Technology College Grove Park 2 September 2017 Ran one way to Grove Park only. 641 West Molesey Teddington School 30 September 2017 648 Romford railway station Cranham 24 July 2021 Replaced by route 248 and partially replaced by route 646. 689 Norwood bus garage Burntwood School 30 July 2011 Replaced by route 690. 692 Dame Alice Owen's School Southgate tube station 2 September 2023 Ran one way to Southgate tube station only. 718 (2019-21) Morden tube station Rosehill 5 December 2021 A temporary route introduced on 30 November 2019 and operated by Go-Ahead London. Created due to a closure of Bishopsford Road Bridge. 718 (2022-24) Harrow & Wealdstone station Queen's Park station 23 December 202225 August 202330 October 202327 December 202317 February 2024 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 23 July 2023, 28 October 2023, 26 December 2023 and 17 February 2024 and operated by Abellio London (17 December 2022 until 23 December 2022, 23 July 2023 until 17 August 2023 and 29 October 2023 until 30 October 2023), Metroline (28 October 2023 until 29 October 2023 and on 17 February 2024 alongside Sullivan Buses) and Sullivan Buses (26 December 2023 until 27 December 2023 and on 17 February 2024 alongside Metroline). Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 719 Wembley Park tube station Queen's Park station 22 December 202228 July 202317 August 2023 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 24 July 2023 and 14 August 2023 and operated by Metroline. Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 720 Harrow bus station Watford Junction railway station 23 December 202225 August 202330 October 202311 December 202318 February 202428 April 2024 A temporary route introduced on 17 December 2022, 23 July 2023, 28 October 2023, 10 December 2023, 17 February 2024 and 27 April 2024 and operated by Sullivan Buses. Created multiple times due to engineering works on the Watford DC line. 728 Fulham Town Hall Southside Wandsworth 2 October 2023 A temporary route introduced on 24 July 2023 and operated by Abellio London. Created due to a closure of Wandsworth Bridge. 733 Oval tube station Finsbury Square 13 May 2022 A temporary route introduced on 15 January 2022 and operated by Tower Transit. Created due to a closure of the Northern line between Moorgate and Oval stations. 931 Crystal Palace Lewisham Shopping Centre 19 May 2017 Operated one return journey on Fridays. Replaced by local routes in the area and the Dial-a-Ride service. 953 Scrattons Eco Park Romford 7 November 2012 Operated two return journeys on Wednesdays. Replaced by local routes in the area and the Dial-a-Ride service. 965 Riverhill Kingston upon Thames 12 October 2018 Operated one return journey on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays only.Replaced by the Dial-a-Ride service.Crossed border into Surrey on Worcester Park Road. C2 Parliament Hill Fields Regent Street 30 March 2019 Replaced by route 88. H50 West Drayton railway station Circular via Stockley Park 21 March 2008 Extended to Heathrow Terminal 5 and renumbered 350. PR1 Willesden Junction station Ealing Broadway station 23 March 2007 Replaced by routes 226 and PR2. PR2 Willesden Junction station Wembley Park 14 October 2011 Replaced by route 206. RV1 Covent Garden Tower Gateway DLR station 15 June 2019 Partly replaced by route 343. S2 Stratford bus station Clapton 5 July 2008 Replaced by routes 425 and 488. S5 Wallington Mitcham Common 1 March 2002 Replaced by a revised version of route 463. T31 New Addington Forestdale 24 October 2015 Replaced by changes to routes 64, 130 and 353. T32 New Addington tram stop Addington Village Interchange Replaced by changes to routes 64 and 130. T33 West Croydon bus station Addington Village Interchange Renumbered 433. W10 Crews Hill Enfield Town 13 March 2021 Replaced by route 456. N10 Richmond London King's Cross railway station 29 January 2010 Replaced by routes 10 and 33. N13 North Finchley bus station Aldwych 1 April 2017 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 13. N16 Edgware bus station London Victoria station 29 April 2023 Renumbered N32. N35 Clapham Junction railway station Tottenham Court Road station 30 April 2016 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 35. N36 Queen's Park station Grove Park railway station 9 February 2008 Replaced by a new 24-hour service on route 36 and a new route N136 between Oxford Circus and Grove Park railway station. N47 Trafalgar Square St Mary Cray railway station 12 September 2015 Replaced by new route N199 and a 24-hour service on route 47. N64 New Addington Thornton Heath Pond 24 October 2015 Replaced by a 24-hour service on route 64. N76 Northumberland Park railway station Lower Marsh 8 November 2014 Withdrawn between Tottenham and Northumberland Park railway station and renumbered 76. N93 Putney Bridge tube station North Cheam 3 April 2004 Incorporated into the main service of route 93. N159 Marble Arch tube station New Addington 27 August 2010 Replaced by routes 159, N64 and N109. X26 West Croydon bus station Heathrow Central bus station 19 August 2023 Renumbered SL7. X68 Russell Square West Croydon bus station 31 July 2023 Renumbered SL6. X140 Heathrow Central bus station Harrow bus station 26 August 2023 Renumbered SL9. Future routes Route Start End Notes 618 Ivybridge Osterley To be introduced on 31 August 2024. N518 Ruislip tube station Trafalgar Square Proposed to be introduced in 2024 subject to consultation. SL4 Westferry Circus Grove Park railway station To be introduced in March 2025 when the Silvertown Tunnel opens as part of the Superloop network of orbital express bus routes.To run non-stop between Leamouth and Sun in the Sands. Temporary routes There are three special TfL express routes which only run during the Notting Hill Carnival: 2X, 36X and 205X. Route 23A operates on one day per year to Imber using heritage vehicles. See also Category: London bus operators References ^ Charles Klapper (1984) The Golden Age of Buses Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Page 64. Routledge, London ISBN 0-7102-0232-6, ISBN 978-0-7102-0232-1. ^ "How are bus routes (Especially London bus routes) numbered? In my area of south London the numbers vary from 3 to 690, with a few odd letters stuck in there too. Why?! | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk". TheGuardian.com. 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Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023. ^ "Consultation launched into route change for Kingston's K1 bus". Surrey Comet. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ "Kingston Cromwell Road bus station closure". TfL. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ a b "Boris rejects changes to K2, K3 bus routes". Your Local Guardian. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022. ^ "R1, R2, R3, R6 and B14 – Orpington bus proposals". Transport for London. Retrieved 31 May 2024. ^ a b Skoulding, Lucy (9 December 2020). "The big changes coming to London's bus routes in major TfL shake-up". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ "U2 bus route". TfL. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ "U2 bus timetable". TfL. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ Jones, Tom (1 July 2023). "London's most useless bus route that only runs 9 times a day". MyLondon. Retrieved 3 July 2023. ^ Marius, Callum (1 March 2022). "Short London bus route that's also 1 of London's busiest due to 2 steep hills". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. ^ a b Marius, Callum (29 June 2021). "All the London bus routes which disappeared in the past 5 years". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ a b Wallis, Philip (2013). London's Night Buses 1984-2013 (2 ed.). London: Capital Transport Publishing. ISBN 978-1854143723. ^ "London Service Permits". Transport for London. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Route 3: Locksbottom to Sevenoaks". Go-Coach. Retrieved 16 October 2023. ^ a b c d e "Beeline Network Map: August 2023" (PDF). First Beeline. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Route 5: Cippenham to Heathrow". Thames Valley Buses. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Route 84B: Potters Bar to Barnet Hospital" (PDF). Central Connect. Retrieved 16 September 2023. ^ "Route 102: High Wycombe to Heathrow Airport". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 2 June 2024. ^ "Route 104: High Wycombe to Uxbridge". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ a b "Route 269: Brentwood to Grays" (PDF). NIBS Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 328: Mount Vernon Hospital to Abbots Langley". Red Rose Travel. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Route 355: Carterhatch to Oaklands" (PDF). Sullivan Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 356: Bush Hill Park to Oaklands" (PDF). Sullivan Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 409: East Grinstead to Selsdon". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route 411: Reigate to Selsdon". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route 420: Sutton to Whitebushes". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ a b "Route 429: West Kingsdown to Dartford". Go-Coach. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ a b "Routes 442/X442: Staines to Heathrow Airport" (PDF). Carlone Limited. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 446: Hatton Cross to Woking". White Bus Services. Retrieved 7 December 2023. ^ "Route 458: Kingston to Staines". White Bus Services. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ a b c d e f "Kingston Cromwell Road bus station closure". Transport for London. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ "Route 461: Kingston to St Peter's Hospital". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 477: Orpington to Dartford". Arriva Kent Thameside. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Passenger 'sick to death of appalling bus service' on south London route". News Shopper. May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022. ^ "Route 513: Kingston to Downside" (PDF). Reptons Coaches. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 515: Kingston to Hersham". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 555: Heathrow Airport to Whiteley Village". Diamond South East. Retrieved 31 December 2023. ^ a b "Route 556: Heathrow Airport to Chertsey". Diamond South East. Retrieved 29 December 2023. ^ "Route 581: Higher Denham to Uxbridge". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 583: Uxbridge to Hedgerley". Carousel Buses. Retrieved 29 August 2023. ^ "Route 610: Cockfosters to Luton". Uno. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 614: Queensbury to Hatfield". Uno. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 644: Queensbury to Hatfield". Uno. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 668: Ashtead to North Cheam". Surrey County Council. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ a b "Route 695: Westerham to Oxted School". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route 702: Legoland Windsor to London Victoria". Reading Buses. Retrieved 18 February 2024. ^ "Route 703: Bracknell to Heathrow Terminal 5". Thames Valley Buses. Retrieved 23 April 2024. ^ "Route 715: Kingston to Guildford". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route 724: Harlow to Heathrow Airport". Arriva Herts & Essex. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ "Route 820: Sutton to Redhill & St Bedes School". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Free shuttle service connect stations to Here East". Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (Mayor of London). 15 May 2017. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019. ^ "Route 866: Coulsdon to Beacon School". Metrobus. Retrieved 2 September 2023. ^ "Route E16: Epsom to Worcester Park". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ a b c "Intersite bus service". Kingston University. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ a b "Routes R1/R2 Timetable" (PDF). Red Eagle. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route R17: South Oxhey to Hatch End" (PDF). Red Eagle. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Route S3: Orpington to Sevenoaks". Go-Coach. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ "Route S32: St Paul's Cray to Sevenoaks Schools". Go-Coach. Retrieved 1 August 2023. ^ "Route Z2: Canning Town to Tilbury" (PDF). First Essex. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ Axe to fall on Routemaster route Bus & Coach Professional 30 January 2014 ^ RMs to be withdrawn from London's route 9 Coach & Bus Week issue 1122 29 January 2014 page 19 ^ Route 10 Map Transport for London ^ Permanent Bus Changes Transport for London ^ ""TfL confirms heritage Routemasters won't return"". 9 April 2021. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021. ^ Route 48 Map Transport for London ^ News in Brief Coach & Bus Week issue 1415 15 October 2019 page 10 ^ Marius, Callum (19 February 2022). "Every London bus route that has randomly changed numbers since 2000 and why". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ Route 82 Map Transport for London ^ Controversial Finchley Road changes to go ahead Buses issue 745 April 2017 page 22 ^ "Changes to routes 1, 168 & 188 - 30 September 2023". TfL. Retrieved 29 September 2023. ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Croydon and Sutton bus changes". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "Harold Wood and Upminster - proposed changes to bus routes 346, 347 and 497". Transport for London. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Victoria Line Closure: 8/08/2015". Vauxhall One. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ Bus route 388 extended to Stratford City Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park 11 December 2013 ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Major changes to bus routes after Hammersmith Bridge closure from this weekend". Richmond and Twickenham Times. August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022. ^ Route 648 Map Transport for London ^ https://ehq-production-europe.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/5c684f8444f9fafe6d0f64f0911e6490925fbffa/original/1632297239/2fb91418c5f9bd6a5b38fd9c52cb1b35_route-648-646-consultation-summary-report.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA4KKNQAKICO37GBEP%2F20240409%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20240409T233223Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=3952f9ed814430026cb3477f5e6c51f312e0096e65f13209b584dde02182da0f ^ "Rebuilding Mitcham Bridge on Bishopsford Road". Merton London Borough Council. Retrieved 16 December 2023. ^ "Major Bakerloo line and London Overground upgrades this summer". Network Rail. 29 June 2023. ^ "Major Bakerloo line and London Overground upgrades this summer". Network Rail. 29 June 2023. ^ "Major Bakerloo line and London Overground upgrades this summer". Network Rail. 29 June 2023. ^ "Next phase of Wandsworth Bridge repair programme underway". Wandsworth Council. 23 August 2023. ^ "London Underground: Key parts of Northern line to close for four months". ITV News. 5 November 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021. ^ Route 931 Map Transport for London ^ "Bus service proposal: Route 931 - Transport for London - Citizen Space". Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. ^ "953 buse - a Freedom of Information request to Transport for London" (PDF). 20 September 2015. ^ Route 965 Map Transport for London ^ Route C2 Map Transport for London ^ Two central London routes to be withdrawn Buses issue 763 October 2018 page 22 ^ Route RV1 Map Transport for London ^ Permanent Bus Changes 12 April 2019 to 30 June 2019 Transport for London ^ "Central London bus changes". TfL. 29 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Ealing and Hounslow - expanding bus services E1 extension and new school route 618". TfL. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023. ^ "Route N518 – creation of a new night bus service between Central London and Ruislip". TfL. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024. ^ "Superloop". TfL. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ Stations and buses near the carnival route Archived 29 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Transport for London ^ "On the road to nowhere: A Routemaster trip to remember". The Independent. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022. Bibliography Atkin, Michael. "THIS SCEPTRED ISLE", The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8. External links London Buses vteLondon bus routes1–99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100–199 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 108D 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200–299 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300–399 300 301 302 303 306 307 308 309 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 333 335 336 337 339 340 341 343 344 345 346 347 349 350 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 370 371 372 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 388 389 390 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400–499 401 403 404 405 406 407 410 411 412 413 414 415 417 418 419 422 423 424 425 427 428 430 432 433 434 436 439 440 444 450 452 453 456 460 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 472 473 474 476 481 481D 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 490 491 492 493 496 498 499 500–599 533 549 600–699 601 602 603 605 606 608 612 613 616 617 621 624 625 626 627 628 629 631 632 633 634 635 638 639 640 642 643 646 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 660 661 662 663 664 665 667 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 677 678 679 681 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 696 697 698 699 900–999 969 Letter prefix A10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 C1 C3 C10 C11 D3 D6 D7 D8 E1 E2 E3 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 G1 H2 H3 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H17 H18 H19 H20 H22 H25 H26 H28 H32 H37 H91 H98 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 P4 P5 P12 P13 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R68 R70 S1 S2 S3 S4 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U7 U9 U10 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W19 East London Transit EL1 EL2 EL3 Superloop SL1 SL2 SL3 SL5 SL6 SL7 SL8 SL9 SL10 Night only N1 N2 N3 N5 N7 N8 N9 N11 N15 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N25 N26 N27 N28 N29 N31 N32 N33 N38 N41 N44 N53 N55 N63 N65 N68 N72 N73 N74 N83 N86 N87 N89 N91 N97 N98 N109 N113 N133 N136 N137 N140 N155 N171 N199 N205 N207 N242 N250 N253 N266 N277 N279 N343 N381 N550 N551 Former 9H 10 15H 48 77A 82 87 129 143D 168 271 305 332 369 387 391 405D 455 497 507 521 530 541 558 588 607 609 611 618 619 636 637 641 648 689 692 718 (2019-21) 718 (2022-24) 719 720 728 733 931 953 965 C2 H50 PR1 PR2 RV1 S2 S5 T31 T32 T33 W10 N10 N13 N16 N35 N36 N47 N64 N76 N93 N159 N213 X26 X68 X140 Future 618 N518 SL4 List of bus routes in London Buses portal London transport portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg"},{"link_name":"routes 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_8"},{"link_name":"205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_205"},{"link_name":"Bishopsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopsgate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by,_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aberfeldy Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfeldy_Village"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"bus routes in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Arriva London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_London"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_London"},{"link_name":"Blue Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Docklands Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Buses"},{"link_name":"London Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Central"},{"link_name":"London General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_General"},{"link_name":"Metroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroline"},{"link_name":"RATP Dev Transit London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RATP_Dev_Transit_London"},{"link_name":"London Sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Sovereign"},{"link_name":"London United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_United_Busways"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_London"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Selkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkent"},{"link_name":"Thameside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thameside_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Buses"},{"link_name":"Transport UK London Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_UK_London_Bus"},{"link_name":"Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno_(bus_company)"},{"link_name":"Arriva Herts & Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Herts_%26_Essex"},{"link_name":"Arriva Southern Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Southern_Counties"},{"link_name":"Carousel Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Buses"},{"link_name":"Diamond South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_South_East"},{"link_name":"Go-Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Coach"},{"link_name":"First Beeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Beeline"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach_South"},{"link_name":"Thames Valley Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Buses"},{"link_name":"Reading Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Buses"}],"text":"Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022This is a list of Transport for London (TfL) contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area (except coaches).Bus services in London are operated by Arriva London, Go-Ahead London (Blue Triangle, Docklands Buses, London Central and London General), Metroline, RATP Dev Transit London (London Sovereign, London United and London Transit), Stagecoach London (East London, Selkent and Thameside), Sullivan Buses, Transport UK London Bus and Uno. TfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services.Examples of non TfL-sponsored operators include, but are not limited to: Arriva Herts & Essex, Arriva Southern Counties, Carousel Buses, Diamond South East, Go-Coach, First Beeline, Metrobus, Stagecoach South, Thames Valley Buses and Reading Buses.","title":"List of bus routes in London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In Victorian times, people who took the bus would recognise the owner and the route of an omnibus (Latin: \"for everyone\") only by its livery and its line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread.[1]","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Feltham tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_London"},{"link_name":"London Traffic Act 1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Traffic_Act_1924"},{"link_name":"Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(police)"},{"link_name":"Chief Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Constable#Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Arthur Ernest Bassom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bassom"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"London Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Passenger_Transport_Board"}],"sub_title":"Historic classification","text":"Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number.Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows.The London Traffic Act 1924 imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Superintendent (later Chief Constable) Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. For many decades, variant and short workings used letter suffixes (e.g. \"77B\"). The numbers reflected the company that operated the route.The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed:","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current classification","title":"Classification of route numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All routes operate in both directions unless detailed.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1–99","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"100–199","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"200–299","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"300–399","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"400–499","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"500–599","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"sub_title":"600–699","text":"Route numbers from 600 to 699 are used for school services, with the majority of them running one return journey on each weekday during peak times and during school term time.[118]","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"}],"sub_title":"900–999","text":"Route numbers from 900 to 999 represent mobility buses; these mostly provide a once-a-week return journey to a local shopping centre from relatively low-density neighbourhoods where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The number of mobility buses routes has declined over the past few years because low-floor and wheelchair-accessible buses run on all London Buses routes.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Letter prefixes","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"East London Transit routes (EL-prefixed)","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Superloop routes (SL-prefixed)","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NightBuses-143"},{"link_name":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"}],"sub_title":"Night only routes (N-prefixed)","text":"Night Bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.[143]However, there are a few N-prefixed route numbers that have no relation to their daytime equivalents: the N5, N20, and N97 all operate in a different part of London to their respective day routes. Also, the N550 and N551 (which provide night service on parts of the DLR network), and the N271 (whose daytime service was withdrawn on 4 February 2023) have no corresponding daytime routes.[143]There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night but usually with a lower frequency during the night hours. The vast majority run the same route at all times. With the introduction of the Night Tube, some day routes have been extended to run during Friday and Saturday nights to serve the stations.","title":"List of routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"Oyster cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_card"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"text":"These bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not 'London Buses', all but three run from villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within. They are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps and appear on TfL bus stops.[144]","title":"Non-TfL bus routes in Greater London"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TfL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Imber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imber"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"}],"text":"There are three special TfL express routes which only run during the Notting Hill Carnival: 2X, 36X and 205X.[235]Route 23A operates on one day per year to Imber using heritage vehicles.[236]","title":"Temporary routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"THIS SCEPTRED ISLE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9570058-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570058-0-8"}],"text":"Atkin, Michael. \"THIS SCEPTRED ISLE\", The Guardian\nCarr, Ken, The London Bus Guide. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Two double-decker buses on routes 8 and 205 at Bishopsgate in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg/220px-Stagecoach_East_London_routes_8_and_205.jpg"},{"image_text":"A single-decker bus on route 309 in Aberfeldy Village in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by%2C_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg/220px-HCT_Group_Optare_Solo_whizzing_by%2C_route_309_Tower_Hamlets.jpg"},{"image_text":"Feltham tram (in use up to 1933) showing only two slots for the route number.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg/220px-Feltham331%C2%ABWoodGreen40%C2%BBCrich2006.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Category: London bus operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:London_bus_operators"}]
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Retrieved 1 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/20103855.man-sick-death-477-bus-dartford-orpington/","url_text":"\"Passenger 'sick to death of appalling bus service' on south London route\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220501070448/https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/20103855.man-sick-death-477-bus-dartford-orpington/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Route 513: Kingston to Downside\" (PDF). Reptons Coaches. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://users.neo.registeredsite.com/8/3/8/22152838/assets/513_timetable_2023.pdf","url_text":"\"Route 513: Kingston to Downside\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge\". Falcon Buses. Retrieved 4 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.falconbuses.co.uk/timetables/514/","url_text":"\"Route 514: Kingston to Weybridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Route 515: Kingston to Hersham\". Falcon Buses. 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In my area of south London the numbers vary from 3 to 690, with a few odd letters stuck in there too. Why?! | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230315110401/https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html#:~:text=This%20was%20revised%20in%201934,Country%20Area%20(south)%20routes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/central-london-night-bus-map.pdf","external_links_name":"Central London Night Bus Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161213022441/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/central-london-night-bus-map.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330052852/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-service-changes.pdf","external_links_name":"Bus Service Changes 11 March to 16 April 2017"},{"Link":"https://www.london.gov.uk/questions/2021/3053","external_links_name":"\"17 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Boisjoly
Roger Boisjoly
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 O-ring safety concerns","2.2 Challenger disaster","3 Later career","4 Personal life","5 Depiction in media","6 References","7 External links"]
American aerodynamics engineer (1938–2012) "Boisjoly" redirects here. For the Canadian artist, see Raymond Boisjoly. Roger BoisjolyBoisjoly testifying at the Rogers Commission panel in February 1986BornRoger Mark Boisjoly(1938-04-25)April 25, 1938Lowell, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedJanuary 6, 2012(2012-01-06) (aged 73)Nephi, Utah, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Massachusetts LowellKnown forAttempts to prevent the Challenger disasterAwardsAAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility (1988)Scientific careerFieldsMechanical EngineeringInstitutionsMorton Thiokol NotesProject manager of the solid fuel boosters of the Shuttle Program System Roger Mark Boisjoly (/ˌboʊʒəˈleɪ/ BOH-zhə-LAY,; April 25, 1938 – January 6, 2012) was an American mechanical engineer, fluid dynamicist, and an aerodynamicist. He is best known for having raised strenuous objections to the launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger months before the loss of the spacecraft and its crew in January 1986. Boisjoly correctly predicted, based on earlier flight data, that the O-rings on the rocket boosters would fail if the shuttle launched in cold weather. Morton Thiokol's managers decided to launch the shuttle despite his warnings, leading to the catastrophic failure. He was considered a high-profile whistleblower. Early life and education Boisjoly was born on April 25, 1938, in the city of Lowell, Massachusetts. He grew up in the neighborhood of Belvidere as the son of a mill worker and one of three brothers. During high-school he played tennis. Boisjoly studied mechanical engineering at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Career Boisjoly started his career at a used-aircraft company in western Massachusetts, before moving to California for work. He subsequently worked for companies in California on lunar module life-support systems and the moon vehicle. He later worked for Morton Thiokol, the manufacturer of the solid rocket boosters (SRBs) for the Space Shuttle program. O-ring safety concerns Simplified cross section of the joints between solid rocket booster segments; outside at left.Legend: A – steel wall 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) thick B – base O-ring, C – backup O-ring, D – Strengthening-Cover band, E – insulation, F – insulation, G – carpeting, H – sealing paste, I – fixed propellant This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Boisjoly wrote a memo in July 1985 to his superiors concerning the faulty design of the solid rocket boosters that, if left unaddressed, could lead to a catastrophic event during launch of a Space Shuttle. Such a catastrophic event occurred six months later resulting in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. This memo followed his investigation of a solid rocket booster (SRB) from a shuttle flight in January 1985. During his investigation, he discovered that the first of a system of two O-rings had failed completely and that damage had been caused to the second O-ring. The O-rings were two rubber rings that formed a seal between two sections of the SRBs. The sections of the boosters were joined using tang and clevis joints and the rings were intended to seal the joint while allowing for the inevitable movement between the sections under flight conditions. By design, pressure from within the booster was to push a fillet of putty into the joint, forcing the O-ring into its seat. The system never functioned as designed. The rings were supposed to sit in a groove and seal the joint between the sections of the booster. It was found, however, that flight dynamics caused the joints in the SRBs to flex during launch, opening a gap through which rocket exhaust could escape. As the joints flexed, the rings would come out of their grooves and move to a new position in the joint, a process called extrusion. The extruded ring would form a seal in this new position, but during the time it took for the ring to shift, the joint was unsealed and hot gases could escape, a process called blow-by. These hot gases damaged the rings until the seal was achieved. Boisjoly's investigation showed that the amount of damage to the O-ring depended on the length of time it took for the ring to move out of its groove and make the seal, and that the amount of time depended on the temperature of the rings. Cold weather made the rubber hard and less flexible, meaning that extrusion took more time and more blow-by took place. He determined that if the O-rings were damaged enough they could fail. If the second O-ring had failed, the results would almost certainly have been catastrophic with an almost instantaneous explosion of gargantuan proportions, resulting in the complete loss of the shuttle, the crew and the launch pad facilities seemingly the only outcome. His investigation found that the first O-ring failed because the low temperatures on the night before the flight had compromised the flexibility of the O-ring, reducing its ability to form a seal. The temperature at launch had been only 10 °C (50 °F), the coldest on record (until January 28, 1986). The first rubber O-ring had formed a partial seal, not a complete one; but the second O-ring had held. Boisjoly sent a memo describing the problem to his managers, but was apparently ignored. Following several further memos, a task force was convened to investigate the matter, but after a month Boisjoly realized that the task force had no power, no resources, and no management support. In late 1985, Boisjoly advised his managers that if the problem was not fixed, there was a distinct chance that a shuttle mission would end in disaster. No action was taken. Challenger disaster This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Main article: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Following the announcement that the Challenger mission was confirmed for January 28, 1986, Boisjoly and his colleagues tried to stop the flight. Temperatures were due to fall to −1 °C (30 °F) overnight. Boisjoly felt that this would severely compromise the safety of the O-ring and potentially the flight. The matter was discussed with Morton Thiokol managers, who agreed that the issue was serious enough to recommend delaying the flight. NASA protocols required all shuttle sub-contractors to sign off on each flight. During the go/no-go telephone conference with NASA management the night before the launch, Morton Thiokol notified NASA of their recommendation to postpone. NASA officials strongly questioned the recommendations, and asked (some say pressured) Morton Thiokol to reverse its decision. The Morton Thiokol managers asked for a few minutes off the phone to discuss their final position again. The management team held a meeting from which the engineering team, including Boisjoly and others, were deliberately excluded. The Morton Thiokol managers advised NASA that their data was inconclusive. NASA asked if there were objections. Hearing none, NASA decided to launch the STS-51-L Challenger mission. Historians have noted that this was the first time NASA had ever launched a mission after having received an explicit no-go recommendation from a major contractor, and that questioning the recommendation and asking for a reconsideration was highly unusual. Many have also noted that the sharp questioning of the no-go recommendation stands out in contrast to the immediate and unquestioning acceptance when the recommendation was changed to a go. The concerns of Boisjoly proved correct. Initially, Boisjoly was relieved when the flight lifted off, as he had predicted that the SRB would explode before lift-off. Upon ignition, the O-ring was burned to ash, which formed a weak seal in the joint. At 58 seconds after launch, the shuttle was buffeted by high-altitude winds, the ash seal collapsed, and hot gases streamed out of the joint in a visible blowtorch-like plume that burned into the external hydrogen tank. At about 73 seconds, the adjacent SRB strut gave way, the right rocket booster crashed into the external fuel tank and the vehicle quickly disintegrated. Later career After President Ronald Reagan ordered a presidential commission to review the disaster, Boisjoly was one of the witnesses called. He gave accounts of how and why he felt the O-rings had failed, and argued that the caucus called by Morton Thiokol managers, which resulted in a recommendation to launch, was an "unethical decision-making forum resulting from intense customer intimidation." Isolated from his colleagues who were redesigning the O-ring, his self-esteem suffered and he lost his confidence as an engineer. Boisjoly, who understood the potential consequences of an unsafe launch, had acted on his conscience in trying to prevent it. But Thiokol executives didn’t respect him as a valued professional. Six months after the disaster, Boisjoly requested an extended sick leave. He never worked as an engineer again. After leaving Morton Thiokol, Boisjoly founded a forensic engineering firm and was frequently invited to speak on leadership ethics. Personal life For his honesty and integrity both leading up to and directly following the shuttle disaster, Boisjoly received the Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility from the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1988. When Boisjoly left Morton Thiokol, he took 14 boxes containing every note and paper he received or sent in seven years. On May 13, 2010, he donated his personal memoranda—six boxes of personal papers, including memos and notes from his congressional testimony—to Chapman University in Orange, California. Rand Boyd, the special-collections and archival librarian at Chapman's Leatherby Libraries, said the materials would be catalogued and archived. They can be viewed by library visitors. Boisjoly married his wife Roberta in 1963. The couple had two daughters and at the time of his death eight grandchildren. Boisjoly died of cancer of the colon, kidneys, and liver on January 6, 2012, in Nephi, Utah. Depiction in media In the 1990 made-for-television film Challenger, Boisjoly was portrayed by actor Peter Boyle. References ^ a b Roger M. Boisjoly, American Association for the Advancement of Science webpage. Full text: "For his exemplary and repeated efforts to fulfill his professional responsibilities as an engineer by alerting others to life-threatening design problems of the Challenger space shuttle and for steadfastly recommending against the tragic launch of January 1986." Retrieved 2012-02-07. ^ "NLS Other Writings: Say How, A-D". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 23, 2017. ^ "Aerospaceweb.org | Ask Us - Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster". www.aerospaceweb.org. ^ collectif, Un (May 7, 2020). "Coronavirus : faire taire les lanceurs d'alerte nuit gravement à la santé publique". Libération.fr. ^ "Cas de Challenger : le premier Whistleblower ?". ^ a b c d e "Lowell native who warned of Challenger blast dies at 73". Lowell Sun. February 6, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2020. ^ a b Martin, Douglas (February 3, 2012). "Roger Boisjoly, 73, Dies; Warned of Shuttle Danger". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2012. ^ "The result would be a catastrophe". www.lettersofnote.com. October 27, 2009. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2012. ^ Ware, Doug G. (January 28, 2016). "Engineer who warned of 1986 Challenger disaster still racked with guilt, three decades on". United Press International. Retrieved January 28, 2016. ^ Boisjoly, Roger. "Ethical Decisions - Morton Thiokol and the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster". onlineethics.org. Retrieved August 5, 2008. ^ McCleary, Rachel M. (January 27, 2023). "Opinion | The Man Who Tried to Stop the Space Shuttle Challenger's Launch". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2024. ^ "Roger Boisjoly and the Challenger disaster". onlineethics.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2008. ^ Fields, Eugene W., "Chapman receives papers from Challenger disaster", The Orange County Register, May 13, 2010 9:37 p.m. ^ "Leatherby Libraries". www.chapman.edu. ^ Rosenberg, Howard (February 24, 1990). "'Challenger': The Wrong Story Got Filmed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 17, 2020. External links Boisjoly, Roger (May 15, 2006) "Ethical Decisions - Morton Thiokol and the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster - Index" Online Ethics Center for Engineering, National Academy of Engineering Roger and Roberta Boisjoly NASA Challenger disaster collection at Chapman University Leatherby Libraries History of the Challenger accident from the NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center, discussing the O-ring and Boisjoly's objections to flight Robison, Wade, Boisjoly, David Hoeker and Stefan Young, "Representation and Misrepresentation: Tufte and the Morton Thiokol Engineers on the Challenger" Archived June 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Science and Engineering Ethics (2002) 8, 59–81) sharply criticizes Edward Tufte's analysis of pre-disaster non-employment of graphics in Tufte's Visual Explanations. Robison was a Rochester Institute of Technology professor; Hoeker and Young freshman RIT students. Alternative link. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States
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For the Canadian artist, see Raymond Boisjoly.Roger Mark Boisjoly (/ˌboʊʒəˈleɪ/ BOH-zhə-LAY,;[2] April 25, 1938 – January 6, 2012) was an American mechanical engineer, fluid dynamicist, and an aerodynamicist. He is best known for having raised strenuous objections to the launch of the Space Shuttle Challenger months before the loss of the spacecraft and its crew in January 1986. Boisjoly correctly predicted, based on earlier flight data, that the O-rings on the rocket boosters would fail if the shuttle launched in cold weather. Morton Thiokol's managers decided to launch the shuttle despite his warnings, leading to the catastrophic failure.[3] He was considered a high-profile whistleblower.[4][5]","title":"Roger Boisjoly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowell, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Boisjoly was born on April 25, 1938, in the city of Lowell, Massachusetts. He grew up in the neighborhood of Belvidere as the son of a mill worker and one of three brothers. During high-school he played tennis.[6]Boisjoly studied mechanical engineering at the University of Massachusetts Lowell.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timesobit-7"},{"link_name":"Morton Thiokol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Thiokol"},{"link_name":"solid rocket boosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster"}],"text":"Boisjoly started his career at a used-aircraft company in western Massachusetts, before moving to California for work.[6] He subsequently worked for companies in California on lunar module life-support systems and the moon vehicle.[7] He later worked for Morton Thiokol, the manufacturer of the solid rocket boosters (SRBs) for the Space Shuttle program.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C5%82%C4%85cze_mi%C4%99dzysegmentowe_rakiety_SRB.svg"},{"link_name":"solid rocket booster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster"},{"link_name":"shuttle flight in January 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-51-C"},{"link_name":"O-rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-ring"},{"link_name":"tang and clevis joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clevis_fastener"},{"link_name":"fillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memo-8"}],"sub_title":"O-ring safety concerns","text":"Simplified cross section of the joints between solid rocket booster segments; outside at left.Legend: A – steel wall 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) thick B – base O-ring, C – backup O-ring, D – Strengthening-Cover band, E – insulation, F – insulation, G – carpeting, H – sealing paste, I – fixed propellantBoisjoly wrote a memo in July 1985 to his superiors concerning the faulty design of the solid rocket boosters that, if left unaddressed, could lead to a catastrophic event during launch of a Space Shuttle. Such a catastrophic event occurred six months later resulting in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.This memo followed his investigation of a solid rocket booster (SRB) from a shuttle flight in January 1985. During his investigation, he discovered that the first of a system of two O-rings had failed completely and that damage had been caused to the second O-ring.The O-rings were two rubber rings that formed a seal between two sections of the SRBs. The sections of the boosters were joined using tang and clevis joints and the rings were intended to seal the joint while allowing for the inevitable movement between the sections under flight conditions. By design, pressure from within the booster was to push a fillet of putty into the joint, forcing the O-ring into its seat. The system never functioned as designed. The rings were supposed to sit in a groove and seal the joint between the sections of the booster. It was found, however, that flight dynamics caused the joints in the SRBs to flex during launch, opening a gap through which rocket exhaust could escape. As the joints flexed, the rings would come out of their grooves and move to a new position in the joint, a process called extrusion. The extruded ring would form a seal in this new position, but during the time it took for the ring to shift, the joint was unsealed and hot gases could escape, a process called blow-by. These hot gases damaged the rings until the seal was achieved.Boisjoly's investigation showed that the amount of damage to the O-ring depended on the length of time it took for the ring to move out of its groove and make the seal, and that the amount of time depended on the temperature of the rings. Cold weather made the rubber hard and less flexible, meaning that extrusion took more time and more blow-by took place. He determined that if the O-rings were damaged enough they could fail.If the second O-ring had failed, the results would almost certainly have been catastrophic with an almost instantaneous explosion of gargantuan proportions, resulting in the complete loss of the shuttle, the crew and the launch pad facilities seemingly the only outcome. His investigation found that the first O-ring failed because the low temperatures on the night before the flight had compromised the flexibility of the O-ring, reducing its ability to form a seal. The temperature at launch had been only 10 °C (50 °F), the coldest on record (until January 28, 1986). The first rubber O-ring had formed a partial seal, not a complete one; but the second O-ring had held.Boisjoly sent a memo describing the problem to his managers, but was apparently ignored.[8]\nFollowing several further memos, a task force was convened to investigate the matter, but after a month Boisjoly realized that the task force had no power, no resources, and no management support. In late 1985, Boisjoly advised his managers that if the problem was not fixed, there was a distinct chance that a shuttle mission would end in disaster. 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During the go/no-go telephone conference with NASA management the night before the launch, Morton Thiokol notified NASA of their recommendation to postpone. NASA officials strongly questioned the recommendations, and asked (some say pressured) Morton Thiokol to reverse its decision.The Morton Thiokol managers asked for a few minutes off the phone to discuss their final position again. The management team held a meeting from which the engineering team, including Boisjoly and others, were deliberately excluded. The Morton Thiokol managers advised NASA that their data was inconclusive. NASA asked if there were objections. Hearing none, NASA decided to launch the STS-51-L Challenger mission.Historians have noted that this was the first time NASA had ever launched a mission after having received an explicit no-go recommendation from a major contractor, and that questioning the recommendation and asking for a reconsideration was highly unusual. 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At about 73 seconds, the adjacent SRB strut gave way, the right rocket booster crashed into the external fuel tank and the vehicle quickly disintegrated.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-essay-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"After President Ronald Reagan ordered a presidential commission to review the disaster, Boisjoly was one of the witnesses called. He gave accounts of how and why he felt the O-rings had failed, and argued that the caucus called by Morton Thiokol managers, which resulted in a recommendation to launch, was an \"unethical decision-making forum resulting from intense customer intimidation.\"[10] Isolated from his colleagues who were redesigning the O-ring, his self-esteem suffered and he lost his confidence as an engineer. Boisjoly, who understood the potential consequences of an unsafe launch, had acted on his conscience in trying to prevent it. But Thiokol executives didn’t respect him as a valued professional. Six months after the disaster, Boisjoly requested an extended sick leave. He never worked as an engineer again.[11]After leaving Morton Thiokol, Boisjoly founded a forensic engineering firm and was frequently invited to speak on leadership ethics.[6]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAAS_Award_for_Scientific_Freedom_and_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlineethics-12"},{"link_name":"Chapman University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_University"},{"link_name":"Orange, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_California"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Nephi, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephi,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timesobit-7"}],"text":"For his honesty and integrity both leading up to and directly following the shuttle disaster, Boisjoly received the Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility from the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1988.[1][12]When Boisjoly left Morton Thiokol, he took 14 boxes containing every note and paper he received or sent in seven years. On May 13, 2010, he donated his personal memoranda—six boxes of personal papers, including memos and notes from his congressional testimony—to Chapman University in Orange, California. Rand Boyd, the special-collections and archival librarian at Chapman's Leatherby Libraries, said the materials would be catalogued and archived. They can be viewed by library visitors.[13][14]Boisjoly married his wife Roberta in 1963. The couple had two daughters and at the time of his death eight grandchildren.[6] Boisjoly died of cancer of the colon, kidneys, and liver on January 6, 2012, in Nephi, Utah.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"made-for-television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made-for-television_film"},{"link_name":"Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boyle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In the 1990 made-for-television film Challenger, Boisjoly was portrayed by actor Peter Boyle.[15]","title":"Depiction in media"}]
[{"image_text":"Simplified cross section of the joints between solid rocket booster segments; outside at left.Legend: A – steel wall 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) thick B – base O-ring, C – backup O-ring, D – Strengthening-Cover band, E – insulation, F – insulation, G – carpeting, H – sealing paste, I – fixed propellant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Z%C5%82%C4%85cze_mi%C4%99dzysegmentowe_rakiety_SRB.svg/220px-Z%C5%82%C4%85cze_mi%C4%99dzysegmentowe_rakiety_SRB.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"NLS Other Writings: Say How, A-D\". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/abcd/#b","url_text":"\"NLS Other Writings: Say How, A-D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Aerospaceweb.org | Ask Us - Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster\". www.aerospaceweb.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/investigations/q0122.shtml","url_text":"\"Aerospaceweb.org | Ask Us - Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster\""}]},{"reference":"collectif, Un (May 7, 2020). \"Coronavirus : faire taire les lanceurs d'alerte nuit gravement à la santé publique\". Libération.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/05/07/coronavirus-faire-taire-les-lanceurs-d-alerte-nuit-gravement-a-la-sante-publique_1787570","url_text":"\"Coronavirus : faire taire les lanceurs d'alerte nuit gravement à la santé publique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cas de Challenger : le premier Whistleblower ?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/actualite/articles/cas-de-challenger-le-premier-whistleblower-1877/","url_text":"\"Cas de Challenger : le premier Whistleblower ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lowell native who warned of Challenger blast dies at 73\". Lowell Sun. February 6, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lowellsun.com/ci_19902357/","url_text":"\"Lowell native who warned of Challenger blast dies at 73\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (February 3, 2012). \"Roger Boisjoly, 73, Dies; Warned of Shuttle Danger\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/us/roger-boisjoly-73-dies-warned-of-shuttle-danger.html","url_text":"\"Roger Boisjoly, 73, Dies; Warned of Shuttle Danger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The result would be a catastrophe\". www.lettersofnote.com. October 27, 2009. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115012439/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2009/10/result-would-be-catastrophe.html","url_text":"\"The result would be a catastrophe\""},{"url":"http://www.lettersofnote.com/2009/10/result-would-be-catastrophe.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ware, Doug G. (January 28, 2016). \"Engineer who warned of 1986 Challenger disaster still racked with guilt, three decades on\". United Press International. Retrieved January 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/01/28/Engineer-who-warned-of-1986-Challenger-disaster-still-racked-with-guilt-three-decades-on/4891454032643/","url_text":"\"Engineer who warned of 1986 Challenger disaster still racked with guilt, three decades on\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"Boisjoly, Roger. \"Ethical Decisions - Morton Thiokol and the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster\". onlineethics.org. Retrieved August 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlineethics.org/cases/ethical-decisions-morton-thiokol-and-space-shuttle-challenger-disaster-introduction","url_text":"\"Ethical Decisions - Morton Thiokol and the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster\""}]},{"reference":"McCleary, Rachel M. (January 27, 2023). \"Opinion | The Man Who Tried to Stop the Space Shuttle Challenger's Launch\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-man-who-tried-to-stop-the-challenger-launch-space-shuttle-exploration-roger-boisjoly-moral-injury-11674857494","url_text":"\"Opinion | The Man Who Tried to Stop the Space Shuttle Challenger's Launch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Roger Boisjoly and the Challenger disaster\". onlineethics.org. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132815/http://www.onlineethics.org/cms/7123.aspx","url_text":"\"Roger Boisjoly and the Challenger disaster\""},{"url":"http://www.onlineethics.org/cms/7123.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leatherby Libraries\". www.chapman.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chapman.edu/library/index.aspx","url_text":"\"Leatherby Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Howard (February 24, 1990). \"'Challenger': The Wrong Story Got Filmed\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-24-ca-1077-story.html","url_text":"\"'Challenger': The Wrong Story Got Filmed\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider_Australia
Business Insider
["1 History","2 Finances","3 Divisions","4 Bias, reliability, and editorial policy","5 Reception","6 References","7 Works cited","8 External links"]
Financial and business news website Not to be confused with Business Insiders. Business InsiderType of siteFinancial news websiteAvailable inEnglishHeadquartersNew York City, U.S.OwnerAxel Springer SECreated byKevin P. RyanEditorHenry BlodgetParentInsider Inc.URLwww.businessinsider.com CommercialYesLaunched2007; 17 years ago (2007)Current statusActiveOCLC number1076392313 Business Insider (stylized in all caps, shortened to BI , known from 2021 to 2023 as Insider) is a New York City–based multinational financial and business news website founded in 2007. Since 2015, a majority stake in Business Insider's parent company Insider Inc. has been owned by the German publishing house Axel Springer. It operates several international editions, including one in the United Kingdom. Insider publishes original reporting and aggregates material from other outlets. As of 2011, it maintained a liberal policy on the use of anonymous sources. It has also published native advertising and granted sponsors editorial control of its content. The outlet has been nominated for several awards, but has also been criticized for using factually incorrect clickbait headlines to attract viewership. In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million), implying a total valuation of $442 million. From February 2021 to November 2023, the brand was named simply Insider while it published general news and lifestyle content, before its name was reverted. History Third logo, used 2011–2017Fourth logo, used 2017–2021Fifth logo, used 2021–2023 Business Insider was launched in 2007 and is based in Manhattan. Founded by DoubleClick's former CEO Kevin P. Ryan, Dwight Merriman, and Henry Blodget, the site began as a consolidation of industry vertical blogs, the first of them being Silicon Alley Insider (launched May 16, 2007) and Clusterstock (launched March 20, 2008). Gordon Crovitz, former publisher of the Wall Street Journal, was an early investor. In addition to providing and analyzing business news, the site aggregates news stories on various subjects. It started a UK edition in November 2014, and a Singapore bureau in September 2020. BI's parent company is Insider Inc. After Axel Springer SE purchased Business Insider in 2015, a substantial portion of its staff left the company. According to a CNN report, some staff who exited complained that "traffic took precedence over enterprise reporting". In 2017, Business Insider launched BI Prime subscription, the service which placed some of its articles behind paywall. In 2018, staff members were asked to sign a confidentiality agreement that included a nondisparagement clause requiring them not to criticize the site during or after their employment. Early in 2020, CEO Henry Blodget convened a meeting in which he announced plans for the website to acquire 1 million subscribers, 1 billion unique visitors per month, and over 1,000 newsroom employees. The parent companies of Business Insider and eMarketer merged in 2020 in connection with the proposed purchase of Axel Springer by KKR, an American private equity firm. In October 2020, BI's parent company purchased a majority position in Morning Brew, a newsletter. In 2022, Insider won the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary, its first ever Pulitzer Prize, for its illustrated report "How I escaped a Chinese internment camp". The piece, composed as a series of comics that told the story of one woman's experience escaping China's persecution of Uyghurs, was created by illustrator Fahmida Azim alongside art director Anthony Del Col, writer Josh Adams, and editor Walt Hickey. Finances Business Insider first reported a profit in the fourth quarter of 2010. As of 2011, it had 45 full-time employees. Its target audience at the time was limited to "investors and financial professionals". In June 2012, it had 5.4 million unique visitors. As of 2013, Jeff Bezos was a Business Insider investor; his investment company Bezos Expeditions held approximately 3 percent of the company as of its acquisition in 2015. In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million), implying a total valuation of $442 million. Divisions Business Insider operates a paid division titled BI Intelligence, established in 2013. In July 2015, Business Insider began the technology website Tech Insider, with a staff of 40 people working primarily from the company's existing New York headquarters, but originally separated from the main Business Insider newsroom. However, Tech Insider was eventually folded into the Business Insider website. Also in 2015, Business Insider launched Insider Picks, the precursor to what is now Insider Reviews, to help shoppers navigate the complex retail industry and make the best purchasing decisions. In October 2016, Business Insider started Markets Insider as a joint venture with Finanzen.net, another Axel Springer company. Bias, reliability, and editorial policy Glenn Greenwald has critiqued the reliability of Business Insider, along with that of publications including The Wall Street Journal, Yahoo! News, and Slate. In 2010, Business Insider falsely reported that New York Governor David Paterson was slated to resign; BI had earlier reported a false story alleging that Steve Jobs experienced a heart attack. In April 2011, Blodget sent out a notice inviting publicists to "contribute directly" to Business Insider. As of September 2011, Business Insider allowed the use of anonymous sources "at any time for any reason", a practice which many media outlets prefer to avoid or at least indicate why a source is not identified. According to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, Business Insider gave SAP "limited editorial control" over the content of its "Future of Business" section as of 2013. The website publishes a mix of original reporting and aggregation of other outlets' content. Business Insider has also published native advertising. Reception In January 2009, the Clusterstock section appeared in Time's list of 25 best financial blogs, and the Silicon Alley Insider section was listed in PC Magazine's list of its "favorite blogs of 2009". 2009 also saw Business Insider's selection as an official Webby honoree for Best Business Blog. In 2012, Business Insider was named to the Inc. 500. In 2013, the publication was once again nominated in the Blog-Business category at the Webby Awards. In January 2014, The New York Times reported that Business Insider's web traffic was comparable to that of The Wall Street Journal. In 2017, Digiday included imprint Insider as a candidate in two separate categories—"Best New Vertical" and "Best Use of Instagram"—at their annual Publishing Awards. The website has faced criticism for what critics consider its clickbait-style headlines. A 2013 profile of Blodget and Business Insider in The New Yorker suggested that Business Insider, because it republishes material from other outlets, may not always be accurate. In 2022, Insider won the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary for its reporting on the persecution of Uyghurs in China. References ^ a b c Valinsky, Jordan (November 14, 2023). "Insider changes back to its former name as Henry Blodget leaves CEO role". CNN. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023. ^ Carney, John (September 23, 2011). "Here's the Real Reason Business Insider Is Doing So Well". CNBC. Retrieved October 27, 2023. ^ Lieb, Thom (January 14, 2015). Editing for the Digital Age. CQ Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1483306544. Retrieved October 27, 2023. ^ a b Spangler, Todd (September 29, 2015). "Germany's Axel Springer Buys Business Insider in $343 Million Deal". Variety. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2018. ^ a b Goldfarb, Jeffrey (September 29, 2015). "Axel Springer Pays Very Generous Price for Business Insider". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Blodget, Henry (February 2021). "'Business Insider' has simplified its name. Now we're just 'Insider'!". Business Insider. Retrieved February 11, 2021. ^ a b Somaiya, Ravi; Clark, Nicola (September 29, 2015). "Axel Springer to Acquire Controlling Stake in Business Insider". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ "Leading Digital Publisher Axel Springer Acquires Business Insider". Axel Springer SE. September 29, 2015. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2015. ^ "Welcome To Business Insider". Business Insider. April 23, 2013. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2016. ^ Schiffrin, Anya. "AI Startups and the Fight Against Online Disinformation". German Marshall Fund of the United States, 2019. p. 12. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep21240. Retrieved 17 Feb. 2024. ^ Foremski, Tom (September 26, 2011). "Here's why news sites 'over aggregate'". ZDNet. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020. ^ Sweney, Mark (November 4, 2014). "Business Insider launches UK edition". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020. ^ Gold, Hadas (February 28, 2014). "Business Insider expanding to London". Politico. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020. ^ a b Southern, Lucinda (September 17, 2020). "'We're about hiring journalists': Insider Inc. launches third global news hub in Singapore". Digiday. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ Kludt, Tom (April 29, 2016). "Here's what Business Insider employees just said about why people are leaving". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Guaglione, Sara (November 13, 2017). "'Business Insider' Launches BI Prime Access For Financial News". MediaPost. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023. ^ Tani, Maxwell (November 1, 2018). "Business Insider Staffers Can Never Say Anything Bad About the Company Ever Again". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Edmonds, Rick (January 15, 2020). "Business Insider grew in 12 years to a monster digital enterprise. Now CEO Henry Blodget has plotted a new wave of expansion". Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ "Axel Springer to merge Business Insider, eMarketer in 2020". Reuters. June 13, 2019. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020. ^ Fischer, Sara (October 29, 2020). "Insider Inc. buys majority stake in Morning Brew in all-cash deal". Axios. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ a b "The 2022 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Illustrated Reporting and Commentary". Pulitzer. ^ Azim, Fahmida; del Col, Anthony; Adams, Josh (December 28, 2021). "How I escaped a Chinese internment camp". Business Insider. ^ "Bangladeshi-born illustrator and storyteller Fahmida Azim wins Pulitzer Prize". The Business Standard. Bangladesh. August 22, 2022. ^ "Fahmida Azim unpacks her illustration of Uyghur experiences in Chinese internment camps". The Daily Star. October 1, 2022. ^ Schonfeld, Erik (March 7, 2011). "Business Insider Turns A$2,127 Profit On $4.8 Million in Revenue". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2017. ^ Foremski, Tom (May 29, 2012). "The rise of the 17-hour journalist..." ZDNet. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ a b Grueskin, Bill; Seave, Ava; Graves, Lucas (2011). The Story So Far: What We Know About the Business of Digital Journalism. Columbia University Press. pp. 99. ISBN 978-0231500548. ^ Hagey, Keach (July 29, 2012). "Henry Blodget's Second Act". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ Kiss, Jemima (April 5, 2013). "Amazon's Jeff Bezos leads $5m investment in Business Insider". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020. ^ Peterson, Andrea (August 5, 2013). "What happened when Jeff Bezos invested in Business Insider? More journalism". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020. ^ Moses, Lucia (January 28, 2014). "Business Insider Has Ambitious Paid Content Plans". Adweek. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2020. ^ Alpert, Lukas I. (July 27, 2015). "Business Insider Broadens Ambitions With New Tech Site". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2017. ^ Mullin, Benjamin (December 14, 2017). "Business Insider Inc. Drops 'Business' From Its Name as Company Broadens Coverage, Distribution". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2018. ^ "How we test products at Insider Reviews". Insider Reviews. June 19, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2023. ^ Alpert, Lukas I. (October 24, 2016). "Business Insider Launches Markets Data Site With Help From Axel Springer". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (March 30, 2017). "Why Has Trust in Media Collapsed? Look at Actions of WSJ, Yahoo, Business Insider and Slate". The Intercept. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Holiday 2012, p. 188. ^ Holiday 2012, pp. 188–189. ^ Holiday 2012, p. 233. ^ Smith, Sydney (September 9, 2011). "Business Insider Will Give Anyone Anonymity?". iMediaEthics. Art Science Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Myers, Steven (September 8, 2011). "Business Insider: 'We will grant anonymity to any source at any time for any reason'". Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Tjaardstra, Nick (July 29, 2013). "Business Insider gives sponsor limited content control; is it ethical?". World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Manjoo, Farhad (May 24, 2012). "Business Insider Is Loud, Ugly—and Brilliant". Slate (magazine). Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ "The 60-second interview: Henry Blodget, editor in chief and CEO, Business Insider". Politico. October 23, 2015. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Chittum, Ryan (May 7, 2013). "Business Insider goes native". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ McIntyre, Douglas A.; Allen, Ashley C. (January 22, 2009). "Best 25 Financial Blogs". Time. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ^ "Our Favorite Blogs 2009". PC Magazine. November 23, 2009. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ^ "Blog-Business: Official Honoree". Webby Awards. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2015. ^ "Business Insider". The Webby Awards. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ Carr, David (January 26, 2014). "Ezra Klein Is Joining Vox Media as Web Journalism Asserts Itself". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2014. ^ "Business Insider's social-first Insider is up for Best New Vertical for this year's Digiday Publishing Awards – Digiday". Digiday. February 7, 2017. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ Hagey, Keach (July 29, 2012). "Henry Blodget's Second Act". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2015. ^ Ha, Anthony (May 22, 2012). "Business Insider's Henry Blodget Defends Linkbait, Slideshows, And Aggregation". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (September 29, 2015). "Can Business Insider Make Money?". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016. ^ Shaw, Lucas (November 3, 2011). "Business Insider Grows the Way of the Huffington Post". TheWrap. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2020. ^ Auletta, Ken (April 8, 2013). "Business Outsider". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Intrinsic to this conversation is speed; if the facts or conclusions turn out to be wrong, they can be fixed later. ^ "Fahmida Azim, Anthony Del Col, Josh Adams and Walt Hickey of Insider, New York, N.Y." The Pulitzer Prizes. May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ Robertson, Katie (May 9, 2022). "Pulitzer Prizes Spotlight Jan. 6 Capitol Riot and Mideast Air Wars Coverage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 11, 2022. Works cited Holiday, Ryan (2012). Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1101583715. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Business Insider. Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Business Insiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insiders"},{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BacktoBI-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BacktoBI-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"Insider Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_Inc."},{"link_name":"Axel Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Insider&action=edit"},{"link_name":"anonymous sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_(journalism)"},{"link_name":"native advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_advertising"},{"link_name":"clickbait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickbait"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RyanM-3"},{"link_name":"Axel Springer SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE"},{"link_name":"Insider Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_Inc."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BacktoBI-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Business Insiders.Business Insider (stylized in all caps, shortened to BI ,[1] known from 2021 to 2023 as Insider)[1] is a New York City–based multinational financial and business news website founded in 2007. Since 2015, a majority stake in Business Insider's parent company Insider Inc. has been owned by the German publishing house Axel Springer. It operates several international editions, including one in the United Kingdom.Insider publishes original reporting and aggregates material from other outlets. As of 2011,[update] it maintained a liberal policy on the use of anonymous sources. It has also published native advertising and granted sponsors editorial control of its content. The outlet has been nominated for several awards, but has also been criticized for using factually incorrect clickbait headlines to attract viewership.[2][3]In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million),[4] implying a total valuation of $442 million.[5] From February 2021 to November 2023, the brand was named simply Insider while it published general news and lifestyle content,[6] before its name was reverted.[1]","title":"Business Insider"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Businessinsider-color.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Business_Insider_Logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InsiderLogo.svg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"DoubleClick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick"},{"link_name":"Kevin P. Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_P._Ryan"},{"link_name":"Dwight Merriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Merriman"},{"link_name":"Henry Blodget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Blodget"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Springer_Acquisition-8"},{"link_name":"industry vertical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_market"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gordon Crovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Crovitz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Insider Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_Inc."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_traffic"},{"link_name":"enterprise reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_reporting"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"confidentiality agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"nondisparagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nondisparagement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"unique visitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_user"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"eMarketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMarketer"},{"link_name":"KKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Illustrated_Reporting_and_Commentary"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"China's persecution of Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China"},{"link_name":"Fahmida Azim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahmida_Azim"},{"link_name":"Anthony Del Col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Del_Col"},{"link_name":"Josh Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Adams_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Third logo, used 2011–2017Fourth logo, used 2017–2021Fifth logo, used 2021–2023Business Insider was launched in 2007[7] and is based in Manhattan. Founded by DoubleClick's former CEO Kevin P. Ryan, Dwight Merriman, and Henry Blodget,[8] the site began as a consolidation of industry vertical blogs, the first of them being Silicon Alley Insider (launched May 16, 2007) and Clusterstock (launched March 20, 2008).[9] Gordon Crovitz, former publisher of the Wall Street Journal, was an early investor.[10] In addition to providing and analyzing business news, the site aggregates news stories on various subjects.[11] It started a UK edition in November 2014,[12][13] and a Singapore bureau in September 2020.[14] BI's parent company is Insider Inc.[14]After Axel Springer SE purchased Business Insider in 2015, a substantial portion of its staff left the company. According to a CNN report, some staff who exited complained that \"traffic took precedence over enterprise reporting\".[15] In 2017, Business Insider launched BI Prime subscription, the service which placed some of its articles behind paywall.[16] In 2018, staff members were asked to sign a confidentiality agreement that included a nondisparagement clause requiring them not to criticize the site during or after their employment.[17]Early in 2020, CEO Henry Blodget convened a meeting in which he announced plans for the website to acquire 1 million subscribers, 1 billion unique visitors per month, and over 1,000 newsroom employees.[18] The parent companies of Business Insider and eMarketer merged in 2020 in connection with the proposed purchase of Axel Springer by KKR, an American private equity firm.[19] In October 2020, BI's parent company purchased a majority position in Morning Brew, a newsletter.[20]In 2022, Insider won the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary, its first ever Pulitzer Prize, for its illustrated report \"How I escaped a Chinese internment camp\".[21][22] The piece, composed as a series of comics that told the story of one woman's experience escaping China's persecution of Uyghurs, was created by illustrator Fahmida Azim alongside art director Anthony Del Col, writer Josh Adams, and editor Walt Hickey.[21][23][24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Insider&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Insider&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bezos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Axel Springer SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE"},{"link_name":"Insider Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_Inc."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"}],"text":"Business Insider first reported a profit in the fourth quarter of 2010.[25][26] As of 2011[update], it had 45 full-time employees.[27] Its target audience at the time was limited to \"investors and financial professionals\".[27] In June 2012, it had 5.4 million unique visitors.[28] As of 2013[update], Jeff Bezos was a Business Insider investor;[29][30] his investment company Bezos Expeditions held approximately 3 percent of the company as of its acquisition in 2015.[7]In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million),[4] implying a total valuation of $442 million.[5]","title":"Finances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mullin_WSJ-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Business Insider operates a paid division titled BI Intelligence, established in 2013.[31]In July 2015, Business Insider began the technology website Tech Insider, with a staff of 40 people working primarily from the company's existing New York headquarters, but originally separated from the main Business Insider newsroom.[32] However, Tech Insider was eventually folded into the Business Insider website.[33]Also in 2015, Business Insider launched Insider Picks, the precursor to what is now Insider Reviews, to help shoppers navigate the complex retail industry and make the best purchasing decisions.[34]In October 2016, Business Insider started Markets Insider as a joint venture with Finanzen.net, another Axel Springer company.[35]","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glenn Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"David Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Paterson"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoliday2012188-37"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoliday2012188%E2%80%93189-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoliday2012233-39"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Insider&action=edit"},{"link_name":"anonymous sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_(journalism)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Newspapers_and_News_Publishers"},{"link_name":"SAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Insider&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"native advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_advertising"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Glenn Greenwald has critiqued the reliability of Business Insider, along with that of publications including The Wall Street Journal, Yahoo! News, and Slate.[36] In 2010, Business Insider falsely reported that New York Governor David Paterson was slated to resign;[37] BI had earlier reported a false story alleging that Steve Jobs experienced a heart attack.[38]In April 2011, Blodget sent out a notice inviting publicists to \"contribute directly\" to Business Insider.[39] As of September 2011[update], Business Insider allowed the use of anonymous sources \"at any time for any reason\", a practice which many media outlets prefer to avoid or at least indicate why a source is not identified.[40][41] According to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, Business Insider gave SAP \"limited editorial control\" over the content of its \"Future of Business\" section as of 2013[update].[42] The website publishes a mix of original reporting and aggregation of other outlets' content.[43][44] Business Insider has also published native advertising.[45]","title":"Bias, reliability, and editorial policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"PC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Webby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webby_Award"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webby-48"},{"link_name":"Inc. 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._500"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT:_joining_Vox-50"},{"link_name":"Digiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiday"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"clickbait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickbait"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj._Henr-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"In January 2009, the Clusterstock section appeared in Time's list of 25 best financial blogs,[46] and the Silicon Alley Insider section was listed in PC Magazine's list of its \"favorite blogs of 2009\".[47] 2009 also saw Business Insider's selection as an official Webby honoree for Best Business Blog.[48]In 2012, Business Insider was named to the Inc. 500. In 2013, the publication was once again nominated in the Blog-Business category at the Webby Awards.[49] In January 2014, The New York Times reported that Business Insider's web traffic was comparable to that of The Wall Street Journal.[50] In 2017, Digiday included imprint Insider as a candidate in two separate categories—\"Best New Vertical\" and \"Best Use of Instagram\"—at their annual Publishing Awards.[51]The website has faced criticism for what critics consider its clickbait-style headlines.[52][53][54][55] A 2013 profile of Blodget and Business Insider in The New Yorker suggested that Business Insider, because it republishes material from other outlets, may not always be accurate.[56]In 2022, Insider won the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary for its reporting on the persecution of Uyghurs in China.[57][58]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holiday, Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Me,_I%27m_Lying"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1101583715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101583715"}],"text":"Holiday, Ryan (2012). Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1101583715.","title":"Works cited"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Valinsky, Jordan (November 14, 2023). \"Insider changes back to its former name as Henry Blodget leaves CEO role\". CNN. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/media/henry-blodget-business-insider-ceo-role/index.html","url_text":"\"Insider changes back to its former name as Henry Blodget leaves CEO role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231114173711/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/media/henry-blodget-business-insider-ceo-role/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carney, John (September 23, 2011). \"Here's the Real Reason Business Insider Is Doing So Well\". CNBC. Retrieved October 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/44642508","url_text":"\"Here's the Real Reason Business Insider Is Doing So Well\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"Lieb, Thom (January 14, 2015). Editing for the Digital Age. CQ Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1483306544. Retrieved October 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Stm5BgAAQBAJ&dq=Ryan+McCarthy+Reuters+business+insider&pg=PA140","url_text":"Editing for the Digital Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQ_Press","url_text":"CQ Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1483306544","url_text":"978-1483306544"}]},{"reference":"Spangler, Todd (September 29, 2015). \"Germany's Axel Springer Buys Business Insider in $343 Million Deal\". Variety. Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/digital/global/axel-springer-buys-business-insider-343-million-1201604768/","url_text":"\"Germany's Axel Springer Buys Business Insider in $343 Million Deal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190427105824/https://variety.com/2015/digital/global/axel-springer-buys-business-insider-343-million-1201604768/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldfarb, Jeffrey (September 29, 2015). \"Axel Springer Pays Very Generous Price for Business Insider\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/business/dealbook/axel-springer-pays-very-generous-price-for-business-insider.html","url_text":"\"Axel Springer Pays Very Generous Price for Business Insider\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180217180127/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/business/dealbook/axel-springer-pays-very-generous-price-for-business-insider.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blodget, Henry (February 2021). \"'Business Insider' has simplified its name. Now we're just 'Insider'!\". Business Insider. Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/business-insider-is-now-insider-2021-2","url_text":"\"'Business Insider' has simplified its name. Now we're just 'Insider'!\""}]},{"reference":"Somaiya, Ravi; Clark, Nicola (September 29, 2015). \"Axel Springer to Acquire Controlling Stake in Business Insider\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_Perfumance
Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–1959)
["1 1950","2 1951","3 1952","4 1953","5 1954","6 1955","7 1956","8 1957","9 1958","10 1959","11 See also","12 Notes","13 Further reading","14 External links"]
Filmography See also: Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography This is a listing of all the animated shorts released by Warner Bros. under the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies banners between 1950 and 1959. A total of 278 shorts were released during the 1950s. 1950 Starting this year, all cartoons are in Technicolor. # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 578 Home, Tweet Home MM I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety January 14, 1950 VHS - Sylvester and Tweety: The Best Yeows of Our Lives VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 14: Cartoon Superstars VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 9 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1960s Volume 2, Disc 1 (part of The Bugs Bunny Show episode 23) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2 Disc 1 (restored) January 25, 1958 579 Hurdy-Gurdy Hare MM Robert McKimson J.C. Melendez,Emery Hawkins,Charles McKimson,John Carey,Phil De Lara Bugs Bunny, Gruesome Gorilla, Monkey January 21, 1950 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4 Disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit (Region 2 only) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) between 1959 and 1964 Final Robert McKimson-directed Bugs Bunny cartoon to use the "plump Bugs" design. 580 Boobs in the Woods LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Pete Burness,Emery Hawkins,J.C. Melendez Daffy Duck, Porky Pig January 28, 1950 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Porky Pig's Screwball Comedies Laserdisc - Ham on Wry: The Porky Pig Laser Collection VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 4: Daffy Doodles DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1 Disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) June 20, 1959 581 Mutiny on the Bunny LT I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam February 11, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 16 (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Collection - Bugs Bunny (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 3 (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 4 (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (UK) VHS - Classic Collection (Marks and Spencer) (UK) VHS - Yosemite Sam: The Good, The Bad, and The Ornery! Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Vol. 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) January 20, 1968 582 The Lion's Busy LT I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Beaky Buzzard, Leo the Lion, Bugs Bunny (cameo) February 18, 1950 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 6: Supporting Players DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2 Disc 2 (restored) May 13, 1961 583 The Scarlet Pumpernickel LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Henery Hawk, Mama Bear, Melissa Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester March 4, 1950 VHS - Carrotblanca: Looney Tunes Go To The Movies VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 2: Running Amuck DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1 Disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 1 DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 2 (part of Daffy Duck's Thanks-for-Giving Special) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1 (restored) Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century) Streaming - Boomerang App May 17, 1958 Features more regular characters than any other cartoon First use of Melissa Duck's name First time Mel Blanc voices Elmer Fudd 584 Homeless Hare MM Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan,Emery Hawkins (unc.) Bugs Bunny, Hercules March 11, 1950 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Bugs Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 Disc 1: Bugs Bunny Classics (restored) DVD - White Heat Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny Volume 2 (paired with To Hare is Human) June 16, 1962 585 Strife with Father MM Robert McKimson Emery Hawkins,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,J.C. Melendez Beaky Buzzard, Monte, Gwendolyn April 1, 1950 Laserdisc - Looney Tunes: Assorted Nuts: Memorable Supporting Players and Cult Classics From the Looney Tunes Vault DVD - The Flame and the Arrow Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 (restored) September 30, 1961 Final appearance of Beaky Buzzard. 586 The Hypo-Chondri-Cat MM Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Phil Monroe Claude Cat, Hubie and Bertie April 15, 1950 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Foghorn Leghorn's Fractured Funnies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 3: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Mouse Chronicles: The Chuck Jones Collection Disc II, starring Hubie and Bertie (restored) December 28, 1957 587 Big House Bunny LT I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy,Ken Champin Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam April 22, 1950 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Bugs Bunny's Hare-Brained Hits DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1, starring Bugs Bunny DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1960s Volume 2, Disc 1 (part of The Bugs Bunny Show episode 23) Digital (HD) - Warner Cartoon Classics: Bugs Bunny Volume 3, Episode 13 (restored) 588 The Leghorn Blows at Midnight LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,Emery Hawkins,J.C. Melendez Foghorn Leghorn, Henery Hawk, Barnyard Dawg May 6, 1950 VHS - Foghorn Leghorn's Fractured Funnies Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 2 Digital - Looney Tunes: Foghorn Leghorn Streaming - HBO Max (restored) November 2, 1957 589 His Bitter Half MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy Daffy Duck, Mrs. Daffy Duck, Wentworth Duck May 20, 1950 DVD - The West Point Story Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 October 19, 1957 590 An Egg Scramble MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,Emery Hawkins,J.C. Melendez Porky Pig, Miss Prissy May 27, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 3: Porky and the Pigs (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) October 4, 1958 Mel Blanc also voices Cops, Desk Sergeant and Pretty Boy Bagel Bea Benaderet voices Hens and Housewife First appearance of Prissy 591 What's Up, Doc? LT Robert McKimson J.C. Melendez,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Wilson Burness,Emery Hawkins,Rod Scribner Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Three Chorus Boys, Al Jolson, Jack Benny, Eddie Cantor, Bing Crosby, Director June 17, 1950 VHS - Elmer Fudd VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 4 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 4: Daffy Doodles DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1, starring Bugs Bunny (restored) Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 1 Blu-ray - Cats Don't Dance Introduction of lyrics to song "What's Up, Doc?" 592 All a Bir-r-r-d LT I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Emery Hawkins,Gerry Chiniquy Sylvester, Tweety, Hector the Bulldog June 24, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 6 VHS - Sylvester - Volume 1 (Italy) VHS - Sylvester and Tweety: The Best Yeows of Our Lives Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 3: Tweety & Sylvester and Friends (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) June 14, 1958 593 8 Ball Bunny LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Emery Hawkins Bugs Bunny, Playboy Penguin, Humphrey Bogart July 8, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 3 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics Blu-ray, DVD - The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Blu-ray, DVD - March of the Penguins DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 (restored) Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 1 Streaming - Boomerang App Between 1959 and 1964 594 It's Hummer Time LT Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,J.C. Melendez,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,John Carey,Harry Love (effects animation) Hummingbird, The Supreme Cat, Hector the Bulldog, Bee July 22, 1950 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (restored) DVD - Montana March 22, 1958 595 Golden Yeggs MM I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin,Emery Hawkins Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Rocky, Nick August 5, 1950 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Daffy Duck's Madcap Mania Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory VHS - Superior Duck VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig (restored) March 14, 1959 First named appearance of Rocky. Only pairing of Rocky and Daffy. Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 596 Hillbilly Hare MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,John Carey,Emery Hawkins Bugs Bunny, The Martin Brothers August 12, 1950 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Bugs Bunny's Hare-Brained Hits VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Classics (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Musical Masterpieces Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 (restored) 597 Dog Gone South MM Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan,Emery Hawkins Charlie Dog, Colonel, Train Passenger, Belvedere August 26, 1950 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 6, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 (restored) August 22, 1959 All voices are provided by Mel Blanc 598 The Ducksters LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Daffy Duck, Porky Pig September 2, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 1 Laserdisc - Ham on Wry: The Porky Pig Laser Collection DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2: starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) June 18, 1960 599 A Fractured Leghorn MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,J.C. Melendez Foghorn Leghorn September 16, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 3 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Foghorn Leghorn's Fractured Funnies VHS - Foghorn Leghorn VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 3: The Vocal Genius Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Digital - Foghorn Leghorn Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) April 19, 1958 600 Bunker Hill Bunny MM I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam September 23, 1950 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Friz Freleng Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Yosemite Sam's Yeller Fever VHS - Looney Tunes Collection - Yosemite Sam VHS - Mil-Looney-Um 2000 - Bumper Collection VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Vol. 9: A Looney Life DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc Two Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 601 Canary Row MM I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Emery Hawkins,Gerry Chiniquy,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety, Granny October 7, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 19 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Sylvester and Tweety VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 5 (UK) DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc Two DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 2 (restored) December 13, 1958 First appearance of Granny 602 Stooge for a Mouse MM I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Emery Hawkins,Gerry Chiniquy,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Mike the Bulldog October 21, 1950 Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Streaming - Boomerang App (unrestored PAL master) August 30, 1958 Mel Blanc also voices a Mouse 603 Pop 'im Pop! LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,J.C. Melendez,Manuel Perez Hippety Hopper, Sylvester, Sylvester Junior,Gracie October 28, 1950 Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 4: Daffy Doodles DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem (restored) VHS - Les Mésaventures de Sylvestre (France) Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) September 21, 1957 First appearance of Sylvester Jr. 604 Bushy Hare LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,John Carey,J.C. Melendez Bugs Bunny, Hippety Hopper, Aborigine (Nature Boy) November 18, 1950 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire (restored) Only cartoon to co-star Bugs Bunny & Hippety Hopper. 605 Caveman Inki LT Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Phil Monroe,Ben Washam Inki, Minah Bird November 25, 1950 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 10 March 1, 1958 All voices are provided by Mel Blanc Final appearance of Inki 606 Dog Collared MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Manuel Perez,J.C. Melendez Porky Pig, Dog December 2, 1950 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Porky Pig Tales Laserdisc - Ham on Wry: The Porky Pig Laser Collection DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham (restored) Blu-ray - Rover Dangerfield January 3, 1959 Mel Blanc also voices an Old Man, the Butler and the Announcer 607 Rabbit of Seville LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan,Emery Hawkins Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd December 16, 1950 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Mel Blanc VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Elmer Fudd's Comedy Capers VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 5: Musical Masterpieces DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1, starring Bugs Bunny (low pitch) DVD - The Essential Bugs Bunny, Disc 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit (Region 4 only) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 (low pitch) DVD - Looney Tunes Musical Masterpieces Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 January 18, 1969 608 Two's a Crowd LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan,Emery Hawkins Claude Cat, Frisky Puppy, John December 30, 1950 DVD - Rocky Mountain Streaming - HBO Max (restored) November 22, 1958 Bea Benaderet voices John's Wife All other voices are provided by Mel Blanc 1951 With the exceptions of Hare We Go, Rabbit Every Monday, and The Fair-Haired Hare (all Bugs Bunny cartoons), every other cartoon released by the studio this year ultimately received Blue Ribbon reissues. # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 609 Hare We Go MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,John Carey,J.C. Melendez Bugs Bunny, Christopher Columbus,King Ferdinand,Bald Sailor,Crewmen January 6, 1951 DVD - Jim Thorpe – All-American DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 610 A Fox in a Fix MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,John Carey,J.C. Melendez,Emery Hawkins Fox, Hector, Chickens January 20, 1951 VHS - Looney Tunes The Collectors Edition: Volume 15 - A Battle of Wits Streaming - HBO Max (restored) January 31, 1959 611 Canned Feud LT I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,John Carey,Jack Farren (assistant animator) Sylvester, Mouse, Sam, Violet February 3, 1951 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Sylvester and Tweety's Crazy Capers Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc Two DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1960s Volume 2, Disc 1 (part of The Bugs Bunny Show episode 23) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 (restored) May 2, 1959 612 Rabbit Every Monday LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam February 10, 1951 VHS - Looney Tunes Collection - Yosemite Sam (United Kingdom only) VHS - Yosemite Sam: The Good, The Bad, and The Ornery! Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 613 Putty Tat Trouble LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety, Sam Cat February 24, 1951 VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 5 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Sylvester and Tweety VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy Streaming - HBO Max (restored) October 24, 1959 614 Corn Plastered MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,John Carey,J.C. Melendez Beanie-Capped Crow, Farmer March 3, 1951 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) July 1, 1961 Mel Blanc voices the Farmer Pat Patrick voices the Beanie-capped Crow 615 Bunny Hugged MM Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Bugs Bunny, The Crusher, Ravishing Ronald March 10, 1951 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Bugs Bunny's Wacky Adventures Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Masterpieces (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 (restored) January 28, 1961 616 Scent-imental Romeo MM Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Pepé Le Pew, Penelope Pussycat March 24, 1951 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Pepe Le Pew's Skunk Tales DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 (restored) April 11, 1959 617 A Bone for a Bone LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin The Goofy Gophers, Dog April 7, 1951 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) January 2, 1960 618 The Fair-Haired Hare LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin,John Carey Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam April 14, 1951 VHS - Stark Raving Looneys VHS - Bugs Bunny: Truth or Hare Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 619 A Hound for Trouble MM Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,John Carey Charlie Dog April 28, 1951 LaserDisc - Looney Tunes: Assorted Nuts: Memorable Supporting Players and Cult Classics From the Looney Tunes Vault VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 10: Canine Corps DVD - On Moonlight Bay Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) September 9, 1961 620 Early to Bet MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Emery Hawkins,John Carey (unc.) The Gambling Bug, The Supreme Cat, Hector, Luigi May 12, 1951 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 (low pitch) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) May 30, 1959 621 Rabbit Fire LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd May 19, 1951 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Daffy Duck: The Nuttiness Continues... Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics VHS - From Hare to Eternity VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig (low pitch) DVD - The Essential Bugs Bunny, Disc 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit (Region 4 only) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 (low pitch) Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with Duck Amuck) Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (remastered) April 8, 1961 First cartoon to co-star Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 622 Room and Bird MM I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Hector June 2, 1951 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 1 DVD - I Love Tweety: Volume 3 (Japan) DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 3: Tweety & Sylvester and Friends (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) September 10, 1960 First cartoon scored by Eugene Poddany 623 Chow Hound LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Cat, Mouse, Bulldog, K. Harris, M. Hinkle, C.M. Jones, Zookeeper, Doctor June 16, 1951 Laserdisc - Looney Tunes Assorted Nuts VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) Blu-ray - Rover Dangerfield July 9, 1960 624 French Rarebit MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Emery Hawkins Bugs Bunny, Louis, François June 30, 1951 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 4: Daffy Doodles DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Masterpieces (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Between 1959 and 1964 625 The Wearing of the Grin LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Phil Monroe Porky Pig, O'Pat, O'Mike July 14, 1951 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Porky Pig's Screwball Comedies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Streaming - Boomerang App (480p) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) February 18, 1961 626 Leghorn Swoggled MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Emery Hawkins Foghorn Leghorn, Henery Hawk, Barnyard Dawg July 28, 1951 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Foghorn Leghorn's Fractured Funnies Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) November 25, 1961 627 His Hare Raising Tale LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Bugs Bunny, Clyde Bunny August 11, 1951 DVD - Bugs Bunny's Easter Funnies Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) October 22, 1960 Compilation short, with footage Reuse: Baseball Bugs, Stage Door Cartoon, Rabbit Punch, Falling Hare and Haredevil Hare. First appearance of Clyde 628 Cheese Chasers MM Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Claude Cat, Hubie and Bertie, Bulldog August 25, 1951 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Mouse Chronicles: The Chuck Jones Collection Disc II, starring Hubie and Bertie (restored) Digital: Looney Tunes All Stars, Volume 1 (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) April 30, 1960 Final appearances of Hubie and Bertie 629 Lovelorn Leghorn LT Robert McKimson Philip de Lara,Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Emery Hawkins Foghorn Leghorn, Miss Prissy, Barnyard Dawg September 8, 1951 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 4: Daffy Doodles DVD - I'll See You in My Dreams Digital- Foghorn Leghorn Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App March 12, 1960 Edited into Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island in 1983 630 Tweety's S.O.S. MM I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety, Granny September 22, 1951 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 14 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Sylvester and Tweety's Crazy Capers VHS - Sylvester and Tweety VHS - Titi et Grosminet : Un couple explosif VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 1: All-Stars DVD - I Love Tweety Volume 1 VHS, DVD - Tweety and Sylvester DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) February 20, 1960 631 Ballot Box Bunny MM I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin,Warren Batchelder (assistant animation),Sam Nicholson (assistant animation),Lloyd Rees (in between artist),Robert Brown (animation checking),Paul Marron (animation checking),Jan Cornell (ink and paint),Connie Matthews (ink and paint),Maggie Raymond (ink and paint) Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam October 6, 1951 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Mel Blanc Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best VHS - From Hare to Eternity DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1, starring Bugs Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit Digital - Warner Cartoons Classics: Bugs Bunny Volume 3 (restored) August 26, 1961 632 A Bear for Punishment LT Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan The Three Bears October 20, 1951 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 6: Supporting Players DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3 disc 1 (restored) December 12, 1959 Last appearance of The Three Bears. 633 Sleepy Time Possum MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Emery Hawkins,John Carey The Possum Family November 3, 1951 DVD - TCM Spotlight: Doris Day Collection DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (special feature, Bonus cartoons - unrestored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) April 9, 1960 634 Drip-Along Daffy MM Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Nasty Canasta November 17, 1951 VHS - Looney Tunes Collection - Daffy Duck (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 4 (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 8 (UK) VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Daffy Duck: The Nuttiness Continues... VHS - Daffy Duck (1990) VHS - Carrotblanca: Looney Tunes Go To The Movies Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory VHS - Daffy Duck (2003) (UK) DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 (restored) Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with Daffy Duck Slept Here) Streaming - Boomerang App September 12, 1959 First appearance of Nasty Canasta 635 Big Top Bunny MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Bob Wickersham Bugs Bunny, Bruno the Bear, Colonel Korny Dec 12, 1951 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Bugs Bunny: Big Top Bunny VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 4: Daffy Doodles DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1, starring Bugs Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit (Region 4 only) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1963 and 1964 636 Tweet Tweet Tweety LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin,Harry Love (effects) Sylvester, Tweety December 15, 1951 VHS - Sylvester and Tweety: The Best Yeows of Our Lives VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 3: Tweety & Sylvester and Friends (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) December 31, 1960 637 The Prize Pest LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,Emery Hawkins,John Carey (unc.) Daffy Duck, Porky Pig December 22, 1951 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl (restored) Digital: Stars of Space Jam: Looney Tunes Collection (restored) January 30, 1960 Edited into Daffy Duck's Quackbusters in 1988 1952 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 638 Who's Kitten Who? LT Robert McKimson Phil DeLara,Emery Hawkins,Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Bob Wickersham (unc.) Hippety Hopper, Sylvester, Sylvester Junior January 5, 1952 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Mel Blanc DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) May 21, 1960 639 Operation: Rabbit LT Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Phil Monroe Bugs Bunny, Wile E. Coyote January 19, 1952 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Road Runner vs. Wile E. Coyote: The Classic Chase Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 4, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 (restored) First pairing of Bugs Bunny and Wile E. Coyote. First cartoon where Wile E. Coyote has a speaking role and a name. Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 640 Feed the Kitty MM Charles M. Jones Ken Harris,Phil Monroe,Lloyd Vaughan,Ben Washam Marc Antony and Pussyfoot, Marc Antony's Mistress February 2, 1952 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Chuck Jones VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 2: Running Amuck DVD - Chuck Jones: Extremes and In-Betweens DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 3: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) April 29, 1961 First appearances of Marc Antony and Pussyfoot 641 Gift Wrapped LT I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Hector the Bulldog February 16, 1952 VHS - It's a Tweety Christmas VHS - Tweety & Sylvester's Crazy Christmas VHS - Christmas Looney Tunes (UK) Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 9: A Looney Life DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 3: Tweety & Sylvester and Friends (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 (restored) November 19, 1960 642 Foxy by Proxy MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross,Robert McKimson (archive) Bugs Bunny, Willoughby February 23, 1952 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Bugs Bunny: Big Top Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Final appearance of Willoughby 643 Thumb Fun LT Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Bob Wickersham Daffy Duck, Porky Pig March 1, 1952 VHS - Porky Pig: The Days of Swine and Roses Laserdisc - Ham on Wry: The Porky Pig Laser Collection VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 15: A Battle of Wits DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) June 10, 1961 644 14 Carrot Rabbit LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam March 15, 1952 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 2 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5, Disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1959 and 1964 645 Little Beau Pepé MM Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Phil Monroe Pepé Le Pew, Penelope Pussycat March 29, 1952 Laserdisc - Longitude and Looneytude: Globetrotting Looney Tunes Favorites DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) December 10, 1960 646 Kiddin' The Kitten MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner Dodsworth, The Kitten April 5, 1952 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection, disc 4: Kitty Korner (restored) August 5, 1961 647 Water, Water Every Hare LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Phil Monroe,Lloyd Vaughan,Harry Love (effects animation) Bugs Bunny, Rudolf, Mad Scientist April 19, 1952 Laserdisc - Looney Tunes: After Dark: Ghoul, Ghost and Goblin Cartoon Classics VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Bugs Bunny: Big Top Bunny VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 6: Supporting Players DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection, disc 1, starring Bugs Bunny (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Clips used in Daffy Duck's Quackbusters in 1988 648 Little Red Rodent Hood MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez Sylvester, Hector the Bulldog, Granny Mouse, Red Mouse May 3, 1952 Laserdisc - Wince Upon a Time: Foolhardy Fairy Tales and Looney Legends DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5, Disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection, disc 1 (restored) 649 Sock a Doodle Do LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara Foghorn Leghorn, Barnyard Dawg May 10, 1952 Digital- Looney Tunes: Foghorn Leghorn Streaming - HBO Max (restored) February 17, 1962 650 Beep, Beep MM Charles M. Jones Phil Monroe,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner May 24, 1952 16mm VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Road Runner vs. Wile E. Coyote: The Classic Chase VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection Volume 1 VHS - Chariots of Fur Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App March 11, 1961 Second Blue Ribbon cartoon for Road Runner & Wile E. Coyote 651 The Hasty Hare LT Charles M. Jones Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan,Ben Washam Bugs Bunny, Marvin the Martian, K-9, I. Frisby June 7, 1952 VHS - Space Tunes (UK) DVD - The Hasty Heart Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) First short where Marvin the Martian has its familiar nasal voice 652 Ain't She Tweet LT I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Hector the Bulldog June 21, 1952 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 4 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 7 (French) VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Sylvester and Tweety's Tale Feathers VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 9: A Looney Life DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 3: Tweety & Sylvester and Friends (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) April 14, 1962 653 The Turn-Tale Wolf MM Robert McKimson Herman Cohen,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner,Keith Darling Big Bad Wolf, Wolf's Nephew, Three Little Pigs June 28, 1952 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5, Disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales 654 Cracked Quack MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Rover July 5, 1952 VHS - Christmas Looney Tunes (UK) VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Porky Pig's Screwball Comedies VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 9: A Looney Life Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) October 1, 1960 Edited into Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales in 1982 Last Porky Pig short to be directed by Friz Freleng. 655 Oily Hare MM Robert McKimson Herman Cohen,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner Bugs Bunny, Texas Oil Tycoon, Maverick July 26, 1952 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 656 Hoppy-Go-Lucky LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,Herman Cohen Hippety Hopper, Sylvester August 9, 1952 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) March 16, 1968 657 Going! Going! Gosh! MM Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner August 23, 1952 Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote's Crash Course DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume , disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 (restored) 658 A Bird In A Guilty Cage LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Sylvester, Tweety August 30, 1952 VHS - Sylvester and Tweety: The Best Yeows of Our Lives Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 3: Tweety & Sylvester and Friends (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) July 14, 1962 659 Mouse-Warming LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris Claude Cat, Mice, Butcher September 8, 1952 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) Blu-ray and DVD - Looney Tunes Mouse Chronicles: The Chuck Jones Collection Disc II, starring Hubie and Bertie (special feature, More Mice) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 660 Rabbit Seasoning MM Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd September 20, 1952 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Chuck Jones VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Elmer Fudd's Comedy Capers Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 1: All-Stars DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1: starring Bugs Bunny (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 (restored) First layouts by Maurice Noble 661 The EGGcited Rooster MM Robert McKimson Herman Cohen,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Rod Scribner Foghorn Leghorn, Henery Hawk, Barnyard Dawg October 4, 1952 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 7 Digital: The Stars of Space Jam: Looney Tunes Collection (restored) 662 Tree for Two MM I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Manuel Perez,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Spike and Chester, Sylvester October 18, 1952 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Sylvester and Tweety's Crazy Capers VHS - Bumper Edition Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Vol. 6: Supporting Players VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 10: Canine Corps VHS - Tweety and Sylvester DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 2 (restored) Edited into Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island in 1983 663 The Super Snooper LT Robert McKimson Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson Daffy Duck, Melissa Duck November 1, 1952 Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory DVD - Big Jim McLain DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck (restored) DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1960s Volume 1, Disc 1 (part of The Porky Pig Show) 664 Rabbit's Kin MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Keith Darling Bugs Bunny, Pete Puma, Shorty November 15, 1952 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Bugs Bunny: Big Top Bunny VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 6: Supporting Players DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1: starring Bugs Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 665 Terrier Stricken MM Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Harry Love (effects animation) Claude Cat, Frisky Puppy, Frisky's Mistress November 29, 1952 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 6: Supporting Players DVD - April in Paris DVD - TCM Spotlight: Doris Day Collection Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 666 Fool Coverage LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner,Herman Cohen,Keith Darling Daffy Duck, Porky Pig December 13, 1952 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Daffy Duck DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) August 11, 1962 667 Hare Lift LT I. Freleng Ken Champin,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam December 20, 1952 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Yosemite Sam's Yeller Fever Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 1953 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 668 Don't Give Up the Sheep LT Charles M. Jones Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog, Fred Sheepdog January 3, 1953 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 4 Laserdisc - Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 6: Supporting Players DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 3: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc 1 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) March 22, 1969 First appearance of Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog 669 Snow Business LT I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Manuel Perez,Arthur Davis,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety, Granny January 17, 1953 VHS - Christmas Looney Tunes (UK) VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Sylvester and Tweety VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 3: Tweety & Sylvester and Friends (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy (restored in USA) DVD - Stars of Space Jam Collection Volume 1 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 670 A Mouse Divided MM I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Mrs. Cat, The Drunk Stork January 31, 1953 Beta, VHS, DVD - Daffy Duck's Movie: Fantastic Island Beta, VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Friz Freleng VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 9 (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 1 (UK) Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad ol' Putty Tat Blues VHS - Looney Tunes the Collector's Edition - Volume 9 - A Looney Life VHS - Tweety and Sylvester (UK) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Streaming - Boomerang App (old PAL broadcast master) Edited into Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island in 1983 671 Forward March Hare LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris Bugs Bunny February 14, 1953 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 5 (English and French) VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Bugs Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 672 Kiss Me Cat LT Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Marc Antony and Pussyfoot February 21, 1953 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 4: Kitty Korner (restored) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) 673 Duck Amuck MM Charles M. Jones Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Al Pabian (assistant animation),Jan Cornell (ink and paint),Peggy Drumm (ink and paint),Lee Guttman (ink and paint),Peggy Matz (ink and paint) Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny (cameo at the end) February 28, 1953 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Daffy Duck: The Nuttiness Continues... VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 2: Running Amuck DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2: starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 (restored) Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with Rabbit Fire) Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (remastered) Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 674 Upswept Hare MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd March 14, 1953 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Elmer Fudd's School Of Hard Knocks Blu-Ray - The Blue Gardenia (restored) Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 675 A Peck o' Trouble LT Robert McKimson Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson Dodsworth, The Kitten, The Woodpecker March 28, 1953 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 4: Kitty Korner (restored) December 23, 1961 Final appearance of Dodsworth 676 Fowl Weather MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Hector the Bulldog April 4, 1953 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet & Lovely DVD - I Love Tweety (Japanese release - Restored and in English, but with interlacing issues) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1959 and 1964 677 Muscle Tussle MM Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Keith Darling Daffy Duck, Melissa Duck, Muscular Duck, Atomcol Salesman April 18, 1953 Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory DVD - Trouble Along the Way Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1959 and 1964 678 Southern Fried Rabbit LT I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam May 2, 1953 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Yosemite Sam's Yeller Fever DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny Volume 4 July 12, 1969 Blue Ribbon Reissue in 1969 679 Ant Pasted LT I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Harry Love (effects animation) Elmer Fudd May 9, 1953 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 1 VHS - Elmer Fudd VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 4 (UK) VCD - Looney Tunes: Wideo Wabbit DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 680 Much Ado About Nutting MM Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Squirrel May 23, 1953 DVD - South Sea Woman DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 681 There Auto Be a Law LT Robert McKimson Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Herman,Cohen,Rod Scribner Narrator, Timid Motorist, Lady with Lipstick, Hamburger Stand Owner June 6, 1953 Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 3 682 Hare Trimmed MM I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Minister June 20, 1953 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Yosemite Sam's Yeller Fever DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 683 Tom Tom Tomcat MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Harry Love (effects animation) Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Chief Rain-in-the-P-P-Puss June 27, 1953 N/A January 1962 684 Wild Over You LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Richard Thompson,Abe Levitow,Ken Harris Pepé Le Pew, Wildcat July 11, 1953 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 8 VHS - Pepe Le Pew VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) First animation by Abe Levitow. 685 Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century MM Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Harry Love (effects animation) Daffy Duck (as Duck Dodgers), Marvin the Martian, Porky Pig, Dr. I.Q. Hi July 25, 1953 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Chuck Jones Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Marvin the Martian: Space Tunes VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 2: Running Amuck DVD - Chuck Jones: Extremes and In-Betweens DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) Blu-ray - Calamity Jane Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with The Scarlet Pumpernickel) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 686 Bully for Bugs LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris Bugs Bunny, Toro the Bull, Matador August 8, 1953 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Bugs Bunny's Wacky Adventures VHS - Looney Tunes Collection - Bugs Bunny (UK) VHS - Bugs Bunny - Volume 2 (Italy) VHS - From Hare to Eternity VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Bugs Bunny: Big Top Bunny (Europe) Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best VHS - Mil-Looney-Um 2000 - Bumper Collection (UK) DVD - I Love Tweety Volume 1 VHS - Bugs Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1: starring Bugs Bunny (low pitch) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 (low pitch) First appearance of Toro. Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 687 Plop Goes the Weasel LT Robert McKimson Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson Foghorn Leghorn, Barnyard Dawg August 22, 1953 Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Digital - Foghorn Leghorn Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 688 Cat-Tails for Two MM Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen Speedy Gonzales, Benny, George August 29, 1953 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 3: Speedy Gonzales in a Flash (restored) 1962-1963 First appearance of Speedy Gonzales 689 A Street Cat Named Sylvester LT I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Hector the Bulldog September 5, 1953 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Sylvester & Tweety's Tale Feathers VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home (European Version) DVD - I Love Tweety: Vol. 1 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) 690 Zipping Along MM Charles M. Jones Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner September 19, 1953 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 1 Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App 691 Lumber Jack-Rabbit LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Richard Thompson,Abe Levitow,Ken Harris Bugs Bunny, Smidgen, Paul Bunyan, Narrator September 26, 1953 Laserdisc - Wince Upon a Time: Foolhardy Fairy Tales and Looney Legends VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Marvin the Martian & K-9: 50 Years on Earth! VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Marvin the Martian: Space Tunes (reissued version) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire (wildscreen) Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - Boomerang App First WB cartoon produced in 3-D, and the only such cartoon until 2010's Coyote Falls. Re-released in 2D on November 13, 1954. 692 Duck! Rabbit, Duck! MM Charles M. Jones Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Richard Thompson,Abe Levitow Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd October 3, 1953 VHS - Bugs Bunny's Wacky Adventures: Bugs Bunny's Wacky Adventures LaserDisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Classics (restored) DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1970s Volume 2, Disc 2 (part of The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App 693 Easy Peckin's LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara George the Rooster, Clara the Hen October 17, 1953 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1963 and 1964 694 Catty Cornered MM I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Rocky, Nick October 31, 1953 Laserdisc - Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection vol 1 VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection vol 4 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet and Lovely DVD - I Love Tweety: Vol. 1 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 695 Of Rice and Hen LT Robert McKimson Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Keith Darling Foghorn Leghorn, Miss Prissy, Barnyard Dawg November 14, 1953 Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 3 Digital - Foghorn Leghorn Edited into Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island in 1983 696 Cats A-Weigh! MM Robert McKimson Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner Hippety Hopper, Sylvester, Sylvester Junior November 28, 1953 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 697 Robot Rabbit LT I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd December 12, 1953 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Elmer Fudd's School of Hard Knocks Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 698 Punch Trunk LT Charles M. Jones Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Teeny the Elephant December 19, 1953 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (special feature, Bonus cartoons) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 3 Edited into Daffy Duck's Quackbusters in 1988 1954 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue Release date Notes 699 Dog Pounded LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Pepé Le Pew, Sylvester, Tweety, Hector the Bulldog January 2, 1954 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best (restored) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 2 (restored) Between 1962 and 1963 Cameo by Pepé Le Pew at the end 700 Captain Hareblower MM I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Ship Captain January 16, 1954 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Winner by a Hare: 14 of Bugs Bunny's Best VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Bugs Bunny's Hare-Brained Hits DVD - Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Edited into Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island in 1983 701 I Gopher You MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez The Goofy Gophers January 30, 1954 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors' Edition: Supporting Players DVD - His Majesty O'Keefe VHS - Cheese Chasers (EU) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 702 Feline Frame-Up LT Charles M. Jones Richard Thompson,Abe Levitow Claude Cat, Marc Antony and Pussyfoot, Filbert February 13, 1954 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 3 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 10: Canine Corps DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 703 Wild Wife MM Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Herman Cohen Marsha, John February 20, 1954 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (restored) 704 No Barking MM Charles M. Jones Ken Harris,Willie Ito Claude Cat, Frisky Puppy, Tweety (cameo), Marc Antony (cameo) February 27, 1954 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 4: All-Stars Cartoon Party (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) This was Tweety's only appearance in a Chuck Jones short. 705 Bugs and Thugs LT I. Freleng Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Rocky and Mugsy March 2, 1954 Laserdisc - Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 (restored) DVD - Public Enemies: The Golden Age of Gangster Films Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 (restored) First named appearance of Mugsy First score entirely by Milt Franklyn 706 The Cats Bah LT Charles M. Jones Pepé Le Pew, Penelope Pussycat March 20, 1954 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Pepé Le Pew's Skunk Tales VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 1, All Stars Laserdisc - Longitude and Looneytude: Globetrotting Looney Tunes Favorites DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) 707 Design for Leaving LT Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Herman Cohen Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd March 27, 1954 VHS - Superior Duck DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl (wildscreen) Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1959 and 1964 Working title: "Future Antics" 708 Bell Hoppy MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner,Phil De Lara Hippety Hopper, Sylvester, Loyal Order Grand Master April 17, 1954 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1962 and 1963 709 No Parking Hare LT Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Herman Cohen Bugs Bunny, Construction Worker May 1, 1954 Streaming - Boomerang App Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 710 Dr. Jerkyl's Hide LT I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin,Virgil Ross Spike and Chester, Sylvester, Dr. Jerkyl, Fly May 8, 1954 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 10 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Sylvester and Tweety's Tale Feathers Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 711 Claws for Alarm MM Charles M. Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Porky Pig, Sylvester May 22, 1954 Laserdisc - Ham on Wry: The Porky Pig Laser Collection DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 3: Porky and the Pigs (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Edited into Daffy Duck's Quackbusters in 1988 712 Little Boy Boo LT Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Herman Cohen Foghorn Leghorn, Miss Prissy, Egghead Jr. June 5, 1954 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 16 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Mel Blanc VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 4: Daffy Doodles DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) First appearance of Egghead Jr. 713 Devil May Hare LT Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner Bugs Bunny, Tasmanian Devil, Tasmanian She-Devil June 19, 1954 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 1 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Tasmanian Devil VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection Volume 4 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Taz's Jungle Jams VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc 2 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) DVD - Stars of Space Jam Collection Volume 1 First appearances of the Tasmanian Devil and She Devil 714 Muzzle Tough MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Hector the Bulldog June 26, 1954 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 7 (UK) VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Sylvester and Tweety's Tale Feathers VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet and Lovely (European Version) VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 10: Canine Corps DVD - I Love Tweety: Vol. 1 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) 715 The Oily American MM Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Herman Cohen Moe Hican, Moose, Butler, Jarvis, Delivery Man July 10, 1954 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (restored) 716 Bewitched Bunny LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris Bugs Bunny, Witch Hazel, Hansel, Gretel, Prince Charming, Horse, Pretty Rabbit July 24, 1954 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 15: A Battle of Wits DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) First appearance of Witch Hazel Edited into Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales in 1982 717 Satan's Waitin' LT I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez Sylvester, Tweety, Mugsy, Devil Dog August 7, 1954 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Sylvester and Tweety's Tale Feathers DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 2 (restored) Between 1962 and 1963 718 Stop! Look! And Hasten! MM Charles M. Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Harry Love (effects) Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner, Burmese Tiger August 14, 1954 VHS - Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote: The Scrapes of Wrath Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1970s Volume 2, Disc 2 (part of The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 719 Yankee Doodle Bugs LT I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Clyde Rabbit, Indian,Benjamin Franklin,King,George Washington August 28, 1954 VHS - Bugs Bunny: All American Hero DVD - Yankee Doodle Dandy Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 720 Gone Batty LT Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Charles McKimson,Phil DeLara,Herman Cohen Bobo the Elephant, Greenville Goons, Sweetwater Shnooks September 4, 1954 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 10 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Porky & Friends: Hilarious Ham (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Working Title: "Trunkful of Curves" 721 Goo Goo Goliath MM I. Freleng Ken Champin,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez Narrator, Giant Baby, Mom, Dad, The Drunk Stork September 18, 1954 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (restored) Working title: Stork Clubbed 722 By Word of Mouse LT I. Freleng Ben Washsm,Ted Bonnicksen,Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy Sylvester, Hans October 2, 1954 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 2: Patriotic Pals (restored) VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 6 VHS - Les Mésaventures de Sylvestre Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Underwritten by the Sloan Foundation First animation by Ted Bonnicksen, misspelled Bonnickson 723 From A to Z-Z-Z-Z LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Ralph Phillips October 16, 1954 DVD - By the Light of the Silvery Moon DVD - Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection disc 3 DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 (restored) 724 Quack Shot MM Robert McKimson Rod Scribner,Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd October 30, 1954 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) July 19, 1969 Blue Ribbon Reissue in 1969 Final short to be reissued. 725 My Little Duckaroo MM Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan,Richard Thompson,Abe Levitow Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Nasty Canasta November 27, 1954 Laserdisc - Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 6, Disc 1 DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 (restored) VHS - Dial M for Murder (as part of Warner A Night at the Movies) VHS - Porky Pig Tales 726 Sheep Ahoy MM Charles M. Jones Richard Thompson,Abe Levitow Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog, Fred Sheepdog,Wile E.Coyote (cameo at the end) Sheep December 11, 1954 VHS - Looney Tunes The Collectors Edition: Vol 10 - Canine Corps Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 3 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Only Ralph Wolf/Sam Sheepdog cartoon to feature Wile E. Coyote. 727 Baby Buggy Bunny MM Charles M. Jones Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan,Ken Harris,Abe Levitow Bugs Bunny, Baby Face Finster (a.k.a. Ant Hill Harry), TV Reporter, Sergeant, Clancy December 18, 1954 Laserdisc - Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Masterpieces (restored) Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny Volume 2 (paired with Knight-mare Hare) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored, PAL broadcast master) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) First layouts by Ernie Nordli. 1955 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 728 Pizzicato Pussycat MM I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Manuel Perez Narrator, Mr. Jones, Mrs. Jones, Cat, Mouse January 1, 1955 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 4: Kitty Korner (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Musical Masterpieces 729 Feather Dusted MM Robert McKimson Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Phil DeLara,Rod Scribner Foghorn Leghorn, Egghead Jr., Miss Prissy January 15, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 5 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Foghorn Leghorn's Fractured Funnies VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) Digital - Foghorn Leghorn (restored) DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: The 1960s: Volume 2, Disc 1 (part of The Porky Pig Show episode 3) Streaming - Boomerang App 730 Pests for Guests MM I. Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Ken Champin Elmer Fudd, The Goofy Gophers January 29, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 4 Laserdisc - Looney Tunes: Assorted Nuts: Memorable Supporting Players and Cult Classics From the Looney Tunes Vault VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Elmer Fudd's School of Hard Knocks Streaming - HBO Max (restored) May 30, 1964 Mel Blanc also voices the Furniture Salesman 731 Beanstalk Bunny MM Charles M. Jones Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Keith Darling Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd February 12, 1955 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Daffy Duck: The Nuttiness Continues... Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 732 All Fowled Up LT Robert McKimson Phil DeLara,Richard Thompson,Keith Darling Foghorn Leghorn, Henery Hawk, Barnyard Dawg February 19, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 2 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 10: Canine Corps DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 733 Stork Naked MM I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Virgil Ross,Manuel Perez Daffy Duck, Daphne Duck, The Drunk Stork February 26, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 5 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) VHS - Daffy Duck: Tales from the Duckside VHS - Superior Duck Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes: Unleashed Mel Blanc also voices Expectant Fathers, Mr. Pierce and The Frenchman 734 Lighthouse Mouse MM Robert McKimson Phil DeLara,Charles McKimson,Herman Cohen,Rod Scribner Hippety Hopper, Sylvester, Mouse, Lighthouse Keeper, Parrot March 12, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 4 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 735 Sahara Hare LT I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Ted Bonnicksen,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Elephant, Daffy Duck March 26, 1955 VHS - Yosemite Sam: The Good, The Bad, and The Ornery! DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny, Volume 4 New Looney Tunes theme music beginning with this cartoon, Arranged by Milt Franklyn. Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 736 Sandy Claws LT I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Manuel Perez,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Shark April 2, 1955 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Sylvester and Tweety VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 6 DVD - Lucky Me DVD - Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 2 (restored) 737 The Hole Idea LT Robert McKimson Robert McKimson Narrator, Prof. Calvin Q. Calculus April 16, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Robert McKimson was the sole animator of this short 738 Ready, Set, Zoom! LT Charles M. Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Lloyd,Vaughan Ben Washam Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner April 30, 1955 Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote's Crash Course DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) Digital - Stars of Space Jam: Looney Tunes Collection Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Archive sound of Paul Julian as the voice of Road Runner is used 739 Hare Brush MM I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Ted Bonnicksen,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd May 7, 1955 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Elmer Fudd's Comedy Capers Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) New Merrie Melodies theme music beginning with this cartoon. Arranged by Milt Franklyn. 740 Past Perfumance MM Charles M. Jones Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Lloyd Vaughan Pepé Le Pew, Penelope Pussycat May 21, 1955 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Mel Blanc VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Pepe Le Pew's Skunk Tales VHS, DVD - Bugs Bunny's Cupid Capers VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition: Volume 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Arthur Q. Bryan voices the Casting Director All Other Voices are provided by Michael Maltese and Mel Blanc 741 Tweety's Circus MM I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy,Ted Bonnicksen Sylvester, Tweety, Lion, Elephant June 4, 1955 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet and Lovely DVD - I Love Tweety: Vol. 1 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 742 Rabbit Rampage LT Charles M. Jones Ben Washam Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd June 11, 1955 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Bugs Bunny: Big Top Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, Disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars (special feature, bonus cartoons) (restored) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Cameo by Elmer Fudd at the end. 743 Lumber Jerks LT I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Virgil Ross,Manuel Perez,Harry Love (effects animation) The Goofy Gophers June 25, 1955 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Last Goofy Gophers cartoon to be directed by Friz Freleng. 744 This Is a Life? MM I. Freleng Ted Bonnicksen,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Granny, Yosemite Sam, Announcer July 9, 1955 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Yosemite Sam's Yeller Fever DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl (widescreen) Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 June Foray's first project for Warner Bros. Compilation short with Footage Reuse From: A Hare Grows In Manhattan, Hare Do, and Buccaneer Bunny. 745 Double or Mutton LT Charles M. Jones Richard Thompson,Abe Levitow,Keith Darling,Ken Harris Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog July 23, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 3 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 746 Jumpin' Jupiter MM Charles M. Jones Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Keith Darling Porky Pig, Sylvester, Instant Martians, Coyote August 6, 1955 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Marvin the Martian: Space Tunes Laserdisc - Looney Tunes: After Dark: Ghoul, Ghost and Goblin Cartoon Classics DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars (restored) Digital - Stars of Space Jam: Looney Tunes Collection (restored) The beginning clips were used in Daffy Duck's Quackbusters in 1988 747 A Kiddie's Kitty MM I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy,Ted Bonnicksen Sylvester, Suzanne, Suzanne's Mother, Hector the Bulldog August 20, 1955 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Lucille Bliss voices Suzanne Sara Berner voices Suzanne's Mom All Other Voices are provided by Mel Blanc 748 Hyde and Hare LT I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Ted Bonnicksen Bugs Bunny, Dr Jekyll, Mr. Hyde August 27, 1955 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Masterpieces (restored) DVD - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Double Feature Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 749 Dime to Retire LT Robert McKimson Robert McKimson,Keith Darling Daffy Duck, Porky Pig September 3, 1955 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Daffy Duck's Madcap Mania DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl (wildscreen) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 750 Speedy Gonzales MM I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Ted Bonnicksen,Arthur Davis,Willie Ito (assistant animator) Speedy Gonzales, Sylvester September 17, 1955 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Friz Freleng VHS - Battle Cry (as a part of Warner Night at the Movies) VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 DVD - Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 (restored) First cartoon to feature Speedy in his current design. First pairing of Speedy & Sylvester. 751 Knight-mare Hare MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Bugs Bunny, Sir Osis,King,Merlin of Monroe October 1, 1955 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 11: Wabbit Tales VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Bugs Bunny's Hare-Raising Tales DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) Digital (HD) - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny Volume 2 (paired with Baby Buggy Bunny) First film for director to be credited as "Chuck Jones" instead of "Charles Jones" or "Charles M. Jones" 752 Two Scent's Worth MM Chuck Jones Keith Darling,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Pepé Le Pew, Penelope Pussycat October 15, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 753 Red Riding Hoodwinked LT I. Freleng Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy,Ted Bonnicksen Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Little Red Riding Hood, Big Bad Wolf October 29, 1955 Laserdisc - Wince upon a Time: Foolhardy Fairy Tales and Looney Legends VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5, Disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Edited into Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales in 1982 754 Roman Legion-Hare LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Emperor Nero November 12, 1955 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Bugs Bunny's Wacky Adventures DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) First film for director to be credited as "Friz Freleng" instead of "Isadore Freleng" or "I. Freleng" Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 755 Heir-Conditioned LT Friz Freleng Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross Elmer Fudd, Sylvester, Tweety, Johnny November 26, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 6 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 2: Patriotic Pals (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Co-produced by the Sloane Foundation Cameo by Tweety at the beginning. Only pairing of Elmer Fudd and Tweety. 756 Guided Muscle LT Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner December 10, 1955 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 10 VHS - Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote: The Scrapes of Wrath Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If at First You Don't Succeed... DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends (restored) Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 2 (restored) Streaming - Boomerang App 757 Pappy's Puppy MM I. Freleng Gerry Chiniquy Sylvester, The Drunk Stork, Butch J. Bulldog, Puppy December 17, 1955 N/A 758 One Froggy Evening MM Chuck Jones Ben Washam,Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Michigan J. Frog December 31, 1955 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Chuck Jones VHS - Little Giants Laserdisc - Looney Tunes: Curtain Calls: Classic Music and Show Business Cartoons VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 5: Musical Masterpieces DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 4: Looney Tunes All-Stars: On Stage and Screen (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 DVD - Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 (restored) DVD - Looney Tunes Musical Masterpieces First appearance of Michigan J. Frog Edited into Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales in 1982 1956 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 759 Bugs' Bonnets MM Chuck Jones Ben Washam,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Narrator January 14, 1956 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5, Disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny, Volume Three, Episode 20 (restored) 760 Too Hop To Handle LT Robert McKimson Robert McKimson,Keith Darling,Ben Washam (uncredited) Hippety, Sylvester, Sylvester Junior, Zoo Official, Man in the Park January 28, 1956 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Mel Blanc also voices Zoo Official and Man in the Park Various Animal Sounds are provided by Mel Blanc 761 Weasel Stop LT Robert McKimson Keith Darling,Ted Bonnicksen,Russ Dyson Foghorn Leghorn, The Weasel February 11, 1956 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 762 The High and the Flighty MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Russ Dyson,Keith Darling Daffy Duck, Foghorn Leghorn, Barnyard Dawg February 18, 1956 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Daffy Duck VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 14: Cartoon Superstars Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 Streaming - Boomerang App Only cartoon in the classic era to co-star Daffy Duck and Foghorn. 763 Broom-Stick Bunny LT Chuck Jones Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Abe Levitow,Al Pabian (assistant animation),Bob Bransford (assistant animation),Alex Ignatiev (assistant animation),Ron Maidenberg,Edward Faigin (in between artist) Joseph Price (in between artist),Gwenn Dotzler (ink and paint),Peggy Matz (ink and paint),June Rose Ross (ink and paint),Louise Cuarto (ink and paint) Bugs Bunny, Witch Hazel, Genie February 25, 1956 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 14 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Masterpieces DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 764 Rocket Squad MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, George 'Mother' Machree March 10, 1956 Laserdisc - Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 6 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Marvin the Martian: Space Tunes VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Vol. 12: Porky and Daffy DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 3: Porky and the Pigs 765 Tweet and Sour LT Friz Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy Sylvester, Tweety, Granny March 24, 1956 VHS - Sylvester and Tweety: Best Yeows of Our Lives VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collector's Edition - Volume 15: A Battle of Wits Streaming - HBO Max (restored) The ending card is the 1954-55 ending card. 766 Heaven Scent MM Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Pepé Le Pew, Penelope Pussycat, Fisherman, Dogs March 31, 1956 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 4 (Canada) DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 6, Disc 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Mel Blanc also voices Fisherman and Dogs 767 Mixed Master LT Robert McKimson Russ Dyson,Keith Darling,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré Harry, Alice, Chang, Robert/Roberta April 14, 1956 N/A June Foray voices Alice All Other Voices are provided by Mel Blanc 768 Rabbitson Crusoe LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Dopey Dick April 28, 1956 Laserdisc - Wince Upon A Time: Foolhardy Fairy Tales and Looney Legends VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Bugs Bunny's Hare-Raising Tales DVD - Looney Tunes Parodies Collection Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 769 Gee Whiz-z-z-z-z-z-z LT Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Lloyd Vaughan Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner May 5, 1956 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Road Runner vs. Wile E. Coyote: The Classic Chase VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show - Volume 17 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote VHS - Stark Raving Looneys VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 5 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) • Final cartoon with Chuck Jones' direction credit name as Charles M. Jones 770 Tree Cornered Tweety MM Friz Freleng Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety May 19, 1956 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Sylvester and Tweety VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Home Tweet Home VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - I Love Tweety: Vol. 2 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 771 The Unexpected Pest MM Robert McKimson Keith Darling,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Russ Dyson Sylvester, Mouse, John, Marsha June 2, 1956 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 4: Kitty Korner Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 772 Napoleon Bunny-Part MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Arthur Davis,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Napoleon, Mugsy June 16, 1956 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 19 (UK) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire DVD - Looney Tunes: The Best of Bugs Bunny Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 773 Tugboat Granny MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Arthur Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Granny June 23, 1956 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 5 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet & Lovely Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 3 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 774 Stupor Duck LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling,Russ Dyson,George Grandpré Daffy Duck, Aardvark Ratnik July 7, 1956 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Daffy Duck VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 12, Porky and Daffy DVD - Superman Ultimate Collector's Edition, Disc 13 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck Blu-ray - The Superman Motion Picture Anthology, Disc 1 Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with Duck Soup to Nuts) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Edited into Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island in 1983 775 Barbary-Coast Bunny LT Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Bugs Bunny, Nasty Canasta July 21, 1956 VHS - Stars of Space Jam: Bugs Bunny DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 776 Rocket-Bye Baby MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Ben Washam Joe and Martha Wilbur, Martian Baby August 4, 1956 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Marvin the Martian: Space Tunes DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 4: Most Requested Assorted Nuts and One-Shots Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 2 777 Half-Fare Hare MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling,Russ Dyson,George Grandpré Bugs Bunny, Ralph Kramden, Ed Norton August 18, 1956 Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 778 Raw! Raw! Rooster! LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling,Russ Dyson,George Grandpré Foghorn Leghorn, Rhode Island Red August 25, 1956 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 6, Disc 1 Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1963 and 1964 779 The Slap-Hoppy Mouse MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling,Russ Dyson,George Grandpré Hippety Hopper, Sylvester, Sylvester Junior September 1, 1956 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 1: All-Stars DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 780 A Star Is Bored LT Friz Freleng Arthur Davis,Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Warren Batchelder (assistant animation),Bob Matz (assistant animation),Virgil Raddatz (assistant animation),Louise Cuarto (ink and paint),Auril Thompson (ink and paint),Shirley Thomas (ink and paint),June Rose Ross (ink and paint) Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Lolly September 15, 1956 VHS - The Wrong Man VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Daffy Duck's Madcap Mania DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck Blu-ray - A Star is Born DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck Disc 1 Looney Tunes: Back in Action: The Video Game bonus menu Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with The Great Piggy Bank Robbery) Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Reused animation from Rabbit Fire, Sandy Claws, and Hare Lift. 781 Deduce, You Say! LT Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Shropshire Slasher September 29, 1956 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Daffy Duck: The Nuttiness Continues... DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 2, starring Daffy Duck and Porky Pig DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 782 Yankee Dood It MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Elmer Fudd, Sylvester, Shoemaker, Elf October 13, 1956 Laserdisc - Wince upon a Time: Foolhardy Fairy Tales and Looney Legends DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 2: Patriotic Pals Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Between 1963 and 1964 Co-produced by the Sloane Foundation 783 Wideo Wabbit MM Robert McKimson George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling,Russ Dyson Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, QTTV Producer, Television Station Manager October 27, 1956 VHS - Bugs Bunny: Truth or Hare DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 2: Hollywood Caricatures and Parodies 784 There They Go-Go-Go! LT Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Harry Love (effects) Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner November 10, 1956 Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote's Crash Course DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 785 Two Crows from Tacos MM Friz Freleng Virgil Ross,Arthur Davis Jose and Manuel, Grasshopper November 24, 1956 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth First appearances of Jose and Manuel. 786 The Honey-Mousers LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Keith Darling,Russ Dyson Ralph Crumden, Ned Morton, Alice Crumden, Cat December 8, 1956 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 2: Hollywood Caricatures and Parodies Streaming - HBO Max (restored) First appearances of The Honey-Mousers. 787 To Hare Is Human MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam Bugs Bunny, Wile E. Coyote December 15, 1956 Laserdisc - Bugs Bunny: Hare Beyond Compare: 14 More Bugs Bunny Classics DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites Streaming - Boomerang App (restored) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 1957 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 788 Three Little Bops LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Bob Matz Narrator, Big Bad Wolf, Three Little Pigs January 5, 1957 VHS - Sing-Along Looney Tunes DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 4: Looney Tunes All-Stars: On Stage and Screen DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 2, Disc 2 Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 Only cartoon scored by Shorty Rogers First cartoon to be made at the Burbank lot after the studio moved. Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 This short concludes without an end card (simply with "The End" superimposed over an iris-out). 789 Tweet Zoo MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety January 12, 1957 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Sylvester and Tweety DVD - I Love Tweety: Vol. 2 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Between 1963 and 1964 790 Scrambled Aches LT Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner January 26, 1957 Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If At First You Don't Succeed... VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote's Crash Course DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends Streaming - Boomerang App 791 Ali Baba Bunny MM Chuck Jones Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Ben Washam,Harry Love (effects) Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Hassan, Sultan, Genie February 9, 1957 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 9 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show (French), Volume 1 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Bugs Bunny's Wacky Adventures Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 11: Wabbit Tales DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5, Disc 1: Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Bugs Bunny Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 and Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales in 1982 792 Go Fly a Kit LT Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Cats, Bulldog, Customer, Counter Man February 23, 1957 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 4: Kitty Korner 793 Tweety and the Beanstalk MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Hector the Bulldog, Giant, Mouse March 16, 1957 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Sylvester and Tweety's Crazy Capers Laserdisc - Wince upon a Time: Foolhardy Fairy Tales and Looney Legends DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5, disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5, Disc 2: Fun-Filled Fairy Tales DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy Edited into Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales in 1982 794 Bedevilled Rabbit MM Robert McKimson George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling Bugs Bunny, Tasmanian Devil, Tasmanian She-Devil, Crocodile April 13, 1957 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Mel Blanc VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Tasmanian Devil VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Taz's Jungle Jams VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 1: All-Stars DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 795 Boyhood Daze MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Ralph Phillips April 20, 1957 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 2: Running Amuck DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars (special feature, Bonus cartoons) DVD - Bombers B-52 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 796 Cheese It, the Cat! LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling,George Grandpré Ralph Crumden, Ned Morton, Alice Crumden May 4, 1957 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth 797 Fox-Terror MM Robert McKimson Keith Darling,George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen Foghorn Leghorn, Barnyard Dawg, Fox May 11, 1957 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth Streaming - Boomerang App August 29, 1964 798 Piker's Peak LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam May 25, 1957 Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Streaming - Boomerang App 799 Steal Wool LT Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Ralph Wolf, Sam Sheepdog June 8, 1957 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 14: Cartoon Superstars DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 4: All-Stars Cartoon Party Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 800 Boston Quackie LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Keith Darling,Russ Dyson,George Grandpré Daffy Duck, Porky Pig June 22, 1957 Laserdisc - Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime Laserdisc - Stars of Space Jam VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Daffy Duck Streaming - Boomerang App 801 What's Opera, Doc? MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Willie Ito (assistant animator),Corny Cole (effects animation),Harry Love (effects animation),Chandra Poweris (ink and paint),Louise Cuarto (ink and paint),Manon Washburn (ink and paint),Ashley Lupin (ink and paint) Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd July 6, 1957 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Chuck Jones VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Elmer Fudd's Comedy Capers VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 5: Musical Masterpieces DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 4: Looney Tunes All-Stars: On Stage and Screen DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection Volume 2, Disc 2 DVD - The Essential Bugs Bunny, Disc 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Musical Masterpieces Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 2 Digital - Warner Cartoons Classics: Bugs Bunny Volume 1 Streaming - HBO Max (remastered) Streaming - Boomerang App First animated short to be added to the National Film Registry Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 802 Tabasco Road LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Warren Batchelder,Russ Dyson Speedy Gonzales, Pablo, Fernando July 20, 1957 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Speedy Gonzales' Fast Funnies VHS - Looney Tunes Special Bumper Collection: Volume 3 (UK) VHS - Speedy Gonzales (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Vol. 1: All-Stars DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 3: Speedy Gonzales in a Flash DVD - The Spirit of St. Louis DVD - Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners, 26 Nominees, Disc 3 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 Between 1963 and 1964 803 Birds Anonymous MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Clarence, B.A. Cats, Sam August 10, 1957 VHS - The Bodyguard (United Kingdom only) VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet and Lovely VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3 disc 4: All-Stars Cartoon Party DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Tweety & Sylvester: Feline Fwenzy DVD - Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 2 Between 1963 and 1964 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 Latest Merrie Melodies cartoon to be reissued as a blue ribbon 804 Ducking the Devil MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré Daffy Duck, Tasmanian Devil August 17, 1957 VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Tasmanian Devil VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Taz's Jungle Jams DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 Streaming - Boomerang App First and only cartoon in the "classic" era to co-star Daffy Duck and the Tasmanian Devil. 805 Bugsy and Mugsy LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Rocky and Mugsy August 31, 1957 Laserdisc Guffaw and Order: Looney Tunes Fight Crime Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 806 Zoom and Bored MM Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Corny Cole,Harry Love (effects animation) Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner September 14, 1957 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Chuck Jones VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 16 Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If at First You Don't Succeed... VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends Streaming - Boomerang App DVD - Stars of Space Jam Collection Volume 1 807 Greedy for Tweety LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Hector the Bulldog September 28, 1957 VHS - The Prince and the Showgirl (as part of Warner A Night at the Movies) VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Friz Freleng Laserdisc - Sylvester and Tweety's Bad Ol' Putty Tat Blues VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet and Lovely DVD - I Love Tweety Vol. 1 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Spring 1964 Edited into Daffy Duck's Movie: Fantastic Island in 1983 808 Touché and Go MM Chuck Jones Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Abe Levitow Pepé Le Pew, Penelope Pussycat October 12, 1957 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition, Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophes DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best 809 Show Biz Bugs LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Cab Driver, Theatre Manager November 2, 1957 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Friz Freleng VHS - Superior Duck Laserdisc - Looney Tunes: Curtain Calls: Classic Music and Show Business Cartoons DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 4: Looney Tunes All-Stars: On Stage and Screen DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 2, Disc 2 DVD - The Essential Bugs Bunny Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 Blu-ray - Cats Don't Dance Streaming - Boomerang App Later inspired the framing sequences of The Bugs Bunny Show. Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 810 Mouse-Taken Identity MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré Hippety, Sylvester, Sylvester Junior November 16, 1957 Blu-ray and DVD - Looney Tunes Mouse Chronicles: The Chuck Jones Collection Disc II, starring Hubie and Bertie (special feature, More Mice) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester & Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem 811 Gonzales' Tamales LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Speedy Gonzales, Sylvester November 30, 1957 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Vol. 14 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Speedy Gonzales' Fast Funnies DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 4: All-Stars Cartoon Party July 10, 1968 812 Rabbit Romeo MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Millicent December 14, 1957 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites 1958 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 813 Don't Axe Me MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Tom Ray Barnyard Dawg, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd, Mrs. Elmer Fudd, Reverend Brown January 4, 1958 Laserdisc - Daffy Duck's Screen Classics: Duck Victory VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Elmer Fudd's School Of Hard Knocks Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 814 Tortilla Flaps LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré Speedy Gonzales, Señor Vulturo January 18, 1958 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 3: Speedy Gonzales in a Flash 815 Hare-Less Wolf MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Charles M. Wolf February 1, 1958 Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 816 A Pizza Tweety Pie LT Friz Freleng Virgil Ross,Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis Sylvester, Tweety, Granny February 22, 1958 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet and Lovely DVD - I Love Tweety: Vol. 3 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) First backgrounds by Tom O'Loughlin 817 Robin Hood Daffy MM Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ken Harris Daffy Duck, Porky Pig March 8, 1958 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 10 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Mel Blanc VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 3: The Vocal Genius DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 3: Porky and the Pigs Blu-ray, DVD - The Adventures of Robin Hood DVD - The Essential Daffy Duck, Disc 1 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 1 Blu-ray - Robin and the 7 Hoods Digital - Looney Tunes: Daffy Duck (paired with Book Revue) Streaming - HBO Max (remastered) Streaming - Boomerang App Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 Final Porky Pig short to be directed by Chuck Jones 818 Hare-Way to the Stars LT Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard,Thompson Bugs Bunny, Marvin the Martian, Instant Martians March 29, 1958 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13' VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) VHS - Bugs Bunny: Truth or Hare VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Marvin the Martian: Space Tunes DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1970s Volume 2, Disc 2 (part of an episode of The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour) DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 June 8, 1968 Edited into The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie in 1979 819 Whoa, Be-Gone! MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Harry Love (effects) Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner April 12, 1958 VHS - Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote: The Scrapes of Wrath Laserdisc - Road Runner Vs. Wile E. Coyote: If at First You Don't Succeed... DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2, disc 2: Road Runner and Friends Streaming - Boomerang App 820 A Waggily Tale LT Friz Freleng Art Davis,Virgil Ross,Gerry Chiniquy Junior, Elvis, Little Girl, Johnny, Melvin, Spike, Mother April 26, 1958 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 821 Feather Bluster MM Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Tom Ray,George Grandpré,Warren Batchelder Foghorn Leghorn, Barnyard Dawg May 10, 1958 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 6 Digital - Foghorn Leghorn Streaming - Boomerang App First WB animation by Tom Ray and Warren Batchelder. Uses footage from Henhouse Henery, The High and the Flighty and All Fowled Up 822 Now, Hare This LT Robert McKimson Tom Ray,George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen,Warren Batchelder Bugs Bunny, Big Bad Wolf, Wolf's Nephew May 31, 1958 Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 823 To Itch His Own MM Chuck Jones Abe Levitow,R.L. Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Mighty Angelo, Butcher, Dogcatcher, TV Actor, Bulldog June 28, 1958 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Only WB cartoon in the classic era to feature Mighty Angelo. Final cartoon to be produced by Eddie Selzer who has produced all of Warner Bros. cartoons for 14 years starting with Goldilocks and the Jivin' Bears. Also the final WB cartoon scored by Carl Stalling. 824 Dog Tales LT Robert McKimson George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen,Warren Batchelder,Tom Ray Charlie Dog July 26, 1958 N/A Final appearance of Charlie Dog (he appeared as a cameo). Yosemite Sam also makes a cameo in ice from Piker's Peak. First cartoon to be produced by John Burton, Sr. 825 Knighty Knight Bugs LT Friz Freleng Virgil Ross,Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, King Arthur, Sir Osis of Liver, Sir Loin of Beef, The Dragon August 23, 1958 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 9 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: A Salute to Friz Freleng Laserdisc - Wince upon a Time: Foolhardy Fairy Tales and Looney Legends DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 1: Bugs Bunny Favorites DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 4, Disc 1 DVD - Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection, Disc 1 DVD - The Essential Bugs Bunny, Disc 1 DVD - Looney Tunes: The Best of Bugs Bunny Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 3, disc 1 Only Bugs Bunny cartoon to win an Oscar. Reissued as part of The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 826 Weasel While You Work MM Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Tom Ray,George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen Foghorn Leghorn, Barnyard Dawg, The Weasel September 6, 1958 VHS - Christmas Looney Tunes (UK) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth Streaming - Boomerang App Due to a musicians' strike taking place during this time, this is the first of 6 shorts using stock music by John Seely. 827 A Bird in a Bonnet MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Granny September 27, 1958 DVD - I Love Tweety Vol. 3 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 828 Hook, Line and Stinker LT Chuck Jones Richard Thompson,Ken Harris,Ben Washam Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner October 11, 1958 Super 8mm - Road Runner - RR701 (Techno Film) VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Road Runner vs. Wile E. Coyote: The Classic Chase VHS - Auntie Mame (part of Warner Night at the Movies) VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 11 VHS - Chariots of Fur (Bonus cartoon) VHS, DVD - The Stars of Space Jam: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6, disc 1: Looney Tunes All-Stars Streaming - Boomerang App DVD - Stars of Space Jam Collection Volume 1 829 Pre-Hysterical Hare LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Warren Batchelder,Tom Ray,George Grandpré Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Sabre-toothed Rabbit, Elmer Fuddstone November 1, 1958 Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 3 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Only Elmer Fudd cartoon with Dave Barry. 830 Gopher Broke LT Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Tom Ray,George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen Barnyard Dawg, Goofy Gophers November 15, 1958 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth Final appearance of Barnyard Dawg outside a Foghorn Leghorn cartoon, and final appearance overall until 1962. 831 Hip Hip-Hurry! MM Chuck Jones Keith Darling,Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam,Harry Love (effects) Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner December 6, 1958 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 18 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote's Crash Course Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Last short to use John Seely's stock music. 832 Cat Feud MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson Claude Cat, Marc Antony, Pussyfoot December 20, 1958 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Elmer Fudd's Comedy Capers VHS - Elmer Fudd (UK) VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (UK) DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 4: Kitty Korner Final appearances of Marc Antony and Pussyfoot. 1959 # Title Series Director Animator Characters Release date Availability Reissue release date Notes 833 Baton Bunny LT Chuck JonesAbe Levitow Ken Harris,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam Bugs Bunny January 10, 1959 VHS - Authentic and Original Warner Bros. Looney Tunes Cartoons: Bugs Bunny's Hare-Brained Hits VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Bugs Bunny: Big Top Bunny VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 5: Musical Masterpieces DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 3: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 1, Disc 1 DVD - Saturday Morning Cartoons: 1960s Volume 2, Disc 1 (part of The Porky Pig Show episode 3) DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Wascally Wabbit (Region 4 only) 20 April 1968 Provided basis for Bugs Bunny's Overtures to Disaster. Chuck Jones and Abe Levitow co-directed this cartoon. First short to be directed by Abe Levitow. Latest cartoon reissued as a Blue Ribbon. 834 Mouse-Placed Kitten MM Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Tom Ray Clyde Mouse, Matilda Mouse, Kitten January 24, 1959 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophies DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth 835 China Jones LT Robert McKimson Tom Ray,George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen,Warren Batchelder Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Limey Louie, Dragon Lady February 14, 1959 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Porky Pig Tales VHS - Porky Pig VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 5 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 3 Due to liberal use of Chinese stereotypes, it is no longer shown on television. 836 Hare-Abian Nights MM Ken Harris Ken Harris,Ben Washam,Arthur Davis Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Toro the Bull February 28, 1959 DVD - Looney Tunes Parodies Collection Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 Compilation film Footage Reuse: Bully For Bugs, Water, Water Every Hare and Sahara Hare. The only cartoon that Ken Harris directed. 837 Trick or Tweet MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Sam Cat March 21, 1959 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Followed by 1960's Mouse and Garden 838 The Mouse That Jack Built MM Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Tom Ray Jack, Mary, Rochester, Don, Cat April 4, 1959 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3, disc 2: Hollywood Caricatures and Parodies 839 Apes of Wrath MM Friz Freleng Art Davis,Virgil Ross,Gerry Chiniquy Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, The Drunk Stork, Mama Gorilla, Elvis Gorilla April 18, 1959 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents :Taz's Jungle Jams DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire DVD - Looney Tunes: Unleashed VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Bugs Bunny Cameo by Daffy Duck at the end. Edited in Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales in 1982. Final appearance of the Drunk Stork. 840 Hot-Rod and Reel! LT Chuck Jones Richard Thompson,Ben Washam,Keith Darling Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner May 9, 1959 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) Laserdisc - Stars of Space Jam VHS, DVD - Stars of Space Jam: Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote DVD - Stars of Space Jam Collection Volume 1 Blu-ray - Looney Tunes Collector's Choice: Volume 1 Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 841 A Mutt in a Rut LT Robert McKimson George Grandpré,Ted Bonnicksen,Warren Batchelder,Tom Ray Elmer Fudd, Rover the Dog May 23, 1959 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth 842 Backwoods Bunny MM Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Tom Ray Bugs Bunny, Pappy and Elvis June 13, 1959 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 4 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show Volume 12 (French) Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 First appearances of Pappy and Elvis. 843 Really Scent MM Abe Levitow Ken Harris,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam Pepé Le Pew, Fabrette, Sewer Rat, Pierrette, Pierre Cat, Fifi Cat, Narrator June 27, 1959 VHS: Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Pepe Le Pew's Skunk Tales VHS: Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 13: Comic Cat-Tastrophes DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Pepe Le Pew: Zee Best of Zee Best 844 Mexicali Shmoes LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Speedy Gonzales, Jose and Manuel, Slowpoke Rodriguez July 4, 1959 VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 1 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 3 Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 2, disc 1 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film nomination 845 Tweet and Lovely MM Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross,Tom Ray,Harry Love (effects animation) Sylvester, Tweety, Hector the Bulldog (called Spike) July 18, 1959 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoons Golden Jubilee 24 Karat Collection: Sylvester and Tweety's Crazy Capers VHS - The Looney Tunes Video Show, Volume 13 VHS - Looney Tunes Presents: Tweety: Tweet and Lovely VHS - Looney Tunes Classic Collection (WHSmith Exclusive Video) (United Kingdom only) DVD - I Love Tweety Vol. 2 (Japanese release - Restored and in English) Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 846 Wild and Woolly Hare LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam, Injun Joe August 1, 1959 VHS - Yosemite Sam: The Good, the Bad, and the Ornery Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 Edited into The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie in 1981 847 Cat's Paw LT Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Tom Ray Sylvester, Sylvester Junior August 15, 1959 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Sylvester and Hippety Hopper: Marsupial Mayhem 848 Here Today, Gone Tamale LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Speedy Gonzales, Sylvester August 29, 1959 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 9: A Looney Life DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 4, disc 3: Speedy Gonzales in a Flash (Not included in the Region 2 version) 849 Bonanza Bunny MM Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Tom Ray Bugs Bunny, Blacque Jacque Shellacque September 5, 1959 Laserdisc - Looney Tunes: Bugs & Friends Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 First appearance of Blacque Jacque Shellacque. 850 A Broken Leghorn LT Robert McKimson Ted Bonnicksen,Warren Batchelder,Tom Ray,George Grandpré Foghorn Leghorn, Miss Prissy September 26, 1959 DVD - Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, disc 4: Looney Tunes All Stars Part 2 DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Foghorn Leghorn & Friends: Barnyard Bigmouth 851 Wild About Hurry MM Chuck Jones Ken Harris,Abe Levitow,Richard Thompson,Keith Darling,Ben Washam,Harry Love (effects) Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner October 10, 1959 VHS - Looney Tunes the Collector's Edition: Volume 1: All-Stars Streaming - Boomerang App Streaming - HBO Max (restored) 852 A Witch's Tangled Hare LT Abe Levitow Keith Darling,Ken Harris,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam Bugs Bunny, Witch Hazel, Sam Crubish October 31, 1959 VHS - Looney Tunes: The Collectors Edition Volume 15: A Battle of Wits Blu-ray, DVD - Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1, disc 2 VHS - Warner Bros. Cartoon Cavalcade: Bugs Bunny's Hare-Raising Tales 853 Unnatural History MM Abe Levitow Keith Darling,Richard Thompson,Ben Washam Professor Beest Lee November 14, 1959 N/A 854 Tweet Dreams LT Friz Freleng Gerry Chiniquy,Art Davis,Virgil Ross Sylvester, Tweety, Sylvester Junior, Granny, Dr. Milt Towne December 5, 1959 Streaming - HBO Max (restored) Uses footage from Too Hop to Handle, Sandy Claws, Tweety's Circus, A Street Cat Named Sylvester and Gift Wrapped. 855 People Are Bunny MM Robert McKimson Warren Batchelder,Ted Bonnicksen,George Grandpré,Tom Ray Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Art Lamplighter, Host December 19, 1959 VHS - A Night at the Movies 1959: The Young Philadelphians DVD - Looney Tunes Super Stars' Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl Blu-ray/Digital - Looney Tunes: Bugs Bunny 80th Anniversary Collection, Disc 3 Streaming - Boomerang App See also Looney Tunes Merrie Melodies Looney Tunes Golden Collection Notes ^ "Boxoffice Barometer (1959)". New York, Boxoffice. 1959. ^ "Boxoffice Barometer (1960)". New York, Boxoffice. 1960. ^ "Boxoffice Barometer (March 26, 1962)". 26 March 1962. ^ "Boxoffice Barometer (April 15, 1963)". 15 April 1963. ^ "An Egg Scramble (1950): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Dog Gone South (1950): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Boxoffice Barometer (March 6, 1961)". 6 March 1962. ^ "Stooge for a Mouse (1950): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Caveman Inki (1950): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Dog Collared (1950): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Two's a Crowd (1950): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021. ^ "Corn Plastered (1951): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 24 March 2021. ^ "Pests for Guests (1955): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "Stork Naked (1955): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "Ready, Set, Zoom! (1955): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "Past Perfumance (1955): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "A Kiddie's Kitty (1955): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "Too Hop to Handle (1956): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Heaven Scent (1956): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021. ^ "Mixed Master (1956): Cast". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021. Further reading Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons, by Jerry Beck and Will Friedwald (1989), Henry Holt, ISBN 0-8050-0894-2 Chuck Amuck : The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist by Chuck Jones, published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux, ISBN 0-374-12348-9 That's Not All, Folks! by Mel Blanc, Philip Bashe. Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-39089-5 (Softcover) ISBN 0-446-51244-3 (Hardcover) Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Leonard Maltin, Revised Edition 1987, Plume ISBN 0-452-25993-2 (Softcover) ISBN 0-613-64753-X (Hardcover) External links Official Looney Tunes site The Big Cartoon DataBase entry for Merrie Melodies Cartoons and for Looney Tunes Cartoons Golden Age Cartoons' The Ultimate Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Website by Jon Cooke "Warner Brothers Cartoon Companion", a wealth of trivia about the Warner cartoons vteLooney Tunes and Merrie MelodiesStudios Harman-Ising Productions (1930–1933) Leon Schlesinger Productions (1933–1944) Warner Bros. Cartoons (1944–1964) DePatie–Freleng Enterprises (1964–1967, 1979–1980) Format Films (1965–1967) Warner Bros.-Seven Arts (1967–1969) Chuck Jones Enterprises (1976–1980, 1994–1997) Warner Bros. Animation (1980–present) People Tex Avery Bea Benaderet Mel Blanc Bernard B. Brown Arthur Q. Bryan John Burton Daws Butler Bob Clampett Cal Dalton Arthur Davis David H. DePatie Earl Duvall Milt Franklyn Stan Freberg Friz Freleng June Foray Ben Hardaway Hugh Harman Ken Harris William L. Hendricks Cal Howard Rudolf Ising Chuck Jones Jack King William Lava Abe Levitow Michael Maltese Frank Marsales Norman McCabe Robert McKimson Tom Palmer Hawley Pratt Virgil Ross Leon Schlesinger Rod Scribner Edward Selzer Norman Spencer Carl W. Stalling Frank Tashlin Ben Washam CharactersMajor Bugs Bunny Development Daffy Duck Duck Dodgers Elmer Fudd Foghorn Leghorn Granny Lola Bunny Marvin the Martian Pepé Le Pew Porky Pig Speedy Gonzales Sylvester the Cat Tasmanian Devil (Taz) Tweety Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner Yosemite Sam Secondary Babbit and Catstello Barnyard Dawg Beaky Buzzard Beans Bosko Buddy Cecil Turtle Charlie Dog Claude Cat Clyde Bunny Colonel Shuffle Conrad the Cat Cool Cat Egghead Jr. Foxy Goofy Gophers Goopy Geer Gossamer Henery Hawk Hippety Hopper Hubie and Bertie Hugo the Abominable Snowman Inki Marc Antony and Pussyfoot Merlin the Magic Mouse Michigan J. Frog Miss Prissy Nasty Canasta Penelope Pussycat Petunia Pig Piggy Playboy Penguin Quick Brown Fox and Rapid Rabbit Ralph Wolf and Sam Sheepdog Slowpoke Rodriguez Sniffles Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier Sylvester Jr. The Three Bears Willoughby Witch Hazel Shorts 1929–1939 1940–1949 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–present Featuring Bugs Bunny Featuring Daffy Duck Featuring Elmer Fudd Featuring Marvin the Martian Featuring Porky Pig Featuring Speedy Gonzales Featuring Sylvester Featuring Yosemite Sam Blue Ribbon reissues Censored Eleven Feature filmsCompilations The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island Daffy Duck's Quackbusters The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame Feature-length theatrical animated The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie Live-action/animation Space Jam Looney Tunes: Back in Action Space Jam: A New Legacy Coyote vs. Acme Direct-to-video Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation Tweety's High-Flying Adventure Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam King Tweety Taz: Quest for Burger Documentaries Bugs Bunny: Superstar Bugs & Daffy: The Wartime Cartoons Chuck Amuck: The Movie TelevisionseriesCompilations The Bugs Bunny Show The Porky Pig Show The Road Runner Show The Merrie Melodies Show Merrie Melodies Starring Bugs Bunny & Friends Bugs 'n' Daffy Originals Tiny Toon Adventures Taz-Mania The Plucky Duck Show Animaniacs Pinky and the Brain The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers Loonatics Unleashed The Looney Tunes Show Wabbit/New Looney Tunes Looney Tunes Cartoons Animaniacs 2020 Bugs Bunny Builders Tiny Toons Looniversity Televisionspecials Meet the Groovie Goolies Carnival of the Animals Easter Special Bugs Bunny in Space Howl-oween Special Thanksgiving Diet Looney Christmas Tales Bustin' Out All Over The Bugs Bunny Mystery Special Battle of the Music Video Stars Overtures to Disaster Music/songs "Camptown Races" "Dance of the Comedians" "The Gold Diggers' Song (We're in the Money)" "Merrily We Roll Along" "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" "Powerhouse" Other Private Snafu Who Framed Roger Rabbit Animaniacs Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers Video games Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_and_Merrie_Melodies_filmography"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Merrie Melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Melodies"}],"text":"See also: Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmographyThis is a listing of all the animated shorts released by Warner Bros. under the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies banners between 1950 and 1959.A total of 278 shorts were released during the 1950s.","title":"Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography (1950–1959)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Starting this year, all cartoons are in Technicolor.","title":"1950"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hare We Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_We_Go"},{"link_name":"Rabbit Every Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_Every_Monday"},{"link_name":"The Fair-Haired Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fair-Haired_Hare"},{"link_name":"Bugs Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Blue Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ribbon"}],"text":"With the exceptions of Hare We Go, Rabbit Every Monday, and The Fair-Haired Hare (all Bugs Bunny cartoons), every other cartoon released by the studio this year ultimately received Blue Ribbon reissues.","title":"1951"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1952"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1953"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1954"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1955"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1956"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1957"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1958"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1959"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (1959)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/boxofficebaromet00boxo_7/page/153/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (1960)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/boxofficebaromet00boxo_8/page/165/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (March 26, 1962)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/boxofficebarometer1962-03-26-61-62/page/n155/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (April 15, 1963)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/boxofficebarometer1963-04-15-62-63/page/n149/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"An Egg Scramble (1950): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0042431/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Dog Gone South (1950): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0042404/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (March 6, 1961)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/boxofficebarometer1961-03-06-60-61/page/n188/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Stooge for a Mouse (1950): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0043002/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Caveman Inki (1950): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0042322/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Dog Collared (1950): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0042403/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Two's a Crowd (1950): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0043082/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Corn Plastered (1951): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0043429/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Pests for Guests (1955): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0048483/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Stork Naked (1955): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0048661/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Ready, Set, Zoom! (1955): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0048544/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Past Perfumance (1955): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0048472/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"A Kiddie's Kitty (1955): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0048251/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Too Hop to Handle (1956): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0049861/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Heaven Scent (1956): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0049295/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Mixed Master (1956): Cast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//m.imdb.com/title/tt0049511/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc"}],"text":"^ \"Boxoffice Barometer (1959)\". New York, Boxoffice. 1959.\n\n^ \"Boxoffice Barometer (1960)\". New York, Boxoffice. 1960.\n\n^ \"Boxoffice Barometer (March 26, 1962)\". 26 March 1962.\n\n^ \"Boxoffice Barometer (April 15, 1963)\". 15 April 1963.\n\n^ \"An Egg Scramble (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Dog Gone South (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Boxoffice Barometer (March 6, 1961)\". 6 March 1962.\n\n^ \"Stooge for a Mouse (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Caveman Inki (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Dog Collared (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Two's a Crowd (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Corn Plastered (1951): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 24 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Pests for Guests (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Stork Naked (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Ready, Set, Zoom! (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Past Perfumance (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.\n\n^ \"A Kiddie's Kitty (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Too Hop to Handle (1956): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Heaven Scent (1956): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021.\n\n^ \"Mixed Master (1956): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Beck"},{"link_name":"Will Friedwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Friedwald"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8050-0894-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0894-2"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"Farrar, Straus & Giroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-374-12348-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-12348-9"},{"link_name":"Mel Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Warner Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-446-39089-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-39089-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-446-51244-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-51244-3"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"Revised Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Edition_(Magic:_The_Gathering)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-452-25993-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-25993-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-613-64753-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-613-64753-X"}],"text":"Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons, by Jerry Beck and Will Friedwald (1989), Henry Holt, ISBN 0-8050-0894-2\nChuck Amuck : The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist by Chuck Jones, published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux, ISBN 0-374-12348-9\nThat's Not All, Folks! by Mel Blanc, Philip Bashe. Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-39089-5 (Softcover) ISBN 0-446-51244-3 (Hardcover)\nOf Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Leonard Maltin, Revised Edition 1987, Plume ISBN 0-452-25993-2 (Softcover) ISBN 0-613-64753-X (Hardcover)","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"title":"Merrie Melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Melodies"},{"title":"Looney Tunes Golden Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes_Golden_Collection"}]
[{"reference":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (1959)\". New York, Boxoffice. 1959.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/boxofficebaromet00boxo_7/page/153/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (1959)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (1960)\". New York, Boxoffice. 1960.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/boxofficebaromet00boxo_8/page/165/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (1960)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (March 26, 1962)\". 26 March 1962.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/boxofficebarometer1962-03-26-61-62/page/n155/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (March 26, 1962)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (April 15, 1963)\". 15 April 1963.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/boxofficebarometer1963-04-15-62-63/page/n149/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (April 15, 1963)\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Egg Scramble (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0042431/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"An Egg Scramble (1950): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dog Gone South (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0042404/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Dog Gone South (1950): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (March 6, 1961)\". 6 March 1962.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/boxofficebarometer1961-03-06-60-61/page/n188/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Boxoffice Barometer (March 6, 1961)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stooge for a Mouse (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0043002/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Stooge for a Mouse (1950): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caveman Inki (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0042322/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Caveman Inki (1950): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dog Collared (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0042403/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Dog Collared (1950): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two's a Crowd (1950): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0043082/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Two's a Crowd (1950): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corn Plastered (1951): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 24 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0043429/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Corn Plastered (1951): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pests for Guests (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0048483/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Pests for Guests (1955): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stork Naked (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0048661/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Stork Naked (1955): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ready, Set, Zoom! (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0048544/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Ready, Set, Zoom! (1955): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Perfumance (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0048472/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Past Perfumance (1955): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Kiddie's Kitty (1955): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0048251/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"A Kiddie's Kitty (1955): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Too Hop to Handle (1956): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0049861/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Too Hop to Handle (1956): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heaven Scent (1956): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0049295/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Heaven Scent (1956): Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mixed Master (1956): Cast\". IMDb. Retrieved 31 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0049511/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_tt_cl_sc","url_text":"\"Mixed Master (1956): Cast\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Ukraine)
Committee for State Security (Ukraine)
["1 History","2 Chairmen","3 See also","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Soviet Ukraine security authority 33 Volodymyrska Street; headquarters of the KGB Administration in Kyiv. Previously it was a building of the Land Administration Government (Zemskaya Uprava) History of StateSecurity of Ukraine  Ukrainian State State guard (1918)  Ukrainian SSR VUNK (1918–1922) DPU UkrSSR (1924–1934) NKDB UkrSSR (1941) MDB UkrSSR (1943–1953) KDB UkrSSR (1954–1991)  Ukraine SBU (1992–present) vte The KGB of the Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian: Комітет державної безпеки УРСР) was a state committee of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and a regional predecessor of the Security Service of Ukraine, a republican part of All-Union Committee for State Security. After the adaptation of the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR (1978), it possessed a ministerial authority. History Created on May 30, 1954, according to the ukase of Verkhovna Rada Presidium, the committee completely corresponded to the authority and organizational structure of KGB (created on March 13, 1954). Procedural powers of KGB, and its investigative jurisdiction were identified with adoption of the Criminal (1960) and the Criminal Procedural (1961) Codes of the Ukrainian SSR. With the creation of the Security Service of Ukraine on September 20, 1991, the committee was dissolved according to the Verkhovna Rada statement "About creation of the Service of National Security of Ukraine". According to the statement, the KGB of Ukraine was liquidated, while its employees, archives and documents were now under control of Security Service of Ukraine except for the technical divisions for encryption and communications, and the guard service. The encryption and communication service was subordinated to the Verkhovna Rada, while the guard service was transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Guard of Ukraine. Chairmen Timofei Strokach (1953 – 1954) Vitali Nikitchenko (April 16, 1954 – July 16, 1970) Vitali Fedorchuk (July 16, 1970 – May 26, 1982) Stepan Mukha (May 26, 1982 – 1987) Nikolai Golushko (1987 – September 20, 1991) See also State Committee of the Soviet Union State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus KGB Further reading Lubyanka. Handbook. VChK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB 1917-1960. Moscow, 1997. Korovin, V. The history of domestic security agencies. Moscow, 1998. Kolpakidi, A., Prokhorov, D. Foreign intelligence of Russia. Saint Petersburg, 2001. External links Land Administration building. Web Encyclopedia of Kiev (WEK). Committee for State Security of the Ukrainian SSR Okipnyuk, V. Committee for State Security of the USSR and Committee for State Security of the URSR. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. "Naukova dumka". Kiev, 2007. vte Republican affiliations of the KGBRepublican affiliation KGB of Byelorussian SSR (KDB of Byelorussia) KGB of Ukrainian SSR (KDB of Ukraine) KGB of Moldavian SSR (CSS of Moldavia) KGB of Estonian SSR (RJK of Estonia) KGB of Latvian SSR (LPSR Valsts drošības komiteja or VDK) KGB of Lithuanian SSR (VSK of Lithuania) KGB of Georgian SSR (KSU of Georgia) KGB of Armenian SSR KGB of Azerbaijan SSR (DTK of Azerbaijan) KGB of Kazakh SSR KGB of Kirghiz SSR KGB of Uzbek SSR KGB of Turkmen SSR KGB of Tajik SSR
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBU_Headquarters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volodymyrska Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyrska_Street"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Security Service of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Committee for State Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR"}],"text":"33 Volodymyrska Street; headquarters of the KGB Administration in Kyiv. Previously it was a building of the Land Administration Government (Zemskaya Uprava)The KGB of the Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian: Комітет державної безпеки УРСР) was a state committee of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and a regional predecessor of the Security Service of Ukraine, a republican part of All-Union Committee for State Security. After the adaptation of the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR (1978), it possessed a ministerial authority.","title":"Committee for State Security (Ukraine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verkhovna Rada Presidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"},{"link_name":"Security Service of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Verkhovna Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada"},{"link_name":"National Guard of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_of_Ukraine"}],"text":"Created on May 30, 1954, according to the ukase of Verkhovna Rada Presidium, the committee completely corresponded to the authority and organizational structure of KGB (created on March 13, 1954). Procedural powers of KGB, and its investigative jurisdiction were identified with adoption of the Criminal (1960) and the Criminal Procedural (1961) Codes of the Ukrainian SSR.With the creation of the Security Service of Ukraine on September 20, 1991, the committee was dissolved according to the Verkhovna Rada statement \"About creation of the Service of National Security of Ukraine\".According to the statement, the KGB of Ukraine was liquidated, while its employees, archives and documents were now under control of Security Service of Ukraine except for the technical divisions for encryption and communications, and the guard service. The encryption and communication service was subordinated to the Verkhovna Rada, while the guard service was transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Guard of Ukraine.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timofei Strokach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timofei_Strokach"},{"link_name":"Vitali Nikitchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitali_Nikitchenko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vitali Fedorchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali_Fedorchuk"},{"link_name":"Stepan Mukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stepan_Mukha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Golushko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Golushko"}],"text":"Timofei Strokach (1953 – 1954)\nVitali Nikitchenko (April 16, 1954 – July 16, 1970)\nVitali Fedorchuk (July 16, 1970 – May 26, 1982)\nStepan Mukha (May 26, 1982 – 1987)\nNikolai Golushko (1987 – September 20, 1991)","title":"Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lubyanka. Handbook. VChK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB 1917-1960. Moscow, 1997.\nKorovin, V. The history of domestic security agencies. Moscow, 1998.\nKolpakidi, A., Prokhorov, D. Foreign intelligence of Russia. Saint Petersburg, 2001.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"State Committee of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus"},{"title":"KGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://wek.kiev.ua/uk/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA","external_links_name":"Land Administration building"},{"Link":"http://wek.kiev.ua/uk/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0","external_links_name":"Web Encyclopedia of Kiev (WEK)"},{"Link":"http://leksika.com.ua/13660616/legal/komitet_derzhavnoyi_bezpeki_ursr","external_links_name":"Committee for State Security of the Ukrainian SSR"},{"Link":"http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Komitet_derzh_bezpeky","external_links_name":"Committee for State Security of the USSR and Committee for State Security of the URSR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Rains
Leon Rains
["1 Life","2 Recordings","3 Filmography","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
American operatic bass and actor Leon RainsBornEleazer Leon Rains(1870-10-01)October 1, 1870New York City, U.S.DiedJune 11, 1954(1954-06-11) (aged 83)Los Angeles, California, U.S.EducationNational Conservatory in New YorkOccupations Operatic bass Film actor Voice teacher OrganizationsDresden Court Opera Eleazer Leon Rains, also Léon Rains, (October 1, 1870 – June 11, 1954) was an American operatic bass, film actor and voice teacher. After studies in New York City and Paris, he toured in the U.S. for two years with Frank Damrosch's opera troupe and with Nellie Melba. From 1899, he was based at the Dresden Court Opera, with performances in world premieres such as Salome, and guest appearances in Europe, including the Bayreuth Festival, and at the Metropolitan Opera. When the United States entered the World War in 1917, he returned home, where he worked in concert and as a voice teacher. He also appeared as an actor in silent films. Life Rains was born in New York City. As a child, he sang as a choirboy in the choirs of Calvary Church and the Church of the Incarnation in Manhattan. At the age of twelve, he first appeared on stage, of the New York Star Theatre. Rains studied at the National Conservatory in New York in 1890, which he left as a prize student, a pupil of Oscar Saenger. He studied further from 1896 in Paris with Jacques Bouhy. First he worked as a concert and oratorio singer in America. He made his operatic debut in 1897 with Frank Damrosch's troupe, appearing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, and touring the U.S. to 1899. There he acted as a serious bass, singing his roles in Italian, German, French and English, always in the original language of the operas. U.S. critics at the time described him as the most promising bass singer since Karl Formes. He also performed as an assistant artist on a U.S. tour of Nellie Melba. Playbill of Salome, 1905 On June 4, 1899, he appeared first as a guest at the Semperoper, the court opera of Dresden, in Wagner's Tannhäuser, and remained there until 1917. In Dresden, he took part in several world premieres, including Salome by Richard Strauss, and gave guest performances in Berlin, Vienna, Prague and at the Oper Frankfurt, among others. In 1904, he appeared at the Bayreuth Festival as Hagen in Götterdämmerung. In 1909 and 1910, he was a guest at the Metropolitan Opera, where he appeared as Hagen and as Méphistophélès in Gounod's Faust, among other roles. From 1916 to 1918, he appeared as an actor in several silent films, including five films as the detective Joe Jenkins in a film series. With the entry of the United States into the World War in 1917, Rains was forced to leave Germany for the U.S.. Back home, he worked again as a concert singer, especially a lieder singer. From 1924, he lived as a voice teacher in Los Angeles. He also worked as an art furniture carpenter. His voice was described as a particularly beautiful bass voice, especially in the higher register; he was also praised for his phrasing and nuance. Rains died in Los Angeles at the age of 83. Recordings Rains took part in an early recording of the second act of Tannhäuser, dated variously to 1909 and 1913, with an excerpt reissued in a collection America’s Singers Recorded – The First Generation in 2009. An excerpt from Lohengrin, recorded in 1905, is part of a collection Richard Wagner on Record – Historische Aufnahmen aus den Jahren 1903–1946. Filmography Source: 1916: Die Gräfin Heyers 1916: Kismet 1917: Der Mann mit den vier Füßen 1917: Die Harvard-Prämie  1917: Die Botschaft des Jean Battista 1917: Unheilbar  1918: Die schwarze Kugel 1918: Der Star der großen Oper. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kutsch, K.-J.; Riemens, Leo (2012). "Rains, Léon". Großes Sängerlexikon (in German) (4th ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-59-844088-5. ^ a b c d "Leon Rains (1870–1954)". Mahler Foundation. June 23, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ a b Staedeli, Thomas. "Léon Rains / 1870–1954". Autogramme / Autographen / Autographs by Cyranos Autogramm. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Leon Rains". SLUB Dresden (in German). Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Leon Rains (in German) Operissimo ^ Woolf, Jonathan (November 2006). "America's Singers Recorded – The First Generation". musicweb-international.com. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ^ "Richard Wagner on Record / Historische Aufnahmen aus den Jahren 1903–1946". bayern-online.de (in German). October 14, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2021. ^ Leon Rains on The German Early Cinema Database (GECD) ^ Léon Rains (in German) Film Portal Further reading Ludwig Eisenberg: "Rains, Leon", Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. Paul List Edition, Leipzig 1903, p. 803 – via Internet Archive External links Leon Rains at AllMusic Leon Rains discography at Discogs Leon Rains at IMDb Portals: Biography Opera US Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People BMLO Deutsche Biographie Other RISM
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)"},{"link_name":"Frank Damrosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Damrosch"},{"link_name":"Nellie Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Melba"},{"link_name":"Dresden Court Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semperoper"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"silent films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"}],"text":"American operatic bass and actorEleazer Leon Rains, also Léon Rains, (October 1, 1870 – June 11, 1954) was an American operatic bass, film actor and voice teacher. After studies in New York City and Paris, he toured in the U.S. for two years with Frank Damrosch's opera troupe and with Nellie Melba. From 1899, he was based at the Dresden Court Opera, with performances in world premieres such as Salome, and guest appearances in Europe, including the Bayreuth Festival, and at the Metropolitan Opera. When the United States entered the World War in 1917, he returned home, where he worked in concert and as a voice teacher. He also appeared as an actor in silent films.","title":"Leon Rains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"choirboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choirboy"},{"link_name":"Calvary Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_Church_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Church of the Incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Incarnation,_Episcopal_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Star Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallack%27s_Theatre#Star_Theatre,_1883%E2%80%931901"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"National Conservatory in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conservatory_of_Music_of_America"},{"link_name":"Oscar Saenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Saenger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahler-2"},{"link_name":"Jacques Bouhy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Bouhy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staedeli-3"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"Frank Damrosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Damrosch"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Karl Formes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Formes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahler-2"},{"link_name":"Nellie Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Melba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salome_by_Richard_Strauss_playbill_of_1905_premiere.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Semperoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semperoper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Tannhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dresden-4"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Oper Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Götterdämmerung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"lieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahler-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mahler-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"}],"text":"Rains was born in New York City.[1] As a child, he sang as a choirboy in the choirs of Calvary Church and the Church of the Incarnation in Manhattan.[1] At the age of twelve, he first appeared on stage, of the New York Star Theatre.[1]Rains studied at the National Conservatory in New York in 1890, which he left as a prize student, a pupil of Oscar Saenger.[1][2] He studied further from 1896 in Paris with Jacques Bouhy.[1][3] First he worked as a concert and oratorio singer in America. He made his operatic debut in 1897 with Frank Damrosch's troupe, appearing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, and touring the U.S. to 1899.[1] There he acted as a serious bass, singing his roles in Italian, German, French and English, always in the original language of the operas. U.S. critics at the time described him as the most promising bass singer since Karl Formes.[2] He also performed as an assistant artist on a U.S. tour of Nellie Melba.[1]Playbill of Salome, 1905On June 4, 1899, he appeared first as a guest at the Semperoper, the court opera of Dresden,[1] in Wagner's Tannhäuser, and remained there until 1917.[4] In Dresden, he took part in several world premieres, including Salome by Richard Strauss,[1] and gave guest performances in Berlin, Vienna, Prague and at the Oper Frankfurt, among others.[1] In 1904, he appeared at the Bayreuth Festival as Hagen in Götterdämmerung.[1] In 1909 and 1910, he was a guest at the Metropolitan Opera, where he appeared as Hagen and as Méphistophélès in Gounod's Faust, among other roles.[5]From 1916 to 1918, he appeared as an actor in several silent films, including five films as the detective Joe Jenkins in a film series.With the entry of the United States into the World War in 1917, Rains was forced to leave Germany for the U.S..[1] \nBack home, he worked again as a concert singer, especially a lieder singer. From 1924, he lived as a voice teacher in Los Angeles.[1] He also worked as an art furniture carpenter.[1][2]His voice was described as a particularly beautiful bass voice, especially in the higher register; he was also praised for his phrasing and nuance.[2]Rains died in Los Angeles at the age of 83.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolf-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bayern-7"}],"text":"Rains took part in an early recording of the second act of Tannhäuser, dated variously to 1909 and 1913, with an excerpt reissued in a collection America’s Singers Recorded – The First Generation in 2009.[6] An excerpt from Lohengrin, recorded in 1905, is part of a collection Richard Wagner on Record – Historische Aufnahmen aus den Jahren 1903–1946.[7]","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staedeli-3"},{"link_name":"Die Harvard-Prämie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die_Harvard-Pr%C3%A4mie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Harvard-Pr%C3%A4mie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Unheilbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unheilbar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unheilbar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Source:[3]1916:\tDie Gräfin Heyers\n1916:\tKismet\n1917:\tDer Mann mit den vier Füßen\n1917:\tDie Harvard-Prämie [de][8]\n1917:\tDie Botschaft des Jean Battista\n1917: Unheilbar [de]\n1918:\tDie schwarze Kugel\n1918:\tDer Star der großen Oper.[9]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Eisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Eisenberg_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Rains, Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ludwigeisenberg00eiseuoft/page/802/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Paul List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_List_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"}],"text":"Ludwig Eisenberg: \"Rains, Leon\", Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert. Paul List Edition, Leipzig 1903, p. 803 – via Internet Archive","title":"Further reading"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Kutsch, K.-J.; Riemens, Leo (2012). \"Rains, Léon\". Großes Sängerlexikon (in German) (4th ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-59-844088-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Josef_Kutsch","url_text":"Kutsch, K.-J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Riemens","url_text":"Riemens, Leo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_S%C3%A4ngerlexikon","url_text":"Großes Sängerlexikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-59-844088-5","url_text":"978-3-59-844088-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Leon Rains (1870–1954)\". Mahler Foundation. June 23, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/leon-rains/","url_text":"\"Leon Rains (1870–1954)\""}]},{"reference":"Staedeli, Thomas. \"Léon Rains / 1870–1954\". Autogramme / Autographen / Autographs by Cyranos Autogramm. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyranos.ch/smrai1-e.htm","url_text":"\"Léon Rains / 1870–1954\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leon Rains\". SLUB Dresden (in German). Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slub-dresden.de/sammlungen/av-medien-mediathek/teaser/archiv-der-stimmen/leon-rains/","url_text":"\"Leon Rains\""}]},{"reference":"Woolf, Jonathan (November 2006). \"America's Singers Recorded – The First Generation\". musicweb-international.com. Retrieved January 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2006/Nov06/Americas_singers_SYMPOSIUM1361.htm","url_text":"\"America's Singers Recorded – The First Generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Wagner on Record / Historische Aufnahmen aus den Jahren 1903–1946\". bayern-online.de (in German). October 14, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bayern-online.de/bayreuth/erleben/kultur/richard-wagner-festspiele/wagnerportal/cd/saenger-sammelprogramme/richard-wagner-on-record/","url_text":"\"Richard Wagner on Record / Historische Aufnahmen aus den Jahren 1903–1946\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulligan%27s
Mulligan's
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources"]
Coordinates: 53°20′49″N 6°15′20″W / 53.34687°N 6.25558°W / 53.34687; -6.25558Pub in Dublin Mulligan's pub on Poolbeg Street, Dublin Mulligan's is a pub in Dublin, Ireland which opened on Poolbeg Street in 1854. History The first Mulligan's was established on Thomas Street, Dublin in 1782. The Mulligan family moved their business to several different premises, before leasing the present building in 1854 at 8/9 Poolbeg Street, Dublin 2. Mick Smyth bought the pub from John Mulligan in 1932. Ownership later passed to Smyth's nephews, Con and Tommy Cusack, before passing to Tommy Cusack's sons. The former Theatre Royal in Hawkins Street was near Mulligan's, and the pub walls are decorated with associated posters, photographs, and showbills dating back to the early nineteenth century, as well as an autographed photograph of Judy Garland, who performed in the theatre and drank at the pub. The pub is mentioned briefly in James Joyce's short story, Counterparts, and was used as a filming location on a number of occasions. Journalists and writers drank at Mulligan's during the twentieth century, including staff from the Irish Times and from the former Irish Press newspaper - which operated next door until the collapse of the paper in 1995. A number of Dublin musicians also drank there, as several music industry management offices were in the nearby Corn Exchange Building. In his 1969 book Irish Pubs of Character, Roy Bulson describes the establishment thus: "The license is one of the oldest in Dublin, dating from 1782. The late President of the U.S., John F Kennedy, called in for a drink and since then many other famous people have enjoyed a pint which is one of the best in Dublin. There are three bars, all with a genuine old-time atmosphere. As Mulligan's was across from the stage door of the old Theatre Royal, various theatre posters of this period can be seen. The hosts are very friendly and you will be sure of a warm welcome. Television is available." An American tourist named Billy Brooks Carr, for whom Mulligan's was one of his "favourite places to visit in Ireland", reputedly requested that his ashes be kept in the pub's grandfather clock. See also List of pubs in Dublin References ^ a b c d "The History of Mulligan's". 1994. Archived from the original on 28 October 2015 – via mulligans.ie. John Mulligan leased Poolbeg Streel from Alicia Halpin in 1854 for £20 a year. But there had been a pub on this site since 1820, then known as 17 & 18 Poolbeg Street ^ "Mulligans, The grand old pub of Poolbeg Street : Timeline". Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ "Barfly: Mulligan's of Poolbeg Street, Dublin 2". Life and Style. Irish Times. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ "Crowds at the bar as Mulligan's celebrates book launch". Irish Times. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ "Legendary pub Mulligans is brought to book". Irish Independent. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ "Phantom footsteps and flying bottles: Ghost stories from Dublin's John Mulligan's pub". The Journal. 24 May 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ Counterparts. Project Gutenberg. When the Scotch House closed they went round to Mulligan's ^ Jez Conolly, Caroline Whelan (2011). World Film Locations: Dublin. Intellect Books. p. 30. ISBN 9781841505503. ^ "Category: Screen (Film and television productions that use or have used Mulligans as a location)". Mulligansbook.com. Retrieved 18 August 2016. ^ Colm Quilligan (2008). Dublin literary pub crawl: a guide to the literary pubs of Dublin and the writers they served. Writers' Island. pp. 94–96. ISBN 9780955932700. ^ Bulson, Roy (1969). Irish Pubs of Character. p. 103. ^ "Legendary pub Mulligans is brought to book". independent.ie. Independent News & Media. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2022. The ashes of Billy Brooks Carr are famously kept in the grandfather clock in the bar, as it was one his favourite places to visit in Ireland. Sources Bulson, Roy (1969). Irish Pubs of Character. Dublin: Bruce Spicer Ltd. 53°20′49″N 6°15′20″W / 53.34687°N 6.25558°W / 53.34687; -6.25558
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[{"title":"List of pubs in Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pubs_in_Dublin"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re
Charles de la Bédoyère
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
French general This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (September 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Charles de la Bédoyère}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Charles de la BédoyèrePortrait of La Bédoyère by Jean-Urbain GuérinNative nameCharles Angélique François Huchet de La BédoyèreBorn17 April 1786ParisDied19 August 1815(1815-08-19) (aged 29)Plaine de Grenelle, ParisAllegianceFrench EmpireYears of service1806 – 1815RankGeneralCommands held112e de ligne, 7ede ligne Charles Angélique François Huchet, Comte de la Bédoyère (17 April 1786 – 19 August 1815) was a French General during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. He was executed in 1815. Biography Descended from an old Breton family, he entered the army in late 1806 as a Second Lieutenant, serving as an aide-de-camp to Marshal Lannes and then Prince Eugene. Comte de la Bédoyère saw active service in Spain, Italy, Germany, Russia and France, and was awarded the Legion of Honour and the Iron Crown. He was a Colonel commanding the 7th Regiment of the Line at Grenoble when Napoleon returned from exile in Elba and marched north to Paris. On 8 March, Bédoyère and his regiment went over to Napoleon en masse. During the Waterloo campaign Bédoyère, now promoted to General de Brigade and an aide-de-camp of the Emperor, was probably the officer sent with a message to d'Erlon's I Corps, then marching west to join Ney at Quatre Bras, to turn east to support the Emperor at Ligny. Ney was furious when he learned the corps was marching away from his battle and sent another order for it to return immediately to Quatre-Bras. As a result of these orders and counter-orders, d'Erlon's 20,000 men, which could have sealed the fate of the Anglo-Dutch at Quatre-Bras or the Prussians at Ligny, spent the entire day marching back and forth without firing a shot. Two days later at the Battle of Waterloo, Bédoyère was one of the last to leave the battlefield. Afterward, finding that he was not eligible for amnesty as he believed, he secretly travelled to Paris in order to see his wife before heading to Switzerland and exile, but was recognized and arrested. La Bédoyère was tried by a military court and condemned to death by firing squad, and this was confirmed and carried out at the plain of Grenelle on 19 August 1815. Charles Huchet de la Bédoyère rests in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Napoleon's will of 1815 left money for his children, later added to by a codicil. Portrait by Robert Lefèvre, 1803 Tomb at Père Lachaise Cemetery See also Michael de la Bédoyère Guy de la Bédoyère References ^ Charles de La Bédoyère's short biography in Napoleon & Empire website, displaying a photograph of his tomb in Père-Lachaise cemetery, Paris ^ Charles de la Bedoyere Archived 12 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine (in French) External links French Generals Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez
Paco Ibáñez
["1 Life","1.1 Early life","1.2 Connection with the Basque Country","2 Discography","2.1 Live","3 References","4 External links"]
Spanish singer and musician (born 1934) Paco IbáñezBackground informationBorn (1934-11-20) 20 November 1934 (age 89)ValenciaOriginSpanishGenresfolk singerInstrument(s)guitarMusical artist Francisco "Paco" Ibáñez (born 20 November 1934 in Valencia) is a Spanish singer and musician. He never composed his own lyrics, but used famous poems, like those of Federico García Lorca, Luis Cernuda, Rafael Alberti or Miguel Hernández. He also sang compositions from Georges Brassens. Life He went to France in 1952 and recorded his first album in 1964. During the events in France of May 1968, he performed in the Sorbonne and became known as a rebel artist. Early life The youngest of four siblings, he was born to a Valencian father and a Basque mother. He spent his first years in Barcelona, only returning there in 1994 after a long exile; his family had had to flee to France after the Spanish Civil War due to his father's membership of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT union. They lived in Paris until the beginning of the German occupation of France, when his father was arrested and deported to an internment camp for Spanish Republican prisoners. His mother took their four children back to San Sebastián to find work, and they lived together in her family's ancestral home in Aduna, Guipuzkoa, until he was 14. Connection with the Basque Country His Basque mother and the period of his childhood spent on his mother's birth farm influenced Ibáñez to have an intense relationship with Basque artists and intellectuals such as Imanol Larzabal, Xabier Lete, Jorge Oteiza and Bernardo Atxaga, and to participate as well in the movement Ez Dok Amairu. He has sung and recorded in the Basque language such as the album Oroitzen (1999), a recording made with Imanol Larzabal. Discography Paco Ibanez Vol.1 (1964) Paco Ibanez Vol.2 (1967) Paco Ibanez Vol.3 (1969) A Flor de Tiempo (1978) Canta Brassens (1979) Por Una Cancion (1990) Oroitzen, with Imanol Larzabal (1999) Canta a Jose A Goytisolo (2002) Fue Ayer (2003) Live En el Olympia (1969) A galopar (1991) References ^ ""Aún estoy en el camino" • ELPAÍS.com". Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Paco Ibáñez" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paco Ibáñez. Official site Music City (Complete discography Video in Valldoreix (Barcelona) Paco Ibáñez in Biografías y vidas Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransak_the_Reject
List of Marvel Comics characters: R
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List of Marvel Comics characters 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z R'Klll This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2024) R'Klll (sometimes spelled R'Kill) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is depicted as the wife of Dorrek VII, the mother of Anelle, and the grandmother of Hulkling. Raa of the Caves Main article: Raa of the Caves Raava Raava is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Saladin Ahmed and Christian Ward, first appeared in Black Bolt #1 (May 2017). She is a Skrull pirate and the mother of Skragg. Raava was in a deep-space torture prison for being against the Skrull Empire, conspiring with Black Bolt, Metal Master, Blinky and Absorbing Man to escape which the prison convicts were eventually successful at. Raava in other media Raava appears in Secret Invasion, portrayed by Nisha Aaliya. This version works as an agent for Gravik's Resistance by impersonating James Rhodes (portrayed by Don Cheadle) for political gambits. Raava came into conflict with Nick Fury while engineering the political tensions between the United States and Russia, ultimately convincing President Ritson to authorize a strike on New Skrullos which would start a full-scale nuclear war but was exposed by Fury and Sonya Falsworth before she was killed. Rabble Rabble (Raneem Rashad) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Miles Morales: Spider-Man vol. 2 #1 (December 2022) and was created by Cody Ziglar and Federico Vicentini. Raneem Rashad is a technopathic Jordanian American girl and a mechanical prodigy who failed to get into Brooklyn Visions Academy since Miles Morales got the last spot. This loss, coupled with her mother's death and father developing a neurodegenerative disease, drove Raneem into becoming the supervillain Rabble, plotting to take revenge on Miles even when she figured out that he operated as the second Spider-Man. As part of her revenge, Rabble targeted Miles' family and his girlfriend Starling. During the "Gang War" storyline, Rabble collaborated with Hobgoblin to make an invention using a drive stolen from the Beyond Corporation and technology that would enable them to find Queen Goblin. When Spider-Man, Prowler, Ms. Marvel, and Gust of the Cape-Killers enter the building while the Starling, Scorpion, and Shift fight Hobgoblin's hired help Goldbug, Lady Stilt-Man, Man-Bull, Mr. Fish, Ricadonna, and Shocker outside, Hobgoblin and Rabble ambushed those who are with Spider-Man. Rabble and Hobgoblin attack Miles Morales, Ms. Marvel, and Gust with their weapons and drones. After Scorpion persuades Hobgoblin's hired help to turn against Hobgoblin, Rabble got away. Rabble later provided Madame Masque some special gauntlets when she and a mind-controlled Shotgun, Count Nefaria, and Silvermane confront Beetle's gang in Central Park. As Spider-Man's allies show up, Miles Morales wields his Saber Venom when fighting Rabble. Rocket Raccoon Main article: Rocket Raccoon Holden Radcliffe Main article: Holden Radcliffe Radioactive Man Main article: Radioactive Man (comics) Radius Comics character RadiusPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearance(As Jared Corbo) Alpha Flight: In The Beginning #-1 (July 1997)(As Radius) Alpha Flight volume 2 #1 (August 1997)Created bySteven SeagleScott ClarkIn-story informationAlter egoJared CorboSpeciesHuman MutantTeam affiliationsDepartment HAlpha FlightX-CorpsBeta FlightHellhouseAbilitiesForce-Field generation Radius (Jared Corbo) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a former member of the superhero team Alpha Flight. He first appeared in Alpha Flight: In The Beginning #-1, and first appeared as Radius in Alpha Flight vol. 2 #1 (both published in 1997). Jared and his younger half-brother Adrian (later code named Flex) were raised in the Hull House orphanage, which was actually a facility operated by the Canadian government's secretive Department H. While Adrian became shy, reserved and bookish, Jared became athletically inclined, aggressive, and arrogant. Both brothers manifested mutant powers after puberty: Adrian gained the ability to transform parts of his body into blades, while Jared manifested a personal force field that could not be shut down. Jared rejects the initial flirtations of his teammate Murmur for personal reasons. Later, he is sent to corral the mutant Wolverine, whom the entire team believes has killed the ex-Alpha Flight member Box. This was part of the lies and mind-control that Department H was using on the entire team. Jared's bravado, when the team corrals Wolverine, is met with shock by Adrian, who has a high level of respect for the man. Jared stands up to Wolverine's intimidation tactics, but soon a fight breaks out anyway. Backup X-Men soon join in. It is Adrian, though, who calms things down by wanting to talk instead of fight. Various discrepancies in the mission lessen the Alphans desire to do battle. The brothers were recruited into a new incarnation of the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight. They assist the new Alpha Flight in battling several foes, including the Zodiac organization and the Brass Bishop. The Bishop is found by Alpha Flight after many innocent civilians go missing. He has brainwashed them and is building a Tower of Babel, an enormous structure that is intended to reach heaven. The team also confronts Department H's own power-mad leader, Jeremy Clarke, who dies of radiation poisoning during a Zodiac raid on the Department H headquarters. Their Alpha Flight team fight several members of the original Flight and later team up with them to defeat a new Weapon X, who had been created by a rogue Department H scientist. Both groups of Alphans merged into a unified Alpha Flight following this adventure. The Corbo brothers and several other members of the new team were later reassigned to Alpha Flight's trainee team, Beta Flight. Radius is later hired by X-Corps, a militaristic strike force founded by former Generation X headmaster and former X-Man Sean Cassidy, a.k.a. Banshee. The X-Corps was ultimately betrayed by its criminal members. Radius is defeated when the villain Avalanche opens a chasm beneath him. Jared survived the fall, though, and has been shown as one of the many depowered mutants in the aftermath of M-Day. It was later revealed that Unus the Untouchable was Radius' father after Flex starts searching for their fathers through their adoption agency. It has long been rumored that Carmella Unuscione of the Acolytes is the daughter of Unus. It is currently unknown if the two are siblings, some other relation or altogether unrelated. Powers and abilities Radius, before being depowered, could generate a permanent force field around him. He does not feel the impact of blows upon it. While the shield is generally porous enough for him to breathe, he can make it almost impervious, even to air. He could also create extensions of the field to use as a ranged attack, and brace objects against it to "fake" super-strength. Irani Rael Further reading Irani Rael at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Irani Rael at the Grand Comics Database Irani Rael is a fictional alien in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Dan Abnett, Andy Lanning, Wellinton Alves and Geraldo Borges, first appeared in Nova (vol. 4) #18 (December 2008). Irani Rael is a Rigellian who was recruited into the Nova Corps after it was destroyed by the Annihilation Wave. She was chosen by the Xandarian Worldmind to become a Nova Centurion alongside new recruits Qubit, Malik, Tarcel, Morrow and Fraktur. Rael and her new comrades arrive on Earth to aid Nova Prime Richard Rider and his brother, Robbie who had also become a new recruit. She has since fought alongside the rest of the Nova Corps on Earth against such threats as the Serpent Society and Dragon Man. She aided in fighting the Imperial Guard and Emperor Vulcan where many of her comrades were killed. After fighting Ego the Living Planet, it became apparent to Rider that the new recruits did not have proper training, resulting in Rael and several others agreeing to be demoted. Rael became a Nova Millennian. Irani Rael in other media Irani Rael appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2015), voiced by Tara Strong. Irani Rael appears in the projects set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU): Irani Rael appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), portrayed by Glenn Close. This version is a Nova Prime from Xandar who leads the Nova Corps' effort in finding and imprisoning Ronan the Accuser. She is later confronted by Rhomann Dey when he informs her that the Guardians of the Galaxy wish to help in defeating Ronan when he begins his attack on Xandar. After some hesitation, she agrees sending the Nova Corps out to stall Ronan's ship. In the aftermath, Rael helps Peter Quill find some clues to his ancestral background. She is last seen putting away the Power Stone in the Nova Corps' vault. Irani Rael was considered to appear in both Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame before being scrapped. Irani Rael appears in the What If...? episode "What If... Nebula Joined the Nova Corps?", voiced by Julianne Grossman. Irani Rael appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. Rage Main article: Rage (comics) Ragnarok Main article: Ragnarok (comics) Tamara Rahn Main article: Tamara Rahn Raiders Main article: Raiders (comics) Raina Raina is a fictional character that originated in the Marvel Cinematic Universe before appearing in Marvel comics. Created by Brent Fletcher, she first appeared in "Girl in the Flower Dress" on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (October 22, 2013), portrayed by Ruth Negga. She is depicted as a recruiter for Project Centipede. In Season Two, she is revealed to be an Inhuman, and develops a thorn-covered body and dream-based precognition. She is rescued from S.H.I.E.L.D. by Gordon and brought to Afterlife. During Daisy Johnson's time there, Raina was killed by Jiaying in front of Daisy where it helped Raina prove to her that Jiaying has dangerous plans for the humans. Raina in comics Raina made her comic book debut in Inhuman Annual #1 (July 2015) from Charles Soule and Ryan Stegman. When Gordon Nobili became Lineage, he used the Inhuman Codex to speak telepathically to every Inhuman in the world. Raina is seen in a coffee shop in her usual flower dress when she hears Lineage's voice. Raina in other media Raina appears as a boss in Marvel: Future Fight. Rajah Kabir Mahadevu is an elephant trainer and rider from India. He first performed with the Circus of Crime during a stay of theirs in Europe, and later rejoined with them in the United States. Rakkus Main article: Rakkus Rebel Ralston Robert "Rebel" Ralston is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Dick Ayers. A native of Kentucky, he was an accomplished horseman who was skilled with a lasso and a founding member of the original Howling Commandos led by Nick Fury Sr. during World War II. After the war, Ralston was one of the founding members of the V-Battalion, and later elected US Senator of Texas. He rejoined his old comrades, the Howling Commandos, and Captain America (but Captain Sam Sawyer was killed), and survived an assassination attempt while co-chairing the Senate Defense Committee. He has worked closely with S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Commission on Superhuman Activities. When Fury was seemingly killed by the Punisher, Ralston and Iron Man advised the President not to attend the funeral in the event that the supervillains attack. In the form of Lt. Dallas, Omnibus placed Ralston under mental control to turn over information that can used to fund a terrorist organization called "The Alliance". When the Hulk was captured by Major Glenn Talbot, Ralston observed Bruce Banner in custody and refused to have Talbot kill Banner until the President made a decision. Robert attended a briefing on "The Alliance" with Talbot, Dum Dum Dugan, Valentina Allegra de Fontaine and Henry Peter Gyrich. The Senator and his allies continued to debate about "The Alliance", and could not determine who the group was and motive. After the Hulk had claimed responsibility for "The Alliance" to serve as an enemy that the people can fight back against, Thor confronted Ralston and the others in confronting the Hulk. Robert was contacted by J. Jonah Jameson as he searched for support against Bastion and Operation: Zero Tolerance. Ralston suggested to Jameson to try Senator Robert Kelly who was more frustrated with the mutant issue. Ralston traveled to Sudan where he met with Fury, Captain America, Sharon Carter and John Garrett at Fury's Sandbox for one last party together. Fury talked with Ralston for a moment about the support for Fury's operation that would get the U.S. Senate and the Senator only asked how soon will need those votes be needed. Robert listed to a good few stories from the past. Ralston raised his glass in a toast to the Howling Commanders' fallen members. Robert spoke to the United Nations about the President's plans for international funds to provide economic, political, and military stabilities in areas suffering from international terrorist threats. Ralston was appointed control over the fund. The Senator picked up Jasper Sitwell and Dugan from the United Nations' prison and brought the two to his limousine waiting with Fury and Garrett already inside. The Senator attended a weapons expo with Daisy Johnson and Nick Fury Jr., but is killed during A.I.M. Scientist Supreme's theft of the Iron Patriot armor. Other versions of Rebel Ralston The Ultimate Marvel version of Robert Ralston is a US Senator. He is present during a hearing with the President of the United States regarding the Winter Protocols and dies during the Maker's counterattack. Rebel Ralston in other media Rebel Ralston makes a non-speaking appearance in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Meet Captain America" as a member of the Howling Commandos. Ramonda Ramonda is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is the Queen Mother of Wakanda, mother to Shuri and step-mother to T'Challa. The character, created by Don McGregor and Gene Colan, first appeared in Marvel Comics Presents #14 (March 1989). Ramonda in other media Ramonda appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Angela Bassett. This version is the mother of T'Challa and Shuri. She appears in the live-action films Black Panther, Avengers: Endgame and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, while alternate universe versions appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...? Rampage Main article: Rampage (Marvel Comics) Ramrod Ramrod is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Cyborg version Ramrod is a foreman on an offshore oil rig. He was turned into a cyborg by corrupt attorney Kerwin J. Broderick and Moondragon, using the advanced technology of Titan. He was given a steel skeleton and superhuman strength. This steel-skulled mercenary was sent to battle heroes in San Francisco. He then teamed with Dark Messiah and Terrex in Kerwin J. Broderick's attempt to take over San Francisco. Ramrod later battled Spider-Man again. He was later among the costumed criminals who attacked the Fantastic Four during a Congressional hearing. Ramrod was also defeated in a match by Captain America, impersonating Crossbones, during an A.I.M. weapons show. Ramrod has superhuman strength, stamina, and durability. He possesses a steel skeleton; various visible portions of his body are also plated with steel, including his head (except for his face and ears), the upper part of his chest and back, parts of his arms, and his knuckles. Ramrod is a good hand-to-hand combatant, using street fighting methods. Patrick Mahony Patrick Mahony is a mutant. His first appearance was in X-Factor #75. He was recruited by Mister Sinister to serve as the leader of the Nasty Boys, a group of young mutants whose only missions were against the government sponsored X-Factor. However, he and his friend Ruckus were more interested in beer runs and a quick buck than in Mister Sinister's agendas. In the Nasty Boys' first mission against the government version of X-Factor, Ramrod used his powers to great effect against the heroes, but he was ultimately subdued by the multiple fists of Jamie Madrox. Ramrod escaped, and disappeared after Sinister effectively abandoned the Nasty Boys. Ramrod can manipulate the fabric of wooden materials, causing them to grow at a fantastic rate and reform themselves into different sizes and shapes. Ramshot Samuel Caulkin is a member of an armored group of vigilantes dubbed The Jury. Caulkin was recruited into the Jury by General Orwell Taylor to help him avenge the death of his youngest son Hugh. Samuel and Hugh were close friends from their time in the army. Soon after Hugh left the army he became a Guardsman at the Vault a prison for super powered criminals. Not long after Hugh was murdered by Venom during his escape. Ramshot has a suit of armor that allows him to fly. He also emits a sonic type blast he calls a battering pulse. Rancor Rancor is a mutant from an alternate future. The character, created by Jim Valentino, first appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy #8 (January 1991) as the leader of a world settled by mutants of the alternate timeline/reality Marvel Comics designated as Earth-691. Within the context of the stories, Rancor is the leader of New Haven and claims to be a direct descendant of Wolverine. She initially crosses paths with the Guardians of the Galaxy when she is trying to eliminate the Resistance. She later steals one of Wolverine's claws from a Shi'ar museum as part of a plan to find her ancestor. In the course of her quest, she loses possession of the claw during a confrontation with Talon. She regains the claw when she is recruited by Doctor Doom. She eventually turns against Doom and discovers he is in possession of Wolverine's skeleton. The confrontation results in her being severely wounded and rescued by the Guardians of the Galaxy. Random Main article: Random (comics) Ransak the Reject Ransak the Reject was created by Jack Kirby, and first appeared in Eternals #8 (February 1977). Ransak is a member of the race known as the Deviants. He is the son of Maelstrom (whose father, Phaeder, was an Inhuman) and Medula. He is shunned and feared by other Deviants because he is not subject to the deformity of their race, his humanlike (or Eternal-like) appearance seeming freakish to them. An outcast, he funneled his rage at his rejection into becoming an expert killer fighting in the gladiatorial arenas that became his home. Ransak has superhuman strength and durability sufficient to battle an Eternal in personal combat. He has a lifetime's experience in gladiatorial combat, and is thus a formidable fighter. He is prone to berserker-like rages during which he can ignore painful injuries and attacks. Kavita Rao Main article: Kavita Rao Monica Rappaccini Main article: Monica Rappaccini Raptor Raptor is the name of different characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Gary Wilton, Jr. Gary Wilton, Jr. was among the many superhumans during the Civil War storyline trying to flee out of USA and into France but was confronted by the French superhero Le Peregrine over the Bay of Biscay, during a massive incursion tentative of refugees. Brenda Drago Brenda Drago was forced by her father into what was supposed to be a life of crime, as he gave her a suit equipped with functional wings (created from technology used in the costume he had worn as the second Vulture). Brenda became a flying thief known as the Raptor. But her crime spree was stopped by the combined efforts of Spider-Girl and The Buzz. In a surprising twist of fate, Raptor actually became friends with Spider-Girl. She even began to use her flight-suit as a hero, joining with Spider-Girl and Buzz in the formation of a new New Warriors. She even fell in love with Spider-Girl's friend Normie Osborn, and the two became engaged. However, Raptor's luck went bad when she was held accountable for her previous crimes by a man named Agent Wheadon, who made Raptor join his crime-fighting team of "reformed" criminals, in exchange for a pardon. However, Normie bonded with the Venom symbiote, and made a bargain with Wheadon, offering his new powers in helping Wheadon's team in exchange for Raptor's release. In an attempt to remove Spider-Girl from her friends, the Hobgoblin (later revealed to be Roderick Kingsley) savagely attacked Raptor and chained her body to a fence. In the following issue, she was taken to the hospital where she seemed to be recovering. She later marries Normie Osborn. Damon Ryder Damon Ryder infiltrated May Parker's engagement party in Boston. He had stalked her relatives, the Reillys, for some time in an attempt to find Ben Reilly, who he claimed burned down his house and killed his family. He found Peter Parker, whom Ben was cloned from, and attacked him, believing him to be Ben. Peter was able to fend off Raptor's attack long enough to sneak off and change into his Spider-Man costume. The two battled, and Raptor was eventually defeated. However, he managed to escape while Peter was distracted at the shock of learning about Ryder's interest in Ben Reilly. Ryder later tracked Peter down to New York, first attacking him at the Front Line office, then going to his apartment with the intent of leaving a message for Peter with his roommate, Michelle Gonzalez. He then went to May's house, where Peter's cousins and Harry Osborn were staying, and took all the occupants hostage. When Peter arrived, Raptor threatened to kill them all unless Peter revealed his "true" identity. Through flashbacks, it was shown that Ben Reilly once worked as lab assistant to Ryder. The two became close friends during their work searching for proof of dinosaurs being human ancestors, with Ben meeting Ryder's wife and children. However, Ben soon discovered that Ryder had experimented on himself with raptor genes in an attempt to further their research. When he confronted him, Ryder grew angry and the two argued. Damon attacked Ben, but Ben managed to restrain him, hoping to bring in a geneticist to purge his system of the mutation. Damon managed to escape in the interim, and Ben followed him to his home, where Damon revealed that he was starting to mutate, thus become more susceptible to Ben's assistance. As they talked, both were unaware that Ben's fellow clone, Kaine, was hiding just outside the house. Kaine jumped in through a window and attacked Ben, with a fire starting during the ensuing battle. It was then shown that Damon had murdered his own family, though he did not realize it, having been driven insane by his mutation, his warped mind causing him to conclude that Ben had killed his family in 'protest' against his experiments. Furious, Ben beat him unconscious, with Kaine commenting that the events that unfolded would have drastic consequences. In the present, Kaine broke into the Parker house, revealing that he was working with Raptor, under the promise of being cured of his cellular degeneration. During the fight, he exposed Peter's identity as Spider-Man, and Ben's identity as a clone. He encouraged Raptor to kill Peter, since anything Ben would do, so would Peter. Refusing to accept this, Peter affirmed both his and Reilly's innocence, proclaiming that neither of them would ever kill anyone, and beat Raptor unconscious, just as Ben had. However, Kaine managed to take Raptor and escape before the police arrived. Raptor later told Kaine that he lied about curing him in order to gain an ally. Enraged, Kaine then breaks Raptor's neck, seemingly killing him. Mikhail Rasputin Main article: Mikhail Rasputin Mister Rasputin Main article: Mister Rasputin Ratatoskr This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2023) Ratatoskr is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is based on the Norse Mythology creature of the same name. Rat King The Rat King is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Christina Strain and Alberto J. Alburquerque, solely appeared in Generation X Vol. 2 #5 (August 2017). The Rat King is the son of Piper of the Morlocks. Having inherited the ability to control animals via reed pipes, he forced the animals that lived in Central Park to do his bidding. Eye-Boy and Nature Girl discover this and head down to the sewers where the Rat King, shown as a glowing blue being, takes over Nature Girl and turns her against Eye-Boy. Using his abilities, Eye-Boy is able to see through to the real Rat King and finds that he is a pathetic pasty-looking young man in a paper crown. Eye-Boy beats up Rat King, refusing to hear his backstory, while Nature Girl and the park animals take their revenge out on Rat King threatening him not to harm them again. Rat King in other media An original incarnation of the Rat King appears in the Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur episode "Teacher's Pet", voiced by Daveed Diggs. This version resembles a humanoid rat and claims to be a normal rat who was mutated into a humanoid form. Rattler Main article: Rattler (comics) Ravage Main article: Ravage (Marvel Comics) Ravage 2099 Main article: Ravage 2099 Raven the Hunter Raven the Hunter is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Raven the Hunter is an anthropomorphic raven and animal version of Kraven the Hunter. Ravonna Comics character RavonnaPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceAvengers #23 (December 1965)Created byStan LeeDon HeckIn-story informationFull namePrincess Ravonna Lexus RenslayerTeam affiliationsThe Council of KangsAnachronautsPartnershipsKang the ConquerorKid ImmortusNotable aliasesKang-NebulaNebulaTerminatrixHecateTemptressRebecca TourminetAbilitiesHand-to-hand combatant Princess Ravonna Lexus Renslayer is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. First appearing in Avengers #23 (December 1965), and created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, Ravonna is a princess and assassin who serves as the lover and successor of Kang the Conqueror and their younger self Kid Immortus. The character has been depicted as both a supervillain and an antihero. Ravonna first appeared in Avengers #23 (December 1965) and was created by Stan Lee and Don Heck. Ravonna Lexus Renslayer was the daughter of King Carelius (a puppet ruler of an unrevealed kingdom of Kang the Conqueror's in the 40th century). Ravonna first met Kang when he attempted to annex her time era into his empire. Kang loved Ravonna, but she hated him due to his attempt to conquer the kingdom. While the kingdom threatened rebellion, Kang let it be in the hope of winning the princess Ravonna's hand in marriage. Eventually, however, outright rebellion broke out, and as Kang was on the verge of winning the battle, he brought the Avengers there to witness his triumph. He hoped to defeat them and then marry Ravonna. Finally his army attacked the kingdom at his signal. One of his generals, Baltag, rebelled against him after he did not execute Ravonna, as he had done to the rulers of other conquered kingdoms. Kang then enlisted the aid of the Avengers to overthrow Baltag. He also enlisted the aid of citizens of the city, and, after stealing weaponry, the rebellion went ahead. Kang gained access to a chamber which could only be opened by the sound of his heartbeat, and activated a device that destroyed all the weaponry of his rebelling army. He released Ravonna from her dungeon, revealing he really loved her. However, Baltag attempted to shoot Kang as he sent the Avengers back to their own time, and Ravonna, realizing she loved Kang, threw herself in front of the blast, and fell into a deathlike coma, after which the general was executed. Kang preserved her in stasis for a time, but when he played a game with the Grandmaster in a tournament of champions, to gain the power to free Ravonna and kill the Avengers, he only partially won, and chose in anger to try to kill the Avengers instead. He failed due to the presence of the Black Knight, losing his chance to save Ravonna; the Grandmaster had only granted Kang the power of death over the Avengers, and the Black Knight was presently not a member of the team. A temporal counterpart of Ravonna was later revealed to be a consort of Kang, and later learned to be a confederate of Immortus in his scheme to defeat Kang and destroy the Kang divergents. Kang rescued her from the moment before death due to the devices of Immortus when he was thrown into Limbo (later it was revealed this was due to mental manipulation), then learned this had created an alternate reality in which he was slain. He begins to destroy divergents of himself, not realizing this is part of a plan by Immortus. Ravonna does not alert Kang when the paralysis beam he is using to hold the Avengers is overloading due to the strength of Hercules, enabling the Avengers to escape. She then holds a Kang divergent double at gunpoint, and tells him if he really loves her he must not kill the other Kang. He refuses this and she lets him leave. That divergent is killed as his weapon was booby-trapped by the other Kang. Ravonna tells the other Kang that Immortus was all that was ever good in Kang as Immortus reveals himself. In a flashback, it was revealed that the real Ravonna was rescued by the Grandmaster, who revived her despite Kang's choice out of curiosity and told her of the choice Kang had made. She was embittered at Kang for not saving her when he had the chance, and she swore revenge on Kang. She became a subversive and assassin. She appeared to Doctor Druid in visions in a scheme to enlist his aid in acquiring the deadliest weapon in the omniverse. Assuming the guise of Avengers foe Nebula, she attempted to infiltrate the Council of Cross-Time Kangs. She completed her mental subjugation of Doctor Druid, and directed him to take over leadership of the Avengers. She used Druid to help her ensorcel the Avengers to accompany her to the center of a timestorm to retrieve the great weapon. She was ultimately thwarted by the Avengers and three Cross-Time Kangs, and fell into the timestorm with Druid. As Nebula, she attempted to enlist the aid of the Fantastic Four to free her. She appeared in a vision to the Human Torch, and mind-controlled the Invisible Woman. She attempted to steal the Ultimate Nullifier, but was thwarted by the Fantastic Four. She eventually escaped the timestorm to Lincoln, Nebraska in 1961 where she was thwarted by a rejuvenated Doctor Druid. Still later, she vainly attempted to enthrall Doctor Druid again. She convinced Druid to help her investigate Kang's 20th Century stronghold. Taking the name Temptress, she met the Fantastic Four, and used their time-sled to enter Chronopolis. She then fought openly with the prime Kang after taking on a guise as Terminatrix in a personal duel, a battle which ended with Kang apparently sacrificing himself to save her in the same manner she once had him. She became ruler of Chronopolis with his defeat. She was reported deceased in the destruction of Chronopolis, Kang's extra-temporal kingdom, in Avengers Forever. A younger Ravonna is later seen in the company of a younger Kang, Nate "Kid Immortus" Richards, providing information to Doctor Doom regarding the Future Foundation. In the solo series Kang the Conqueror, Kang rewrites history by manipulating a younger version of himself to go through all of his previous identities into becoming the purest form of would-be conqueror, resurrecting Ravonna by giving her the ability of retroactive reincarnation: having the same name and soul across different races, species and genders intersecting with Kang's personal timeline across the past, present, and future, with the series focusing on a particular Ravonna as Moon Knight. Ravonna in other media Gugu Mbatha-Raw portrays Ravonna in Loki. Ravonna appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Cindy Robinson. This version was affected by a temporal destabilization that caused her to gradually fade out of existence, with Kang desperately seeking a cure to save her. While this plotline is never resolved in the series, the tie-in comic reveals that she eventually recovered and returned to Kang's side. Judge Ravonna Renslayer appears in Loki, portrayed by Gugu Mbatha-Raw. This version is a time-variant of Ohio school vice principal Rebecca Tourminet who was pulled from her native timeline by He Who Remains, had her memories erased, and was made a Hunter and later Judge for the Time Variance Authority (TVA). She left the TVA to go on a mission with Miss Minutes to find "free will" after receiving information from He Who Remains.They travel to Chicago, 1868 to secretly drop the TVA Handbook to a young Victor Timely, a variant of He Who Remains, who informed Miss Minutes about this plan before his death. Traveling to 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, they encounter an adult Timely, presenting his prototype loom. Renslayer and Miss Minutes reach him first and escape from Loki, Mobius M. Mobius and Sylvie, but Miss Minutes betrays Renslayer out of jealousy. Renslayer faces Timely in his laboratory in Wisconsin, as do Loki, Mobius and Sylvie. After Timely leaves with Loki and Mobius, Renslayer and Miss Minutes are thrown by Sylvie to the Citadel at the end of Time, where they see He Who Remains' decaying corpse, and discover a secret, that she was once He Who Remains's companion and commander of his army before he ordered his memories to be erased along with everyone else's. Upon returning to the TVA, they kidnap Timely, cut down D-90, and kill Dox and his men who do not join them except Hunter X-5/Brad Wolfe. Ouroboros "O.B." deactivates Miss Minutes and Renslayer is pruned by Wolfe, who was charmed by Sylvie. In the end, Renslayer awakens in the Void and encounters Alioth. The MCU version of Ravonna appears in The Simpsons short film The Good, the Bart, and the Loki, voiced by Dawnn Lewis. Ravonna appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Kate O'Sullivan. Rawhide Kid Main article: Rawhide Kid Raza Raza is a fictional character who originated in the Marvel Cinematic Universe before appearing in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby, Art Marcum and Matt Holloway, first appeared in Iron Man (2008) where he was portrayed by Faran Tahir. Film Raza holds the distinction of being the first villain introduced in the MCU. He is the leader of the Ten Rings terrorist organization and launches an attack on a US Armed Forces convoy carrying Tony Stark. After kidnapping Stark, Raza and his team torture him until he agrees to rebuild the Jericho Missile for them. They slowly fail to realize that Stark and his fellow prisoner Ho Yinsen are actually building a suit of armor to escape and manage to do so, but not before scarring Raza's face. Raza and the Ten Rings later find remnants of Stark's Mk. I armor in the desert, but they were unable to rebuild the suit or understand its intricacies. He eventually contacted his benefactor, Obadiah Stane, who actually wanted Raza to kill Stark; Raza was unaware of who he was hired to kidnap and wanted Stark's weapons for himself. He planned on giving Stark's designs to Stane in exchange for "a gift of iron soldiers". Stane ends up betraying Raza and has all his men killed. Although not shown, it is assumed that Raza himself was also killed. Comics Raza made his comic book debut in The Invincible Iron Man Annual #1 (August 2010) from Matt Fraction and Carmine Di Giandomenico. He ends up fulfilling exactly the same role from the film, retconning Stark's origin again and replacing his initial inspiration, Wong-Chu. Instead of Stane however, Raza works directly for the Mandarin who is only implied to be his leader in the films. Razor Fist Main article: Razor Fist Razorback Razorback is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Buford Hollis Buford Hollis, a muscular truck driver and costumed adventurer from Texarkana, Arkansas, was in New York looking for his younger sister Bobby Sue who had joined a religious cult. This was in fact led by the villainous Man-Beast (disguised as the Hate-Monger) and it takes the combined efforts of Razorback and Spider-Man to defeat him and free Razorback's sister. Taryn O'Connell, a female truck driver, spends some time searching for Razorback before he arrived in his oversized rig. They team up and use the rig itself to hijack NASA's experimental faster-than-light spacecraft, the Star Blazer. Though opposed by Mister Fantastic and She-Hulk, they nevertheless succeed in stealing the spaceship. Their purpose is to find Taryn's lover, Ulysses Solomon Archer, who had left for deep space several years prior, establishing himself as a space trucker. They arrive (with She-Hulk as a stowaway, thanks to Mister Fantastic's assistance) only to discover that Archer had already married Taryn's rival for his affections, Mary McGrill, a woman who had traveled into space with him. Razorback assists She-Hulk and U.S. Archer in defeating Xemnu the Titan, who intended to transform Archer and Mary's as-yet-unborn child into a member of his own species. With the help of the She-Hulk's persuasion, NASA soon realizes that Razorback, with his mutant skill allowing him to drive anything, is the perfect pilot for their craft, and allows him and U.S. Archer to remain in space aboard the Star Blazer with NASA's approval. Taryn joins Buford on his travels, having fallen in love with him. Star Blazer is renamed the Big Pig III, which Razorback calls all his vehicles. Razorback and Taryn eventually return to Earth, and Razorback inexplicably fights the Human Torch. Razorback has reportedly lost his mutant powers after M-Day, though his size and strength are unaffected. During the "Secret Invasion" storyline, a Skrull infiltrator posing as Razorback appeared as a member of the Arkansas-based team called the Battalion. After the invasion is over, the real Razorback is shown in a support group meeting with the others that had been replaced by Skrulls. His teammate Tigra says she'd have left Camp Hammond to begin training him, as he was eager to take back the position which had been assumed by his Skrull replacement. Razorback does not take part to the clash against the Thor cyborg called Ragnarok, with Thor Girl being the only replaced heroine to face the powerful clone. Hobgoblin's Razorback During the AXIS storyline, Roderick Kingsley gave one of the copies of Razorback's costume to an unnamed person who became part of the Hob-Heroes. Spider-Woman later encountered this version of Razorback. During the Hunted storyline, Razorback is among the animal-themed characters that were captured by Taskmaster and Black Ant for Kraven the Hunter's Great Hunt which is sponsored by Arcade's company Arcade Industries. He was seen at a gathering held by Vulture. When the Great Hunt was over, Razorback was present when Human Fly, Toad, White Rabbit, and Yellowjacket planned to take revenge on Black Ant only for Taskmaster to make off with Black Ant. Razorback in other media Razorback made a number of appearances in the series of Marvel Comics novels published by Byron Preiss in the 1990s. The novels shared a common continuity and he was a recurring supporting character in the Spider-Man novels, as well as Generation X: Crossroads by J. Steven York. This novel ends with Razorback, who has won acclaim by saving the life of the President, wondering if he should risk his reputation by publicly revealing his mutant nature. An alternate universe version of Razorback appears in the novel Spider-Man/X-Men: Time's Arrow, The Present by Tom DeFalco and Adam-Troy Castro, in a world where the X-Men were dictators who controlled all superheroes. He joined the resistance movement after the X-Men took Big Pig to pieces. Although more likeable than most of the team (which largely comprises villains), he is very bitter about the "death" of Big Pig. At one point Spider-Man thinks "I don't believe it. This Razorback is grim and gritty." Reaper Reaper is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Gunther Strauss Further reading Gunther Strauss at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Gunther Strauss is a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe. The character, created by Stan Lee and Al Avison, first appeared in Captain America Comics #22 (January 1943). Within the context of the stories, Gunther Strauss is a Nazi agent ordered by Adolf Hitler to cause a popular uprising in the United States. Acting as "the Reaper", Strauss travels to Manhattan and claims to be a religious prophet who had received an oracular vision. He exhorts people to abandon morality and to tear down the legal system and the federal government. Learning of his scheme, Bucky and Captain America pursue the Reaper into the New York City Subway, where Strauss falls on the electrified third rail and is killed. Pantu Hurageb Further reading Pantu Hurageb at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Pantu Hurageb is a mutant in the X-Force comic book series. He generates a paralyzing wave that slows reaction times and also has prosthetic hands, that he can morph into a scythe. He has been a terrorist member of the Mutant Liberation Front in the main Marvel Universe but a hero in the Ultraverse. Reaver The Reaver is a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe. The character, created by Chris Claremont and Herb Trimpe, first appeared in Captain Britain #1 (dated 13 October 1976). The Reaver – real name Joshua Stragg – had access to high technology, including a variety of armoured suits, and a small gang of followers. He used these to storm the Darkmoor Research Laboratory in England, bursting through the walls at the control of a huge armoured vehicle. Wanting to gain the know-how of the staff to gain further riches he attempted to kidnap the facility's nuclear experts. Intern Brian Braddock attempted to run for help but was hit by the Reaver's hovercraft and surrounded by the villain and his men. However, Merlyn and Roma appeared to the student and granted him the powers of Captain Britain. The Reaver seized the Sword of Might and fought Captain Britain, but was defeated. Recorder 451 Main article: Recorder 451 Red Barbarian Main article: Red Barbarian Red Dagger Red Dagger (Kareem) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by G. Willow Wilson and Mirka Andolfo, and first appeared in Ms. Marvel (vol. 4) #12 (October 2016). Kareem is a teenager from Badin who protects the streets of Karachi at night as the vigilante Red Dagger. When Kamala Khan and her family take a trip to Pakistan, she meets Kareem, who is revealed to be a family friend, and he stays with the Khan family during their vacation while studying for his university entrance exam. Red Dagger later teams up Kamala's superhero alter ego Ms. Marvel while on duty; the two are unaware of each other's secret identities. After the Khans return to Jersey City, Kareem later joins them and attends Kamala's high school as an exchange student. Eventually Red Dagger and Ms. Marvel share their first kiss. Powers and abilities of Red Dagger Red Dagger is an accomplished martial artist, acrobat and marksman, with a preference for throwing knives. Red Dagger in other media Red Dagger appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe/ Disney+ streaming series Ms. Marvel (2022), portrayed by Aramis Knight. This version lives in Karachi, Pakistan and is a member of a group called the Red Daggers. In 2025, he encounters Kamala Khan on her trip in Karachi and befriends her, taking her to meet his friends and helping her fight against the Clandestines. He later helps provide refuge for Khan's friend Kamran. Red Ghost Main article: Red Ghost (character) Red Guardian Main article: Red Guardian Red King Red King (Angmo-Asan II) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by Greg Pak and Carlo Pagulayan for their Planet Hulk arc. Before becoming the Father Emperor of Sakaar, Angmo-Asan II's father was an Imperial soldier-turned-warlord whose exploits united the nations of Imperia during the Wars of Empire and saved the planet from alien invasion during the Spike War. After his father died, Angmo II ascended to the throne and took the name "Red King". Angmo as the new king was vastly different to his warrior-like father; he was vain and childlike, desired power and glory, and had no morals on how to achieve them. Before he died, Angmo's father had recognized these traits in his son and decided that Angmo II posed a threat to the planet and its people if he ever took the throne. The king sent his warbound Shadow, Hiroim the Shamed, to assassinate the prince. The only thing that saved the prince's life was Hiroim's unwillingness to kill a child. While Angmo was still young he came across the thirteen year old Caiera whose village was attacked by the Spikes. Using her Old Power and fighting skills she fought the infected of her village until she was saved by the young Red King. The Red King had stood by and allowed her village to be infected in order to find a Shadow with the Old Power. He proceeded to enslave her. She was later freed and officially made the King's bodyguard. The Red King would go on to have almost all his sons and daughters slaughtered to ensure they could not take the throne from him. The Red King still ruled Sakaar when the Hulk was inadvertently exiled to their world. Initially the Hulk was enslaved and trained as a gladiator to fight for the entertainment of the Emperor but he quickly began to gain attention as the Green Scar and Sakaarson, a mythical figure prophesied to rule Sakaar and heal it. The Red King grew concerned and tried to have the Hulk killed repeatedly to no avail until they entered into open war with one another. The Hulk led his friends the Warbound and others against the Red King, eventually gaining the support of the King's own bodyguard, Caiera the Oldstrong, who turned against him when the Red King unleashed the Spikes against the Hulk. The Hulk led his forces on Crown City and personally fought the Red King, seemingly defeating him and stopping the destruction of Crown City caused by the King. At some point after his downfall, the Red King was found by the Wildebots and reconstructed as a Cyborg, leading survivors of Crown City to safety and coming to regret his past actions, feeling that the Hulk had helped him become who he should have been. The Red King followed the Hulk's son Skaar up until the destruction of the planet. It remains unclear whether or not he survived the planet being consumed by Galactus. Red King in other media The Red King appears in Planet Hulk, voiced by Mark Hildreth. The Red King appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Planet Hulk! (Six Against Infinity, Part 5)", voiced by S. Scott Bullock. The Red King appears as a playable character and boss in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. Red Lotus Red Lotus (Paul Hark) is a fictional character, a mutant appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by Chris Claremont and Salvador Larroca. Red Lotus was born in Sydney, Australia, to an American parent, and is the heir apparent to the Sydney Chinese Triad, which was run by his grandfather, who was known as Father Gow. When Gow was murdered, Red Lotus was led to believe that the culprit was Gambit by the Examiner, who wanted to gain control of the Triad for himself. Red Lotus assisted the X-Treme X-Men team against Sebastian Shaw and Lady Mastermind after the truth was revealed, and later helped them while they were trying to repel an interdimensional invasion in Madripoor. After the invasion on Madripoor, Paul became an ally to Viper and joined her undercover at the Hellfire Club hoping to shut down their mutant slave ring. He was almost murdered by Selene, but Marvel Girl was able to save him. He was last seen still as an ally to Courtney Ross, Viper, Sunspot and their new Hellfire Club, however, what happened to him after M-Day still remains a mystery. Red Lotus is a superhuman martial artist who possesses enhanced strength, speed, reflexes, agility, dexterity, coordination, balance, and endurance. Red Lotus in other media Red Lotus was set to appear in Dark Phoenix, portrayed by Andrew Stehlin. In the final film, he is replaced by Ariki, a mutant capable of manipulating his braids. Furthermore, a "Red Lotus Gang" was originally set to appear in earlier stages. Red Hulk Main article: Red Hulk Thunderbolt Ross Main article: Thunderbolt Ross Robert Maverick Main article: Robert Maverick Red Nine Main article: Red Nine Red Queen Hope Pym Main article: Hope Pym Madelyne Pryor Main article: Madelyne Pryor Red Raven Main article: Red Raven (Marvel Comics) Red Ronin Main article: Red Ronin Red She-Hulk Main article: Betty Ross Red Shift Main article: Red Shift (comics) Red Skull Johann Schmidt Main article: Red Skull George John Maxon Main article: Red Skull (George John Maxon) Albert Malik Main article: Red Skull (Albert Malik) Sinthea Schmidt Main article: Sin (Marvel Comics) Johann Schmidt (Clone) Main article: Red Skull Red Sonja Main article: Red Sonja Red Wolf Main article: Red Wolf (comics) Wildrun Main article: Red Wolf (Wildrun) Johnny Wakely Main article: Johnny Wakely Thomas Thunderhead Main article: Thomas Thunderhead William Talltrees Main article: William Talltrees Redstone Main article: Redstone (comics) Redwing Redwing is a fictional bird appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the bird sidekick to the Falcon. The character, created by Stan Lee and Gene Colan, first appeared in Captain America #117 (September 1969). Redwing came from Rio where Sam Wilson bought him. They both ended up traveling to a deserted island where they accidentally encountered Nazis and the Red Skull. Due to an encounter with the Cosmic Cube, Wilson and Redwing would form a telepathic bond that would allow Wilson to see through his eyes if necessary. Redwing remained Wilson's constant companion, but on the side joined the Pet Avengers. When Wilson took on the mantle of Captain America, Redwing still stayed by his side. This changed when Redwing's DNA was used on Joaquin Torres who became the new Falcon. Wilson has let his bird act as Torres' new sidekick since. Redwing in other media Redwing appears in The Avengers: United They Stand. Redwing appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, with vocal effects provided by Steve Blum. This version is a member of the titular squad. Redwing appears in Avengers Assemble. Redwing appears in Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur episode "The Devil You Know", voiced by Bumper Robinson. This version is the sidekick of Rodney / Falcon and a member of an animal support group called the Action Buddies Confidential. Redwing appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). This version is a bird-like military drone utilized by Sam Wilson, who received four versions from Tony Stark, the United States Air Force, and Wakanda. Redwing appears in Lego Marvel's Avengers. Redwing appears in Marvel Avengers Academy. Redeemer Redeemer is a codename used by two minor characters in Marvel Comics. Both are acquaintances of the Hulk. Craig Saunders Craig Saunders Jr., created by John Byrne, first appeared in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #317 (March 1986). Fascinated by explosives every since childhood, he specialized in explosive ordinance disposal until he was too late with a mother and daughter killed by the bomb blast to which his military reputation had been permanently damaged as a result of bad press. Saunders is recruited into the Hulkbusters by Bruce Banner, vowing to redeem himself of his failings by doggedly hunting the Hulk and gaining a friendship with teammate Sam LaRoquette. After Bruce Banner re-merged with the Hulk due to separation causing cellular degeneration, Saunders hunted Rick Jones. The Hulkbusters are recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. as an advisor alongside LaRoquette but were manipulated by the Leader into being a brainwashed pawn with himself and LaRoquette as Redeemer and Rock respectively. He is killed when the Hulk threw him on rock spikes. Reginald Fortean Reginald Fortean, created by Jeff Parker and Gabriel Hardman, first appeared in Hulk (vol. 2) #30.1 (May 2011). A US Air Force General and Thunderbolt Ross's protégé, he seeks revenge on the Red Hulk (unaware that Red Hulk and Ross are one person) by using his own Redeemer armor. During one of these outings, he briefly fought Omegex. Reginald Fortean has since taken command of the anti-Hulk "Shadow Base" black ops as part of the U.S. Hulk Operations. He uses the organization to find a way to weaponize the gamma radiation. Reginald and Dr. Charlene McGowan later graft the tissue samples of Abomination to Rick Jones' corpse as part of a gamma experiment that revives him as an Abomination/A-Bomb-like creature with two faces and many finger-like structures surrounding his face that Dr. Charlene McGowan calls Subject B. After killing a depowered Walter Langkowski, Reginald accidentally fused himself with Rick Jones's Subject B husk, turning himself into the new Subject B. Hulk and Subject B ended up killing themselves and were transported to the Below-Place. After talking to Doc Samson, Banner as Grey Hulk killed Reginald. Regent Regent is a character in Marvel Comics. He makes his first full appearance as the main antagonist of the limited series Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows, as part of the 2015 Secret Wars storyline. The Earth-616 version later makes a reappearance at the end of The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1. Earth-18119 version During the "Secret Wars" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe. In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent will not detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. At Regent's headquarters, Regent figures out that Spider-Man has been sighted and unleashes his Sinister Six (consisting of Doctor Octopus, Hobgoblin, Kraven the Hunter, Mysterio, Shocker, and Vulture) to hunt down Spider-Man. Regent broadcasts that he will be doing a compulsory screening at Public School 122 Mamie Fay. Though Peter, Mary Jane, and Annie pass the scans, another kid did not causing Peter Parker to turn into Spider-Man to defend him. As S.H.I.E.L.D. faces the Regent, Mary Jane and Annie confront his scientists led by Dr. Shannon Stillwell. Using the same type of armor as the Regent, Mary Jane helps Annie to disable the mechanism that held the captive heroes in order for Regent to draw in their powers. When this attracts the attention of Regent, Spider-Man escapes and takes the fight with Regent to the streets. Annie joined the fight and used the special arrowhead on Regent. Despite this, Regent is still a threat as he grabs Annie. Spider-Man uses a bluff to get close to Regent so that he can defeat him. Using an improvised restraining unit made by Prowler, S.H.I.E.L.D took Regent into their custody as Spider-Man and his family resume their normal lives. Earth-616 version On Earth-616, Augustus Roman is the CEO of Empire Unlimited. However, he secretly adopted the identity of Regent wearing a silver armor that changes his appearance to an armored one. Roman had felt abhorrence towards super-humans ever since his family died during a conflict between the Avengers and the Masters of Evil, where he made a cameo appearance in Avengers #277. Believing that super-humans, and their powers and abilities, including their weapons should be contained and controlled, Roman created a prison known as The Cellar, located in Ryker's Island. On the surface, The Cellar appeared to be nothing more than a holding facility, when in reality its super-powered inmates were restrained inhumanly, and had their powers replicated into a special suit designed for Roman, and now referring himself as Regent, the "savior of humanity". Harry Lyman soon finds out Augustus' true identity as Regent, while learning his action for sudden disappearance of the super-humans alike. Even much more worst situation as Betty Brant, sent by Harry attempt to go to Augustus to ask him if he's actually a Regent, Augustus kidnaps Betty to cover his identity and his ruthless action from being exposed, so will the rest of the innocent people who may stumbled finds out his schemes. As Harry tries to expose Augustus' secret identity as a Regent for a disappearing of Betty, right before Regent captures him, Harry manage to call the original Spider-Man, as well as Iron Man that he finally finds out Augustus is Regent. Mary Jane soon catch up with Spider-Man and Iron Man, donning Peter's old Iron Spider suit to catch with them and rescues other missing super humans from Regent. As Spider-Man manage to find Harry and releases other captured super humans, and destroys the machine that powers Regent, Regent becomes powerless, surrounded by the other heroes and innocence he captured, and finally being arrested and put to justice, imprisoned in his own Cellar he created. During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Regent appears as a member of Hydra's Army of Evil. He partakes in the attacks on New York in retribution on what happened at Pleasant Hill. Regent in other media The Augustus Roman incarnation of Regent appears in Spider-Man, voiced by Imari Williams. This version is Yuri Watanabe's mentor and holds a grudge against the Avengers for arresting his father who was given a life sentence for what he saw as minor felonies. In the episode "Brand New Day", Regent banishes the Avengers and Spider-Man to another dimension. In the following episode, "The Cellar", Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus, and Anna Maria Marconi free Cloak and Dagger, who bring back the Avengers. They and Spider-Man defeat Regent, who is relieved of his position as warden and remanded to the Cellar. Reignfire Main article: Reignfire Ben Reilly Main article: Ben Reilly May Reilly Main article: Aunt May Replica Replica is a Skrull from an alternate future and a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and Galactic Guardians. The character, created by Jim Valentino, first appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy #9 (February 1991) as an inhabitant of the alternate timeline/reality Marvel Comics designated as Earth-691. Within the context of the stories, Replica is a devout member of the Universal Church of Truth who lives in disguise on the planet New Haven under the rule of Rancor. When the Guardians of the Galaxy arrive, she joins them and the Resistance against Rancor. When the Guardians leave New Haven, she stows away on their ship as an insect only to be discovered by Yondu. Over time she assists the Guardians against a Stark saboteur, the Spirit of Vengeance, and the Grand Inquisitor. She also reveals that she is a member of the Universal Church of Truth and a Skrull as she officially joins the Guardians. Later, in order to save the lives of the Guardians, she gives herself as a playmate to her god Protégé. Reptil Main article: Reptil Reptyl Main article: Reptyl Clive Reston Main article: Clive Reston Rev Main article: Rev (comics) Revanche Main article: Revanche (Marvel Comics) Revolutionary Revolutionary is a fictional character appearing in Avengers: The Initiative Annual #1 created by Dan Slott, Christos N. Gage and Patrick Scherberger. The Revolutionary was a Skrull secret agent, sent as part of a Skrull plan to conquer the Earth. The Revolutionary infiltrated the Liberteens, a superhero team based in Philadelphia who were the official government-approved superteam for the state of Pennsylvania. The Revolutionary was in contact with Criti Noll, the Skrull posing as Yellowjacket, speaking from Camp Hammond. He was a level-headed and respectful in his role as leader of the group. When 3-D Man (Delroy Garrett Jr.) began his cross country effort with the Skrull Kill Krew to rid the Initiative of Skrull infiltrators, the Revolutionary was one of the Skrulls defeated. Gravity dropped the diamond-skinned Hope on top of the Revolutionary and dramatically amplified her mass, crushing him to a bloody pulp. The real Revolutionary later attended a support group meeting at Camp Hammond for the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and heroes who were replaced. Cecilia Reyes Main article: Cecilia Reyes Gabe Reyes Further reading Gabe Reyes at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Gabe Reyes at the Grand Comics Database Gabriel "Gabe" Reyes is a fictional character in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Felipe Smith and Tradd Smith, first appeared in All-New Ghost Rider #1 (May 2014). Gabe Reyes is the younger brother of Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider. When his mother was pregnant with him, their uncle Eli Morrow shoved her down the stairs, resulting in Gabe being born with limited motor control over his legs. Gabe is also developmentally disabled and is need of constant attention from Robbie. Gabe looks up to his brother, but under the influence of Eli, the two begin to drift away from each other to the point that they begin fighting. Eli takes over Gabe and begins to go after his former boss, Yegor Ivanov. Robbie rescues Gabe by taking Eli back and killing Ivanov, the brothers' faith in each other is restored. Gabe Reyes in other media Gabe Reyes appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Lorenzo James Henrie. This version is a high school student who became wheelchair-bound following an attack by a street gang called the Fifth Street Locos and is initially unaware of Robbie's activities as the Ghost Rider until Robbie tells him the truth about the night that they were attacked. Rhapsody Comics character RhapsodyPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceX-Factor #79Created byPeter DavidJim FernIn-story informationAlter egoRachel ArgosySpeciesHuman MutantAbilities Flight Musical mental manipulation Rhapsody (Rachel Argosy) is a mutant supervillainess appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in X-Factor #79. Rachel Argosy was a teacher, until, at age 20, her hair and skin turned light blue when her mutant powers developed. Despite being popular with the children, who nicknamed her Rhapsody, the parents complained about having a mutant teacher and, after a meeting of the school board, was fired. Two days later, while trying to use her power to convince Harry Sharp, the leader of her detractors on the school board, to reverse its decision, he died of a heart attack while in ecstasy from her power. While fleeing from the police, she stole a violin and used the music from it to fuel her power of flight. The police then called X-Factor, who sent Quicksilver and Jamie Madrox to help capture her. While Quicksilver helped bring her down and smashed her violin, she influenced the core Madrox with a flute, who, after his duplicates helped stop her, became angered and convinced Quicksilver to help him break her out. However, when she admitted to Madrox that Sharp had died, albeit not deliberately, at her hands, he rejected her angrily and returned her to prison. She is emotionally dependent on music and becomes depressed after an extended period without hearing it. She most recently serenaded the attendees of the Hellfire Gala. While music is playing in the vicinity - usually through her playing her own violin - she can fly and warp minds to manipulate emotions, induce hallucinations in others, or control minds completely - though some are more susceptible than others. Rhapsody retains her powers post-M-Day. She is a talented violinist and flute player. Rhino Main article: Rhino (comics) Lila Rhodes Lila Rhodes is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Iron Patriot #1 (March 2014), and was created by Ales Kot and Garry Brown. She is the niece of James Rhodes and the daughter of Jeanette Rhodes. Lila provides tech support. Roberta Rhodes Roberta Rhodes is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Iron Man #173 (May 1973), and was created by Denny O'Neil and Luke McDonnell. She is the mother of James Rhodes / War Machine. Roberta is shown to supportive of her son. Roberta Rhodes in other media Roberta Rhodes appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Catherine Haggquist. This version is the legal guardian and attorney for Tony Stark after Howard Stark's disappearance. Terrence Rhodes Main article: Iron Patriot Val Rhymin Main article: Val Rhymin Ricadonna Ricadonna is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is one of the main characters in the Daughters of the Dragon comic series. Ricadonna is a multi-billionaire. She is a mob-queen and enemy of Misty Knight who has been previously apprehended by her. In her first appearance, a foursome of villains steal from her while she is at a party. Ricadonna's teddy cam survives the thieves' expert robbery and she uses the footage to discover their identities. She has two of them, Freezer Burn and 8-Ball slain. Freezer Burn's girlfriend is also killed. During the "Gang War" storyline, Ricadonna is among the villains that are hired by Hobgoblin to guard his hideout and are attacked by Scorpion, Shift, and Starling. Scorpion persuaded Ricadonna and the other villains to turn against Hobgoblin. Zander Rice Further reading Zander Rice at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Zander Rice at the Grand Comics Database Dr. Zander Rice is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. He was created by Craig Kyle, Christopher Yost and Billy Tan, and his first appearance was in X-23 #1 (March 2005). His father Dale Rice worked on the Weapon X Program and was killed by Wolverine. Years later, Rice works on recreating the Weapon X experiment with his mentor Dr. Martin Sutter. He was eventually paired with Dr. Sarah Kinney, whom he did not get along with. When Sarah suggested making a female clone for Wolverine, Rice reluctantly agreed. Although Zander forced Sarah to carry the embryo to term, Rice proceeded to mistreat and abuse Laura Kinney who he called "Pet" and "Animal" following birth. Rice uses Laura's trigger scent to kill Sutter so that he can be in charge of the program and create more clones to sell on the market. Laura is later ordered by Sarah to kill Rice and destroy the facility. Laura gets back at Rice by calling him "Animal" upon his death. In a cruel twist of fate, Rice hid a trigger scent in Sarah's hair and Sarah too is murdered by Laura. Zander Rice in other media Zander Rice appears in Logan, portrayed by Richard E. Grant. This version is the head of the corporation Alkali-Transigen who created the Transigen virus to sterilize mutantkind, which also caused the decay of Logan's healing factor and Charles Xavier's mental deterioration, in an attempt to make his own mutants as the Reavers were not as effective as he had hoped. After several mutant children escape from Transigen, Rice and the Reavers pursue to get them back, only to be killed by Logan. Franklin Richards Main article: Franklin Richards (Fantastic Four) Gail Richards Gail Richards is a character who originated in the film serial Captain America (Feb. 5, 1944), later appearing in the Ultimate Marvel universe. The character, created by Royal Cole; Harry Fraser; Joseph Poland; Ronald Davidson; Basil Dickey; Jesse Duffy and Grant Nelson, was portrayed by Lorna Gray. Gail Richards in film Gail Richards is the secretary to D.A. Grant Gardner, the serial's version of Captain America. Gail was well aware of Grant's double identity and would usually try to cover while Grant was off fighting crime and would contact to update on certain information. While Gail was the typical damsel in distress seen in films at the time, she did display a bit of a backbone every now and then and at one point managed to get the drop on some criminals. It was implied that she had feelings for Grant though this was never explored. Gail Richards in comics A character loosely based on her, also named Gail Richards, appeared in the Ultimate Marvel Universe. This character was created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch, and first appeared in The Ultimates #1. She was the fiancée of Captain America (Steve Rogers) before the man's supposed demise. She eventually becomes Bucky Barnes's wife to which the two have a family. In the early 21st century, Gail was shocked to learned of Steve's survival and youthful preservation, and emotionally refused to be reunited. However, they later rekindle a friendship. Unbeknownst to Rogers, Gail had conceived Captain America's son, and was "convinced" by the American government to give up their child to the military's supposed safety. In reality, the government trained her son to be the next super soldier who instead chose to be the Ultimate iteration of Red Skull. She is later given a chance to say goodbye to her son. Gail Richards in other media Gail Richards makes minor appearances in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced by an unidentified actress. Nathaniel Richards Main article: Nathaniel Richards (Marvel Comics) Valeria Richards Main article: Valeria Richards Annie Richardson Annie Richardson is a character appearing in books published for Marvel Comics. The character was created by Chris Claremont and John Buscema, and first appeared in Bizarre Adventures #27 (June 1981). She was Jean Grey's childhood friend. Annie was accidentally killed by a car to which the trauma caused Jean's telepathic abilities. Annie Richardson in other media Annie Richardson has non-voiced appearance in the X-Men '97 episode "Fire Made Flesh". Molly von Richthofen Main article: Molly von Richthofen Ricochet Main article: Ricochet (comics) Rictor Main article: Rictor Right-Winger Further reading Right-Winger at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Right-Winger (Jerome "Jerry" Johnson) is a veteran and superhero in the Marvel Comics universe. The character, created by Mark Gruenwald and Paul Neary, first appeared in Captain America #323 (November 1986). Within the context of the stories, Jerry Johnson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a veteran who had served 4 years in the U.S. Army with his friend, John Walker. Both became disillusioned and grew bored due to the lack of action during peace-time service. They both signed up for the Power Broker's strength augmentation process, and joined the Unlimited Class Wrestling Federation. Later, John Walker approached him to form a team of superhumans, known as the B.U.C.s (Bold Urban Commandos) or "Buckies". This team consisted of Johnson, Lemar Hoskins, and Hector Lennox, and they all wore variations of Captain America's costume. Walker, now known as the Super-Patriot publicly spoke out against the original Captain America, and the Buckies pretended to be Cap's supporters. The Buckies staged opposition to Walker and pretended to attack him at a rally in Central Park as a publicity stunt. Walker defeated these protesters and proclaimed to Captain America that the people should decide who was worthy of being Captain America. Eventually, the Commission on Superhuman Activities selected Walker to replace Steve Rogers as Captain America, and chose Lemar Hoskins to become his partner Bucky (and later as Battlestar). Lennox and Johnson were left behind, feeling betrayed and angered. They chose the names Left-Winger and Right-Winger respectively. They wore stolen Guardsmen armor and battled Walker and Hoskins. The pair upstaged the new Captain America at a patriotic rally and press conference, attacking him and revealing Walker's identity to the press out of jealousy over his new-found success. As a result, Walker's parents were killed by the militia group The Watchdogs, nearly driving Walker into a mental breakdown. Walker blamed his former partners for his parents' deaths, and he stalked them. When he caught up to Left-Winger and Right-Winger, he tied them to an oil tank which was detonated by a torch-saber and left them to die. They barely survived the explosion due to their bodies' enhanced physiology, leaving them terribly burned and in critical condition. Later, Walker became the U.S. Agent and joined the West Coast Avengers. Left-Winger and Right-Winger, alongside several others, were plucked from different time periods by Immortus to serve in the third Legion of the Unliving. They battled U.S. Agent, who slew them again not believing them to be authentic. Eventually, it was revealed to Walker that the pair had survived the explosion and were hospitalized in Houston. After undergoing painful treatment for the burns they received, they had committed suicide. When Walker learned of this, he was remorseful. vteCaptain America charactersIncarnations ofCaptain America Steve Rogers William Nasland Jeffrey Mace William Burnside John Walker Isaiah Bradley Bucky Barnes Sam Wilson SupportingcharactersBucky Bucky Barnes Jack Monroe Rick Jones Lemar Hoskins Rikki Barnes Primary Falcon Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Other Arnie Roth Betsy Ross Demolition Man Diamondback Jack Flag Nick Fury Superhero allies Black Widow Deathlok Fabian Stankowicz Fantastic Four Hawkeye Maria Hill Howling Commandos Hulk Iron Man Robert Maverick Namor Spider-Man Thunderbolt Ross Thor Wolverine X-Men Teams All-Winners Squad Avengers New Uncanny Secret Illuminati Invaders Secret Defenders S.H.I.E.L.D. AntagonistsPrimary rogues'gallery Arnim Zola Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Batroc the Leaper Crossbones Doctor Faustus Flag-Smasher Grand Director Machinesmith Madame Hydra MODOK Red Skull Sin Winter Soldier Groups A.I.M. Femizons Hydra Maggia Roxxon Energy Corporation Secret Empire Serpent Society Serpent Squad Watchdogs Snake-themed Anaconda Asp Bushmaster Cobra Constrictor Copperhead Cottonmouth Death Adder Diamondback Eel Princess Python Puff Adder Rattler Rock Python Sidewinder Other Abomination Armadillo Baron Blood Blackwing Doughboy Dredmund the Druid Everyman Glenn Talbot Grey Gargoyle Hate-Monger Jack O'Lantern John Ryker Lady Deathstrike Leader Left-Winger Living Laser Aleksander Lukin Madman Mandarin Master Man Mister Hyde MODAM Mole Man Nefarius (Moonstone) Nightshade Nuke Porcupine Professor Power Scarecrow Scourge of the Underworld Sleeper Slug Taskmaster Teen Abomination Trapster Vermin Alternative versionsIn comics American Dream Nomad Ultimate Captain America In film Steve Rogers Sam Wilson Bucky Barnes Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Ringer Ringer is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Anthony Davis A former engineer for NASA, professional criminal Anthony Davis grew jealous of the wealthy Kyle Richmond. Designing a suit of battle armor that would be constructed by the Tinkerer, Davis, calling himself the Ringer, broke into one of Richmond's buildings to rob it. Richmond confronted the Ringer in his guise of Nighthawk II, breaking several of Davis's teeth in the process. Davis was arrested and jailed, where it took a prison dentist several weeks to rebuild his broken teeth. Humiliated by his defeat at Nighthawk's hands, Davis decided he was not cut out for a life of crime. He had previously designed an improved version of his old battlesuit, which remained in the Tinkerer's warehouse, which he planned to rent out to various criminal contacts as part of a get-rich-quick scheme. As Davis tested the suit, the Beetle broke into the shop to retrieve his own equipment. Easily subduing the Ringer, the Beetle brought him back to his hideout, where he forced Davis to wear the suit to battle Spider-Man, tricking him into thinking a new ring the Beetle had added to the suit would explode if the Ringer did not obey. The Ringer, deathly afraid of battling another superhero, was dealt a humiliating defeat by Spider-Man, who broke his repaired dental work and left him webbed for the police. To add to Ringer's indignity, the explosive charge merely destroyed a recording device the Beetle had installed in his suit to obtain live combat data of Spider-Man. Upon his release from prison, the Ringer avoided New York City and its super heroes and operated as a costumed criminal primarily in the Midwest, sinking into petty crime and being viewed as a loser in the supervillain community. On a visit to the Bar With No Name in Medina County, Ohio, one of a number of similar secret meeting places for costumed criminals, the Ringer was contacted by Gary Gilbert, who was formerly the costumed terrorist called Firebrand. Gilbert invited the Ringer to attend a meeting at the bar to discuss strategies for dealing with Scourge, the mysterious vigilante who had murdered a large number of costumed criminals. The Ringer came to the meeting, but, unfortunately for him, so did Scourge, disguised as the bartender. Scourge slaughtered the Ringer and all the other criminals who were present, shooting them with explosive bullets. Upon hearing of his supposed death, the Ringer's wife Leila Davis became a criminal herself, plotting to get revenge on the Beetle, who she blamed for her husband's humiliation, although she was thwarted by Spider-Man. When she joined a group of other villains in attempting to kill the wall-crawler, she was saved during the battle by her husband, who appeared as the cyborg Strikeback. Davis revealed that he had not actually died in the Scourge's massacre, but was barely alive when A.I.M. agents investigated the murder, seeking information on the technology used by the dead criminals. AIM created a new cyborg body for him, and he worked for the organization for some time before striking out on his own. As Strikeback, Davis was a much more skilled fighter than he was as the Ringer, defeating Boomerang, Swarm, the Vulture and Stegron. However, the dinosaur man badly damaged Strikeback's cybernetic systems during the battle, which caused them to slowly break down. During this time, he enjoyed a happy, if brief, retirement with Leila before dying. Leila herself would later perish in battle with the villain Graviton. Arnim Zola later created a proto-husk of him, but Deadpool killed it. Keith Kraft The designs for the Ringer battlesuit are later used by another criminal named Keith Kraft who re-establishes the Ringer persona. He would prove to be as inept as Davis initially was. The Ringer teams up with Coachwhip and Killer Shrike to attack Moon Knight during the events of the Acts of Vengeance, a plan to destroy superheroes. He is defeated quickly. He is later employed by Justin Hammer, alongside Blacklash and Barrier. He attempts to trick Thunderbolt II into stealing some experimental aircraft plans, but is foiled by the Hulk and the ancient society known as the Pantheon. Kraft shows up at Stilt-Man's funeral at the Bar with No Name where the Punisher poisoned the drinks and blew up the bar. Only medical attention prevents the Ringer and other villains from dying. The Ringer is shown as a new member of Osborn's Shadow Initiative. He accompanies the team to liberate the Negative Zone prison. Ringer later assisted Hood into fighting Counter Force. He's then defeated by the Avengers Resistance in their last assault at Camp Hammer. Ringer later appeared as a member of the Shadow Council's Masters of Evil. Hobgoblin's Ringer Roderick Kingsley later sold the Ringer gear to an unnamed criminal. Ringer, Steeplejack and Tumbler are shown to be in the services of Roderick Kinglsley. They were later ambushed by the Goblin King's servants Menace and Monster (the "Goblin" form of Carlie Cooper). Following Spider-Man's victory over the Goblin King, Ringer was among the former Hobgoblin minions at the Bar with No Name where they encounter Electro. While Spider-Man and Ms. Marvel are fighting Doctor Minerva during the Spider-Verse storyline, the Ringer robs the Diamond District only to be defeated by the new hero Silk. In the Slide-Away Casino, Melter and Killer Shrike take Ringer to the back room. Black Cat shows him various items and tells him that even she cannot steal everything and sometimes must pay for them and asks him how is she supposed to do that when nobodies like him do not pay her weekly cut. Ringer tells Black Cat he did not pay because he was captured by Silk, owed the Spot for getting him out of jail, and had to pay Tinkerer for new equipment. He tells her that they worked in some jobs before and remembers her having a heart and asks for compassion. Black Cat hesitates long enough for the Ringer to attack them, hitting Felicia in her arm before she takes him down. Black Cat tells Ringer he will make three times the cut and will also serve as an example, having Killer Shrike and Melter beat him up. Melter and Killer Shrike then bring in Ringer and Black Cat tells Ringer to spread the word that no one steals from her. Roderick Kingsley later regains Ringer's services. Ringer and Man Mountain Marko attack a book fair to rob it only to be defeated by Spider-Man. Ringmaster Main article: Ringmaster (comics) Ringo Kid Main article: Ringo Kid Rintrah Rintrah is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an other-dimensional mystic. The character, created by Peter B. Gillis and Chris Warner, first appeared in Doctor Strange #80 (Dec. 1986). Rintrah was depicted as a green-furred Minotaur. Within the context of the stories, Rintrah comes from an other-dimensional planet called R'Vaal. There, because of his sensitivity to occult forces and his potential to become a skilled sorcerer, he is an apprentice to Enitharmon the Weaver. When Doctor Strange brings his Cloak of Levitation to Enitharmon for repair, the weaver sends Rintrah to return the restored cloak. After delivering the cloak, Strange briefly, and with permission, possesses his body to fend off Urthona. He remains with Strange for a short time before returning to his apprenticeship. Rintrah later worked as a math teacher at Strange Academy. Rintrah in other media Rintrah appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), voiced by Adam Hugill. This version is a member of the Masters of the Mystic Arts. Rintrah appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions. Dallas Riordan Comics character Dallas RiordanPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceThunderbolts #1 (April 1997)Created byKurt BusiekMark BagleyIn-story informationAlter egoDallas RiordanSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsV-BattalionNYPDThunderboltsNotable aliasesCitizen V, Atlas, VantageAbilitiesNone Dallas Riordan is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Thunderbolts #1 (April 1997). Dallas Riordan's comic book family had a long storied history of being police officers. Dallas was once an NYPD officer and a soldier before she went into politics and became the aide to the mayor of New York. When the Thunderbolts arrived on the scene after the disappearances of The Avengers and the Fantastic Four, the mayor wanted to take advantage of the Thunderbolts publicity and chose to appoint Dallas as the liaison between his office and the new team of "heroes". Dallas was unaware that her new associates were super villains in disguise, plotting to use their newfound publicity to get security clearances that would allow them to take over the world. Dallas quickly began a flirtation with Thunderbolt member Atlas and the two were dating when the group became exposed as villains. The Thunderbolts, led by Citizen V (by now Baron Helmut Zemo once again), soon made an attempt to take over the world. To save face, the mayor chose to blame Dallas for leading him astray and promptly fired her. A short time later, Dallas was approached by Roger Aubrey of the V-Battalion and was offered the role of Citizen V (the original Citizen V was a Golden Age hero murdered by Helmut's father Baron Heinrich Zemo), their primary field agent. It turned out that Dallas's grandfather had worked for the original V-Battalion (the majority of which were slaughtered by Heinrich). He had served in World War II but stayed in Europe to help recreate the V-Battalion with Roger Aubrey and various others, leaving his wife and son, Jim Riordan, behind. Jim raised Dallas to be tough and encouraged her desire to be a police officer. Jim did not like the V-Battalion, but he presumably wanted his daughter to be trained in combat so that she would be prepared if she ever accepted a role in the V-Battalion (as was her right, being a descendant of a member). Furious over the way her life had been destroyed by the Thunderbolts, Dallas decided to join the V-Battalion and became Citizen V. She became somewhat of a super-hero herself, first fighting Baron Zemo and then going up against the threat of the Crimson Cowl, who after knocking Citizen V unconscious, framed Dallas for being the leader of the Masters of Evil, which was all a set-up to throw the Thunderbolts off the trail of the real Crimson Cowl (Justine Hammer). Dallas was then arrested. Dallas was rescued from prison by the V-Battalion. She soon tried to track down the Crimson Cowl but instead found herself fighting the Imperial Forces of America (ironically, but unknown to her, they were funded by Baron Zemo). The V-Battalion ordered Dallas to assassinate Henry Peter Gyrich (who would become her co-worker in the Commission on Superhuman Activities several years later) because Gyrich and the CSA had been compromised by the nanite conspiracy spearheaded by Baron Strucker of HYDRA. Dallas refused and the V-Battalion sent their operatives to stop her from informing the Thunderbolts of their plans. When Dallas returned to the United States, she tried to get help from the Thunderbolts but a battle broke out between the two groups and Dallas vanished in battle, kidnapped again by the Crimson Cowl. Dallas wound up in a prison base on the border of Symkaria and Latveria. She managed to find a means of escape but chose to confront the Cowl instead. The battle ended with her falling off a bridge and into a river. Dallas washed up in Latveria (the country led by Doctor Doom) and her back was crushed, requiring her to use a wheelchair for mobility. Dallas soon began to get visitations from her ex-boyfriend Erik (who had been killed by Scourge). Eventually Dallas was freed from Latveria by the Redeemers at which point she came back to the United States. The Thunderbolts, who had previously disbanded, reunited during a battle with Graviton. Dallas reasoned that the ionic-powered Erik's visitations were similar to Wonder Man's visitations of the Scarlet Witch, who he used as an emotional anchor to tie him to the world after he had been killed. Erik did not have a body to come back to and instead channeled his ionic energy into Dallas. In their ionic state, Dallas's body could walk and had various superpowers. Atlas re-joined the Thunderbolts to fight Graviton but after the battle, Erik and Dallas found themselves and their teammates marooned on Counter Earth. When they returned, the ionic energy recreated a powerless Erik Josten and Dallas retained a portion of the ionic energy. Thanks to the Fixer, Erik soon gained Pym Particle-related powers again. Dallas joined the Thunderbolts as Vantage and chose to remain on the team to watch Zemo, who she could not trust. Eventually Helmut was scarred by a deranged Moonstone when trying to save Captain America. The Thunderbolts briefly disbanded and Erik asked Hank Pym to strip him of his new powers. Dallas and Erik broke up and Dallas took a job working for homeland security. Erik soon re-joined the Thunderbolts despite being powerless. After an encounter with Genis-Vell, Erik became enraged and tapped into his ionic powers which somehow left Dallas paralysed again. Dallas is currently a full-time member of the CSA and even helped organize the battle between the Thunderbolts and the new Avengers. Dallas and the CSA are apparently working with Zemo to save the world from the Grandmaster. Dallas does not trust Helmut, but gave him the benefit of the doubt. Altered again by the Wellspring, during a battle against the Grandmaster in which he had to surrender his powers temporarily to Zemo, Josten was left stuck in a giant form, too heavy even to move and communicate. However he was able to send back some ionic energy to Dallas, restoring her legs. She offered jobs to Abner Jenkins and Fixer within the CSA. During the Dark Reign storyline, Dallas Riordan appeared as part of senate subcommittee questioning Norman Osborn about the recent Skrull invasion. As Vantage, Dallas once possessed superhuman levels of agility and endurance. While sharing consciousness with Atlas, Vantage was charged with ionic energy and could grow to great heights, fire ionic blasts, create a protective energy field, and fly. Dallas Riordan other media A variation of the character renamed Gabby Talbott appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "The Thunderbolts", voiced by Jennifer Hale. This version is the Thunderbolts' promoter who secretly conspires with Justin Hammer. After being exposed, she was fired by Citizen V as a result. Riot Riot is the name used by a symbiote in Marvel Comics. The symbiote, created by David Michelinie and Ron Lim, first appeared in Venom: Lethal Protector #4 (May 1993) and was named in Carnage, U.S.A. #2 (March 2012) after an unrelated purplish-black, four-armed action figure from the Planet of the Symbiotes storyline. It was created as one of five symbiote "children" forcefully spawned from the Venom symbiote along with Lasher, Agony, Phage, and Scream. Riot primarily sports symbiote hammers and maces. Riot's first host is Trevor Cole, a mercenary hired by Carlton Drake's Life Foundation in San Francisco. Cole is one of several employees to be bonded with a symbiote, along with Donna Diego (Scream), Leslie Gesneria (Agony), Carl Mach (Phage), and Ramon Hernandez (Lasher). Riot and his "siblings" are defeated by Spider-Man and Eddie Brock. The symbiotes' hosts kidnap Brock in an attempt to communicate with their symbiotes. When Brock refuses to aid them, Cole is killed along with Gesneria and Mach. The others initially believe that Brock was picking the group off, but the killer is later revealed to be Diego, having developed schizophrenia from Scream's influence. Riot's second host is Howard Ogden, a Petty Officer assigned to the Mercury Team alongside Phage (Rico Axelson), Lasher (Marcus Simms), and Agony (James Murphy). With Cletus Kasady on the loose in Colorado, Ogden and the Team Mercury assist Spider-Man, Scorn and Flash Thompson. Nevertheless, Riot and his teammates are killed by Carnage in their secret base, and the four symbiotes bond with the Mercury Team's dog after the fight. After being possessed by Knull, Riot and his "siblings" take over a family, with him and Agony taking the father and mother respectively while Phage and Lasher bond to the children before the group head to New York to help in Carnage's quest. They hunt Dylan Brock and Normie Osborn, but are defeated and separated from their hosts by the Maker. Under Knull's possession, Phage merges with his "siblings" into one, but is defeated by Andi Benton. Riot's fourth host takes part in a conspiracy led by the Carnage symbiote. Riot assists the other three symbiote enforcers and Carnage until they are defeated by Thompson, Silence, and Toxin and contained in Alchemax's custody. Riot in other media The Trevor Cole incarnation of Riot appears as a boss in Spider-Man and Venom: Separation Anxiety. The Trevor Cole incarnation of Riot appears as a playable character in Spider-Man Unlimited. The Riot symbiote appears in Venom, portrayed by Riz Ahmed. This version is the leader of a symbiote infiltration squad. After being brought to Earth by the Life Foundation's probe, Riot goes through multiple hosts before arriving in San Francisco and bonding with Carlton Drake in an attempt to bring more symbiotes to Earth. Riot faces and overpowers Venom in battle, then escapes into the Life Foundation's rocket but Venom damages it, killing Riot and Drake. Ripjak Comics character RipjakPublication informationPublisherMarvel ComicsFirst appearanceGuardians of the Galaxy #54 (November 1994)Created byMichael Gallagher and Kevin WestIn-story informationNotable aliasesInterplanetary Serial Killer Ripjak is a fictional comic book character from an alternate future Marvel Comics universe and appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy comic book series. Dubbed the Interplanetary Serial Killer by the media, Ripjak was a Martian antagonist, and later ally, of the Guardians of the Galaxy in the Earth-691 timeline of the Marvel Universe. It was later revealed that Ripjak was not the killer he was believed to be but rather an agent of mercy. He came to planets that had already been infected by the being known as Bubonicus and then wiped them out to prevent the contagions from spreading and end the suffering of those living there. Powers and abilities Ripjak wore an artificial exoskeleton and had enhanced abilities from a blood transfusion with Spider-Man. Riptide Main article: Riptide (comics) Deborah Risman Main article: Deborah Risman Matthew Risman Main article: Matthew Risman Risque Main article: Risque (comics) Donald & Deborah Ritter Main article: Donald & Deborah Ritter Rl'nnd Rl'nnd is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Jim Cheung, first appeared in New Avengers: Illuminati vol. 2 #5 (November 2007). He is a War-Skrull and the son of Rm'twr. Rl'nnd utilized the powers of the X-Men, specifically Wolverine, Cyclops, Nightcrawler and Colossus, during the Skrulls' invasion of Earth while desiring vengeance for his father who was killed by Carol Danvers. Rl'nnd used A.I.M. and impersonated a Cape-Killer to infiltrate a S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier but was defeated by Ms. Marvel and Machine Man. However, Rl'nnd was later seen alongside Veranke's Super-Skrull army and presumably killed by Wolverine. Rl'nnd in other media Rl'nnd appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. This version impersonated Henry Peter Gyrich. Rl'nnd appears as a boss in Marvel Heroes, initially impersonating Cyclops and then using an X-Men esque Super-Skrull form. Roberta Further reading Roberta at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Roberta at the Grand Comics Database Roberta is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character, created by John Byrne, first appeared in Fantastic Four #239 (February 1982). Roberta was android created by Reed Richards when the latter realized that no one would apply to work as the Fantastic Four's receptionist. She is known for her calm demeanor in the face of unusual situations and resembles a blonde haired woman with glasses down to the waist, where the rest of her is a machine connected to a desk. She has dealt with the Thing, Black Cat, Kitty Pryde and John Byrne. She once took down the Trapster in one blow. When Kristoff Vernard blew up the Baxter Building, Roberta is also destroyed. When the Baxter Building was rebuilt, so was Roberta with her memories intact. She showed some slight confusion over the sight of seeing Doctor Doom with Alicia Masters and for once was unsure of what to do. She was ripped from her circuits by Mad Thinker when his mind was trapped in the body of the Awesome Android. Reed was able to rebuild her, however. She once again showed minor interest in the strange going ons around her. She witnessed Luke Cage drive his car through the Baxter Building and then witnessed him fight the Thing. Scott Lang has deduced that Roberta is incapable of sarcasm as she cheerfully told Alicia "you're welcome" after it was apparent that her thanks was sarcastic. She also prefers to call herself a "mechanized human". Roberta received a redesign when the Four Freedoms Plaza was donated to the Thunderbolts. While the original design still had blonde hair and wore glasses, the Four Freedoms Plaza version had black hair while the Thunderbolts Plaza version had long brown hair. Roberta got another redesign, this time she had a full, silvery humanoid body and was first seen meeting with new Fantastic Four writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa. She has since started dating former killer robot turned assistant mail man Elektro and the two have since started living together. Roberta in other media Roberta appears in Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, portrayed by Patricia Harras. This version is a hologram. Robbie Robertson Main article: Robbie Robertson (comics) Randy Robertson Main article: Randy Robertson Rock Python Main article: Rock Python Rocket Racer Main article: Rocket Racer Rocketeers Main article: Rocketeers (comics) Rocketlauncher Main article: Death Squad (comics) Rockman Main article: Rockman (comics) Rockslide Main article: Rockslide (comics) Barbara Rodriguez Barbara Rodriguez is a minor character appearing within Marvel Comics. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Sara Pichelli, first appeared in Spider-Men #1 (July 2017). She is Miles Morales's "first serious girlfriend". Rodstvow Main article: Rodstvow Joseph Rogers Joseph Rogers is a minor character in Marvel Comics. He is the father of Steve Rogers. The character, created by Rick Remender and John Romita Jr., first appeared in Captain America (vol. 7) #1 (January 2013). Born and raised in Ireland, Joseph took a bullet during World War I. He later married Sarah and the two emigrated to the United States. Sometime after his son's birth, Joseph could not find any work and turned into an alcoholic, abusing Steve and Sarah. He later died of influenza. Joseph Rogers in other media Joseph Rogers makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Avengers Assemble episode "The House of Zemo". Sarah Rogers Sarah Rogers is a minor character in Marvel Comics. She is the mother of Steve Rogers. The character, created by Roger Stern and John Byrne, first appeared in Captain America #255 (March 1981). Born and raised in Ireland, she married Joseph Rogers and the two immigrated to the United States. After she gave birth to their son, Sarah raised Steve to the best of her ability in New York City despite Joseph being an alcoholic and abusive. After Joseph's death, Sarah worked double shifts at a garment factory and took in laundry to help ends meet and support Steve, and died some years later of illness. Other versions of Sarah Rogers Steve Rogers's alternate reality daughter is presumably named after Sarah Rogers. Steve Rogers Main article: Captain America Steven Rogers Jr. Steven Rogers Jr. is a character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character was created by Rick Margopoulos and Dan Reed, and first appeared in What If? #38 (January 1983). He is the son of Steve Rogers / Captain America and Sharon Carter. Alternate versions of Steven Rogers Jr. An alternate Ultimate Marvel equivalent of the Red Skull is the secret son of Captain America and Gail Richards. This character was created by Mark Millar and Carlos Pacheco, and first appeared in Ultimate Comics: Avengers #1 (October 2009). This version wears simple khaki pants and a white tee shirt. After World War II, he is taken from Richards and raised on an army base where he appears to be a well-adjusted, physically superior and tactically brilliant young man. However, his easygoing personality was a ruse as he kills over 200 men and then cuts off his face which leaves a "red skull" for his likeness, and had a long career of working as a professional assassin. Eventually, Rogers joins A.I.M. so that he can steal the Cosmic Cube's blueprints, meeting Captain America and revealing his true identity. Rogers later takes control of the Cosmic Cube where he has a sadistic display of nearly unlimited power when confronting the Avengers led by Nick Fury (who is implied to have Rogers out of retirement) and Gregory Stark; he actually wanted to use the Cosmic Cube to manipulate time to have his family together with a normal life. Rogers is defeated when his father arrives in a stolen fighter jet which teleports to Hawkeye's exact coordinates. In a hospital, Rogers is kept alive long enough for his mother's goodbyes before he is killed by Petra Laskov. The 2017 Secret Wars storyline features Ellie Rogers, the daughter of Steve Rogers and Sharon Carter in the Battleworld domain of the Hydra Empire. She is part of the Resistance which are killed by a group of female assassins while she's infected by Venom and later turned into the symbiote-powered Viper, but uses these abilities to help Nomad. Steven Rogers Jr. in other media A character based on Steven Rogers Jr. named James Rogers appears in Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow (2008), voiced by Noah Crawford. This version is the son of Captain America and Black Widow. A variation of Steven Rogers Jr. named Sharon Rogers appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight. As part of Captain America's 75th anniversary, she is the daughter of Steve Rogers and Peggy Carter from an alternate timeline where she now serves as Captain America. Rogue Main article: Rogue (comics) Rom Main article: Rom (comics) Roma Main article: Roma (comics) Romulus Main article: Romulus (Marvel Comics) Ronan the Accuser Main article: Ronan the Accuser Ronin Main article: Ronin (Marvel Comics) Richard Rory Main article: Richard Rory Bernie Rosenthal Further reading Bernie Rosenthal at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Bernie Rosenthal at the Grand Comics Database Bernadette "Bernie" Rosenthal is an artisan, lawyer, and romantic interest of Captain America. The character, created by Roger Stern and John Byrne, first appeared in Captain America #247 (July 1980). Within the context of the stories, Bernie Rosenthal is a glass blower, wrestling fanatic and studying lawyer. After moving into her friend's apartment building, she met Steve Rogers who secretly was the patriotic superhero Captain America. The two immediately hit it off, but Bernie was surprised by Steve's sudden exit, something which her friends said was totally normal of him. Bernie further sympathized with Steve after seeing a photo of his former girlfriend Sharon Carter who at the time was believed to have died. She also pretended to play hard to get for Steve with her admitting to herself that she was being childish. She was unaware that she was falling for him. After a couple of misfire dates that caused both Bernie and Steve to question their relationship, they assured each other they were in love. While at an Anti-Nazi rally, Bernie ran into her ex-husband Sammy Bernstein. Bernie tried to reconnect with her ex, but was appalled at his violent behavior. Steve stepped away to become Captain America and when the violence was halted and Sammy taken away, Bernie came to the sudden realization that Steve and Captain America were one and the same. After avoiding each other for the day the two spoke and Bernie accepted Steve's double life. From that point on, Bernie became another love interest who patiently waited for her hero to return. Eventually Bernie proposed to Steve. Due to an increase in rent, Bernie had to close her store, 'The Glass Menagerie'. She decided to pursue her interest in law and applied for various colleges. After some worry she was accepted in University of Wisconsin–Madison. Bernie took off for college, leaving a note behind for Steve, as she felt he had a lot on his mind. She continued to collect newspaper clippings of Captain America, until he came to visit and internally admitted that she no longer wished to be engaged to him. Eventually, Bernie graduated summa cum laude and had since moved on from Steve. Nevertheless, she continued to rely on him for future conflicts, or whenever she needed a friend. She later met up with Steve's then current girlfriend, Rachel Leighton, and even though there was slight animosity toward each other, with Bernie slightly having her feelings reignited for Steve, the two became friends. Bernie then got a job as a junior partner at the law firm of Sullivan and Krakower. Bernie continued to update herself on Captain America's exploits and even defended Bucky Barnes from Doctor Faustus. Bernie Rosenthal in other media A character loosely based on Bernie Rosenthal and Peggy Carter named Bernice "Bernie" Stewart appears in Captain America (1990), portrayed by Kim Gillingham. This version is Steve Rogers' fiancé from the 1940s. Sixteen years after Rogers was lost in the Antarctic, Bernie married another man and had a daughter named Sharon (also portrayed by Gillingham). Following his revival, Rogers and Bernie reunite, though she and her husband are later killed by the Red Skull's men. Arnie Roth Main article: Arnie Roth (character) Roughouse Main article: Roughouse Roulette Roulette (Jennifer Stavros) is a fictional character, a mutant appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Donald Roxxon Donald Phillip Roxxon is a fictional supporting character in the Ultimate Marvel universe, which is separate from the "mainstream" Marvel Comics continuity. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Mark Bagley, first appeared in Ultimate Spider-Man #86 (January 2006). The inept CEO of a pharmaceutical company, he gets attacked by Killer Shrike, Omega Red, and the Vulture (hired by the Tinkerer). Donald hires bodyguards to protect him, but is saved by the original Spider-Man. Roxxon is later revealed to have been in possession of the Venom symbiote which gets stolen by biochemist Conrad Markus and is the benefactor of the Roxxon Brain Trust and the Prowler. Roxxon is personally defeated by a group of amateur superheroes led by the second Spider-Man and arrested by Spider-Woman. Royal Roy Main article: Royal Roy Ruby Thursday Main article: Ruby Thursday Ruckus Ruckus (Clement Wilson) is a fictional mutant super villain in the Marvel Comics universe and flamboyant leader of the Nasty Boys. Given Ruckus's ability to absorb the sound waves around him and send them back with concussive force by screaming, Mister Sinister favored Ruckus and often kept him in reserve. Unfortunately, Ruckus' youth makes him arrogant, as seen when he and his comrade, Ramrod, robbed a convenience store and obliterated a group of police officers. The act did not go unpunished, and when returning to base, Ruckus was put in his place. While working with a renegade Madrox dupe, Ruckus was put in direct conflict with the mutant group X-Factor. Flying in a hovercraft, he went after Polaris, using the sound of a firecracker to amplify and literally rock her world. Polaris was eventually able to take him out, but he escaped with teammate Gorgeous George. He appeared much later, along with the rest of the Nasty Boys, on a mission to stop Malice who had inhabited Havok's body. During the battle, Ruckus was the first to strike, using his power to catch Malice off guard. Eventually, X-Factor joined the battle and Ruckus was taken out by Strong Guy. After the battle, Mister Sinister grabbed his Nasty Boys and fled. Ruckus was eventually hired by Mystique to assassinate Senator Robert Kelly, but failed to when the X-Men showed up. Ruckus retained his mutant powers after the M-Day, but eventually grew disillusioned with being a mutant and ashamed at all the evil deeds he had done. He then came to the San Francisco Institute of Bio-Social Studies who had developed a mutant cure, one which caused irreparable brain damage to any that take it. Ruckus voluntarily took the cure on camera, losing his powers like he wanted, but forced to live the life of an invalid afterward. Later, Ruckus had somehow recovered from his injuries and was caught attempting to rob a bank in England with his former teammate Ramrod. He and Ramrod were taken into custody. However, when a cloud of Terrigen Mist threatened the lives of the two mutants in the British prison, Storm sent the X-Men to rescue the pair. Wolverine and Nightcrawler easily found Ruckus inside his cell, but the trio had to fight their way through a prison riot to find Ramrod. Ruckus escaped with Ramrod and the X-Men to X-Haven, their base of operations. The X-Men placed Ruckus and Ramrod in prison cells to serve out the rest of their sentences. Ruckus in other media Ruckus appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Dan Hennessey. Runner Main article: Runner (comics) Henry Russo Main article: Henry Russo Wal Rus Further reading Wal Rus at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Wal Rus at the Grand Comics Database Wal Rus is a fictional anthropomorphic walrus in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema, first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #271 (May 1982). Wal Rus is an engineer who aided Rocket Raccoon in his fight in the Toy Wars of which his niece, Lylla, was the center of conflict. His metallic tusks were interchangeable and could be used as tools or weapons. His adventures with Rocket were later retconned when Rocket and Groot visited Halfworld and discovered that the halfworlders were actually service animals for mental patients. Wal Rus served as one of the security guards who worked for Rocket and had to once again help his friend when one of the patients' mental powers began to manifest after years of waiting. This was retconned yet again, and he was seen working for Rocket and Groot in rescuing Princess Lynx and fighting Blackjack O'Hare, his brigade and Lord Dyvyne. Wal Rus in other media Wal Rus appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy episode "We Are Family", voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson. This version is part of a resistance against the robots of Halfworld. Wal Rus appears as a painting in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. A version of the character named Teefs appears in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, voiced by Asim Chaudhry. This version is a genetically and mechanically augmented walrus created by the High Evolutionary. Russian Main article: Russian (comics) Ryder Main article: Skrull Kill Krew John Ryker Main article: John Ryker Rynda Further reading Rynda at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original) Rynda at the Grand Comics Database Queen Rynda is a member of the race known as the Inhumans in the Marvel Universe. The character, created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, first appeared in Thor #148 (January 1968). The wife of King Agon, Rynda ruled the Inhumans alongside her husband whom she was devoted to. Her Inhuman ability allowed her to be immune to poisons. While pregnant with her son Black Bolt, Agon exposed her to the Terrigen Mists resulting in Black Bolt being born with immense powers. Due to her immunity, Rynda was able to resist going through second Terrigensis. She was killed alongside her husband by the Kree. Rynda in other media Rynda appears in the Inhumans episode "Behold... The Inhumans", portrayed by Tanya Clarke. She and her husband Agon are unintentionally killed by Black Bolt. References ^ Black Bolt (vol. 1) #1-5 ^ Black Bolt (vol. 1) #6 ^ Zack, Ethan (July 19, 2023). "Secret Invasion: Who Plays Raava & What Does She Look Like Under The Costume?". Looper. Retrieved July 19, 2023. ^ Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #1-5. Marvel Comics. ^ Miles Morales: Spider-Man Vol. 2 #15. 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This list I found in my storage unit will help those fans who always wanted to know who did what voice back then. Cheers!" (Tweet). Retrieved June 7, 2024 – via Twitter. ^ Rocket Raccoon #1 ^ Annihilators #3 ^ Annihilators #4 ^ Free Comic Book Day Rocket Raccoon ^ Jones, Tamera (April 25, 2023). "New 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3' Clip Takes a Dark Trip Into Rocket Raccoon's Past ". Collider. Retrieved January 13, 2024. ^ Secret Invasion: Inhumans #3 ^ The Avengers #95 ^ Reiné, Roel (director); Scott Buck (writer) (September 29, 2017). "Behold... The Inhumans". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 1. ABC.
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She is depicted as the wife of Dorrek VII, the mother of Anelle, and the grandmother of Hulkling.","title":"R'Klll"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Raa of the Caves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Saladin Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"Skragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skragg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Black Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bolt"},{"link_name":"Metal Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Master_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Absorbing Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbing_Man"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Raava is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Saladin Ahmed and Christian Ward, first appeared in Black Bolt #1 (May 2017). She is a Skrull pirate and the mother of Skragg. Raava was in a deep-space torture prison for being against the Skrull Empire, conspiring with Black Bolt, Metal Master, Blinky and Absorbing Man to escape which the prison convicts were eventually successful at.[1][2]","title":"Raava"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secret Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Invasion_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Gravik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravik"},{"link_name":"James Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rhodes_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"}],"sub_title":"Raava in other media","text":"Raava appears in Secret Invasion, portrayed by Nisha Aaliya. This version works as an agent for Gravik's Resistance by impersonating James Rhodes (portrayed by Don Cheadle[3]) for political gambits. Raava came into conflict with Nick Fury while engineering the political tensions between the United States and Russia, ultimately convincing President Ritson to authorize a strike on New Skrullos which would start a full-scale nuclear war but was exposed by Fury and Sonya Falsworth before she was killed.","title":"Raava"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miles Morales: Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Morales"},{"link_name":"Cody Ziglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cody_Ziglar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federico Vicentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federico_Vicentini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jordanian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Miles Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Morales"},{"link_name":"neurodegenerative disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease"},{"link_name":"Starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gang War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_War_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hobgoblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Beyond Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Queen Goblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Kafka"},{"link_name":"Prowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowler_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Ms. Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Khan"},{"link_name":"Cape-Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhuman_Restraint_Unit"},{"link_name":"Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Goldbug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbug_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lady Stilt-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Stilt-Man"},{"link_name":"Man-Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Bull"},{"link_name":"Mr. Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Fish"},{"link_name":"Ricadonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ricadonna"},{"link_name":"Shocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shocker_(character)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles_Morales:_Spider-Man''_#15-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miles_Morales:_Spider-Man_#16-6"},{"link_name":"Madame Masque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Masque"},{"link_name":"Shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Count Nefaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Nefaria"},{"link_name":"Silvermane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvermane"},{"link_name":"Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Rabble (Raneem Rashad) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Miles Morales: Spider-Man vol. 2 #1 (December 2022) and was created by Cody Ziglar and Federico Vicentini.Raneem Rashad is a technopathic Jordanian American girl and a mechanical prodigy who failed to get into Brooklyn Visions Academy since Miles Morales got the last spot. This loss, coupled with her mother's death and father developing a neurodegenerative disease, drove Raneem into becoming the supervillain Rabble, plotting to take revenge on Miles even when she figured out that he operated as the second Spider-Man. As part of her revenge, Rabble targeted Miles' family and his girlfriend Starling.[4]During the \"Gang War\" storyline, Rabble collaborated with Hobgoblin to make an invention using a drive stolen from the Beyond Corporation and technology that would enable them to find Queen Goblin. When Spider-Man, Prowler, Ms. Marvel, and Gust of the Cape-Killers enter the building while the Starling, Scorpion, and Shift fight Hobgoblin's hired help Goldbug, Lady Stilt-Man, Man-Bull, Mr. Fish, Ricadonna, and Shocker outside, Hobgoblin and Rabble ambushed those who are with Spider-Man.[5] Rabble and Hobgoblin attack Miles Morales, Ms. Marvel, and Gust with their weapons and drones. After Scorpion persuades Hobgoblin's hired help to turn against Hobgoblin, Rabble got away.[6] Rabble later provided Madame Masque some special gauntlets when she and a mind-controlled Shotgun, Count Nefaria, and Silvermane confront Beetle's gang in Central Park.[7] As Spider-Man's allies show up, Miles Morales wields his Saber Venom when fighting Rabble.[8]","title":"Rabble"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rocket Raccoon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Holden Radcliffe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Radioactive Man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_superhero"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Alpha Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Flight"},{"link_name":"Alpha Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Flight_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"orphanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Department H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_H_(comics)"},{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"puberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty"},{"link_name":"force field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_field_(science_fiction)"},{"link_name":"Murmur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmur_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"incarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac_(comics)"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"Weapon X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_X"},{"link_name":"Beta Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Flight"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"X-Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Corps"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshee_(comics)"},{"link_name":"villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain"},{"link_name":"Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_(comics)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Flex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Carmella Unuscione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmella_Unuscione"}],"text":"Comics characterRadius (Jared Corbo) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a former member of the superhero team Alpha Flight. He first appeared in Alpha Flight: In The Beginning #-1, and first appeared as Radius in Alpha Flight vol. 2 #1 (both published in 1997).Jared and his younger half-brother Adrian (later code named Flex) were raised in the Hull House orphanage, which was actually a facility operated by the Canadian government's secretive Department H. While Adrian became shy, reserved and bookish, Jared became athletically inclined, aggressive, and arrogant. Both brothers manifested mutant powers after puberty: Adrian gained the ability to transform parts of his body into blades, while Jared manifested a personal force field that could not be shut down. Jared rejects the initial flirtations of his teammate Murmur for personal reasons.[volume & issue needed]Later, he is sent to corral the mutant Wolverine, whom the entire team believes has killed the ex-Alpha Flight member Box. This was part of the lies and mind-control that Department H was using on the entire team. Jared's bravado, when the team corrals Wolverine, is met with shock by Adrian, who has a high level of respect for the man. Jared stands up to Wolverine's intimidation tactics, but soon a fight breaks out anyway. Backup X-Men soon join in. It is Adrian, though, who calms things down by wanting to talk instead of fight. Various discrepancies in the mission lessen the Alphans desire to do battle.[volume & issue needed] The brothers were recruited into a new incarnation of the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight.[volume & issue needed]They assist the new Alpha Flight in battling several foes, including the Zodiac organization and the Brass Bishop. The Bishop is found by Alpha Flight after many innocent civilians go missing. He has brainwashed them and is building a Tower of Babel, an enormous structure that is intended to reach heaven. The team also confronts Department H's own power-mad leader, Jeremy Clarke, who dies of radiation poisoning during a Zodiac raid on the Department H headquarters. Their Alpha Flight team fight several members of the original Flight and later team up with them to defeat a new Weapon X, who had been created by a rogue Department H scientist. Both groups of Alphans merged into a unified Alpha Flight following this adventure. The Corbo brothers and several other members of the new team were later reassigned to Alpha Flight's trainee team, Beta Flight.[volume & issue needed]Radius is later hired by X-Corps, a militaristic strike force founded by former Generation X headmaster and former X-Man Sean Cassidy, a.k.a. Banshee. The X-Corps was ultimately betrayed by its criminal members. Radius is defeated when the villain Avalanche opens a chasm beneath him.[volume & issue needed] Jared survived the fall, though, and has been shown as one of the many depowered mutants in the aftermath of M-Day.[9]It was later revealed that Unus the Untouchable was Radius' father after Flex starts searching for their fathers through their adoption agency.[10] It has long been rumored that Carmella Unuscione of the Acolytes is the daughter of Unus. It is currently unknown if the two are siblings, some other relation or altogether unrelated.","title":"Radius"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Powers and abilities","text":"Radius, before being depowered, could generate a permanent force field around him. He does not feel the impact of blows upon it. While the shield is generally porous enough for him to breathe, he can make it almost impervious, even to air. He could also create extensions of the field to use as a ranged attack, and brace objects against it to \"fake\" super-strength.","title":"Radius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dan Abnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Abnett"},{"link_name":"Andy Lanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Lanning"},{"link_name":"Rigellian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigellians_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Nova Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Corps"},{"link_name":"Richard Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(Richard_Rider)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"Dragon Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Man_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Imperial Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ego the Living Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_the_Living_Planet"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Irani Rael is a fictional alien in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Dan Abnett, Andy Lanning, Wellinton Alves and Geraldo Borges, first appeared in Nova (vol. 4) #18 (December 2008).Irani Rael is a Rigellian who was recruited into the Nova Corps after it was destroyed by the Annihilation Wave. She was chosen by the Xandarian Worldmind to become a Nova Centurion alongside new recruits Qubit, Malik, Tarcel, Morrow and Fraktur. Rael and her new comrades arrive on Earth to aid Nova Prime Richard Rider and his brother, Robbie who had also become a new recruit.[11]She has since fought alongside the rest of the Nova Corps on Earth against such threats as the Serpent Society and Dragon Man.[12] She aided in fighting the Imperial Guard and Emperor Vulcan where many of her comrades were killed.[13] After fighting Ego the Living Planet, it became apparent to Rider that the new recruits did not have proper training, resulting in Rael and several others agreeing to be demoted. Rael became a Nova Millennian.[14]","title":"Irani Rael"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tara Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Strong"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close"},{"link_name":"Ronan the Accuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_the_Accuser"},{"link_name":"Rhomann Dey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomann_Dey"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(2008_team)"},{"link_name":"Peter Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-Lord"},{"link_name":"Power Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Gems"},{"link_name":"Avengers: Infinity War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Infinity_War"},{"link_name":"Avengers: Endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"What If...?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If...%3F_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_2"}],"sub_title":"Irani Rael in other media","text":"Irani Rael appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2015), voiced by Tara Strong.\nIrani Rael appears in the projects set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU):\nIrani Rael appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), portrayed by Glenn Close. This version is a Nova Prime from Xandar who leads the Nova Corps' effort in finding and imprisoning Ronan the Accuser. She is later confronted by Rhomann Dey when he informs her that the Guardians of the Galaxy wish to help in defeating Ronan when he begins his attack on Xandar. After some hesitation, she agrees sending the Nova Corps out to stall Ronan's ship. In the aftermath, Rael helps Peter Quill find some clues to his ancestral background. She is last seen putting away the Power Stone in the Nova Corps' vault.\nIrani Rael was considered to appear in both Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame before being scrapped.[15]\nIrani Rael appears in the What If...? episode \"What If... Nebula Joined the Nova Corps?\", voiced by Julianne Grossman.\nIrani Rael appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.","title":"Irani Rael"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ragnarok"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tamara Rahn"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Raiders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Brent Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Girl in the Flower Dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_in_the_Flower_Dress"},{"link_name":"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Ruth Negga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Negga"},{"link_name":"Inhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhuman_(comics)"}],"text":"Raina is a fictional character that originated in the Marvel Cinematic Universe before appearing in Marvel comics. Created by Brent Fletcher, she first appeared in \"Girl in the Flower Dress\" on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (October 22, 2013), portrayed by Ruth Negga.She is depicted as a recruiter for Project Centipede. In Season Two, she is revealed to be an Inhuman, and develops a thorn-covered body and dream-based precognition. She is rescued from S.H.I.E.L.D. by Gordon and brought to Afterlife. During Daisy Johnson's time there, Raina was killed by Jiaying in front of Daisy where it helped Raina prove to her that Jiaying has dangerous plans for the humans.","title":"Raina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Soule"},{"link_name":"Ryan Stegman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Stegman"}],"sub_title":"Raina in comics","text":"Raina made her comic book debut in Inhuman Annual #1 (July 2015) from Charles Soule and Ryan Stegman. When Gordon Nobili became Lineage, he used the Inhuman Codex to speak telepathically to every Inhuman in the world. Raina is seen in a coffee shop in her usual flower dress when she hears Lineage's voice.","title":"Raina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel: Future Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Future_Fight"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Raina in other media","text":"Raina appears as a boss in Marvel: Future Fight.[16]","title":"Raina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Circus of Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_of_Crime"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Kabir Mahadevu is an elephant trainer and rider from India. He first performed with the Circus of Crime during a stay of theirs in Europe,[volume & issue needed] and later rejoined with them in the United States.[volume & issue needed]","title":"Rajah"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rakkus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Fury_and_his_Howling_Commandos"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Dick Ayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Ayers"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"horseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"lasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso"},{"link_name":"Howling Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Fury_and_his_Howling_Commandos"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"V-Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Battalion"},{"link_name":"US Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Captain Sam Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Sam_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Punisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punisher"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"Glenn Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Dugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Dugan"},{"link_name":"Valentina Allegra de Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Allegra_de_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Henry Peter Gyrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Peter_Gyrich"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"J. Jonah Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Jonah_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Bastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Robert Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sharon Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter"},{"link_name":"John Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garrett_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jasper Sitwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Sitwell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Daisy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury_Jr."},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Scientist Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist_Supreme"},{"link_name":"Iron Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Patriot"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Robert \"Rebel\" Ralston is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Dick Ayers.A native of Kentucky, he was an accomplished horseman who was skilled with a lasso and a founding member of the original Howling Commandos led by Nick Fury Sr. during World War II.[17]After the war, Ralston was one of the founding members of the V-Battalion, and later elected US Senator of Texas.[18] He rejoined his old comrades, the Howling Commandos, and Captain America (but Captain Sam Sawyer was killed),[volume & issue needed] and survived an assassination attempt while co-chairing the Senate Defense Committee.[volume & issue needed] He has worked closely with S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Commission on Superhuman Activities.[19]When Fury was seemingly killed by the Punisher, Ralston and Iron Man advised the President not to attend the funeral in the event that the supervillains attack.[20] In the form of Lt. Dallas, Omnibus placed Ralston under mental control to turn over information that can used to fund a terrorist organization called \"The Alliance\".[21] When the Hulk was captured by Major Glenn Talbot, Ralston observed Bruce Banner in custody and refused to have Talbot kill Banner until the President made a decision. Robert attended a briefing on \"The Alliance\" with Talbot, Dum Dum Dugan, Valentina Allegra de Fontaine and Henry Peter Gyrich.[22] The Senator and his allies continued to debate about \"The Alliance\", and could not determine who the group was and motive.[23] After the Hulk had claimed responsibility for \"The Alliance\" to serve as an enemy that the people can fight back against, Thor confronted Ralston and the others in confronting the Hulk.[24]Robert was contacted by J. Jonah Jameson as he searched for support against Bastion and Operation: Zero Tolerance. Ralston suggested to Jameson to try Senator Robert Kelly who was more frustrated with the mutant issue.[25]Ralston traveled to Sudan where he met with Fury, Captain America, Sharon Carter and John Garrett at Fury's Sandbox for one last party together. Fury talked with Ralston for a moment about the support for Fury's operation that would get the U.S. Senate and the Senator only asked how soon will need those votes be needed.[26] Robert listed to a good few stories from the past.[27] Ralston raised his glass in a toast to the Howling Commanders' fallen members.[28]Robert spoke to the United Nations about the President's plans for international funds to provide economic, political, and military stabilities in areas suffering from international terrorist threats. Ralston was appointed control over the fund.[29] The Senator picked up Jasper Sitwell and Dugan from the United Nations' prison and brought the two to his limousine waiting with Fury and Garrett already inside.[30]The Senator attended a weapons expo with Daisy Johnson and Nick Fury Jr., but is killed during A.I.M. Scientist Supreme's theft of the Iron Patriot armor.[31]","title":"Rebel Ralston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_(Reed_Richards)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Other versions of Rebel Ralston","text":"The Ultimate Marvel version of Robert Ralston is a US Senator. He is present during a hearing with the President of the United States regarding the Winter Protocols and dies during the Maker's counterattack.[32]","title":"Rebel Ralston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers:_Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rebel Ralston in other media","text":"Rebel Ralston makes a non-speaking appearance in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode \"Meet Captain America\" as a member of the Howling Commandos.[citation needed]","title":"Rebel Ralston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Wakanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanda"},{"link_name":"Shuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuri_(comics)"},{"link_name":"T'Challa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Don McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McGregor"},{"link_name":"Gene Colan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Colan"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics Presents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics_Presents"}],"text":"Ramonda is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is the Queen Mother of Wakanda, mother to Shuri and step-mother to T'Challa. The character, created by Don McGregor and Gene Colan, first appeared in Marvel Comics Presents #14 (March 1989).","title":"Ramonda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramonda_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Angela Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bassett"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWCoverJuly2017-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PressKit-34"},{"link_name":"T'Challa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27Challa_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Shuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuri_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)"},{"link_name":"Avengers: Endgame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame"},{"link_name":"Black Panther: Wakanda Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"What If...?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_If...%3F_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Ramonda in other media","text":"Ramonda appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Angela Bassett.[33][34] This version is the mother of T'Challa and Shuri. She appears in the live-action films Black Panther, Avengers: Endgame and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, while alternate universe versions appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...?","title":"Ramonda"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rampage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ramrod is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Ramrod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"},{"link_name":"Moondragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondragon"},{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(Marvel_Comics_location)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Crossbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbones_(comics)"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Cyborg version","text":"Ramrod is a foreman on an offshore oil rig. He was turned into a cyborg by corrupt attorney Kerwin J. Broderick and Moondragon, using the advanced technology of Titan. He was given a steel skeleton and superhuman strength. This steel-skulled mercenary was sent to battle heroes in San Francisco.[35][36] He then teamed with Dark Messiah and Terrex in Kerwin J. Broderick's attempt to take over San Francisco.[37] Ramrod later battled Spider-Man again.[38] He was later among the costumed criminals who attacked the Fantastic Four during a Congressional hearing.[39] Ramrod was also defeated in a match by Captain America, impersonating Crossbones, during an A.I.M. weapons show.[40] Ramrod has superhuman strength, stamina, and durability. He possesses a steel skeleton; various visible portions of his body are also plated with steel, including his head (except for his face and ears), the upper part of his chest and back, parts of his arms, and his knuckles. Ramrod is a good hand-to-hand combatant, using street fighting methods.","title":"Ramrod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mister Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Sinister"},{"link_name":"Nasty Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_Boys_(comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ruckus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruckus_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Madrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Madrox"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Patrick Mahony","text":"Patrick Mahony is a mutant. His first appearance was in X-Factor #75. He was recruited by Mister Sinister to serve as the leader of the Nasty Boys, a group of young mutants whose only missions were against the government sponsored X-Factor.[41] However, he and his friend Ruckus were more interested in beer runs and a quick buck than in Mister Sinister's agendas. In the Nasty Boys' first mission against the government version of X-Factor, Ramrod used his powers to great effect against the heroes, but he was ultimately subdued by the multiple fists of Jamie Madrox.[volume & issue needed] Ramrod escaped, and disappeared after Sinister effectively abandoned the Nasty Boys.[42] Ramrod can manipulate the fabric of wooden materials, causing them to grow at a fantastic rate and reform themselves into different sizes and shapes.","title":"Ramrod"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jury_(comics)"},{"link_name":"General Orwell Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Orwell_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Guardsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardsman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(Marvel_Comics_character)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Samuel Caulkin is a member of an armored group of vigilantes dubbed The Jury. Caulkin was recruited into the Jury by General Orwell Taylor to help him avenge the death of his youngest son Hugh. Samuel and Hugh were close friends from their time in the army. Soon after Hugh left the army he became a Guardsman at the Vault a prison for super powered criminals. Not long after Hugh was murdered by Venom during his escape.[volume & issue needed] Ramshot has a suit of armor that allows him to fly. He also emits a sonic type blast he calls a battering pulse.","title":"Ramshot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"alternate future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_future"},{"link_name":"Jim Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Valentino"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)"},{"link_name":"Earth-691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-691"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Shi'ar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ar"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talon_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Doctor Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doom"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Rancor is a mutant from an alternate future. The character, created by Jim Valentino, first appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy #8 (January 1991) as the leader of a world settled by mutants of the alternate timeline/reality Marvel Comics designated as Earth-691. Within the context of the stories, Rancor is the leader of New Haven and claims to be a direct descendant of Wolverine. She initially crosses paths with the Guardians of the Galaxy when she is trying to eliminate the Resistance.[43] She later steals one of Wolverine's claws from a Shi'ar museum[44] as part of a plan to find her ancestor. In the course of her quest, she loses possession of the claw during a confrontation with Talon.[45] She regains the claw when she is recruited by Doctor Doom.[46] She eventually turns against Doom and discovers he is in possession of Wolverine's skeleton.[47] The confrontation results in her being severely wounded and rescued by the Guardians of the Galaxy.[48]","title":"Rancor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Random"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Eternals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternals_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Deviants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviant_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Maelstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Phaeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeder"},{"link_name":"Inhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumans"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"berserker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserker"}],"text":"Ransak the Reject was created by Jack Kirby, and first appeared in Eternals #8 (February 1977). Ransak is a member of the race known as the Deviants. He is the son of Maelstrom (whose father, Phaeder, was an Inhuman) and Medula. He is shunned and feared by other Deviants because he is not subject to the deformity of their race, his humanlike (or Eternal-like) appearance seeming freakish to them. An outcast, he funneled his rage at his rejection into becoming an expert killer fighting in the gladiatorial arenas that became his home.[volume & issue needed] Ransak has superhuman strength and durability sufficient to battle an Eternal in personal combat. He has a lifetime's experience in gladiatorial combat, and is thus a formidable fighter. He is prone to berserker-like rages during which he can ignore painful injuries and attacks.","title":"Ransak the Reject"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kavita Rao"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Monica Rappaccini"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Raptor is the name of different characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Raptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Le Peregrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Gary Wilton, Jr.","text":"Gary Wilton, Jr. was among the many superhumans during the Civil War storyline trying to flee out of USA and into France but was confronted by the French superhero Le Peregrine over the Bay of Biscay, during a massive incursion tentative of refugees.[49]","title":"Raptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spider-Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Girl_(Mayday_Parker)"},{"link_name":"The Buzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"New Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(Marvel_Comics_character)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Hobgoblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobgoblin_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Roderick Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Normie Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normie_Osborn"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Brenda Drago","text":"Brenda Drago was forced by her father into what was supposed to be a life of crime, as he gave her a suit equipped with functional wings (created from technology used in the costume he had worn as the second Vulture). Brenda became a flying thief known as the Raptor. But her crime spree was stopped by the combined efforts of Spider-Girl and The Buzz. In a surprising twist of fate, Raptor actually became friends with Spider-Girl. She even began to use her flight-suit as a hero, joining with Spider-Girl and Buzz in the formation of a new New Warriors.[50] She even fell in love with Spider-Girl's friend Normie Osborn, and the two became engaged.[51]However, Raptor's luck went bad when she was held accountable for her previous crimes by a man named Agent Wheadon, who made Raptor join his crime-fighting team of \"reformed\" criminals, in exchange for a pardon. However, Normie bonded with the Venom symbiote, and made a bargain with Wheadon, offering his new powers in helping Wheadon's team in exchange for Raptor's release.[volume & issue needed]In an attempt to remove Spider-Girl from her friends, the Hobgoblin (later revealed to be Roderick Kingsley) savagely attacked Raptor and chained her body to a fence.[52] In the following issue, she was taken to the hospital where she seemed to be recovering. She later marries Normie Osborn.[53]","title":"Raptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunt_May"},{"link_name":"Ben Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Reilly"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Harry Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Osborn"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosauridae"},{"link_name":"Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaine_Parker"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Damon Ryder","text":"Damon Ryder infiltrated May Parker's engagement party in Boston. He had stalked her relatives, the Reillys, for some time in an attempt to find Ben Reilly, who he claimed burned down his house and killed his family. He found Peter Parker, whom Ben was cloned from, and attacked him, believing him to be Ben. Peter was able to fend off Raptor's attack long enough to sneak off and change into his Spider-Man costume. The two battled, and Raptor was eventually defeated. However, he managed to escape while Peter was distracted at the shock of learning about Ryder's interest in Ben Reilly.[54]Ryder later tracked Peter down to New York, first attacking him at the Front Line office, then going to his apartment with the intent of leaving a message for Peter with his roommate, Michelle Gonzalez. He then went to May's house, where Peter's cousins and Harry Osborn were staying, and took all the occupants hostage. When Peter arrived, Raptor threatened to kill them all unless Peter revealed his \"true\" identity.[volume & issue needed]Through flashbacks, it was shown that Ben Reilly once worked as lab assistant to Ryder. The two became close friends during their work searching for proof of dinosaurs being human ancestors, with Ben meeting Ryder's wife and children. However, Ben soon discovered that Ryder had experimented on himself with raptor genes in an attempt to further their research. When he confronted him, Ryder grew angry and the two argued. Damon attacked Ben, but Ben managed to restrain him, hoping to bring in a geneticist to purge his system of the mutation. Damon managed to escape in the interim, and Ben followed him to his home, where Damon revealed that he was starting to mutate, thus become more susceptible to Ben's assistance. As they talked, both were unaware that Ben's fellow clone, Kaine, was hiding just outside the house. Kaine jumped in through a window and attacked Ben, with a fire starting during the ensuing battle. It was then shown that Damon had murdered his own family, though he did not realize it, having been driven insane by his mutation, his warped mind causing him to conclude that Ben had killed his family in 'protest' against his experiments. Furious, Ben beat him unconscious, with Kaine commenting that the events that unfolded would have drastic consequences.[volume & issue needed]In the present, Kaine broke into the Parker house, revealing that he was working with Raptor, under the promise of being cured of his cellular degeneration. During the fight, he exposed Peter's identity as Spider-Man, and Ben's identity as a clone. He encouraged Raptor to kill Peter, since anything Ben would do, so would Peter. Refusing to accept this, Peter affirmed both his and Reilly's innocence, proclaiming that neither of them would ever kill anyone, and beat Raptor unconscious, just as Ben had. However, Kaine managed to take Raptor and escape before the police arrived. Raptor later told Kaine that he lied about curing him in order to gain an ally. Enraged, Kaine then breaks Raptor's neck, seemingly killing him.[55]","title":"Raptor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mikhail Rasputin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mister Rasputin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norse Mythology creature of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatoskr"}],"text":"Ratatoskr is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is based on the Norse Mythology creature of the same name.","title":"Ratatoskr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Christina Strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Strain"},{"link_name":"Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_(Morlock)"},{"link_name":"Morlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlocks_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"The Rat King is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Christina Strain and Alberto J. Alburquerque, solely appeared in Generation X Vol. 2 #5 (August 2017).The Rat King is the son of Piper of the Morlocks. Having inherited the ability to control animals via reed pipes, he forced the animals that lived in Central Park to do his bidding. Eye-Boy and Nature Girl discover this and head down to the sewers where the Rat King, shown as a glowing blue being, takes over Nature Girl and turns her against Eye-Boy. Using his abilities, Eye-Boy is able to see through to the real Rat King and finds that he is a pathetic pasty-looking young man in a paper crown. Eye-Boy beats up Rat King, refusing to hear his backstory, while Nature Girl and the park animals take their revenge out on Rat King threatening him not to harm them again.[56]","title":"Rat King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Girl_and_Devil_Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"}],"sub_title":"Rat King in other media","text":"An original incarnation of the Rat King appears in the Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur episode \"Teacher's Pet\", voiced by Daveed Diggs. This version resembles a humanoid rat and claims to be a normal rat who was mutated into a humanoid form.","title":"Rat King"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rattler"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ravage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ravage 2099"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kraven the Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraven_the_Hunter"}],"text":"Raven the Hunter is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.Raven the Hunter is an anthropomorphic raven and animal version of Kraven the Hunter.","title":"Raven the Hunter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Don Heck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Heck"},{"link_name":"princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess"},{"link_name":"assassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin"},{"link_name":"Kang the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Kid Immortus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Lad"},{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"antihero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihero"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Don Heck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Heck"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Kang the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"heartbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(Dane_Whitman)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Immortus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortus"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Doctor Druid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Druid"},{"link_name":"Nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"Human Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Torch"},{"link_name":"Invisible Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_Woman"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Nullifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Nullifier"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Avengers Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Forever"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Nate \"Kid Immortus\" Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Lad"},{"link_name":"Doctor Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doom"},{"link_name":"Future Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Kang the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"retroactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"},{"link_name":"reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"Moon Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Knight"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Comics characterPrincess Ravonna Lexus Renslayer is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. First appearing in Avengers #23 (December 1965), and created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, Ravonna is a princess and assassin who serves as the lover and successor of Kang the Conqueror and their younger self Kid Immortus. The character has been depicted as both a supervillain and an antihero.Ravonna first appeared in Avengers #23 (December 1965) and was created by Stan Lee and Don Heck.[57]Ravonna Lexus Renslayer was the daughter of King Carelius (a puppet ruler of an unrevealed kingdom of Kang the Conqueror's in the 40th century). Ravonna first met Kang when he attempted to annex her time era into his empire. Kang loved Ravonna, but she hated him due to his attempt to conquer the kingdom. While the kingdom threatened rebellion, Kang let it be in the hope of winning the princess Ravonna's hand in marriage. Eventually, however, outright rebellion broke out, and as Kang was on the verge of winning the battle, he brought the Avengers there to witness his triumph. He hoped to defeat them and then marry Ravonna. Finally his army attacked the kingdom at his signal. One of his generals, Baltag, rebelled against him after he did not execute Ravonna, as he had done to the rulers of other conquered kingdoms. Kang then enlisted the aid of the Avengers to overthrow Baltag. He also enlisted the aid of citizens of the city, and, after stealing weaponry, the rebellion went ahead. Kang gained access to a chamber which could only be opened by the sound of his heartbeat, and activated a device that destroyed all the weaponry of his rebelling army. He released Ravonna from her dungeon, revealing he really loved her. However, Baltag attempted to shoot Kang as he sent the Avengers back to their own time, and Ravonna, realizing she loved Kang, threw herself in front of the blast, and fell into a deathlike coma, after which the general was executed.[58]Kang preserved her in stasis for a time, but when he played a game with the Grandmaster in a tournament of champions, to gain the power to free Ravonna and kill the Avengers, he only partially won, and chose in anger to try to kill the Avengers instead. He failed due to the presence of the Black Knight, losing his chance to save Ravonna; the Grandmaster had only granted Kang the power of death over the Avengers, and the Black Knight was presently not a member of the team.[59] A temporal counterpart of Ravonna was later revealed to be a consort of Kang, and later learned to be a confederate of Immortus in his scheme to defeat Kang and destroy the Kang divergents. Kang rescued her from the moment before death due to the devices of Immortus when he was thrown into Limbo (later it was revealed this was due to mental manipulation), then learned this had created an alternate reality in which he was slain. He begins to destroy divergents of himself, not realizing this is part of a plan by Immortus. Ravonna does not alert Kang when the paralysis beam he is using to hold the Avengers is overloading due to the strength of Hercules, enabling the Avengers to escape. She then holds a Kang divergent double at gunpoint, and tells him if he really loves her he must not kill the other Kang. He refuses this and she lets him leave. That divergent is killed as his weapon was booby-trapped by the other Kang. Ravonna tells the other Kang that Immortus was all that was ever good in Kang as Immortus reveals himself.[60] In a flashback, it was revealed that the real Ravonna was rescued by the Grandmaster, who revived her despite Kang's choice out of curiosity and told her of the choice Kang had made. She was embittered at Kang for not saving her when he had the chance, and she swore revenge on Kang.[61]She became a subversive and assassin. She appeared to Doctor Druid in visions in a scheme to enlist his aid in acquiring the deadliest weapon in the omniverse. Assuming the guise of Avengers foe Nebula, she attempted to infiltrate the Council of Cross-Time Kangs. She completed her mental subjugation of Doctor Druid, and directed him to take over leadership of the Avengers. She used Druid to help her ensorcel the Avengers to accompany her to the center of a timestorm to retrieve the great weapon. She was ultimately thwarted by the Avengers and three Cross-Time Kangs, and fell into the timestorm with Druid.[62] As Nebula, she attempted to enlist the aid of the Fantastic Four to free her. She appeared in a vision to the Human Torch, and mind-controlled the Invisible Woman. She attempted to steal the Ultimate Nullifier, but was thwarted by the Fantastic Four.[63] She eventually escaped the timestorm to Lincoln, Nebraska in 1961 where she was thwarted by a rejuvenated Doctor Druid.[64]Still later, she vainly attempted to enthrall Doctor Druid again. She convinced Druid to help her investigate Kang's 20th Century stronghold. Taking the name Temptress, she met the Fantastic Four, and used their time-sled to enter Chronopolis. She then fought openly with the prime Kang after taking on a guise as Terminatrix in a personal duel, a battle which ended with Kang apparently sacrificing himself to save her in the same manner she once had him. She became ruler of Chronopolis with his defeat.[65]She was reported deceased in the destruction of Chronopolis, Kang's extra-temporal kingdom, in Avengers Forever.[66]A younger Ravonna is later seen in the company of a younger Kang, Nate \"Kid Immortus\" Richards, providing information to Doctor Doom regarding the Future Foundation.[67] In the solo series Kang the Conqueror, Kang rewrites history by manipulating a younger version of himself to go through all of his previous identities into becoming the purest form of would-be conqueror, resurrecting Ravonna by giving her the ability of retroactive reincarnation: having the same name and soul across different races, species and genders intersecting with Kang's personal timeline across the past, present, and future, with the series focusing on a particular Ravonna as Moon Knight.[68]","title":"Ravonna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gugu_Mbatha-Raw_Belle_(9711624561)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gugu Mbatha-Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugu_Mbatha-Raw"},{"link_name":"Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers:_Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Cindy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Judge Ravonna Renslayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravonna_Renslayer_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gugu Mbatha-Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugu_Mbatha-Raw"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"He Who Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Who_Remains_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Time Variance Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Variance_Authority"},{"link_name":"Miss Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Minutes"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Victor Timely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Timely"},{"link_name":"Chicago World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)#2012_variant"},{"link_name":"Mobius M. Mobius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobius_M._Mobius_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Sylvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvie_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Hunter X-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_X-5"},{"link_name":"Brad Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Ouroboros \"O.B.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Alioth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alioth_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"The Good, the Bart, and the Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bart,_and_the_Loki"},{"link_name":"Dawnn Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawnn_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_2"},{"link_name":"Kate O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Ravonna in other media","text":"Gugu Mbatha-Raw portrays Ravonna in Loki.Ravonna appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Cindy Robinson. This version was affected by a temporal destabilization that caused her to gradually fade out of existence, with Kang desperately seeking a cure to save her. While this plotline is never resolved in the series, the tie-in comic reveals that she eventually recovered and returned to Kang's side.[69]\nJudge Ravonna Renslayer appears in Loki, portrayed by Gugu Mbatha-Raw. This version is a time-variant of Ohio school vice principal Rebecca Tourminet who was pulled from her native timeline by He Who Remains, had her memories erased, and was made a Hunter and later Judge for the Time Variance Authority (TVA). She left the TVA to go on a mission with Miss Minutes to find \"free will\" after receiving information from He Who Remains.[70]They travel to Chicago, 1868 to secretly drop the TVA Handbook to a young Victor Timely, a variant of He Who Remains, who informed Miss Minutes about this plan before his death. Traveling to 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, they encounter an adult Timely, presenting his prototype loom. Renslayer and Miss Minutes reach him first and escape from Loki, Mobius M. Mobius and Sylvie, but Miss Minutes betrays Renslayer out of jealousy. Renslayer faces Timely in his laboratory in Wisconsin, as do Loki, Mobius and Sylvie. After Timely leaves with Loki and Mobius, Renslayer and Miss Minutes are thrown by Sylvie to the Citadel at the end of Time, where they see He Who Remains' decaying corpse, and discover a secret, that she was once He Who Remains's companion and commander of his army before he ordered his memories to be erased along with everyone else's. Upon returning to the TVA, they kidnap Timely, cut down D-90, and kill Dox and his men who do not join them except Hunter X-5/Brad Wolfe. Ouroboros \"O.B.\" deactivates Miss Minutes and Renslayer is pruned by Wolfe, who was charmed by Sylvie. In the end, Renslayer awakens in the Void and encounters Alioth.\nThe MCU version of Ravonna appears in The Simpsons short film The Good, the Bart, and the Loki, voiced by Dawnn Lewis.[71]\nRavonna appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Kate O'Sullivan.[72]","title":"Ravonna"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rawhide Kid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Fergus_and_Hawk_Ostby"},{"link_name":"Art Marcum and Matt Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Marcum_and_Matt_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"Faran Tahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faran_Tahir"}],"text":"Raza is a fictional character who originated in the Marvel Cinematic Universe before appearing in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby, Art Marcum and Matt Holloway, first appeared in Iron Man (2008) where he was portrayed by Faran Tahir.","title":"Raza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ten Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Rings_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Ho Yinsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Yinsen"},{"link_name":"Obadiah Stane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Monger"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Raza holds the distinction of being the first villain introduced in the MCU. He is the leader of the Ten Rings terrorist organization and launches an attack on a US Armed Forces convoy carrying Tony Stark. After kidnapping Stark, Raza and his team torture him until he agrees to rebuild the Jericho Missile for them. They slowly fail to realize that Stark and his fellow prisoner Ho Yinsen are actually building a suit of armor to escape and manage to do so, but not before scarring Raza's face. Raza and the Ten Rings later find remnants of Stark's Mk. I armor in the desert, but they were unable to rebuild the suit or understand its intricacies. He eventually contacted his benefactor, Obadiah Stane, who actually wanted Raza to kill Stark; Raza was unaware of who he was hired to kidnap and wanted Stark's weapons for himself. He planned on giving Stark's designs to Stane in exchange for \"a gift of iron soldiers\". Stane ends up betraying Raza and has all his men killed. Although not shown, it is assumed that Raza himself was also killed.","title":"Raza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matt Fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Fraction"},{"link_name":"Carmine Di Giandomenico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Di_Giandomenico"},{"link_name":"Wong-Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong-Chu"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Comics","text":"Raza made his comic book debut in The Invincible Iron Man Annual #1 (August 2010) from Matt Fraction and Carmine Di Giandomenico. He ends up fulfilling exactly the same role from the film, retconning Stark's origin again and replacing his initial inspiration, Wong-Chu. Instead of Stane however, Raza works directly for the Mandarin who is only implied to be his leader in the films.","title":"Raza"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Razor Fist"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Razorback is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Razorback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texarkana, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spectacular_Spider-Man_#13-73"},{"link_name":"Man-Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Beast"},{"link_name":"Hate-Monger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate-Monger"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Mister Fantastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Fantastic"},{"link_name":"She-Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Hulk"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Ulysses Solomon Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._S._Archer"},{"link_name":"Xemnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xemnu"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Human Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Torch"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"M-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Secret Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Tigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigra"},{"link_name":"Camp Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hammond_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Ragnarok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnarok_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Thor Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Girl"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Buford Hollis","text":"Buford Hollis, a muscular truck driver and costumed adventurer from Texarkana, Arkansas, was in New York looking for his younger sister Bobby Sue who had joined a religious cult.[73] This was in fact led by the villainous Man-Beast (disguised as the Hate-Monger) and it takes the combined efforts of Razorback and Spider-Man to defeat him and free Razorback's sister.[74]Taryn O'Connell, a female truck driver, spends some time searching for Razorback before he arrived in his oversized rig. They team up and use the rig itself to hijack NASA's experimental faster-than-light spacecraft, the Star Blazer. Though opposed by Mister Fantastic and She-Hulk, they nevertheless succeed in stealing the spaceship.[75]Their purpose is to find Taryn's lover, Ulysses Solomon Archer, who had left for deep space several years prior, establishing himself as a space trucker. They arrive (with She-Hulk as a stowaway, thanks to Mister Fantastic's assistance) only to discover that Archer had already married Taryn's rival for his affections, Mary McGrill, a woman who had traveled into space with him. Razorback assists She-Hulk and U.S. Archer in defeating Xemnu the Titan, who intended to transform Archer and Mary's as-yet-unborn child into a member of his own species. With the help of the She-Hulk's persuasion, NASA soon realizes that Razorback, with his mutant skill allowing him to drive anything, is the perfect pilot for their craft, and allows him and U.S. Archer to remain in space aboard the Star Blazer with NASA's approval. Taryn joins Buford on his travels, having fallen in love with him. Star Blazer is renamed the Big Pig III, which Razorback calls all his vehicles.[76]Razorback and Taryn eventually return to Earth, and Razorback inexplicably fights the Human Torch.[77] Razorback has reportedly lost his mutant powers after M-Day, though his size and strength are unaffected.[78]During the \"Secret Invasion\" storyline, a Skrull infiltrator posing as Razorback appeared as a member of the Arkansas-based team called the Battalion. After the invasion is over, the real Razorback is shown in a support group meeting with the others that had been replaced by Skrulls.[79] His teammate Tigra says she'd have left Camp Hammond to begin training him, as he was eager to take back the position which had been assumed by his Skrull replacement. Razorback does not take part to the clash against the Thor cyborg called Ragnarok, with Thor Girl being the only replaced heroine to face the powerful clone.[80]","title":"Razorback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AXIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXIS_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Roderick Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Hunted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunted_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Taskmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskmaster_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ant_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kraven the Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraven_the_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Human Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Fly_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Yellowjacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Cross"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Hobgoblin's Razorback","text":"During the AXIS storyline, Roderick Kingsley gave one of the copies of Razorback's costume to an unnamed person who became part of the Hob-Heroes.[81]Spider-Woman later encountered this version of Razorback.[82]During the Hunted storyline, Razorback is among the animal-themed characters that were captured by Taskmaster and Black Ant for Kraven the Hunter's Great Hunt which is sponsored by Arcade's company Arcade Industries. He was seen at a gathering held by Vulture.[83] When the Great Hunt was over, Razorback was present when Human Fly, Toad, White Rabbit, and Yellowjacket planned to take revenge on Black Ant only for Taskmaster to make off with Black Ant.[84]","title":"Razorback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byron Preiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Preiss"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X_(comics)"},{"link_name":"J. Steven York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Steven_York"},{"link_name":"alternate universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Tom DeFalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeFalco"},{"link_name":"Adam-Troy Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam-Troy_Castro"}],"sub_title":"Razorback in other media","text":"Razorback made a number of appearances in the series of Marvel Comics novels published by Byron Preiss in the 1990s. The novels shared a common continuity and he was a recurring supporting character in the Spider-Man novels, as well as Generation X: Crossroads by J. Steven York. This novel ends with Razorback, who has won acclaim by saving the life of the President, wondering if he should risk his reputation by publicly revealing his mutant nature.An alternate universe version of Razorback appears in the novel Spider-Man/X-Men: Time's Arrow, The Present by Tom DeFalco and Adam-Troy Castro, in a world where the X-Men were dictators who controlled all superheroes. He joined the resistance movement after the X-Men took Big Pig to pieces. Although more likeable than most of the team (which largely comprises villains), he is very bitter about the \"death\" of Big Pig. At one point Spider-Man thinks \"I don't believe it. This Razorback is grim and gritty.\"","title":"Razorback"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Reaper is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Reaper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Al Avison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Avison"},{"link_name":"Nazi agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet"},{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mnyc-85"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"third rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_rail"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap22-86"}],"sub_title":"Gunther Strauss","text":"Gunther Strauss is a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe.The character, created by Stan Lee and Al Avison, first appeared in Captain America Comics #22 (January 1943).Within the context of the stories, Gunther Strauss is a Nazi agent ordered by Adolf Hitler to cause a popular uprising in the United States. Acting as \"the Reaper\", Strauss travels to Manhattan and claims to be a religious prophet who had received an oracular vision. He exhorts people to abandon morality and to tear down the legal system and the federal government.[85] Learning of his scheme, Bucky and Captain America pursue the Reaper into the New York City Subway, where Strauss falls on the electrified third rail and is killed.[86]","title":"Reaper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Force"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Ultraverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraverse"}],"sub_title":"Pantu Hurageb","text":"Pantu Hurageb is a mutant in the X-Force comic book series. He generates a paralyzing wave that slows reaction times and also has prosthetic hands, that he can morph into a scythe. He has been a terrorist member of the Mutant Liberation Front in the main Marvel Universe but a hero in the Ultraverse.","title":"Reaper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Herb Trimpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Trimpe"},{"link_name":"Captain Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Britain#Initial_run_(1976-1977)"},{"link_name":"Brian Braddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Braddock"},{"link_name":"Merlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlyn_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Britain"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"The Reaver is a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe. The character, created by Chris Claremont and Herb Trimpe, first appeared in Captain Britain #1 (dated 13 October 1976).The Reaver – real name Joshua Stragg – had access to high technology, including a variety of armoured suits, and a small gang of followers. He used these to storm the Darkmoor Research Laboratory in England, bursting through the walls at the control of a huge armoured vehicle. Wanting to gain the know-how of the staff to gain further riches he attempted to kidnap the facility's nuclear experts. Intern Brian Braddock attempted to run for help but was hit by the Reaver's hovercraft and surrounded by the villain and his men. However, Merlyn and Roma appeared to the student and granted him the powers of Captain Britain. The Reaver seized the Sword of Might and fought Captain Britain, but was defeated.[87]","title":"Reaver"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recorder 451"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Barbarian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G. Willow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Willow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Mirka Andolfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirka_Andolfo"},{"link_name":"Ms. Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Marvel"},{"link_name":"Badin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badin"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Kamala Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Khan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-88"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-88"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"Red Dagger (Kareem) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by G. Willow Wilson and Mirka Andolfo, and first appeared in Ms. Marvel (vol. 4) #12 (October 2016).Kareem is a teenager from Badin who protects the streets of Karachi at night as the vigilante Red Dagger. When Kamala Khan and her family take a trip to Pakistan, she meets Kareem, who is revealed to be a family friend, and he stays with the Khan family during their vacation while studying for his university entrance exam. Red Dagger later teams up Kamala's superhero alter ego Ms. Marvel while on duty; the two are unaware of each other's secret identities.[88][89]After the Khans return to Jersey City, Kareem later joins them and attends Kamala's high school as an exchange student.[88][90] Eventually Red Dagger and Ms. Marvel share their first kiss.[88][91][92]","title":"Red Dagger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"Powers and abilities of Red Dagger","text":"Red Dagger is an accomplished martial artist, acrobat and marksman, with a preference for throwing knives.[93]","title":"Red Dagger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"Ms. Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Marvel_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Aramis Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramis_Knight"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Red Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teams_and_organizations_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe#Red_Daggers"},{"link_name":"Kamala Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Khan_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Clandestines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClanDestine"},{"link_name":"Kamran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamran_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"}],"sub_title":"Red Dagger in other media","text":"Red Dagger appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe/ Disney+ streaming series Ms. Marvel (2022), portrayed by Aramis Knight.[94] This version lives in Karachi, Pakistan and is a member of a group called the Red Daggers. In 2025, he encounters Kamala Khan on her trip in Karachi and befriends her, taking her to meet his friends and helping her fight against the Clandestines. He later helps provide refuge for Khan's friend Kamran.","title":"Red Dagger"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Ghost"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Guardian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Greg Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Pak"},{"link_name":"Carlo Pagulayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Pagulayan"},{"link_name":"Planet Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Hulk"},{"link_name":"Sakaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaar"},{"link_name":"Hiroim the Shamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroim"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Caiera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiera"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-96"},{"link_name":"Warbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warbound"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Skaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaar_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Galactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactus"}],"text":"Red King (Angmo-Asan II) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by Greg Pak and Carlo Pagulayan for their Planet Hulk arc.Before becoming the Father Emperor of Sakaar, Angmo-Asan II's father was an Imperial soldier-turned-warlord whose exploits united the nations of Imperia during the Wars of Empire and saved the planet from alien invasion during the Spike War. After his father died, Angmo II ascended to the throne and took the name \"Red King\".Angmo as the new king was vastly different to his warrior-like father; he was vain and childlike, desired power and glory, and had no morals on how to achieve them. Before he died, Angmo's father had recognized these traits in his son and decided that Angmo II posed a threat to the planet and its people if he ever took the throne. The king sent his warbound Shadow, Hiroim the Shamed, to assassinate the prince. The only thing that saved the prince's life was Hiroim's unwillingness to kill a child.[95]While Angmo was still young he came across the thirteen year old Caiera whose village was attacked by the Spikes. Using her Old Power and fighting skills she fought the infected of her village until she was saved by the young Red King. The Red King had stood by and allowed her village to be infected in order to find a Shadow with the Old Power. He proceeded to enslave her. She was later freed and officially made the King's bodyguard.[96] The Red King would go on to have almost all his sons and daughters slaughtered to ensure they could not take the throne from him.[96]The Red King still ruled Sakaar when the Hulk was inadvertently exiled to their world. Initially the Hulk was enslaved and trained as a gladiator to fight for the entertainment of the Emperor but he quickly began to gain attention as the Green Scar and Sakaarson, a mythical figure prophesied to rule Sakaar and heal it.The Red King grew concerned and tried to have the Hulk killed repeatedly to no avail until they entered into open war with one another. The Hulk led his friends the Warbound and others against the Red King, eventually gaining the support of the King's own bodyguard, Caiera the Oldstrong, who turned against him when the Red King unleashed the Spikes against the Hulk.[97]The Hulk led his forces on Crown City and personally fought the Red King, seemingly defeating him and stopping the destruction of Crown City caused by the King. At some point after his downfall, the Red King was found by the Wildebots and reconstructed as a Cyborg, leading survivors of Crown City to safety and coming to regret his past actions, feeling that the Hulk had helped him become who he should have been. The Red King followed the Hulk's son Skaar up until the destruction of the planet. It remains unclear whether or not he survived the planet being consumed by Galactus.","title":"Red King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Planet Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Hulk_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mark Hildreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hildreth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-98"},{"link_name":"The Super Hero Squad Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Hero_Squad_Show"},{"link_name":"S. Scott Bullock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Scott_Bullock"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-98"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel_Super_Heroes_2"}],"sub_title":"Red King in other media","text":"The Red King appears in Planet Hulk, voiced by Mark Hildreth.[98]\nThe Red King appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"Planet Hulk! (Six Against Infinity, Part 5)\", voiced by S. Scott Bullock.[98]\nThe Red King appears as a playable character and boss in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.","title":"Red King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Salvador Larroca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Larroca"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"Triad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(underground_society)"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"X-Treme X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Treme_X-Men"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Shaw_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Lady Mastermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mastermind"},{"link_name":"Madripoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madripoor"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Hellfire Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_Club_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene_(comics)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Red Lotus (Paul Hark) is a fictional character, a mutant appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by Chris Claremont and Salvador Larroca.Red Lotus was born in Sydney, Australia, to an American parent, and is the heir apparent to the Sydney Chinese Triad, which was run by his grandfather, who was known as Father Gow. When Gow was murdered, Red Lotus was led to believe that the culprit was Gambit by the Examiner, who wanted to gain control of the Triad for himself.[99]Red Lotus assisted the X-Treme X-Men team against Sebastian Shaw and Lady Mastermind after the truth was revealed, and later helped them while they were trying to repel an interdimensional invasion in Madripoor.[100]After the invasion on Madripoor, Paul became an ally to Viper and joined her undercover at the Hellfire Club hoping to shut down their mutant slave ring. He was almost murdered by Selene, but Marvel Girl was able to save him.He was last seen still as an ally to Courtney Ross, Viper, Sunspot and their new Hellfire Club, however, what happened to him after M-Day still remains a mystery.[volume & issue needed]Red Lotus is a superhuman martial artist who possesses enhanced strength, speed, reflexes, agility, dexterity, coordination, balance, and endurance.","title":"Red Lotus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Phoenix_(film)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Stehlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stehlin"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ariki-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Red Lotus in other media","text":"Red Lotus was set to appear in Dark Phoenix, portrayed by Andrew Stehlin.[101] In the final film, he is replaced by Ariki, a mutant capable of manipulating his braids.[102] Furthermore, a \"Red Lotus Gang\" was originally set to appear in earlier stages.[103]","title":"Red Lotus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Hulk"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thunderbolt Ross","title":"Red Hulk"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Robert Maverick","title":"Red Hulk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Nine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Queen"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hope Pym","title":"Red Queen"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Madelyne Pryor","title":"Red Queen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Raven"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Ronin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red She-Hulk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Shift"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Skull"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Johann Schmidt","title":"Red Skull"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"George John Maxon","title":"Red Skull"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albert Malik","title":"Red Skull"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sinthea Schmidt","title":"Red Skull"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Johann Schmidt (Clone)","title":"Red Skull"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Sonja"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Wolf"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wildrun","title":"Red Wolf"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Johnny Wakely","title":"Red Wolf"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Thomas Thunderhead","title":"Red Wolf"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"William Talltrees","title":"Red Wolf"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Redstone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Gene Colan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Colan"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Red Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skull"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Cube"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Joaquin Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Torres_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"text":"Redwing is a fictional bird appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the bird sidekick to the Falcon. The character, created by Stan Lee and Gene Colan, first appeared in Captain America #117 (September 1969).Redwing came from Rio where Sam Wilson bought him. They both ended up traveling to a deserted island where they accidentally encountered Nazis and the Red Skull. Due to an encounter with the Cosmic Cube, Wilson and Redwing would form a telepathic bond that would allow Wilson to see through his eyes if necessary.[104] Redwing remained Wilson's constant companion, but on the side joined the Pet Avengers.[105] When Wilson took on the mantle of Captain America, Redwing still stayed by his side.[106] This changed when Redwing's DNA was used on Joaquin Torres who became the new Falcon. Wilson has let his bird act as Torres' new sidekick since.[107]","title":"Redwing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Avengers: United They Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers:_United_They_Stand"},{"link_name":"The Super Hero Squad Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Hero_Squad_Show"},{"link_name":"Steve Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Blum"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Avengers Assemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Girl_and_Devil_Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"Bumper Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Sam Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Wilson_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Tony Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stark_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Wakanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanda"},{"link_name":"Lego Marvel's Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Marvel%27s_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Marvel Avengers Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Avengers_Academy"}],"sub_title":"Redwing in other media","text":"Redwing appears in The Avengers: United They Stand.\nRedwing appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, with vocal effects provided by Steve Blum.[108] This version is a member of the titular squad.\nRedwing appears in Avengers Assemble.\nRedwing appears in Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur episode \"The Devil You Know\", voiced by Bumper Robinson. This version is the sidekick of Rodney / Falcon and a member of an animal support group called the Action Buddies Confidential.[109]\nRedwing appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). This version is a bird-like military drone utilized by Sam Wilson, who received four versions from Tony Stark, the United States Air Force, and Wakanda.\nRedwing appears in Lego Marvel's Avengers.\nRedwing appears in Marvel Avengers Academy.","title":"Redwing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(character)"}],"text":"Redeemer is a codename used by two minor characters in Marvel Comics. Both are acquaintances of the Hulk.","title":"Redeemer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hulkbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulkbusters"},{"link_name":"Rick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Jones_(character)"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Craig Saunders","text":"Craig Saunders Jr., created by John Byrne, first appeared in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #317 (March 1986). Fascinated by explosives every since childhood, he specialized in explosive ordinance disposal until he was too late with a mother and daughter killed by the bomb blast to which his military reputation had been permanently damaged as a result of bad press. Saunders is recruited into the Hulkbusters by Bruce Banner, vowing to redeem himself of his failings by doggedly hunting the Hulk and gaining a friendship with teammate Sam LaRoquette. After Bruce Banner re-merged with the Hulk due to separation causing cellular degeneration, Saunders hunted Rick Jones. The Hulkbusters are recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. as an advisor alongside LaRoquette but were manipulated by the Leader into being a brainwashed pawn with himself and LaRoquette as Redeemer and Rock respectively. He is killed when the Hulk threw him on rock spikes.[110][111][112]","title":"Redeemer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Parker_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolt Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_Ross"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Rick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Jones_(character)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Walter Langkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Reginald Fortean","text":"Reginald Fortean, created by Jeff Parker and Gabriel Hardman, first appeared in Hulk (vol. 2) #30.1 (May 2011). A US Air Force General and Thunderbolt Ross's protégé, he seeks revenge on the Red Hulk (unaware that Red Hulk and Ross are one person) by using his own Redeemer armor. During one of these outings, he briefly fought Omegex.[113]Reginald Fortean has since taken command of the anti-Hulk \"Shadow Base\" black ops as part of the U.S. Hulk Operations. He uses the organization to find a way to weaponize the gamma radiation.[114] Reginald and Dr. Charlene McGowan later graft the tissue samples of Abomination to Rick Jones' corpse as part of a gamma experiment that revives him as an Abomination/A-Bomb-like creature with two faces and many finger-like structures surrounding his face that Dr. Charlene McGowan calls Subject B.[115] After killing a depowered Walter Langkowski, Reginald accidentally fused himself with Rick Jones's Subject B husk, turning himself into the new Subject B. Hulk and Subject B ended up killing themselves and were transported to the Below-Place. After talking to Doc Samson, Banner as Grey Hulk killed Reginald.[116]","title":"Redeemer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Spider-Man:_Renew_Your_Vows"},{"link_name":"Secret Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Wars_(2015_comic_book)"}],"text":"Regent is a character in Marvel Comics. He makes his first full appearance as the main antagonist of the limited series Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows, as part of the 2015 Secret Wars storyline. The Earth-616 version later makes a reappearance at the end of The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1.","title":"Regent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secret Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Wars_(2015_comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Battleworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleworld"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Hawkeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkeye_(Clint_Barton)"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Brock"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Sinister Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinister_Six"},{"link_name":"Doctor Octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Octopus"},{"link_name":"Hobgoblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Kraven the Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraven_the_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Mysterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterio"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Shannon Stillwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Stillwell"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Earth-18119 version","text":"During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom. With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe.[117]In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent will not detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. At Regent's headquarters, Regent figures out that Spider-Man has been sighted and unleashes his Sinister Six (consisting of Doctor Octopus, Hobgoblin, Kraven the Hunter, Mysterio, Shocker, and Vulture) to hunt down Spider-Man.[118]Regent broadcasts that he will be doing a compulsory screening at Public School 122 Mamie Fay. Though Peter, Mary Jane, and Annie pass the scans, another kid did not causing Peter Parker to turn into Spider-Man to defend him.[119]As S.H.I.E.L.D. faces the Regent, Mary Jane and Annie confront his scientists led by Dr. Shannon Stillwell. Using the same type of armor as the Regent, Mary Jane helps Annie to disable the mechanism that held the captive heroes in order for Regent to draw in their powers. When this attracts the attention of Regent, Spider-Man escapes and takes the fight with Regent to the streets. Annie joined the fight and used the special arrowhead on Regent. Despite this, Regent is still a threat as he grabs Annie. Spider-Man uses a bluff to get close to Regent so that he can defeat him. Using an improvised restraining unit made by Prowler, S.H.I.E.L.D took Regent into their custody as Spider-Man and his family resume their normal lives.[120]","title":"Regent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Harry Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Betty Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Brant"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Watson"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Secret Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Empire_(2017_comic)"},{"link_name":"Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"what happened at Pleasant Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_Standoff!"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"Earth-616 version","text":"On Earth-616, Augustus Roman is the CEO of Empire Unlimited. However, he secretly adopted the identity of Regent wearing a silver armor that changes his appearance to an armored one. Roman had felt abhorrence towards super-humans ever since his family died during a conflict between the Avengers and the Masters of Evil, where he made a cameo appearance in Avengers #277. Believing that super-humans, and their powers and abilities, including their weapons should be contained and controlled, Roman created a prison known as The Cellar, located in Ryker's Island. On the surface, The Cellar appeared to be nothing more than a holding facility, when in reality its super-powered inmates were restrained inhumanly, and had their powers replicated into a special suit designed for Roman, and now referring himself as Regent, the \"savior of humanity\".[121]Harry Lyman soon finds out Augustus' true identity as Regent, while learning his action for sudden disappearance of the super-humans alike. Even much more worst situation as Betty Brant, sent by Harry attempt to go to Augustus to ask him if he's actually a Regent, Augustus kidnaps Betty to cover his identity and his ruthless action from being exposed, so will the rest of the innocent people who may stumbled finds out his schemes. As Harry tries to expose Augustus' secret identity as a Regent for a disappearing of Betty, right before Regent captures him, Harry manage to call the original Spider-Man, as well as Iron Man that he finally finds out Augustus is Regent. Mary Jane soon catch up with Spider-Man and Iron Man, donning Peter's old Iron Spider suit to catch with them and rescues other missing super humans from Regent. As Spider-Man manage to find Harry and releases other captured super humans, and destroys the machine that powers Regent, Regent becomes powerless, surrounded by the other heroes and innocence he captured, and finally being arrested and put to justice, imprisoned in his own Cellar he created.[122]During the \"Secret Empire\" storyline, Regent appears as a member of Hydra's Army of Evil. He partakes in the attacks on New York in retribution on what happened at Pleasant Hill.[123]","title":"Regent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Yuri Watanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraith_(Yuri_Watanabe)"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria Marconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Marconi"}],"sub_title":"Regent in other media","text":"The Augustus Roman incarnation of Regent appears in Spider-Man, voiced by Imari Williams.[124] This version is Yuri Watanabe's mentor and holds a grudge against the Avengers for arresting his father who was given a life sentence for what he saw as minor felonies. In the episode \"Brand New Day\", Regent banishes the Avengers and Spider-Man to another dimension. In the following episode, \"The Cellar\", Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus, and Anna Maria Marconi free Cloak and Dagger, who bring back the Avengers. They and Spider-Man defeat Regent, who is relieved of his position as warden and remanded to the Cellar.","title":"Regent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reignfire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ben Reilly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"May Reilly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"alternate future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_future"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)"},{"link_name":"Galactic Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Guardians"},{"link_name":"Jim Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Valentino"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(1969_team)"},{"link_name":"Earth-691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-691"},{"link_name":"Universal Church of Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Church_of_Truth"},{"link_name":"Rancor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rancor"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Yondu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yondu"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Spirit of Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_Vengeance_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GG14-127"},{"link_name":"Protégé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GG16-128"}],"text":"Replica is a Skrull from an alternate future and a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and Galactic Guardians. The character, created by Jim Valentino, first appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy #9 (February 1991) as an inhabitant of the alternate timeline/reality Marvel Comics designated as Earth-691. Within the context of the stories, Replica is a devout member of the Universal Church of Truth who lives in disguise on the planet New Haven under the rule of Rancor. When the Guardians of the Galaxy arrive, she joins them and the Resistance against Rancor.[125] When the Guardians leave New Haven, she stows away on their ship as an insect only to be discovered by Yondu.[126] Over time she assists the Guardians against a Stark saboteur, the Spirit of Vengeance, and the Grand Inquisitor. She also reveals that she is a member of the Universal Church of Truth and a Skrull as she officially joins the Guardians.[127] Later, in order to save the lives of the Guardians, she gives herself as a playmate to her god Protégé.[128]","title":"Replica"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reptil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reptyl"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clive Reston"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rev"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Revanche"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avengers: The Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers:_The_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Dan Slott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Slott"},{"link_name":"Christos N. Gage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos_Gage"},{"link_name":"Patrick Scherberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Scherberger"},{"link_name":"Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"Liberteens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberteens"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Criti Noll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criti_Noll"},{"link_name":"Yellowjacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacket_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"3-D Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_Man"},{"link_name":"Delroy Garrett Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delroy_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Skrull Kill Krew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull_Kill_Krew"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"text":"Revolutionary is a fictional character appearing in Avengers: The Initiative Annual #1 created by Dan Slott, Christos N. Gage and Patrick Scherberger.The Revolutionary was a Skrull secret agent, sent as part of a Skrull plan to conquer the Earth. The Revolutionary infiltrated the Liberteens, a superhero team based in Philadelphia who were the official government-approved superteam for the state of Pennsylvania. The Revolutionary was in contact with Criti Noll, the Skrull posing as Yellowjacket, speaking from Camp Hammond. He was a level-headed and respectful in his role as leader of the group.When 3-D Man (Delroy Garrett Jr.) began his cross country effort with the Skrull Kill Krew to rid the Initiative of Skrull infiltrators, the Revolutionary was one of the Skrulls defeated. Gravity dropped the diamond-skinned Hope on top of the Revolutionary and dramatically amplified her mass, crushing him to a bloody pulp.The real Revolutionary later attended a support group meeting at Camp Hammond for the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and heroes who were replaced.[129]","title":"Revolutionary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cecilia Reyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Robbie Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Ghost Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider"},{"link_name":"Eli Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Morrow"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"developmentally disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmentally_disabled"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"text":"Gabriel \"Gabe\" Reyes is a fictional character in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Felipe Smith and Tradd Smith, first appeared in All-New Ghost Rider #1 (May 2014).Gabe Reyes is the younger brother of Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider. When his mother was pregnant with him, their uncle Eli Morrow shoved her down the stairs, resulting in Gabe being born with limited motor control over his legs.[130] Gabe is also developmentally disabled and is need of constant attention from Robbie. Gabe looks up to his brother, but under the influence of Eli, the two begin to drift away from each other to the point that they begin fighting.[131] Eli takes over Gabe and begins to go after his former boss, Yegor Ivanov. Robbie rescues Gabe by taking Eli back and killing Ivanov, the brothers' faith in each other is restored.[132]","title":"Gabe Reyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Lorenzo James Henrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_James_Henrie"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoodSamaritan-133"}],"sub_title":"Gabe Reyes in other media","text":"Gabe Reyes appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Lorenzo James Henrie. This version is a high school student who became wheelchair-bound following an attack by a street gang called the Fifth Street Locos and is initially unaware of Robbie's activities as the Ghost Rider until Robbie tells him the truth about the night that they were attacked.[133]","title":"Gabe Reyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"supervillainess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Quicksilver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksilver_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Madrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Madrox"},{"link_name":"M-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation_(comics)"}],"text":"Comics characterRhapsody (Rachel Argosy) is a mutant supervillainess appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in X-Factor #79.Rachel Argosy was a teacher, until, at age 20, her hair and skin turned light blue when her mutant powers developed. Despite being popular with the children, who nicknamed her Rhapsody, the parents complained about having a mutant teacher and, after a meeting of the school board, was fired. Two days later, while trying to use her power to convince Harry Sharp, the leader of her detractors on the school board, to reverse its decision, he died of a heart attack while in ecstasy from her power. While fleeing from the police, she stole a violin and used the music from it to fuel her power of flight. The police then called X-Factor, who sent Quicksilver and Jamie Madrox to help capture her.While Quicksilver helped bring her down and smashed her violin, she influenced the core Madrox with a flute, who, after his duplicates helped stop her, became angered and convinced Quicksilver to help him break her out. However, when she admitted to Madrox that Sharp had died, albeit not deliberately, at her hands, he rejected her angrily and returned her to prison. She is emotionally dependent on music and becomes depressed after an extended period without hearing it. She most recently serenaded the attendees of the Hellfire Gala.While music is playing in the vicinity - usually through her playing her own violin - she can fly and warp minds to manipulate emotions, induce hallucinations in others, or control minds completely - though some are more susceptible than others. Rhapsody retains her powers post-M-Day. She is a talented violinist and flute player.","title":"Rhapsody"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rhino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Ales Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ales_Kot"},{"link_name":"Garry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garry_Brown_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine"},{"link_name":"Jeanette Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iron_Patriot_#1-5-134"}],"text":"Lila Rhodes is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Iron Patriot #1 (March 2014), and was created by Ales Kot and Garry Brown. She is the niece of James Rhodes and the daughter of Jeanette Rhodes. Lila provides tech support.[134]","title":"Lila Rhodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Denny O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Luke McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_McDonnell"},{"link_name":"James Rhodes / War Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"text":"Roberta Rhodes is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Iron Man #173 (May 1973), and was created by Denny O'Neil and Luke McDonnell. She is the mother of James Rhodes / War Machine. Roberta is shown to supportive of her son.[135][136][137][138][139]","title":"Roberta Rhodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Man: Armored Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man:_Armored_Adventures"}],"sub_title":"Roberta Rhodes in other media","text":"Roberta Rhodes appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Catherine Haggquist. This version is the legal guardian and attorney for Tony Stark after Howard Stark's disappearance.","title":"Roberta Rhodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Terrence Rhodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Val Rhymin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daughters of the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Misty Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty_Knight"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"8-Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Ball_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Gang War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_War_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hobgoblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Gargan"},{"link_name":"Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"text":"Ricadonna is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is one of the main characters in the Daughters of the Dragon comic series.Ricadonna is a multi-billionaire. She is a mob-queen and enemy of Misty Knight who has been previously apprehended by her. In her first appearance, a foursome of villains steal from her while she is at a party. Ricadonna's teddy cam survives the thieves' expert robbery and she uses the footage to discover their identities.[140] She has two of them, Freezer Burn and 8-Ball slain. Freezer Burn's girlfriend is also killed.[141]During the \"Gang War\" storyline, Ricadonna is among the villains that are hired by Hobgoblin to guard his hideout and are attacked by Scorpion, Shift, and Starling.[142] Scorpion persuaded Ricadonna and the other villains to turn against Hobgoblin.[143]","title":"Ricadonna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Craig Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Kyle"},{"link_name":"Christopher Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Yost"},{"link_name":"Billy Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Tan"},{"link_name":"Weapon X Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_X"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"Laura Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-23"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-144"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-144"}],"text":"Dr. Zander Rice is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. He was created by Craig Kyle, Christopher Yost and Billy Tan, and his first appearance was in X-23 #1 (March 2005). His father Dale Rice worked on the Weapon X Program and was killed by Wolverine. Years later, Rice works on recreating the Weapon X experiment with his mentor Dr. Martin Sutter. He was eventually paired with Dr. Sarah Kinney, whom he did not get along with. When Sarah suggested making a female clone for Wolverine, Rice reluctantly agreed. Although Zander forced Sarah to carry the embryo to term, Rice proceeded to mistreat and abuse Laura Kinney who he called \"Pet\" and \"Animal\" following birth. Rice uses Laura's trigger scent to kill Sutter so that he can be in charge of the program and create more clones to sell on the market.[144] Laura is later ordered by Sarah to kill Rice and destroy the facility. Laura gets back at Rice by calling him \"Animal\" upon his death. In a cruel twist of fate, Rice hid a trigger scent in Sarah's hair and Sarah too is murdered by Laura.[144]","title":"Zander Rice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Grant"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(film_character)"},{"link_name":"Charles Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Xavier_(film_character)"},{"link_name":"Reavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reavers_(comics)"}],"sub_title":"Zander Rice in other media","text":"Zander Rice appears in Logan, portrayed by Richard E. Grant.[145] This version is the head of the corporation Alkali-Transigen who created the Transigen virus to sterilize mutantkind, which also caused the decay of Logan's healing factor and Charles Xavier's mental deterioration, in an attempt to make his own mutants as the Reavers were not as effective as he had hoped. After several mutant children escape from Transigen, Rice and the Reavers pursue to get them back, only to be killed by Logan.","title":"Zander Rice"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Franklin Richards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(serial)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Harry Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_L._Fraser"},{"link_name":"Joseph Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_F._Poland"},{"link_name":"Ronald Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Basil Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Dickey"},{"link_name":"Jesse Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Duffy"},{"link_name":"Lorna Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Gray"}],"text":"Gail Richards is a character who originated in the film serial Captain America (Feb. 5, 1944), later appearing in the Ultimate Marvel universe. The character, created by Royal Cole; Harry Fraser; Joseph Poland; Ronald Davidson; Basil Dickey; Jesse Duffy and Grant Nelson, was portrayed by Lorna Gray.","title":"Gail Richards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"damsel in distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress"}],"sub_title":"Gail Richards in film","text":"Gail Richards is the secretary to D.A. Grant Gardner, the serial's version of Captain America. Gail was well aware of Grant's double identity and would usually try to cover while Grant was off fighting crime and would contact to update on certain information. While Gail was the typical damsel in distress seen in films at the time, she did display a bit of a backbone every now and then and at one point managed to get the drop on some criminals. It was implied that she had feelings for Grant though this was never explored.","title":"Gail Richards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Mark Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Millar"},{"link_name":"Bryan Hitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Hitch"},{"link_name":"The Ultimates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimates_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Bucky Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Barnes"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Red Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skull"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"sub_title":"Gail Richards in comics","text":"A character loosely based on her, also named Gail Richards, appeared in the Ultimate Marvel Universe. This character was created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch, and first appeared in The Ultimates #1. She was the fiancée of Captain America (Steve Rogers) before the man's supposed demise.[146] She eventually becomes Bucky Barnes's wife to which the two have a family. In the early 21st century, Gail was shocked to learned of Steve's survival and youthful preservation, and emotionally refused to be reunited.[147] However, they later rekindle a friendship.[148] Unbeknownst to Rogers, Gail had conceived Captain America's son, and was \"convinced\" by the American government to give up their child to the military's supposed safety. In reality, the government trained her son to be the next super soldier who instead chose to be the Ultimate iteration of Red Skull. She is later given a chance to say goodbye to her son.[149]","title":"Gail Richards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Avengers 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Avengers_2"}],"sub_title":"Gail Richards in other media","text":"Gail Richards makes minor appearances in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced by an unidentified actress.","title":"Gail Richards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nathaniel Richards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Valeria Richards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"John Buscema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buscema"},{"link_name":"Jean Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Grey"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"text":"Annie Richardson is a character appearing in books published for Marvel Comics. The character was created by Chris Claremont and John Buscema, and first appeared in Bizarre Adventures #27 (June 1981). She was Jean Grey's childhood friend. Annie was accidentally killed by a car to which the trauma caused Jean's telepathic abilities.[150][151]","title":"Annie Richardson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-Men '97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_%2797"}],"sub_title":"Annie Richardson in other media","text":"Annie Richardson has non-voiced appearance in the X-Men '97 episode \"Fire Made Flesh\".","title":"Annie Richardson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Molly von Richthofen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ricochet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rictor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Mark Gruenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gruenwald"},{"link_name":"Paul Neary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Neary"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"John Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agent_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Power Broker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Broker_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lemar Hoskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hector Lennox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-Winger_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Commission on Superhuman Activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Superhuman_Activities"},{"link_name":"Guardsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardsman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Captain_America_#334-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"The Watchdogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdogs_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"U.S. Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agent_(comics)"},{"link_name":"West Coast Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Immortus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortus"},{"link_name":"Legion of the Unliving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_the_Unliving"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Captain_America_characters"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Captain_America_characters"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Captain_America_characters"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Steve Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"William Nasland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Mace"},{"link_name":"William Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burnside_(character)"},{"link_name":"John Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agent"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Bucky Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Sam Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Bucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Bucky Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Jack Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Monroe_(character)"},{"link_name":"Rick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Jones_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lemar Hoskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestar_(character)"},{"link_name":"Rikki Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Peggy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Sharon Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter"},{"link_name":"Arnie Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnie_Roth_(character)"},{"link_name":"Betsy Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Ross_(character)"},{"link_name":"Demolition Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_Man_(character)"},{"link_name":"Diamondback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_(Rachel_Leighton)"},{"link_name":"Jack Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Flag"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury"},{"link_name":"Black Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Widow_(Natasha_Romanova)"},{"link_name":"Deathlok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathlok"},{"link_name":"Fabian Stankowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Stankowicz"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"Hawkeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkeye_(Clint_Barton)"},{"link_name":"Maria Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Hill"},{"link_name":"Howling Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howling_Commandos"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man"},{"link_name":"Robert Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maverick"},{"link_name":"Namor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namor"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolt Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_Ross"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"All-Winners Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Winners_Squad"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Uncanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Avengers"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaders_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Secret Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Defenders"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Captain_America_enemies"},{"link_name":"Arnim Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnim_Zola"},{"link_name":"Baron Strucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Strucker"},{"link_name":"Baron Zemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Zemo"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Zemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Zemo"},{"link_name":"Helmut Zemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Zemo"},{"link_name":"Batroc the Leaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batroc_the_Leaper"},{"link_name":"Crossbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbones_(character)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Faustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(character)"},{"link_name":"Flag-Smasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag-Smasher"},{"link_name":"Grand Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burnside_(character)"},{"link_name":"Machinesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinesmith"},{"link_name":"Madame Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Madame_Hydra)"},{"link_name":"MODOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODOK"},{"link_name":"Red Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skull"},{"link_name":"Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Winter Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Barnes"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Femizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femizons"},{"link_name":"Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Maggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggia_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Roxxon Energy Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxxon_Energy_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Secret Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Empire_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Serpent Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Society"},{"link_name":"Serpent 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Adder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Adder_(character)"},{"link_name":"Diamondback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_(Rachel_Leighton)"},{"link_name":"Eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Princess Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Python"},{"link_name":"Puff Adder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puff_Adder_(character)"},{"link_name":"Rattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattler_(character)"},{"link_name":"Rock Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Python"},{"link_name":"Sidewinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewinder_(character)"},{"link_name":"Abomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abomination_(character)"},{"link_name":"Armadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo_(character)"},{"link_name":"Baron Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Blood"},{"link_name":"Blackwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwing_(character)"},{"link_name":"Doughboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughboy_(character)"},{"link_name":"Dredmund the Druid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredmund_the_Druid"},{"link_name":"Everyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Grey Gargoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Gargoyle"},{"link_name":"Hate-Monger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate-Monger"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Lantern_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"John Ryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ryker"},{"link_name":"Lady Deathstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Deathstrike"},{"link_name":"Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_(character)"},{"link_name":"Left-Winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-Winger"},{"link_name":"Living Laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Laser"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Lukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Lukin"},{"link_name":"Madman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madman_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Master Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Man_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mister Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Hyde_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"MODAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pym"},{"link_name":"Mole Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_Man"},{"link_name":"Nefarius (Moonstone)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bloch"},{"link_name":"Nightshade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilda_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Nuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuke_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_(character)"},{"link_name":"Professor Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Power"},{"link_name":"Scarecrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Scourge of the Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge_of_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"Sleeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Slug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug_(character)"},{"link_name":"Taskmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskmaster_(character)"},{"link_name":"Teen Abomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Abomination"},{"link_name":"Trapster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapster"},{"link_name":"Vermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Alternative versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Captain_America"},{"link_name":"American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Nomad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"In film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_in_film"},{"link_name":"Steve Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rogers_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Sam Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Wilson_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Bucky Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Barnes_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Peggy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Carter_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Sharon Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"}],"text":"Right-Winger (Jerome \"Jerry\" Johnson) is a veteran and superhero in the Marvel Comics universe.The character, created by Mark Gruenwald and Paul Neary, first appeared in Captain America #323 (November 1986).Within the context of the stories, Jerry Johnson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a veteran who had served 4 years in the U.S. Army with his friend, John Walker. Both became disillusioned and grew bored due to the lack of action during peace-time service. They both signed up for the Power Broker's strength augmentation process, and joined the Unlimited Class Wrestling Federation. Later, John Walker approached him to form a team of superhumans, known as the B.U.C.s (Bold Urban Commandos) or \"Buckies\". This team consisted of Johnson, Lemar Hoskins, and Hector Lennox, and they all wore variations of Captain America's costume.Walker, now known as the Super-Patriot publicly spoke out against the original Captain America, and the Buckies pretended to be Cap's supporters. The Buckies staged opposition to Walker and pretended to attack him at a rally in Central Park as a publicity stunt. Walker defeated these protesters and proclaimed to Captain America that the people should decide who was worthy of being Captain America.[152] Eventually, the Commission on Superhuman Activities selected Walker to replace Steve Rogers as Captain America, and chose Lemar Hoskins to become his partner Bucky (and later as Battlestar).Lennox and Johnson were left behind, feeling betrayed and angered. They chose the names Left-Winger and Right-Winger respectively. They wore stolen Guardsmen armor and battled Walker and Hoskins.[153] The pair upstaged the new Captain America at a patriotic rally and press conference, attacking him and revealing Walker's identity to the press out of jealousy over his new-found success.[154] As a result, Walker's parents were killed by the militia group The Watchdogs, nearly driving Walker into a mental breakdown. Walker blamed his former partners for his parents' deaths, and he stalked them. When he caught up to Left-Winger and Right-Winger, he tied them to an oil tank which was detonated by a torch-saber and left them to die.[155] They barely survived the explosion due to their bodies' enhanced physiology, leaving them terribly burned and in critical condition.Later, Walker became the U.S. Agent and joined the West Coast Avengers. Left-Winger and Right-Winger, alongside several others, were plucked from different time periods by Immortus to serve in the third Legion of the Unliving. They battled U.S. Agent, who slew them again not believing them to be authentic.[156]Eventually, it was revealed to Walker that the pair had survived the explosion and were hospitalized in Houston. After undergoing painful treatment for the burns they received, they had committed suicide. When Walker learned of this, he was remorseful.[157]vteCaptain America charactersIncarnations ofCaptain America\nSteve Rogers\nWilliam Nasland\nJeffrey Mace\nWilliam Burnside\nJohn Walker\nIsaiah Bradley\nBucky Barnes\nSam Wilson\nSupportingcharactersBucky\nBucky Barnes\nJack Monroe\nRick Jones\nLemar Hoskins\nRikki Barnes\nPrimary\nFalcon\nPeggy Carter\nSharon Carter\nOther\nArnie Roth\nBetsy Ross\nDemolition Man\nDiamondback\nJack Flag\nNick Fury\nSuperhero allies\nBlack Widow\nDeathlok\nFabian Stankowicz\nFantastic Four\nHawkeye\nMaria Hill\nHowling Commandos\nHulk\nIron Man\nRobert Maverick\nNamor\nSpider-Man\nThunderbolt Ross\nThor\nWolverine\nX-Men\nTeams\nAll-Winners Squad\nAvengers\nNew\nUncanny\nSecret\nIlluminati\nInvaders\nSecret Defenders\nS.H.I.E.L.D.\nAntagonistsPrimary rogues'gallery\nArnim Zola\nBaron Strucker\nBaron Zemo\nHeinrich Zemo\nHelmut Zemo\nBatroc the Leaper\nCrossbones\nDoctor Faustus\nFlag-Smasher\nGrand Director\nMachinesmith\nMadame Hydra\nMODOK\nRed Skull\nSin\nWinter Soldier\nGroups\nA.I.M.\nFemizons\nHydra\nMaggia\nRoxxon Energy Corporation\nSecret Empire\nSerpent Society\nSerpent Squad\nWatchdogs\nSnake-themed\nAnaconda\nAsp\nBushmaster\nCobra\nConstrictor\nCopperhead\nCottonmouth\nDeath Adder\nDiamondback\nEel\nPrincess Python\nPuff Adder\nRattler\nRock Python\nSidewinder\nOther\nAbomination\nArmadillo\nBaron Blood\nBlackwing\nDoughboy\nDredmund the Druid\nEveryman\nGlenn Talbot\nGrey Gargoyle\nHate-Monger\nJack O'Lantern\nJohn Ryker\nLady Deathstrike\nLeader\nLeft-Winger\nLiving Laser\nAleksander Lukin\nMadman\nMandarin\nMaster Man\nMister Hyde\nMODAM\nMole Man\nNefarius (Moonstone)\nNightshade\nNuke\nPorcupine\nProfessor Power\nScarecrow\nScourge of the Underworld\nSleeper\nSlug\nTaskmaster\nTeen Abomination\nTrapster\nVermin\nAlternative versionsIn comics\nAmerican Dream\nNomad\nUltimate Captain America\nIn film\nSteve Rogers\nSam Wilson\nBucky Barnes\nPeggy Carter\nSharon Carter","title":"Right-Winger"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ringer is the name of three fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Ringer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Tinkerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkerer"},{"link_name":"Nighthawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nighthawk_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Bar With No Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bar_With_No_Name&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Firebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebrand_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Scourge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge_of_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Leila Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Davis"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Swarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Stegron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegron"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Graviton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Arnim Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnim_Zola"},{"link_name":"Deadpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadpool"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"}],"sub_title":"Anthony Davis","text":"A former engineer for NASA, professional criminal Anthony Davis grew jealous of the wealthy Kyle Richmond. Designing a suit of battle armor that would be constructed by the Tinkerer, Davis, calling himself the Ringer, broke into one of Richmond's buildings to rob it. Richmond confronted the Ringer in his guise of Nighthawk II, breaking several of Davis's teeth in the process. Davis was arrested and jailed, where it took a prison dentist several weeks to rebuild his broken teeth.[158]Humiliated by his defeat at Nighthawk's hands, Davis decided he was not cut out for a life of crime. He had previously designed an improved version of his old battlesuit, which remained in the Tinkerer's warehouse, which he planned to rent out to various criminal contacts as part of a get-rich-quick scheme. As Davis tested the suit, the Beetle broke into the shop to retrieve his own equipment. Easily subduing the Ringer, the Beetle brought him back to his hideout, where he forced Davis to wear the suit to battle Spider-Man, tricking him into thinking a new ring the Beetle had added to the suit would explode if the Ringer did not obey. The Ringer, deathly afraid of battling another superhero, was dealt a humiliating defeat by Spider-Man, who broke his repaired dental work and left him webbed for the police. To add to Ringer's indignity, the explosive charge merely destroyed a recording device the Beetle had installed in his suit to obtain live combat data of Spider-Man.[159]Upon his release from prison, the Ringer avoided New York City and its super heroes and operated as a costumed criminal primarily in the Midwest, sinking into petty crime and being viewed as a loser in the supervillain community. On a visit to the Bar With No Name in Medina County, Ohio, one of a number of similar secret meeting places for costumed criminals, the Ringer was contacted by Gary Gilbert, who was formerly the costumed terrorist called Firebrand. Gilbert invited the Ringer to attend a meeting at the bar to discuss strategies for dealing with Scourge, the mysterious vigilante who had murdered a large number of costumed criminals. The Ringer came to the meeting, but, unfortunately for him, so did Scourge, disguised as the bartender. Scourge slaughtered the Ringer and all the other criminals who were present, shooting them with explosive bullets.[160][161]Upon hearing of his supposed death, the Ringer's wife Leila Davis became a criminal herself, plotting to get revenge on the Beetle, who she blamed for her husband's humiliation, although she was thwarted by Spider-Man.[162] When she joined a group of other villains in attempting to kill the wall-crawler, she was saved during the battle by her husband, who appeared as the cyborg Strikeback. Davis revealed that he had not actually died in the Scourge's massacre, but was barely alive when A.I.M. agents investigated the murder, seeking information on the technology used by the dead criminals. AIM created a new cyborg body for him, and he worked for the organization for some time before striking out on his own. As Strikeback, Davis was a much more skilled fighter than he was as the Ringer, defeating Boomerang, Swarm, the Vulture and Stegron.[163] However, the dinosaur man badly damaged Strikeback's cybernetic systems during the battle, which caused them to slowly break down. During this time, he enjoyed a happy, if brief, retirement with Leila before dying. Leila herself would later perish in battle with the villain Graviton.[164]Arnim Zola later created a proto-husk of him, but Deadpool killed it.[165]","title":"Ringer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coachwhip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachwhip_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Killer Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Shrike"},{"link_name":"Moon Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Knight"},{"link_name":"Acts of Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Vengeance"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Blacklash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklash"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolt II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolt_(Marvel_Comics)#Luis_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"Pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Stilt-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt-Man"},{"link_name":"Punisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punisher"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hood"},{"link_name":"Counter Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Force_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Shadow Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Council"},{"link_name":"Masters of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_Evil"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"}],"sub_title":"Keith Kraft","text":"The designs for the Ringer battlesuit are later used by another criminal named Keith Kraft who re-establishes the Ringer persona. He would prove to be as inept as Davis initially was. The Ringer teams up with Coachwhip and Killer Shrike to attack Moon Knight during the events of the Acts of Vengeance, a plan to destroy superheroes. He is defeated quickly.[166] He is later employed by Justin Hammer, alongside Blacklash and Barrier. He attempts to trick Thunderbolt II into stealing some experimental aircraft plans, but is foiled by the Hulk and the ancient society known as the Pantheon.[167]Kraft shows up at Stilt-Man's funeral at the Bar with No Name where the Punisher poisoned the drinks and blew up the bar. Only medical attention prevents the Ringer and other villains from dying.[168]The Ringer is shown as a new member of Osborn's Shadow Initiative.[169] He accompanies the team to liberate the Negative Zone prison.[170] Ringer later assisted Hood into fighting Counter Force.[171] He's then defeated by the Avengers Resistance in their last assault at Camp Hammer.[172]Ringer later appeared as a member of the Shadow Council's Masters of Evil.[173]","title":"Ringer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roderick Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Steeplejack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplejack_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Tumbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbler_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Carlie Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlie_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Electro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Ms. Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Marvel_(Kamala_Khan)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Minerva"},{"link_name":"Spider-Verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Verse"},{"link_name":"Diamond District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Street_(Manhattan)#Diamond_District"},{"link_name":"Silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Melter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melter"},{"link_name":"Killer Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Shrike"},{"link_name":"Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Man Mountain Marko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Mountain_Marko"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"}],"sub_title":"Hobgoblin's Ringer","text":"Roderick Kingsley later sold the Ringer gear to an unnamed criminal. Ringer, Steeplejack and Tumbler are shown to be in the services of Roderick Kinglsley. They were later ambushed by the Goblin King's servants Menace and Monster (the \"Goblin\" form of Carlie Cooper).[174]Following Spider-Man's victory over the Goblin King, Ringer was among the former Hobgoblin minions at the Bar with No Name where they encounter Electro.[175]While Spider-Man and Ms. Marvel are fighting Doctor Minerva during the Spider-Verse storyline, the Ringer robs the Diamond District only to be defeated by the new hero Silk.[176]In the Slide-Away Casino, Melter and Killer Shrike take Ringer to the back room. Black Cat shows him various items and tells him that even she cannot steal everything and sometimes must pay for them and asks him how is she supposed to do that when nobodies like him do not pay her weekly cut. Ringer tells Black Cat he did not pay because he was captured by Silk, owed the Spot for getting him out of jail, and had to pay Tinkerer for new equipment. He tells her that they worked in some jobs before and remembers her having a heart and asks for compassion. Black Cat hesitates long enough for the Ringer to attack them, hitting Felicia in her arm before she takes him down. Black Cat tells Ringer he will make three times the cut and will also serve as an example, having Killer Shrike and Melter beat him up. Melter and Killer Shrike then bring in Ringer and Black Cat tells Ringer to spread the word that no one steals from her.[177]Roderick Kingsley later regains Ringer's services.[178]Ringer and Man Mountain Marko attack a book fair to rob it only to be defeated by Spider-Man.[179]","title":"Ringer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ringmaster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ringo Kid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter B. Gillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_B._Gillis"},{"link_name":"Chris Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Warner_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Strange"},{"link_name":"Minotaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaur"},{"link_name":"Cloak of Levitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak_of_Levitation"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Urthona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthona_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STv3_17-182"},{"link_name":"math teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_teacher"},{"link_name":"Strange Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Academy"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"}],"text":"Rintrah is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an other-dimensional mystic. The character, created by Peter B. Gillis and Chris Warner, first appeared in Doctor Strange #80 (Dec. 1986).Rintrah was depicted as a green-furred Minotaur. Within the context of the stories, Rintrah comes from an other-dimensional planet called R'Vaal. There, because of his sensitivity to occult forces and his potential to become a skilled sorcerer, he is an apprentice to Enitharmon the Weaver. When Doctor Strange brings his Cloak of Levitation to Enitharmon for repair, the weaver sends Rintrah to return the restored cloak.[180] After delivering the cloak, Strange briefly, and with permission, possesses his body to fend off Urthona.[181] He remains with Strange for a short time before returning to his apprenticeship.[182]Rintrah later worked as a math teacher at Strange Academy.[183]","title":"Rintrah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Marvel Contest of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Contest_of_Champions"}],"sub_title":"Rintrah in other media","text":"Rintrah appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), voiced by Adam Hugill.[184] This version is a member of the Masters of the Mystic Arts.\nRintrah appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.","title":"Rintrah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Josten"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Baron Helmut Zemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Zemo"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Roger Aubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_(Roger_Aubrey)"},{"link_name":"V-Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Battalion"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thunderbolts_#42-193"},{"link_name":"Citizen V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_V"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_comics"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thunderbolts_#42-193"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Crimson Cowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Cowl_(Justine_Hammer)"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Imperial Forces of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Forces_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Henry Peter Gyrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Peter_Gyrich"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Commission on Superhuman Activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Superhuman_Activities"},{"link_name":"HYDRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Symkaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symkaria"},{"link_name":"Latveria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latveria"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thunderbolts_#42-193"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Doctor Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doom"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Scourge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scourge_of_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Graviton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Wonder Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Man"},{"link_name":"Scarlet Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Witch"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Fixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixer_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Moonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstone_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Hank Pym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Pym"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Genis-Vell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genis-Vell"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"the Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Abner Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Dark Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Reign_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Norman Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Invasion"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"}],"text":"Comics characterDallas Riordan is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Thunderbolts #1 (April 1997).[185]Dallas Riordan's comic book family had a long storied history of being police officers.[186] Dallas was once an NYPD officer and a soldier[187] before she went into politics and became the aide to the mayor of New York.[188] When the Thunderbolts arrived on the scene after the disappearances of The Avengers and the Fantastic Four, the mayor wanted to take advantage of the Thunderbolts publicity and chose to appoint Dallas as the liaison between his office and the new team of \"heroes\". Dallas was unaware that her new associates were super villains in disguise, plotting to use their newfound publicity to get security clearances that would allow them to take over the world.[189]Dallas quickly began a flirtation with Thunderbolt member Atlas and the two were dating when the group became exposed as villains.[190] The Thunderbolts, led by Citizen V (by now Baron Helmut Zemo once again), soon made an attempt to take over the world.[191] To save face, the mayor chose to blame Dallas for leading him astray and promptly fired her.[192]A short time later, Dallas was approached by Roger Aubrey of the V-Battalion[193] and was offered the role of Citizen V (the original Citizen V was a Golden Age hero murdered by Helmut's father Baron Heinrich Zemo), their primary field agent.[194] It turned out that Dallas's grandfather had worked for the original V-Battalion (the majority of which were slaughtered by Heinrich). He had served in World War II but stayed in Europe to help recreate the V-Battalion with Roger Aubrey and various others, leaving his wife and son, Jim Riordan, behind.[193] Jim raised Dallas to be tough and encouraged her desire to be a police officer. Jim did not like the V-Battalion, but he presumably wanted his daughter to be trained in combat so that she would be prepared if she ever accepted a role in the V-Battalion (as was her right, being a descendant of a member).Furious over the way her life had been destroyed by the Thunderbolts, Dallas decided to join the V-Battalion and became Citizen V. She became somewhat of a super-hero herself, first fighting Baron Zemo[195] and then going up against the threat of the Crimson Cowl, who after knocking Citizen V unconscious,[196] framed Dallas for being the leader of the Masters of Evil, which was all a set-up to throw the Thunderbolts off the trail of the real Crimson Cowl (Justine Hammer).[197] Dallas was then arrested. Dallas was rescued from prison by the V-Battalion.[198] She soon tried to track down the Crimson Cowl[199] but instead found herself fighting the Imperial Forces of America (ironically, but unknown to her, they were funded by Baron Zemo).[200] The V-Battalion ordered Dallas to assassinate Henry Peter Gyrich[201] (who would become her co-worker in the Commission on Superhuman Activities several years later) because Gyrich and the CSA had been compromised by the nanite conspiracy spearheaded by Baron Strucker of HYDRA.[202] Dallas refused and the V-Battalion sent their operatives to stop her from informing the Thunderbolts of their plans.[203]When Dallas returned to the United States, she tried to get help from the Thunderbolts but a battle broke out between the two groups and Dallas vanished in battle, kidnapped again by the Crimson Cowl.[204] Dallas wound up in a prison base on the border of Symkaria and Latveria.[205] She managed to find a means of escape but chose to confront the Cowl instead. The battle ended with her falling off a bridge and into a river.[193] Dallas washed up in Latveria[206] (the country led by Doctor Doom) and her back was crushed, requiring her to use a wheelchair for mobility. Dallas soon began to get visitations from her ex-boyfriend Erik[207] (who had been killed by Scourge).[208] Eventually Dallas was freed from Latveria by the Redeemers at which point she came back to the United States.[209]The Thunderbolts, who had previously disbanded, reunited during a battle with Graviton. Dallas reasoned that the ionic-powered Erik's visitations were similar to Wonder Man's visitations of the Scarlet Witch, who he used as an emotional anchor to tie him to the world after he had been killed. Erik did not have a body to come back to and instead channeled his ionic energy into Dallas. In their ionic state, Dallas's body could walk and had various superpowers. Atlas re-joined the Thunderbolts to fight Graviton but after the battle, Erik and Dallas found themselves and their teammates marooned on Counter Earth. When they returned, the ionic energy recreated a powerless Erik Josten and Dallas retained a portion of the ionic energy.[210] Thanks to the Fixer, Erik soon gained Pym Particle-related powers again.[211]Dallas joined the Thunderbolts as Vantage and chose to remain on the team to watch Zemo, who she could not trust. Eventually Helmut was scarred by a deranged Moonstone when trying to save Captain America. The Thunderbolts briefly disbanded and Erik asked Hank Pym to strip him of his new powers. Dallas and Erik broke up and Dallas took a job working for homeland security.[212] Erik soon re-joined the Thunderbolts despite being powerless.[213] After an encounter with Genis-Vell, Erik became enraged and tapped into his ionic powers which somehow left Dallas paralysed again.[214]Dallas is currently a full-time member of the CSA and even helped organize the battle between the Thunderbolts and the new Avengers.[215] Dallas and the CSA are apparently working with Zemo to save the world from the Grandmaster. Dallas does not trust Helmut, but gave him the benefit of the doubt.[216] Altered again by the Wellspring, during a battle against the Grandmaster in which he had to surrender his powers temporarily to Zemo, Josten was left stuck in a giant form, too heavy even to move and communicate. However he was able to send back some ionic energy to Dallas, restoring her legs. She offered jobs to Abner Jenkins and Fixer within the CSA.[217] During the Dark Reign storyline, Dallas Riordan appeared as part of senate subcommittee questioning Norman Osborn about the recent Skrull invasion.[218]As Vantage, Dallas once possessed superhuman levels of agility and endurance. While sharing consciousness with Atlas, Vantage was charged with ionic energy and could grow to great heights, fire ionic blasts, create a protective energy field, and fly.","title":"Dallas Riordan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avengers Assemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hale"},{"link_name":"Justin Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hammer"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"sub_title":"Dallas Riordan other media","text":"A variation of the character renamed Gabby Talbott appears in the Avengers Assemble episode \"The Thunderbolts\", voiced by Jennifer Hale. This version is the Thunderbolts' promoter who secretly conspires with Justin Hammer. After being exposed, she was fired by Citizen V as a result.[219]","title":"Dallas Riordan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symbiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiote_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Symbiotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Symbiotes"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasher_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Agony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agony_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Phage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_(character)"},{"link_name":"Carlton Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Drake"},{"link_name":"Life Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Eddie Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Brock"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Petty Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_Officer"},{"link_name":"Cletus Kasady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cletus_Kasady"},{"link_name":"Scorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorn_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Flash Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Dog_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Knull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knull_(character)"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Normie Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normie_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_(Reed_Richards)"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Carnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnage_(character)"},{"link_name":"Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_(character)"},{"link_name":"Toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin_(character)"},{"link_name":"Alchemax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemax"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"}],"text":"Riot is the name used by a symbiote in Marvel Comics. The symbiote, created by David Michelinie and Ron Lim, first appeared in Venom: Lethal Protector #4 (May 1993) and was named in Carnage, U.S.A. #2 (March 2012) after an unrelated purplish-black, four-armed action figure from the Planet of the Symbiotes storyline. It was created as one of five symbiote \"children\" forcefully spawned from the Venom symbiote along with Lasher, Agony, Phage, and Scream. Riot primarily sports symbiote hammers and maces.Riot's first host is Trevor Cole, a mercenary hired by Carlton Drake's Life Foundation in San Francisco. Cole is one of several employees to be bonded with a symbiote, along with Donna Diego (Scream), Leslie Gesneria (Agony), Carl Mach (Phage), and Ramon Hernandez (Lasher). Riot and his \"siblings\" are defeated by Spider-Man and Eddie Brock.[220] The symbiotes' hosts kidnap Brock in an attempt to communicate with their symbiotes. When Brock refuses to aid them, Cole is killed along with Gesneria and Mach. The others initially believe that Brock was picking the group off, but the killer is later revealed to be Diego, having developed schizophrenia from Scream's influence.[221]Riot's second host is Howard Ogden, a Petty Officer assigned to the Mercury Team alongside Phage (Rico Axelson), Lasher (Marcus Simms), and Agony (James Murphy). With Cletus Kasady on the loose in Colorado, Ogden and the Team Mercury assist Spider-Man, Scorn and Flash Thompson.[222] Nevertheless, Riot and his teammates are killed by Carnage in their secret base,[223] and the four symbiotes bond with the Mercury Team's dog after the fight.[224]After being possessed by Knull, Riot and his \"siblings\" take over a family, with him and Agony taking the father and mother respectively while Phage and Lasher bond to the children before the group head to New York to help in Carnage's quest.[225] They hunt Dylan Brock and Normie Osborn, but are defeated and separated from their hosts by the Maker.[226] Under Knull's possession, Phage merges with his \"siblings\" into one, but is defeated by Andi Benton.[227]Riot's fourth host takes part in a conspiracy led by the Carnage symbiote. Riot assists the other three symbiote enforcers and Carnage until they are defeated by Thompson, Silence, and Toxin and contained in Alchemax's custody.[228][229][230]","title":"Riot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spider-Man and Venom: Separation Anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_and_Venom:_Separation_Anxiety"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_Unlimited_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Riz Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Carlton Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Drake"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(Sony%27s_Spider-Man_Universe)"}],"sub_title":"Riot in other media","text":"The Trevor Cole incarnation of Riot appears as a boss in Spider-Man and Venom: Separation Anxiety.\nThe Trevor Cole incarnation of Riot appears as a playable character in Spider-Man Unlimited.\nThe Riot symbiote appears in Venom, portrayed by Riz Ahmed.[231][232] This version is the leader of a symbiote infiltration squad. After being brought to Earth by the Life Foundation's probe, Riot goes through multiple hosts before arriving in San Francisco and bonding with Carlton Drake in an attempt to bring more symbiotes to Earth. Riot faces and overpowers Venom in battle, then escapes into the Life Foundation's rocket but Venom damages it, killing Riot and Drake.","title":"Riot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_character"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Earth-691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-691"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"}],"text":"Comics characterRipjak is a fictional comic book character from an alternate future Marvel Comics universe and appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy comic book series.Dubbed the Interplanetary Serial Killer by the media, Ripjak was a Martian antagonist, and later ally, of the Guardians of the Galaxy in the Earth-691 timeline of the Marvel Universe. It was later revealed that Ripjak was not the killer he was believed to be but rather an agent of mercy. He came to planets that had already been infected by the being known as Bubonicus and then wiped them out to prevent the contagions from spreading and end the suffering of those living there.","title":"Ripjak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeleton"},{"link_name":"blood transfusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"}],"sub_title":"Powers and abilities","text":"Ripjak wore an artificial exoskeleton and had enhanced abilities from a blood transfusion with Spider-Man.","title":"Ripjak"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Riptide"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deborah Risman"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Matthew Risman"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Risque"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Donald & Deborah Ritter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Brian Michael Bendis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Michael_Bendis"},{"link_name":"Jim Cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cheung"},{"link_name":"Skrull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrull"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"Cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcrawler_(character)"},{"link_name":"Colossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_(character)"},{"link_name":"invasion of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Invasion"},{"link_name":"Carol Danvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Danvers"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM25-233"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Cape-Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape-Killer"},{"link_name":"S.H.I.E.L.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D."},{"link_name":"Helicarrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicarrier"},{"link_name":"Machine Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Man"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM26-234"},{"link_name":"Veranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranke"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"}],"text":"Rl'nnd is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Jim Cheung, first appeared in New Avengers: Illuminati vol. 2 #5 (November 2007). He is a War-Skrull and the son of Rm'twr. Rl'nnd utilized the powers of the X-Men, specifically Wolverine, Cyclops, Nightcrawler and Colossus, during the Skrulls' invasion of Earth while desiring vengeance for his father who was killed by Carol Danvers.[233] Rl'nnd used A.I.M. and impersonated a Cape-Killer to infiltrate a S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier but was defeated by Ms. Marvel and Machine Man.[234] However, Rl'nnd was later seen alongside Veranke's Super-Skrull army and presumably killed by Wolverine.[235][236]","title":"Rl'nnd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers:_Earth%27s_Mightiest_Heroes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Henry Peter Gyrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Peter_Gyrich"},{"link_name":"Marvel Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Heroes_(video_game)"}],"sub_title":"Rl'nnd in other media","text":"Rl'nnd appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.[citation needed] This version impersonated Henry Peter Gyrich.\nRl'nnd appears as a boss in Marvel Heroes, initially impersonating Cyclops and then using an X-Men esque Super-Skrull form.","title":"Rl'nnd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Reed Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Richards"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four"},{"link_name":"Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Grimm"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Trapster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapster"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Kristoff Vernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoff_Vernard"},{"link_name":"Baxter Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_Building"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Doctor Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Doom"},{"link_name":"Alicia Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Masters"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Mad Thinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Thinker"},{"link_name":"Awesome Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome_Android"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Luke Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Cage"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Scott Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Lang"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"Four Freedoms Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Aguirre-Sacasa"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Elektro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"}],"text":"Roberta is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character, created by John Byrne, first appeared in Fantastic Four #239 (February 1982).Roberta was android created by Reed Richards when the latter realized that no one would apply to work as the Fantastic Four's receptionist. She is known for her calm demeanor in the face of unusual situations and resembles a blonde haired woman with glasses down to the waist, where the rest of her is a machine connected to a desk. She has dealt with the Thing,[237] Black Cat,[238] Kitty Pryde[239] and John Byrne.[240] She once took down the Trapster in one blow.[241] When Kristoff Vernard blew up the Baxter Building, Roberta is also destroyed.[242]When the Baxter Building was rebuilt, so was Roberta with her memories intact.[243] She showed some slight confusion over the sight of seeing Doctor Doom with Alicia Masters and for once was unsure of what to do.[244] She was ripped from her circuits by Mad Thinker when his mind was trapped in the body of the Awesome Android.[245] Reed was able to rebuild her, however.[246] She once again showed minor interest in the strange going ons around her. She witnessed Luke Cage drive his car through the Baxter Building and then witnessed him fight the Thing.[247] Scott Lang has deduced that Roberta is incapable of sarcasm as she cheerfully told Alicia \"you're welcome\" after it was apparent that her thanks was sarcastic.[248] She also prefers to call herself a \"mechanized human\".[249]Roberta received a redesign when the Four Freedoms Plaza was donated to the Thunderbolts.[250] While the original design still had blonde hair and wore glasses, the Four Freedoms Plaza version had black hair while the Thunderbolts Plaza version had long brown hair.[251] Roberta got another redesign, this time she had a full, silvery humanoid body and was first seen meeting with new Fantastic Four writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa.[252] She has since started dating former killer robot turned assistant mail man Elektro and the two have since started living together.[253][254]","title":"Roberta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Four:_Rise_of_the_Silver_Surfer"},{"link_name":"Patricia Harras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Harras"}],"sub_title":"Roberta in other media","text":"Roberta appears in Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, portrayed by Patricia Harras. This version is a hologram.","title":"Roberta"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Robbie Robertson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Randy Robertson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rock Python"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rocket Racer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rocketeers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rocketlauncher"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rockman"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rockslide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Brian Michael Bendis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Michael_Bendis"},{"link_name":"Sara Pichelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Pichelli"},{"link_name":"Miles Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Morales"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"}],"text":"Barbara Rodriguez is a minor character appearing within Marvel Comics. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Sara Pichelli, first appeared in Spider-Men #1 (July 2017). She is Miles Morales's \"first serious girlfriend\".[255]","title":"Barbara Rodriguez"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rodstvow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Steve Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Rick Remender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Remender"},{"link_name":"John Romita Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Romita_Jr."},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Captain_America_Vol._7_#2-257"}],"text":"Joseph Rogers is a minor character in Marvel Comics. He is the father of Steve Rogers. The character, created by Rick Remender and John Romita Jr., first appeared in Captain America (vol. 7) #1 (January 2013). Born and raised in Ireland, Joseph took a bullet during World War I.[256] He later married Sarah and the two emigrated to the United States. Sometime after his son's birth, Joseph could not find any work and turned into an alcoholic, abusing Steve and Sarah. He later died of influenza.[257]","title":"Joseph Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avengers Assemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"}],"sub_title":"Joseph Rogers in other media","text":"Joseph Rogers makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Avengers Assemble episode \"The House of Zemo\".[258]","title":"Joseph Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Steve Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Roger Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stern"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Captain_America_Vol._7_#2-257"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"}],"text":"Sarah Rogers is a minor character in Marvel Comics. She is the mother of Steve Rogers. The character, created by Roger Stern and John Byrne, first appeared in Captain America #255 (March 1981). Born and raised in Ireland, she married Joseph Rogers and the two immigrated to the United States. After she gave birth to their son, Sarah raised Steve to the best of her ability in New York City despite Joseph being an alcoholic and abusive.[257] After Joseph's death, Sarah worked double shifts at a garment factory and took in laundry to help ends meet and support Steve,[259] and died some years later of illness.[260]","title":"Sarah Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other versions of Sarah Rogers","text":"Steve Rogers's alternate reality daughter is presumably named after Sarah Rogers.","title":"Sarah Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Steve Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Rick Margopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Margopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Reed_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Rogers / Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Sharon Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter"}],"text":"Steven Rogers Jr. is a character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character was created by Rick Margopoulos and Dan Reed, and first appeared in What If? #38 (January 1983). He is the son of Steve Rogers / Captain America and Sharon Carter.","title":"Steven Rogers Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Red Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skull"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"Gail Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Richards"},{"link_name":"Mark Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Millar"},{"link_name":"Carlos Pacheco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pacheco"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Comics: Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:_Avengers"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultimate_Avengers_#2-261"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultimate_Avengers_#2-261"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultimate_Avengers_#5-262"},{"link_name":"A.I.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Nick Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Fury_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Stark"},{"link_name":"Hawkeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkeye_(Clint_Barton)"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultimate_Avengers_#6-263"},{"link_name":"Petra Laskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Laskov"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ultimate_Avengers_#6-263"},{"link_name":"Secret Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Wars_(2015_comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Battleworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleworld"},{"link_name":"Hydra Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_(comics)"},{"link_name":"a group of female assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Brock"},{"link_name":"symbiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiote_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"}],"sub_title":"Alternate versions of Steven Rogers Jr.","text":"An alternate Ultimate Marvel equivalent of the Red Skull is the secret son of Captain America and Gail Richards. This character was created by Mark Millar and Carlos Pacheco, and first appeared in Ultimate Comics: Avengers #1 (October 2009). This version wears simple khaki pants and a white tee shirt.[261] After World War II, he is taken from Richards and raised on an army base where he appears to be a well-adjusted, physically superior and tactically brilliant young man. However, his easygoing personality was a ruse as he kills over 200 men and then cuts off his face which leaves a \"red skull\" for his likeness,[261] and had a long career of working as a professional assassin.[262] Eventually, Rogers joins A.I.M. so that he can steal the Cosmic Cube's blueprints, meeting Captain America and revealing his true identity. Rogers later takes control of the Cosmic Cube where he has a sadistic display of nearly unlimited power when confronting the Avengers led by Nick Fury (who is implied to have Rogers out of retirement) and Gregory Stark; he actually wanted to use the Cosmic Cube to manipulate time to have his family together with a normal life. Rogers is defeated when his father arrives in a stolen fighter jet which teleports to Hawkeye's exact coordinates.[263] In a hospital, Rogers is kept alive long enough for his mother's goodbyes before he is killed by Petra Laskov.[263]The 2017 Secret Wars storyline features Ellie Rogers, the daughter of Steve Rogers and Sharon Carter in the Battleworld domain of the Hydra Empire. She is part of the Resistance which are killed by a group of female assassins while she's infected by Venom and later turned into the symbiote-powered Viper, but uses these abilities to help Nomad.[264]","title":"Steven Rogers Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Animated_Features"},{"link_name":"Noah Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Black Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Widow_(Natasha_Romanova)"},{"link_name":"Marvel: Future Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel:_Future_Fight"},{"link_name":"Peggy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"}],"sub_title":"Steven Rogers Jr. in other media","text":"A character based on Steven Rogers Jr. named James Rogers appears in Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow (2008), voiced by Noah Crawford. This version is the son of Captain America and Black Widow.\nA variation of Steven Rogers Jr. named Sharon Rogers appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight. As part of Captain America's 75th anniversary, she is the daughter of Steve Rogers and Peggy Carter from an alternate timeline where she now serves as Captain America.[265][266]","title":"Steven Rogers Jr."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rogue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rom"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roma"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Romulus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ronan the Accuser"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ronin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Richard Rory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Roger Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Stern"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Sharon Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"Rachel Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_(Rachel_Leighton)"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"Bucky Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucky_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Doctor Faustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"}],"text":"Bernadette \"Bernie\" Rosenthal is an artisan, lawyer, and romantic interest of Captain America. The character, created by Roger Stern and John Byrne, first appeared in Captain America #247 (July 1980).[267]Within the context of the stories, Bernie Rosenthal is a glass blower, wrestling fanatic and studying lawyer.[268][269] After moving into her friend's apartment building, she met Steve Rogers who secretly was the patriotic superhero Captain America. The two immediately hit it off, but Bernie was surprised by Steve's sudden exit, something which her friends said was totally normal of him.[270] Bernie further sympathized with Steve after seeing a photo of his former girlfriend Sharon Carter who at the time was believed to have died.[271] She also pretended to play hard to get for Steve with her admitting to herself that she was being childish. She was unaware that she was falling for him.[272] After a couple of misfire dates that caused both Bernie and Steve to question their relationship, they assured each other they were in love.[273]While at an Anti-Nazi rally, Bernie ran into her ex-husband Sammy Bernstein. Bernie tried to reconnect with her ex, but was appalled at his violent behavior. Steve stepped away to become Captain America and when the violence was halted and Sammy taken away, Bernie came to the sudden realization that Steve and Captain America were one and the same. After avoiding each other for the day the two spoke and Bernie accepted Steve's double life.[274] From that point on, Bernie became another love interest who patiently waited for her hero to return.[275][276][277] Eventually Bernie proposed to Steve.[278] Due to an increase in rent, Bernie had to close her store, 'The Glass Menagerie'.[279] She decided to pursue her interest in law and applied for various colleges. After some worry she was accepted in University of Wisconsin–Madison.[280] Bernie took off for college, leaving a note behind for Steve, as she felt he had a lot on his mind.[281] She continued to collect newspaper clippings of Captain America, until he came to visit and internally admitted that she no longer wished to be engaged to him.[282]Eventually, Bernie graduated summa cum laude and had since moved on from Steve.[283] Nevertheless, she continued to rely on him for future conflicts, or whenever she needed a friend.[284][285] She later met up with Steve's then current girlfriend, Rachel Leighton, and even though there was slight animosity toward each other, with Bernie slightly having her feelings reignited for Steve, the two became friends. Bernie then got a job as a junior partner at the law firm of Sullivan and Krakower.[286][287] Bernie continued to update herself on Captain America's exploits and even defended Bucky Barnes from Doctor Faustus.[288][289]","title":"Bernie Rosenthal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peggy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Carter"},{"link_name":"Red Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skull"}],"sub_title":"Bernie Rosenthal in other media","text":"A character loosely based on Bernie Rosenthal and Peggy Carter named Bernice \"Bernie\" Stewart appears in Captain America (1990), portrayed by Kim Gillingham. This version is Steve Rogers' fiancé from the 1940s. Sixteen years after Rogers was lost in the Antarctic, Bernie married another man and had a daughter named Sharon (also portrayed by Gillingham). Following his revival, Rogers and Bernie reunite, though she and her husband are later killed by the Red Skull's men.","title":"Bernie Rosenthal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arnie Roth"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roughouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"}],"text":"Roulette (Jennifer Stavros) is a fictional character, a mutant appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.","title":"Roulette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Brian Michael Bendis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Michael_Bendis"},{"link_name":"Mark Bagley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bagley"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxxon_Energy_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Killer Shrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Shrike#Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Omega Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Red#Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(Marvel_Comics)#Ultimate_Marvel"},{"link_name":"Tinkerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkerer_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"bodyguards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Pack"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(Marvel_Comics_character)"},{"link_name":"symbiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiote_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Prowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowler_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSM28-293"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Morales"},{"link_name":"Spider-Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Woman_(Ultimate_Marvel_character)"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSM28-293"}],"text":"Donald Phillip Roxxon is a fictional supporting character in the Ultimate Marvel universe, which is separate from the \"mainstream\" Marvel Comics continuity. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Mark Bagley, first appeared in Ultimate Spider-Man #86 (January 2006).The inept CEO of a pharmaceutical company, he gets attacked by Killer Shrike, Omega Red, and the Vulture (hired by the Tinkerer). Donald hires bodyguards to protect him, but is saved by the original Spider-Man.[290] Roxxon is later revealed to have been in possession of the Venom symbiote which gets stolen by biochemist Conrad Markus and is the benefactor of the Roxxon Brain Trust and the Prowler.[291][292][293] Roxxon is personally defeated by a group of amateur superheroes led by the second Spider-Man and arrested by Spider-Woman.[293]","title":"Donald Roxxon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Royal Roy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ruby Thursday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Nasty Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_Boys_(comics)"},{"link_name":"sound waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_waves"},{"link_name":"Mister Sinister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Sinister"},{"link_name":"Ramrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramrod_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Madrox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Madrox"},{"link_name":"X-Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Factor_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Gorgeous George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgeous_George_(comics)"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Malice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malice_(comics)#Malice"},{"link_name":"Havok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havok_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Strong Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Guy"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Mystique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystique_(character)"},{"link_name":"Senator Robert Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(character)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"volume & issue needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"M-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimation_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"Terrigen Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrigen_Mist"},{"link_name":"Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"Nightcrawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightcrawler_(character)"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"}],"text":"Ruckus (Clement Wilson) is a fictional mutant super villain in the Marvel Comics universe and flamboyant leader of the Nasty Boys.Given Ruckus's ability to absorb the sound waves around him and send them back with concussive force by screaming, Mister Sinister favored Ruckus and often kept him in reserve. Unfortunately, Ruckus' youth makes him arrogant, as seen when he and his comrade, Ramrod, robbed a convenience store and obliterated a group of police officers. The act did not go unpunished, and when returning to base, Ruckus was put in his place. While working with a renegade Madrox dupe, Ruckus was put in direct conflict with the mutant group X-Factor. Flying in a hovercraft, he went after Polaris, using the sound of a firecracker to amplify and literally rock her world. Polaris was eventually able to take him out, but he escaped with teammate Gorgeous George.[volume & issue needed]He appeared much later, along with the rest of the Nasty Boys, on a mission to stop Malice who had inhabited Havok's body. During the battle, Ruckus was the first to strike, using his power to catch Malice off guard. Eventually, X-Factor joined the battle and Ruckus was taken out by Strong Guy. After the battle, Mister Sinister grabbed his Nasty Boys and fled.[volume & issue needed]Ruckus was eventually hired by Mystique to assassinate Senator Robert Kelly, but failed to when the X-Men showed up.[volume & issue needed]Ruckus retained his mutant powers after the M-Day, but eventually grew disillusioned with being a mutant and ashamed at all the evil deeds he had done. He then came to the San Francisco Institute of Bio-Social Studies who had developed a mutant cure, one which caused irreparable brain damage to any that take it. Ruckus voluntarily took the cure on camera, losing his powers like he wanted, but forced to live the life of an invalid afterward.[294]Later, Ruckus had somehow recovered from his injuries and was caught attempting to rob a bank in England with his former teammate Ramrod. He and Ramrod were taken into custody. However, when a cloud of Terrigen Mist threatened the lives of the two mutants in the British prison, Storm sent the X-Men to rescue the pair. Wolverine and Nightcrawler easily found Ruckus inside his cell, but the trio had to fight their way through a prison riot to find Ramrod. Ruckus escaped with Ramrod and the X-Men to X-Haven, their base of operations. The X-Men placed Ruckus and Ramrod in prison cells to serve out the rest of their sentences.[295]","title":"Ruckus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X-Men: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"}],"sub_title":"Ruckus in other media","text":"Ruckus appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Dan Hennessey.[296]","title":"Ruckus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Runner"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Henry Russo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Bill Mantlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mantlo"},{"link_name":"Sal Buscema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Buscema"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Rocket Raccoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Raccoon"},{"link_name":"Lylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_L#Lylla"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcon"},{"link_name":"Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"Blackjack O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_O#Blackjack_O'Hare"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"}],"text":"Wal Rus is a fictional anthropomorphic walrus in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema, first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #271 (May 1982).Wal Rus is an engineer who aided Rocket Raccoon in his fight in the Toy Wars of which his niece, Lylla, was the center of conflict. His metallic tusks were interchangeable and could be used as tools or weapons.[297]His adventures with Rocket were later retconned when Rocket and Groot visited Halfworld and discovered that the halfworlders were actually service animals for mental patients.[298] Wal Rus served as one of the security guards who worked for Rocket and had to once again help his friend when one of the patients' mental powers began to manifest after years of waiting.[299]This was retconned yet again, and he was seen working for Rocket and Groot in rescuing Princess Lynx and fighting Blackjack O'Hare, his brigade and Lord Dyvyne.[300]","title":"Wal Rus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Michael Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Michael_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._3"},{"link_name":"Asim Chaudhry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asim_Chaudhry"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"High Evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Evolutionary_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"}],"sub_title":"Wal Rus in other media","text":"Wal Rus appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy episode \"We Are Family\", voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson. This version is part of a resistance against the robots of Halfworld.\nWal Rus appears as a painting in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.\nA version of the character named Teefs appears in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, voiced by Asim Chaudhry.[301] This version is a genetically and mechanically augmented walrus created by the High Evolutionary.","title":"Wal Rus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Russian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ryder"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"John Ryker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inhumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumans"},{"link_name":"Marvel Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Universe"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"King Agon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agon_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Inhumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumans"},{"link_name":"Black Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bolt"},{"link_name":"Terrigen Mists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrigen_Mists"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"Kree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kree"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"}],"text":"Queen Rynda is a member of the race known as the Inhumans in the Marvel Universe. The character, created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, first appeared in Thor #148 (January 1968).The wife of King Agon, Rynda ruled the Inhumans alongside her husband whom she was devoted to. Her Inhuman ability allowed her to be immune to poisons. While pregnant with her son Black Bolt, Agon exposed her to the Terrigen Mists resulting in Black Bolt being born with immense powers. Due to her immunity, Rynda was able to resist going through second Terrigensis.[302] She was killed alongside her husband by the Kree.[303]","title":"Rynda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inhumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumans_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Behold... The Inhumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behold..._The_Inhumans"},{"link_name":"Black Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bolt_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"}],"sub_title":"Rynda in other media","text":"Rynda appears in the Inhumans episode \"Behold... The Inhumans\", portrayed by Tanya Clarke. She and her husband Agon are unintentionally killed by Black Bolt.[304]","title":"Rynda"}]
[{"image_text":"Gugu Mbatha-Raw portrays Ravonna in Loki.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gugu_Mbatha-Raw_Belle_%289711624561%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Gugu_Mbatha-Raw_Belle_%289711624561%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Zack, Ethan (July 19, 2023). \"Secret Invasion: Who Plays Raava & What Does She Look Like Under The Costume?\". Looper. Retrieved July 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.looper.com/1343857/secret-invasion-who-plays-raava-nisha-aaliya-what-does-she-look-like-under-costume/","url_text":"\"Secret Invasion: Who Plays Raava & What Does She Look Like Under The Costume?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel's Nova Almost Had Key Role in Avengers: Infinity War and Endgame, Glenn Close as Worldmind\". ComicBook. October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/10/24/nova-avengers-endgame-infinity-war-richard-rider-glenn-close/","url_text":"\"Marvel's Nova Almost Had Key Role in Avengers: Infinity War and Endgame, Glenn Close as Worldmind\""}]},{"reference":"\"MARVEL Future Fight, Recruits Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Latest Update\". Netmarble Turkey. March 10, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.netmarbleturkey.com/marvel-future-fight-recruits-marvels-agents-of-s-h-i-e-l-d-in-latest-update/","url_text":"\"MARVEL Future Fight, Recruits Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in Latest Update\""}]},{"reference":"Breznican, Anthony (July 12, 2017). \"How Black Panther aims to be the superhero version of The Godfather and 007\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/movies/2017/07/12/black-panther-godfather-007-wakanda-royal-portrait/","url_text":"\"How Black Panther aims to be the superhero version of The Godfather and 007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170715080858/http://ew.com/movies/2017/07/12/black-panther-godfather-007-wakanda-royal-portrait/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Panther Press Kit\" (PDF). Disney. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/BlackPanther/writen-material/BlackPanther5a7e0853a38c3.pdf","url_text":"\"Black Panther Press Kit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney","url_text":"Disney"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190310201206/http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/BlackPanther/writen-material/BlackPanther5a7e0853a38c3.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Manning, Matthew K. (2012). Spider-Man Chronicle: Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging. DK Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-0756692360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756692360","url_text":"978-0756692360"}]},{"reference":"DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-7890-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Avengers Earth's Mightiest Heroes #3 - Did You Hear the One About the Scorpio? (Issue)\". Comic Vine. Retrieved February 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicvine.gamespot.com/avengers-earth-s-mightiest-heroes-3-did-you-hear-t/4000-357735/","url_text":"\"Avengers Earth's Mightiest Heroes #3 - Did You Hear the One About the Scorpio? (Issue)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loki Production Brief\" (PDF). Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lumiere-a.akamaihd.net/v1/documents/loki_production_brief_6-1-21_e2911727.pdf","url_text":"\"Loki Production Brief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Media_and_Entertainment_Distribution","url_text":"Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210606150405/https://lumiere-a.akamaihd.net/v1/documents/loki_production_brief_6-1-21_e2911727.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Josh (July 6, 2021). \"The Simpsons boss Al Jean on bringing the MCU to Springfield in new short 'The Good, The Bart, and the Loki'\". SYFY Official Site. Retrieved October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/the-simpsons-loki-short-al-jean-interview","url_text":"\"The Simpsons boss Al Jean on bringing the MCU to Springfield in new short 'The Good, The Bart, and the Loki'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Characters\". IGN Database. May 19, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/wikis/lego-marvel-super-heroes-2/Characters","url_text":"\"Characters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Sanderson, Peter (2007). The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City. New York City: Pocket Books. pp. 74–75, 78. ISBN 978-1-4165-3141-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Books","url_text":"Pocket Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3141-8","url_text":"978-1-4165-3141-8"}]},{"reference":"Puc, Samantha (June 8, 2022). \"Who is Ms. Marvel's Red Dagger and what are his powers?\". gamesradar. Retrieved June 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/ms-marvel-red-dagger-explained/","url_text":"\"Who is Ms. Marvel's Red Dagger and what are his powers?\""}]},{"reference":"McCoy, Joshua Kristian (May 25, 2022). \"Ms. Marvel: Who Is The Red Dagger?\". Game Rant. Retrieved June 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamerant.com/ms-marvel-red-dagger-explained/","url_text":"\"Ms. Marvel: Who Is The Red Dagger?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Rant","url_text":"Game Rant"}]},{"reference":"Davison, Joshua (October 16, 2017). \"Ms. Marvel #23 Review: Team-Up With Red Dagger\". Bleeding Cool News And Rumors. Retrieved June 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleedingcool.com/comics/ms-marvel-23-review-teaming-red-dagger/","url_text":"\"Ms. Marvel #23 Review: Team-Up With Red Dagger\""}]},{"reference":"Drum, Nicole (August 2, 2018). \"Comic Book Reviews for This Week: 4/18/2018\". ComicBook.com. Retrieved June 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/comics/news/comic-book-reviews-april-18/","url_text":"\"Comic Book Reviews for This Week: 4/18/2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComicBook.com","url_text":"ComicBook.com"}]},{"reference":"ul Haq, Farid (April 18, 2018). \"Was Kamala Khan's First Kiss In 'Ms. Marvel' Issue 29 Problematic?\". The Geekiary. Retrieved June 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegeekiary.com/ms-marvel-issue-29-review-kamala-kiss/51777","url_text":"\"Was Kamala Khan's First Kiss In 'Ms. Marvel' Issue 29 Problematic?\""}]},{"reference":"Dominguez, Noah (May 9, 2022). \"Ms. Marvel Promo Offers First Live-Action Look at Her Superhero Co-Star\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/ms-marvel-promo-red-dagger-disney-plus/","url_text":"\"Ms. Marvel Promo Offers First Live-Action Look at Her Superhero Co-Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220509112546/https://www.cbr.com/ms-marvel-promo-red-dagger-disney-plus/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Red King Voices (Hulk)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved February 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Hulk/Red-King/","url_text":"\"Red King Voices (Hulk)\""}]},{"reference":"Vejvoda, Jim (September 27, 2018). \"Dark Phoenix: Exclusive Photos and Director Simon Kinberg and Sophie Turner on Alien Villains\". IGN. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sea.ign.com/super-hero/141908/preview/dark-phoenix-exclusive-photos-and-director-simon-kinberg-and","url_text":"\"Dark Phoenix: Exclusive Photos and Director Simon Kinberg and Sophie Turner on Alien Villains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Keaney, Quinn (June 6, 2019). \"The Entire Cast of X-Men: Dark Phoenix, From Sophie Turner to Michael Fassbender\". Popsugar. Retrieved June 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/X-Men-Dark-Phoenix-Cast-46232031","url_text":"\"The Entire Cast of X-Men: Dark Phoenix, From Sophie Turner to Michael Fassbender\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Tom (December 19, 2019). \"Dark Phoenix Concept Art Debuts X-Men Nemeses, The Hellfire Club\". CBR. Retrieved December 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbr.com/dark-phoenix-concept-art-x-men-hellfire-club","url_text":"\"Dark Phoenix Concept Art Debuts X-Men Nemeses, The Hellfire Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel Super Hero Squad Voice Cast\". Comics Continuum. July 28, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicscontinuum.com/stories/0907/28/voices.htm","url_text":"\"Marvel Super Hero Squad Voice Cast\""}]},{"reference":"Liu, Christine (director); LaGina Hill (writer) (February 3, 2024). \"The Devil You Know\". Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur. Season 2. Episode 8. Disney Channel.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Brand New Day\". Spider-Man. Season 2. Episode 45. October 20, 2019. Disney XD.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gierhart, Billy (director); Jeffrey Bell (writer) (November 1, 2016). \"The Good Samaritan\". Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4. Episode 6. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Samaritan_(Agents_of_S.H.I.E.L.D.)","url_text":"The Good Samaritan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Umberto (October 10, 2016). \"'Logan': Wolverine 3 Key Roles Revealed (Exclusive)\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/logan-wolverine-3-key-roles-revealed-exclusive/","url_text":"\"'Logan': Wolverine 3 Key Roles Revealed (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012162520/http://www.thewrap.com/logan-wolverine-3-key-roles-revealed-exclusive/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeFalco, Tom (2006). The Marvel Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-7566-2358-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2358-6","url_text":"978-0-7566-2358-6"}]},{"reference":"\"12 Biggest Mysteries in the Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Trailer\". Gizmodo. February 14, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/doctor-strange-2-super-bowl-trailer-breakdown-x-men-wan-1848534124","url_text":"\"12 Biggest Mysteries in the Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Trailer\""}]},{"reference":"DeFalco, Tom; Sanderson, Peter; Brevoort, Tom; Teitelbaum, Michael; Wallace, Daniel; Darling, Andrew; Forbeck, Matt; Cowsill, Alan; Bray, Adam (2019). The Marvel Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. p. 298. ISBN 978-1-4654-7890-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-7890-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-7890-0"}]},{"reference":"\"The Thunderbolts\". Avengers Assemble. Season 3. Episode 5. April 10, 2016. Disney XD.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Couch, Aaron (July 20, 2018). \"'Venom' Unveils Villain at Comic-Con\". hollywoodreporter. Retrieved July 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/venom-villain-will-be-riot-tom-hardy-reveals-at-comic-con-1128276","url_text":"\"'Venom' Unveils Villain at Comic-Con\""}]},{"reference":"Foutch, Haleigh (July 21, 2018). \"New 'Venom' Footage Reveals Riot, Promises a Film with No Heroes\". Collider.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/venom-footage/","url_text":"\"New 'Venom' Footage Reveals Riot, Promises a Film with No Heroes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"\"The House of Zemo\". Avengers: Ultron Revolution. Season 3. Episode 19. October 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_(TV_series)","url_text":"Avengers: Ultron Revolution"}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel Games Celebrates Captain America's 75th Anniverary [sic]\". News - Marvel.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063720/https://news.marvel.com/games/26348/marvel_games_celebrates_captain_americas_75th_anniverary/","url_text":"\"Marvel Games Celebrates Captain America's 75th Anniverary [sic]\""},{"url":"https://news.marvel.com/games/26348/marvel_games_celebrates_captain_americas_75th_anniverary/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Slead, Evan (June 27, 2016). \"Captain America: Peggy Carter wields the shield in new Marvel Game\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2016/06/27/captain-america-marvel-games-75th-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Captain America: Peggy Carter wields the shield in new Marvel Game\""}]},{"reference":"Brevoort, Tom; DeFalco, Tom; Manning, Matthew K.; Sanderson, Peter; Wiacek, Win (2017). Marvel Year By Year: A Visual History. DK Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 978-1465455505.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465455505","url_text":"978-1465455505"}]},{"reference":"Houston, Larry [@xmendirector] (March 31, 2022). \"I very much dislike \"blanket credits\" as they are called in the industry. It is the lazy post-production option. I prefer upfront individual credits per show. This list I found in my storage unit will help those fans who always wanted to know who did what voice back then. Cheers!\" (Tweet). Retrieved June 7, 2024 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/xmendirector/status/1509356249606881282","url_text":"\"I very much dislike \"blanket credits\" as they are called in the industry. It is the lazy post-production option. I prefer upfront individual credits per show. This list I found in my storage unit will help those fans who always wanted to know who did what voice back then. Cheers!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Tamera (April 25, 2023). \"New 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3' Clip Takes a Dark Trip Into Rocket Raccoon's Past [Exclusive]\". Collider. Retrieved January 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/new-guardians-of-the-galaxy-3-clip-rocket-backstory-james-gunn-comments/","url_text":"\"New 'Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3' Clip Takes a Dark Trip Into Rocket Raccoon's Past [Exclusive]\""}]},{"reference":"Reiné, Roel (director); Scott Buck (writer) (September 29, 2017). \"Behold... The Inhumans\". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 1. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumans_premiere","url_text":"Behold... The Inhumans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Patterson
Gary Patterson
["1 Early life, playing career, education, and family","2 Coaching career","2.1 Early years","2.2 Head coach at TCU","3 Charitable work","3.1 Gary Patterson Foundation","4 Head coaching record","5 References","6 External links"]
American football player and coach (born 1960) For other people named Gary Patterson, see Gary Patterson (disambiguation). Gary PattersonCurrent positionTitleConsultantTeamBaylorBiographical detailsBorn (1960-02-13) February 13, 1960 (age 64)Rozel, Kansas, U.S.Playing career1978–1979Dodge City CC1980–1981Kansas State Position(s)Safety, linebackerCoaching career (HC unless noted)1982Kansas State (GA)1983–1984Tennessee Tech (LB)1986UC Davis (LB)1987Cal Lutheran (DC)1988Pittsburg State (LB)1989–1991Sonoma State (DC)1992Oregon Lightning Bolts1992–1994Utah State (DB)1995Navy (DB)1996–1997New Mexico (DC/S)1998–2000TCU (DC/S)2000–2021TCU2022Texas (special assistant to the head coach)2024–presentBaylor (Consultant) Head coaching recordOverall181–79Bowls11–6Accomplishments and honorsChampionships1 C-USA (2002)4 MWC (2005, 2009–2011)1 Big 12 (2014)Awards2× AFCA Coach of the Year (2009, 2014)2× AP Coach of the Year (2009, 2014)Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year (2009)2× Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year (2009, 2014)George Munger Award (2009)Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award (2009)2× SN Coach of the Year (2009, 2014)2× Walter Camp Coach of the Year (2009, 2014)2× The Woody Hayes Trophy (2009, 2014)Home Depot Coach of the Year Award (2014)Paul "Bear" Bryant Award (2014)C-USA Coach of the Year (2002)2× MWC Coach of the Year (2005, 2009)Big 12 Coach of the Year (2014) Gary Allen Patterson (born February 13, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He was most recently the special assistant to the head coach at the University of Texas. He is the former head football coach at Texas Christian University and the coach with the most wins in Horned Frogs' history. Patterson led the TCU Horned Frogs to six conference championships and eleven bowl game victories, including victories in the 2011 Rose Bowl and 2014 Peach Bowl. His 2010 squad finished the season undefeated at 13–0 after a 21–19 Rose Bowl victory over the Wisconsin Badgers on New Year's Day 2011, and ranked second in the final tallying of both major polls. Early life, playing career, education, and family Patterson grew up in Rozel, Kansas and played football at Dodge City Community College and at Kansas State University. Patterson is married to Kelsey Patterson (née Hayes). He has three sons: Josh, Cade, and Blake. He received his bachelor's degree in physical education in 1983 from Kansas State University, where he became a member of the Acacia fraternity. While coaching at Tennessee Tech, he earned a master's degree in educational administration in 1984. Outside of coaching, Patterson plays guitar and performs at charity events around the Dallas-Fort Worth area during the off-season. Coaching career Early years Patterson began his coaching career in 1982 at Kansas State University as an assistant to head coach Jim Dickey. After subsequently serving a number of years as an assistant coach at a number of different schools, Patterson was hired by Dennis Franchione as the defensive coordinator at the University of New Mexico in 1996. He had previously served as a linebackers coach at Tennessee Tech (1983–1984) where Franchione was the offensive coordinator and in the same capacity on Franchione's Pittsburg State University staff in 1988, as well as playing on the 1980 Kansas State Wildcats football team when Franchione was an assistant on the coaching staff. He followed Franchione to Texas Christian University (TCU) in 1998, serving as the defensive coordinator there, as well. Patterson was a 2000 finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top college football assistant coach. He was named head coach at TCU prior to the Mobile Alabama Bowl in December 2000 after Franchione left to become the head coach at the University of Alabama. Patterson remains friends with New Mexico State head coach Jerry Kill from their time as coaches on Franchione's Pittsburg State staff. Kill served as the best man during Patterson's wedding to wife Kelsey in 2004. Head coach at TCU Patterson won his 110th game at TCU with a 56–0 victory over Grambling, passing Dutch Meyer as the winningest coach in program history. His teams won 10 games or more in a season eleven times. Only three times have they failed to reach a bowl, in 2004, 2013, and 2019. Under Patterson, the Horned Frogs earned a spot in the year-end top 25 ten times, counting his partial season as head coach in 2000. In 2005, Patterson led the Frogs to the Mountain West Conference championship in their first season as a member. Over the course of the 2005 and 2006 seasons, the Frogs won four consecutive games against Big 12 Conference opponents, with three of the victories coming on the road. He tandem jumped with the Army Golden Knights prior to the 2005 TCU vs. Army football game, crossing skydiving off his bucket list. Patterson was named the 2005 Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year. In January 2007, Patterson turned down a head coaching offer from the University of Minnesota worth over $2 million per year. Patterson led the 2009 Horned Frogs to a perfect 12–0 regular season record, a Mountain West Conference championship, a No. 4 final BCS ranking, and an invitation to the 2010 Fiesta Bowl—their first major bowl appearance in 51 years. They ultimately lost 17–10 to undefeated No. 6 Boise State. The 2009 Horned Frogs became the second "BCS Buster" from the Mountain West Conference (and the fourth, overall). For much of the season, they were a contender for the 2010 BCS National Championship Game. However, any chance of the Horned Frogs playing for the national championship ended on the final day of the season, when Cincinnati defeated Pitt. This assured that two teams from Automatic Qualifying conferences would finish the regular season undefeated (whoever won the 2009 SEC Championship Game would have also finished undefeated). Patterson was named the 2009 AP Coach of the Year, becoming the first head coach of a BCS non-AQ conference team to win the award. He won a total of seven national "Coach of the Year" awards in 2009 in addition to being named the Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year for the second time (his third conference "Coach of the Year" award, overall). The following year, Patterson led the 2010 Horned Frogs to a second consecutive undefeated regular season and a No. 3 final BCS ranking. TCU received the first Rose Bowl invitation offered to a team from a non-automatic qualifying conference during the BCS era. The Horned Frogs won the 2011 Rose Bowl, 21–19, over Wisconsin to cap off only the second undefeated and untied season in school history. When TCU entered the Big 12 Conference in 2012, Patterson was faced with 7–6 2012 and 4–8 2013 seasons, but turned it around and led the Horned Frogs to their first Big 12 title in 2014, going 11–1, finishing in the top 5 of polls, with impressive wins over No. 4 Oklahoma, Minnesota, No. 7 Kansas State and scoring 82 points behind a 31-point third quarter against Texas Tech. The 2014 TCU Horned Frogs football team shared a conference title with Baylor and were ranked No. 6 by the inaugural College Football Playoff selection committee. Patterson once again won several national "Coach of the Year" honors for turning the team around after the 2013 season. He was also named the Big 12 Chuck Neinas Coach of the Year, his 4th such award in 3 different conferences, all earned while at TCU. In August 2016, TCU announced Patterson's contract had been extended through 2022, with an annual base salary of $4.75 million. The Frogs went 6–7 (4–5) in 2016 losing 31–23 to Georgia in the Liberty Bowl. In 2017, TCU opened with a 63–0 victory Jackson State. They defeated Arkansas 28–7 in Week 2. In Week 3, the No. 20 Frogs beat SMU in the Iron Skillet Rivalry 56–36. In week 4, the No. 16 Frogs upset No. 6 Oklahoma State 44–31 behind a 31 carry 160 yard 3 touchdown performance from halfback Darius Anderson. Next, the No. 9 Frogs won 31–24 over No. 23 West Virginia in a game in which quarterback Kenny Hill had a passing, rushing, and receiving touchdown. No. 6 TCU then won 26–6 over Kansas State and moved up to No. 4 with a 6–0 start. They shutout Kansas 43–0 to move to 7–0 and lead the Big 12. However, in Week 8 they lost 14–7 to No. 25 Iowa State dropping to No. 8. They beat Texas the next week 24–7 moving up to No. 6, but they lost 38–20 to No. 5 Oklahoma. TCU bounced back by beating Texas Tech 27–3 in which Kenny Hill didn't play. In Week 13, the No. 12 Frogs beat Baylor 45–22 to finish 10–2. They made the Big 12 Title Game as No. 11 but lost 41–17 to No. 3 Oklahoma. They dropped to No. 13 and were selected to the Alamo Bowl against No. 15 Stanford. TCU beat Stanford 39–37 to win the Alamo Bowl. Patterson began the 2021 season 3–5 and resigned on October 31, 2021, after being told he would not return for 2022. At the time of his departure, he was the second longest tenured coach in the FBS, only behind Iowa's Kirk Ferentz. Charitable work Gary Patterson Foundation Gary and Kelsey Patterson are dedicated to supporting children in and around Fort Worth through The Gary Patterson Foundation. Gary serves as the chairman, and Kelsey serves as the secretary/treasurer and manages the daily operations. Through grants, scholarships and collaboration with other area non-profit organizations, the foundation's primary goal is to provide equitable educational opportunities for all children. In December 2018, The Gary Patterson Foundation donated $325,000 to 38 Fort Worth ISD elementary schools to upgrade the schools' libraries. Gary and Kelsey Patterson were subsequently awarded the 2019 Texas Library Association Benefactor Award. Head coaching record Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs Coaches# AP° TCU Horned Frogs (Western Athletic Conference) (2000) 2000 TCU 0–1 L Mobile Alabama Bowl 18 21 TCU Horned Frogs (Conference USA) (2001–2004) 2001 TCU 6–6 4–3 T–5th L Galleryfurniture.com 2002 TCU 10–2 6–2 T–1st W Liberty 22 23 2003 TCU 11–2 7–1 2nd L Fort Worth 24 25 2004 TCU 5–6 3–5 T–6th TCU Horned Frogs (Mountain West Conference) (2005–2011) 2005 TCU 11–1 8–0 1st W Houston 9 11 2006 TCU 11–2 6–2 2nd W Poinsettia 21 22 2007 TCU 8–5 4–4 5th W Texas 2008 TCU 11–2 7–1 2nd W Poinsettia 7 7 2009 TCU 12–1 8–0 1st L Fiesta† 6 6 2010 TCU 13–0 8–0 1st W Rose† 2 2 2011 TCU 11–2 7–0 1st W Poinsettia 13 14 TCU Horned Frogs (Big 12 Conference) (2012–2021) 2012 TCU 7–6 4–5 T–5th L Buffalo Wild Wings 2013 TCU 4–8 2–7 T–7th 2014 TCU 12–1 8–1 T-1st W Peach† 3 3 2015 TCU 11–2 7–2 T–2nd W Alamo 7 7 2016 TCU 6–7 4–5 5th L Liberty 2017 TCU 11–3 7–2 2nd W Alamo 9 9 2018 TCU 7–6 4–5 T–5th W Cheez-It 2019 TCU 5–7 3–6 T–7th 2020 TCU 6–4 5–4 5th Texas 2021 TCU 3–5 1–4 8th TCU: 181–79 113–59 Total: 181–79       National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth †Indicates BCS or CFP / New Years' Six bowl. #Rankings from final Coaches Poll. °Rankings from final AP Poll. ^ Dennis Franchione coached the first 11 games of the 2000 season. ^ The 2020 Texas Bowl was cancelled due to COVID-19 issues and was ruled a no contest. ^ Patterson and TCU parted ways after eight games References ^ AFCA Coach of the Year Archived January 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Patterson wins second coaching award". January 3, 2010. ^ "Gary Patterson is AP's coach of year". ESPN. December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ "TCU coach Gary Patterson is Home Depot Coach of the Year". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014. ^ a b "Mountain West Announces 2005 All-Conference Football Awards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2007. ^ a b "All-Big 12 Football Awards Announced". Big 12 Conference. December 10, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. ^ a b "Jerry Kill kills it at presser with enthusiasm, charisma, humor, and vision". www.footballscoop.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. ^ Staff, TCU 360. "Free fallin'". TCU 360. Retrieved June 11, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Big bucks can't pull coach away". Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. ^ "TCU's Patterson is AP's top coach". December 23, 2009. ^ Mendez, Carlos (August 9, 2016). "TCU gives Gary Patterson extension to 2022, raise to $4.7 million". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved August 10, 2016. ^ "ABOUT | Patterson". Retrieved June 11, 2019. ^ Loper, Brad. "$325K in upgrades coming to Fort Worth schools, thanks to Gary and Kelsey Patterson". star-telegram. Retrieved June 11, 2019. ^ "2019 TLA Award Winners". Texas Library Association. April 16, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019. ^ Kahn, Sam Jr. (December 29, 2020). "Texas Bowl between TCU Horned Frogs, Arkansas Razorbacks canceled". ESPN. Retrieved August 18, 2021. External links TCU profile Gary Patterson Foundation Links to related articles vteTCU Horned Frogs head football coaches No coach (1896) Joe J. Field (1897) James Morrison (1898) No coach (1899) No team (1900) No coach (1901) H. E. Hildebrand (1902) Cornelius E. Cronk (1903–1904) Emory J. Hyde (1905–1907) Jesse R. Langley (1908–1909) Kemp Lewis (1910) Henry W. Lever (1911) Willis T. Stewart (1912) Fred Cahoon (1913) Stanley A. Boles (1914) Ewing Y. Freeland (1915) Milton Daniel (1916–1917) Ernest M. Tipton (1918) Ted D. Hackney (1919) William L. Driver (1920–1921) John McKnight (1922) Matty Bell (1923–1928) Francis Schmidt (1929–1933) Dutch Meyer (1934–1952) Abe Martin (1953–1966) Fred Taylor (1967–1970) Jim Pittman (1971) Billy Tohill (1971–1973) Jim Shofner (1974–1976) F. A. Dry (1977–1982) Jim Wacker (1983–1991) Pat Sullivan (1992–1997) Dennis Franchione (1998–2000) Gary Patterson (2000–2021) Jerry Kill # (2021) Sonny Dykes (2022– ) # denotes interim head coach vteAFCA Division I FBS Coach of the Year winners 1935: Waldorf 1936: Harlow 1937: Mylin 1938: Kern 1939: Anderson 1940: Shaughnessy 1941: Leahy 1942: Alexander 1943: Stagg 1944: Widdoes 1945: McMillin 1946: Blaik 1947: Crisler 1948: Oosterbaan 1949: Wilkinson 1950: Caldwell 1951: Taylor 1952: Munn 1953: Tatum 1954: Sanders 1955: Daugherty 1956: Wyatt 1957: Hayes 1958: Dietzel 1959: Schwartzwalder 1960: Warmath 1961: Bryant 1962: McKay 1963: Royal 1964: Broyles & Parseghian 1965: Prothro 1966: Cahill 1967: Pont 1968: Paterno 1969: Schembechler 1970: McClendon & Royal 1971: Bryant 1972: McKay 1973: Bryant 1974: Teaff 1975: Kush 1976: Majors 1977: James 1978: Paterno 1979: Bruce 1980: Dooley 1981: Ford 1982: Paterno 1983: Hatfield 1984: Edwards 1985: DeBerry 1986: Paterno 1987: MacPherson 1988: Nehlen 1989: McCartney 1990: Ross 1991: B. Lewis 1992: Stallings 1993: Alvarez 1994: Osborne 1995: Barnett 1996: Br. Snyder 1997: Carr 1998: Fulmer 1999: Beamer 2000: Stoops 2001: Coker & Friedgen 2002: Tressel 2003: Carroll 2004: Tuberville 2005: Paterno 2006: Grobe 2007: Mangino 2008: Whittingham 2009: Patterson 2010: C. Kelly 2011: Miles 2012: B. Kelly 2013: Cutcliffe 2014: Patterson 2015: Swinney 2016: MacIntyre 2017: Frost 2018: Leach 2019: Orgeron 2020: Allen 2021: Fickell 2022: Dykes 2023: DeBoer vteAssociated Press College Football Coach of the Year Award winners 1998: Snyder 1999: Beamer 2000: Stoops 2001: Friedgen 2002: Ferentz 2003: Saban 2004: Tuberville 2005: Paterno 2006: Grobe 2007: Mangino 2008: Saban 2009: Patterson 2010: C. Kelly 2011: Miles 2012: B. Kelly 2013: Malzahn 2014: Patterson 2015: Swinney 2016: MacIntyre 2017: Frost 2018: B. Kelly 2019: Orgeron 2020: Chadwell 2021: Harbaugh 2022: Dykes 2023: DeBoer vteBobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award winners 1976: Dooley 1977: Schembechler 1978: Osborne 1979: Edwards 1980: Bowden 1981: Paterno 1982: G. MacIntyre 1983: Hatfield 1984: Wacker 1985: DeBerry 1986: Sheridan 1987: MacPherson 1988: Nehlen 1989: Curry 1990: Ross 1991: Welsh 1992: Robinson 1993: Alvarez 1994: Goldsmith 1995: Barnett 1996: Sutton 1997: Price 1998: Snyder 1999: Beamer 2000: O'Leary 2001: Friedgen 2002: Tressel 2003: Stoops 2004: Johnson 2005: Paterno 2006: Grobe 2007: Carr 2008: Brown 2009: Patterson 2010: Petersen 2011: Swinney 2012: Snyder 2013: Cutcliffe 2014: Saban 2015: Ferentz 2016: M. MacIntyre 2017: Shaw 2018: Kelly 2019: Whittingham 2020: Fitzgerald 2021: Fickell 2022: Fritz 2023: Norvell vteBig 12 Coach of the Year winners 1996: Sp. Dykes 1997: Simmons 1998: Snyder 1999: Solich 2000: Stoops 2001: Solich 2002: Snyder 2003: Stoops 2004: McCarney 2005: Brown 2006: Stoops 2007: Mangino 2008: Leach and Stoops 2009: Brown 2010: Gundy 2011: Snyder 2012: Snyder 2013: Briles 2014: Patterson 2015: Stoops 2016: Stoops 2017: Campbell 2018: Campbell and Riley 2019: Rhule 2020: Campbell 2021: Gundy 2022: So. Dykes 2023: Gundy vteEddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award winners 1957: Hayes 1958: Dietzel 1959: Schwartzwalder 1960: Warmath 1961: Royal 1962: McKay 1963: Royal 1964: Parseghian 1965: Daugherty 1966: Cahill 1967: Pont 1968: Hayes 1969: Schembechler 1970: Agase 1971: Devaney 1972: McKay 1973: Majors 1974: Teaff 1975: Hayes 1976: Majors 1977: Holtz 1978: Paterno 1979: Bruce 1980: Dooley 1981: Ford 1982: Paterno 1983: Schnellenberger 1984: Edwards 1985: DeBerry 1986: Paterno 1987: MacPherson 1988: Holtz 1989: McCartney 1990: Ross 1991: James 1992: Stallings 1993: Bowden 1994: Brooks 1995: Barnett 1996: Snyder 1997: Price 1998: Fulmer 1999: Beamer 2000: Stoops 2001: Friedgen 2002: Tressel 2003: Saban 2004: Meyer 2005: Weis 2006: Schiano 2007: Mangino 2008: Saban 2009: Patterson 2010: C. Kelly 2011: Gundy 2012: B. Kelly 2013: Malzahn 2014: Patterson 2015: Ferentz 2016: MacIntyre 2017: Frost 2018: Clark 2019: Orgeron 2020: Chadwell 2021: Fickell 2022: Dykes 2023: DeBoer vtePaul "Bear" Bryant Award winners 1986: Paterno 1987: MacPherson 1988: Holtz 1989: McCartney 1990: Ross 1991: James 1992: Stallings 1993: Bowden 1994: Brooks 1995: Barnett 1996: Br. Snyder 1997: Carr 1998: Bi. Snyder 1999: Beamer 2000: Stoops 2001: Coker 2002: Tressel 2003: Saban 2004: Tuberville 2005: Brown 2006: Petersen 2007: Mangino 2008: Whittingham 2009: Petersen 2010: Chizik 2011: Gundy 2012: O'Brien 2013: Malzahn 2014: Patterson 2015: Swinney 2016: Swinney 2017: Frost 2018: Swinney 2019: Orgeron 2020: Saban 2021: Fickell 2022: Dykes 2023: Norvell vteGeorge Munger Award winners 1989: Schembechler 1990: Paterno 1991: James 1992: Stallings 1993: Bowden 1994: Paterno 1995: Barnett 1996: Snyder 1997: Carr 1998: Fulmer 1999: Beamer 2000: Stoops 2001: Friedgen 2002: Willingham 2003: Carroll 2004: Meyer 2005: Paterno 2006: Schiano 2007: Mangino 2008: Leach 2009: Patterson 2010: Beamer 2011: Hoke 2012: O'Brien 2013: Cutcliffe 2014: Mullen 2015: Swinney 2016: Saban 2017: Smart 2018: Monken 2019: Orgeron 2020: Chadwell 2021: Aranda 2022: Fritz 2023: DeBoer vteLiberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award winnersDivision I FBS 2006: Schiano 2007: Zook 2008: Saban 2009: Patterson 2010: Chizik 2011: Miles 2012: Kelly 2013: Malzahn Division I FCS 2007: Kill 2008: Matthews 2009: Moore 2010: Keeler 2011: Ash 2012: Fritz 2013: Bohl Division II 2007: O'Boyle 2008: Broyles 2009: Tjeerdsma 2010: Nielson 2011: Beck 2012: Rossomando 2013: Wiese Division III 2007: Gagliardi 2008: Kehres 2009: Staker 2010: Caruso 2011: Caruso 2012: Caruso 2013: Fredenburg vteSporting News College Football Coach of the Year winners 1963: Royal 1964: Broyles 1965: Daugherty 1966: Parseghian 1967: Pont 1968: Hayes 1969: Royal 1970: Ralston 1971: Fairbanks 1972: McKay 1973: Switzer 1974: Claiborne 1975: Bellard 1976: Majors 1977: Holtz 1978: Rogers 1979: Mackovic 1980: Dooley 1981: Fry 1982: MacIntyre 1983: White 1984: Wacker 1985: Schembechler 1986: Cooper 1987: MacPherson 1988: Holtz 1989: No Award 1990: Ross 1991: James 1992: Erickson 1993: Bowden 1994: Brooks 1995: Barnett 1996: Br. Snyder 1997: Price 1998: Fulmer 1999: J. Jones 2000: Erickson 2001: Friedgen 2002: Tressel 2003: Meyer 2004: Tuberville 2005: Paterno 2006: Grobe 2007: Mangino 2008: Saban 2009: Patterson 2010: C. Kelly 2011: Bi. Snyder 2012: B. Kelly 2013: Malzahn & Cutcliffe 2014: Patterson 2015: Swinney 2016: Franklin 2017: Smart 2018: Clark 2019: Rhule 2020: Chadwell 2021: Fickell 2022: Dykes 2023: DeBoer vteWalter Camp Coach of the Year Award winners 1967: Pont 1968: Hayes 1969: Schembechler 1970: Blackman 1971: Devaney 1972: Paterno 1973: Majors 1974: Switzer 1975: Kush 1976: Burns 1977: Holtz 1978: Powers 1979: Mackovic 1980: Dooley 1981: Sherrill 1982: Stovall 1983: White 1984: Morrison 1985: DeBerry 1986: Johnson 1987: MacPherson 1988: Nehlen 1989: McCartney 1990: Ross 1991: B. Bowden 1992: Stallings 1993: T. Bowden 1994: Paterno 1995: Barnett 1996: Br. Snyder 1997: Carr 1998: Bi. Snyder 1999: Beamer 2000: Stoops 2001: Friedgen 2002: Ferentz 2003: Stoops 2004: Tuberville 2005: Paterno 2006: Schiano 2007: Mangino 2008: Saban 2009: Patterson 2010: C. Kelly 2011: Miles 2012: B. Kelly 2013: Cutcliffe 2014: Patterson 2015: Swinney 2016: MacIntyre 2017: Richt 2018: Saban 2019: Orgeron 2020: Chadwell 2021: Fickell 2022: Dykes 2023: DeBoer vteThe Home Depot Coach of the Year Award winners 1994: Brooks 1995: Barnett 1996: Bowden 1997: Price 1998: Fulmer 1999: Solich 2000: Stoops 2001: Friedgen 2002: Willingham 2003: Carroll 2004: Meyer 2005: Paterno 2006: Schiano 2007: Mangino 2008: Saban 2009: Kelly 2010: Chizik 2011: Miles 2012: Kelly 2013: Malzahn 2014: Patterson 2015: Swinney 2016: MacIntyre 2017: Frost 2018: Kelly 2019: Orgeron 2020: Chadwell 2021: Fickell 2022: Dykes 2023: DeBoer
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Patterson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Patterson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"special assistant to the head coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisor#Other"},{"link_name":"University of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Christian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Christian_University"},{"link_name":"TCU Horned Frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCU_Horned_Frogs_football"},{"link_name":"bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"2011 Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2014 Peach Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Peach_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2010 squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team"}],"text":"For other people named Gary Patterson, see Gary Patterson (disambiguation).Gary Allen Patterson (born February 13, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He was most recently the special assistant to the head coach at the University of Texas. He is the former head football coach at Texas Christian University and the coach with the most wins in Horned Frogs' history. Patterson led the TCU Horned Frogs to six conference championships and eleven bowl game victories, including victories in the 2011 Rose Bowl and 2014 Peach Bowl. His 2010 squad finished the season undefeated at 13–0 after a 21–19 Rose Bowl victory over the Wisconsin Badgers on New Year's Day 2011, and ranked second in the final tallying of both major polls.","title":"Gary Patterson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rozel, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozel,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Dodge City Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_City_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Kansas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_University"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_Fraternity"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Technological_University"}],"text":"Patterson grew up in Rozel, Kansas and played football at Dodge City Community College and at Kansas State University. Patterson is married to Kelsey Patterson (née Hayes). He has three sons: Josh, Cade, and Blake. He received his bachelor's degree in physical education in 1983 from Kansas State University, where he became a member of the Acacia fraternity. While coaching at Tennessee Tech, he earned a master's degree in educational administration in 1984. Outside of coaching, Patterson plays guitar and performs at charity events around the Dallas-Fort Worth area during the off-season.","title":"Early life, playing career, education, and family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_University"},{"link_name":"Jim Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Dickey"},{"link_name":"Dennis Franchione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Franchione"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"linebackers coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linebackers_coach"},{"link_name":"offensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University"},{"link_name":"1980 Kansas State Wildcats football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Texas Christian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Christian_University"},{"link_name":"Broyles Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broyles_Award"},{"link_name":"Mobile Alabama Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoDaddy_Bowl"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State"},{"link_name":"Jerry Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Kill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballscoop.com-7"},{"link_name":"best man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_man"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballscoop.com-7"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Patterson began his coaching career in 1982 at Kansas State University as an assistant to head coach Jim Dickey. After subsequently serving a number of years as an assistant coach at a number of different schools, Patterson was hired by Dennis Franchione as the defensive coordinator at the University of New Mexico in 1996. He had previously served as a linebackers coach at Tennessee Tech (1983–1984) where Franchione was the offensive coordinator and in the same capacity on Franchione's Pittsburg State University staff in 1988, as well as playing on the 1980 Kansas State Wildcats football team when Franchione was an assistant on the coaching staff. He followed Franchione to Texas Christian University (TCU) in 1998, serving as the defensive coordinator there, as well. Patterson was a 2000 finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top college football assistant coach. He was named head coach at TCU prior to the Mobile Alabama Bowl in December 2000 after Franchione left to become the head coach at the University of Alabama.Patterson remains friends with New Mexico State head coach Jerry Kill from their time as coaches on Franchione's Pittsburg State staff.[7] Kill served as the best man during Patterson's wedding to wife Kelsey in 2004.[7][dead link]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Mountain West Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mwc_coy_2005-5"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2009 Horned Frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"BCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"2010 Fiesta Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Fiesta_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Boise State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"BCS Buster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series#BCS_Buster"},{"link_name":"2010 BCS National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_BCS_National_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Cincinnati_Bearcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Automatic Qualifying conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Qualifying_conference"},{"link_name":"2009 SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"AP Coach of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_College_Football_Coach_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fwaa_coy_2009-2"},{"link_name":"2010 Horned Frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game"},{"link_name":"2011 Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team"},{"link_name":"2014 TCU Horned Frogs football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Baylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Baylor_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"College Football Playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Playoff"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Chuck Neinas Coach of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference_football_individual_awards#Coach_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b12_2014_awards-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016extension-11"},{"link_name":"Kirk Ferentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Ferentz"}],"sub_title":"Head coach at TCU","text":"Patterson won his 110th game at TCU with a 56–0 victory over Grambling, passing Dutch Meyer as the winningest coach in program history. His teams won 10 games or more in a season eleven times. Only three times have they failed to reach a bowl, in 2004, 2013, and 2019. Under Patterson, the Horned Frogs earned a spot in the year-end top 25 ten times, counting his partial season as head coach in 2000. In 2005, Patterson led the Frogs to the Mountain West Conference championship in their first season as a member. Over the course of the 2005 and 2006 seasons, the Frogs won four consecutive games against Big 12 Conference opponents, with three of the victories coming on the road. He tandem jumped with the Army Golden Knights prior to the 2005 TCU vs. Army football game, crossing skydiving off his bucket list.[8] Patterson was named the 2005 Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year.[5] In January 2007, Patterson turned down a head coaching offer from the University of Minnesota worth over $2 million per year.[9]Patterson led the 2009 Horned Frogs to a perfect 12–0 regular season record, a Mountain West Conference championship, a No. 4 final BCS ranking, and an invitation to the 2010 Fiesta Bowl—their first major bowl appearance in 51 years. They ultimately lost 17–10 to undefeated No. 6 Boise State. The 2009 Horned Frogs became the second \"BCS Buster\" from the Mountain West Conference (and the fourth, overall). For much of the season, they were a contender for the 2010 BCS National Championship Game. However, any chance of the Horned Frogs playing for the national championship ended on the final day of the season, when Cincinnati defeated Pitt. This assured that two teams from Automatic Qualifying conferences would finish the regular season undefeated (whoever won the 2009 SEC Championship Game would have also finished undefeated). Patterson was named the 2009 AP Coach of the Year, becoming the first head coach of a BCS non-AQ conference team to win the award.[10] He won a total of seven national \"Coach of the Year\" awards in 2009[2] in addition to being named the Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year for the second time (his third conference \"Coach of the Year\" award, overall).The following year, Patterson led the 2010 Horned Frogs to a second consecutive undefeated regular season and a No. 3 final BCS ranking. TCU received the first Rose Bowl invitation offered to a team from a non-automatic qualifying conference during the BCS era. The Horned Frogs won the 2011 Rose Bowl, 21–19, over Wisconsin to cap off only the second undefeated and untied season in school history. When TCU entered the Big 12 Conference in 2012, Patterson was faced with 7–6 2012 and 4–8 2013 seasons, but turned it around and led the Horned Frogs to their first Big 12 title in 2014, going 11–1, finishing in the top 5 of polls, with impressive wins over No. 4 Oklahoma, Minnesota, No. 7 Kansas State and scoring 82 points behind a 31-point third quarter against Texas Tech.The 2014 TCU Horned Frogs football team shared a conference title with Baylor and were ranked No. 6 by the inaugural College Football Playoff selection committee. Patterson once again won several national \"Coach of the Year\" honors for turning the team around after the 2013 season. He was also named the Big 12 Chuck Neinas Coach of the Year,[6] his 4th such award in 3 different conferences, all earned while at TCU.In August 2016, TCU announced Patterson's contract had been extended through 2022, with an annual base salary of $4.75 million.[11] The Frogs went 6–7 (4–5) in 2016 losing 31–23 to Georgia in the Liberty Bowl. In 2017, TCU opened with a 63–0 victory Jackson State. They defeated Arkansas 28–7 in Week 2. In Week 3, the No. 20 Frogs beat SMU in the Iron Skillet Rivalry 56–36. In week 4, the No. 16 Frogs upset No. 6 Oklahoma State 44–31 behind a 31 carry 160 yard 3 touchdown performance from halfback Darius Anderson. Next, the No. 9 Frogs won 31–24 over No. 23 West Virginia in a game in which quarterback Kenny Hill had a passing, rushing, and receiving touchdown. No. 6 TCU then won 26–6 over Kansas State and moved up to No. 4 with a 6–0 start. They shutout Kansas 43–0 to move to 7–0 and lead the Big 12. However, in Week 8 they lost 14–7 to No. 25 Iowa State dropping to No. 8. They beat Texas the next week 24–7 moving up to No. 6, but they lost 38–20 to No. 5 Oklahoma. TCU bounced back by beating Texas Tech 27–3 in which Kenny Hill didn't play. In Week 13, the No. 12 Frogs beat Baylor 45–22 to finish 10–2. They made the Big 12 Title Game as No. 11 but lost 41–17 to No. 3 Oklahoma. They dropped to No. 13 and were selected to the Alamo Bowl against No. 15 Stanford. TCU beat Stanford 39–37 to win the Alamo Bowl.Patterson began the 2021 season 3–5 and resigned on October 31, 2021, after being told he would not return for 2022. At the time of his departure, he was the second longest tenured coach in the FBS, only behind Iowa's Kirk Ferentz.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charitable work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Gary Patterson Foundation","text":"Gary and Kelsey Patterson are dedicated to supporting children in and around Fort Worth through The Gary Patterson Foundation. Gary serves as the chairman, and Kelsey serves as the secretary/treasurer and manages the daily operations. Through grants, scholarships and collaboration with other area non-profit organizations, the foundation's primary goal is to provide equitable educational opportunities for all children.[12]In December 2018, The Gary Patterson Foundation donated $325,000 to 38 Fort Worth ISD elementary schools to upgrade the schools' libraries.[13] Gary and Kelsey Patterson were subsequently awarded the 2019 Texas Library Association Benefactor Award.[14]","title":"Charitable work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2000season_15-0"},{"link_name":"Dennis Franchione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Franchione"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Texas_Bowl_17-0"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"}],"text":"^ Dennis Franchione coached the first 11 games of the 2000 season.\n\n^ The 2020 Texas Bowl was cancelled due to COVID-19 issues and was ruled a no contest.[15]\n\n^ Patterson and TCU parted ways after eight games","title":"Head coaching record"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_people
Magars
["1 Geographical distribution","2 Origin","3 History","4 Subdivisions","4.1 Ale Magars","4.2 Budhathoki / Budha Magars","4.3 Gharti Magars","4.4 Pun Magars","4.5 Rana Magars","4.6 Roka Magars","4.7 Thapa Magars","5 Language and script","6 Religion","7 Dress and ornaments","8 Festivals","9 Folk songs and dances","10 Occupations","11 Military service","12 Politics","13 Notable Magars","14 Notes","15 References","16 Bibliography","17 External links"]
Ethnic group in NepalNot to be confused with Magyars.Ethnic group Magars of Nepal मगरMagars in traditional dressTotal population2,309,498Regions with significant populations   Nepal2,013,498 (6.9% of Nepal's population) (2021) India278,000 (2006)LanguagesMagar Dhut, Nepali, Magar Kham, Magar KaikeReligionHinduism 79.4%, Buddhism 18%, Christianity 2.2%, Prakriti 0.4% Related ethnic groupsGurung, Tibetan, Tamang, Thakali, Chhetri and Sherpa The Magar, also spelled Mangar and Mongar, are Magar language speaking ethnolinguistic group native to Nepal, representing 6.9% of Nepal's total population according to the 2021 Nepal census. They are one of the main Gurkha tribes. The first home of the Magars was to the west of the Gandaki River and, roughly speaking, consisted of that portion of Nepal which lies between and around about Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, and Palpa. This part of the country was divided into twelve districts known as Bahra Magarat (Confederation of Twelve Magar villages), which included the following regions of that period: Argha, Khanchi, Bhirkot, Dhor, Garhung, Ghiring, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Rising, Satung, and Pyung. During the medieval period, the whole area from Palpa to Rukum Rolpa was called the Magarat, a place settled and inhabited by Magars. Another confederation of eighteen Magar kingdoms, known as Athara Magarat, also existed and was originally inhabited by Kham Magars. Geographical distribution At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 1,887,733 people (7.1% of the population of Nepal) identified as Magar. The frequency of Magar people by province was as follows: Gandaki Province (19.0%) Lumbini Province (15.1%) Karnali Province (10.9%) Bagmati Province (4.9%) Koshi Province (4.2%) Sudurpashchim Province (2.2%) Madhesh Province (1.2%) Magar girls in Maghe Sankranti The frequency of Magar people was higher than national average in the following districts: Palpa (52.6%) Eastern Rukum (50.7%) Rolpa (43.4%) Myagdi (39.6%) Pyuthan (32.7%) Nawalpur (29.1%) Baglung (28.1%) Tanahun (27.1%) Syangja (21.5%) Gulmi (20.7%) Surkhet (19.1%) Arghakhanchi (18.0%) Salyan (15.1%) Sindhuli (14.8%) Western Rukum (14.7%) Udayapur (13.9%) Dang (13.6%) Dolpa (12.6%) Gorkha (11.6%) Okhaldhunga (11.3%) Ramechhap (11.2%) Parbat (11.0%) Rupandehi (10.7%) Dhankuta (9.7%) Dailekh (9.2%) Jajarkot (9.0%) Kaski (8.6%) Dhading (8.5%) Mustang (7.9%) Origin There are several mythical stories describing the origins of the Magars. The Magar of the Bahra Magarat east of the Kali Gandaki River are said to have originated in the land of Seem. Two brothers, Seem Magar and Chintoo Magar, fought, and one remained in Seem, while the other left, ending up in Kangwachen, southern Sikkim. The Bhutia people lived at the northern end of this region. Over time, the Magars became very powerful and made the northern Bhutia their vassals. Sintoo Sati Sheng ruled in a very despotic manner, and the Bhutia conspired to assassinate him. Sheng's queen took revenge and poisoned 1,000 Bhutia people at a place now called Tong Song Fong, meaning "where a thousand were murdered". The Bhutia later drove the Magars out, forcing them to again migrate further south. As part of this migration, one group migrated to Simrongadh, one group moved towards the Okhaldhunga region, and another group seems to have returned to the east. No dates are given. The origins of the Kaike Magars end up with the mystical tales told and retold by local people. According to one of these stories, the Kaike Magars were the sons of a woman who had fled from an unspecified village of Kalyal kingdom. She subsequently gave birth to her child, a son. The boy, when he grew up, captured an angel while she was bathing with her friends. As time went by, the son and his angel bride had three sons. These sons were the ancestors of the Buddha, Roka, and Gharti clans. The origin of the fourth major clan is different. One of the three sons was a shepherd who kept losing the same female goat every day, so one day he followed her when she wandered away from the rest of the herd. He discovered that she was giving her milk to a baby boy living in the hollow part of a bamboo tree. He brought the baby home. This boy grew up and became the ancestor of the Jhankri clan. The language was called "Kaike," meaning "language of the Gods." History Magar group, military tribe, Nepal Magar man, military tribe, Nepal The first written history about the Magar people dates as far back as 1100 CE. The Magars are one of the oldest known tribes in Nepal. Their ancient homeland was known as Magwar Bisaya, later called Magarat. Magarat bordered from Marsyangdi river to the Pyuthan area during that time. The Magars prospered at such a level during that period that this part of the country was divided into twelve kingdoms/thams (Barah Magarant or twelve magarat)—each under its own ruler—the members of each supposedly being of common extraction in the male line. Some records show these twelve areas as being Arghak, Khachi, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Rising, Bhirkot, Payung, Garhung, Dhor and Satung. Among them, the most powerful kings were those of Gulmi, Argha, Khachi. Broadly speaking, the twelve Magarat consisted of present-day Argha, Khanchi, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Baldengadhi, Rudrapurgadhi, Deuchuli, Tanahang/Tanu-hyula (Tanahu), Kanhu, Ligligkot, Gorkhakot, (Bahakot), Targhakot (Takukot), and Makawanpur areas. Similarly, Athara (eighteen) Magarat consisted of the following regions: Dhurkoi (Gulmi), Gharkoi (Arghakhachi), Paiya (Parbat), Sinkhang (Myagdi), Narikoi (Pyuthan), Balungbang (Pyuthan), Jangkoi (Rolpa), Rukumkoi (Rukum), Chhilikoi (Dang), Bhaba (Dailekh), Borekoi (Jajarkot), Tarakoi (Dolpa), Timarkoi (Jumla), Jural (Doti), Bunkot, Bahrakot, Lu Nanya (Dadeldhura) and Ru-pal (Dadeldhura). The Magars of the middle and western regions also played an important role in Nepal's formative history. Their kingdom was one of the strongest of west Nepal in and around Palpa District during the time of the 22 Baisi Rajya and 24 Chaubisi Rajya principalities (17th and early 18th centuries). In the 16th century, Palpa ruler Mukunda Sen briefly invaded the Kathmandu valley. Dravya Shah captured Gorkhakot, the last Magarat area, from the Magar King, Mansingh Khadka Magar in BS 1616 Bhadra 25. In the kingdoms of Gorkha and Musikot, the Magars even seem to have taken part in their own initial defeat, revealing both the weakness of their ethnic solidarity at that time and the presence of clan rivalries. As mentioned in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal founded by Sir William Jones in 1784, the city of Gorkha was originally the residence of Chitoria (Chitorey) Rana Magars, and the city was built by them. To this day, large numbers of Chitoria/Chitorey Rana Magars are found in the Gorkha District. Additionally, in the Manakamana Temple located in Gorkha, it is mandatory for a priest to be a Magar; specifically, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah, and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who was considered an incarnation of the Goddess. Interestingly, the main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha, were also Bohara Magars; it is striking to note how the Magars have been in charge of the religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power. The 18th-century king, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of the modern Kingdom of Nepal announced and loved to call himself ' the King of Magarat' or 'the King of Magar country'. According to Marie Lecomte-Tilouine, a senior researcher in Social Anthropology at the French National Center for Scientific Research, Prithvi Narayan Shah narrated in his autobiography about praying to a goddess whom he described as 'the daughter of Rana . During the time of King Prithvi Narayan, Rana Magars were one of the six-member courtiers (Tharghar). Prithvi Narayan Shah in his memories also recalls his Magar dada—the man who looked after him during his childhood. The Scottish contemporary writer, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, contends in his journal that the Shah dynasty was derived from the Magar tribe. He argues that: The family of Gorkha or Gorkha Kingdom which now governs Nepal, although it pretends to come from Chittor, according to Sadhu Ram, a good authority, is, in reality, of the Magar tribe; and, at any rate, these people are now firmly attached to its interests, by having largely shared in the sweets of conquest; and by far the greatest part of the regular troops of that family is composed of this nation.— An account of the Kingdom of Nepal He further contended on Shah family that: The family pretends to be of the Pamar tribe; but it is alleged, as I have already explained, that this is a mere fable, and that, on the arrival of the colony from Chitaur, this family were Magars.— An account of the Kingdom of Nepal Many prominent historians of Nepal have claimed that Aramudi, an eighth-century ruler of the Kali Gandaki region, was a Magar King. "Aramudi" derives from the word for 'river' in the Magar language. 'Ari' – 'Source of Water' + 'Modi'– 'River' = 'Arimodi' or 'Aramudi', thus the literal meaning of Aramudi is a source of river. But due to the lack of historical evidence, there are some conflicting ideas among the historians. Sen dynasty of Palpa were Magar Kings as per the hand-written treatise 'Naradsmriti' and history books written in Sikkim. In a palm-leaf manuscript kept in the Kaiser Library, dated 1567 VS (1510), Mukunda Sen is described as a Magar king of Palpa who invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1581 VS (1524). Thus, in the 17th century, Malla kings of Kathmandu valley were united to fight back the invasion of Magars from Palpa. One of Mukunda Sen's wives was also the daughter of the Magar King of Parkogha: Mahadevi Suvarnamala, and she had four sons: Manishya Sen, Imbarsen, Kuvar and Lohang Sen. Similarly, Gajalaxman Singh, Magar King of Makvanpur, whose daughter Kantivati was married to Abhaya Sen (Magar King) of Palpa. From her was born the great king of kings Bhattarajadeva. Around 1700, the ruler of Baldeng (near present-day Butwal) was overthrown by Palpa and other chaubisi states, and he was supposedly a Magar king. Subdivisions Magars are divided into the following seven tribes (clans) listed here in an alphabetical order: Ale, Budha/Budhathoki, Gharti, Pun, Rana, Roka, Thapa. These tribes all intermarry with each other, have the same customs, and are in every way equal as regards to social standing. Each tribe is subdivided into many sub-clans. Ale Magars Arghali, Durungchung, Hiski, Hungchen, Limel, Pade, Rakhal, Suyal, Sirpali. Budhathoki / Budha Magars Gamal, Jugjali, Pahari, Thami, Arkali, Ulange, Karmani, Kosila, Gamal, Chini, Jiyali, Thami, Janjali, Darlasi, Deowal, Namjali, Pare, Pahare, Pojange, Barkabiri, Balkoti, Ramjali, Romkhami, Sinjali/Singjali, Jujali, Lamichhane, Khame, Doyal. Gharti Magars Dagami, Galami, Kalikotey, Pahari or Panre, Phagami, Rangu, Rawal, Rajali, Sawangi, Sene, Surai, Sinjapati, Sijapati, Talaji, Tirukia, Wale, Thini, Bhujel. Pun Magars Birkali, Baijali, Burduja, Paija, sain, Chochangi, Sinjali, Dut, Purja, Garbuja, Ramjali, Tilija, Armaja, Phungali, Sanangi, Sothi, Sutpahare, Khame, Khoroja, Thane, Tirke, Sabangi, Pahare, Gaura, Phagami/Fagami, Balali, Batha, Saureni, Sherpunja. Rana Magars Aachhami, Aslami, Bangling, Chumi, Chitorey/Chitaurey, Gyangmi/Gyami, Kharka/Khadka, Kyapchaki/Kepchaki, Lungeli, Makkim, Maski, Marchu, Palli, Ruchal, Shrees, Surjabansi/Suryabangsi, Limel, Deuka, Jung, Fewali. Roka Magars Jelbangi, Dununge, Ramjali, Bajhangi, Baijali. Thapa Magars To name a few – Āthaghare, Bagale, Bakabal, Bakheti, Baraghare, Birkatta, Kala, Kammu, Khapangi, Palunge, Puwar/Punwar, Sunari, Sāthighare, Sinjali/Singjali, Saplangi, Midun, Mugmi, Pulami, Darlami, Salami, Jarga, Dhenga, Taramu, Tarami, Tarangi, Byangnasi, Masrangi Gaha Thapa consists of Bucha, Gora, khangaha/khanga. Reshmi Thapa consists of Dangal. Saru Thapa consists of Jhapurluk, Jhendi/Jhedi, Kala. Besides these, Gurbachan, Purbachhaney, Phounja, Chauhan, Pachabhaiya, Khamcha, Khandaluk, Ghale, Baral, Somai, Pithakote, Jhakote, Rakaskoti/Raskoti, Uchai, Samal. In former days, any Thapa who had lost three generations of ancestors in battle became a Rana, but with the prefix of his Thapa clan. Thus, a Reshmi Thapa would become a Reshmi Rana. An instance of this is to be found in the 5th Gurkhas, where a havildar, Lachman Thapa, and a naik, Shamsher Rana, descended from the two Thapa brothers; but three generations of descendants from one of these brothers having been killed in the battle, Shamsher Rana's ancestors assumed the title of Rana while Lachman Thapa's ancestors not having been killed in battle for three generations remained a Thapa. From this custom many Rana sub clans are said to have sprung up, and this would lead one to believe that the Rana-Magar clan was looked up to amongst the Magars. The Rana clan of Magar tribes come from the same stock of Thapa, but when they were separated from their original group and lost for three generations, they settled in a place called lamjung and called themselves by the name of Rana which means chief in khas tradition and language. Thus, the inhabitants of Rana Magar became the lamjung village. The Matwala Khas are generally the progeny of a Khas of Western Nepal and karnali with a Magar woman of Western Nepal. If the woman happens to belong to the khas mixed Rana clan of the Magar tribe, progeny is then called a Bhat Rana. The Matwala Khas doesn't wear the sacred thread. They eats pork and drinks alcohol, and in every way assimilates himself with the Magars. He invariably claims to be a matwali khas or pawai khas. Linguistically, the Magars are divided into three groups. Baraha Magaratis speak Dhut dialect, whereas Athara Magaratis speak Pang and Kaike dialects. Magar Dhut speakers: Rana, Ale, Thapa Magar Kham speakers: Budhathoki, Pun, Roka, Gharti Magar Kaike speakers: Tarali Magar of Dolpa; Budha, Gharti, Roka/Rokaya, Kayat, Jhakri all Magar clans residing in Dolpa and Karnali districts. Language and script Main articles: Kham language and Magar language Of the 1,887,733 Magar population in Nepal, about 788,530 speak Magar language as their mother tongue while the rest speak Nepali as their mother tongue. The western inhabitants of Nepal did not speak the language in the past. But recently, almost everyone has started learning the language. The Magar languages are rooted in the Bodic branch of the Tibetan family. The Magar language, Magar Kura, is spoken in two major dialects and a number of sub dialects reflecting the geographic distribution of the group. The Western Magars of Rapti Zone speak Magar Kham language. In Dolpa District, Magars speak Magar Kaike language. Magar Dhut language speakers are all Magar clans residing in Twelve Magarat. Similarly Magar Kham language speakers are all Magar clans from Eighteen Magarat. Magar Kaike language speakers are all Magar clans in Karnali zone. Magar Akkha or scripts are used in Sikkim as a Magar language script. Many scholars including MS Thapa have been in forefront to implement the Akkha script to write Magar language in Nepal. New generations have been learning it. Akkha script is said to be closely associated with Brahmi script. Religion As per Nepali census 79% of Magars follow Hinduism though there is high degree of syncretism with Buddhism , Animism and Ancestor Worship. Magars follow Buddhism and Hinduism. The original religions or beliefs of Magar people are Shamanism, Animism, Ancestor worship and northern Nepal's Magar follow Shamanism.Magars of Western Nepal have been practicing shamanism during their kul pooja. Magars are the main priests of the famous Manakamana Temple in Gorkha District, Budha Subba Temple in Dharan and Alamdevi temple (Nepal's former Shah Kings' mother Goddess or family deity) in Syangja District. In Manakamana Temple, specially, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah, and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who was considered an incarnation of the Goddess Durga Bhawani, an incarnation of Parvati. Similarly, Bhirkot, Gahraukot, Khilung, Nuwakot, Satahukot, Sarankot, Dhor, Lamjung, Gorkha Kalika, Salyankot Dhading also have Magar priests from Saru, Baral, Saru, Saru, Pulami, Chumi, Darlami, DudhrRana, Bhusal/Maski, Saru/Rana Magar clan respectively. The main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha, were also Bohara Magars. Magars have been in charge of the religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power. Most Magars also follow a form of Tibetan Buddhism, with priests known as Lama Guru, forming the religious hierarchy. Buddhism is an important part of the culture even in the southern districts, where the Magars have developed a syncretic form of religion that combines earlier shamanistic and Buddhist rituals with Hindu traditions. Animists and shamanism form part of the local belief system; their dhami (the faith healer or a kind of shaman) is called Dangar and their jhankri (another kind of faith healer or shaman) was the traditional spiritual and social leader of the Magars. Magars have an informal cultural institution, called Bhujel, who performs religious activities, organizes social and agriculture-related festivities, brings about reforms in traditions and customs, strengthens social and production system, manages resources, settles cases and disputes and systematizes activities for recreation and social solidarity. Two Magar children wearing jewelry and items of traditional dress. Dress and ornaments Men wear kachhad or wrap-on-loincloth, a bhangra, a bhoto or a shirt of vest, and the usual Nepali topi. Women wear the phariya or lunghi, chaubandhi cholo or a closed blouse and the heavy patuka or waistband, and the mujetro or shawl-like garment on the head. The ornaments are the madwari on the ears, bulaki on the nose and the phuli on the left nostril, the silver coin necklace"" and the pote (yellow and Green beads) with the tilhari gold cylinder, , , , , kuntha, and also raiya in the hand. Magar males do not wear many ornaments, but some are seen to have silver earrings, hanging from their earlobes, called "gokkul". The magar girls wear the amulet or locket necklace, and women of the lower hills and the high-altitude ones wear these made of silver with muga stones embedded in them and kantha. The bangles of silver and glass are also worn on their hands along with the sirbandhi, sirphuli and chandra on their heads. These are large pieces of gold beaten in elongated and circular shapes. Festivals Maghe Sankranti is considered to be one of the most important annual festivals of the indigenous Magar community. In fact, Maghe Sankranti is the government declared national festival of the Magar community as well as the Tharu community (2009 AD). It is celebrated on the first day of Magh (tenth month of the Nepali calendar, in mid-January), a time that marks the transition from winter to spring. According to the Magar terminology, Maghe Sakranti commemorates the end of udheli (literally 'down'), which is a period that lasts for six months starting from mid-July, and the initiation of ubheli ('up'), the period lasting for another six months starting from the mid-January. The down and up periods probably correspond to the annual cycle of herding livestock up and down from high pastures, a historically important economic activity of the Magars. The occasion is celebrated with a host of gatherings and special invitations to chelibetis, one's daughters and other female members of the family. Traditional Magar songs and dances are also performed. One of the most prominent food items prepared on this day (or any other celebratory occasion) is known as batuk (commonly known as 'bara'). It is considered to be a traditional food of the Magar people. Shaped like western doughnuts, it is made from black lentils that have been soaked for over twenty-four hours and are grounded to form a thick paste. It is then mixed with salt, pepper and turmeric and fried in oil. A perfect round shape is formed with the help of the palm, and a small distinct hole is made in the center. Other major festivals of the Magar community are Bhume Puja, Chandi Purnima, Baisakhe Purnima, Mangsir Purnima, Jestha Purnima. Bhume Puja (worshipping the nature) is immensely celebrated in the Athara Magarat regions (Confederation of eighteen Magar Kingdoms), especially in Rukum, Rolpa and Pyuthan districts. Magar people celebrates major festival like "Chhaigo" as Lhosar which is considered as the New Year for Magar community according to the Naagchi Sambat. Magar people also observe festivals like Chaiti, Rungma, Keja, Yacha etc. These festivals are based on the Tibetan Buddhism and the Bon culture. Folk songs and dances Magars have contributed phenomenally in Nepali folk songs and dances. Both men and women take part in folk songs and dances. One of the most well-known Magar folk-dances is the Maruni dance during Tihar festival. In this dance, the main dancer wears a woman's dress, has someone to mimic her dance and one person to beat a Madal or Rani Madal. This dance is believed to be of divine origin and is directly linked with mythology. The role of the person beating the Madal is considered to be the most important, and even the one who mimics the main dancer is actually considered to be the protectors of the dancer. He wears a mask, entertains the crowd by his own gestures etc. The wearing of the dress by the dance is given a ritualistic position, as the dancer's dress, are elaborately laid along with flowers, rice etc. on a brass plate or a winnower. The dance begins with the worship of Madal, the dress, and other ornaments to be used by the dancer, followed by obeisance to all gods and goddesses like Saraswati, Ram, Sita. The dance ends with blessings to the family that has offered alms to the dancing group and brings the end to the dance ritualistically. Another is Kauda, also known as Chudkha or Kanraha. Chudkha is a folk musical performance indigenous to the hilly regions of Nepal. Kauda was originated in the Magar community of Rising Ranipokhari, Tanahun. According to historians, it was originally called Kandraha dance. Although associated with its distinctive costume, musical instruments and prosody, some have expressed concern that Kaura is losing its authenticity due to perversions introduced by commercialization and external influence, while others have been more optimistic deeming the changes a natural part of the cultural evolution and increasing popularity. The other major dances and songs originated from Magar community are Ghatu , Jhorra, Yanimaya, Sunimaya, Salaijo, Rung, Hurra , Bon Lama Nach and many more. General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar Occupations Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar, 1st Army Chief of Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha and the ‘Kingmaker’ Agriculture and the military are the primary sources of income. Magars constitute the largest number of Gurkha soldiers outside Nepal. Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar became the head of government during the regency of Queen Rajendra Laxmi. Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar winner of limbuwan, Kaji Jayant Rana Magar was a Gorkhali general of the Gorkha Kingdom and the Kingdom of Kantipur, General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar and Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar headed the Nepal army. Biraj Thapa Magar was the first army chief in Nepal Army's history. Dor Bahadur Bista's observation of Magar's occupation during the 1960s was: Some of the northernmost Magars have become quite prosperous by engaging in long-range trading that takes them from near the northern border to the Terai, and even beyond to Darjeeling and Calcutta. Were it not for their role in the Gurkha regiments of the Indian and British armies, their self-sufficiency might be endangered. Toni Hagen, who did his field research in Nepal during the 1950s, observed: Magars possess considerable skill as craftsmen: they are the bridge builders and blacksmiths among the Nepalese, and the primitive mining is largely in their hands. On the lower courses of the Bheri & Karnali rivers, a great number of Magars annually migrate to the Terai & there manufacture bamboo panniers, baskets, and mats for sale in the bazaars along the borders. In their most northerly settlement, on the other hand, the important trading centre of Tarakot on the Barbung river, they have largely adopted their way of life, their clothes, and their religion to that of the Tibetans; like the latter, they also live by the salt trade. As regard race, the Magars have almond-shaped eyes or even open eyes, whereas Mongoloid eyes are very rare. Military service Lakhan Thapa Magar – "First Martyr of Nepal" as a Raja of Bungkot who rebelled against the rule of the Rana Dynasty A number of Magars have distinguished themselves in military service under Nepali, British and Indian military. During Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16), the Magar Unit/Paltan of Nepali Army, Purano Gorakh Battalion, valiantly fought the Battle of Nalapani. Brigadier General Sher Jung Thapa received Mahavir Chakra and Lieutenant Colonel Dhan Singh Thapa won Paramvir Chakra, the highest gallantry award, while serving Indian Army. Similarly, Dipprasad Pun, a Nepalese Sergeant of the Royal Gurkha Rifles (British Army), was the first Nepali winner of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross in Afghanistan in 2010. In the two world wars, a total of 5 Victoria Cross (out of 13 VCs awarded to Gurkhas) were awarded to the Magars: First World War: Rifleman Kulbir Thapa was the first Gurkha to win VC in recognition of his valor and bravery. He was from Gulmi, Bharse. He served in 2/3 Gurkha Regiment (GR). He received VC in France in 1915. Rifleman Karanbahadur Rana, Gulmi was from 2/3 GR. He was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) for valour on 10 Apr 1917 at El Kafr in Palestine. Second World War: Subedar Lalbahadur Thapa, Nepal Tara was from 2nd GR. He received VC in Tunisia in 1943. Honorary Lieutenant Tul Bahadur Pun was from 6th GR. He received VC in Burma in 1944. Subedar Netrabahadur Thapa was from 5th GR. He received VC in Burma in 1944. Politics Rana Bahadur Shah (1777-1799), King of Nepal, Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar was made a Kaji in his kingship Magars since the formation of Nepali state had been in a very influential role in the Nepali government until the Kot Massacre. During the time of King Prithvi Narayan Shah and thereafter, Magars were one of the six courtiers of Kings. Nepali military historian Brigadier General (retired) Dr Prem Singh Basnyat also confirm the high government positions held by the Magars notably Biraj Thapa Magar, Kaji Jayant Rana Magar, Kaji Bandhu Rana, Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar and Abhiman Singh Rana Magar. During the Rana Dynasty, Magars almost had nil representation in any government positions, which can be considered the darkest time. Under the leadership of minister Giri Prasad Burathoki, a first ever Magar Convention was held in Bharse of Gulmi District, one of the 12 Magarats in 1957. The objective of the conference was to sensitize the Magars to come forward in the national spectrum. Later Magar political and social organisations included Nepal Langhali Pariwar (1972), Nepal Langhali Pariwar Sang, and Langhali Pariwar Sangh. Nepal Magar Association is an un-biased and non-profit organization of Magar indigenous people. It is a common representative organization of all the Magar indigenous people of Nepal and is committed to the preservation and promotion of Magar language and culture; the upliftment of the social-economic and the overall educational condition of the Magar people. Notable Magars Saint Lakhan Thapa (17th century), a spiritually famed associate and adviser to King Ram Shah and the first Priest of Manakamana Temple. Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar of Gorkha, the 'King Maker'. From the list of people with title Kaji. Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar, the first Chief of Gorkhali Army, 18th century. Kaji Jayant Rana Magar (Kaji of Gorkha and Kantipur) who commanded one battle for Gorkha and two battles for Kantipur against the invasion of Nuwakot. Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar, Nepalese Army Chief and prominent politician, 18th century. Martyr Lakhan Thapa Magar (19th century), the first martyr of Nepal. Kaji Abhiman Singh Rana Magar, Nepalese Army Chief, 19th century. He was the first victim of Kot massacre. Master Mitrasen Thapa, famous Nepali folk singer, social worker, resident of Bhagsu/Dharmasala, (India). Giri Prasad Burathoki, only Bada Hakim from Magars, Defense Minister, Honorary Major General of Nepalese Army. Late Professor Jagat Bahadur Singh Burathokey, Father of Geography of Nepal. Narayan Singh Pun, a former minister in Nepal, pilot and lieutenant colonel in the Royal Nepal Army. Also founding president of Nepal Samata Party. Balaram Gharti Magar, held different ministries for 11 times including Defense Minister of Nepal Government. Gore Bahadur Khapangi, former minister and founding leader of Prajatantrik Janamukti Party. Rom Bahadur Thapa, First Inspector General of Nepal Police from Magar ethnic group. Onsari Gharti Magar, the first female speaker of Parliament of Nepal. Ram Bahadur Thapa Badal, Home minister of Nepal, leader Nepal Communist Party. Barsaman Pun, First finance minister of Nepal from Magar community. He is from Rolpa district. Nanda Bahadur Pun, First vice president of federal republic Nepal, former chief commander of the People's Liberation Army Tham Maya Thapa, Women and Children Minister. Ram Kumari Jhakri, a Nepalese politician, member of parliament and former president of All Nepal National Free Students Union (ANNFSU). Kuber Singh Rana, Ex IGP Chief of Nepal Police from Palpa. Mahabir Pun, Magsaysay Award winner for extending wireless technologies in rural parts of Nepal. Dipprasad Pun, Conspicuous Gallantry Cross Winner During War in Afghanistan. Tul Bahadur Pun, Honorary Lieutenant Victoria Cross Winner. Grandfather Of Dipprasad Pun. Arun Thapa, popular Nepali singer. Teriya Magar, Nepali dancer, winner of Dance India Dance Little Masters 2014 Nirmal Purja, famous mountaineer and Ex-British Gurkha soldier, (SBS) special forces Royal Navy, numerous Guinness World Records holder in mountaineering. Laure (Nepalese rapper) Ashish Rana Magar , a Nepalese rapper, actor and Television personality popularly known by his stage name – "Laure". Pramila Thapa, Taekwondo competitor in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, black belt world champion and 10th degree black belt. Prem Bahadur Ale,ex-minister of Forest and Environment. Minister of Culture,Tourism and Civil Aviation Notes ^ As per Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, Sadhu Ram Upadhyaya was a Brahmin belonging to the family of hereditary Purohits (royal priests) of Kingdom of Palpa. References ^ National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. Government of Nepal (Report). ^ "Magar, Eastern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 September 2023. ^ "The Eastern Magar of Nepal". Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-09-12. Note: In Nepal 788,530 are Magar speakers. ^ "go to page 55 for detail data of Hinduism among various ethnicities in Nepal" (PDF). ^ National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. Government of Nepal (Report). ^ a b c d e f g h i j Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press. 1895. ^ Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma; Mānandhara, Triratna; Joshi, Shankar Lal (1993). Social history of Nepal. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-8170417996. ^ 2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report ^ Dharam Vir (1988). Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment. Northern Book Centre. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-8185119397. ^ Eden Vansittart. 1993 (reprint). The Gurkhas. New Delhi:Anmol Publications. p. 21. ^ Pant and Sharma, The Two Earliest Copperplate Inscriptions from Nepal. p. 6 ^ Northey, W. Brook & C. J. Morris. 1927. The Gurkhas Their Manners, Customs and Country. Delhi : Cosmo Publications. (122–125) ^ Brian Hodgson and Captain T Smith also give this information. Eden Vansittart. 1993 reprint. The Gurkhas. p. 84. ^ Devkota, Yadav.2076 BS. Itihas: Bahra Magaratmaa Shahi Katak. www.ekantipur.com/koseli/2019/09/14/156843133295239647.html ^ Dor Bahadur Bista. 1972. People of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 62. ^ Devkota, Yadav. 2076/05/28 BS. ibid. www.ekantipur.com ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lecomte-Tilouine, Marie. "The Enigmatic Pig: On Magar Participation in the State Rituals of Nepal, pp. 81–120 in M. Lecomte-Tilouine: Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, "Collected Essays", 2009, 294 p." Oxford University Press. ^ Beine, Dave (2013-08-25). "An Investigative Look at Healthcare Beliefs and Practices During the Sen Dynasty". Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 6: 61–74. doi:10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8479. ^ Hamilton 1819, p. 4. ^ Hamilton 1819, p. 26. ^ Hamilton 1819, p. 240. ^ Tek Bahadur Shrestha. 2003. Parvat Rajyako Aitihasik Ruprekha. Kirtipur: T.U. ^ Dr Swami Prapannacharya. (1994–95) Ancient Kirant History. Varanasi: Kirateshwar Prakashan. p. 518. ^ Hark Gurung, Iman Singh Chemjong, B.K. Rana, Prof. Raja Ram Subedi, Prof. Jagadish Chandra Regmi etc. support the conclusion of Aramudi being the king of Kali Gandaki Region. ^ Mahesh Chaudhary. 2007. "Nepalko Terai tatha Yeska Bhumiputraharu". p. 9 ^ Tek Bahadur Shrestha. Op. cit. ^ a b Whelpton, John (2005). A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521804707. ^ Devkota. ibid. ^ Pradhan, Kumar. Ek Prahar. p. 6 ^ Devkota. ibid. ^ Ghimire, Bishnu Prasad. Palpa Rajyako Itihas. Part 2. p. 15 ^ Chemjong, Imanshing (2014-04-15). Kirat History and Culture. Amar Nembang. ^ a b c Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997). Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-8170248477. ^ "Caste and ethnicities following Hinduism in 2011, go to page 55 for detailed data" (PDF). Nepali population monograph. Retrieved 2 May 2024. ^ Devkota, ibid. ^ 1996:66 ^ . 1996. "Bheja as a Cultural Strategic Cultural Convention. Community Resource Management in the Barha Maagarat." Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology, Volume 5, Tribhuvan University. ^ Ghartimagar, Manoj. "Kaura losing authenticity with time". My City. Retrieved 2019-12-10. ^ Dor Bahadur Bista. 1972. People of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 664. ^ Eden Vansittart. 1993 (Reprint). The Gurkhas. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p. 67. ^ Rishikesh Shaha. 1975. p. 32. ^ Army Chiefs' Historical Record. Army Museum. Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal. ^ Dor Bahadur Bista. 1972. p. 64. ^ Tony Hagen. 1970. Nepal the Kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. p. 84. ^ Pant, Mahesh Raj (1978). "The Battle of Nalapani" Regmi Research Series. Kathmandu. 10 (11, 12): 167–70, 187–94. ISSN 0034-348X. ^ Y.M. Bammi. 2009. Gorkhas of the Indian Army. New Delhi: Life Span Publishers & Distributors. p. 93. ^ Pradeep Thapa Magar. 2000. Veer Haruka pani Veer Mahaveer. p. 9. ^ "'एकीकरणपछि लिम्बूहरूलाई फकाउन गोर्खाली भारदारले मीत लगाए'". ^ B. K. Rana – Sanchhipta Magar Itihas 2003 – p. 82 ^ "Nepal Magar Association – ichcap online community". Archived from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2020-02-04. Bibliography Acharya, Baburam, Nepalako Samkshipta Itihasa (A short history of Nepal), edited by Devi Prasad Bhandari, Purnima No. 48, Chaitra 2037 (March–April 1981), Chapter VII: Pachhillo Licchavi Rajya, (I. Sam. 642–880 Am.) Aryal, Jibnarayan. (2058BS). Dr Harsha Bahadur Buda Magar: Bigat ra Bartaman. Lalitpur: Dr Harsha Bahadur Budha Magar. Bajracharya, Dhanabajra. (2064 BS). Gopalraj Vanshawali Aitihasik Vivechana. Kirtipur: T.U. Bammi, Y.M. (2009). Gurkhas of the Indian Army. New Delhi: Life Span Publishers & Distributors. Bamzai, P. N. K. (1994). Culture and Political History of Kashmir. Vol 1. Ancient Kashmir. New Delhi: MD Publications Pvt Ltd. Bista, Dor Bahadur. (1972). People of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Budha Magar, Harsha Bahadur. (1992)Kirat Vansha ra Magar haru. Kathmandu: Unnati Bohora. Cross, J.P. (1986). In Gurkhas Company. London: Arms & Armour Press Ltd. Gharti Magar, Balaram. (1999). Roots. Taranath Sharma (Tr.). Lalitpur: Balaram Gharti Magar. Hagen, Tony. (1970). Nepal the Kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Hamilton, Francis Buchanan (1819), An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha, A Constable Ministry of Defence. (1965). Nepal and the Gurkhas. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Nepal, Gyanmani. (2040BS). Nepal Nirukta. Kathmandu: Nepal Rajakiya Pragyapratisthan. Northey, W. Brook & C. J. Morris. (1927). The Gurkhas Their Manners, Customs and Country. Delhi : Cosmo Publications. Palsokar, R.D. (1991). History of the 5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force), Vol III. 1858 to 1991. Shillong: The Commandant, 58 Gorkha Training Centre. Rana, B. K. (2003). Sanchhipta Magar Itihas (A Concise Hiostroy of Magars) Shaha, Rishikesh. (1975). An Introduction of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. Stein, M.A. (2007). Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicles of Kings of Kashmir. Vol I, II, & III (Reprint). Srinagar: Gulshan Books. Sufi, G.M.D. (1974). Kashir a History of Kashmir. Vol 1. New Delhi: Light & Life Publishers. Thapa Magar, Pradeep. (2000). Bir Haruka pani Bir Mahavir. Kathmandu: Bhaktabir Thapa Magar. Vansittart, Eden. (1993)(reprint). The Gurkhas. New Delhi: Anmol Publications. Pramod Thapa (Chief engineer at Dell international Services) An account Kingdom of Nepal Frances Hamilton, Rishikesh Shah, External links Magars test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Nepal Magar Association, Central Committee, Kathmandu Nepal. Magar Studies Center Magar Academic Group The Magar language – Linguistics research – Folktales in Magar (Western) – Nepal vteEthnic groups in Nepal by language familySino-Tibetan(Trans-Himalayan)Tibetic Darchula Bhotiya Bhotiya Sherpa Hyolmo Jirel Nepalese Central Tibetic Central Tibetans Kachee Kiranti Western Rai Bahing Sunuwar Koich Central Rai Khambu Rai Kulung Bantawa Eastern Rai Lohorung Yakkha Limbu (Yakthung) Tamangic Chhantyal Gurung Tamu Manange Ghale Tamang Lama clan (Tamang) Thakali Kaike Magar Newaric Newar Newar Muslim Thangmi Kham Baram Magar Dhut Kham/Pang Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Raji Raute Rawat Dura Lepcha (Rong) Dhimal Nepal portalIndo-AryanPahari Khas Jumli-speakers Palpali-speakers Gorkhali-speakers (standard Nepali dialect) Kumaunis Kashmiris Madheshi Maithil Maithil Brahmin Yadav Kayastha Dhanuk Eastern Majhi Bajji Malla Anga Newars Over 25 distinct castes, major being Shresthas, Chathariya, Jyapu, Vajracharya, Rajopadhyaya Brahmins, Chitrakar, Khadgi, Manandhar, Dhobi, Pode, Ranjitkar, Mali, etc. Newar Muslim Indian Madheshi Indian Maithil Bihari Bhojpuri Bajjika etc. Awadhi other Madheshi H U Kumal Kushbadiya (Guhari) MiyanIndo-Aryanof a distinct origin Danuar Rai Bote Western Majhi Darai Tharu Hill Khadiya/Bankariya Rajbanshi Kisan of Oraon Sadri Kushbadiya (Guhari) Other peoples (M, D, i)of Indus-Ganga Kusunda Munda Satar Dudh and Dhelki Khadiya/Bankariya Jangad/Dhangad/Uraun Kisan Immigrants Korean Filipino Russian Other basisBy geography Mountain people (Buddhist/Animism) Hill people (Eastern Paharis and Newars, Buddhist Kirati (East, mostly Mundhum) Terai (Madheshi, Tharu, Danuwar and Dhimal) (Lowland) Western Nepal (Hindu dominant) Nepali Muslim (South) By law Janajati Madheshi Janajati Misc Adivasi Simantakrit By caste Kshetri Bahun Thakuri Rajopadhyaya Shresthas Jyapu Vajracharya Pulami Kami Damai/Dholi Rajdhoves Sarki Unspecified Dalit Kalwar Dhobi Mali Gaine/Gandarbha
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyars"},{"link_name":"ethnolinguistic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group"},{"link_name":"2021 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"Gandaki River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_River"},{"link_name":"Gulmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmi_District"},{"link_name":"Arghakhanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District"},{"link_name":"Palpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpa_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Argha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argha"},{"link_name":"Khanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District"},{"link_name":"Satung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satungal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Palpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpa_District"},{"link_name":"Magarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Athara Magarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarat"},{"link_name":"Kham Magars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham_Magar"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Magyars.Ethnic groupThe Magar, also spelled Mangar and Mongar, are Magar language speaking ethnolinguistic group native to Nepal, representing 6.9% of Nepal's total population according to the 2021 Nepal census.[5] They are one of the main Gurkha tribes.The first home of the Magars was to the west of the Gandaki River and, roughly speaking, consisted of that portion of Nepal which lies between and around about Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, and Palpa.[6]\nThis part of the country was divided into twelve districts known as Bahra Magarat (Confederation of Twelve Magar villages), which included the following regions of that period: Argha, Khanchi, Bhirkot, Dhor, Garhung, Ghiring, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Rising, Satung, and Pyung.[6]\nDuring the medieval period, the whole area from Palpa to Rukum Rolpa was called the Magarat, a place settled and inhabited by Magars.[7]\nAnother confederation of eighteen Magar kingdoms, known as Athara Magarat, also existed and was originally inhabited by Kham Magars.","title":"Magars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"Gandaki Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_Province"},{"link_name":"Lumbini Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_Province"},{"link_name":"Karnali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"Bagmati Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagmati_Province"},{"link_name":"Koshi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshi_Province"},{"link_name":"Sudurpashchim Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province"},{"link_name":"Madhesh Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhesh_Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maghe_Sankranti_2019_Kathmandu_09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maghe Sankranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Palpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpa_District"},{"link_name":"Eastern Rukum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District"},{"link_name":"Rolpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolpa_District"},{"link_name":"Myagdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myagdi_District"},{"link_name":"Pyuthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuthan_District"},{"link_name":"Nawalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawalpur_District"},{"link_name":"Baglung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baglung_District"},{"link_name":"Tanahun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanahun_District"},{"link_name":"Syangja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_District"},{"link_name":"Gulmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmi_District"},{"link_name":"Surkhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surkhet_District"},{"link_name":"Arghakhanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District"},{"link_name":"Salyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyan_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Sindhuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhuli_District"},{"link_name":"Western Rukum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Rukum_District"},{"link_name":"Udayapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayapur_District"},{"link_name":"Dang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Dolpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolpa_District"},{"link_name":"Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_District"},{"link_name":"Okhaldhunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhaldhunga_District"},{"link_name":"Ramechhap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramechhap_District"},{"link_name":"Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbat_District"},{"link_name":"Rupandehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupandehi_District"},{"link_name":"Dhankuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhankuta_District"},{"link_name":"Dailekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailekh_District"},{"link_name":"Jajarkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajarkot_District"},{"link_name":"Kaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaski_District"},{"link_name":"Dhading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhading_District"},{"link_name":"Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_District"}],"text":"At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 1,887,733 people (7.1% of the population of Nepal) identified as Magar. The frequency of Magar people by province was as follows:Gandaki Province (19.0%)\nLumbini Province (15.1%)\nKarnali Province (10.9%)\nBagmati Province (4.9%)\nKoshi Province (4.2%)\nSudurpashchim Province (2.2%)\nMadhesh Province (1.2%)Magar girls in Maghe SankrantiThe frequency of Magar people was higher than national average in the following districts:[8]Palpa (52.6%)\nEastern Rukum (50.7%)\nRolpa (43.4%)\nMyagdi (39.6%)\nPyuthan (32.7%)\nNawalpur (29.1%)\nBaglung (28.1%)\nTanahun (27.1%)\nSyangja (21.5%)\nGulmi (20.7%)\nSurkhet (19.1%)\nArghakhanchi (18.0%)\nSalyan (15.1%)\nSindhuli (14.8%)\nWestern Rukum (14.7%)\nUdayapur (13.9%)\nDang (13.6%)\nDolpa (12.6%)\nGorkha (11.6%)\nOkhaldhunga (11.3%)\nRamechhap (11.2%)\nParbat (11.0%)\nRupandehi (10.7%)\nDhankuta (9.7%)\nDailekh (9.2%)\nJajarkot (9.0%)\nKaski (8.6%)\nDhading (8.5%)\nMustang (7.9%)","title":"Geographical distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vir1988-9"},{"link_name":"Kali Gandaki River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Gandaki_River"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Bhutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutia"},{"link_name":"vassals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"}],"text":"There are several mythical stories describing the origins of the Magars.[9]The Magar of the Bahra Magarat east of the Kali Gandaki River are said to have originated in the land of Seem. Two brothers, Seem Magar and Chintoo Magar, fought, and one remained in Seem, while the other left, ending up in Kangwachen, southern Sikkim. The Bhutia people lived at the northern end of this region. Over time, the Magars became very powerful and made the northern Bhutia their vassals. Sintoo Sati Sheng ruled in a very despotic manner, and the Bhutia conspired to assassinate him. Sheng's queen took revenge and poisoned 1,000 Bhutia people at a place now called Tong Song Fong, meaning \"where a thousand were murdered\". The Bhutia later drove the Magars out, forcing them to again migrate further south. As part of this migration, one group migrated to Simrongadh, one group moved towards the Okhaldhunga region, and another group seems to have returned to the east. No dates are given.The origins of the Kaike Magars end up with the mystical tales told and retold by local people. According to one of these stories, the Kaike Magars were the sons of a woman who had fled from an unspecified village of Kalyal kingdom. She subsequently gave birth to her child, a son. The boy, when he grew up, captured an angel while she was bathing with her friends. As time went by, the son and his angel bride had three sons. These sons were the ancestors of the Buddha, Roka, and Gharti clans. The origin of the fourth major clan is different. One of the three sons was a shepherd who kept losing the same female goat every day, so one day he followed her when she wandered away from the rest of the herd. He discovered that she was giving her milk to a baby boy living in the hollow part of a bamboo tree. He brought the baby home. This boy grew up and became the ancestor of the Jhankri clan. The language was called \"Kaike,\" meaning \"language of the Gods.\"","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magar_group,_military_tribe,_Nipal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magar_or_Muggur,_military_tribe,_Nipal.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Magarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Arghak, Khachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argha"},{"link_name":"Gulmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Baisi Rajya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisi_Rajya"},{"link_name":"Chaubisi Rajya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dor_Bahadur_Bista_1972._p._62-15"},{"link_name":"Mansingh Khadka Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansingh_Khadka_Magar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society"},{"link_name":"Sir William Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)"},{"link_name":"Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_District"},{"link_name":"Gorkha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Manakamana Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakamana_Temple"},{"link_name":"Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_District"},{"link_name":"Ram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shah"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Thakuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakuri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Prithvi Narayan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Magarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarat"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Prithvi Narayan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Prithvi Narayan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Francis Buchanan-Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Shah dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_people"},{"link_name":"Gorkha Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Chittor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittor"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton181926-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1819240-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Magar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mukunda Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukunda_Sen"},{"link_name":"Palpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpa_District"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"chaubisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaubisi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-28"}],"text":"Magar group, military tribe, NepalMagar man, military tribe, NepalThe first written history about the Magar people dates as far back as 1100 CE.[10] The Magars are one of the oldest known tribes in Nepal. Their ancient homeland was known as Magwar Bisaya, later called Magarat.Magarat bordered from Marsyangdi river to the Pyuthan area during that time.[11] The Magars prospered at such a level during that period that this part of the country was divided into twelve kingdoms/thams (Barah Magarant or twelve magarat)[12]—each under its own ruler—the members of each supposedly being of common extraction in the male line. Some records show these twelve areas as being Arghak, Khachi, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Rising, Bhirkot, Payung, Garhung, Dhor and Satung.[6][13] Among them, the most powerful kings were those of Gulmi, Argha, Khachi.[6] Broadly speaking, the twelve Magarat consisted of present-day Argha, Khanchi, Gulmi, Isma, Musikot, Ghiring, Baldengadhi, Rudrapurgadhi, Deuchuli, Tanahang/Tanu-hyula (Tanahu), Kanhu, Ligligkot, Gorkhakot, (Bahakot), Targhakot (Takukot), and Makawanpur areas.[14] Similarly, Athara (eighteen) Magarat consisted of the following regions: Dhurkoi (Gulmi), Gharkoi (Arghakhachi), Paiya (Parbat), Sinkhang (Myagdi), Narikoi (Pyuthan), Balungbang (Pyuthan), Jangkoi (Rolpa), Rukumkoi (Rukum), Chhilikoi (Dang), Bhaba (Dailekh), Borekoi (Jajarkot), Tarakoi (Dolpa), Timarkoi (Jumla), Jural (Doti), Bunkot, Bahrakot, Lu Nanya (Dadeldhura) and Ru-pal (Dadeldhura).[6]The Magars of the middle and western regions also played an important role in Nepal's formative history. Their kingdom was one of the strongest of west Nepal in and around Palpa District during the time of the 22 Baisi Rajya and 24 Chaubisi Rajya principalities (17th and early 18th centuries).[15] In the 16th century, Palpa ruler Mukunda Sen briefly invaded the Kathmandu valley. Dravya Shah captured Gorkhakot, the last Magarat area, from the Magar King, Mansingh Khadka Magar in BS 1616 Bhadra 25.[16] In the kingdoms of Gorkha and Musikot, the Magars even seem to have taken part in their own initial defeat, revealing both the weakness of their ethnic solidarity at that time and the presence of clan rivalries.[17] As mentioned in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal founded by Sir William Jones in 1784, the city of Gorkha was originally the residence of Chitoria (Chitorey) Rana Magars, and the city was built by them. To this day, large numbers of Chitoria/Chitorey Rana Magars are found in the Gorkha District.[6] Additionally, in the Manakamana Temple located in Gorkha, it is mandatory for a priest to be a Magar; specifically, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah, and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who was considered an incarnation of the Goddess.[17] Interestingly, the main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha, were also Bohara Magars; it is striking to note how the Magars have been in charge of the religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power.[17]The 18th-century king, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of the modern Kingdom of Nepal announced and loved to call himself ' the King of Magarat' or 'the King of Magar country'.[17][18] According to Marie Lecomte-Tilouine, a senior researcher in Social Anthropology at the French National Center for Scientific Research, Prithvi Narayan Shah narrated in his autobiography about praying to a goddess whom he described as 'the daughter of Rana [Magar].[17] During the time of King Prithvi Narayan, Rana Magars were one of the six-member courtiers (Tharghar).[17] Prithvi Narayan Shah in his memories also recalls his Magar dada—the man who looked after him during his childhood.[17]The Scottish contemporary writer, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, contends in his journal that the Shah dynasty was derived from the Magar tribe. He argues that:The family of Gorkha or Gorkha Kingdom which now governs Nepal, although it pretends to come from Chittor, according to Sadhu Ram[a], a good authority, is, in reality, of the Magar tribe; and, at any rate, these people are now firmly attached to its interests, by having largely shared in the sweets of conquest; and by far the greatest part of the regular troops of that family is composed of this nation.— An account of the Kingdom of Nepal[20]He further contended on Shah family that:The family pretends to be of the Pamar tribe; but it is alleged, as I have already explained, that this is a mere fable, and that, on the arrival of the colony from Chitaur, this family were Magars.— An account of the Kingdom of Nepal[21]Many prominent historians of Nepal have claimed that Aramudi, an eighth-century ruler of the Kali Gandaki region, was a Magar King.[22][23][24][25] \"Aramudi\" derives from the word for 'river' in the Magar language.[26] 'Ari' – 'Source of Water' + 'Modi'– 'River' = 'Arimodi' or 'Aramudi', thus the literal meaning of Aramudi is a source of river. But due to the lack of historical evidence, there are some conflicting ideas among the historians.Sen dynasty of Palpa were Magar Kings[27][17] as per the hand-written treatise 'Naradsmriti' [28] and history books written in Sikkim.[29] In a palm-leaf manuscript kept in the Kaiser Library, dated 1567 VS (1510), Mukunda Sen is described as a Magar king of Palpa who invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1581 VS (1524).[17] Thus, in the 17th century, Malla kings of Kathmandu valley were united to fight back the invasion of Magars from Palpa.[30] One of Mukunda Sen's wives was also the daughter of the Magar King of Parkogha: Mahadevi Suvarnamala, and she had four sons: Manishya Sen, Imbarsen, Kuvar and Lohang Sen.[17] Similarly, Gajalaxman Singh, Magar King of Makvanpur, whose daughter Kantivati was married to Abhaya Sen (Magar King) of Palpa.[17][31] From her was born the great king of kings Bhattarajadeva.[17] Around 1700, the ruler of Baldeng (near present-day Butwal) was overthrown by Palpa and other chaubisi states, and he was supposedly a Magar king.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-33"}],"text":"Magars are divided into the following seven tribes (clans) listed here in an alphabetical order: Ale, Budha/Budhathoki, Gharti, Pun, Rana, Roka, Thapa. These tribes all intermarry with each other, have the same customs, and are in every way equal as regards to social standing. Each tribe is subdivided into many sub-clans.[6][32]","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ale Magars","text":"Arghali, Durungchung, Hiski, Hungchen, Limel, Pade, Rakhal, Suyal, Sirpali.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Budhathoki / Budha Magars","text":"Gamal, Jugjali, Pahari, Thami, Arkali, Ulange, Karmani, Kosila, Gamal, Chini, Jiyali, Thami, Janjali, Darlasi, Deowal, Namjali, Pare, Pahare, Pojange, Barkabiri, Balkoti, Ramjali, Romkhami, Sinjali/Singjali, Jujali, Lamichhane, Khame, Doyal.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gharti Magars","text":"Dagami, Galami, Kalikotey, Pahari or Panre, Phagami, Rangu, Rawal, Rajali, Sawangi, Sene, Surai, Sinjapati, Sijapati, Talaji, Tirukia, Wale, Thini, Bhujel.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pun Magars","text":"Birkali, Baijali, Burduja, Paija, sain, Chochangi, Sinjali, Dut, Purja, Garbuja, Ramjali, Tilija, Armaja, Phungali, Sanangi, Sothi, Sutpahare, Khame, Khoroja, Thane, Tirke, Sabangi, Pahare, Gaura, Phagami/Fagami, Balali, Batha, Saureni, Sherpunja.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rana Magars","text":"Aachhami, Aslami, Bangling, Chumi, Chitorey/Chitaurey, Gyangmi/Gyami, Kharka/Khadka, Kyapchaki/Kepchaki, Lungeli, Makkim, Maski, Marchu, Palli, Ruchal, Shrees, Surjabansi/Suryabangsi, Limel, Deuka, Jung, Fewali.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roka Magars","text":"Jelbangi, Dununge, Ramjali, Bajhangi, Baijali.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-34"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Khas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khas_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-34"},{"link_name":"Magar Dhut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Magar Kham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham_language"},{"link_name":"Magar Kaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaike"}],"sub_title":"Thapa Magars","text":"To name a few – Āthaghare, Bagale, Bakabal, Bakheti, Baraghare, Birkatta, Kala, Kammu, Khapangi, Palunge, Puwar/Punwar, Sunari, Sāthighare, Sinjali/Singjali, Saplangi, Midun, Mugmi, Pulami, Darlami, Salami, Jarga, Dhenga, Taramu, Tarami, Tarangi, Byangnasi, MasrangiGaha Thapa consists of Bucha, Gora, khangaha/khanga.Reshmi Thapa consists of Dangal.Saru Thapa consists of Jhapurluk, Jhendi/Jhedi, Kala. Besides these, Gurbachan, Purbachhaney, Phounja, Chauhan, Pachabhaiya, Khamcha, Khandaluk, Ghale, Baral, Somai, Pithakote, Jhakote, Rakaskoti/Raskoti, Uchai, Samal.In former days, any Thapa who had lost three generations of ancestors in battle became a Rana, but with the prefix of his Thapa clan. Thus, a Reshmi Thapa would become a Reshmi Rana.[6][33] An instance of this is to be found in the 5th Gurkhas, where a havildar, Lachman Thapa, and a naik, Shamsher Rana, descended from the two Thapa [Magars] brothers; but three generations of descendants from one of these brothers having been killed in the battle, Shamsher Rana's ancestors assumed the title of Rana while Lachman Thapa's ancestors not having been killed in battle for three generations remained a Thapa. From this custom many Rana sub clans are said to have sprung up, and this would lead one to believe that the Rana-Magar clan was looked up to amongst the Magars.[6]The Rana clan of Magar tribes come from the same stock of Thapa, but when they were separated from their original group and lost for three generations, they settled in a place called lamjung and called themselves by the name of Rana which means chief in khas tradition and language. Thus, the inhabitants of Rana Magar became the lamjung village. The Matwala Khas are generally the progeny of a Khas of Western Nepal and karnali with a Magar woman of Western Nepal. If the woman happens to belong to the khas mixed Rana clan of the Magar tribe, progeny is then called a Bhat Rana.[6][33] The Matwala Khas doesn't wear the sacred thread. They eats pork and drinks alcohol, and in every way assimilates himself with the Magars. He invariably claims to be a matwali khas or pawai khas.[33]Linguistically, the Magars are divided into three groups. Baraha Magaratis speak Dhut dialect, whereas Athara Magaratis speak Pang and Kaike dialects.Magar Dhut speakers: Rana, Ale, ThapaMagar Kham speakers: Budhathoki, Pun, Roka, GhartiMagar Kaike speakers: Tarali Magar of Dolpa; Budha, Gharti, Roka/Rokaya, Kayat, Jhakri all Magar clans residing in Dolpa and Karnali districts.","title":"Subdivisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Magar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodic_languages"},{"link_name":"Rapti Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapti_Zone"},{"link_name":"Magar Kham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham_language"},{"link_name":"Magar Kaike language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaike_language"},{"link_name":"Twelve Magarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarat"},{"link_name":"Eighteen Magarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarat"},{"link_name":"Karnali zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_Zone"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Brahmi script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi_script"}],"text":"Of the 1,887,733 Magar population in Nepal, about 788,530 speak Magar language as their mother tongue while the rest speak Nepali as their mother tongue. The western inhabitants of Nepal did not speak the language in the past. [citation needed] But recently, almost everyone has started learning the language. [citation needed] The Magar languages are rooted in the Bodic branch of the Tibetan family.The Magar language, Magar Kura, is spoken in two major dialects and a number of sub dialects reflecting the geographic distribution of the group. The Western Magars of Rapti Zone speak Magar Kham language. In Dolpa District, Magars speak Magar Kaike language. Magar Dhut language speakers are all Magar clans residing in Twelve Magarat. Similarly Magar Kham language speakers are all Magar clans from Eighteen Magarat. Magar Kaike language speakers are all Magar clans in Karnali zone.Magar Akkha or scripts are used in Sikkim as a Magar language script. Many scholars including MS Thapa have been in forefront to implement the Akkha script to write Magar language in Nepal. New generations have been learning it. Akkha script is said to be closely associated with Brahmi script.","title":"Language and script"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"Animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"Ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shamanism_in_Nepal.JPG"},{"link_name":"shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"Manakamana Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakamana_Temple"},{"link_name":"Budha Subba Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budha_Subba_Temple"},{"link_name":"Dharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharan"},{"link_name":"Alamdevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamdevi"},{"link_name":"Ram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shah"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Thakuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakuri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magar_Culture.jpg"}],"text":"As per Nepali census 79% of Magars follow Hinduism though there is high degree of syncretism with Buddhism , Animism and Ancestor Worship.[34] Magars follow Buddhism and Hinduism. The original religions or beliefs of Magar people are Shamanism, Animism, Ancestor worship and northern Nepal's Magar follow Shamanism.Magars of Western Nepal have been practicing shamanism during their kul pooja.Magars are the main priests of the famous Manakamana Temple in Gorkha District, Budha Subba Temple in Dharan and Alamdevi temple (Nepal's former Shah Kings' mother Goddess or family deity) in Syangja District. In Manakamana Temple, specially, the priest must be a descendant of Saint Lakhan Thapa Magar, who is described as a spiritual guide for Ram Shah, and he had a very close relationship with the queen, who was considered an incarnation of the Goddess Durga Bhawani, an incarnation of Parvati.[17] Similarly, Bhirkot, Gahraukot, Khilung, Nuwakot, Satahukot, Sarankot, Dhor, Lamjung, Gorkha Kalika, Salyankot Dhading also have Magar priests from Saru, Baral, Saru, Saru, Pulami, Chumi, Darlami, DudhrRana, Bhusal/Maski, Saru/Rana Magar clan respectively.[35]The main priests of Kalika, the goddess protecting the kingdoms of Lamjung and Gorkha, were also Bohara Magars. Magars have been in charge of the religious functions linked to the very source of Thakuri power.[17]Most Magars also follow a form of Tibetan Buddhism, with priests known as Lama Guru, forming the religious hierarchy. Buddhism is an important part of the culture even in the southern districts, where the Magars have developed a syncretic form of religion that combines earlier shamanistic and Buddhist rituals with Hindu traditions.Animists and shamanism form part of the local belief system; their dhami (the faith healer or a kind of shaman) is called Dangar and their jhankri (another kind of faith healer or shaman) was the traditional spiritual and social leader of the Magars.[36] Magars have an informal cultural institution, called Bhujel, who performs religious activities, organizes social and agriculture-related festivities, brings about reforms in traditions and customs, strengthens social and production system, manages resources, settles cases and disputes and systematizes activities for recreation and social solidarity.[37]Two Magar children wearing jewelry and items of traditional dress.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pote"}],"text":"Men wear kachhad or wrap-on-loincloth, a bhangra, a bhoto or a shirt of vest, and the usual Nepali topi. Women wear the phariya or lunghi, chaubandhi cholo or a closed blouse and the heavy patuka or waistband, and the mujetro or shawl-like garment on the head.The ornaments are the madwari on the ears, bulaki on the nose and the phuli on the left nostril, the silver coin necklace\"[haari]\" and the pote (yellow and Green beads) with the tilhari gold cylinder, [jantar], [dhungri], [naugedi], [phul], kuntha, and also raiya in the hand. Magar males do not wear many ornaments, but some are seen to have silver earrings, hanging from their earlobes, called \"gokkul\". The magar girls wear the amulet or locket necklace, and women of the lower hills and the high-altitude ones wear these made of silver with muga stones embedded in them and kantha. The bangles of silver and glass are also worn on their hands along with the sirbandhi, sirphuli and chandra on their heads. These are large pieces of gold beaten in elongated and circular shapes.","title":"Dress and ornaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maghe Sankranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti"},{"link_name":"Bhume Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhume_Naach_of_Kham_people_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Bhume Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhume_Naach_of_Kham_people_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Athara Magarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magarat"},{"link_name":"Pyuthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyuthan"}],"text":"Maghe Sankranti is considered to be one of the most important annual festivals of the indigenous Magar community. In fact, Maghe Sankranti is the government declared national festival of the Magar community as well as the Tharu community (2009 AD). It is celebrated on the first day of Magh (tenth month of the Nepali calendar, in mid-January), a time that marks the transition from winter to spring. According to the Magar terminology, Maghe Sakranti commemorates the end of udheli (literally 'down'), which is a period that lasts for six months starting from mid-July, and the initiation of ubheli ('up'), the period lasting for another six months starting from the mid-January. The down and up periods probably correspond to the annual cycle of herding livestock up and down from high pastures, a historically important economic activity of the Magars. The occasion is celebrated with a host of gatherings and special invitations to chelibetis, one's daughters and other female members of the family. Traditional Magar songs and dances are also performed. One of the most prominent food items prepared on this day (or any other celebratory occasion) is known as batuk (commonly known as 'bara'). It is considered to be a traditional food of the Magar people. Shaped like western doughnuts, it is made from black lentils that have been soaked for over twenty-four hours and are grounded to form a thick paste. It is then mixed with salt, pepper and turmeric and fried in oil. A perfect round shape is formed with the help of the palm, and a small distinct hole is made in the center.Other major festivals of the Magar community are Bhume Puja, Chandi Purnima, Baisakhe Purnima, Mangsir Purnima, Jestha Purnima. Bhume Puja (worshipping the nature) is immensely celebrated in the Athara Magarat regions (Confederation of eighteen Magar Kingdoms), especially in Rukum, Rolpa and Pyuthan districts.Magar people celebrates major festival like \"Chhaigo\" as Lhosar which is considered as the New Year for Magar community according to the Naagchi Sambat. Magar people also observe festivals like Chaiti, Rungma, Keja, Yacha etc. These festivals are based on the Tibetan Buddhism and the Bon culture.","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruni"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauda"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abhiman_Singh_Rana_Magar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abhiman Singh Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Rana_Magar"}],"text":"Magars have contributed phenomenally in Nepali folk songs and dances. Both men and women take part in folk songs and dances.One of the most well-known Magar folk-dances is the Maruni dance during Tihar festival.[citation needed] In this dance, the main dancer wears a woman's dress, has someone to mimic her dance and one person to beat a Madal or Rani Madal. This dance is believed to be of divine origin and is directly linked with mythology. The role of the person beating the Madal is considered to be the most important, and even the one who mimics the main dancer is actually considered to be the protectors of the dancer. He wears a mask, entertains the crowd by his own gestures etc. The wearing of the dress by the dance is given a ritualistic position, as the dancer's dress, are elaborately laid along with flowers, rice etc. on a brass plate or a winnower. The dance begins with the worship of Madal, the dress, and other ornaments to be used by the dancer, followed by obeisance to all gods and goddesses like Saraswati, Ram, Sita. The dance ends with blessings to the family that has offered alms to the dancing group and brings the end to the dance ritualistically.Another is Kauda, also known as Chudkha or Kanraha. Chudkha is a folk musical performance indigenous to the hilly regions of Nepal. Kauda was originated in the Magar community of Rising Ranipokhari, Tanahun. According to historians, it was originally called Kandraha dance. Although associated with its distinctive costume, musical instruments and prosody, some have expressed concern that Kaura is losing its authenticity due to perversions introduced by commercialization and external influence, while others have been more optimistic deeming the changes a natural part of the cultural evolution and increasing popularity.[38]The other major dances and songs originated from Magar community are Ghatu , Jhorra, Yanimaya, Sunimaya, Salaijo, Rung, Hurra , Bon Lama Nach and many more.General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar","title":"Folk songs and dances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biraj_Thapa_Magar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraj_Thapa_Magar"},{"link_name":"Prithvi Narayan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha"},{"link_name":"Kingmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingmaker"},{"link_name":"Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Kaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Biraj Thapa Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraj_Thapa_Magar"},{"link_name":"Kaji Jayant Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayant_Rana"},{"link_name":"Abhiman Singh Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Rana_Magar"},{"link_name":"Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana_Magar"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Dor Bahadur Bista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor_Bahadur_Bista"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Toni Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Hagen"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar, 1st Army Chief of Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha and the ‘Kingmaker’Agriculture and the military are the primary sources of income. Magars constitute the largest number of Gurkha soldiers outside Nepal.[39][40] Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar became the head of government during the regency of Queen Rajendra Laxmi.[41] Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar winner of limbuwan, Kaji Jayant Rana Magar was a Gorkhali general of the Gorkha Kingdom and the Kingdom of Kantipur, General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar and Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar headed the Nepal army. Biraj Thapa Magar was the first army chief in Nepal Army's history.[42]Dor Bahadur Bista's observation of Magar's occupation during the 1960s was:Some of the northernmost Magars have become quite prosperous by engaging in long-range trading that takes them from near the northern border to the Terai, and even beyond to Darjeeling and Calcutta. Were it not for their role in the Gurkha regiments of the Indian and British armies, their self-sufficiency might be endangered.[43]Toni Hagen, who did his field research in Nepal during the 1950s, observed:Magars possess considerable skill as craftsmen: they are the bridge builders and blacksmiths among the Nepalese, and the primitive mining is largely in their hands. On the lower courses of the Bheri & Karnali rivers, a great number of Magars annually migrate to the Terai & there manufacture bamboo panniers, baskets, and mats for sale in the bazaars along the borders. In their most northerly settlement, on the other hand, the important trading centre of Tarakot on the Barbung river, they have largely adopted their way of life, their clothes, and their religion to that of the Tibetans; like the latter, they also live by the salt trade. As regard race, the Magars have almond-shaped eyes or even open eyes, whereas Mongoloid eyes are very rare.[44]","title":"Occupations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakhan_Thapa_Magar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lakhan Thapa Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhan_Thapa_Magar"},{"link_name":"Rana Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Nepalese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War"},{"link_name":"Nepali Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Army"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nalapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani"},{"link_name":"Sher Jung Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Jung_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Mahavir Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavir_Chakra"},{"link_name":"Dhan Singh Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhan_Singh_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Paramvir Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramvir_Chakra"},{"link_name":"Dipprasad Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipprasad_Pun"},{"link_name":"Conspicuous Gallantry Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Cross"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Kulbir Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulbir_Thapa"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Gulmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmi_District"},{"link_name":"Karanbahadur Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karanbahadur_Rana"},{"link_name":"Gulmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmi"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Lalbahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Nepal Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Tara"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Tul Bahadur Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul_Bahadur_Pun"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Netrabahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netrabahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"}],"text":"Lakhan Thapa Magar – \"First Martyr of Nepal\" as a Raja of Bungkot who rebelled against the rule of the Rana DynastyA number of Magars have distinguished themselves in military service under Nepali, British and Indian military. During Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16), the Magar Unit/Paltan of Nepali Army, Purano Gorakh Battalion,[45] valiantly fought the Battle of Nalapani. Brigadier General Sher Jung Thapa received Mahavir Chakra and Lieutenant Colonel Dhan Singh Thapa won Paramvir Chakra, the highest gallantry award, while serving Indian Army. Similarly, Dipprasad Pun, a Nepalese Sergeant of the Royal Gurkha Rifles (British Army), was the first Nepali winner of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross in Afghanistan in 2010. In the two world wars, a total of 5 Victoria Cross (out of 13 VCs awarded to Gurkhas) were awarded to the Magars:[46]First World War:\nRifleman Kulbir Thapa was the first Gurkha to win VC in recognition of his valor and bravery. He was from Gulmi, Bharse. He served in 2/3 Gurkha Regiment (GR). He received VC in France in 1915.\nRifleman Karanbahadur Rana, Gulmi was from 2/3 GR. He was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) for valour on 10 Apr 1917 at El Kafr in Palestine.\nSecond World War:\nSubedar Lalbahadur Thapa, Nepal Tara[47] was from 2nd GR. He received VC in Tunisia in 1943.\nHonorary Lieutenant Tul Bahadur Pun was from 6th GR. He received VC in Burma in 1944.\nSubedar Netrabahadur Thapa was from 5th GR. He received VC in Burma in 1944.","title":"Military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rana_Bahadur_Shah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rana Bahadur Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Bahadur_Shah"},{"link_name":"Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana"},{"link_name":"Kaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Kot Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_Massacre"},{"link_name":"King Prithvi Narayan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah"},{"link_name":"courtiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtiers"},{"link_name":"Biraj Thapa Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraj_Thapa_Magar"},{"link_name":"Jayant Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayant_Rana"},{"link_name":"Kaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Sarbajit Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana_Magar"},{"link_name":"Abhiman Singh Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Rana_Magar"},{"link_name":"Rana Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Giri Prasad Burathoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri_Prasad_Burathoki"},{"link_name":"Gulmi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmi_District"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Nepal Langhali Pariwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Langhali_Pariwar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nepal Langhali Pariwar Sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepal_Langhali_Pariwar_Sang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Langhali Pariwar Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langhali_Pariwar_Sangh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Rana Bahadur Shah (1777-1799), King of Nepal, Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar was made a Kaji in his kingshipMagars since the formation of Nepali state had been in a very influential role in the Nepali government until the Kot Massacre. During the time of King Prithvi Narayan Shah and thereafter, Magars were one of the six courtiers of Kings. Nepali military historian Brigadier General (retired) Dr Prem Singh Basnyat also confirm the high government positions held by the Magars notably Biraj Thapa Magar, Kaji Jayant Rana Magar, Kaji Bandhu Rana,[48] Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar and Abhiman Singh Rana Magar. During the Rana Dynasty, Magars almost had nil representation in any government positions, which can be considered the darkest time.Under the leadership of minister Giri Prasad Burathoki, a first ever Magar Convention was held in Bharse of Gulmi District, one of the 12 Magarats in 1957. The objective of the conference was to sensitize the Magars to come forward in the national spectrum.[49] Later Magar political and social organisations included Nepal Langhali Pariwar (1972), Nepal Langhali Pariwar Sang, and Langhali Pariwar Sangh.Nepal Magar Association is an un-biased and non-profit organization of Magar indigenous people. It is a common representative organization of all the Magar indigenous people of Nepal and is committed to the preservation and promotion of Magar language and culture; the upliftment of the social-economic and the overall educational condition of the Magar people.[50]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ram Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shah"},{"link_name":"Manakamana Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakamana_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar of Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Biraj_Thapa_Magar_of_Gorkha"},{"link_name":"King Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Maker"},{"link_name":"Kaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Biraj Thapa Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraj_Thapa_Magar"},{"link_name":"Jayant Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayant_Rana"},{"link_name":"Kaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Sarbajit Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbajit_Rana_Magar"},{"link_name":"Lakhan Thapa Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhan_Thapa_Magar"},{"link_name":"Abhiman Singh Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhiman_Singh_Rana_Magar"},{"link_name":"Kot massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_massacre"},{"link_name":"Master Mitrasen Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Mitrasen_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Bhagsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagsu"},{"link_name":"Giri Prasad Burathoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giri_Prasad_Burathoki"},{"link_name":"Narayan Singh Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Singh_Pun"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Royal Nepal Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Nepal_Army"},{"link_name":"Nepal Samata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Samata_Party"},{"link_name":"Balaram Gharti Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaram_Gharti_Magar"},{"link_name":"Gore Bahadur Khapangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Bahadur_Khapangi"},{"link_name":"Prajatantrik Janamukti Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajatantrik_Janamukti_Party"},{"link_name":"Rom Bahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_Bahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Onsari Gharti Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsari_Gharti_Magar"},{"link_name":"Ram Bahadur Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Bahadur_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Barsaman Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsaman_Pun"},{"link_name":"Nanda Bahadur Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Bahadur_Pun"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Tham Maya Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_Maya_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Ram Kumari Jhakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Kumari_Jhakri"},{"link_name":"Kuber Singh Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuber_Singh_Rana"},{"link_name":"Mahabir Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabir_Pun"},{"link_name":"Magsaysay Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"Dipprasad Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipprasad_Pun"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Tul Bahadur Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul_Bahadur_Pun"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Dipprasad Pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipprasad_Pun"},{"link_name":"Arun Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Thapa"},{"link_name":"Teriya Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teriya_Magar"},{"link_name":"Nirmal Purja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmal_Purja"},{"link_name":"special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Laure (Nepalese rapper) Ashish Rana Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_(Nepalese_rapper)"},{"link_name":"Pramila Thapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympic.org/pramila-thapa"},{"link_name":"Prem Bahadur Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Bahadur_Ale"}],"text":"Saint Lakhan Thapa (17th century), a spiritually famed associate and adviser to King Ram Shah and the first Priest of Manakamana Temple.\nKaji Biraj Thapa Magar of Gorkha, the 'King Maker'. From the list of people with title Kaji.\nKaji Biraj Thapa Magar, the first Chief of Gorkhali Army, 18th century.\nKaji Jayant Rana Magar (Kaji of Gorkha and Kantipur) who commanded one battle for Gorkha and two battles for Kantipur against the invasion of Nuwakot.\nKaji Sarbajit Rana Magar, Nepalese Army Chief and prominent politician, 18th century.\nMartyr Lakhan Thapa Magar (19th century), the first martyr of Nepal.\nKaji Abhiman Singh Rana Magar, Nepalese Army Chief, 19th century. He was the first victim of Kot massacre.\nMaster Mitrasen Thapa, famous Nepali folk singer, social worker, resident of Bhagsu/Dharmasala, (India).\nGiri Prasad Burathoki, only Bada Hakim from Magars, Defense Minister, Honorary Major General of Nepalese Army.\nLate Professor Jagat Bahadur Singh Burathokey, Father of Geography of Nepal.\nNarayan Singh Pun, a former minister in Nepal, pilot and lieutenant colonel in the Royal Nepal Army. Also founding president of Nepal Samata Party.\nBalaram Gharti Magar, held different ministries for 11 times including Defense Minister of Nepal Government.\nGore Bahadur Khapangi, former minister and founding leader of Prajatantrik Janamukti Party.\nRom Bahadur Thapa, First Inspector General of Nepal Police from Magar ethnic group.\nOnsari Gharti Magar, the first female speaker of Parliament of Nepal.\nRam Bahadur Thapa Badal, Home minister of Nepal, leader Nepal Communist Party.\nBarsaman Pun, First finance minister of Nepal from Magar community. He is from Rolpa district.\nNanda Bahadur Pun, First vice president of federal republic Nepal, former chief commander of the People's Liberation Army\nTham Maya Thapa, Women and Children Minister.\nRam Kumari Jhakri, a Nepalese politician, member of parliament and former president of All Nepal National Free Students Union (ANNFSU).\nKuber Singh Rana, Ex IGP Chief of Nepal Police from Palpa.\nMahabir Pun, Magsaysay Award winner for extending wireless technologies in rural parts of Nepal.\nDipprasad Pun, Conspicuous Gallantry Cross Winner During War in Afghanistan.\nTul Bahadur Pun, Honorary Lieutenant Victoria Cross Winner. Grandfather Of Dipprasad Pun.\nArun Thapa, popular Nepali singer.\nTeriya Magar, Nepali dancer, winner of Dance India Dance Little Masters 2014\nNirmal Purja, famous mountaineer and Ex-British Gurkha soldier, (SBS) special forces Royal Navy, numerous Guinness World Records holder in mountaineering.\nLaure (Nepalese rapper) Ashish Rana Magar , a Nepalese rapper, actor and Television personality popularly known by his stage name – \"Laure\".\nPramila Thapa, Taekwondo competitor in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, black belt world champion and 10th degree black belt.\nPrem Bahadur Ale,ex-minister of Forest and Environment. Minister of Culture,Tourism and Civil Aviation","title":"Notable Magars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Francis Buchanan-Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Purohits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purohit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton18194-19"}],"text":"^ As per Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, Sadhu Ram Upadhyaya was a Brahmin belonging to the family of hereditary Purohits (royal priests) of Kingdom of Palpa.[19]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bamzai, P. N. K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithivi_Nath_Kaul_Bamzai"},{"link_name":"Ratna Pustak Bhandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratna_Pustak_Bhandar"},{"link_name":"An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=67gWAAAAQAAJ"}],"text":"Acharya, Baburam, Nepalako Samkshipta Itihasa (A short history of Nepal), edited by Devi Prasad Bhandari, Purnima No. 48, Chaitra 2037 (March–April 1981), Chapter VII: Pachhillo Licchavi Rajya, (I. Sam. 642–880 Am.)\nAryal, Jibnarayan. (2058BS). Dr Harsha Bahadur Buda Magar: Bigat ra Bartaman. Lalitpur: Dr Harsha Bahadur Budha Magar.\nBajracharya, Dhanabajra. (2064 BS). Gopalraj Vanshawali Aitihasik Vivechana. Kirtipur: T.U.\nBammi, Y.M. (2009). Gurkhas of the Indian Army. New Delhi: Life Span Publishers & Distributors.\nBamzai, P. N. K. (1994). Culture and Political History of Kashmir. Vol 1. Ancient Kashmir. New Delhi: MD Publications Pvt Ltd.\nBista, Dor Bahadur. (1972). People of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.\nBudha Magar, Harsha Bahadur. (1992)Kirat Vansha ra Magar haru. Kathmandu: Unnati Bohora.\nCross, J.P. (1986). In Gurkhas Company. London: Arms & Armour Press Ltd.\nGharti Magar, Balaram. (1999). Roots. Taranath Sharma (Tr.). Lalitpur: Balaram Gharti Magar.\nHagen, Tony. (1970). Nepal the Kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.\nHamilton, Francis Buchanan (1819), An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha, A Constable\nMinistry of Defence. (1965). Nepal and the Gurkhas. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.\nNepal, Gyanmani. (2040BS). Nepal Nirukta. Kathmandu: Nepal Rajakiya Pragyapratisthan.\nNorthey, W. Brook & C. J. Morris. (1927). The Gurkhas Their Manners, Customs and Country. Delhi : Cosmo Publications.\nPalsokar, R.D. (1991). History of the 5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force), Vol III. 1858 to 1991. Shillong: The Commandant, 58 Gorkha Training Centre.\nRana, B. K. (2003). Sanchhipta Magar Itihas (A Concise Hiostroy of Magars)\nShaha, Rishikesh. (1975). An Introduction of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.\nStein, M.A. (2007). Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicles of Kings of Kashmir. Vol I, II, & III (Reprint). Srinagar: Gulshan Books.\nSufi, G.M.D. (1974). Kashir a History of Kashmir. Vol 1. New Delhi: Light & Life Publishers.\nThapa Magar, Pradeep. (2000). Bir Haruka pani Bir Mahavir. Kathmandu: Bhaktabir Thapa Magar.\nVansittart, Eden. (1993)(reprint). The Gurkhas. New Delhi: Anmol Publications.\nPramod Thapa (Chief engineer at Dell international Services)\nAn account Kingdom of Nepal Frances Hamilton, Rishikesh Shah,","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Magar girls in Maghe Sankranti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maghe_Sankranti_2019_Kathmandu_09.jpg/220px-Maghe_Sankranti_2019_Kathmandu_09.jpg"},{"image_text":"Magar group, military tribe, Nepal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Magar_group%2C_military_tribe%2C_Nipal.jpg/220px-Magar_group%2C_military_tribe%2C_Nipal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Magar man, military tribe, Nepal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magar_or_Muggur%2C_military_tribe%2C_Nipal.jpg/220px-Magar_or_Muggur%2C_military_tribe%2C_Nipal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Magars of Western Nepal have been practicing shamanism during their kul pooja.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shamanism_in_Nepal.JPG/210px-Shamanism_in_Nepal.JPG"},{"image_text":"Two Magar children wearing jewelry and items of traditional dress.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Magar_Culture.jpg/200px-Magar_Culture.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Abhiman Singh Rana Magar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Abhiman_Singh_Rana_Magar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar, 1st Army Chief of Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha and the ‘Kingmaker’","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Biraj_Thapa_Magar.jpg/180px-Biraj_Thapa_Magar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lakhan Thapa Magar – \"First Martyr of Nepal\" as a Raja of Bungkot who rebelled against the rule of the Rana Dynasty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lakhan_Thapa_Magar.jpg/210px-Lakhan_Thapa_Magar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rana Bahadur Shah (1777-1799), King of Nepal, Kaji Sarbajit Rana Magar was made a Kaji in his kingship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rana_Bahadur_Shah.jpg/220px-Rana_Bahadur_Shah.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. Government of Nepal (Report).","urls":[{"url":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity","url_text":"National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Magar, Eastern\". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mgp/","url_text":"\"Magar, Eastern\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Eastern Magar of Nepal\". Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070318061151/http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html","url_text":"\"The Eastern Magar of Nepal\""},{"url":"http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"go to page 55 for detail data of Hinduism among various ethnicities in Nepal\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","url_text":"\"go to page 55 for detail data of Hinduism among various ethnicities in Nepal\""}]},{"reference":"National Statistics Office (2021). National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report. Government of Nepal (Report).","urls":[{"url":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity","url_text":"National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report"}]},{"reference":"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Bishop's College Press. 1895.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3xngAAAAMAAJ&q=magars&pg=RA1-PA229","url_text":"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"}]},{"reference":"Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma; Mānandhara, Triratna; Joshi, Shankar Lal (1993). Social history of Nepal. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-8170417996.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sF5uAAAAMAAJ&q=magarat","url_text":"Social history of Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170417996","url_text":"978-8170417996"}]},{"reference":"Dharam Vir (1988). Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment. Northern Book Centre. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-8185119397.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yEHODCDK-8kC&pg=PA56","url_text":"Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185119397","url_text":"978-8185119397"}]},{"reference":"Lecomte-Tilouine, Marie. \"The Enigmatic Pig: On Magar Participation in the State Rituals of Nepal, pp. 81–120 in M. Lecomte-Tilouine: Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, \"Collected Essays\", 2009, 294 p.\" Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12163822","url_text":"\"The Enigmatic Pig: On Magar Participation in the State Rituals of Nepal, pp. 81–120 in M. Lecomte-Tilouine: Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, \"Collected Essays\", 2009, 294 p.\""}]},{"reference":"Beine, Dave (2013-08-25). \"An Investigative Look at Healthcare Beliefs and Practices During the Sen Dynasty\". Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. 6: 61–74. doi:10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8479.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270128217","url_text":"\"An Investigative Look at Healthcare Beliefs and Practices During the Sen Dynasty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fdsaj.v6i0.8479","url_text":"10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8479"}]},{"reference":"Whelpton, John (2005). A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521804707.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&q=lecomte-tilouine&pg=PR19","url_text":"A History of Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521804707","url_text":"978-0521804707"}]},{"reference":"Chemjong, Imanshing (2014-04-15). Kirat History and Culture. Amar Nembang.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_7M9AwAAQBAJ&q=what+are+rana+magars+divided+into&pg=PT76","url_text":"Kirat History and Culture"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997). Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-8170248477.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC&q=sallian+nepal&pg=PA43","url_text":"Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170248477","url_text":"978-8170248477"}]},{"reference":"\"Caste and ethnicities following Hinduism in 2011, go to page 55 for detailed data\" (PDF). Nepali population monograph. Retrieved 2 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","url_text":"\"Caste and ethnicities following Hinduism in 2011, go to page 55 for detailed data\""}]},{"reference":"Ghartimagar, Manoj. \"Kaura losing authenticity with time\". My City. Retrieved 2019-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24784/","url_text":"\"Kaura losing authenticity with time\""}]},{"reference":"\"'एकीकरणपछि लिम्बूहरूलाई फकाउन गोर्खाली भारदारले मीत लगाए'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/115409","url_text":"\"'एकीकरणपछि लिम्बूहरूलाई फकाउन गोर्खाली भारदारले मीत लगाए'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nepal Magar Association – ichcap online community\". Archived from the original on 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2020-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204201501/https://net.ichcap.org/nepal-magar-association/","url_text":"\"Nepal Magar Association – ichcap online community\""},{"url":"https://net.ichcap.org/nepal-magar-association/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Francis Buchanan (1819), An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha, A Constable","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=67gWAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/pramila-thapa","external_links_name":"Pramila Thapa"},{"Link":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity","external_links_name":"National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mgp/","external_links_name":"\"Magar, Eastern\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070318061151/http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html","external_links_name":"\"The Eastern Magar of Nepal\""},{"Link":"http://www.global12project.com/2004/profiles/p_code2/974.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"go to page 55 for detail data of Hinduism among various ethnicities in Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity","external_links_name":"National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3xngAAAAMAAJ&q=magars&pg=RA1-PA229","external_links_name":"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sF5uAAAAMAAJ&q=magarat","external_links_name":"Social history of Nepal"},{"Link":"https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf","external_links_name":"2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yEHODCDK-8kC&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/12163822","external_links_name":"\"The Enigmatic Pig: On Magar Participation in the State Rituals of Nepal, pp. 81–120 in M. Lecomte-Tilouine: Hindu Kingship, Ethnic Revival and Maoist Rebellion in Nepal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, \"Collected Essays\", 2009, 294 p.\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270128217","external_links_name":"\"An Investigative Look at Healthcare Beliefs and Practices During the Sen Dynasty\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fdsaj.v6i0.8479","external_links_name":"10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8479"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&q=lecomte-tilouine&pg=PR19","external_links_name":"A History of Nepal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_7M9AwAAQBAJ&q=what+are+rana+magars+divided+into&pg=PT76","external_links_name":"Kirat History and Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Aaog6bnQlNYC&q=sallian+nepal&pg=PA43","external_links_name":"Nepal: Refugee to Ruler : a Militant Race of Nepal"},{"Link":"https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Caste and ethnicities following Hinduism in 2011, go to page 55 for detailed data\""},{"Link":"https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/24784/","external_links_name":"\"Kaura losing authenticity with time\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0034-348X","external_links_name":"0034-348X"},{"Link":"https://www.himalkhabar.com/news/115409","external_links_name":"\"'एकीकरणपछि लिम्बूहरूलाई फकाउन गोर्खाली भारदारले मीत लगाए'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204201501/https://net.ichcap.org/nepal-magar-association/","external_links_name":"\"Nepal Magar Association – ichcap online community\""},{"Link":"https://net.ichcap.org/nepal-magar-association/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=67gWAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal, and the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha"},{"Link":"http://www.magarsangh.org.np/","external_links_name":"Nepal Magar Association, Central Committee, Kathmandu Nepal."},{"Link":"https://magarstudiescenter.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Magar Studies Center"},{"Link":"http://www.magaracademy.org.np/","external_links_name":"Magar Academic Group"},{"Link":"http://linguistgeek.wixsite.com/themagarlanguage","external_links_name":"The Magar language – Linguistics research – Folktales in Magar (Western) – Nepal"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noryangjin_station
Noryangjin station
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°30′52″N 126°56′34″E / 37.51444°N 126.94278°E / 37.51444; 126.94278Metro station in Seoul, South Korea 136 노량진Noryangjin 917 노량진Noryangjin Korean nameHangul노량진역Hanja鷺梁津驛Revised RomanizationNoryangjin-yeokMcCune–ReischauerNoryangjin-yŏk General informationLocation112-1 Noryangjin 1-dong, 151 Noryangjin-ro, Dongjak-gu, SeoulOperated byKorailSeoul Metro Line 9 CorporationLine(s)Gyeongbu Line     Line 9Platforms4 (4 side platforms)Tracks6HistoryOpenedSeptember 18, 1899August 15, 1974 ()July 24, 2009 ()Passengers(Daily) Based on Jan-Dec of 2012.Line 1: 77,070Line 9: 56,860 Services Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station Yongsantowards Soyosan Line 1 Daebangtowards Incheon Yongsantowards Uijeongbu or Kwangwoon University Daebangtowards Sinchang or Seodongtan Yongsantowards Dongducheon Line 1Gyeongwon Express Daebangtowards Incheon YongsanTerminus Line 1Gyeongin Express Sindorimtowards Dongincheon Yongsantowards Cheongnyangni Line 1Gyeongbu Express Daebangtowards Sinchang Saetgangtowards Gaehwa Line 9 Nodeultowards VHS Medical Center Yeouidotowards Gimpo International Airport Line 9Express Dongjaktowards VHS Medical Center Noryangjin Station (ko:노량진역) is a metro station in southwest region of Seoul, South Korea. The station is located in the Noryangjin-dong (neighborhood) of Dongjak-gu (ward) and is also a stop on Seoul Subway Line 1 and Seoul Subway Line 9. This stop is a popular destination for those seeking to eat raw fish, and other assorted seafood, as a large, covered sea food market is located next to the station, accessible by foot bridge. The Line 1 station is also notable in that Exit 1 and 2 have the same number as Exit 1 and 2 of Line 9's station. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Noryangjin Station. ^ a b "노량진역" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-10-05. ^ "노량진역" (in Korean). KRIC. Retrieved 2015-10-05. ^ a b Monthly Number of Passengers between Subway Stations Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Korea Transportation Database, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15. vteSeoul Metropolitan Subway Line 1Gyeongwon Line Yeoncheon Jeongok Cheongsan Soyosan Dongducheon Bosan Dongducheon Jungang Jihaeng Deokjeong Deokgye Yangju Nogyang Ganeung Uijeongbu Hoeryong Mangwolsa Dobongsan Dobong Banghak Chang-dong Nokcheon Wolgye Kwangwoon Univ. Seokgye Sinimun Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies Hoegi Cheongnyangni Jongno Line Cheongnyangni Jegi-dong Sinseol-dong Dongmyo Dongdaemun Jongno 5(o)-ga Jongno 3(sam)-ga Jonggak City Hall Seoul Station Gyeongbu Line Seoul Station Namyeong Yongsan Noryangjin Daebang Singil Yeongdeungpo Sindorim Guro Gasan Digital Complex Doksan Geumcheon-gu Office Seoksu Gwanak Anyang Myeonghak Geumjeong Gunpo Dangjeong Uiwang Sungkyunkwan Univ. Hwaseo Suwon Seryu Byeongjeom Sema Osan Univ. Osan Jinwi Songtan Seojeongni PyeongtaekJije Pyeongtaek Seonghwan Jiksan Dujeong Cheonan Janghang Line Cheonan Bongmyeong Ssangyong Asan Tangjeong Baebang Onyangoncheon Sinchang Byeongjeom Depot Line Byeongjeom Seodongtan Gyeongbu high-speed railway Geumcheon-gu Office Gwangmyeong Gyeongin Line Guro Guil Gaebong Oryu-dong Onsu Yeokgok Sosa Bucheon Jung-dong Songnae Bugae Bupyeong Baegun Dongam Ganseok Juan Dohwa Jemulpo Dowon Dongincheon Incheon Line 9 Gaehwa Gimpo Int'l Airport Airport Market Sinbanghwa Magongnaru Yangcheon Hyanggyo Gayang Jeungmi Deungchon Yeomchang Sinmokdong Seonyudo Dangsan National Assembly Yeouido Saetgang Noryangjin Nodeul Heukseok Dongjak Gubanpo Sinbanpo Express Bus Terminal Sapyeong Sinnonhyeon Eonju Seonjeongneung Samseong Jungang Bongeunsa Sports Complex Samjeon Seokchon Gobun Seokchon Songpanaru Hanseong Baekje Olympic Park Dunchon Oryun VHS Medical Center vteGyeongbu line Seoul Namyeong Yongsan Noryangjin Daebang Singil Yeongdeungpo Sindorim Guro Gasan Digital Complex Doksan Geumcheon-gu Office Seoksu Gwanak Anyang Myeonghak Geumjeong Gunpo Dangjeong Uiwang Sungkyunkwan Univ. Hwaseo Suwon Seryu Byeongjeom Sema Osan Univ. Osan Jinwi Songtan Seojeongni PyeongtaekJije Pyeongtaek Seonghwan Jiksan Dujeong Cheonan Sojeong-ri Jeonui Jeondong Seochang Jochiwon Naepan Bugang Maepo Sintanjin Hoedeok Daejeonjochajang Daejeon Secheon Okcheon Iwon Jitan Simcheon Gakgye Yeongdong Hwanggan Chupungnyeong Sinam Jikjisa Gimcheon Daesin Apo Gumi Sagok Yangmok Waegwan Yeonhwa Sindong Jicheon Daegu Dongdaegu Gomo Gacheon Gyeongsan Samseong Namseonghyeon Cheongdo Singeo Sangdong Miryang Mijeon Samnangjin Wondong Mulgeum Hwamyeong Gupo Sasang Busanjin Busan vteGyeongin Line Guro Guil Gaebong Oryu-dong Onsu Yeokgok Sosa Bucheon Jung-dong Songnae Bugae Bupyeong Baegun Dongam Ganseok Juan Jemulpo Dowon Dongincheon Incheon (formerly) Noryangjin Yeongdeungpo Guro Oryu Sosa Bupyeong Ugakdong Chukhyeon Incheon 37°30′52″N 126°56′34″E / 37.51444°N 126.94278°E / 37.51444; 126.94278 This Seoul Metropolitan Subway station article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Creek_(North_Fork_Shenandoah_River_tributary)
Cedar Creek (North Fork Shenandoah River tributary)
["1 Tributaries","2 List of cities and towns along Cedar Creek","3 See also","4 References"]
Cedar Creek is a 40.5-mile-long (65.2 km) tributary stream of the North Fork Shenandoah River in northern Virginia in the United States. It forms the majority of the boundary between Frederick and Shenandoah counties. Cedar Creek's confluence with the North Fork Shenandoah is located at Strasburg. It was the site of the 1864 Battle of Cedar Creek in the American Civil War. Tributaries Tributary streams are listed from Cedar Creek's headwaters to its mouth. Shell Run Cold Spring Run Paddy Run Gravel Springs Run Duck Run Fall Run Lick Run Turkey Run Eishelman Run Indian Run Swamp Run Mulberry Run Zanes Run Middle Marsh Brook Watson Run Meadow Brook Stickley Run List of cities and towns along Cedar Creek Gravel Springs Lebanon Church Marlboro Meadow Mills Oranda Star Tannery Strasburg Zepp See also List of rivers of Virginia References ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed August 15, 2011 vtePotomac River system Cities and towns Bridges Islands Tributaries Variant names District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Streams shown as: Major tributaries subtributaries (subsubtributaries) (subsubsubtributaries) Upper Potomac River North Branch Potomac River South Branch Potomac River Town Creek Little Cacapon River North Fork Little Cacapon River South Fork Little Cacapon River Fifteenmile Creek Sideling Hill Creek Cacapon River Lost River Trout Run Capon Springs Run Dillons Run Edwards Run Mill Branch North River (Grassy Lick Run) (Tearcoat Creek) (Bearwallow Creek) Sir Johns Run Warm Spring Run Tonoloway Creek Little Tonoloway Creek Sleepy Creek Meadow Branch Licking Creek Cherry Run Back Creek Hogue Creek Isaacs Creek Tilhance Creek Little Conococheague Creek Conococheague Creek Back Creek Opequon Creek Abrams Creek Mill Creek Middle Creek Tuscarora Creek (West Virginia) Lower Potomac River Antietam Creek Shenandoah River Little Catoctin Creek Catoctin Creek (Virginia) Catoctin Creek (Maryland) Tuscarora Creek (Maryland) Monocacy River Rock Creek Marsh Creek Alloway Creek Piney Creek Toms Creek (Middle Creek) Double Pipe Creek (Big Pipe Creek) (Little Pipe Creek) Owens Creek Big Hunting Creek Tuscarora Creek Carroll Creek Linganore Creek Israel Creek Bush Creek Ballenger Creek Bennett Creek Little Monocacy River Goose Creek Little River Broad Run (Virginia) Sugarland Run Broad Run (Maryland) Seneca Creek Dry Seneca Creek Little Seneca Creek (Tenmile Creek) Great Seneca Creek Muddy Branch Watts Branch Difficult Run Rock Run Dead Run Cabin John Creek Little Falls Branch Tidal Potomac River Pimmit Run Gulf Branch Donaldson Run Maddox Branch Windy Run Spout Run Foundry Branch Rock Creek Piney Branch Boundary Channel Tiber Creek Rocky Run Washington Channel Anacostia River Pope Branch Watts Branch Hickey Run Northwest Branch Sligo Creek Northeast Branch Paint Branch Four Mile Run Oxon Creek Hunting Creek Cameron Run Broad Creek Henson Creek Swan Creek Piscataway Creek Little Hunting Creek Dogue Creek Accotink Creek Daniels Run Pohick Creek Pomonkey Creek Occoquan River Bull Run Broad Run Cedar Run Neabsco Creek Powells Creek Mattawoman Creek Chicamuxen Creek Quantico Creek Little Creek Chopawamsic Creek Tank Creek Aquia Creek Potomac Creek Accokeek Creek Nanjemoy Creek Port Tobacco River Popes Creek (Maryland) Gambo Creek Piccowaxen Creek Upper Machodoc Creek Cuckold Creek Wicomico River Monroe Creek Mattox Creek Popes Creek (Virginia) St. Marys River Yeocomico River Coan River Hull Creek North Branch Potomac River Stony River Abram Creek Savage River Georges Creek Laurel Run New Creek Limestone Run Warrior Run Wills Creek Brush Creek Little Wills Creek Evitts Creek Patterson Creek Mill Creek Dans Run Green Spring Run South Branch Potomac River North Fork South Branch Potomac River Laurel Fork Mill Creek Seneca Creek South Fork South Branch Potomac River Kettle Creek Lunice Creek Mill Run Mill Creek Big Run Buffalo Creek Shenandoah River North Fork Shenandoah River Cedar Creek Smith Creek South Fork Shenandoah River North River (Middle River) South River Lakes and reservoirs Lake Accotink Lake Anne Lake Artemesia Lake Bernard Frank Lake Braddock Breckenridge Reservoir Brushy Fork Lake Burke Lake Dalecarlia Reservoir Georgetown Reservoir Jennings Randolph Lake Kingman Lake Little Seneca Lake McMillan Reservoir Mount Storm Lake Lake Needwood Sleepy Creek Lake Stony River Reservoir Tidal Basin Trout Pond Warden Lake This Frederick County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Shenandoah County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Warren County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of rivers of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Virginia"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_census
2006 Canadian census
["1 Summary","1.1 Modified questions","2 Data products","2.1 Population and dwelling counts","3 Population and dwellings","3.1 Age and sex","3.2 Families, marital status, households and dwelling characteristics","3.3 Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration","3.4 Aboriginal peoples","3.5 Labour, place of work/commuting to work, education, language","3.6 Ethnic origin, visible minorities","3.7 Income/earnings, shelter costs","4 Advertising","5 Outsourcing","6 Forms","7 Controversy","8 See also","9 External links","10 References"]
Censuses in Canada 2006 Canadian census ← 2001 May 16, 2006 2011 → General informationCountryCanadaResultsTotal population31,612,897 ( 5.4%)Most populous ​province/territoryOntario (12,160,282)Least populous ​province/territoryNunavut (29,474) The 2006 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. Census day was May 16, 2006. The following census was the 2011 census. Canada's total population enumerated by the 2006 census was 31,612,897. This count was lower than the official July 1, 2006 population estimate of 32,623,490 people. The previous census was the 2001 census and the following census was in 2011 census. Summary Over 12.7 million households, 32.5 million people were expected to be counted. Canada Post delivered census forms by mail to 70% of the country, primarily residents in urban areas. Census enumerators delivered to the remaining 30% of households. Every fifth home received the long questionnaire (53 questions versus 8 questions on the short form). For the first time, Canadian residents were able to go online to fill in their forms. Statistics Canada expected approximately 20% of households to file their surveys electronically. Persistent census staff are contacting tardy households. The total estimated cost of the 2006 census is $567 million spread over seven years, employing more than 25,000 full and part-time census workers. New in the 2006 census questionnaire: Education. Where did individuals receive their highest level of education? (Only on extended questionnaire) Income. Permission to use income information from an individual's income tax file. Income from child benefits. Income tax paid. (Also only on extended questionnaire) Access to personal information. Permission to make information public in 92 years. Questions not asked in the 2006 census: Religion. Normally asked only once every 10 years, and the religion question was asked in the 2001 census. Education. The number of years of schooling received. Modified questions Education Data products As the data were compiled, Statistics Canada released various census data products. The first set of data products was released on March 13, 2007, originally scheduled for release on February 13, 2007, covering population and dwelling counts by geographical unit. This was followed by other census data products. Population and dwelling counts The first release of 2006 census data was on March 13, 2007, covering population and dwelling counts by geographical unit. Population of the provinces and territories Population and dwellings Rank Province or territory Population as of2006 census Population as of2001 census Change Percentchange 1  Ontario 12,160,282 11,410,046 750,236 6.6 2  Quebec 7,546,131 7,237,479 308,652 4.3 3  British Columbia 4,113,487 3,907,738 205,749 5.3 4  Alberta 3,290,350 2,974,807 315,543 10.6 5  Manitoba 1,148,401 1,119,583 28,818 2.6 6  Saskatchewan 968,157 978,933 -10,776 -1.1 7  Nova Scotia 913,462 908,007 5,455 0.6 8  New Brunswick 729,997 729,498 499 0.1 9  Newfoundland and Labrador 505,469 512,930 -7,461 -1.5 10  Prince Edward Island 135,851 135,294 557 0.4 11  Northwest Territories 41,464 37,360 4,104 11.0 12  Yukon 30,372 28,674 1,698 5.9 13  Nunavut 29,474 26,745 2,729 10.2  Canada 31,612,897 30,007,094 1,605,803 5.4 Age and sex The second release of 2006 census data was on July 17, 2007, covering age and sex of the Canadian population. Among other findings, Statistics Canada reported that the 65-and-over population was at a record high of 13.7% of the total population of Canada. By comparison, the 2001 census found that the 65-and-over population was 13.0% of the total population of Canada. Population of each province and territory by age and sex Province / territory 0 to 14 15-64 65+ Males Females Newfoundland and Labrador 78,230 356,975 70,265 245,730 259,740 Prince Edward Island 23,985 91,685 20,185 65,595 70,260 Nova Scotia 146,435 628,815 138,210 439,835 473,630 New Brunswick 118,255 504,110 107,635 355,495 374,500 Quebec 1,252,510 5,213,335 1,080,285 3,687,695 3,858,435 Ontario 2,210,800 8,300,300 1,649,180 5,930,700 6,229,580 Manitoba 225,175 761,340 161,890 563,275 585,125 Saskatchewan 187,695 631,155 149,305 475,240 492,915 Alberta 631,515 2,305,425 353,410 1,646,800 1,643,550 British Columbia 679,605 2,834,075 599,810 2,013,985 2,099,495 Yukon 5,720 22,365 2,290 15,280 15,090 Northwest Territories 9,920 29,570 1,975 21,225 20,240 Nunavut 10,000 18,660 810 15,105 14,365 Canada 5,579,835 21,697,805 4,335,255 15,475,970 16,136,925 Families, marital status, households and dwelling characteristics The third release of 2006 census data was on September 12, 2007 and covered families/households, marital status, and dwelling characteristics. The following table displays various census data (derived from the 20% sample that completed the long questionnaire) on marital status for the Canadian population aged 15 years or more, as well as data on the number of couples by various criteria, and where available the percentage change from the 2001 census: Number % change(2001–2006) Population aged 15 years and over 26,033,060 +7.2 Legally married (and not separated) 12,470,400 +3.8 Separated, but still legally married 775,425 +5.7 Divorced 2,087,390 +12.5 Widowed 1,612,815 +4.6 In a common-law relationship 2,731,635 +19.6 In a same-sex union 90,695 +32.6 Same-sex couples 45,350 Male same-sex married couples 4,010 Female same-sex married couples 3,455 Male same-sex common-law couples 20,730 Female same-sex common-law couples 17,155 All couples 7,482,780 +6.0 Married couples with children 3,443,775 -0.7 Married couples without children 2,662,130 +9.5 Common-law couples with children 618,150 +16.4 Common-law couples without children 758,715 +20.9 Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration The fourth release of 2006 census data was on December 4, 2007 and covered immigration, citizenship, language, mobility, migration and other population data. Aboriginal peoples The fifth release of 2006 census data was on January 15, 2008, covering aboriginal peoples. Labour, place of work/commuting to work, education, language The sixth release of 2006 census data was on March 4, 2008, covering labour, education and some other topics going with that. Ethnic origin, visible minorities The seventh release of 2006 census data was on April 2, 2008, covering ethnic origins and visible minorities and commuting to work. Income/earnings, shelter costs The eighth release of 2006 census data was on May 1, 2008, covering income and earnings, and shelter costs. Advertising In contrast to 1996 focus-groups that found it important to know the legal requirement at the outset, participants of 2005 focus-groups were annoyed or provoked by draft ads reminding Canadians about the census law. As a result of the finding, Statistics Canada's initial newspaper, radio and TV ads avoided mention of the legal requirement. Instead, reference to the census law was highlighted only in ads appearing after census day, to capture late filers. To encourage participation, Statistics Canada set aside $13 million for "saturation" advertising, including billboards, bookmarks, inserts in municipal tax bills, and ads on bags of sugar and milk cartons. Outsourcing Statistics Canada reports less than 20% of the work will be outsourced, spending $85 million over 5 years. Despite an open public tender process, controversy arose on the announcement of a $43.3 million deal awarded to Lockheed Martin Canada—a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin, the world's largest defense contractor by defense revenue—for the purchase of scanning and printing software and hardware. Forms A variety of forms were available in both official languages, varying in length, colour, and recipient's location. Most households (80%) received the short form (2A): English: orange French: yellow One in five received the long form (2B): English: red French: purple Federal and provincial employees and their families working in embassies and National Defence bases abroad (2C): English: purple French: red In the three northern territories and on Aboriginal communities and settlements (2D): English: orange French: yellow Census of Agriculture (6): English: yellow French: orange Controversy Special interest groups criticised Statistics Canada over the design of questions, accuracy, and the future of the census data: Question 6: Relationship. Couples in same-sex marriages were offended by and/or objected to Statistics Canada's instruction that they use the write-in field "Other" instead of checking the "husband or wife" box. Question 16: Mother tongue. An anonymous email misinformation campaign advised bilingual francophones to not mention their knowledge of English. Question 53: Election to release census data after 92 years. Genealogists worried that future research will be hampered if Canadians didn't check this box. Nationally, there was a yes response in respect of 55.58% of persons enumerated in the census. The yes percentage was highest in Prince Edward Island, 64.50%, and lowest in Nunavut, 51.39%. Individual respondents are permitted to change their response to this question by mailing in a request-for-change form. In addition, Statistics Canada's online questionnaire had been criticized over accessibility issues: Failure to comply with Treasury Board, guidelines to meet W3C accessibility recommendations for the visually impaired Failure to support open source, operating systems. Support for Linux was eventually added, but support for other operating systems was not. The quality of data was further hampered by individuals who advocated minimal cooperation or non-cooperation, in protest to the outsourcing contract awarded to Lockheed Martin. Many people believed that Lockheed Martin would have access to their information, and that the US government could then access that information through the USA PATRIOT Act. However, despite assurances to the contrary (i.e., only Statistics Canada employees would and could handle, store, and access the information), some people refused to participate fully in the census. The release of data was postponed to numerous issues during enumeration. These included: the recruitment of enumerators amid a competitive job market, particularly in Western Canada the requirement of some people to fill out a second form after their first forms did not arrive in the mail; and delays in payments to enumerators As a result, the first release of data from the census, originally scheduled for release on February 13, 2007, was delayed to March 13, 2007. See also 2011 Canadian census Demographics of Canada Statistics Act External links 2006 Census by topics and regions - Statistics Canada's page on the 2006 census Census 2006 - 2A (Short Form) Archived September 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Census 2006 - 2B (Long Form) Archived February 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine References ^ "Differences between Statistics Canada's census counts and population estimates". Statistics Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008. ^ a b c "2006 census results delayed amid problems". CBC. February 12, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2011. ^ "2006 Census release dates". 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2006. ^ Statistics Canada, The Daily, Tuesday, March 13, 2007 Archived March 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Daily (pdf) Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Statistics Canada, Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2006 Census Archived April 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Catalogue number 97-550-XWE2006002 Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, released March 13, 2007, Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, province and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data Archived February 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Statistics Canada, The Daily, Tuesday, July 17, 2007 Archived May 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Daily (pdf) Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Release no. 2: Age and sex". Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Age and Sex, 2001 Counts for Both Sexes, for Canada, Provinces and Territories - 100% Data". Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ Statistics Canada, Age and Sex Highlight Tables, 2006 Census Archived April 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, catalogue number 97-551-XWE2006002, released July 17, 2007, Population by broad age groups, 2006 counts for both sexes, for Canada, provinces and territories - 100% data Archived September 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ Age and Sex Highlight Tables, 2006 Census, 2006 counts for males, for Canada, provinces and territories - 100% data Archived January 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, 2006 counts for females, for Canada, provinces and territories - 100% data Archived February 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Statistics Canada, The Daily, Wednesday, September 12, 2007 Archived February 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Daily (pdf) Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Release no. 3: September 12, 2007, Families and households". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Release no. 3: September 12, 2007, Marital status (including common-law status)". Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ Release no. 3: dwelling and household characteristics Archived May 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Statistics Canada, Catalogue number 97-552-XWE2006007, Legal Marital Status (6), Common-law Status (3), Age Groups (17) and Sex (3) for the Population 15 Years and Over of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 2006 Censuses - 100% Data ^ "Persons in same-sex unions by broad age groups and sex for both sexes, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Same-sex couples by type of union (married, common-law) and sex, 2006 Census - 20% sample data". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Couple families by presence of children in private households". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ Statistics Canada, The Daily, Tuesday, December 4, 2007 Archived February 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Daily (pdf) Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Statistics Canada, The Daily, Tuesday, January 15, 2008 Archived February 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Daily (pdf) Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Statistics Canada, The Daily, Tuesday, March 4, 2008 Archived May 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Daily (pdf) Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Release no. 6: labour". Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Release no. 6: Education". Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ Statistics Canada, The Daily, Wednesday, April 2, 2008 Archived April 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Daily (pdf) Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Release no. 7: Ethnic origin and visible minorities". Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Release no. 7: Place of work and commuting to work". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Statistics Canada, Census 2006 Release topics and dates". Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ Beeby, Dean (March 26, 2005). "Statistics Canada revamps census ad campaign to play down legal requirements". Canoe Inc. ^ Lambert, Steve (October 10, 2004). "Census contractor comes under fire". The London Free Press. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2006.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "2006 Census: Census questionnaires and guides". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2008. ^ Freeze, Colin. (May 15, 2006). "Census coloured by broad array of interests". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 16, 2006. ^ "Statistics Canada, Genealogy corner". Archived from the original on April 26, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ Statistics Canada, 2006 Census results: The 92-year question Archived April 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ "Statistics Canada, Change or verify your response to the consent question on the 2006 Census of Population". Archived from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008. ^ Byfield, Bruce (May 12, 2006). "Canadian Census controversy continues". NewsForge. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2006. ^ "Notice to Linux users". Statistics Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2006. ^ Riga, Andy (May 8, 2006). "Census faces attack from blog rumours". National Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2006. vteCanadian censusesNational 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 Special 1906 1916 1926 1936 1946 Pre-1871 1666 (New France) 1825 (Lower Canada) 1831 (Lower Canada) 1842 (Canada East) 1842 (Canada West) 1851 (Canada East, Canada West, New Brunswick & Nova Scotia) 1861 (Canada East, Canada West, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia & Prince Edward Is.) 1870 (Manitoba) Early local Quebec (1640–1880) Acadia (1671–1763) Newfoundland and Labrador (1671–1945) (1921 census) Ontario (1719–1907) Nova Scotia (1767–1838) New Brunswick (1773–1848) Prince Edward Is. (1787–1871) Manitoba (1827–1856) British Columbia (1870–1891) Other First Nations Census of Agriculture Municipal censuses See also Statistics Canada Statistics Act Census geographic units Census family Population by years Population by municipalities Largest cities by census vteEthnic origins of people in CanadaCanada Indigenous First Nations by band Inuit Métis French Canadians Acadians Québécois British English Scottish Welsh Newfoundlander Irish Canadians Black Loyalist AfricaHorn of Africa Eritrean Ethiopian Somali North Africa Berber Algerian Libyan Moroccan Tunisian Coptic Egyptian East Africa South Sudanese Sudanese Southern Africa South African Zimbabwean West Africa Ghanaian Nigerian Igbo Yoruba AmericasNorth America American Mexican Caribbean Barbadian Cuban Dominican Guyanese Haitian Jamaican Puerto Rican Trinidadian and Tobagonian Central and South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Guatemalan Peruvian Salvadoran Uruguayan Venezuelan AsiaCentral Asia Afghan Kazakh Tajik Tatar Uzbek East Asia Chinese Hong Kong Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese Tibetan South Asia Bangladeshi Indian Anglo-Indian Tamil Nepali Pakistani Punjabi Romani Sri Lankan Southeast Asia Cambodian Filipino Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese West Asia Arab Iraqi Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian Saudi Syrian Yemeni Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Iranian Jewish Israeli Kurdish Turkish EuropeCentral Europe Austrian Czech German Hungarian Polish Slovak Slovenian Swiss Eastern Europe Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Northern Europe Nordic and Scandinavian Danish Finnish Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Southeast Europe Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Croatian Greek Macedonian Montenegrin Romanian Serbian Yugoslav Southern Europe Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Basque Western Europe Belgian Flemish British Cornish English Scotch-Irish Scottish Welsh Dutch French Acadians Breton Québécois Irish Luxembourger Oceania Australian Hawaiian New Zealander
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Differences_between_Statistics_Canada's_census_counts_and_population_estimates-1"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"}],"text":"The 2006 Canadian census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population. Census day was May 16, 2006. The following census was the 2011 census. Canada's total population enumerated by the 2006 census was 31,612,897. This count was lower than the official July 1, 2006 population estimate of 32,623,490 people.[1] The previous census was the 2001 census and the following census was in 2011 census.","title":"2006 Canadian census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_census"}],"text":"Over 12.7 million households, 32.5 million people were expected to be counted. Canada Post delivered census forms by mail to 70% of the country, primarily residents in urban areas. Census enumerators delivered to the remaining 30% of households. Every fifth home received the long questionnaire (53 questions versus 8 questions on the short form). For the first time, Canadian residents were able to go online to fill in their forms. Statistics Canada expected approximately 20% of households to file their surveys electronically. Persistent census staff are contacting tardy households. The total estimated cost of the 2006 census is $567 million spread over seven years, employing more than 25,000 full and part-time census workers.New in the 2006 census questionnaire:Education. Where did individuals receive their highest level of education? (Only on extended questionnaire)\nIncome. Permission to use income information from an individual's income tax file. Income from child benefits. Income tax paid. (Also only on extended questionnaire)\nAccess to personal information. Permission to make information public in 92 years.Questions not asked in the 2006 census:Religion. Normally asked only once every 10 years, and the religion question was asked in the 2001 census.\nEducation. The number of years of schooling received.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Modified questions","text":"Education","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delayed-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-3"}],"text":"As the data were compiled, Statistics Canada released various census data products. The first set of data products was released on March 13, 2007, originally scheduled for release on February 13, 2007,[2] covering population and dwelling counts by geographical unit. This was followed by other census data products.[3]","title":"Data products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Population and dwelling counts","text":"The first release of 2006 census data[4] was on March 13, 2007, covering population and dwelling counts by geographical unit.Population of the provinces and territories[5]","title":"Data products"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Age and sex","text":"The second release of 2006 census data[6] was on July 17, 2007, covering age and sex of the Canadian population. Among other findings, Statistics Canada reported that the 65-and-over population was at a record high of 13.7% of the total population of Canada.[7] By comparison, the 2001 census found that the 65-and-over population was 13.0% of the total population of Canada.[8]Population of each province and territory by age[9] and sex[10]","title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Families, marital status, households and dwelling characteristics","text":"The third release of 2006 census data[11] was on September 12, 2007 and covered families/households,[12] marital status,[13] and dwelling characteristics.[14]The following table displays various census data (derived from the 20% sample that completed the long questionnaire) on marital status for the Canadian population aged 15 years or more, as well as data on the number of couples by various criteria, and where available the percentage change from the 2001 census:","title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release4-19"}],"sub_title":"Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration","text":"The fourth release of 2006 census data[19] was on December 4, 2007 and covered immigration, citizenship, language, mobility, migration and other population data.","title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release5-20"}],"sub_title":"Aboriginal peoples","text":"The fifth release of 2006 census data[20] was on January 15, 2008, covering aboriginal peoples.","title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release6-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Labour, place of work/commuting to work, education, language","text":"The sixth release of 2006 census data[21] was on March 4, 2008, covering labour,[22] education[23] and some other topics going with that.","title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release7-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic origin, visible minorities","text":"The seventh release of 2006 census data[24] was on April 2, 2008, covering ethnic origins and visible minorities[25] and commuting to work.[26]","title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Income/earnings, shelter costs","text":"The eighth release of 2006 census data was on May 1, 2008, covering income and earnings, and shelter costs.[27]","title":"Population and dwellings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In contrast to 1996 focus-groups that found it important to know the legal requirement at the outset, participants of 2005 focus-groups were annoyed or provoked by draft ads reminding Canadians about the census law. As a result of the finding, Statistics Canada's initial newspaper, radio and TV ads avoided mention of the legal requirement. Instead, reference to the census law was highlighted only in ads appearing after census day, to capture late filers.To encourage participation, Statistics Canada set aside $13 million for \"saturation\" advertising, including billboards, bookmarks, inserts in municipal tax bills, and ads on bags of sugar and milk cartons.[28]","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Statistics Canada reports less than 20% of the work will be outsourced, spending $85 million over 5 years. Despite an open public tender process, controversy arose on the announcement of a $43.3 million deal awarded to Lockheed Martin Canada—a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin, the world's largest defense contractor by defense revenue—for the purchase of scanning and printing software and hardware.[29]","title":"Outsourcing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"A variety of forms were available in both official languages, varying in length, colour, and recipient's location.[30]Most households (80%) received the short form (2A):English: orange\nFrench: yellowOne in five received the long form (2B):English: red\nFrench: purpleFederal and provincial employees and their families working in embassies and National Defence bases abroad (2C):English: purple\nFrench: redIn the three northern territories and on Aboriginal communities and settlements (2D):English: orange\nFrench: yellowCensus of Agriculture (6):English: yellow\nFrench: orange","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Treasury Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Board"},{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linux-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"USA PATRIOT Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delayed-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delayed-2"}],"text":"Special interest groups criticised Statistics Canada over the design of questions, accuracy, and the future of the census data:[31]Question 6: Relationship. Couples in same-sex marriages were offended by and/or objected to Statistics Canada's instruction that they use the write-in field \"Other\" instead of checking the \"husband or wife\" box.\nQuestion 16: Mother tongue. An anonymous email misinformation campaign advised bilingual francophones to not mention their knowledge of English.\nQuestion 53: Election to release census data after 92 years.[32] Genealogists worried that future research will be hampered if Canadians didn't check this box.[citation needed]Nationally, there was a yes response in respect of 55.58% of persons enumerated in the census. The yes percentage was highest in Prince Edward Island, 64.50%, and lowest in Nunavut, 51.39%.[33] Individual respondents are permitted to change their response to this question by mailing in a request-for-change form.[34]In addition, Statistics Canada's online questionnaire had been criticized over accessibility issues:[35]Failure to comply with Treasury Board, guidelines to meet W3C accessibility recommendations for the visually impaired\nFailure to support open source, operating systems. Support for Linux was eventually added,[36] but support for other operating systems was not.The quality of data was further hampered by individuals who advocated minimal cooperation or non-cooperation, in protest to the outsourcing contract awarded to Lockheed Martin.[37] Many people believed that Lockheed Martin would have access to their information, and that the US government could then access that information through the USA PATRIOT Act. However, despite assurances to the contrary (i.e., only Statistics Canada employees would and could handle, store, and access the information), some people refused to participate fully in the census.The release of data was postponed to numerous issues during enumeration.[2] These included:the recruitment of enumerators amid a competitive job market, particularly in Western Canada\nthe requirement of some people to fill out a second form after their first forms did not arrive in the mail; and\ndelays in payments to enumeratorsAs a result, the first release of data from the census, originally scheduled for release on February 13, 2007, was delayed to March 13, 2007.[2]","title":"Controversy"}]
[]
[{"title":"2011 Canadian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"title":"Demographics of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada"},{"title":"Statistics Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Act"}]
[{"reference":"\"Differences between Statistics Canada's census counts and population estimates\". Statistics Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410165420/http://www.statcan.ca/estimadet-en.htm","url_text":"\"Differences between Statistics Canada's census counts and population estimates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"},{"url":"http://www.statcan.ca/estimadet-en.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 census results delayed amid problems\". CBC. February 12, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2007/02/12/census-delayed.html","url_text":"\"2006 census results delayed amid problems\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Census release dates\". 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060504092139/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/RelDates_e.cfm","url_text":"\"2006 Census release dates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/RelDates_e.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Release no. 2: Age and sex\". Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418022038/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/release_agesex.cfm","url_text":"\"Release no. 2: Age and sex\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/release_agesex.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Age and Sex, 2001 Counts for Both Sexes, for Canada, Provinces and Territories - 100% Data\". Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214110932/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/AgeSex/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&View=1&Code=0&Table=1a&StartRec=1&Sort=2&B1=Counts&B2=Both","url_text":"\"Age and Sex, 2001 Counts for Both Sexes, for Canada, Provinces and Territories - 100% Data\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/AgeSex/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&View=1&Code=0&Table=1a&StartRec=1&Sort=2&B1=Counts&B2=Both","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Release no. 3: September 12, 2007, Families and households\". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080420141723/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/familieshouseholds.cfm","url_text":"\"Release no. 3: September 12, 2007, Families and households\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/familieshouseholds.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Release no. 3: September 12, 2007, Marital status (including common-law status)\". Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323075245/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/release_maritalstatus.cfm","url_text":"\"Release no. 3: September 12, 2007, Marital status (including common-law status)\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/release_maritalstatus.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Persons in same-sex unions by broad age groups and sex for both sexes, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data\". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602155317/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/households/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=3&Data=Count&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page","url_text":"\"Persons in same-sex unions by broad age groups and sex for both sexes, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/households/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=3&Data=Count&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Same-sex couples by type of union (married, common-law) and sex, 2006 Census - 20% sample data\". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602155322/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/households/tables/Table4.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"Same-sex couples by type of union (married, common-law) and sex, 2006 Census - 20% sample data\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/households/tables/Table4.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Couple families by presence of children in private households\". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602160434/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/households/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page","url_text":"\"Couple families by presence of children in private households\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/households/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Release no. 6: labour\". Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080505035753/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/labour.cfm","url_text":"\"Release no. 6: labour\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/labour.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Release no. 6: Education\". Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410161226/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/education.cfm","url_text":"\"Release no. 6: Education\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/education.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Release no. 7: Ethnic origin and visible minorities\". Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080421115328/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/ethnicorigin.cfm","url_text":"\"Release no. 7: Ethnic origin and visible minorities\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/ethnicorigin.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Release no. 7: Place of work and commuting to work\". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501113839/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/pow.cfm","url_text":"\"Release no. 7: Place of work and commuting to work\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/pow.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics Canada, Census 2006 Release topics and dates\". Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412083621/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/index.cfm#note5","url_text":"\"Statistics Canada, Census 2006 Release topics and dates\""},{"url":"http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/release/index.cfm#note5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beeby, Dean (March 26, 2005). \"Statistics Canada revamps census ad campaign to play down legal requirements\". Canoe Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Online_Explorer","url_text":"Canoe Inc."}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Steve (October 10, 2004). \"Census contractor comes under fire\". The London Free Press. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120721031705/http://www.canoe.ca/NewsStand/LondonFreePress/News/2004/10/10/663339.html","url_text":"\"Census contractor comes under fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Free_Press","url_text":"The London Free Press"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Census: Census questionnaires and guides\". Statistics Canada. February 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_and_California_Railroad_Revested_Lands
Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands
["1 Origin","2 Land fraud","3 Revestiture of lands","4 The O&C Act","5 Decline in timber revenue and revised Congressional action","6 Future of the O&C counties","7 References"]
2 million acres of land managed by the US' BoLM Location of the O&C lands (indicated in orange) in western Oregon   BLM: Oregon & California   BLM: Public domain   BLM: Acquired   U.S. Forest Service   Other Federal agency   State or local government   Private or unknown   Northwest Forest Plan boundary   BLM administrative boundary O&C land acreage by county County Total O&C landsin acres (ha) Benton 53,159 (21,513) Clackamas 94,085 (38,075) Columbia 10,960 (4,440) Coos 181,954 (73,634)* Curry 93,416 (37,804) Douglas 727,953 (294,592)** Jackson 435,867 (176,389) Josephine 368,546 (149,145) Klamath 67,161 (27,179) Lane 374,849 (151,696) Lincoln 8,773 (3,550) Linn 85,785 (34,716) Marion 20,707 (8,380) Multnomah 4,208 (1,703) Polk 41,651 (16,856) Tillamook 38,307 (15,502) Washington 11,380 (4,610) Yamhill 33,003 (13,356) Total 2,651,764 (1,073,131) * Includes 59,914 acres designated as Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands** Includes 14,633 acres designated as Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands The Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands (commonly known as O&C Lands), are approximately 2,600,000 acres (1,100,000 ha) of land located in eighteen counties of western Oregon. Originally granted to the Oregon & California Railroad to build a railroad between Portland, Oregon and San Francisco, California, the land was reconveyed to the United States government by act of Congress in 1916 and is currently managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management. Since 1916, the 18 counties where the O&C lands are located have received payments from the United States government at 50% share of timber revenue on those lands. Later, as compensation for the loss of timber and tax revenue decreased, the government added federal revenues. The governments of several of the counties have come to depend upon the O&C land revenue as an important source of income for schools and county services. The most recent source of income from the lands was funded through an extension of the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000 which allocated $110 million to the counties. The act has been renewed each succeeding year at vastly reduced spending levels, most recently for $26 million in 2022. In late 2013, the United States House of Representatives considered a bill that would resume the funding and increase timber harvests to provide additional income to the counties. Origin As part of the U.S. government's desire to foster settlement and economic development in the western states, in July 1866, Congress passed the Oregon and California Railroad Act. This act made 3,700,000 acres (1,500,000 ha) of land available for any company that built a railroad from Portland to San Francisco. The land was to be distributed by the state of Oregon in 12,800-acre (5,200 ha) land grants for each mile of track completed. Two companies, both of which named themselves the Oregon Central Railroad, began a competition to build the railroad, one on the west side of the Willamette River and one on the east side. The two lines would eventually merge and reorganize as the Oregon and California Railroad. In 1869, Congress changed how the grants were to be distributed, requiring the railroads to sell land along the line to settlers in 160-acre (65 ha) parcels at $2.50 per acre. The land was distributed in a checkerboard pattern, with sections laid out for 20 miles (32 km) on either side of the rail corridor with the government retaining the alternate sections for future growth. Logging in Oregon, 1910 By 1872, the railroad had extended from Portland to Roseburg. Along the way, it created growth in Willamette Valley towns such as Canby, Aurora, and Harrisburg, which emerged as freight and passenger stations, and provided a commercial lifeline to the part of the river valley above Harrisburg where steamships were rarely able to travel. As the railroad made its way into the Umpqua Valley, new townsites such as Drain, Oakland, and Yoncalla were laid out. Land fraud Main article: Oregon land fraud scandal Perhaps the most significant aspect of the railroad was that it provided access to Oregon's vast forests for large-scale logging operations. But despite the large number of grants, it was difficult to sell to actual settlers because much of the land was not only heavily forested (chiefly in Douglas-fir and Western Hemlock), but rugged and remote; moreover, the railroads soon realized that the land was much more valuable if sold in larger plots to developers and timber companies. As a result, some individuals posed as settlers to purchase the land at the $2.50 per acre rate and then promptly deeded them back to the railroad, which amassed the smaller plots into larger ones and resold them at a higher price to timber interests. A scheme to circumvent the settler grants altogether soon emerged. A railroad official hired a surveyor and logger named Stephen A. Douglas Puter to round up people from Portland saloons, and then take them to the land office where they would register for an O&C parcel as a settler, and then promptly resell to the railroad for bundling with other plots and resale to the highest bidder, typically as much as $40 an acre. In 1904, an investigation by The Oregonian uncovered the scandal, by which time it had grown to such a magnitude that the paper reported that more than 75% of the land sales had violated federal law. Between 1904 and 1910, nearly a hundred people were indicted in connection with the fraud, including U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell, U.S. Representatives John N. Williamson and Binger Hermann, and U.S. Attorney John Hicklin Hall. Revestiture of lands The Bureau of Land Management now manages timber on more than 2 million acres of land in Oregon that formerly belonged to the O&C RailroadAs the land fraud trials reached their conclusion, attention also turned to the Southern Pacific Railroad (which had acquired the O&C in 1887). Not only had the company violated the terms of the grant agreement, but in 1903, declared it was terminating land sales—in violation of the grant agreement—either as a hedge against future increases in land values or to retain the timber profits for itself. A series of lawsuits between the State of Oregon, the United States government, and the railroads ensued. Another lawsuit was brought by Portland attorney and future U.S. Representative Walter Lafferty on behalf of 18 western Oregon counties, which sued to claim revenue from timber sales on the O&C lands. The cases worked their way up to the United States Supreme Court, which ruled in 1915 in Oregon & California R. Co. v. United States that despite the violation of grant terms, the railroad had been built and the railroad company should be compensated. In 1916, Congress passed the Chamberlain–Ferris Act, which revested the remaining 2,800,000 acres of land to the United States government, and compensated the railroad at $2.50 per acre from an account, the Oregon and California land grant fund, funded by timber sales from the land. Oregon counties affected by the revestiture of land were also to be compensated from the fund. The Chamberlain–Ferris Act did not ease the financial trouble faced by many of the O&C counties; very little timber revenue was actually generated from the land, and many counties now had large percentages of their land owned by the federal government, denying them a source of property tax revenue. As these problems compounded into the 1920s, the 18 counties organized the Association of O&C Counties (AOCC) to give itself a voice in Washington, D.C. One of its cofounders, Douglas County district attorney and future U.S. Senator Guy Cordon, began lobbying Oregon's congressional delegation for relief. In 1926, a bill introduced by Oregon Senator Robert N. Stanfield, which became known as the Stanfield Act, was passed. This law provided that the U.S. government pay the counties in lieu of property taxes they would have received if the land were privately owned. But since the U.S. government was to be reimbursed from timber revenues, and since timber revenue remained low, very few payments were actually made to the counties, and Congress began to work on new legislation. The O&C Act Sign indicating O&C lands near RoseburgIn 1937, Congress again sought to ensure federal funding for the 18 O&C counties. The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937 (43 U.S.C. § 2601), commonly referred as the O&C Act, directed the United States Department of the Interior to harvest timber from the O&C lands (as well as the Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands) on a sustained yield basis. The legislation returned 50 percent of timber sales receipts to the counties, and 25 percent to the U.S. Treasury to reimburse the federal government for payments made to the counties prior to establishment of the Act. The law specifically provided that the lands be managed, including reforestation and protection of watershed, to ensure a permanent source of timber, and therefore, revenue to the counties. Under the O&C Act, the Department of the Interior under its United States General Land Office and later succeeded by the Bureau of Land Management, managed more than 44 billion board feet of standing inventory in 1937 into more than 60 billion board feet by the mid-1990s, and harvested more than 44 billion board feet over that time period. In 1951, the U.S. Treasury had been fully reimbursed, and the 25 percent of the revenue that had previously gone to the Treasury now reverted to the counties; in 1953, the counties opted to divert that money to maintenance of the land and roads, reforestation, as well as recreational facilities and other improvements. A 1970 GAO report contained an estimate that from its implementation through 1969, the counties had received a total of $300 million as a result of the Act. The authors of the report also estimated that most counties received more from the government payments than they would have if the land had been held privately. The O&C Act achieved what the previous legislation had failed to do: provide a stable revenue to the counties. This revenue became a vital part of the budgets of the O&C counties, paying for county-provided services such as law enforcement and corrections and health and social services. With this funding seemingly guaranteed, the counties kept other taxes much lower than other counties in the state, increasing their dependence on the timber payments. For example, the property tax in Curry County is 60 cents per $1,000 of assessed value, far below the state average of $2.81 per $1000. Decline in timber revenue and revised Congressional action In 1989, annual timber harvest revenue on federal forest land nationwide peaked at $1.5 billion. Following that year, the impact of overharvesting and increased environmental concerns began to negatively impact timber sales on the O&C lands. In 1994, the federal Northwest Forest Plan was implemented. Designed to guide forest management of federal lands while protecting old-growth forest habitat for endangered species such as the Northern spotted owl, the plan restricted the land available for timber harvest. By 1998, revenue on federal forest lands fell to a third of the peak 1989 revenue, with areas in the Northwest particularly hard-hit. To offset the effects of the loss of timber revenue, in 1993, President Bill Clinton proposed a 10-year program of payments, set at 85 percent of the average O&C Act payments from 1986 to 1990, and declining 3 percent annually. These "spotted owl" or "safety net" payments were passed by Congress as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 103–66). With the payments set to expire in 2003, work began in 1999 to seek an extension to the payments. The O&C counties joined with other rural counties (including 15 of Oregon's other 18 counties) that also faced falling timber revenues to lobby Congress for another solution. In 2000, Congress passed the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 106–393 (text) (PDF)), which authorizes western counties, including the O&C counties, to receive federal payments to compensate for loss of timber revenue until 2006. Payments to O&C counties, which included O&C revenue as well as revenue on Forest Service land, averaged about $250 million per year from 2000 to 2006. The act was extended for one year in 2007, and in 2008, a four-year extension was included in the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 that phased out the program by 2012. The extension expired on September 30, 2011 and the final payment of just over $40 million was delivered to the O&C counties in early 2012. In late 2011, Oregon Senators Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley proposed legislation to extend the payments for another five years. The move was backed by Governor John Kitzhaber and the entire Oregon congressional delegation. Republican and Democratic members of Oregon's congressional delegation also proposed setting aside some of the federal land in Oregon as public trusts in which half would be designated for harvest to provide revenue for the counties, and half designated as a conservation area. President Barack Obama's proposed 2013 United States federal budget included $294 million to extend the program for fiscal year 2013 with a plan to continue the payments for four more years, with the amount declining 10% each year. In March 2012, the U.S. Senate added an amendment to the surface transportation bill that authorized a one-year extension to the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act. Oregon counties would have received a total of $102 million from the legislation in 2012, to be divided among all 33 counties that currently receive payments. In 2008, Oregon received $250 million from the program. The full transportation bill, including the amendment, passed the Senate by a 74–22 vote, but the U.S. House of Representatives refused to vote on the Senate bill, instead passing a three-month extension to the current transportation bill that did not contain a county payments extension. In July 2012, the Secure Rural Schools Act renewal amendment was included in the transportation bill approved by Congress and signed by the President. This was widely expected to be the last renewal of the program, but in September 2013, Congress passed another one-year extension to the program, though again at reduced levels. Future of the O&C counties With future revenue uncertain, several Oregon counties now face a severe financial crisis to pay for county services, including law enforcement, social services, justice and corrections systems, election services and road maintenance among others. With county services required by state law and bankruptcy not permitted, counties have considered merging to save costs, and explored new sources of revenue. One of the hardest-hit counties, Curry County, introduced a ballot measure to add a 3% sales tax to pay for county services. Oregon is one of only five states in the United States with no county or state sales tax, and the tax has been voted down regularly by voters whenever it has been proposed (though some areas assess a gas tax, and two cities in tourist areas, Ashland and Yachats, assess a local tax on prepared food). In Josephine County, after a proposed property tax increase to pay for law enforcement was defeated in May 2012, the sheriff's office reduced its staff by 2/3 and released inmates from the county jail to reduce spending. Lane County released 96 prisoners from its prisons and laid off 40 law enforcement personnel to cut costs. In 2012, the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a law to allow O&C counties to use timber funds previously reserved for road maintenance to pay for law enforcement patrols. In late 2013, the House passed a forest management bill co-sponsored by Oregon Representatives Peter DeFazio, Greg Walden, and Kurt Schrader that would include increased timber harvests on O&C lands along with resumption of some Secure Rural Schools funding. References ^ "Area of Oregon and California (O&C) revested lands fiscal year 2010" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "Balance of O&C/CBWR Payments" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved January 29, 2024. ^ a b Mapes, Jeff (September 6, 2013). "O&C forest management bill placed on House's fall agenda". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2013. ^ Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 39–242, 14 Stat. 239, enacted July 25, 1866 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b "History of Oregon BLM" (PDF). OregonWild.org. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g Tallmadge, Alice (Summer 2007). "In the Red". Forest Magazine. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b c Miller, Joseph S (2006). Saving Oregon's Golden Goose: Political Drama on the O&C Lands. Portland, Oregon: Inkwater Press. ISBN 978-1-59299-212-6. partially read into the Congressional Record by Gordon Smith, 2007-02-12; see 110th Cong., vol. 153, no. 1, 2007, pp. S1837-S1838. ^ a b c "History of the O&C or Saving Oregon's Future (transcript of video)" (PDF). Jackson County, Oregon. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ Tatom, Oliver. "Oregon Land Fraud Trials (1904-1910)". The Oregon Encyclopedia. ^ "Land Fraud Trial of Senator John Mitchell". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ "Shadows in Public Life". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "Oregon and California Railroad". Oregon History Project. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016. ^ "Land Battle Climax of Lafferty Career". The Oregonian. 1964-01-16. p. 11. ^ Text of Oregon & California R. Co. v. United States, 238 U.S. 393 (1915) is available from: Findlaw  Justia  ^ Jensen, Derrick; Draffan, George (1995). Railroads and Clearcuts: Legacy of Congress's 1864 Northern Pacific Railroad Land Grant. Keokee Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-879628-08-3. ^ a b c d e f "O&C Lands Desk Reference" (PDF). Association of O&C Counties. p. 2 (in "A Brief Legal History of the O&C Lands"). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ LaLande, Jeff. "Guy Cordon (1890–1969)". The Oregon Encyclopedia. ^ a b "New O-C grant bill is passed". The Register-Guard. July 20, 1937. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "History of BLM and O&C Lands". Oregon Wild. Archived from the original on March 2, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "Oregon History: Rapid Developments". Oregon Blue Book. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "Recommendations for Making Payments to States and Counties" (PDF). Forest Counties Payment Committee. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "O&C Lands Act of 1937". Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b "Promises to keep". Association of O&C Counties. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b "Payments on Revested Oregon and California Lands and Reconveyed Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands". Government Accountability Office. March 23, 1970. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2012. ^ a b c Mortenson, Eric (March 4, 2012). "Rural Oregon counties scramble as timber payments dry up, while critics say it's time they paid for services". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b c "Sustaining Forest and Communities: Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act 2000–2007" (PDF). United States Forest Service. October 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b c Gorte, Ross W (June 24, 2010). "Reauthorizing the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000" (PDF). Colorado Counties Inc. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b Mortenson, Eric (January 21, 2012). "Loss of federal forest payments has Oregon counties looking for revenue while having millions that can't be tapped". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ Preusch, Matthew. "33 Oregon counties will share an unexpected $740 million". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "BLM distributes final payments to counties" (PDF) (Press release). Bureau of Land Management. January 20, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ "Oregon Leaders Announce County Payments Deal". KTVZ.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ Pope, Charles (February 13, 2012). "Payments to cash-strapped rural counties included in White House budget proposal". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ Pope, Charles (February 15, 2012). "County timber payments plan moving fast in U.S. House". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ a b Pope, Charles (March 8, 2012). "U.S. Senate approves one-year extension for county payments". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2012. ^ "US Senate passes bill extending county payments". The Oregonian. March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012. ^ Bolt, Greg (March 30, 2012). "House stalls county timber aid bill". The Register-Guard. Retrieved April 2, 2012. ^ a b Barnard, Jeff (June 30, 2012). "Congress extends timber payments". Ashland Daily Tidings. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ Pope, Charles (June 29, 2012). "Congress clears transportation bill carrying $100 million for Oregon's financially squeezed rural counties". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ "Timber payments get Obama's OK". The Union Democrat. July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2012. ^ Mapes, Jeff (September 26, 2013). "Timber payments for Oregon counties clears last congressional hurdle". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013. ^ a b Mortenson, Eric (February 16, 2012). "Oregon is a sales tax hater, but Curry County may use it to replace federal timber funding". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ Mortenson, Eric (June 1, 2012). "Josephine County lives with its decision to vote down law enforcement tax levy". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012. ^ Hunsberger, Brent (June 30, 2012). "Money from Congress won't put freed Lane County prisoners back behind bars". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2012. ^ Mortenson, Eric (March 5, 2012). "Legislature passes bill allowing hard-hit timber counties to tap road funds for operating money". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2012. vteTopics in Oregon legislationCrime and sentencing Capital punishment Measure 11 (1994) (mandatory minimum sentencing) Measure 40 (1996) etc. (victims' rights) Elections and voting Direct Legislation League Vote-by-mail Term limits List of Oregon ballot measures Gay rights Same-sex marriage Oregon Citizens Alliance Measure 9 (1992) (homosexuality and education) Environment Bottle bill Nuclear power Wind power Solar power Coal power Land use O&C Lands Beach Bill (1967) Land Conservation and Development Act (1973) Measure 37 (2004) & 49 (2008) Health care Death with Dignity Act (1994 Measure 16) Oregon Health Plan Minimum wageMeasures 36 (1996), 25 (2002)Taxation Tax revolt Measure 5 (1990) (landmark tax law) Measures 47 (1996) and 50 (1997) (adjusted Measure 5) Kicker tax rebate Measure 97 (2016) Miscellaneous Compulsory Education Act Adoption rights Alcoholic beverages in Oregon Bicycle Bill Cannabis in Oregon Drug policy of Oregon Influential people Loren Parks Bill Sizemore Background, further reading Oregon legislature Direct democracy in Oregon Oregon government Oregon history Oregon ballot measures
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O%26C_lands.png"},{"link_name":"Northwest Forest Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Forest_Plan"},{"link_name":"Oregon & California Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_%26_California_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Rural_Schools_and_Community_Self-Determination_Act_of_2000"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022payment-2"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapes-3"}],"text":"2 million acres of land managed by the US' BoLMLocation of the O&C lands (indicated in orange) in western Oregon   BLM: Oregon & California   BLM: Public domain   BLM: Acquired   U.S. Forest Service   Other Federal agency   State or local government   Private or unknown   Northwest Forest Plan boundary   BLM administrative boundaryThe Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands (commonly known as O&C Lands), are approximately 2,600,000 acres (1,100,000 ha) of land located in eighteen counties of western Oregon. Originally granted to the Oregon & California Railroad to build a railroad between Portland, Oregon and San Francisco, California, the land was reconveyed to the United States government by act of Congress in 1916 and is currently managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management.Since 1916, the 18 counties where the O&C lands are located have received payments from the United States government at 50% share of timber revenue on those lands. Later, as compensation for the loss of timber and tax revenue decreased, the government added federal revenues. The governments of several of the counties have come to depend upon the O&C land revenue as an important source of income for schools and county services.The most recent source of income from the lands was funded through an extension of the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000 which allocated $110 million to the counties. The act has been renewed each succeeding year at vastly reduced spending levels, most recently for $26 million in 2022.[2] In late 2013, the United States House of Representatives considered a bill that would resume the funding and increase timber harvests to provide additional income to the counties.[3]","title":"Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"land grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"Oregon Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Willamette River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_River"},{"link_name":"Oregon and California Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_and_California_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"checkerboard pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkerboarding_(land)"},{"link_name":"sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(United_States_land_surveying)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregonwild-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logging,_1910_from_Centennial_History_of_Oregon.png"},{"link_name":"Roseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"Willamette Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley"},{"link_name":"Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canby,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"Umpqua Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpqua_River"},{"link_name":"Drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Yoncalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoncalla,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"}],"text":"As part of the U.S. government's desire to foster settlement and economic development in the western states, in July 1866, Congress passed the Oregon and California Railroad Act. This act made 3,700,000 acres (1,500,000 ha) of land available for any company that built a railroad from Portland to San Francisco. The land was to be distributed by the state of Oregon in 12,800-acre (5,200 ha) land grants for each mile of track completed.[4][5] Two companies, both of which named themselves the Oregon Central Railroad, began a competition to build the railroad, one on the west side of the Willamette River and one on the east side. The two lines would eventually merge and reorganize as the Oregon and California Railroad.[5] In 1869, Congress changed how the grants were to be distributed, requiring the railroads to sell land along the line to settlers in 160-acre (65 ha) parcels at $2.50 per acre.[5] The land was distributed in a checkerboard pattern, with sections laid out for 20 miles (32 km) on either side of the rail corridor with the government retaining the alternate sections for future growth.[6]Logging in Oregon, 1910By 1872, the railroad had extended from Portland to Roseburg.[5] Along the way, it created growth in Willamette Valley towns such as Canby, Aurora, and Harrisburg, which emerged as freight and passenger stations, and provided a commercial lifeline to the part of the river valley above Harrisburg where steamships were rarely able to travel.[5] As the railroad made its way into the Umpqua Valley, new townsites such as Drain, Oakland, and Yoncalla were laid out.[5]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"Douglas-fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas-fir"},{"link_name":"Western Hemlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tallmadge-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tallmadge-7"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Douglas Puter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas_Puter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-8"},{"link_name":"The Oregonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcript-9"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"John H. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John N. Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_N._Williamson"},{"link_name":"Binger Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binger_Hermann"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Oregon"},{"link_name":"John Hicklin Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hicklin_Hall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tatom-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohs_mitchell-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohs_hermann-12"}],"text":"Perhaps the most significant aspect of the railroad was that it provided access to Oregon's vast forests for large-scale logging operations.[5] But despite the large number of grants, it was difficult to sell to actual settlers because much of the land was not only heavily forested (chiefly in Douglas-fir and Western Hemlock), but rugged and remote; moreover, the railroads soon realized that the land was much more valuable if sold in larger plots to developers and timber companies.[7] As a result, some individuals posed as settlers to purchase the land at the $2.50 per acre rate and then promptly deeded them back to the railroad, which amassed the smaller plots into larger ones and resold them at a higher price to timber interests.[7]A scheme to circumvent the settler grants altogether soon emerged. A railroad official hired a surveyor and logger named Stephen A. Douglas Puter to round up people from Portland saloons, and then take them to the land office where they would register for an O&C parcel as a settler, and then promptly resell to the railroad for bundling with other plots and resale to the highest bidder, typically as much as $40 an acre.[8] In 1904, an investigation by The Oregonian uncovered the scandal, by which time it had grown to such a magnitude that the paper reported that more than 75% of the land sales had violated federal law.[9]Between 1904 and 1910, nearly a hundred people were indicted in connection with the fraud, including U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell, U.S. Representatives John N. Williamson and Binger Hermann, and U.S. Attorney\nJohn Hicklin Hall.[10][11][12]","title":"Land fraud"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLM_Oregon_forestry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tallmadge-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcript-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohs-13"},{"link_name":"Walter Lafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lafferty"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lafferty-14"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Oregon & California R. Co. v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_%26_California_R._Co._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chamberlain–Ferris Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlain%E2%80%93Ferris_Act"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcript-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jensen-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tallmadge-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc-17"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Douglas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Guy Cordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Cordon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalande-18"},{"link_name":"Robert N. Stanfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Stanfield"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newoc-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ow-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obb-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newoc-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcpc-22"}],"text":"The Bureau of Land Management now manages timber on more than 2 million acres of land in Oregon that formerly belonged to the O&C RailroadAs the land fraud trials reached their conclusion, attention also turned to the Southern Pacific Railroad (which had acquired the O&C in 1887). Not only had the company violated the terms of the grant agreement, but in 1903, declared it was terminating land sales—in violation of the grant agreement—either as a hedge against future increases in land values or to retain the timber profits for itself.[7][9][13]A series of lawsuits between the State of Oregon, the United States government, and the railroads ensued. Another lawsuit was brought by Portland attorney and future U.S. Representative Walter Lafferty on behalf of 18 western Oregon counties, which sued to claim revenue from timber sales on the O&C lands.[14] The cases worked their way up to the United States Supreme Court, which ruled in 1915 in Oregon & California R. Co. v. United States that despite the violation of grant terms, the railroad had been built and the railroad company should be compensated. In 1916, Congress passed the Chamberlain–Ferris Act, which revested the remaining 2,800,000 acres of land to the United States government, and compensated the railroad at $2.50 per acre from an account, the Oregon and California land grant fund, funded by timber sales from the land. Oregon counties affected by the revestiture of land were also to be compensated from the fund.[8][9][15][16]The Chamberlain–Ferris Act did not ease the financial trouble faced by many of the O&C counties; very little timber revenue was actually generated from the land, and many counties now had large percentages of their land owned by the federal government, denying them a source of property tax revenue.[7][17] As these problems compounded into the 1920s, the 18 counties organized the Association of O&C Counties (AOCC) to give itself a voice in Washington, D.C. One of its cofounders, Douglas County district attorney and future U.S. Senator Guy Cordon, began lobbying Oregon's congressional delegation for relief.[5][18] In 1926, a bill introduced by Oregon Senator Robert N. Stanfield, which became known as the Stanfield Act, was passed. This law provided that the U.S. government pay the counties in lieu of property taxes they would have received if the land were privately owned.[5][17][19][20][21] But since the U.S. government was to be reimbursed from timber revenues, and since timber revenue remained low, very few payments were actually made to the counties, and Congress began to work on new legislation.[17][19][22]","title":"Revestiture of lands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oandc-rac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"43 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_43_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 2601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/43/2601"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coos_Bay_Wagon_Road_Lands"},{"link_name":"sustained yield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustained_yield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miller-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blm-23"},{"link_name":"United States General Land Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Land Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ochistory-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tallmadge-7"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc2-24"},{"link_name":"GAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gao-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gao-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc2-24"},{"link_name":"Curry County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scramble-26"}],"text":"Sign indicating O&C lands near RoseburgIn 1937, Congress again sought to ensure federal funding for the 18 O&C counties. The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937 (43 U.S.C. § 2601), commonly referred as the O&C Act, directed the United States Department of the Interior to harvest timber from the O&C lands (as well as the Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands) on a sustained yield basis.[8][17] The legislation returned 50 percent of timber sales receipts to the counties, and 25 percent to the U.S. Treasury to reimburse the federal government for payments made to the counties prior to establishment of the Act.[5] The law specifically provided that the lands be managed, including reforestation and protection of watershed, to ensure a permanent source of timber, and therefore, revenue to the counties.[23]Under the O&C Act, the Department of the Interior under its United States General Land Office and later succeeded by the Bureau of Land Management, managed more than 44 billion board feet of standing inventory in 1937 into more than 60 billion board feet by the mid-1990s, and harvested more than 44 billion board feet over that time period.[17] In 1951, the U.S. Treasury had been fully reimbursed, and the 25 percent of the revenue that had previously gone to the Treasury now reverted to the counties; in 1953, the counties opted to divert that money to maintenance of the land and roads, reforestation, as well as recreational facilities and other improvements.[5][7][24] A 1970 GAO report contained an estimate that from its implementation through 1969, the counties had received a total of $300 million as a result of the Act.[25] The authors of the report also estimated that most counties received more from the government payments than they would have if the land had been held privately.[25]The O&C Act achieved what the previous legislation had failed to do: provide a stable revenue to the counties. This revenue became a vital part of the budgets of the O&C counties, paying for county-provided services such as law enforcement and corrections and health and social services.[24] With this funding seemingly guaranteed, the counties kept other taxes much lower than other counties in the state, increasing their dependence on the timber payments. For example, the property tax in Curry County is 60 cents per $1,000 of assessed value, far below the state average of $2.81 per $1000.[26]","title":"The O&C Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfs-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tallmadge-7"},{"link_name":"Northwest Forest Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Forest_Plan"},{"link_name":"old-growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"Northern spotted owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_spotted_owl"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tallmadge-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfs-27"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gorte-28"},{"link_name":"Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1993"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"103–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/103/66"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usfs-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gorte-28"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aocc-17"},{"link_name":"Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Rural_Schools_and_Community_Self-Determination_Act_of_2000"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"106–393 (text)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/393?link-type=html"},{"link_name":"(PDF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/393?link-type=pdf&.pdf"},{"link_name":"Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gorte-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forestpayment-29"},{"link_name":"Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregonwild-6"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preusch-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-final-31"},{"link_name":"Ron Wyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wyden"},{"link_name":"Jeff Merkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Merkley"},{"link_name":"John Kitzhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kitzhaber"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forestpayment-29"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"2013 United States federal budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_States_federal_budget"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trusts-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senateextension-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-senateextension-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bolt-37"},{"link_name":"transportation bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnard-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transportation-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-union-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnard-38"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"In 1989, annual timber harvest revenue on federal forest land nationwide peaked at $1.5 billion.[27] Following that year, the impact of overharvesting and increased environmental concerns began to negatively impact timber sales on the O&C lands.[7] In 1994, the federal Northwest Forest Plan was implemented. Designed to guide forest management of federal lands while protecting old-growth forest habitat for endangered species such as the Northern spotted owl, the plan restricted the land available for timber harvest. By 1998, revenue on federal forest lands fell to a third of the peak 1989 revenue, with areas in the Northwest particularly hard-hit.[7][27]To offset the effects of the loss of timber revenue, in 1993, President Bill Clinton proposed a 10-year program of payments, set at 85 percent of the average O&C Act payments from 1986 to 1990, and declining 3 percent annually.[28] These \"spotted owl\" or \"safety net\" payments were passed by Congress as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 103–66).[27][28]With the payments set to expire in 2003, work began in 1999 to seek an extension to the payments. The O&C counties joined with other rural counties (including 15 of Oregon's other 18 counties) that also faced falling timber revenues to lobby Congress for another solution.[17] In 2000, Congress passed the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 106–393 (text) (PDF)), which authorizes western counties, including the O&C counties, to receive federal payments to compensate for loss of timber revenue until 2006. Payments to O&C counties, which included O&C revenue as well as revenue on Forest Service land, averaged about $250 million per year from 2000 to 2006.[28][29] The act was extended for one year in 2007, and in 2008, a four-year extension was included in the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 that phased out the program by 2012.[6][30] The extension expired on September 30, 2011 and the final payment of just over $40 million was delivered to the O&C counties in early 2012.[31]In late 2011, Oregon Senators Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley proposed legislation to extend the payments for another five years. The move was backed by Governor John Kitzhaber and the entire Oregon congressional delegation.[32] Republican and Democratic members of Oregon's congressional delegation also proposed setting aside some of the federal land in Oregon as public trusts in which half would be designated for harvest to provide revenue for the counties, and half designated as a conservation area.[29] President Barack Obama's proposed 2013 United States federal budget included $294 million to extend the program for fiscal year 2013 with a plan to continue the payments for four more years, with the amount declining 10% each year.[33][34]In March 2012, the U.S. Senate added an amendment to the surface transportation bill that authorized a one-year extension to the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act. Oregon counties would have received a total of $102 million from the legislation in 2012, to be divided among all 33 counties that currently receive payments. In 2008, Oregon received $250 million from the program.[35] The full transportation bill, including the amendment, passed the Senate by a 74–22 vote,[35][36] but the U.S. House of Representatives refused to vote on the Senate bill, instead passing a three-month extension to the current transportation bill that did not contain a county payments extension.[37] In July 2012, the Secure Rural Schools Act renewal amendment was included in the transportation bill approved by Congress and signed by the President.[38][39][40] This was widely expected to be the last renewal of the program,[38] but in September 2013, Congress passed another one-year extension to the program, though again at reduced levels.[41]","title":"Decline in timber revenue and revised Congressional action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scramble-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scramble-26"},{"link_name":"Curry County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"sales tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taxhater-42"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Yachats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachats,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taxhater-42"},{"link_name":"Josephine County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Lane County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-money-44"},{"link_name":"Oregon Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadfund-45"},{"link_name":"Peter DeFazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_DeFazio"},{"link_name":"Greg Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Walden"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schrader"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapes-3"}],"text":"With future revenue uncertain, several Oregon counties now face a severe financial crisis to pay for county services, including law enforcement, social services, justice and corrections systems, election services and road maintenance among others.[26] With county services required by state law and bankruptcy not permitted, counties have considered merging to save costs, and explored new sources of revenue.[26]One of the hardest-hit counties, Curry County, introduced a ballot measure to add a 3% sales tax to pay for county services.[42] Oregon is one of only five states in the United States with no county or state sales tax, and the tax has been voted down regularly by voters whenever it has been proposed (though some areas assess a gas tax, and two cities in tourist areas, Ashland and Yachats, assess a local tax on prepared food).[42] In Josephine County, after a proposed property tax increase to pay for law enforcement was defeated in May 2012, the sheriff's office reduced its staff by 2/3 and released inmates from the county jail to reduce spending.[43] Lane County released 96 prisoners from its prisons and laid off 40 law enforcement personnel to cut costs.[44]In 2012, the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a law to allow O&C counties to use timber funds previously reserved for road maintenance to pay for law enforcement patrols.[45]In late 2013, the House passed a forest management bill co-sponsored by Oregon Representatives Peter DeFazio, Greg Walden, and Kurt Schrader that would include increased timber harvests on O&C lands along with resumption of some Secure Rural Schools funding.[3]","title":"Future of the O&C counties"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of the O&C lands (indicated in orange) in western Oregon   BLM: Oregon & California   BLM: Public domain   BLM: Acquired   U.S. Forest Service   Other Federal agency   State or local government   Private or unknown   Northwest Forest Plan boundary   BLM administrative boundary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/O%26C_lands.png/300px-O%26C_lands.png"},{"image_text":"Logging in Oregon, 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Logging%2C_1910_from_Centennial_History_of_Oregon.png/220px-Logging%2C_1910_from_Centennial_History_of_Oregon.png"},{"image_text":"The Bureau of Land Management now manages timber on more than 2 million acres of land in Oregon that formerly belonged to the O&C Railroad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BLM_Oregon_forestry.jpg/220px-BLM_Oregon_forestry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign indicating O&C lands near Roseburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Oandc-rac.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Area of Oregon and California (O&C) revested lands fiscal year 2010\" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blm.gov/public_land_statistics/pls10/pls1-5_10.pdf","url_text":"\"Area of Oregon and California (O&C) revested lands fiscal year 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balance of O&C/CBWR Payments\" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved January 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blm.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2023-05/orwa-srs-2022-payments.pdf","url_text":"\"Balance of O&C/CBWR Payments\""}]},{"reference":"Mapes, Jeff (September 6, 2013). \"O&C forest management bill placed on House's fall agenda\". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/09/oc_forest_management_bill_is_p.html","url_text":"\"O&C forest management bill placed on House's fall agenda\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063919/http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/09/oc_forest_management_bill_is_p.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy\" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blm.gov/or/files/OC_History.pdf","url_text":"\"O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management","url_text":"Bureau of Land Management"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121024061002/http://www.blm.gov/or/files/OC_History.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Oregon BLM\" (PDF). OregonWild.org. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonwild.org/oregon_forests/old_growth_protection/westside-forests/western-oregon-s-patchwork-public-lands/O-C%20History.pdf","url_text":"\"History of Oregon BLM\""}]},{"reference":"Tallmadge, Alice (Summer 2007). \"In the Red\". Forest Magazine. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130414192916/http://www.fseee.org/forest-magazine/200229","url_text":"\"In the Red\""},{"url":"http://www.fseee.org/forest-magazine/200229","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Joseph S (2006). Saving Oregon's Golden Goose: Political Drama on the O&C Lands. Portland, Oregon: Inkwater Press. ISBN 978-1-59299-212-6. partially read into the Congressional Record by Gordon Smith, 2007-02-12; see 110th Cong., vol. 153, no. 1, 2007, pp. S1837-S1838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59299-212-6","url_text":"978-1-59299-212-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(politician)","url_text":"Gordon Smith"},{"url":"http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?position=all&page=S1837&dbname=2007_record","url_text":"110th Cong., vol. 153, no. 1, 2007, pp. S1837-S1838"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the O&C or Saving Oregon's Future (transcript of video)\" (PDF). Jackson County, Oregon. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.co.jackson.or.us/files/oc_video_transcript.pdf","url_text":"\"History of the O&C or Saving Oregon's Future (transcript of video)\""}]},{"reference":"Tatom, Oliver. \"Oregon Land Fraud Trials (1904-1910)\". The Oregon Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/oregon_land_fraud_trials_1904_1910_//","url_text":"\"Oregon Land Fraud Trials (1904-1910)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Oregon Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Land Fraud Trial of Senator John Mitchell\". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. 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Developments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052423/https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/Pages/facts/history/state-rapid.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.forestco.net/Final_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Recommendations for Making Payments to States and Counties\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121083309/http://www.forestco.net/Final_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.blm.gov/or/plans/wopr/oclands.php","external_links_name":"\"O&C Lands Act of 1937\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831015920/http://www.blm.gov/or/plans/wopr/oclands.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oandccounties.com/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Promises to keep\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115856/http://www.oandccounties.com/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://gao.gov/products/088923","external_links_name":"\"Payments on Revested Oregon and California Lands and Reconveyed Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081211074222/http://gao.gov/products/088923","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/03/oregon_timber_counties_scrambl.html","external_links_name":"\"Rural Oregon counties scramble as timber payments dry up, while critics say it's time they paid for services\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306121838/http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/03/oregon_timber_counties_scrambl.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5102930.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sustaining Forest and Communities: Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act 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tapped\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125042658/http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/01/loss_of_federal_forest_payment.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/10/33_oregon_counties_will_share.html","external_links_name":"\"33 Oregon counties will share an unexpected $740 million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002155156/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/10/33_oregon_counties_will_share.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.blm.gov/or/news/files/OR-12-04_Secure_Rural_Schools_Payments_1-12.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BLM distributes final payments to 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OK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151123031532/http://www.uniondemocrat.com/News/Local-News/Timber-payments-get-Obamas-OK","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/09/timber_payments_for_oregon_cou.html","external_links_name":"\"Timber payments for Oregon counties clears last congressional hurdle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929083915/http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/09/timber_payments_for_oregon_cou.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2012/02/oregon_is_a_sales_tax_hater_bu.html","external_links_name":"\"Oregon is a sales tax hater, but Curry County may use it to replace federal timber 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bars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120703210132/http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2012/06/money_from_congress_wont_put_f.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/03/legislature_passes_bill_allowi.html","external_links_name":"\"Legislature passes bill allowing hard-hit timber counties to tap road funds for operating money\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055629/http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/03/legislature_passes_bill_allowi.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difebarbamate
Difebarbamate
["1 See also","2 References"]
Chemical compound DifebarbamateClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codeNoneIdentifiers IUPAC name (5-ethyl-2,4,6-trioxo-5-phenyldihydropyrimidine-1,3(2H,4H)-diyl)bis-3-butoxypropane-1,2-diyl dicarbamate CAS Number15687-09-9PubChem CID71880ChemSpider64896UNII7EE4K616KKChEMBLChEMBL2105563CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID00864624 ECHA InfoCard100.036.147 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC28H42N4O9Molar mass578.663 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES O=C1N(C(=O)N(C(=O)C1(c2ccccc2)CC)CC(OC(=O)N)COCCCC)CC(OC(=O)N)COCCCC InChI InChI=1S/C28H42N4O9/c1-4-7-14-38-18-21(40-25(29)35)16-31-23(33)28(6-3,20-12-10-9-11-13-20)24(34)32(27(31)37)17-22(41-26(30)36)19-39-15-8-5-2/h9-13,21-22H,4-8,14-19H2,1-3H3,(H2,29,35)(H2,30,36)Key:GJJRIOLBUILIGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Difebarbamate (INN) is a tranquilizer of the barbiturate and carbamate families which is used in Europe as a component of a combination drug formulation referred to as tetrabamate (Atrium, Sevrium). See also Febarbamate References ^ Index nominum 2000: international drug directory. Taylor & Francis US. 2000. p. 333. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. Retrieved 26 November 2011. ^ World Health Organization (2004). "The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substance" (PDF). ^ Vachta J, Valter K, Siegfried B (1990). "Metabolism of difebarbamate in man". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 15 (3): 191–8. doi:10.1007/BF03190203. PMID 2253648. S2CID 2916646. vteHypnotics/sedatives (N05C)GABAAAlcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol (alcohol) Diethylpropanediol Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Clonazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flubromazolam Flunitrazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitemazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazolam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164 Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABAB 1,4-Butanediol 4-Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB (sodium oxybate) GBL GVL Phenibut Tolibut H1Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Perlapine Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. α2-Adrenergic Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine 5-HT2AAntidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. Others Niaprazine Melatonin Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Orexin Daridorexant Lemborexant Suvorexant α2δ VDCC Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin Others Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Midaflur Opioids (e.g., morphine) Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide vteSkeletal muscle relaxants (M03)Peripherally acting(primarily antinicotinic,NMJ block)Non-depolarizingCurare alkaloids Alcuronium Dimethyltubocurarine Tubocurarine 4° ammonium agents ultra-short duration: Gantacurium short duration: Rapacuronium Mivacurium Chandonium intermediate duration: Atracurium Cisatracurium Fazadinium Rocuronium Vecuronium long duration: Doxacurium Dimethyltubocurarine Pancuronium Pipecuronium Laudexium Gallamine unsorted: Hexafluronium (Hexafluorenium) Depolarizing Choline derivatives: Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine) Polyalkylene derivatives: Hexamethonium ACh release inhibitors Botulinum toxin Centrally actingCarbamic acid esters Carisoprodol Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Febarbamate Meprobamate Phenprobamate Styramate Tybamate Benzodiazepines Bromazepam Diazepam Clonazepam Flunitrazepam Lorazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Thienodiazepines Etizolam Quinazolines Methaqualone Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics) Cyclobenzaprine Orphenadrine Other Arbaclofen placarbil Baclofen Chlormezanone Chlorphenesin Chlorzoxazone Eperisone Fenyramidol Flopropione Gabapentin GHB Inaperisone Lanperisone Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Phenibut Pregabalin Pridinol Promoxolane Quinine Silperisone Thiocolchicoside Tizanidine Tolperisone Zoxazolamine Directly acting Dantrolene vteGABAA receptor positive modulatorsAlcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol (2M2P) tert-Pentanol (2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates (-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Bromazolam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP-1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Dimdazenil Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Hydroxyphenamate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG-20599 ORG-21465 P1-185 Posovolone Pregnanolone (eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-105 SAGE-324 SAGE-516 SAGE-689 SAGE-872 Testosterone THDOC Zuranolone Nonbenzodiazepines Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines: Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others: Adipiplon CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 Imepitoin JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TGSC01AA TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y-23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164 Volatiles/gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Darigabat DEABL Deuterated etifoxine Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid KRM-II-81 Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Niacin Niacinamide Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional) Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene MRK-409 (MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators
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[]
[{"title":"Febarbamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febarbamate"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kike_Elomaa
Ritva Elomaa
["1 Early life and education","2 Bodybuilding career","2.1 Amateur","2.2 Professional","2.3 Retirement","2.4 Legacy","2.5 Contest history","3 Parliament of Finland","3.1 2011 election","4 References"]
Finnish bodybuilder and politician (born 1955) Ritva ElomaaMember of Finnish Parliament for Finland ProperIncumbentAssumed office 20 April 2011 Personal detailsBornRitva Sainio (1955-07-16) 16 July 1955 (age 68)Lokalahti, Southwest Finland, FinlandNationalityFinnishPolitical partyFinns PartySpouseMarriedResidence(s)Masku, FinlandWebsiteKikeElomaa.comBodybuilderPersonal infoNicknameKikeHeight5 ft 5 in (165 cm)Weight117 lb (53 kg)Professional careerPro-debutIFBB Ms. Olympia1981Best winIFBB Ms. Olympia champion1981PredecessorRachel McLishSuccessorRachel McLishActiveRetired 1983 Medal record Women's bodybuilding Representing  Finland World Games 1981 Santa Clara Middleweight Ritva Tuulikki "Kike" Elomaa (née Sainio; born 16 July 1955, in Lokalahti) is a Finnish professional female bodybuilding champion, pop singer, and member of the Finnish Parliament. Early life and education Elomaa was born in Lokalahti, Finland in 1955. She matriculated from Mynämäki gymnasium in 1975 and graduated from Helsinki Nursing School as radiographer in 1980. Bodybuilding career Amateur Professional In 1981, Elomaa defeated Rachel McLish at the IFBB Ms. Olympia. Following her wildly successful contest campaign in 1981, she competed only three more times, placing third at the 1982 IFBB Ms. Olympia and second at the 1983 IFBB Pro Worlds. Retirement Elomaa ended her career on stage after a fifth-place finish at the 1983 IFBB Ms. Olympia. Legacy Currently Elomaa is the most successful Finnish bodybuilder of all time. She was the only non-American to win the Ms. Olympia title until 2000. She was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 2001. She has also been awarded the IFBB's President's Gold Medal for her work in supporting the sport of bodybuilding. A fitness contest, the Elomaa Fitness Championship, is held annually in Finland. Contest history 1981 Finnish Championships – 1st 1981 European Championships – 1st 1981 World Games – 1st (Middleweight Women) 1981 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1st 1982 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 3rd 1983 Pro World Championship – 2nd 1983 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 5th Parliament of Finland 2011 election On 17 April 2011, Elomaa was elected into Finnish parliament for the 2011–2015 term, representing the electoral district of Finland Proper as a member of the Finns Party. On 13 June 2017, Elomaa and 19 others left the Finns Party parliamentary group to found the New Alternative parliamentary group. However, on 22 June, she left the group and re-joined the Finns Party. References ^ a b c d e f "Kike Elomaa". facebook.com. Facebook. Retrieved 24 February 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Elomaa, Kike". musclememory.com. Retrieved 24 February 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h "Kike Elomaa". ifbbpro.com. IFBB Professional League. Retrieved 24 February 2015. ^ a b "CV". KikeElomaa.com (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015. ^ "Mitos do Bodybuilding: Kike Elomaa". www.revistasuplementacao.com.br. ^ "Candidates elected Electoral district of Varsinais-Suomi". Archived from the original on 2011-04-21. Retrieved 2011-04-25. ^ "Tällainen on Uusi vaihtoehto – Nämä kansanedustajat jättivät perussuomalaiset". yle.fi (in Finnish). 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ "Ritva Elomaa siirtyy takaisin perussuomalaisiin – Halla-aho kehottaa muitakin "pohtimaan asiaa"". Helsingin-Sanomat (in Finnish). 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017. Ms. Olympia Preceded by:Rachel McLish First (1981) Succeeded by:Rachel McLish vteMs. Olympia winners McLish (1980) Elomaa (1981) McLish (1982) Dunlap (1983) Everson 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Murray 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Chizevsky-Nicholls 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000: (Overall: None) (HW: Chepiga) (LW: Blanchette) 2001: (Overall: Bergmann) (HW: Kyle) (LW: Bergmann) 2002: (Overall: Murray) (HW: Murray) (LW: Bergmann) 2003: (Overall: Murray) (HW: Murray) (LW: Bergmann) 2004: (Overall: Kyle) (HW: Kyle) (LW: Cadeau) Oriquen-Garcia (2005) Kyle 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Shaw 2020 2021 2022 2023 vteFinns Party MPs 2011–2015 Juho Eerola Kike Elomaa Teuvo Hakkarainen Jussi Halla-aho (2011–2014) Lauri Heikkilä James Hirvisaari (2011–2013) Reijo Hongisto Olli Immonen Ari Jalonen Anssi Joutsenlahti Johanna Jurva Arja Juvonen Pietari Jääskeläinen Pentti Kettunen Kimmo Kivelä Osmo Kokko Laila Koskela (2011–2014) Jari Lindström Maria Lohela Anne Louhelainen Pirkko Mattila Lea Mäkipää Hanna Mäntylä Martti Mölsä Mika Niikko Jussi Niinistö Pentti Oinonen Tom Packalén Mika Raatikainen (2014–2015) Pirkko Ruohonen-Lerner Vesa-Matti Saarakkala Timo Soini Ismo Soukola Maria Tolppanen Reijo Tossavainen Kaj Turunen Kauko Tuupainen Pertti "Veltto" Virtanen Ville Vähämäki Juha Väätäinen vteFinns Party MPs 2015–2019 Juho Eerola Simon Elo Kike Elomaa Tiina Elovaara Teuvo Hakkarainen Reijo Hongisto Laura Huhtasaari Olli Immonen Ari Jalonen Arja Juvonen Toimi Kankaanniemi Kimmo Kivelä Kari Kulmala Rami Lehto Jari Lindström Maria Lohela Anne Louhelainen Pirkko Mattila Leena Meri (2015-) Jani Mäkelä Lea Mäkipää Hanna Mäntylä Martti Mölsä Mika Niikko Jussi Niinistö Pentti Oinonen Tom Packalén Mika Raatikainen Jari Ronkainen Veera Ruoho Pirkko Ruohonen-Lerner (2015) Vesa-Matti Saarakkala Sami Savio Timo Soini Ville Tavio Sampo Terho Maria Tolppanen Kaj Turunen Ville Vähämäki vteEduskunta members 2023–2027National Coalition Party (48) Aalto-Setälä Autto Eestilä Fagerström Grahn-Laasonen Häkkänen Hänninen Heinonen Heikkinen Ikonen Jukkola Jäntti Kaleva Kauma Kaunisto Kaunistola Keto-Huovinen Kilpi Kinnari Kiuru Kopra Koulumies Lahdenperä Laiho Limnéll Lindberg Marttinen Multala Mykkänen Orpo Partanen Päivärinta Risikko Salla Sammallahti Sarkomaa Satonen Sirén Talvitie Toveri Valkonen Valtola Valtonen Vestman Vikman Väyrynen Wallinheimo Zyskowicz Finns Party (46) Antikainen Bergbom Eerola Elomaa Garedew Halla-aho Huhtasaari Huru Immonen Junnila Juuso Juvonen Kangas Keskisarja Koponen Koskela Laakso Lehtinen Lundén Meri Mäenpää Mäkelä Niemi Nieminen Peltokangas Piisinen Polvinen Puisto Purra Ranne Rantanen Reijonen Rintamäki Ronkainen Rostila Rydman Savio Seppänen Sillanpää Simula Strandman Tavio Tynkkynen Vigelius Vornanen Vähämäki Social democrats (43) Asell Berg Eloranta Eskelinen Filatov Gebhard Guzenina Haatainen Harakka Heinäluoma Hiltunen Kari Kiljunen Kiuru Kokko Koskinen Kvarnström Kymäläinen Lindén Lindtman Lyly Malm Marin Marttila Merinen Mikkonen Mäkinen Mäkynen Nikkanen Nurminen Ojala-Niemelä Peltonen Perholehto Rantanen Razmyar Räsänen Skinnari Suhonen Tuppurainen Viitala Viitanen Väätäinen Werning Centre Party (23) Aittakumpu Honkonen Hoskonen Huttunen Kaikkonen Kalli Kallio Kalmari Kemppi Kettunen Kosonen Kulmuni Kurvinen Lintilä Lohi Mattila Mehtälä Oinas-Panuma Ovaska Saarikko Savola Siponen Viljanen Green League (13) Diarra Elo Forsgrén Haavisto Harjanne Holopainen Hopsu Hyrkkö Mikkonen Ohisalo Pitko Tynkkynen Virta Left Alliance (11) Andersson Furuholm Honkasalo Kivelä Kontula Koskela Kyllönen Meriluoto Pekonen Saramo Sarkkinen Swedish People's Party (9) Adlercreutz Andersson Bergqvist Biaudet Henriksson Norrback Ollikainen Strand Wickström Christian Democrats (5) Essayah Poutala Räsänen Tanus Östman Movement Now (1) Harkimo Åland Coalition (1) Löfström ‡ = Elected under a different party.Italic = Left office before end of term. Authority control databases International ISNI National Finland Artists MusicBrainz This article about a Finns Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to bodybuilding is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article relating to a Finnish sportsperson is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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She matriculated from Mynämäki gymnasium in 1975 and graduated from Helsinki Nursing School as radiographer in 1980.[4][3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bodybuilding career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amateur","title":"Bodybuilding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rachel McLish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_McLish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifbb-3"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"In 1981, Elomaa defeated Rachel McLish at the IFBB Ms. Olympia. Following her wildly successful contest campaign in 1981, she competed only three more times, placing third at the 1982 IFBB Ms. Olympia and second at the 1983 IFBB Pro Worlds.[3]","title":"Bodybuilding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifbb-3"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"Elomaa ended her career on stage after a fifth-place finish at the 1983 IFBB Ms. Olympia.[3]","title":"Bodybuilding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IFBB Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFBB_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifbb-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"Currently Elomaa is the most successful Finnish bodybuilder of all time. She was the only non-American to win the Ms. Olympia title until 2000. She was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 2001. She has also been awarded the IFBB's President's Gold Medal for her work in supporting the sport of bodybuilding. A fitness contest, the Elomaa Fitness Championship, is held annually in Finland.[3][5]","title":"Bodybuilding career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding_at_the_World_Games"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"IFBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_BodyBuilders"},{"link_name":"Ms. Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms._Olympia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musclememory-2"}],"sub_title":"Contest history","text":"1981 Finnish Championships – 1st\n1981 European Championships – 1st\n1981 World Games – 1st (Middleweight Women)\n1981 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1st\n1982 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 3rd\n1983 Pro World Championship – 2nd\n1983 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 5th[2]","title":"Bodybuilding career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parliament of Finland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_parliament"},{"link_name":"2011–2015 term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Finnish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Finland Proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Finns Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finns_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alternative"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2011 election","text":"On 17 April 2011, Elomaa was elected into Finnish parliament for the 2011–2015 term, representing the electoral district of Finland Proper as a member of the Finns Party.[6]On 13 June 2017, Elomaa and 19 others left the Finns Party parliamentary group to found the New Alternative parliamentary group.[7] However, on 22 June, she left the group and re-joined the Finns Party.[8]","title":"Parliament of Finland"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichi%C8%99
Bichiș
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 46°22′N 24°6′E / 46.367°N 24.100°E / 46.367; 24.100For the town in Hungary, see Békés. Commune in Mureș, RomaniaBichiș MagyarbükkösCommuneLocation in Mureș CountyBichișLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°22′N 24°6′E / 46.367°N 24.100°E / 46.367; 24.100CountryRomaniaCountyMureșPopulation (2021-12-01)715Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.MS Bichiș (Hungarian: Magyarbükkös, Hungarian pronunciation: ) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bichiș, Gâmbuț (Gombostelke), Nandra (Lándor) and Ozd (Magyarózd). Its population was 1,039 at the 2002 census, and 805 at the 2011 census. See also List of Hungarian exonyms (Mureș County) References ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. ^ Romanian census data, 2002 Retrieved on April 17, 2016. ^ Tab8. Populaţia stabilă după etnie – judeţe, municipii, oraşe, comune, 2011 census results, Institutul Național de Statistică, accessed 3 March 2020. vteMureș County, RomaniaCities Târgu Mureș (county seat) Reghin Sighișoara Târnăveni Towns Iernut Luduș Miercurea Nirajului Sângeorgiu de Pădure Sărmașu Sovata Ungheni Communes Acățari Adămuș Albești Aluniș Apold Ațintiș Băgaciu Bahnea Băla Bălăușeri Band Batoș Beica de Jos Bereni Bichiș Bogata Brâncovenești Breaza Ceuașu de Câmpie Chețani Chibed Chiheru de Jos Coroisânmărtin Corunca Cozma Crăciunești Crăiești Cristești Cucerdea Cuci Daneș Deda Eremitu Ernei Fântânele Fărăgău Gălești Gănești Gheorghe Doja Ghindari Glodeni Gornești Grebenișu de Câmpie Gurghiu Hodac Hodoșa Ibănești Iclănzel Ideciu de Jos Livezeni Lunca Lunca Bradului Mădăraș Măgherani Mica Miheșu de Câmpie Nadeș Neaua Ogra Pănet Papiu Ilarian Păsăreni Petelea Pogăceaua Râciu Răstolița Rușii-Munți Sâncraiu de Mureș Sângeorgiu de Mureș Sânger Sânpaul Sânpetru de Câmpie Sântana de Mureș Sărăteni Saschiz Șăulia Șincai Solovăstru Stânceni Suplac Suseni Tăureni Valea Largă Vânători Vărgata Vătava Vețca Viișoara Voivodeni Zagăr Zau de Câmpie This Mureș County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of Hungarian exonyms (Mureș County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_exonyms_(Mure%C8%99_County)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_Britain_(1983_TV_programme)
Good Morning Britain (1983 TV programme)
["1 Overview","1.1 Weekday schedule for presenting","1.2 Saturday schedule for presenting","2 References","3 External links"]
TV-am's main breakfast television show For the current ITV Breakfast programme of the same name, see Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Good Morning Britain" 1983 TV programme – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) Good Morning BritainGenreBreakfast televisionDirected byNicholas FergusonPresented by Lorraine Kelly Richard Keys Anne Diamond Nick Owen Wincey Willis Theme music composerJeff WayneOpening theme"Good Morning Britain"Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishProductionProduction locationBreakfast Television CentreRunning time150-minutesProduction companyTV-amOriginal releaseNetworkTV-am (ITV)Release1 February 1983 (1983-02-01) –31 December 1992 (1992-12-31)Related GMTV (1993–2010) Daybreak (1983 TV programme) Opening shot of the programme from 1986. This shows the main set, and (from left to right) presenters Richard Keys, Anne Diamond, Nick Owen and Wincey Willis. The on-screen clock can be seen at the bottom-right. Good Morning Britain was TV-am's main breakfast television show, broadcast on weekdays from February 1983 until the franchise ended in 1992. It had many different presenters throughout its run. After a difficult first few months, which almost led to the failure of the broadcasting franchise, Good Morning Britain became a success. The studio buildings in Hawley Crescent would later be acquired by what is now Paramount Global, and ultimately used as Paramount International Networks' offices. According to Kaleidoscope's TV Brain website, many editions of the original Good Morning Britain, right up to its end, no longer exist in the archives. Overview Good Morning Britain had a mixture of news and current affairs, weather, cartoons, music, and many popular guests of the time. It also featured a popular exercise section, hosted in the early days by Michael Van Straten and Jackie Genova, and then more famously by "Mad Lizzie" Webb. The news was provided in-house by TV-am, but following its loss of the licence the news provision was contracted out to Sky News from 1 February to 31 December 1992. At its peak, the programme would feature large outside broadcasts throughout the European winter/Australian summer from Bondi Beach in Australia, renaming the show G'Day Britain. Other presenters of the show included Chris Tarrant, Anneka Rice, Richard Keys, Kathy Tayler, Lorraine Kelly, Jayne Irving and Dynasty star Gordon Thomson. Initially, David Frost, Anna Ford, Michael Parkinson, Angela Rippon and Robert Kee were the presenters and main shareholders of the station, but the original format was soon dropped, and all bar Frost left the broadcaster. Weekday schedule for presenting Years Presenters February – April 1983 David Frost and Anna Ford April 1983 Nick Owen and Angela Rippon or Anna Ford April – June 1983 Nick Owen and Lynda Berry June 1983 – 1986 Nick Owen and Anne Diamond or John Stapleton OR Henry Kelly August 1986 Adrian Brown and Anne Diamond early 1987 Mike Morris and Anne Diamond or Richard Keys and Anneka Rice 1987–1988 GMB Newshour (06:00–07:00) with Richard Keys or Mike Morris GMB Main Show with Richard Keys or Mike Morris and Anne Diamond 1988 The Morning Programme (06:00–07:00) with Richard Keys GMB with Mike Morris and Anne Diamond 1988–1989 The Morning Programme (06:00–07:00) with Richard Keys GMB with Mike Morris and or Kathy Rochford or Kathryn Holloway 1989 The Morning Programme (06:00–07:00) with Richard Keys GMB with Mike Morris and Kathy Tayler 1989–1992 The Morning Programme (06:00–07:00) with Richard Keys GMB with Mike Morris and Lorraine Kelly Saturday schedule for presenting Years Presenters February - June 1983 Michael Parkinson and Mary Parkinson June - November 1983 Henry Kelly and Toni Arthur November 1983– February 1984 Michael Parkinson and Mary Parkinson February 1984 – September 1985 Henry Kelly and Toni Arthur or Annika Rice September 1985 – 1987 Mike Morris or Richard Keys 1987–1989 Geoff Clark References ^ "Mike Morris: Presenter who helped put TV-am on to an even keel - Obituaries - News". The Independent. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2013. ^ TV Brain lost shows listing ^ Jeffries, Stuart. "Sir David Frost obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2020. ^ "TV-am - Presenter Profiles". External links TV-am.org.uk – The TV-am Television Archives (1983–1992) vteUK breakfast television programmesBBC Breakfast Time Breakfast News BBC Breakfast ITVTV-am Daybreak Good Morning Britain After Nine David Frost on Sunday Wide Awake Club Wacaday Hey, Hey, It's Saturday! TV Mayhem GMTV Toonattik List of GMTV programmes ITV Breakfast Daybreak Lorraine Good Morning Britain Weekend Channel 4 The Channel Four Daily The Big Breakfast RI:SE Morning Glory Freshly Squeezed Channel 5 Milkshake! Sky News Sunrise The Early Rundown Kay Burley @ Breakfast Sky News @ Breakfast Other Breakfast with Brisbane Channel M Breakfast Good Morning Sports Fans Timeline of UK breakfast TV Timeline of TV-am
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This shows the main set, and (from left to right) presenters Richard Keys, Anne Diamond, Nick Owen and Wincey Willis. The on-screen clock can be seen at the bottom-right.Good Morning Britain was TV-am's main breakfast television show, broadcast on weekdays from February 1983 until the franchise ended in 1992. It had many different presenters throughout its run.After a difficult first few months, which almost led to the failure of the broadcasting franchise, Good Morning Britain became a success.[1]The studio buildings in Hawley Crescent would later be acquired by what is now Paramount Global, and ultimately used as Paramount International Networks' offices.According to Kaleidoscope's TV Brain website, many editions of the original Good Morning Britain, right up to its end, no longer exist in the archives.[2]","title":"Good Morning Britain (1983 TV programme)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"Jackie Genova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Genova"},{"link_name":"\"Mad Lizzie\" Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Webb"},{"link_name":"TV-am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-am"},{"link_name":"Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News"},{"link_name":"outside broadcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Bondi Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi_Beach"},{"link_name":"G'Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/g%27day"},{"link_name":"Chris Tarrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Tarrant"},{"link_name":"Anneka Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneka_Rice"},{"link_name":"Richard Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Keys"},{"link_name":"Kathy Tayler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Tayler"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Jayne Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Irving"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Thomson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"David Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost"},{"link_name":"Anna Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Ford"},{"link_name":"Michael Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"Angela Rippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Rippon"},{"link_name":"Robert Kee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Good Morning Britain had a mixture of news and current affairs, weather, cartoons, music, and many popular guests of the time. It also featured a popular exercise section, hosted in the early days by Michael Van Straten and Jackie Genova, and then more famously by \"Mad Lizzie\" Webb. The news was provided in-house by TV-am, but following its loss of the licence the news provision was contracted out to Sky News from 1 February to 31 December 1992.At its peak, the programme would feature large outside broadcasts throughout the European winter/Australian summer from Bondi Beach in Australia, renaming the show G'Day Britain.Other presenters of the show included Chris Tarrant, Anneka Rice, Richard Keys, Kathy Tayler, Lorraine Kelly, Jayne Irving and Dynasty star Gordon Thomson.Initially, David Frost, Anna Ford, Michael Parkinson, Angela Rippon and Robert Kee were the presenters and main shareholders of the station, but the original format was soon dropped, and all bar Frost left the broadcaster.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekday schedule for presenting","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Saturday schedule for presenting","title":"Overview"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Finlandia_Trophy
2004 Finlandia Trophy
["1 Results","1.1 Men","1.2 Ladies","2 External links"]
International figure skating competition 2004 Finlandia TrophyType:Senior InternationalDate:October 9 – 10Season:2004–05Location:HelsinkiChampionsMen's singles: Frédéric DambierLadies' singles: Kiira KorpiNavigationPrevious: 2003 Finlandia TrophyNext: 2006 Finlandia Trophy The 2004 Finlandia Trophy is an annual senior-level international figure skating competition held in Finland. It was held in Helsinki on October 9–10, 2004. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles and ladies' singles. Results Men Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS 1 Frédéric Dambier  France 1.5 1 1 2 Roman Serov  Israel 3.5 3 2 3 Marc-André Craig  Canada 4.0 2 3 4 Scott Smith  United States 6.5 5 4 5 Gregor Urbas  Slovenia 7.0 4 5 6 Tomáš Verner  Czech Republic 7.5 9 6 7 Silvio Smalun  Germany 10.5 7 7 8 Parker Pennington  United States 11.0 6 8 9 Vitali Danilchenko  Ukraine 13.0 8 9 10 Andrei Lutai  Russia 15.0 10 10 11 Radomir Soumar  Germany 17.0 12 11 12 Ari-Pekka Nurmenkari  Finland 17.5 11 12 13 David Hartley  United Kingdom 19.5 13 13 14 Maciej Kuś  Poland 21.0 14 14 Ladies Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS 1 Susanna Pöykiö  Finland 2.0 2 1 2 Alisa Drei  Finland 2.5 1 2 3 Elina Kettunen  Finland 5.0 4 3 4 Elena Sokolova  Russia 5.5 3 4 5 Tatiana Basova  Russia 7.5 5 5 6 Joanne Carter  Australia 9.0 6 6 7 Lina Johansson  Sweden 10.5 7 7 8 Tytti Tervonen  Finland 12.0 8 8 9 Zuzana Babiaková  Slovakia 14.5 11 9 10 Jenna McCorkell  United Kingdom 14.5 9 10 11 Miia Marttinen  Finland 17.0 12 11 12 Annette Dytrt  Germany 17.0 10 12 External links 2004 Finlandia Trophy results vteFinlandia Trophy 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 vte2004–05 figure skating seasonISU World StandingsISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Skate America Skate Canada International NHK Trophy Cup of China Trophée Éric Bompard Cup of Russia Grand Prix Final Senior Internationals Golden Spin of Zagreb Finlandia Trophy Merano Cup Nebelhorn Trophy Nordic Championships Ondrej Nepela Memorial Pavel Roman Memorial Triglav Trophy Winter Universiade Junior Internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix National Championships Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Italy Japan New Zealand Norway Poland Romania Russia Slovakia South Africa Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_Barbarossa
The Man from Barbarossa
["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","3 Publication history","4 See also","5 References"]
Novel by John Gardner (British writer) The Man from Barbarossa Hodder & Stoughton British hardcover edition.AuthorJohn GardnerLanguageEnglishSeriesJames BondGenreSpy fictionPublisherHodder & StoughtonPublication date1991Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardcover and Paperback)ISBN0-340-53124-XOCLC56651059 The Man from Barbarossa, first published in 1991, was the eleventh novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam. More so than any previous Bond novel, The Man from Barbarossa acknowledges then-current world events. The story begins in January 1991 just prior to the end of the Persian Gulf War, and later includes a description of the early stage of the war against Iraq. Gardner also predicted that hardliners within the Soviet Union might attempt a coup against the government, which did occur later in 1991 but under different circumstances. The book also strongly suggests that the Cold War was soon to end, which did occur that year in December. John Gardner has stated on many occasions that of the 007 novels he wrote, this is his favourite because it was different and had a more creative approach than all his previous attempts. Additionally, Gardner believes that of all his novels, this was Glidrose's favourite as well, although the American publishers took a strong dislike to it. Critics were mixed, with many feeling it was one of Gardner's lesser Bond novels. Plot summary The Man from Barbarossa begins with a prelude that includes some background information on the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union codenamed Operation Barbarossa, the massacre at Babi Yar that occurred not long after, and information on Josif Voronstov, a fictional character said to be a deputy of real-life Paul Blobel who was primarily responsible for the massacre. When the story begins, an elderly American living in New Jersey is kidnapped by a Russian terrorist group called the "Scales of Justice". The man, Joel Penderek, was captured under the belief that he is Josif Voronstov, the war criminal partially responsible for the massacre at Babi Yar. M is informed by Boris Stepakov of the possibility of infiltrating two Britons into the Scales of Justice. He decides to rely on James Bond and an anomalous collaboration with the Mossad. The Israeli secret service sends Pete Natkowitz to London. Natkowitz brings information that they can prove that Vorontsov and Penderek are in fact two different men and that the Scales of Justice have kidnapped the wrong person and that Mossad has Vorontsov under coverage. The two secret agents investigate the activities of Stéphanie Adoré and Henri Rampart: two French agents who, during the London night, met with two KGB-connected individuals without unauthorization. The next day James Bond and Pete Natkowitz leave for Moscow where they are greeted by Boris Stepakov. They discover that the two French agents have kidnapped the real Joseph Vorontsov and handed him over to the Russians who are holding him at a dacha on the Black Sea. Meanwhile, the Scales of Justice have begun assassinating members of the Soviet government. Through Professor Vladimir Lyko, an English professor who has been converted into a double agent for the terrorist group, they discover that the organization has decided to carry out a mock trial and film it. Their only chance is to send Bond and Natkowitz to the Soviet Union as replacements for a British film crew that Scales of Justice has sent for. Stepakov has decided to infiltrate 007 and Natkowitz as operators, together with his agent Nina Bibikova who will pose as Bond's wife. The girl knows English well and is the daughter of Michael Brooks and Emerald Lacy, British agents infiltrated into the KGB, who died in a car accident a few years earlier. The three are thus delivered by the professor to the Scales of Justice and taken to an isolated convent near the border with Finland. Lyko is murdered immediately afterwards. There they are assigned to film a trial against Vorontsov (played by Penderek, who turns out to be a Russian agent), with a whole host of Jewish witnesses. While Bond is busy filming the mock trial (and flirting with Nina), Stepakov is harshly reprimanded by the President of the Soviet Union for the surmounting political assassinations. But the man explains to his interlocutor that he has infiltrated some men and knows where they are. The President authorizes an operation and entrusts it to a Spetsnaz team led by General Gleb Berzin. Bond discovers that two actors in the process are Michael Brooks and Emerald Lacy the parents of Nina, who were not dead as previously thought. The two say they have infiltrated the terrorist organization and have a plan, but the Bond has doubts. Meanwhile, an important politician of the Soviet Union enters the trial: General Yevgeny Yuskovich, commander in chief of the missile forces. Yuskovich plays the judge at the trial. Berzin's Spetsnaz arrive at convenient time, accompanied by Stepakov and the two French agents. However, its a ploy, as General Berzin and his Spetsnaz are on Yuskovich's side, which explains the miraculous assassinations on Soviet politicians. Yuskovich tells that that the Scales of Justice was originally a small organization that Yuskovich took the name from to spread misinformation and fear. The Scales of Justice imprison Stepakov, Adorè, Rampart, the spouses Brooks and Natkowitz. Nina turns out to be Yuskovich's lover. One of the Spetsnaz reports that they have found Bond dead, with his face disfigured by a stray gunshot. After filming, the group moves to Baku where Yuskovich has sold a military arsenal to Iran. The general's aim is to exploit the probable war between the United States and Iraq to make Iran hit Washington with a nuclear bomb. By distributing photos of Western agents handing over weapons and explaining to the world how he ended a tragic chapter of history with the mock trial, which would open the way for him to take over the Russian presidency and end perestroika and glasnost. Weapon boats leave from the port of Baku. On the main boat is the soldier who had found Bond's body. But in reality he is 007 himself. He frees his companions and collects weapons. Stepakov dives into the water and manages to sink two ships loaded with explosives before being killed. Rampart is also murdered as he lowers himself into a lifeboat. Bond, Natkowitz and Adorè are about to be hit on their lifeboat when Soviet planes arrive, signaled by a message from 007, which bomb the boats. Back in London, Bond debriefs M. The United States launches Operation Desert Storm and 007 places a box attributed to him on M's desk, which contains the Order of Lenin. Characters James Bond M Bill Tanner Miss Moneypenny Josif Voronstov: Deputy to Paul Blobel, the instigator of the massacre at Babi Yar. Said to have driven the victims to their deaths. Is actually Joel Penderek who is captured in Hawthorne, New Jersey by the Scales of Justice. Voronstov is put on a mock trial where it is discovered he is the cousin of General Yevgeny Yuskovich. General Yevgeny Yuskovich: Yuskovich is the leader of the Scales of Justice and the primary villain of the novel. He attempts to sabotage perestroika and supply Iraq with nuclear arms. Publication history UK first hardback edition: August 1991 Hodder & Stoughton U.S. first hardback edition: May 1991 Putnam UK first paperback edition: 1991 Coronet Books U.S. first paperback edition: January 1992 Berkley Books See also Outline of James Bond References ^ "John Gardner: The Bond Books". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2006. vteJames Bond in literatureJames BondJames BondseriesIan Fleming Casino Royale (1953) Live and Let Die (1954) Moonraker (1955) Diamonds Are Forever (1956) From Russia, with Love (1957) Dr. No (1958) Goldfinger (1959) For Your Eyes Only (1960) Thunderball (1961) The Spy Who Loved Me (1962) On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1963) You Only Live Twice (1964) The Man with the Golden Gun (1965) Octopussy and The Living Daylights (1966) Kingsley Amis Colonel Sun (1968) John Gardner Licence Renewed (1981) For Special Services (1982) Icebreaker (1983) Role of Honour (1984) Nobody Lives for Ever (1986) No Deals, Mr. Bond (1987) Scorpius (1988) Win, Lose or Die (1989) Brokenclaw (1990) The Man from Barbarossa (1991) Death Is Forever (1992) Never Send Flowers (1993) SeaFire (1994) Cold (1996) Raymond Benson Zero Minus Ten (1997) The Facts of Death (1998) High Time to Kill (1999) DoubleShot (2000) Never Dream of Dying (2001) The Man with the Red Tattoo (2002) Sebastian Faulks Devil May Care (2008) Jeffery Deaver Carte Blanche (2011) William Boyd Solo (2013) Anthony Horowitz Trigger Mortis (2015) Forever and a Day (2018) With a Mind to Kill (2022) Charlie Higson On His Majesty's Secret Service (2023) NovelizationsChristopher Wood James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) James Bond and Moonraker (1979) John Gardner Licence to Kill (1989) GoldenEye (1995) Raymond Benson Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) The World Is Not Enough (1999) Die Another Day (2002) Spin-offworksR. D. Mascott The Adventures of James Bond Junior 003½ (1967) John Pearson James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007 (1973) Young Bond seriesCharlie Higson SilverFin (2005) Blood Fever (2006) Double or Die (2007) Hurricane Gold (2007) By Royal Command (2008) Steve Cole Shoot to Kill (2014) Heads You Die (2016) Strike Lightning (2016) Red Nemesis (2017) The Moneypenny DiariesSamantha Weinberg Guardian Angel (2005) Secret Servant (2006) Final Fling (2008) Unofficialworks Take Over (1970) The Killing Zone (1985) Unpublishedworks Per Fine Ounce (1966) "The Heart of Erzulie" (2002) Relatedworks Double O Seven, James Bond, A Report (1964) The James Bond Dossier (1965) The Book of Bond (1965) The James Bond Bedside Companion (1984) The Battle for Bond (2007) Danger Society: The Young Bond Dossier (2009) Related James Bond uncollected short stories Bibliography of works on James Bond
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gardner_(British_writer)"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"secret agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_agent"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Glidrose Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glidrose_Publications"},{"link_name":"Hodder & Stoughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Man from Barbarossa, first published in 1991, was the eleventh novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Hodder & Stoughton and in the United States by Putnam.More so than any previous Bond novel, The Man from Barbarossa acknowledges then-current world events. The story begins in January 1991 just prior to the end of the Persian Gulf War, and later includes a description of the early stage of the war against Iraq. Gardner also predicted that hardliners within the Soviet Union might attempt a coup against the government, which did occur later in 1991 but under different circumstances. The book also strongly suggests that the Cold War was soon to end, which did occur that year in December.John Gardner has stated on many occasions that of the 007 novels he wrote, this is his favourite because it was different and had a more creative approach than all his previous attempts. Additionally, Gardner believes that of all his novels, this was Glidrose's favourite as well, although the American publishers took a strong dislike to it.[1] Critics were mixed, with many feeling it was one of Gardner's lesser Bond novels.","title":"The Man from Barbarossa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Babi Yar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar"},{"link_name":"Paul Blobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blobel"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"Order of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"}],"text":"The Man from Barbarossa begins with a prelude that includes some background information on the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union codenamed Operation Barbarossa, the massacre at Babi Yar that occurred not long after, and information on Josif Voronstov, a fictional character said to be a deputy of real-life Paul Blobel who was primarily responsible for the massacre.When the story begins, an elderly American living in New Jersey is kidnapped by a Russian terrorist group called the \"Scales of Justice\". The man, Joel Penderek, was captured under the belief that he is Josif Voronstov, the war criminal partially responsible for the massacre at Babi Yar.M is informed by Boris Stepakov of the possibility of infiltrating two Britons into the Scales of Justice. He decides to rely on James Bond and an anomalous collaboration with the Mossad. The Israeli secret service sends Pete Natkowitz to London. Natkowitz brings information that they can prove that Vorontsov and Penderek are in fact two different men and that the Scales of Justice have kidnapped the wrong person and that Mossad has Vorontsov under coverage.The two secret agents investigate the activities of Stéphanie Adoré and Henri Rampart: two French agents who, during the London night, met with two KGB-connected individuals without unauthorization. The next day James Bond and Pete Natkowitz leave for Moscow where they are greeted by Boris Stepakov.They discover that the two French agents have kidnapped the real Joseph Vorontsov and handed him over to the Russians who are holding him at a dacha on the Black Sea. Meanwhile, the Scales of Justice have begun assassinating members of the Soviet government.Through Professor Vladimir Lyko, an English professor who has been converted into a double agent for the terrorist group, they discover that the organization has decided to carry out a mock trial and film it. Their only chance is to send Bond and Natkowitz to the Soviet Union as replacements for a British film crew that Scales of Justice has sent for.Stepakov has decided to infiltrate 007 and Natkowitz as operators, together with his agent Nina Bibikova who will pose as Bond's wife. The girl knows English well and is the daughter of Michael Brooks and Emerald Lacy, British agents infiltrated into the KGB, who died in a car accident a few years earlier.The three are thus delivered by the professor to the Scales of Justice and taken to an isolated convent near the border with Finland. Lyko is murdered immediately afterwards.There they are assigned to film a trial against Vorontsov (played by Penderek, who turns out to be a Russian agent), with a whole host of Jewish witnesses. While Bond is busy filming the mock trial (and flirting with Nina), Stepakov is harshly reprimanded by the President of the Soviet Union for the surmounting political assassinations. But the man explains to his interlocutor that he has infiltrated some men and knows where they are. The President authorizes an operation and entrusts it to a Spetsnaz team led by General Gleb Berzin.Bond discovers that two actors in the process are Michael Brooks and Emerald Lacy the parents of Nina, who were not dead as previously thought. The two say they have infiltrated the terrorist organization and have a plan, but the Bond has doubts. Meanwhile, an important politician of the Soviet Union enters the trial: General Yevgeny Yuskovich, commander in chief of the missile forces. Yuskovich plays the judge at the trial.Berzin's Spetsnaz arrive at convenient time, accompanied by Stepakov and the two French agents. However, its a ploy, as General Berzin and his Spetsnaz are on Yuskovich's side, which explains the miraculous assassinations on Soviet politicians. Yuskovich tells that that the Scales of Justice was originally a small organization that Yuskovich took the name from to spread misinformation and fear.The Scales of Justice imprison Stepakov, Adorè, Rampart, the spouses Brooks and Natkowitz. Nina turns out to be Yuskovich's lover. One of the Spetsnaz reports that they have found Bond dead, with his face disfigured by a stray gunshot.After filming, the group moves to Baku where Yuskovich has sold a military arsenal to Iran. The general's aim is to exploit the probable war between the United States and Iraq to make Iran hit Washington with a nuclear bomb. By distributing photos of Western agents handing over weapons and explaining to the world how he ended a tragic chapter of history with the mock trial, which would open the way for him to take over the Russian presidency and end perestroika and glasnost.Weapon boats leave from the port of Baku. On the main boat is the soldier who had found Bond's body. But in reality he is 007 himself. He frees his companions and collects weapons. Stepakov dives into the water and manages to sink two ships loaded with explosives before being killed. Rampart is also murdered as he lowers himself into a lifeboat. Bond, Natkowitz and Adorè are about to be hit on their lifeboat when Soviet planes arrive, signaled by a message from 007, which bomb the boats.Back in London, Bond debriefs M. The United States launches Operation Desert Storm and 007 places a box attributed to him on M's desk, which contains the Order of Lenin.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"Bill Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_allies#Tanner,_Bill"},{"link_name":"Miss Moneypenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Moneypenny"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"James Bond\nM\nBill Tanner\nMiss Moneypenny\nJosif Voronstov: Deputy to Paul Blobel, the instigator of the massacre at Babi Yar. Said to have driven the victims to their deaths. Is actually Joel Penderek who is captured in Hawthorne, New Jersey by the Scales of Justice. Voronstov is put on a mock trial where it is discovered he is the cousin of General Yevgeny Yuskovich.\nGeneral Yevgeny Yuskovich: Yuskovich is the leader of the Scales of Justice and the primary villain of the novel. He attempts to sabotage perestroika and supply Iraq with nuclear arms.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hodder & Stoughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"Coronet Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet_Books"},{"link_name":"Berkley Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books"}],"text":"UK first hardback edition: August 1991 Hodder & Stoughton\nU.S. first hardback edition: May 1991 Putnam\nUK first paperback edition: 1991 Coronet Books\nU.S. first paperback edition: January 1992 Berkley Books","title":"Publication history"}]
[]
[{"title":"Outline of James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_James_Bond"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56651059","external_links_name":"56651059"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615082207/http://www.john-gardner.com/bond.html","external_links_name":"\"John Gardner: The Bond Books\""},{"Link":"http://www.john-gardner.com/bond.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_14
Cheshire 14
["1 Production","2 Design","3 Operational history","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Sailboat class Cheshire 14DevelopmentDesignerFrank MeldauLocationUnited StatesYear1962No. built500 (1994)Builder(s)Fiberglass Unlimited/Custom Fiberglass InternationalNameCheshire 14BoatDisplacement185 lb (84 kg)Draft2.08 ft (0.63 m) with the centerboards downHullTypeCatamaranConstructionFiberglassLOA14.00 ft (4.27 m)Beam6.42 ft (1.96 m)Hull appendagesKeel/board typedual centerboardsRudder(s)transom-mounted ruddersRigRig typeBermuda rigSailsSailplanFractional rigged sloopMainsail area105 sq ft (9.8 m2)Jib/genoa area30 sq ft (2.8 m2)Total sail area135 sq ft (12.5 m2)RacingD-PN80.0 The Cheshire 14 is an American catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Frank Meldau as a racer and first built in 1962. The design is the smaller stablemate of the Isotope catamaran. Production The design is built by Fiberglass Unlimited, now called Custom Fiberglass International, in Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States and remains in production. By 1994 it was reported that 500 boats had been built. Design The Cheshire 14 is a recreational sailboat, with the hulls built predominantly of fiberglass with internal tubular frames. The hulls are connected by three tubular aluminum cross-members, which also support the mainsheet traveler, the mast and the forestay respectively. The boat has a fractional sloop rig with a rotating mast and anodized aluminum spars. The hulls have spooned raked stems , vertical transoms, dual transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and dual retractable centerboards. the boat displaces 185 lb (84 kg). The boat has a draft of 2.08 ft (0.63 m) with the centerboards extended and 0.42 ft (0.13 m) with them retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer. For sailing the design is equipped with a righting bar, roller furling jib, sail battens made of ash wood and positive flotation. Optional equipment includes a trapeze and fiberglass battens. The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 80.0. The boat can accommodate three adults, but is normally raced by one sailor. Operational history In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "the Cheshire catamaran predates the Hobie and has been in production for almost 20 years. The pivoting centerboards are unique to the Cheshire and its sister, the Isotope. The boards are easier to retract than daggerboards." See also List of sailing boat types Related designs Isotope (catamaran) References ^ a b c d McArthur, Bruce (2020). "Cheshire 14 sailboat". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Sherwood, Richard M.: A Field Guide to Sailboats of North America, Second Edition, pages 36-37. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. ISBN 0-395-65239-1 ^ McArthur, Bruce (2020). "Custom Fiberglass International". sailboatdata.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020. ^ a b Custom Fiberglass International (2013). "Cheshire Catamaran". intl-fiberglass.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2020. External links Official website vteSailing dinghiesDinghies under 10 ft Cape Cod Frosty Flipper (US) Frog El Toro Fatty Knees Fly Holdfast Trainer Manly Junior Minto Montgomery 7-11 Naples Sabot O'PEN Skiff Optimist P Class Pelican Sabot Shrimp Starling Tadpole Topaz Taz US Sabot Zoom 8 Dinghies under 15 ft0–K 10ft Skiff 12 foot dinghy 125 145 12ft Skiff 29er 29erXX skiff 2000 3000 420 470 American 14.6 ASC B14 Banshee Beetle Cat Beneteau First 14 Beneteau Wizz Bermuda Fitted Dinghy Beverly Dinghy Barnett 1400 Blaze Blue Crab 11 Blue Jay Bombardier 3.8 Bombardier Invitation Bosun British Moth Bullet 14 Buzz Byte Cadet Capri Cyclone Cherub C-Lark Comet (UK) Coypu Dabchick Dart Designers Choice Dolphin 15 Senior Echo 12 Enterprise Europe Envy Farr 3.7 Finn Firefly Flying Ant Flying Eleven Force 5 GP14 Graduate Griffon Gull Howmar 12 Heron Houdini Idle-along Impulse Interclub Dinghy International 14 International FJ Javelin (NZ) Javelin (US) Jet 14 Jollyboat (NZ) Kite L–Z Lark Laser Standard Laser 2 Laser 3000 Laser 4.7 Laser 5000 Laser Pico Laser Radial Laser Vago Laser Vortex Lehman 12 Lehman Interclub Lido 14 Mark Marlin Melges 14 Merlin Rocket Metaf Metcalf MG14 Minisail Miracle Mirror Montgomery 7-11 Montgomery 12 Moth Musto Skiff National 12 NS14 OK Dinghy Otter Pacer Pegasus Penguin Phantom 14 Phantom Precision 13 Precision 14 Puffer Rascal 14 RS Aero RS Feva RS Neo RS Quest RS Tera RS Vareo RS100 RS200 RS300 RS400 RS500 RS600 RS700 RS800 Sabre Scorpion Skimmer Skipjack 15 Skunk 11 Snark Snowbird Solo Speedball 14 Spindrift 13 Spiral Splash Streaker Sunburst Sunfish Surprise 15 Tanzer 14 Tasar Tech Dinghy Topper Topper Topaz Topaz Magno Topaz Vibe Transit 380 Twitchell 12 Vagabond Vaurien Wanderer Waszp Water Wag Widgeon 12 Woodpussy Zeddie Zephyr Dinghies under 20 ft0–K 16ft Skiff 18 foot dinghy 18ft Skiff 470 49er 505 Albacore Apollo 16 Australian Sharpie Beaufort Bombardier 4.8 Buccaneer 18 Cape Cod Gemini Cape Cod Mercury 15 Caprice 15 CL 16 Comet (US) Contender Coronado 15 Corsair Day Sailer Flying Dutchman Flying Scot French National Monotype 1924 Geary 18 Gloucester 15 Hampton One-Design Holiday 20 Hornet Interlake International Canoe ISO Jacksnipe Javelin (Europe) Jersey Skiff Jollyboat (UK) Jolly Boat JY15 L–Z Laser 4000 Laser Stratos Leeward 16 Lelievlet Lightning Melges 15 Menger Cat 15 Mirror 16 Mistral 16 Mobjack Mud Hen 17 Mutineer 15 O-Jolle Paceship 20 Payne-Mortlock sailing canoe Picnic 17 Pirate Precision 15 CB Precision 16 Precision 185 CB Ranger 16 Rebel 16 Rhodes 18 Rhodes 19 RS Vision RS700 RS800 RS Venture S2 5.5 Salcombe Yawl Sea Bright Sea Scout Standard Boat (BP18) Snipe Tanzer 16 12m2 Sharpie Thistle Topaz Omega US1 Vanguard 15 Wayfarer Windmill Windy Winkle Brig X Boat Dinghies 20 ft or over Dovekie 21 Highlander Norfolk Punt Sea Pearl 21 Scows A Scow Butterfly C Scow E Scow Fireball Flipper (Danish) I-20 Melges 17 M Scow MC Scow Puddle Duck Racer Thames A-class rater Y Flyer MultihullsCatamarans A-Class Catalina Catamaran Cheshire 14 Dart 16 Dart 18 DC-14 Phantom Flying Phantom Elite Flying Phantom Essentiel Formula 16 Formula 18 G-Cat 5.0 G-Cat 5.7 Hobie 14 Hobie 16 Hobie 17 Hobie Bravo Hobie Dragoon Hobie Tiger Hobie Wave Hobie Wildcat Isotope Kona 14 Nacra 5.2 Nacra 15 Nacra F16 Nacra 17 Nacra F18 Infusion Nacra 20 Carbon M32 Phantom 14 Phantom 16 Phoenix 18 Prindle 18 Prindle 18-2 Shearwater III SL 16 Topcat K1 Tornado Trac 14 Trac 16 Viper F16 Trimarans Astus 14.1 Wētā
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catamaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran"},{"link_name":"sailing dinghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_dinghy"},{"link_name":"Frank Meldau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Meldau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-2"},{"link_name":"Isotope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_(catamaran)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-2"}],"text":"The Cheshire 14 is an American catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Frank Meldau as a racer and first built in 1962.[1][2]The design is the smaller stablemate of the Isotope catamaran.[2]","title":"Cheshire 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiberglass Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiberglass_Unlimited&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Custom Fiberglass International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Custom_Fiberglass_International&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wake Forest, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Forest,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-4"}],"text":"The design is built by Fiberglass Unlimited, now called Custom Fiberglass International, in Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States and remains in production. By 1994 it was reported that 500 boats had been built.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sailboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat"},{"link_name":"fiberglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum"},{"link_name":"mainsheet traveler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainsheet_traveler"},{"link_name":"forestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestay"},{"link_name":"fractional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_rig"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop"},{"link_name":"anodized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodized"},{"link_name":"raked stems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raked_stem"},{"link_name":"transoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"rudders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiller"},{"link_name":"centerboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerboard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-2"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"beaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaching_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_trailer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Data-1"},{"link_name":"roller furling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_furling"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib"},{"link_name":"sail battens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_batten"},{"link_name":"ash wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus"},{"link_name":"trapeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapeze_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official-4"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Yardstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Yardstick"},{"link_name":"sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-2"}],"text":"The Cheshire 14 is a recreational sailboat, with the hulls built predominantly of fiberglass with internal tubular frames. The hulls are connected by three tubular aluminum cross-members, which also support the mainsheet traveler, the mast and the forestay respectively. The boat has a fractional sloop rig with a rotating mast and anodized aluminum spars. The hulls have spooned raked stems , vertical transoms, dual transom-hung rudders controlled by a tiller and dual retractable centerboards. the boat displaces 185 lb (84 kg).[1][2]The boat has a draft of 2.08 ft (0.63 m) with the centerboards extended and 0.42 ft (0.13 m) with them retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.[1]For sailing the design is equipped with a righting bar, roller furling jib, sail battens made of ash wood and positive flotation. Optional equipment includes a trapeze and fiberglass battens.[2][4]The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 80.0. The boat can accommodate three adults, but is normally raced by one sailor.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwood-2"}],"text":"In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, \"the Cheshire catamaran predates the Hobie and has been in production for almost 20 years. The pivoting centerboards are unique to the Cheshire and its sister, the Isotope. The boards are easier to retract than daggerboards.\"[2]","title":"Operational history"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of sailing boat types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sailing_boat_types"},{"title":"Isotope (catamaran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_(catamaran)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Sabinas
Sabinas River
["1 See also","2 References"]
River in Mexico Sabinas RiverLocationCountryMexicoPhysical characteristicsMouth  • locationRio Salado Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameRío SabinasDesignated2 February 2008Reference no.1769 The Sabinas is a flowing river, a rarity in the Chihuahua Desert. The Sabinas River is a river in Mexico. It is a tributary of the Rio Salado, which in turn flows into the Rio Grande. See also List of rivers of Mexico List of tributaries of the Rio Grande References ^ "Río Sabinas". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018. Atlas of Mexico, 1975 (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_mexico/river_basins.jpg). The Prentice Hall American World Atlas, 1984. Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. This article related to a river in Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_deuxi%C3%A8me_souffle_(1966_film)
Le deuxième souffle (1966 film)
["1 Plot","2 Selected Cast","3 Release","4 Remake","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 External links"]
1966 film by Jean-Pierre Melville Le deuxième souffleDirected byJean-Pierre MelvilleWritten by Jean-Pierre Melville José Giovanni Based onLe deuxième souffleby José GiovanniProduced by Charles Lumbroso Andre Labay Starring Lino Ventura Paul Meurisse Raymond Pellegrin Christine Fabréga CinematographyMarcel CombesEdited by Monique Bonnot Michèle Boëhm Music byBernard GérardProductioncompanies Les Productions Montaigne Charles Lumbroso Release date 2 November 1966 (1966-11-02) (Paris) Running time140 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench Le deuxième souffle (translated into English as Second Wind or Second Breath) is a 1966 French crime-thriller film directed by Jean-Pierre Melville and starring Lino Ventura, Paul Meurisse, Raymond Pellegrin, and Christine Fabréga. It is based on the novel Le deuxième souffle by José Giovanni. Plot Incarcerated gangster Gustave "Gu" Minda, who is widely respected in the French underworld for never giving the police any information about his accomplices, escapes from prison and heads for Paris to see his sister Manouche and her faithful bodyguard Alban. While he is traveling, Manouche's current boyfriend, Jacques Ribaldi, who is competing with the Marseille-based gangster and nightclub owner Paul Ricci in the illicit cigarette trade, is shot dead in Manouche's restaurant by some of Paul's henchmen. Thinking Manouche will be more vulnerable than usual, Paul's dishonorable brother Jo, who owns a bar in Paris, sends two men to Manouche's house to extort money from her, but Gu arrives while they are there and executes them in his trademark fashion, which is shooting people while in a moving car. Commissaire Blot of the Paris police quickly deduces the motives for the shootings and who was involved, and he sets out to solve both cases and catch Gu using a combination of manipulation and patience. Manouche and Alban hide Gu in an apartment in Paris for a bit, and then Gu, after growing a mustache, follows Manouche to Marseille, as they plan to flee to Italy on her cousin's boat once Gu gets a fake passport. Not wanting to live on Manouche's money, Gu eagerly agrees to take the place of Jeannot Franchi, who was killed in the attack on Jacques, in an upcoming heist being organized by Paul. Gu's friend Orloff had been offered the job, but he thought it was too risky, so he recommended Gu. When the time comes, Gu, Paul, Pascal Léonetti, and young Antoine Ripa set out to rob a security van transporting over a ton of platinum from Toulon to Cadarache. On a remote mountain road overlooking the sea, Antoine and Gu shoot and kill the two motorcycle police officers escorting the shipment, and the team ties up the other guards and gets away with the loot. Gu goes into hiding while he waits for the platinum to be converted into cash, but he is spotted and tricked into revealing Paul's involvement in the heist while being recorded by Blot, who had suspected Gu's involvement and discovered the same gun used to kill the two men who tried to extort Manouche was used to kill one of the motorcycle police officers. Commissaire Fardiano of the Marseille police arrests and tortures Gu and Paul, but neither says anything. Gu is racked with guilt for having implicated Paul, and when he is shown a newspaper article that says he informed, he punches his hands through a window and bashes his head against a file cabinet, which gets him sent to the hospital. Jo, who is scared Gu might want revenge for having sent the men to Manouche's house, takes the rumors about Gu as an opportunity to try to get rid of him. He, Antoine, and Pascal tell Orloff that, as he vouched for Gu, he has to kill the rat, which he agrees to do, but only if he can prove that Gu was not set up. While Orloff begins to investigate, Gu escapes from the hospital and abducts Fardiano, whom he kills after forcing the commissaire to confess, in writing, to tricking Gu and torturing suspects. Orloff is with Manouche when Gu returns, and he tells Gu to escape right away, as Blot is in town, and let him work to clear Gu's name and Paul's expensive lawyers worry about getting Paul released. Gu agrees to let Orloff show Fardiano's confession to Jo, Antoine, and Pascal, but then, after shaving his mustache, he knocks Orloff out and goes to the meeting himself, where he kills Jo, is shot by Antoine, and kills Pascal and Antoine. Dragging himself to the stairway of the apartment building, Gu fires at the police as they enter and is shot by Godefroy, one of Blot's detectives. Blot rushes up to Gu, who gives Fardiano's confession to Blot and says "Manouche" before dying. Outside, Blot lets Manouche past a barricade and tells her Gu did not have any final words and she should go back to Paris. He then drops Fardiano's confession at the feet of a journalist. Selected Cast Lino Ventura as Gustave "Gu" Minda Paul Meurisse as Commissaire Blot of Paris Raymond Pellegrin as Paul Ricci, Jo's brother Christine Fabréga as Simone "Manouche" ("Gypsy") Pelquier Marcel Bozzuffi as Jo Ricci, Paul's brother Paul Frankeur as Commissaire Fardiano of Marseille Denis Manuel as Antoine Ripa, the youngest member of Paul's heist team Jean Négroni as the police officer who tricks Gu Michel Constantin as Alban, Manouche's bodyguard and bartender Pierre Zimmer as Orloff, Gu's friend, who prefers to work alone Pierre Grasset as Pascal Léonetti, a member of Paul's heist team Jack Leonard as Henri Tourneur, one of the men who breaks into Manouche's house Raymond Loyer as Jacques "le Notaire" Ribaldi, Manouche's boyfriend and Paul's rival in the illicit cigarette trade Régis Outin as Paul's inside source for the heist Albert Michel as Marcel "le Stéphanois" ("from Saint-Étienne"), a bartender at Manouche's restaurant Jean-Claude Bercq as Godefroy, one of Blot's detectives Louis Bugette as Théo Cassini, Manouche's cousin with a boat Albert Dagnant as Jeannot Franchi, Paul's henchman who is killed while killing Jacques Sylvain Levignac as Louis Bartel, one of the men who breaks into Manouche's house Marcel Bernier as one of Fardiano's detectives, whom Gu attacks to escape the hospital Pierre Gualdi as one of Blot's detectives Release The film was released in Paris on 2 November 1966. It took in 647,857 admissions in Paris, and 1,912,749 admissions in France as a whole, which made it Melville's highest grossing film in France to that point (by the end of his career, it was his fourth-highest grossing film). Remake A remake of Le deuxième souffle directed by Alain Corneau and starring Daniel Auteuil, Michel Blanc, and Jacques Dutronc, was released in 2007. See also Heist film References ^ a b c d Vincendeau 2003, p. 238. ^ a b c Vincendeau 2003, p. 239. ^ "Second Breath". unifrance.org. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ a b Vincendeau 2003, p. 260. Sources Vincendeau, Ginette (2003). Jean-Pierre Melville An American in Paris. British Film Institute. ISBN 0851709494. External links Le deuxième souffle at AllMovie Le deuxième souffle at IMDb Le deuxième souffle at Rotten Tomatoes Le deuxième souffle: After the Fall an essay by Adrian Danks at the Criterion Collection vteFilms directed by Jean-Pierre Melville Le Silence de la mer (1949) Les Enfants terribles (1950) When You Read This Letter (1953) Bob le flambeur (1956) Two Men in Manhattan (1959) Léon Morin, Priest (1961) Le Doulos (1962) Magnet of Doom (1963) Le deuxième souffle (1966) Le Samouraï (1967) Army of Shadows (1969) Le Cercle Rouge (1970) Un flic (1972) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Other IdRef
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It is based on the novel Le deuxième souffle by José Giovanni.","title":"Le deuxième souffle (1966 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commissaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissaire_de_police"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"Cadarache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadarache"}],"text":"Incarcerated gangster Gustave \"Gu\" Minda, who is widely respected in the French underworld for never giving the police any information about his accomplices, escapes from prison and heads for Paris to see his sister Manouche and her faithful bodyguard Alban. While he is traveling, Manouche's current boyfriend, Jacques Ribaldi, who is competing with the Marseille-based gangster and nightclub owner Paul Ricci in the illicit cigarette trade, is shot dead in Manouche's restaurant by some of Paul's henchmen. Thinking Manouche will be more vulnerable than usual, Paul's dishonorable brother Jo, who owns a bar in Paris, sends two men to Manouche's house to extort money from her, but Gu arrives while they are there and executes them in his trademark fashion, which is shooting people while in a moving car. Commissaire Blot of the Paris police quickly deduces the motives for the shootings and who was involved, and he sets out to solve both cases and catch Gu using a combination of manipulation and patience.Manouche and Alban hide Gu in an apartment in Paris for a bit, and then Gu, after growing a mustache, follows Manouche to Marseille, as they plan to flee to Italy on her cousin's boat once Gu gets a fake passport. Not wanting to live on Manouche's money, Gu eagerly agrees to take the place of Jeannot Franchi, who was killed in the attack on Jacques, in an upcoming heist being organized by Paul. Gu's friend Orloff had been offered the job, but he thought it was too risky, so he recommended Gu.When the time comes, Gu, Paul, Pascal Léonetti, and young Antoine Ripa set out to rob a security van transporting over a ton of platinum from Toulon to Cadarache. On a remote mountain road overlooking the sea, Antoine and Gu shoot and kill the two motorcycle police officers escorting the shipment, and the team ties up the other guards and gets away with the loot. Gu goes into hiding while he waits for the platinum to be converted into cash, but he is spotted and tricked into revealing Paul's involvement in the heist while being recorded by Blot, who had suspected Gu's involvement and discovered the same gun used to kill the two men who tried to extort Manouche was used to kill one of the motorcycle police officers.Commissaire Fardiano of the Marseille police arrests and tortures Gu and Paul, but neither says anything. Gu is racked with guilt for having implicated Paul, and when he is shown a newspaper article that says he informed, he punches his hands through a window and bashes his head against a file cabinet, which gets him sent to the hospital.Jo, who is scared Gu might want revenge for having sent the men to Manouche's house, takes the rumors about Gu as an opportunity to try to get rid of him. He, Antoine, and Pascal tell Orloff that, as he vouched for Gu, he has to kill the rat, which he agrees to do, but only if he can prove that Gu was not set up. While Orloff begins to investigate, Gu escapes from the hospital and abducts Fardiano, whom he kills after forcing the commissaire to confess, in writing, to tricking Gu and torturing suspects.Orloff is with Manouche when Gu returns, and he tells Gu to escape right away, as Blot is in town, and let him work to clear Gu's name and Paul's expensive lawyers worry about getting Paul released. Gu agrees to let Orloff show Fardiano's confession to Jo, Antoine, and Pascal, but then, after shaving his mustache, he knocks Orloff out and goes to the meeting himself, where he kills Jo, is shot by Antoine, and kills Pascal and Antoine. Dragging himself to the stairway of the apartment building, Gu fires at the police as they enter and is shot by Godefroy, one of Blot's detectives. Blot rushes up to Gu, who gives Fardiano's confession to Blot and says \"Manouche\" before dying. Outside, Blot lets Manouche past a barricade and tells her Gu did not have any final words and she should go back to Paris. He then drops Fardiano's confession at the feet of a journalist.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lino Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Paul Meurisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Meurisse"},{"link_name":"Commissaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissaire_de_police"},{"link_name":"Raymond Pellegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Pellegrin"},{"link_name":"Christine Fabréga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Fabr%C3%A9ga"},{"link_name":"Marcel Bozzuffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bozzuffi"},{"link_name":"Paul Frankeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Frankeur"},{"link_name":"Jean Négroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_N%C3%A9groni"},{"link_name":"Michel Constantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Constantin"},{"link_name":"Pierre Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"Notaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_notary#France"},{"link_name":"Albert Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Michel"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"}],"text":"Lino Ventura as Gustave \"Gu\" Minda\nPaul Meurisse as Commissaire Blot of Paris\nRaymond Pellegrin as Paul Ricci, Jo's brother\nChristine Fabréga as Simone \"Manouche\" (\"Gypsy\") Pelquier\nMarcel Bozzuffi as Jo Ricci, Paul's brother\nPaul Frankeur as Commissaire Fardiano of Marseille\nDenis Manuel as Antoine Ripa, the youngest member of Paul's heist team\nJean Négroni as the police officer who tricks Gu\nMichel Constantin as Alban, Manouche's bodyguard and bartender\nPierre Zimmer as Orloff, Gu's friend, who prefers to work alone\nPierre Grasset as Pascal Léonetti, a member of Paul's heist team\nJack Leonard as Henri Tourneur, one of the men who breaks into Manouche's house\nRaymond Loyer as Jacques \"le Notaire\" Ribaldi, Manouche's boyfriend and Paul's rival in the illicit cigarette trade\nRégis Outin as Paul's inside source for the heist\nAlbert Michel as Marcel \"le Stéphanois\" (\"from Saint-Étienne\"), a bartender at Manouche's restaurant\nJean-Claude Bercq as Godefroy, one of Blot's detectives\nLouis Bugette as Théo Cassini, Manouche's cousin with a boat\nAlbert Dagnant as Jeannot Franchi, Paul's henchman who is killed while killing Jacques\nSylvain Levignac as Louis Bartel, one of the men who breaks into Manouche's house\nMarcel Bernier as one of Fardiano's detectives, whom Gu attacks to escape the hospital\nPierre Gualdi as one of Blot's detectives","title":"Selected Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincendeau2003239-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincendeau2003260-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincendeau2003260-4"}],"text":"The film was released in Paris on 2 November 1966.[2] It took in 647,857 admissions in Paris, and 1,912,749 admissions in France as a whole,[4] which made it Melville's highest grossing film in France to that point (by the end of his career, it was his fourth-highest grossing film).[4]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"remake of Le deuxième souffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Wind"},{"link_name":"Alain Corneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Corneau"},{"link_name":"Daniel Auteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil"},{"link_name":"Michel Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Jacques Dutronc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Dutronc"}],"text":"A remake of Le deuxième souffle directed by Alain Corneau and starring Daniel Auteuil, Michel Blanc, and Jacques Dutronc, was released in 2007.","title":"Remake"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_at-Tell
Abdullah Tal
["1 Early life and career","2 Commander in 1948 War","3 Governor of East Jerusalem","4 Exile","5 Character","6 In film","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]
Jordanian military commander (1918–1973) Abdullah El Tell عبدالله التلAbdullah El TellBorn17 July 1918Irbid, Ottoman EmpireDied1973Irbid, JordanAllegiance United Kingdom JordanService/branch British Army Arab LegionYears of service1941 – 1950RankLieutenant ColonelCommands heldSixth Regiment of Arab LegionMilitary Governor of JerusalemBattles/warsBattle for JerusalemBattle of Gush EtzionOther workAuthor Abdullah El Tell (Arabic: عبدالله التل, 17 July 1918 – 1973) served in the Transjordanian Arab Legion during the 1948 war in Palestine rising from the rank of company commander to become Military Governor of the Old City of Jerusalem. He was later accused of being involved in the assassination of King Abdullah I−which he denied−and spent many years in Egypt before returning to Jordan in 1967. Early life and career El Tell was born into a wealthy family in Irbid just as the Ottoman army were retreating from the town. His mother reportedly held him up to the window to witness the soldiers leaving. His secondary education was in Egypt. When he was 18 years old, he was jailed for demonstrating against the British. In 1941, he joined the British Army and in 1942 completed an officer training course in the Suez Canal area. El Tell's ancestors, the Banu Zaydan, had lived in the Jordanian cities of Amman and Irbid from the 17th century. They adopted the surname El Tell in reference to their previous habitation near the Amman citadel, which was built on a tell (Arabic for "hill"). El Tell was born in Irbid on 17 July 1918. He received his primary education in the city, but moved to al-Salt for his high school education. It was there that he became skilled in the English language. He graduated in October 1937. After working as a customs officer for the Transjordanian government, he joined the Arab Legion in 1942. He initially served in the 1st Brigade as a second lieutenant, becoming a first lieutenant in May 1943, and captain in September 1944. He was deployed at an Arab Legion training base in Sarafand al-Amar near al-Ramla in Palestine. He was promoted to major in March 1948. El Tell married Asia Mismar in 1944 and they later had five sons, Muntasir, Salah al-Din, Osama, Khaled and Hamza, and one daughter, Inas. All were born after the 1948 War, when El Tell was living in exile in Cairo, Egypt, and all of his sons were named for prominent Muslim military figures or were associated with victory. Commander in 1948 War In March 1948, El Tell was promoted to the rank of Major commanding the 6th Regiment of the Arab Legion, stationed in Jericho. In early May his regiment was involved in an attack on the three Jewish colonies at Kfar Etzion which dominated the road between Hebron and Bethlehem. His commander in-chief, Glubb Pasha, ordered him to withdraw his troops. On 12 May, however, El Tell told one of his officers in Hebron, Captain Hikmet Muhair, to radio Glubb's headquarters saying that his convoy was under fire from the Kfar Etzion. This resulted in the 6th Regiment receiving orders to attack. The Jewish positions had been holding off attacks from local irregulars but could not resist El Tell's troops who were backed with armoured cars. 127 prisoners were murdered after they had surrendered while 320 were taken to the prisoner of war camp at Mafraq. Glubb was reported to have informed the Haganah in early May that when the Mandate ended his forces would enter the area allocated by the partition plan to the Arab state with "limited objectives". He appears to have had no wish to send troops into Jerusalem. On 17 May, El Tell received a personal phone call from King Abdullah ordering him to move his troops into the Old City of Jerusalem where the Arabs were coming under increasing pressure from Haganah forces attacking from West Jerusalem. They arrived just in time to prevent a breakthrough at the Zion Gate where Palmach troops had briefly broken through to the Jewish Quarter. El Tell took charge of the siege of the quarter, methodically attacking each Haganah stronghold, and demolishing each position once it had been captured. On 25 May, he wrote to Otto Lehner of the Red Cross saying that unless the Haganah abandoned its positions in the Hurva Synagogue, he would be forced to attack it. The Haganah commander, Moshe Russnak refused, but Russnak was coming under increasing pressure from the civilian population to surrender. On 28 May, El Tell received a delegation led by Mordechai Weingarten which accepted his terms: 1. All arms and ammunition to be surrendered. 2. All men capable of bearing arms to be taken prisoner and transferred to Transjordan. 3. All other inhabitants to be sent to New Jerusalem. 4. El Tell personally guaranteed, on behalf of King Abdullah, the safety of all those surrendering. 5. The Jewish Quarter would be occupied by Arab Legion troops. El Tell and Weingarten after the surrender of the Jewish Quarter El Tell refused calls to take women combatants prisoners and is reported to have commented to Russnak "If I had known you were so few we would have come after you with sticks, not guns." The quarter was subjected to extensive looting after his troops withdrew. After the capture of the Jewish Quarter El Tell wanted to push on into New Jerusalem but this was blocked by Glubb, and El Tell instead launched an artillery bombardment which lasted for two weeks. He had 12 25-pounder field guns and 2 Iraqi six-inch howitzers available, but they were rationed to ten shells per gun per day. Arab Legion firing а 3.7 inch howitzer during the fighting around Jerusalem On 11 June, King Abdullah ordered a hudna (ceasefire) and on a visit to Jerusalem on the same day promoted El Tell to Lieutenant Colonel giving him command of three infantry companies forming an improvised battalion based inside the Old City. There followed a series of meetings in the presence of UN observers between El Tell and Colonel David Shaltiel the commander of Israeli forces in West Jerusalem. One of the meetings between Abdullah El Tell and David Shaltiel Israeli prisoners of war being taken by Arab Legion after securing Old Jerusalem to the prisoners camp in Mafraq The first dealt with demarcation lines in the Arab district of Musrara. On 16 June they discussed Deir Abu Tor, civilian access to retrieve personal belongings, "examination by Arabs of municipal records in the Jewish area", recovery of Torah scrolls from the Old City and the closing of the New Gate. On 7 July Shaltiel signed the "Mount Scopus Agreement" by which the Israelis agreed that Mount Scopus would be demilitarized and come under United Nations supervision. Two weeks later both men signed a formal cease-fire establishing "the status quo in no-man's land between the lines of the two parties." During this time the Israelis launched several attacks on the Old City. On 9 July it was subjected to an all night bombardment with 6" mortars. In the last major attack, on the night of 15 July, 500 shells were fired into the walled city over a period of three hours, causing many civilian casualties. It was followed by attacks on the New Gate, the Jaffa Gate and the Zion Gate. Men from the Irgun briefly forced their way through the New Gate but as the other attacks failed they retreated. At one of the cease-fire meetings El Tell advised the Israelis to stop wasting their 6-inch mortars on the Rawdah school beside the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif) since he was no longer using it as his headquarters. Governor of East Jerusalem As El Tell became more involved with the internal politics of the Old City and Glubb, his commander in chief, wanted to move the 6th Battalion out of Jerusalem it was agreed that El Tell should become Military Governor. Abdullah El Tell and Moshe Dayan, Jerusalem, 30 November 1948 On 28 November, El Tell began a series of meetings with Israeli colonel Moshe Dayan, the new military commander of Israeli-controlled Jerusalem, with the objective of establishing a "real cease-fire." On 30 November, an agreement was signed which included provision for a fortnightly convoy to Mount Scopus. The two commanders got on well together and on Dayan's suggestion agreed to establish a direct phone link. On 10 December 1948, Dayan gave a sealed letter to El Tell to be delivered to King Abdullah. Before delivering the letter El Tell discreetly lifted the seal and made a photostatic copy of its contents, which was an invitation from Elias Sasson to King Abdullah to restart the negotiations which had been led by Golda Meir before the outbreak of war. On 11 December Sasson met El Tell and King Abdullah's confidant and personal physician, Shawkat al-Sati. At a meeting on 14 December, Sasson recorded El Tell saying "strike the Egyptians as much as you like. Our attitude will be totally neutral." There followed a number of secret meetings between Dayan and King Abdullah when El Tell personally took Dayan wearing a red kefieh to the King's winter palace at Shuneh. An early proposal put forward by El Tell was that Jews would have control over the Jewish Quarter in exchange for Jordanian control over the Katamon Quarter and that the road at Latrun would be opened to both parties. This was rejected by Ben-Gurion. A second proposal was that there should be joint control of the road at Latrun in exchange for allowing a number of refugees to return to Ramle and Lydda and that the railway to Jerusalem be reopened in exchange for the opening of the road from Bethlehem to the Jaffa Gate. But Ben-Gurion was opposed to partial agreements rather than a complete peace treaty. He instructed his negotiators to refuse the return of refugees to Ramle and Jaffa, but to leave open the question of Arabs returning to Lydda and to mention the possibility of an access corridor to Gaza. King Abdullah's demands were a Jordan/Egypt corridor, control of the Old City except the Jewish Quarter; also control of Katamon, the German Colony, Talpiot and Ramat Rahel in exchange for Israel having Lifta and Romema, all of which the Israelis had conquered. By the autumn of 1949 King Abdullah was willing to abandon claims to Ramle and Lydda but was holding out for an access corridor to Gaza which he did not want under Egyptian control. One of the outcomes of the early meeting was the release of all Jewish prisoners a month before the armistice talks began in Rhodes. Nine years later El Tell wrote an account of his reactions during the first meeting between Sasson and the King, on 16 January 1949: "I had expected His Majesty to be clever and cautious, taking without giving, terrorising without coveting. I almost melted with shame when His Majesty began to reveal his cards in a frightening way and speak in servile and fatuous manner." Dayan, El Tell and King Abdullah were involved in a series of meetings between 18 and 23 March 1949 at which the "Israel-Transjordanian Armistice Agreement" was finalised. In June 1949 El Tell resigned. According to Dayan it was because of the King's cooperation with the British. Other suggestions are it was because Glubb refused to promote him to Brigadier, that he feared the uncovering of a conspiracy against the king which he was involved with or that he was dismissed due to his popularity with the Palestinians. He left Jerusalem and returned to Irbid. Exile From Irbid, El Tell moved to Syria, where he met Husni al-Za'im, who had become Commander-in-Chief of the Syrian Army in May 1948, and had seized power on 30 March 1949 in a bloodless coup. This was the first of many coups that would occur in Syria during the 20th century. Dayan states that El Tell "was impressed by al-Za'im and the idea of something similar." Al-Za'im was executed on 14 August 1949 in a second military coup. At the end of January 1950, El Tell moved to Cairo, where, according to Glubb, the Egyptian Government offered him a salary. Dayan says that he became commander of a guerrilla battalion "harassing British troops stationed in the Canal area." On his arrival in Cairo El Tell presented the Egyptian press with copies of letters from King Abdullah, claiming that British officers in the Arab Legion had prevented their units from fighting. He went so far to even say that King Abdullah was a traitor and responsible for the loss of Palestine. He called for the Arab League to set up an inquiry. On 20 July 1951 King Abdullah was assassinated in Jerusalem. His assassin was killed on the spot, and in the following trial four Palestinians were sentenced to death and El Tell was found guilty of having been "an accessory before the fact" and sentenced to death in absentia. In particular it was claimed that at a secret meeting in Cairo, he gave Dr. Musa al Husseini £70 towards paying the assassin. Whilst admitting that he had been involved in a conspiracy to replace Abdullah with his son Talal, he always maintained he had no part in the killing. At a Cairo press conference he is quoted as saying "If Glubb Pasha had been assassinated I should have been the murderer, but King Abdullah—No!" In 1958, El Tell published his account of events under the title "The catastrophe of Palestine". In 1965, he received a full pardon from King Hussein and returned to Jordan, where he took a civil service post in Amman. In January 1967, El Tell wrote a letter to Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser chastising him for using the late King Abdullah's memoirs against Jordan. El Tell wrote: "Abdullah's positions ... were shown to be far-sighted leading to the preservation of Jerusalem." In August 1967, he wrote a foreword to Taysir Zibyan's book on King Abdullah, where he exonerated the late King of any wrongdoing during his negotiation with the Israelis between 1948 and 1949 and adopted the official Jordanian narrative. He continued: "I consider that justice, fairness, and national duty dictate to the Arab nation that King Abdullah be considered a nationalist hero. If erecting statues in order to immortalise heroes was part of our religion and traditions, it would have been imperative that a statue of King Abdullah be erected in every capital of every Arab country." He was later appointed by King Hussein to the Jordanian upper house of parliament as Senator, which he served until 1972 when he died. Character Glubb describes El Tell as "well educated" but adds bitterly "it is remarkable the duplicity these young men can show." Dayan is more positive: "El Tell is a young man, sinewy, handsome, light skinned, with a directness about him—he looked you straight in the eye—and an open and friendly smile." "El Tell impressed me as being far superior to the other Arab officers and political functionaries I encountered in that period, he hated the British officials who were the real rulers in Amman, and was contemptuous of his friends who toadied to them." Collins and Lapierre quote Pablo de Azcarate who witnessed the surrender of the Jewish Quarter as observing that he behaved "without a single word or gesture which could have humiliated or offended the defeated leader in any way." Also that El Tell moved amongst the civilians "seeking to reassure them." They describe him as being "an avid student of history." It should also be noted that in their acknowledgements they state that "El Tell was a source of enormous help." Dov Joseph is less generous: "A typical urban Arab of the upper class named Abdullah El Tell. Between thirty and thirty-five, somewhat foppish and lithe in his movements, a little effeminate ... no strong personality of his own and was known to us to be completely under British influence." Walter Eytan, head of Israel's Foreign Affairs Ministry, was involved in many of the meetings with King Abdullah. He describes El Tell as being the King's long-time favourite and that he "stood out from the rest of the King's advisers, maintaining an attitude of utter cynicism." Eytan continues: "He seemed to be wholly without illusions about the Arabs, the British and everyone else. He spoke about the King, even in the King's presence, in a way which could only be described as contemptuous, and yet seemed to feel affection for him and to be genuinely anxious to safeguard his interests." In film In the 2006 film O Jerusalem, El Tell has a small role played by Anatol Yusef. See also Mustafa Wahbi Tal Wasfi Tal Ahmad Youssef Al Tal Lina Attel Bayan Tal Notes ^ Collins, Larry & Lapierre, Dominique (1972) O Jerusalem! History Book Club edition by arrangement with Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 388. ^ Moshe Dayan, My Life. p. 129. ^ Collins/Lapierre. p. 388. It is not clear if this was in Egypt. ^ Dayan, p. 129. Glubb, Sir John Bagot (1957) A Soldier with the Arabs. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 255: "became an orderly room clerk, prior to obtaining commission" ^ Yitzhak, 2012, p. 21. ^ a b Yitzhak, 2012, p. 23. ^ Yitzhak, 2012, p. 24. ^ Collins/Lapierre. pp. 347–349, 357. ^ Uri Bar-Joseph, p. 63 ^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 441. ^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 435. ^ Collins/Lapierre, pp. 494–495 ^ Dov Joseph, The Faithful City. p. 174. ^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 498. Dov Joseph, p. 174. Though he starts the quote "You dogs..." ^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 503. ^ Collins/Lapierrre, p. 537. Glubb, p. 255: "on impulse, in a moment of emotion." ^ Collins./Lapierre, p. 539 ^ Joseph, p. 217. ^ Dayan, p. 123. ^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 550. It is not clear what weapon they are referring to: It could be the Davidka. The only 6" mortar in mass-production at the time was the Red Army's 160mm mortar ^ Collins/Lapierre, pp. 553–559 ^ Joseph, p. 262. ^ a b Glubb, p. 256. ^ Glubb, p. 216. ^ Dayan, pp. 128, 129 ^ a b Dayan, p. 129. ^ Bar Joseph, Uri (1987). Best of enemies. Israel and Transjordan in the War of 1948. p. 217. ^ Dayan, Moshe (1976) Moshe Dayan. Story of my Life, William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03076-9. p. 132. ^ Moshe Dayan. Story of my Life, p. 133. ^ Moshe Dayan. Story of my Life, p. 143. ^ Dayan, p. 130. Describes negotiations with Abdulla el-Tel for the release of 670 Israelis in the "Jordan POW camp at Mafrak." 320 of them were from the Etzion bloc, including 85 women. ^ El Telll, 'Abdullah al- (1958). Kaarithat filastin. Cairo. Quoted in The War for Palestine - Rewriting the History of 1948. Editors Eugene Rogan & Avi Shlaim. Cambridge University Press. (2001). ISBN 0-521-79476-5. Rogan, Eugene L. Jordan and 1948: the persistence of an official history. p. 118. ^ Dayan, pp. 141–143. ^ a b c Dayan, p. 131. ^ Peter Snow, Hussein—a biography. pp. 31–32. Collins/Lapierre, p. 568. ^ Patrick Searle, The struggle for Syria. p. 44. ^ Searle, p. 75. ^ Glubb, p. 257. Snow, p. 31. ^ Glubb, p. 281. ^ Glubb, p. 281. Snow, pp. 31, 32. Collins/Lapierre, p. 568. ^ El Telll, 'Abdullah al- (1958). Kaarithat filastin. Cairo. ^ Snow, p. 34. ^ a b c Joseph Massad (2003). Colonial Effects: The Making of Jordanian National Identity. Columbia University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780231123235. ^ Glubb, pp. 255, 281. ^ Collins/Lapierre, pp. 497–498. ^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 438. ^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 571. ^ Joseph, p. 172. ^ Eytan, Walter (1958) The First Ten Years. A diplomatic history of Israel. Weidenfeld Nicolson. p. 39. References Dayan, Moshe (1976). The Story of My Life. ISBN 0-688-03076-9. Collins, Larry; Lapierre, Dominique (1972). O Jerusalem. History Book Club. Glubb, Sir John Bagot (1957). A Soldier with the Arabs. Hodder and Stroughton. Joseph, Dov (1960). The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948. Simon and Schuster. LCCN 60-10976. OCLC 266413. Seale, Patrick (1965). The Struggle for Syria—A Study of Post-War Arab Politics, 1945-1958. Oxford University Press. Snow, Peter (1972). Hussein—a biography. Barrie and Jenkins. ISBN 0-214-65426-5. Yitzhak, Ronen (2012). Abdullah Al-El Telll, Arab Legion Officer: Arab Nationalism and Opposition to the Hashemite Regime. Apollo Books. ISBN 9781845194086. Uri Bar-Joseph (19 December 2013). The Best of Enemies: Israel and Transjordan in the War of 1948. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-17010-3. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arab Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Legion"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Old City of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"}],"text":"Abdullah El Tell (Arabic: عبدالله التل, 17 July 1918 – 1973) served in the Transjordanian Arab Legion during the 1948 war in Palestine rising from the rank of company commander to become Military Governor of the Old City of Jerusalem. He was later accused of being involved in the assassination of King Abdullah I−which he denied−and spent many years in Egypt before returning to Jordan in 1967.","title":"Abdullah Tal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbid"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Banu Zaydan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zayadina"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Irbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbid"},{"link_name":"tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"al-Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yitzak23-6"},{"link_name":"Arab Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Legion"},{"link_name":"Sarafand al-Amar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarafand_al-Amar"},{"link_name":"al-Ramla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ramla"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yitzak23-6"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"El Tell was born into a wealthy family in Irbid just as the Ottoman army were retreating from the town. His mother reportedly held him up to the window to witness the soldiers leaving.[1] His secondary education was in Egypt.[2] When he was 18 years old, he was jailed for demonstrating against the British.[3] In 1941, he joined the British Army and in 1942 completed an officer training course in the Suez Canal area.[4]El Tell's ancestors, the Banu Zaydan, had lived in the Jordanian cities of Amman and Irbid from the 17th century. They adopted the surname El Tell in reference to their previous habitation near the Amman citadel, which was built on a tell (Arabic for \"hill\").[5] El Tell was born in Irbid on 17 July 1918. He received his primary education in the city, but moved to al-Salt for his high school education. It was there that he became skilled in the English language. He graduated in October 1937.[6]After working as a customs officer for the Transjordanian government, he joined the Arab Legion in 1942. He initially served in the 1st Brigade as a second lieutenant, becoming a first lieutenant in May 1943, and captain in September 1944. He was deployed at an Arab Legion training base in Sarafand al-Amar near al-Ramla in Palestine. He was promoted to major in March 1948.[6]El Tell married Asia Mismar in 1944 and they later had five sons, Muntasir, Salah al-Din, Osama, Khaled and Hamza, and one daughter, Inas. All were born after the 1948 War, when El Tell was living in exile in Cairo, Egypt, and all of his sons were named for prominent Muslim military figures or were associated with victory.[7]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"Kfar Etzion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Etzion"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Glubb Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glubb_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mafraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafraq"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Haganah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haganah"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Zion Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_Gate"},{"link_name":"Palmach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmach"},{"link_name":"Jewish Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Hurva Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mordechai Weingarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Weingarten"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weingarten_and_el_Tell.JPG"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"25-pounder field guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder"},{"link_name":"six-inch howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_inch_26_cwt_howitzer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arab_Legion_1948.jpg"},{"link_name":"3.7 inch howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_mountain_howitzer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"David Shaltiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shaltiel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Tel_and_Shalteil.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Shaltiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Shaltiel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prisoners.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arab Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Legion"},{"link_name":"Mafraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafraq"},{"link_name":"Musrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musrara,_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Abu Tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Tor"},{"link_name":"New Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Mount Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Scopus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"New Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gate"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Gate"},{"link_name":"Zion Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_Gate"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Temple Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In March 1948, El Tell was promoted to the rank of Major commanding the 6th Regiment of the Arab Legion, stationed in Jericho. In early May his regiment was involved in an attack on the three Jewish colonies at Kfar Etzion which dominated the road between Hebron and Bethlehem. His commander in-chief, Glubb Pasha, ordered him to withdraw his troops. On 12 May, however, El Tell told one of his officers in Hebron, Captain Hikmet Muhair, to radio Glubb's headquarters saying that his convoy was under fire from the Kfar Etzion. This resulted in the 6th Regiment receiving orders to attack.[8] The Jewish positions had been holding off attacks from local irregulars but could not resist El Tell's troops who were backed with armoured cars. 127 prisoners were murdered after they had surrendered while 320 were taken to the prisoner of war camp at Mafraq.[9]Glubb was reported to have informed the Haganah in early May that when the Mandate ended his forces would enter the area allocated by the partition plan to the Arab state with \"limited objectives\".[10] He appears to have had no wish to send troops into Jerusalem. On 17 May, El Tell received a personal phone call from King Abdullah ordering him to move his troops into the Old City of Jerusalem where the Arabs were coming under increasing pressure from Haganah forces attacking from West Jerusalem.[11] They arrived just in time to prevent a breakthrough at the Zion Gate where Palmach troops had briefly broken through to the Jewish Quarter. El Tell took charge of the siege of the quarter, methodically attacking each Haganah stronghold, and demolishing each position once it had been captured. On 25 May, he wrote to Otto Lehner of the Red Cross saying that unless the Haganah abandoned its positions in the Hurva Synagogue, he would be forced to attack it. The Haganah commander, Moshe Russnak refused,[12] but Russnak was coming under increasing pressure from the civilian population to surrender. On 28 May, El Tell received a delegation led by Mordechai Weingarten which accepted his terms:\n1. All arms and ammunition to be surrendered.\n2. All men capable of bearing arms to be taken prisoner and transferred to Transjordan.\n3. All other inhabitants to be sent to New Jerusalem.\n4. El Tell personally guaranteed, on behalf of King Abdullah, the safety of all those surrendering.\n5. The Jewish Quarter would be occupied by Arab Legion troops.[13]El Tell and Weingarten after the surrender of the Jewish QuarterEl Tell refused calls to take women combatants prisoners and is reported to have commented to Russnak \"If I had known you were so few we would have come after you with sticks, not guns.\" The quarter was subjected to extensive looting after his troops withdrew.[14]\nAfter the capture of the Jewish Quarter El Tell wanted to push on into New Jerusalem but this was blocked by Glubb, and El Tell instead launched an artillery bombardment which lasted for two weeks. He had 12 25-pounder field guns and 2 Iraqi six-inch howitzers available, but they were rationed to ten shells per gun per day.[15]Arab Legion firing а 3.7 inch howitzer during the fighting around JerusalemOn 11 June, King Abdullah ordered a hudna (ceasefire) and on a visit to Jerusalem on the same day promoted El Tell to Lieutenant Colonel giving him command of three infantry companies forming an improvised battalion based inside the Old City.[16]There followed a series of meetings in the presence of UN observers between El Tell and Colonel David Shaltiel the commander of Israeli forces in West Jerusalem.One of the meetings between Abdullah El Tell and David ShaltielIsraeli prisoners of war being taken by Arab Legion after securing Old Jerusalem to the prisoners camp in MafraqThe first dealt with demarcation lines in the Arab district of Musrara.[17] On 16 June they discussed Deir Abu Tor, civilian access to retrieve personal belongings, \"examination by Arabs of municipal records in the Jewish area\", recovery of Torah scrolls from the Old City and the closing of the New Gate.[18] On 7 July Shaltiel signed the \"Mount Scopus Agreement\" by which the Israelis agreed that Mount Scopus would be demilitarized and come under United Nations supervision. Two weeks later both men signed a formal cease-fire establishing \"the status quo in no-man's land between the lines of the two parties.\"[19] During this time the Israelis launched several attacks on the Old City. On 9 July it was subjected to an all night bombardment with 6\" mortars.[20] In the last major attack, on the night of 15 July, 500 shells were fired into the walled city over a period of three hours, causing many civilian casualties. It was followed by attacks on the New Gate, the Jaffa Gate and the Zion Gate. Men from the Irgun briefly forced their way through the New Gate but as the other attacks failed they retreated.[21] At one of the cease-fire meetings El Tell advised the Israelis to stop wasting their 6-inch mortars on the Rawdah school beside the Temple Mount (Haram al-Sharif) since he was no longer using it as his headquarters.[22]","title":"Commander in 1948 War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glubb,_p._256-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dayan_and_el_Tell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moshe Dayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Dayan"},{"link_name":"Moshe Dayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Dayan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dayan,_p._129-26"},{"link_name":"photostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photostatic"},{"link_name":"Elias Sasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliyahu_Sasson"},{"link_name":"Golda Meir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golda_Meir"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"kefieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keffiyeh"},{"link_name":"Katamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katamon"},{"link_name":"Latrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrun"},{"link_name":"Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ramle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramle"},{"link_name":"Lydda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydda"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Jaffa Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa_Gate"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"German Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Colony,_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Talpiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpiot"},{"link_name":"Ramat Rahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Rahel"},{"link_name":"Lifta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifta"},{"link_name":"Romema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romema"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dayan,_p._131-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"As El Tell became more involved with the internal politics of the Old City and Glubb, his commander in chief, wanted to move the 6th Battalion out of Jerusalem it was agreed that El Tell should become Military Governor.[23]Abdullah El Tell and Moshe Dayan, Jerusalem, 30 November 1948On 28 November, El Tell began a series of meetings with Israeli colonel Moshe Dayan, the new military commander of Israeli-controlled Jerusalem, with the objective of establishing a \"real cease-fire.\"[24] On 30 November, an agreement was signed which included provision for a fortnightly convoy to Mount Scopus.[25] The two commanders got on well together and on Dayan's suggestion agreed to establish a direct phone link.[26] On 10 December 1948, Dayan gave a sealed letter to El Tell to be delivered to King Abdullah. Before delivering the letter El Tell discreetly lifted the seal and made a photostatic copy of its contents, which was an invitation from Elias Sasson to King Abdullah to restart the negotiations which had been led by Golda Meir before the outbreak of war. On 11 December Sasson met El Tell and King Abdullah's confidant and personal physician, Shawkat al-Sati. At a meeting on 14 December, Sasson recorded El Tell saying \"strike the Egyptians as much as you like. Our attitude will be totally neutral.\"[27] There followed a number of secret meetings between Dayan and King Abdullah when El Tell personally took Dayan wearing a red kefieh to the King's winter palace at Shuneh.An early proposal put forward by El Tell was that Jews would have control over the Jewish Quarter in exchange for Jordanian control over the Katamon Quarter and that the road at Latrun would be opened to both parties. This was rejected by Ben-Gurion.[28] A second proposal was that there should be joint control of the road at Latrun in exchange for allowing a number of refugees to return to Ramle and Lydda and that the railway to Jerusalem be reopened in exchange for the opening of the road from Bethlehem to the Jaffa Gate. But Ben-Gurion was opposed to partial agreements rather than a complete peace treaty. He instructed his negotiators to refuse the return of refugees to Ramle and Jaffa, but to leave open the question of Arabs returning to Lydda and to mention the possibility of an access corridor to Gaza.[29] King Abdullah's demands were a Jordan/Egypt corridor, control of the Old City except the Jewish Quarter; also control of Katamon, the German Colony, Talpiot and Ramat Rahel in exchange for Israel having Lifta and Romema, all of which the Israelis had conquered. By the autumn of 1949 King Abdullah was willing to abandon claims to Ramle and Lydda but was holding out for an access corridor to Gaza which he did not want under Egyptian control.[30] One of the outcomes of the early meeting was the release of all Jewish prisoners a month before the armistice talks began in Rhodes.[31]Nine years later El Tell wrote an account of his reactions during the first meeting between Sasson and the King, on 16 January 1949:\"I had expected His Majesty to be clever and cautious, taking without giving, terrorising without coveting. I almost melted with shame when His Majesty began to reveal his cards in a frightening way and speak in servile and fatuous manner.\"[32]Dayan, El Tell and King Abdullah were involved in a series of meetings between 18 and 23 March 1949 at which the \"Israel-Transjordanian Armistice Agreement\" was finalised.[33] In June 1949 El Tell resigned. According to Dayan it was because of the King's cooperation with the British.[34] Other suggestions are it was because Glubb refused to promote him to Brigadier, that he feared the uncovering of a conspiracy against the king which he was involved with or that he was dismissed due to his popularity with the Palestinians.[35] He left Jerusalem and returned to Irbid.","title":"Governor of East Jerusalem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Husni al-Za'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husni_al-Za%27im"},{"link_name":"Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"bloodless coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dayan,_p._131-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glubb,_p._256-23"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dayan,_p._131-34"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Talal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talal_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"King Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdul Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdul_Nasser"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massad-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massad-43"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massad-43"}],"text":"From Irbid, El Tell moved to Syria, where he met Husni al-Za'im, who had become Commander-in-Chief of the Syrian Army in May 1948, and had seized power on 30 March 1949 in a bloodless coup. This was the first of many coups that would occur in Syria during the 20th century.[36] Dayan states that El Tell \"was impressed by al-Za'im and the idea of [doing] something similar.\"[34] Al-Za'im was executed on 14 August 1949 in a second military coup.[37] At the end of January 1950, El Tell moved to Cairo, where, according to Glubb, the Egyptian Government offered him a salary.[23] Dayan says that he became commander of a guerrilla battalion \"harassing British troops stationed in the Canal area.\"[34] On his arrival in Cairo El Tell presented the Egyptian press with copies of letters from King Abdullah, claiming that British officers in the Arab Legion had prevented their units from fighting. He went so far to even say that King Abdullah was a traitor and responsible for the loss of Palestine. He called for the Arab League to set up an inquiry.[38]On 20 July 1951 King Abdullah was assassinated in Jerusalem. His assassin was killed on the spot, and in the following trial four Palestinians were sentenced to death and El Tell was found guilty of having been \"an accessory before the fact\" and sentenced to death in absentia.[39] In particular it was claimed that at a secret meeting in Cairo, he gave Dr. Musa al Husseini £70 towards paying the assassin. Whilst admitting that he had been involved in a conspiracy to replace Abdullah with his son Talal, he always maintained he had no part in the killing. At a Cairo press conference he is quoted as saying \"If Glubb Pasha had been assassinated I should have been the murderer, but King Abdullah—No!\"[40]In 1958, El Tell published his account of events under the title \"The catastrophe of Palestine\".[41]In 1965, he received a full pardon from King Hussein and returned to Jordan, where he took a civil service post in Amman.[42]In January 1967, El Tell wrote a letter to Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser chastising him for using the late King Abdullah's memoirs against Jordan. El Tell wrote: \"Abdullah's positions [on the Palestine question]... were shown to be far-sighted leading to the preservation of Jerusalem.\"[43]In August 1967, he wrote a foreword to Taysir Zibyan's book on King Abdullah, where he exonerated the late King of any wrongdoing during his negotiation with the Israelis between 1948 and 1949 and adopted the official Jordanian narrative. He continued: \"I consider that justice, fairness, and national duty dictate to the Arab nation that King Abdullah be considered a nationalist hero. If erecting statues in order to immortalise heroes was part of our religion and traditions, it would have been imperative that a statue of King Abdullah be erected in every capital of every Arab country.\"[43]He was later appointed by King Hussein to the Jordanian upper house of parliament as Senator, which he served until 1972 when he died.[43]","title":"Exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dayan,_p._129-26"},{"link_name":"Pablo de Azcarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_de_Azcarate"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Dov Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Walter Eytan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Eytan"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Glubb describes El Tell as \"well educated\" but adds bitterly \"it is remarkable the duplicity these young men can show.\"[44] Dayan is more positive: \"El Tell is a young man, sinewy, handsome, light skinned, with a directness about him—he looked you straight in the eye—and an open and friendly smile.\" \"El Tell impressed me as being far superior to the other Arab officers and political functionaries I encountered in that period, he hated the British officials who were the real rulers in Amman, and was contemptuous of his friends who toadied to them.\"[26] Collins and Lapierre quote Pablo de Azcarate who witnessed the surrender of the Jewish Quarter as observing that he behaved \"without a single word or gesture which could have humiliated or offended the defeated leader in any way.\" Also that El Tell moved amongst the civilians \"seeking to reassure them.\"[45] They describe him as being \"an avid student of history.\"[46] It should also be noted that in their acknowledgements they state that \"El Tell was a source of enormous help.\"[47] Dov Joseph is less generous: \"A typical urban Arab of the upper class named Abdullah El Tell. Between thirty and thirty-five, somewhat foppish and lithe in his movements, a little effeminate ... no strong personality of his own and was known to us to be completely under British influence.\"[48]Walter Eytan, head of Israel's Foreign Affairs Ministry, was involved in many of the meetings with King Abdullah. He describes El Tell as being the King's long-time favourite and that he \"stood out from the rest of the King's advisers, maintaining an attitude of utter cynicism.\" Eytan continues: \"He seemed to be wholly without illusions about the Arabs, the British and everyone else. He spoke about the King, even in the King's presence, in a way which could only be described as contemptuous, and yet seemed to feel affection for him and to be genuinely anxious to safeguard his interests.\"[49]","title":"Character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jerusalem_(film)"},{"link_name":"Anatol Yusef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatol_Yusef"}],"text":"In the 2006 film O Jerusalem, El Tell has a small role played by Anatol Yusef.","title":"In film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Collins, Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Collins_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Lapierre, Dominique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Glubb, Sir John Bagot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yitzak23_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yitzak23_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Davidka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidka"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"160mm mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160mm_Mortar_M1943"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Glubb,_p._256_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Glubb,_p._256_23-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dayan,_p._129_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dayan,_p._129_26-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-03076-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-03076-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-79476-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79476-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dayan,_p._131_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dayan,_p._131_34-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dayan,_p._131_34-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-massad_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-massad_43-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-massad_43-2"},{"link_name":"Colonial Effects: The Making of Jordanian National Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Rk2sAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780231123235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231123235"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"}],"text":"^ Collins, Larry & Lapierre, Dominique (1972) O Jerusalem! History Book Club edition by arrangement with Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 388.\n\n^ Moshe Dayan, My Life. p. 129.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre. p. 388. It is not clear if this was in Egypt.\n\n^ Dayan, p. 129. Glubb, Sir John Bagot (1957) A Soldier with the Arabs. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 255: \"became an orderly room clerk, prior to obtaining commission\"\n\n^ Yitzhak, 2012, p. 21.\n\n^ a b Yitzhak, 2012, p. 23.\n\n^ Yitzhak, 2012, p. 24.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre. pp. 347–349, 357.\n\n^ Uri Bar-Joseph, p. 63\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 441.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 435.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, pp. 494–495\n\n^ Dov Joseph, The Faithful City. p. 174.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 498. Dov Joseph, p. 174. Though he starts the quote \"You dogs...\"\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 503.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierrre, p. 537. Glubb, p. 255: \"on impulse, in a moment of emotion.\"\n\n^ Collins./Lapierre, p. 539\n\n^ Joseph, p. 217.\n\n^ Dayan, p. 123.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 550. It is not clear what weapon they are referring to: It could be the Davidka. The only 6\" mortar in mass-production at the time was the Red Army's 160mm mortar\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, pp. 553–559\n\n^ Joseph, p. 262.\n\n^ a b Glubb, p. 256.\n\n^ Glubb, p. 216.\n\n^ Dayan, pp. 128, 129\n\n^ a b Dayan, p. 129.\n\n^ Bar Joseph, Uri (1987). Best of enemies. Israel and Transjordan in the War of 1948. p. 217.\n\n^ Dayan, Moshe (1976) Moshe Dayan. Story of my Life, William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03076-9. p. 132.\n\n^ Moshe Dayan. Story of my Life, p. 133.\n\n^ Moshe Dayan. Story of my Life, p. 143.\n\n^ Dayan, p. 130. Describes negotiations with Abdulla el-Tel for the release of 670 Israelis in the \"Jordan POW camp at Mafrak.\" 320 of them were from the Etzion bloc, including 85 women.\n\n^ El Telll, 'Abdullah al- (1958). Kaarithat filastin. Cairo. Quoted in The War for Palestine - Rewriting the History of 1948. Editors Eugene Rogan & Avi Shlaim. Cambridge University Press. (2001). ISBN 0-521-79476-5. Rogan, Eugene L. Jordan and 1948: the persistence of an official history. p. 118.\n\n^ Dayan, pp. 141–143.\n\n^ a b c Dayan, p. 131.\n\n^ Peter Snow, Hussein—a biography. pp. 31–32. Collins/Lapierre, p. 568.\n\n^ Patrick Searle, The struggle for Syria. p. 44.\n\n^ Searle, p. 75.\n\n^ Glubb, p. 257. Snow, p. 31.\n\n^ Glubb, p. 281.\n\n^ Glubb, p. 281. Snow, pp. 31, 32. Collins/Lapierre, p. 568.\n\n^ El Telll, 'Abdullah al- (1958). Kaarithat filastin. Cairo.\n\n^ Snow, p. 34.\n\n^ a b c Joseph Massad (2003). Colonial Effects: The Making of Jordanian National Identity. Columbia University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780231123235.\n\n^ Glubb, pp. 255, 281.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, pp. 497–498.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 438.\n\n^ Collins/Lapierre, p. 571.\n\n^ Joseph, p. 172.\n\n^ Eytan, Walter (1958) The First Ten Years. A diplomatic history of Israel. Weidenfeld Nicolson. p. 39.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"Mustafa Wahbi Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Wahbi_Tal"},{"title":"Wasfi Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasfi_Tal"},{"title":"Ahmad Youssef Al Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Youssef_Al_Tal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Lina Attel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Attel"},{"title":"Bayan Tal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan_Tal"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhika_Roy
Radhika Roy
["1 Biography","1.1 1949–1984: Early life and career","1.2 1984–2022: Co-Chairperson of NDTV","2 Public image and recognition","3 References"]
Indian journalist Radhika RoyBornRadhika Das (1949-05-07) 7 May 1949 (age 75)Calcutta, West Bengal, IndiaAlma materWelham Girls' SchoolOldrey Fleming School (SLP)Miranda House (BA)The New School (MA)New York UniversityOccupationJournalistKnown forFormer Executive co-chairperson, NDTVSpousePrannoy RoyRelativesBrinda Karat (sister) Radhika Roy (née Das; born 7 May 1949) is an Indian journalist who is the founder and former executive co-chairperson of NDTV. She was the managing director of the company between 1998 and 2011. The company started as a news production house and became the first independent news broadcaster in India. Roy began her career in journalism at The Indian Express and worked for a period of time at the India Today magazine before becoming the founder of NDTV. Biography 1949–1984: Early life and career Radhika was born in Calcutta, West Bengal on 7 May 1949, at 5/1B Belvedre Road to Sooraj Lal Dass, who had migrated to the city during the partition of India. In the 1960s, Radhika was sent to study at Welham Girls' boarding school in Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh. Radhika met Prannoy Roy during her teenage years. Prannoy was also from Calcutta, and attending The Doon School, a boys' boarding school in Dehradun. Radhika and Prannoy moved to London, United Kingdom for higher education, where they got married and then returned to India, settling down in Delhi. In London, she studied at the Oldrey Fleming School and became a qualified speech pathologist. She also graduated with a degree in English literature from Miranda House, University of Delhi. Radhika Roy began her career as a journalist at The Indian Express where she worked for the editing desk. She joined the India Today magazine, where she was a new coordinator. Roy quit her job at the magazine to join The New School For Social Research for a post-graduate degree in broadcast journalism in New York, United States. She also applied for and completed a course in television production at the New York University Tisch School of the Arts. In 1984, Radhika Roy along with her economist husband Prannoy Roy founded New Delhi Television Ltd (NDTV). Both the Roys are considered to be the founders of company, but according to Prannoy, Radhika was the original founder of the company and that he joined afterwards. The company began as a production house for the public broadcaster Doordarshan, and became the first independent news broadcaster in India. NDTV is considered to be a legacy brand, which set the template for broadcast journalism in India. 1984–2022: Co-Chairperson of NDTV Radhika Roy was the managing director of NDTV between 1998 and 2011, before which she was the chairman. She also held the position of chief executive producer. Prannoy Roy became the public face of the network, while Radhika Roy managed the editorial and backend processes. She grew a reputation for demanded high standards for editorial integrity and impartiality. Radhika had instituted a legally binding code of conducts for journalistic ethics in the company at a time when other broadcasters had none. She has also been described as having a sense of social justice and integrity, Roy had implemented measures such as arrangement of sanitary napkins in NDTV offices during a time when the debate over destigmatisation of periods in workplaces had not yet enter public discourse. According to a senior executive at the company, "f Prannoy Roy is the face of the organisation, Radhika Roy is its heart and soul." NDTV launched India's first 24x7 independent news channel in a 5-year partnership with Star India. In the partnership, NDTV managed the editorial and production aspects in exchange for a fee with an escalation clause, while Star managed the infrastructure and retained the profits. The partnership was ended in 2003 over disagreement in providing complete editorial control to NDTV. Following the split, NDTV became an independent news broadcaster after launched its owns news channels NDTV 24x7 and NDTV India. The company went public in May 2004 and became the leading media company in terms of market capitalisation by the end of the year. Radhika Roy along with her husband Prannoy Roy were designated as the executive co-chairpersons of NDTV after 2011. Radhika continued to act as a steward for the editorial end of the company. She was reportedly well liked by her employees and remained heavily involved in the company's day-to-day operations to the point that she was recognised as the de facto CEO, one former employee described her working style to be sometimes controlling as there was no effective decentralisation in the company. The company began facing government pressure through litigations and intimidation of advertisers on the network after Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister, which was described as part of a process of cratering media freedom in the country. The government attempted to ban the Hindi news channel NDTV India in 2016 and retracted following widespread protests. In 2017, the offices of the company and the residence of the Roys were raided by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) after a NDTV news presenter had questioned statements made by a ruling party spokesperson. In June 2019, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) barred Radhika and Prannoy Roy from holding managerial or board positions in the company for a period of 2 years over alleged withholding of information in loan agreements. The order was appealed against and stayed by the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT). In December 2020, SEBI imposed a fine on the Roys worth ₹27 crore (US$3.2 million). SAT directed the Roys to deposit 50% of the sum as conditional to a second hearing. The company moved to the Supreme Court of India (SCI) which exempted them from the deposits. Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud remarked that it was "brash" for the tribunal to have demanded it. Doubts had also begun emerging by 2015 over how much control the Roys had over their company after it had become involved in a debt agreement with the billionaire Mukesh Ambani's conglomerate Reliance Industries following a series of loan transactions necessitated by the NDTV's downturn due to the global financial crisis. In late 2019, the international news organisation Reporters sans frontières released a report, according to which, Radhika Roy directly held 16.32% of the stake in the company while her husband held 15.95% of the stake. The two held an additional 29.18% stake through a 50:50 holding company called RRPR Holding Pvt Ltd. In December 2022, Radhika and Prannoy Roy sold 27.26 per cent out of their 32.26 per cent shareholding in the news network to Adani Group, who till then had over a 37% stake in NDTV, making the conglomerate, the single largest shareholder with over 64.71 per cent stake. Public image and recognition Radhika Roy has a reputation of being a private person who stays away from fame and keeps a low profile. She has been described as being "quiet and behind the scenes." Roy along with her husband were awarded the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for Information, Communication and Entertainment in 2003. In 2007, she was featured by the museum on broadcasting history, Paley Center for Media as one of 50 major women figures in the history of television and radio broadcasting. She was also listed in Fortune India's list of 50 most powerful woman in business in India. In its 2016 list, the magazine remarked that she remains on the list due to her "sheer staying power in the face of adversity" and because NDTV remained one of the most trusted news brands in the country. In 2023, Securities Appellate Tribunal overturned a 2020 order that held Radhika Roy guilty of insider trading which barred him from engaging in the securities market for two years. In addition, it also compelled him to pay money made through the alleged insider trading between 2006 and 2008. References ^ Kinjal (11 June 2021). "False message makes claims about NDTV and its founders Prannoy and Radhika Roy". Alt News. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ a b c d e Kathuria, Charvi (28 November 2020). "Who is Radhika Roy, the woman who built India's NDTV from behind-the-scenes?". SheThePeople.TV. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ a b c Kaushik, Krishn (1 December 2015). "The Tempest". The Caravan. p. 2. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ a b c "Power Women". The Financial Express. The Indian Express Group. 30 December 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ "Department of English". Miranda House - University College for Women. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ a b c d e f Bansal, Shuchi (21 April 2003). "Radhika Roy: NDTV's heart and soul". Rediff.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017. ^ Rodrigues, Usha M.; Ranganathan, Maya (2014). Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant. SAGE Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-93-5150-464-1. ^ Kaushik, Krishn. "The Tempest". The Caravan. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ Shrivastava, K M (2010). Broadcast Journalism in the 21st Century. Sterling Publishing. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-81-207-3597-2. ^ Aneez, Zeenab; Neyazi, Taberez Ahmed; Kalogeropoulos, Antonis; Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus (March 2019). "Indian Digital News Report" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford. ^ Wintour, Anna (19 October 2012). "A week inside India's media boom". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ a b "Notice" (PDF). NDTV. 27 September 2012. ^ a b Karmali, Naazneen (8 September 2006). "News Delhi TV". Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. ^ a b Kaushik, Kshama; Dutta, Kaushik (2012). India Means Business: How the elephant earned its stripes. Oxford University Press. pp. 277–281. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-908851-5 – via Oxford Scholarship Online. ^ a b Joseph, Ammu (2013), Byerly, Carolyn M. (ed.), "India: What You See Is Not What You Get", The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 384–403, doi:10.1057/9781137273246_28, ISBN 978-1-137-27324-6 ^ Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (25 July 2019). The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure. Penguin Random House. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-93-5305-598-1. ^ Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (25 July 2019). The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure. Penguin Random House. pp. 77–81. ISBN 978-93-5305-598-1. ^ Banaji, Shakuntala (2011). South Asian Media Cultures: Audiences, Representations, Contexts. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-85728-409-9. ^ Shirsat, B. G.; Krishnakumar, Aparna (13 August 2005). "Media industry valuations hit the roof". Business Standard. Retrieved 29 June 2021. ^ Goel, Vindu; Gettleman, Jeffrey; Khandelwal, Saumya (2 April 2020). "Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ Krishnan, Murali (7 November 2016). "'Ridiculous and arbitrary' – Indian journalists slam NDTV ban". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 December 2020. ^ Venu, M. K. (8 November 2016). "The Creeping Erosion of Free Expression". The Wire. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "Falling in line: India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued". The Economist. 24 June 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kohli, Atul; Murali, Kanta (2019). Business and Politics in India. Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-19-091246-8 – via Oxford Scholarship Online. ^ "SEBI bars Prannoy, Radhika Roy from NDTV board". The Hindu. 14 June 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 December 2020. ^ Modak, Samie (18 June 2019). "SAT stays Sebi's order asking Prannoy, Radhika to step down from NDTV". Business Standard. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "SEBI fines NDTV's Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy Rs 27 crore for 'violating regulatory norms'". Scroll.in. 25 December 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "SAT directs NDTV's Prannoy and Radhika Roy to deposit ₹8.5 crore before it hears them further". Business Line. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "NDTV's Prannoy, Radhika Roy exempted from making deposit for hearing appeals against SEBI penalty". Scroll.in. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "Supreme Court stays recovery of Rs 27 crore penalty imposed by SEBI on Radhika Roy, Prannoy Roy". Newslaundry. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ Kaushik, Krishn. "The Tempest". The Caravan. p. 4. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ a b "The Roy Family". Media Ownership Monitor - India. Reporters Without Borders. December 2019. ^ ^ a b "Radhika Roy - Most Powerful Women in 2016 - Fortune India". Fortune India. 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2021. ^ "E&Y; picks Ratan Tata for entrepreneurship award". Business Line. The Hindu Group. 29 October 2003. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. ^ Team, N. L. (6 October 2023). "SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy". Newslaundry. Retrieved 16 January 2024. ^ Team, N. L. (6 October 2023). "SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy". Newslaundry. Retrieved 16 January 2024. vteNDTVCorporate leadership Gautam Adani Sanjay Pugalia News channelsCurrent NDTV 24x7 NDTV India NDTV Prime Astro Awani (JV with Astro) Independent Television (JV with Beximco) Former NDTV Profit NDTV Hindu Notable programmes Highway on My Plate We the People Truth vs Hype The Car & Bike Show PersonnelCurrent Ambika Anand Namrata Brar Appan Menon Sonia Singh Vishnu Som Swati Thiyagarajan Former Shekhar Gupta Barkha Dutt Nidhi Razdan Vinod Dua Vikram Chandra Noopur Tiwari Sunetra Choudhury Pankaj Pachauri Rajdeep Sardesai Arnab Goswami Ravish Kumar Punya Prasun Bajpai Sanjay Pinto Suparna Singh Pankaj Pachauri Sreenivasan Jain
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"NDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"India Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today"},{"link_name":"NDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV"}],"text":"Radhika Roy (née Das; born 7 May 1949) is an Indian journalist who is the founder and former executive co-chairperson of NDTV. She was the managing director of the company between 1998 and 2011. The company started as a news production house and became the first independent news broadcaster in India. Roy began her career in journalism at The Indian Express and worked for a period of time at the India Today magazine before becoming the founder of NDTV.","title":"Radhika Roy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"partition of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Welham Girls'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welham_Girls%27_School"},{"link_name":"Dehradun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"Prannoy Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prannoy_Roy"},{"link_name":"The Doon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doon_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caravan_120115-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caravan_120115-3"},{"link_name":"speech pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_pathologist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Miranda House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_House"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bansal-6"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"India Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today"},{"link_name":"The New School For Social Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School_For_Social_Research"},{"link_name":"broadcast journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_journalism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bansal-6"},{"link_name":"television production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_production"},{"link_name":"New York University Tisch School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"New Delhi Television Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_Television_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodrigues-IndianNewsMedia71_-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Doordarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caravan_120115-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"1949–1984: Early life and career","text":"Radhika was born in Calcutta, West Bengal on 7 May 1949,[1] at 5/1B Belvedre Road to Sooraj Lal Dass, who had migrated to the city during the partition of India. In the 1960s, Radhika was sent to study at Welham Girls' boarding school in Dehradun, Uttar Pradesh.[2] Radhika met Prannoy Roy during her teenage years. Prannoy was also from Calcutta, and attending The Doon School, a boys' boarding school in Dehradun.[3][2] Radhika and Prannoy moved to London, United Kingdom for higher education, where they got married and then returned to India, settling down in Delhi.[3] In London, she studied at the Oldrey Fleming School and became a qualified speech pathologist.[4] She also graduated with a degree in English literature from Miranda House, University of Delhi.[5][6]Radhika Roy began her career as a journalist at The Indian Express where she worked for the editing desk. She joined the India Today magazine, where she was a new coordinator. Roy quit her job at the magazine to join The New School For Social Research for a post-graduate degree in broadcast journalism in New York, United States.[6] She also applied for and completed a course in television production at the New York University Tisch School of the Arts.[4] In 1984, Radhika Roy along with her economist husband Prannoy Roy founded New Delhi Television Ltd (NDTV).[7] Both the Roys are considered to be the founders of company, but according to Prannoy, Radhika was the original founder of the company and that he joined afterwards.[8] The company began as a production house for the public broadcaster Doordarshan,[9] and became the first independent news broadcaster in India.[3] NDTV is considered to be a legacy brand,[10] which set the template for broadcast journalism in India.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"managing director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managing_director"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes08Sep06_-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes08Sep06_-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bansal-6"},{"link_name":"destigmatisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bansal-6"},{"link_name":"Star India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_India"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MakingOfStarIndia48_-16"},{"link_name":"escalation clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalation_clause"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MakingOfStarIndia77_-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SouthAsianMediaCultures123_-18"},{"link_name":"NDTV 24x7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV_24x7"},{"link_name":"NDTV India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV_India"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaushik-IndiaMeansBusiness_-14"},{"link_name":"market capitalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalisation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bansal-6"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"media freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_freedom"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkTimes02Apr20_-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeutscheWelle07Nov16_-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Central Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Securities and Exchange Board of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhananjaya_Y._Chandrachud"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Ambani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Ambani"},{"link_name":"Reliance Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Industries"},{"link_name":"global financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Reporters sans frontières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_sans_fronti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"Adani Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adani_Group"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"1984–2022: Co-Chairperson of NDTV","text":"Radhika Roy was the managing director of NDTV between 1998 and 2011, before which she was the chairman.[12][13] She also held the position of chief executive producer.[2] Prannoy Roy became the public face of the network, while Radhika Roy managed the editorial and backend processes.[13] She grew a reputation for demanded high standards for editorial integrity and impartiality.[14] Radhika had instituted a legally binding code of conducts for journalistic ethics in the company at a time when other broadcasters had none.[15] She has also been described as having a sense of social justice and integrity,[6] Roy had implemented measures such as arrangement of sanitary napkins in NDTV offices during a time when the debate over destigmatisation of periods in workplaces had not yet enter public discourse.[2] According to a senior executive at the company, \"[I]f Prannoy Roy is the face of the organisation, Radhika Roy is its heart and soul.\"[6]NDTV launched India's first 24x7 independent news channel in a 5-year partnership with Star India.[16] In the partnership, NDTV managed the editorial and production aspects in exchange for a fee with an escalation clause, while Star managed the infrastructure and retained the profits.[17] The partnership was ended in 2003 over disagreement in providing complete editorial control to NDTV.[18] Following the split, NDTV became an independent news broadcaster after launched its owns news channels NDTV 24x7 and NDTV India.[14] The company went public in May 2004 and became the leading media company in terms of market capitalisation by the end of the year.[19]Radhika Roy along with her husband Prannoy Roy were designated as the executive co-chairpersons of NDTV after 2011.[12] Radhika continued to act as a steward for the editorial end of the company.[15] She was reportedly well liked by her employees and remained heavily involved in the company's day-to-day operations to the point that she was recognised as the de facto CEO, one former employee described her working style to be sometimes controlling as there was no effective decentralisation in the company.[6] The company began facing government pressure through litigations and intimidation of advertisers on the network after Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister, which was described as part of a process of cratering media freedom in the country.[20] The government attempted to ban the Hindi news channel NDTV India in 2016 and retracted following widespread protests.[21][22] In 2017, the offices of the company and the residence of the Roys were raided by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) after a NDTV news presenter had questioned statements made by a ruling party spokesperson.[23][24]In June 2019, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) barred Radhika and Prannoy Roy from holding managerial or board positions in the company for a period of 2 years over alleged withholding of information in loan agreements.[25] The order was appealed against and stayed by the Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT).[26] In December 2020, SEBI imposed a fine on the Roys worth ₹27 crore (US$3.2 million).[27] SAT directed the Roys to deposit 50% of the sum as conditional to a second hearing.[28] The company moved to the Supreme Court of India (SCI) which exempted them from the deposits.[29] Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud remarked that it was \"brash\" for the tribunal to have demanded it.[30]Doubts had also begun emerging by 2015 over how much control the Roys had over their company after it had become involved in a debt agreement with the billionaire Mukesh Ambani's conglomerate Reliance Industries following a series of loan transactions necessitated by the NDTV's downturn due to the global financial crisis.[31] In late 2019, the international news organisation Reporters sans frontières released a report, according to which, Radhika Roy directly held 16.32% of the stake in the company while her husband held 15.95% of the stake. The two held an additional 29.18% stake through a 50:50 holding company called RRPR Holding Pvt Ltd.[32]In December 2022, Radhika and Prannoy Roy sold 27.26 per cent out of their 32.26 per cent shareholding in the news network to Adani Group, who till then had over a 37% stake in NDTV, making the conglomerate, the single largest shareholder with over 64.71 per cent stake.[33]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bansal-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young_Entrepreneur_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Paley Center for Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley_Center_for_Media"},{"link_name":"Fortune India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_India"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Radhika Roy has a reputation of being a private person who stays away from fame and keeps a low profile.[6][4][34] She has been described as being \"quiet and behind the scenes.\"[2]Roy along with her husband were awarded the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for Information, Communication and Entertainment in 2003.[35] In 2007, she was featured by the museum on broadcasting history, Paley Center for Media as one of 50 major women figures in the history of television and radio broadcasting. She was also listed in Fortune India's list of 50 most powerful woman in business in India.[32] In its 2016 list, the magazine remarked that she remains on the list due to her \"sheer staying power in the face of adversity\" and because NDTV remained one of the most trusted news brands in the country.[34]In 2023, Securities Appellate Tribunal overturned a 2020 order that held Radhika Roy guilty of insider trading which barred him from engaging in the securities market for two years.[36] In addition, it also compelled him to pay money made through the alleged insider trading between 2006 and 2008.[37]","title":"Public image and recognition"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kinjal (11 June 2021). \"False message makes claims about NDTV and its founders Prannoy and Radhika Roy\". Alt News. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altnews.in/old-fake-message-about-ndtv-prannoy-roy-and-his-wife-viral-again/","url_text":"\"False message makes claims about NDTV and its founders Prannoy and Radhika Roy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_News","url_text":"Alt News"}]},{"reference":"Kathuria, Charvi (28 November 2020). \"Who is Radhika Roy, the woman who built India's NDTV from behind-the-scenes?\". SheThePeople.TV. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/who-is-radhika-roy-ndtv/","url_text":"\"Who is Radhika Roy, the woman who built India's NDTV from behind-the-scenes?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheThePeople.TV","url_text":"SheThePeople.TV"}]},{"reference":"Kaushik, Krishn (1 December 2015). \"The Tempest\". The Caravan. p. 2. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv","url_text":"\"The Tempest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravan","url_text":"The Caravan"}]},{"reference":"\"Power Women\". The Financial Express. The Indian Express Group. 30 December 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/power-women/255634/","url_text":"\"Power Women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)","url_text":"The Financial Express"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express_Group","url_text":"The Indian Express Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of English\". Miranda House - University College for Women. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirandahouse.ac.in/academics/departments/english/englishoverview.php","url_text":"\"Department of English\""}]},{"reference":"Bansal, Shuchi (21 April 2003). \"Radhika Roy: NDTV's heart and soul\". Rediff.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/apr/21spec1.htm","url_text":"\"Radhika Roy: NDTV's heart and soul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com","url_text":"Rediff.com"}]},{"reference":"Rodrigues, Usha M.; Ranganathan, Maya (2014). Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant. SAGE Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-93-5150-464-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications","url_text":"SAGE Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-464-1","url_text":"978-93-5150-464-1"}]},{"reference":"Kaushik, Krishn. \"The Tempest\". The Caravan. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv","url_text":"\"The Tempest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravan","url_text":"The Caravan"}]},{"reference":"Shrivastava, K M (2010). Broadcast Journalism in the 21st Century. Sterling Publishing. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-81-207-3597-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing","url_text":"Sterling Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-3597-2","url_text":"978-81-207-3597-2"}]},{"reference":"Aneez, Zeenab; Neyazi, Taberez Ahmed; Kalogeropoulos, Antonis; Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus (March 2019). \"Indian Digital News Report\" (PDF). Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. University of Oxford.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_Kleis_Nielsen","url_text":"Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus"},{"url":"https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/India_DNR_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Indian Digital News Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Journalism","url_text":"Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford","url_text":"University of Oxford"}]},{"reference":"Wintour, Anna (19 October 2012). \"A week inside India's media boom\". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/0eb44760-1907-11e2-af88-00144feabdc0","url_text":"\"A week inside India's media boom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Notice\" (PDF). NDTV. 27 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/corporatepage/images/NDTV12pagesnotice-proxy.pdf","url_text":"\"Notice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"Karmali, Naazneen (8 September 2006). \"News Delhi TV\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/034.html","url_text":"\"News Delhi TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201211071033if_/https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/034.html?sh=4e73284a44d0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaushik, Kshama; Dutta, Kaushik (2012). India Means Business: How the elephant earned its stripes. Oxford University Press. pp. 277–281. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-908851-5 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198072614.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072614.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908851-5","url_text":"978-0-19-908851-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Scholarship_Online","url_text":"Oxford Scholarship Online"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Ammu (2013), Byerly, Carolyn M. (ed.), \"India: What You See Is Not What You Get\", The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 384–403, doi:10.1057/9781137273246_28, ISBN 978-1-137-27324-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137273246_28","url_text":"10.1057/9781137273246_28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27324-6","url_text":"978-1-137-27324-6"}]},{"reference":"Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (25 July 2019). The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure. Penguin Random House. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-93-5305-598-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House","url_text":"Penguin Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-598-1","url_text":"978-93-5305-598-1"}]},{"reference":"Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (25 July 2019). The Making of Star India: The Amazing Story of Rupert Murdoch's India Adventure. Penguin Random House. pp. 77–81. ISBN 978-93-5305-598-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House","url_text":"Penguin Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-598-1","url_text":"978-93-5305-598-1"}]},{"reference":"Banaji, Shakuntala (2011). South Asian Media Cultures: Audiences, Representations, Contexts. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-85728-409-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-409-9","url_text":"978-0-85728-409-9"}]},{"reference":"Shirsat, B. G.; Krishnakumar, Aparna (13 August 2005). \"Media industry valuations hit the roof\". Business Standard. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/media-industry-valuations-hit-the-roof-105081301005_1.html","url_text":"\"Media industry valuations hit the roof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard","url_text":"Business Standard"}]},{"reference":"Goel, Vindu; Gettleman, Jeffrey; Khandelwal, Saumya (2 April 2020). \"Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html","url_text":"\"Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Murali (7 November 2016). \"'Ridiculous and arbitrary' – Indian journalists slam NDTV ban\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/ridiculous-and-arbitrary-indian-journalists-slam-ndtv-ban/a-36293627","url_text":"\"'Ridiculous and arbitrary' – Indian journalists slam NDTV ban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"Venu, M. K. (8 November 2016). \"The Creeping Erosion of Free Expression\". The Wire. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewire.in/politics/creeping-erosion-free-expression","url_text":"\"The Creeping Erosion of Free Expression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_(India)","url_text":"The Wire"}]},{"reference":"\"Falling in line: India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued\". The Economist. 24 June 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/06/24/indias-raucous-democracy-is-becoming-more-subdued","url_text":"\"Falling in line: India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","url_text":"0013-0613"}]},{"reference":"Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kohli, Atul; Murali, Kanta (2019). Business and Politics in India. Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-19-091246-8 – via Oxford Scholarship Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091246-8","url_text":"978-0-19-091246-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Scholarship_Online","url_text":"Oxford Scholarship Online"}]},{"reference":"\"SEBI bars Prannoy, Radhika Roy from NDTV board\". The Hindu. 14 June 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/sebi-bars-prannoy-radhika-roy-from-ndtv-board/article27943165.ece","url_text":"\"SEBI bars Prannoy, Radhika Roy from NDTV board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Modak, Samie (18 June 2019). \"SAT stays Sebi's order asking Prannoy, Radhika to step down from NDTV\". Business Standard. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sat-stays-sebi-s-order-asking-prannoy-radhika-to-step-down-from-ndtv-119061801169_1.html","url_text":"\"SAT stays Sebi's order asking Prannoy, Radhika to step down from NDTV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard","url_text":"Business Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"SEBI fines NDTV's Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy Rs 27 crore for 'violating regulatory norms'\". Scroll.in. 25 December 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/latest/982267/sebi-fines-ndtvs-prannoy-roy-and-radhika-roy-rs-27-crore-for-violating-regulatory-norms","url_text":"\"SEBI fines NDTV's Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy Rs 27 crore for 'violating regulatory norms'\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAT directs NDTV's Prannoy and Radhika Roy to deposit ₹8.5 crore before it hears them further\". Business Line. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/sat-directs-ndvts-prannoy-and-radhika-roy-to-deposit-85-crore-before-it-hears-them-further/article33551661.ece","url_text":"\"SAT directs NDTV's Prannoy and Radhika Roy to deposit ₹8.5 crore before it hears them further\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Line","url_text":"Business Line"}]},{"reference":"\"NDTV's Prannoy, Radhika Roy exempted from making deposit for hearing appeals against SEBI penalty\". Scroll.in. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/latest/986987/ndtvs-prannoy-radhika-roy-exempted-from-making-deposit-for-hearing-appeals-against-sebi-penalty","url_text":"\"NDTV's Prannoy, Radhika Roy exempted from making deposit for hearing appeals against SEBI penalty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll.in","url_text":"Scroll.in"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court stays recovery of Rs 27 crore penalty imposed by SEBI on Radhika Roy, Prannoy Roy\". Newslaundry. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/03/26/supreme-court-stays-recovery-of-rs-27-crore-penalty-imposed-by-sebi-on-radhika-roy-prannoy-roy","url_text":"\"Supreme Court stays recovery of Rs 27 crore penalty imposed by SEBI on Radhika Roy, Prannoy Roy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newslaundry","url_text":"Newslaundry"}]},{"reference":"Kaushik, Krishn. \"The Tempest\". The Caravan. p. 4. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv","url_text":"\"The Tempest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravan","url_text":"The Caravan"}]},{"reference":"\"The Roy Family\". Media Ownership Monitor - India. Reporters Without Borders. December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/the-roy-family/","url_text":"\"The Roy Family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders","url_text":"Reporters Without Borders"}]},{"reference":"\"Radhika Roy - Most Powerful Women in 2016 - Fortune India\". Fortune India. 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/radhika-roy?year=2016","url_text":"\"Radhika Roy - Most Powerful Women in 2016 - Fortune India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_India","url_text":"Fortune India"}]},{"reference":"\"E&Y; picks Ratan Tata for entrepreneurship award\". Business Line. The Hindu Group. 29 October 2003. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131026200923/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/10/30/stories/2003103002490100.htm","url_text":"\"E&Y; picks Ratan Tata for entrepreneurship award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Line","url_text":"Business Line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu_Group","url_text":"The Hindu Group"},{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/10/30/stories/2003103002490100.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Team, N. L. (6 October 2023). \"SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy\". Newslaundry. Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/10/06/sat-quashes-sebis-insider-trading-order-against-prannoy-and-radhika-roy","url_text":"\"SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy\""}]},{"reference":"Team, N. L. (6 October 2023). \"SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy\". Newslaundry. Retrieved 16 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/10/06/sat-quashes-sebis-insider-trading-order-against-prannoy-and-radhika-roy","url_text":"\"SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy\""}]}]
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Tempest\""},{"Link":"https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/India_DNR_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Indian Digital News Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/0eb44760-1907-11e2-af88-00144feabdc0","external_links_name":"\"A week inside India's media boom\""},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/corporatepage/images/NDTV12pagesnotice-proxy.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notice\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0918/034.html","external_links_name":"\"News Delhi 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Indian journalists slam NDTV ban\""},{"Link":"https://thewire.in/politics/creeping-erosion-free-expression","external_links_name":"\"The Creeping Erosion of Free Expression\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/06/24/indias-raucous-democracy-is-becoming-more-subdued","external_links_name":"\"Falling in line: India's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","external_links_name":"0013-0613"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/sebi-bars-prannoy-radhika-roy-from-ndtv-board/article27943165.ece","external_links_name":"\"SEBI bars Prannoy, Radhika Roy from NDTV board\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/sat-stays-sebi-s-order-asking-prannoy-radhika-to-step-down-from-ndtv-119061801169_1.html","external_links_name":"\"SAT stays Sebi's order asking Prannoy, Radhika to step down from NDTV\""},{"Link":"https://scroll.in/latest/982267/sebi-fines-ndtvs-prannoy-roy-and-radhika-roy-rs-27-crore-for-violating-regulatory-norms","external_links_name":"\"SEBI fines NDTV's Prannoy Roy and Radhika Roy Rs 27 crore for 'violating regulatory norms'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/sat-directs-ndvts-prannoy-and-radhika-roy-to-deposit-85-crore-before-it-hears-them-further/article33551661.ece","external_links_name":"\"SAT directs NDTV's Prannoy and Radhika Roy to deposit ₹8.5 crore before it hears them further\""},{"Link":"https://scroll.in/latest/986987/ndtvs-prannoy-radhika-roy-exempted-from-making-deposit-for-hearing-appeals-against-sebi-penalty","external_links_name":"\"NDTV's Prannoy, Radhika Roy exempted from making deposit for hearing appeals against SEBI penalty\""},{"Link":"https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/03/26/supreme-court-stays-recovery-of-rs-27-crore-penalty-imposed-by-sebi-on-radhika-roy-prannoy-roy","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court stays recovery of Rs 27 crore penalty imposed by SEBI on Radhika Roy, Prannoy Roy\""},{"Link":"https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/the-tempest-prannoy-radhika-roy-ndtv","external_links_name":"\"The Tempest\""},{"Link":"https://india.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/the-roy-family/","external_links_name":"\"The Roy Family\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/ndtv-constructive-deal-with-gautam-adani-for-roys/cid/1905575","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/radhika-roy?year=2016","external_links_name":"\"Radhika Roy - Most Powerful Women in 2016 - Fortune India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131026200923/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/10/30/stories/2003103002490100.htm","external_links_name":"\"E&Y; picks Ratan Tata for entrepreneurship award\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/10/30/stories/2003103002490100.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/10/06/sat-quashes-sebis-insider-trading-order-against-prannoy-and-radhika-roy","external_links_name":"\"SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy\""},{"Link":"https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/10/06/sat-quashes-sebis-insider-trading-order-against-prannoy-and-radhika-roy","external_links_name":"\"SAT quashes SEBI's insider trading order against Prannoy and Radhika Roy\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Dutch_TT
1975 Dutch TT
["1 500cc classification","2 References"]
1975 Dutch TTRace detailsRace 7 of 12 races in the1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing seasonDate28 June 1975Official nameDutch TT AssenLocationCircuit van DrentheCoursePermanent racing facility7.700 km (4.785 mi)500 ccPole positionRider Barry SheeneTime 2:58.400Fastest lapRider Barry SheeneTime 2:55.500PodiumFirst Barry SheeneSecond Giacomo AgostiniThird Phil Read350 ccPole positionRider Walter VillaFastest lapRider Johnny CecottoTime 3:01.400PodiumFirst Dieter BraunSecond Pentti KorhonenThird Alex George250 ccPole positionRider Walter VillaTime 3:07.100Fastest lapRider Walter VillaTime 3:04.000PodiumFirst Walter VillaSecond Michel RougerieThird Dieter Braun125 ccPole positionRider Paolo PileriTime 3:12.400Fastest lapRider Paolo PileriTime 3:12.500PodiumFirst Paolo PileriSecond Pier Paolo BianchiThird Bruno Kneubühler50 ccPole positionRider Eugenio LazzariniTime 3:36.300Fastest lapRider Eugenio LazzariniTime 3:32.100PodiumFirst Ángel NietoSecond Herbert RittbergerThird Eugenio Lazzarini The 1975 Dutch TT was the seventh round of the 1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 26–28 June 1975 at the Circuit van Drenthe located in Assen, Netherlands. 500cc classification Pos. Rider Team Manufacturer Time/Retired Points 1 Barry Sheene Suzuki Motor Company Suzuki 48'01.000 15 2 Giacomo Agostini Yamaha Motor NV Yamaha 48'01.000 12 3 Phil Read MV Agusta MV Agusta +48.700 10 4 John Newbold Suzuki +1 lap 8 5 Teuvo Länsivuori Suzuki Motor Company Suzuki +1 lap 6 6 Gianfranco Bonera MV Agusta MV Agusta +1 lap 5 7 John Williams Yamaha +1 lap 4 8 Hans Stadelmann Yamaha +1 lap 3 9 Karl Auer Racing Team NO Yamaha +1 lap 2 10 Piet van der Wal Yamaha +1 lap 1 11 Helmut Kassner Yamaha +1 lap 12 Cliff Carr Harris Everton Racing Yamaha +1 lap 13 Rob Bron Suzuki +1 lap 14 Tony Rutter Yamaha +1 lap 15 Dick Alblas König +1 lap 16 Steve Ellis Yamaha +1 lap 17 Hans-Otto Butenuth Yamaha +1 lap 18 Charlie Williams Yamaha +1 lap Ret Alex George Yamaha Retired Ret Christian Leon König Motorenbau König Retired Ret Bernard Fau Yamaha Retired Ret Yvon Duhamel Kawasaki Retired Ret Horst Lahfeld König Retired Ret Mick Grant Boyer Team Kawasaki Kawasaki Retired Ret Barry Ditchburn Boyer Team Kawasaki Kawasaki Retired Ret Wil Hartog Yamaha Retired Ret Jan van Disseldorp Yamaha Retired Ret Thierry Tchernine Yamaha Retired Ret Alan North Yamaha Retired Ret Jack Findlay Yamaha Accident Ret Patrick Pons Equipe Sonauto BP Gauloises Yamaha Accident Sources: References ^ "1975 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes | The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project". www.progcovers.com. ^ "TT Circuit Assen | The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project". www.progcovers.com. ^ "1975 Dutch TT MotoGP | Motor Sport Magazine Database". Motor Sport Magazine. May 10, 2018. ^ "motogp.com · DUTCH TT · 500cc Race Classification 1975". www.motogp.com. Previous race:1975 Isle of Man TT FIM Grand Prix World Championship1975 season Next race:1975 Belgian Grand Prix Previous race:1974 Dutch TT Dutch TT Next race:1976 Dutch TT
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing_season"},{"link_name":"Circuit van Drenthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT_Circuit_Assen"},{"link_name":"Assen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assen"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"The 1975 Dutch TT was the seventh round of the 1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 26–28 June 1975 at the Circuit van Drenthe located in Assen, Netherlands.","title":"1975 Dutch TT"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"500cc classification"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"1975 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes | The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project\". www.progcovers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progcovers.com/motor/500cc1975.html","url_text":"\"1975 500cc Class (FIM Grand Prix World Championship) Programmes | The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"TT Circuit Assen | The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project\". www.progcovers.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progcovers.com/motor/assen.html","url_text":"\"TT Circuit Assen | The Motor Racing Programme Covers Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"1975 Dutch TT MotoGP | Motor Sport Magazine Database\". Motor Sport Magazine. May 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/races/1975-dutch-tt-motogp","url_text":"\"1975 Dutch TT MotoGP | Motor Sport Magazine Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"motogp.com · DUTCH TT · 500cc Race Classification 1975\". www.motogp.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motogp.com/en/Results+Statistics/1975/NED/500cc/RAC","url_text":"\"motogp.com · DUTCH TT · 500cc Race Classification 1975\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodoedocus
Hodoedocus
["1 Notes","2 References"]
In Greek mythology, Hodoedocus or Hodedocus (/həˈdɛdəkəs/; Ancient Greek: Ὁδοίδοκος) was a son of Cynus and grandson of Opus. His father and sister, Larymna, were eponyms of the cities Kynos in Locris and Larymna in Boeotia respectively. Hodoedocus was the father of Oileus by Agrianome, daughter of Perseon, and of Calliarus by Laonome. Notes ^ Eustathius on Homer, p. 227 ^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 9.23.7 ^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad 2.640; Hyginus, Fabulae 14 ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Kalliaros References Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project. This article relating to Greek mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oileus"},{"link_name":"Agrianome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrianome&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Perseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perseon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Calliarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calliarus_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laonome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laonome"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hodoedocus was the father of Oileus by Agrianome, daughter of Perseon,[3] and of Calliarus by Laonome.[4]","title":"Hodoedocus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Eustathius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholia"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"Hyginus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyginus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Stephanus of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium"}],"text":"^ Eustathius on Homer, p. 227\n\n^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 9.23.7\n\n^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad 2.640; Hyginus, Fabulae 14\n\n^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Kalliaros","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Mama
Lil Mama
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 2006–2012: VYP (Voice of the Young People) and turmoil","2.2 2013–2017: CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, \"Sausage\", Take Me Back, and When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story","2.3 2018–present: \"Shoe Game\" and Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta","3 Personal life","4 Controversies","5 Discography","6 Filmography","6.1 Television","7 Awards and nominations","7.1 BET Awards","7.2 MTV Video Music Awards","7.3 MTV Asia Awards","7.4 Teen Choice Awards","7.5 Vibe Awards","8 References","9 External links"]
American rapper (born 1989) Lil MamaLil Mama in 2018Background informationBirth nameNiatia Jessica KirklandBorn (1989-10-04) October 4, 1989 (age 34)New York City, U.S.GenresHip hopOccupations Rapper singer dancer actress Years active2006–presentLabels Jive RCA Zomba Musical artist Niatia Jessica Kirkland (born October 4, 1989), better known by her stage name Lil Mama, is an American rapper and singer. She experienced top 10 Billboard placements at 17 with her debut album VYP (Voice of the Young People) (2008), which debuted at number 25 on the Billboard 200. The album spawned her four major singles including her staple song and dance anthem "Lip Gloss", earning her two Teen Choice Awards and Monster Single of the Year nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards. Kirkland gained further attention in pop music after a collaboration with Avril Lavigne for the remix of her hit single "Girlfriend". Kirkland took a hiatus from music after success of her hit single "Hustler Girl" to stay focused on serving as a judge for total of seven seasons on MTV's America's Best Dance Crew at the age of 18 from 2008 to 2012. Working with producer and fellow judge Randy Jackson, she served alongside JC Chasez, Shane Sparks, Mario Lopez, and Layla Kayleigh. She was cast as Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes in the VH1 biographical film CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, which aired in October 2013 and garnered 4.5 million views in the first night. From the success of the film, Kirkland joined TLC on their tour for their last album. She got the opportunity to perform a tribute to Lopes at the 2013 American Music Awards performing the Grammy Award nominated song "Waterfalls". Kirkland continued to remain in the public eye, returning to music, making new tracks with fellow rapper MC Lyte on her single "Ball". She appeared on multiple magazine covers and was back in television with Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta. In 2019, she starred in the film All In, alongside Traci Braxton. Early life Niatia Jessica Kirkland was born on October 4, 1989, in Brooklyn, New York City, and is the eldest daughter of eight children. She was raised in Harlem from her kindergarten to her eighth-grade year. She moved back to Brooklyn and attended Edward R. Murrow High School until her senior year where she continued her education through independent studies. Kirkland is a third generation of West African, Trinidadian, and Jamaican descent and third child born. Being the oldest daughter, she got her nickname "Lil Mama". She has two older brothers and three younger brothers, one of whom is also a dancer and underground rapper along with her younger sister and last brother. She has one maternal aunt and several paternal uncles. Kirkland faced personal and financial struggles at an early age and experienced even more poverty when her mother, Tara, was diagnosed with breast cancer, which often led Kirkland to struggle in school as she had to care for her siblings and see her mother back and forth in hospitals from procedures. Both her parents had separated when she was a young child, but Kirkland always maintained a close relationship with her father, visiting him consistently. Her family became homeless and their mother had moved her and her siblings into a shelter due to poverty at the time. Kirkland told Power 105.1 she stayed in the shelters for seven years from her kindergarten year until the beginning of her eighth-grade year when they managed to get an apartment in the Bronx and gain more stability. Kirkland contributed to helping her mother financially by taking up small jobs such as baking. Growing up, Kirkland witnessed many hardships in her community including gang and drug violence, teen pregnancy, and domestic violence. After her mother's fight with cancer became terminal, her mother moved in with Kirkland's aunt and Tara's older sister. She stayed there so she could be cared for and help with the care of the younger children in her family. As one of eight children, she began to express herself artistically by writing poetry and music. She trained at dance schools for ballet, jazz dance, tap dance, South African dance, hip hop dance, and street dance; she was in many competitions and recitals making her a professional dancer. She was influenced by MC Lyte, Lil' Kim, Lisa Lopes, Missy Elliott, Lauryn Hill, and her parents. Her mother was a singer and her father Allen Brunner was a musician and DJ. Kirkland decided to explore her talents further when she took interest in the rap culture. Career 2006–2012: VYP (Voice of the Young People) and turmoil Lil Mama performing in 2008 Lil Mama at the Black Girls Rock! and Soul Tour in New York City, 2011 Kirkland became known as the "Voice of the Young People" for being a teen sensation and connecting with her younger fans as she continued to present herself as that and embrace it in her music videos and songs. She became the "Queen of Hip-Pop" for mixing her rhymes with pop influences, which started after her collaboration with Avril Lavigne. She first introduced herself as the "Birth of Hip-Pop" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards sporting a baby-styled look. She later told MTV how she intended to spread and influence more artists to spread the genre of hip-pop. After her 2009 re-release of her single "L.I.F.E.", Kirkland introduced her fans to a whole new side of the darker reality that young people face. The song was followed by a music video that incorporated the themes of the song which included teen pregnancy, drug addiction, child abandonment, domestic violence, and more. Since the release of her first album, Kirkland has been in and out of studios making new music. She released the single "Doughboy" (featuring Mishon). After that release she made appearances on tracks with other artists, including "Turn It Up" by Mishon and "Sexiest" by Yahaira. She also released "On & On & On" and "NY NY LA LA" (featuring Snoop Dogg). The two singles were intended to be a part of her second studio album, but instead they were released on iTunes and digital download but were later removed for unknown reasons. She then released two more singles entitled "Scrawberry" and "Hustler Girl", both singles were followed by music videos. "Scrawberry" introduced a new look for Kirkland, in which she would wear colorful wigs and futuristic attire; this would be her new style for next few years; however, the song was released on her MySpace page and YouTube, it was unclear if it was removed from streaming services along with her other two singles. Kirkland was featured on Lil Wayne's "A Milli"; she was brought on stage at his concerts to perform the song. Kirkland was featured in the Grammy Award-nominated album First Love by Karina Pasian, a close friend to Kirkland and a veteran music artist. In 2009, she announced the title of her proposed sophomore album as Voice of the Young People: I Am That after her single "What It Is (Strike a Pose)" failed to chart. The song was the last single with a music video to be added to her album and was used to commercialize the album. The song failed to chart. On October 7, 2012, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Kirkland (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) would release future material on the RCA Records brand. However, Kirkland had left Jive before the transition to RCA; she stated in an interview that she was not in the right space to make music and decided to take a hiatus. Voice of the Young People: I Am That would have had guest appearances including Soulja Boy, Khalil, Angel Haze, LoLa Monroe, Teyana Taylor, Trina, Keke Palmer, Nas, and Chris Brown, among others. Due to her leaving Jive, the album never saw a release and instead it along with the few singles recorded with Zomba Records were shelved, but she managed to release some the songs directly online for her fans which included "Scrawberry", "On & On & On", and "NY NY LA LA". The other singles she planned to record with the featured artist were never recorded and were disbanded. After leaving Jive, Kirkland became an independent artist. On June 13, 2012, America's Best Dance Crew came to a series finale. Kirkland had served as a judge for a total of seven seasons. The following year, she released a single titled "Bad as Me" on Myspace and YouTube. 2013–2017: CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, "Sausage", Take Me Back, and When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story In October 2013, Kirkland starred as Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes in the VH1 biographical film CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, which aired on October 21, 2013, alongside Keke Palmer and Drew Sidora, who played Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas and Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins, respectively. The film generated 4.5 million views in one night. This was her first acting debut and breakout role, in which she received positive feedback from Lopes' fans. Kirkland was the first to be cast and from both the success of the film and the close relationship she formed with Watkins and Thomas. TLC took a chance on Kirkland, allowing her to substitute for Lopes. TLC took Kirkland on tour, and Kirkland carried out Lopes' legacy by rapping her verses. Kirkland's journey with TLC came to end after they performed at the 2013 American Music Awards. Kirkland and TLC dedicated a performance of "Waterfalls" to Lopes. After the tribute, Kirkland and TLC parted ways, and Kirkland went on to return to making music. In November 2014, Kirkland and AV were featured on MC Lyte's song "Ball" from her album Legend. The music video was released on November 13, 2014. Kirkland appeared in the video with both artists, providing rap verses, along with some of her signature dance moves. That same year, she performed the song live with AV and MC Lyte on The Real. In May 2015, Kirkland released the video for her song "Sausage" on WorldStarHipHop. The song was inspired by the #SausageMovement on Vine after Kirkland heard two girls on a street corner following the trend. The video incorporates many themes including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voguing, Mary J. Blige, Caribbean love, and community fun. It immediately went viral, with more than 3 million views in its first week, topping the Billboard + Twitter Top Tracks charts, passing Maroon 5's "Sugar" and knocking out Jason Derulo's "Want to Want Me". It held itself steady in the top 20 well into June, with numerous dance studio and dance jams featuring choreography and routines on social media danced to the track. Kirkland got a chance to perform the song live during half time of the 2015 BET Hip Hop Awards. The track was not made available for sale, being absent from both iTunes and Amazon Music due to copyright issues; the track was only available on Kirkland's SoundCloud account and her website. The video also opted out of advertising revenue on YouTube, with no advertisements appearing before the music video. The following year, she released another single "Memes" as a response to memes made of her after her notorious interview on The Breakfast Club. Kirkland released Take Me Back, a mixtape which featured "Sausage" and "Memes". The mixtape was later up for sale on her website and SoundCloud account, it featured seven songs including a cover and re-edition of Rihanna's "Work". The song received mixed reviews online both on YouTube and her website. People were not fond of her vocals on the hook, but adored her choreography. The last song to be added was "Too Fly", which caught less attraction after her website was taken down for unknown reasons. The music video was filmed at a club featuring her younger brother Arnstar as one of the dancers. She also produced her singing vocals on the hook. The song was also another copyright issue that couldn't be made for sale and solely released through her mixtape and her SoundCloud account. The music video is a YouTube exclusive. After her acting debut, Kirkland made what SOHH called an "epic comeback". Kirkland was back on red carpets, award shows, talk shows, and magazine covers. In 2016, Kirkland made an appearance on Hip Hop Squares as a contestant; the episode was highlighted because of the controversy Tamar Braxton started with the host. That same year, Kirkland, alongside Dej Loaf, gave a tribute to Lil' Kim at VH1's Hip Hop Honors, Lil' Kim later thanked Kirkland with a post of the tribute on her Instagram account. In June 2015, Kirkland was listed as a featured speaker at an event sponsored by BET and the Hip Hop Sisters Network. Titled "Women, Wealth and Relationships", the event also featured guest speakers MC Lyte, Shanice, and Elise Neal, as well as main speaker and financial advisor specialist Lynn Richardson. The event, held on June 27, 2015, focuses on empowering black women both in their lives and financially, providing answers on such tough issues as men, money, and family relationships. On August 28, 2017, Kirkland returned to acting, starring in the television film When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story, based on a true story. It premiered to 1.6 million viewers, ranking as TV One's #1 original movie premiere of all time among all key demos. Kirkland, along with director Tasha Smith and her co-stars Tami Roman and Lance Gross, went on a tour to promote the film and share Falicia Blakely's story. 2018–present: "Shoe Game" and Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta On April 17, 2018, Kirkland became competitor on MTV's The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars, a competitive television miniseries in which celebrities would team up with pro-athlete champions against each other. There, she met Drake Bell, and the two would later go on to collaborate on his track "Call Me When You're Lonely". On May 3, 2018, Kirkland released a single titled "Shoe Game". The single was available everywhere online for sale, streaming, and digital download. The single was later followed by a music video, directed by Walu, on May 25, 2018. It became a YouTube exclusive, following a million and twenty thousand views within five months. Kirkland went on to promote the single on the morning edition of Total Request Live in late September informing that this will lead to a future album. She was then followed up by Brynn Elliott after discussion of her old album and viewing of her greatest music videos which included "Lip Gloss", "Shawty Get Loose", and "G-Slide (Tour Bus)". On September 9, 2018, Kirkland was a presenter for the 2018 BET special Black Girls Rock!; she had the privilege to work with artists such as Queen Latifah, Janet Jackson, Mary J. Blige, etc. She presented the award to Shanay Thompson for her M.A.D. Girls celebrated by Coca-Cola. On September 25, 2018, Entertainment Tonight announced that Kirkland would join the cast of The CW's All American as a supporting character; this would be her first acting role since When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story. On October 4, 2018, Kirkland appeared on TV One's morning talk show Sister Circle to discuss her latest single "Shoe Game", and her being cast on Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta. There, she stated that she will be joining the cast as a regular due to her move to Atlanta, Georgia, to work on her upcoming album that Bow Wow will be assisting to co-produce and allow the series to document her journey as well as her experiences. She also got to discuss her acting career, as well as her taking vocal lessons from R&B singer Kelly Price; her singing will debut on the intended album. On October 18, 2018, Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta premiered for the continuation of its second season. Kirkland made her debut on the first episode alongside Kiyomi Leslie and Masika Kalysha as replacement for cast members who quit. Kirkland stars alongside her mentor and new manager MC Lyte. On November 14, 2018, Kirkland made her debut appearance on All American in its fifth episode. She introduced her character, Chynna Q, an upcoming hip hop artist. On June 13, 2019, she starred in the film All In, alongside Traci Braxton. Personal life Kirkland's mother, Tara, died on December 15, 2007, following a four-year battle with breast cancer. Kirkland's music video for "Shawty Get Loose" was dedicated to her memory; the single won her a Teen Choice Award. Tara also happened to be featured in the intro and closing of Kirkland's music video for her hit single "Lip Gloss". Kirkland had taken over guardianship over her younger siblings along with the help of her family and older brothers. She spoke about this at the red carpet for MTV. Kirkland has stated she and her mother had a close relationship and her mother relied on her for the help in raising her younger siblings. Kirkland is the older sister of underground rapper and dancer Arnstar, who was a regular on MTV's Wild 'n Out. She is also dancer in the New York City street dancing crew W.A.F.F.L.E. Their crew garnered more recognition after making their appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and received a cash reward from DeGeneres herself. Controversies At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Kirkland went onstage while Jay-Z and Alicia Keys performed "Empire State of Mind". While Jay-Z was ending his final verse, Kirkland left her seat in the audience, got onto the stage, and started bobbing her head to the beat. Jay-Z was surprised, but continued to perform. Right before this moment, Beyoncé had tried to hold her from going up. Jay-Z patted Kirkland on the leg to fall back, jokingly telling her, "you T-Paining now," a reference to a similar incident two months earlier when T-Pain jumped on stage with Jay-Z at Summer Jam during his performance of "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)". At the end of the performance, Kirkland came to foreground and posed alongside Jay-Z and Keys. She later clarified that she "would never ... try to disrespect Jay-Z or take a moment that someone has created and try to relive it. I'm too original for that and I respect him too much for that." In October 2009, she appeared in cycle 13 of America's Next Top Model with Benny Ninja. On August 11, 2011, Kirkland was a guest on The Breakfast Club. While on the air, tensions rose between her and fellow DJ Charlamagne tha God as they exchanged jabs, with Charlamagne bringing up her VMAs incident and the controversy between her and Nicki Minaj. Two more DJs, Angela Yee and DJ Envy, chimed in, discussing her absence from music at the time. After some time, Kirkland broke down in tears when her mother's passing was brought up. Kirkland crying spawned numerous memes around the internet. Five years later, Kirkland returned to The Breakfast Club to explain why she cried, and the DJs and Kirkland exchanged apologies with one another. On March 10, 2016, Kirkland was arrested for driving 38 mph in a 25 mph speed zone with a revoked license. The incident took place in Harlem at around 4 a.m. Officers conducted an investigation and Kirkland's driver's license was revoked. She went on to make a statement apologizing to her family, friends, and fans. Discography Main article: Lil Mama discography Studio albums VYP (Voice of the Young People) (2008) Filmography Films Year Title Role Notes 2013 CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes Television film 2017 When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story Falicia Blakely Television film 2019 All In Keema 2020 True to the Game 2 Alia 2021 Petey in the Park: The Misunderstanding Taliya Short film 2021 Fruits of the Heart Maya 2021 True to the Game 3 Alia 2021 Hip Hop Family Christmas A the Rapper Television film 2023 Sisters Tia Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 Dear Mama: A BET Mother's Day Herself Guest MTV VMA Pre Show Royale Herself Performer What Perez Sez Herself Guest 2007-13 2007 BET Hip Hop Awards Herself Performer 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards Herself Guest 2007-18 Total Request Live Herself 2 episodes Performer Guest 2008-12 America's Best Dance Crew Herself Judge 2008-15 BET Awards 2008 Herself Nominee BET Awards 2013 Herself Guest BET Awards 2015 Herself Performer 2008 Live with Regis and Kelly Herself Guest Jimmy Kimmel Live! Herself Guest 2008 Teen Choice Awards Herself Winner Presenter 2008-2009 FNMTV Presents: A Miley-Sized Surprise... New Year's Eve 2009 Herself Co-Host 2009 Talk Stoop Herself Guest America's Next Top Model Herself Dancer Recording artist The Bonnie Hunt Show Herself Guest MTV Cribs Herself Presenter 2009-11 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Herself Guest 2011 MTV Video Music Awards Herself Guest 2010 The Mo'Nique Show Herself Guest 2011 Style it Rich Herself Recording artist 2012 Huff Post's BV 365 Herself Guest 2012-13 2012 Soul Train Music Awards Herself Performer 2013 Soul Train Music Awards Herself Guest 2013 The Wendy Williams Show Herself Guest American Music Awards of 2013 Herself Performer 2014 Just Keke Herself Guest 2015 The Real Herself Performer 2016 Hip Hop Honors Herself Performer 2017 Hip Hop Squares Herself Guest 2018 The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars Herself Contestant Black Girls Rock! Herself Presenter Sister's Circle Herself Guest All American Chynna Q Supporting role 2018 Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta Herself Main cast 2019 Growing Up Hip Hop: New York Herself Main cast Awards and nominations BET Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2008 Herself Best Female Hip Hop Artist Nominated 2009 Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2007 "Lip Gloss" Monster Single of the Year Nominated MTV Asia Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2008 "Girlfriend (Remix)" Best Hook Up Nominated Teen Choice Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2007 Herself Choice Rap Artist Nominated "Lip Gloss" Choice Summer Song Won 2008 "Shawty Get Loose" Choice Music: Hook Up Nominated Choice Rap/Hip-Hop Track Won Herself – America's Best Dance Crew Choice TV: Personality Nominated Vibe Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2007 "Lip Gloss" Ringtone of the Year Nominated References ^ a b All In Movie on www.imdb.com ^ "Rapper Lil' Mama - Audio - Oprah.com". Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2012. ^ "New Video: Lil Mama, 'L.I.F.E.'". MTV. ^ "New Song: Lil Mama Featuring Snoop Dogg, 'NY NY LA LA'". MTV. ^ "Lil Mama - Hustler Girl". HNHH. 2 November 2011. ^ "Lil' Mama Reveals New Album Title". Rap-Up.com. 2009-07-20. Retrieved April 4, 2012. ^ "RCA's New Executive Team Named Under CEO Peter Edge Amid Layoffs (Update)". Billboard.biz. 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2012-04-04. ^ "Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!". FMQB. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2012-04-04. ^ "Original TV Shows, Reality TV Shows". VH1. 2016-02-09. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ Arbeiter, Michael (2013-02-20). "TLC Movie (Band, Not Channel) Casts Lil Mama, Keke Palmer, and a Third Human". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ "MC Lyte - Ball ft. Lil Mama & AV". YouTube. 2014-11-13. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ Staff, IMDb.com. "MC Lyle & Lil Mama". IMDb.com. Retrieved March 17, 2024. ^ a b c "Lil Mama "Sausage" (WSHH Exclusive - Official Music Video)". YouTube. 2015-05-28. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ "#sausagemovement - Vine". Vine.co. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ Trevor Anderson (5 June 2015). "Lil Mama's "Sausage" Sizzles on Billboard + Twitter Top Tracks Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ "Sausage x Kenya Clay Choreography x #LilMama #SausageMovement". YouTube. 2015-06-10. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ "IamLilMama | Iam Lil Mama | Free Listening on SoundCloud". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ "Teyana Taylor Basically Becomes Lil' Kim's Identical Twin in This Hip Hop Honors Tribute". MTV. ^ "Tickets | Hip Hop Sisters Network". Hiphopsisters.org. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ Jones, Tashara (2017-08-18). "Director says "When Love Kills" examines "humanity" of murderous stripper". New York Post. Retrieved 2018-12-21. ^ Desk, TV News. "When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story Ranks as TV One's No. 1 Original Premiere of All Time". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2018-12-21. ^ "Lil Mama Shows off Her Boy Toys in "Shoe Game" Video - XXL". 31 May 2018. ^ "Lil Mama and Brynn Elliott Proved They're Two Intellectuals on 'TRL&#x27". Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21. ^ "Black Girls Rock 2018 Red Carpet Photos: Janet Jackson, Ciara, Mary J. Blige & More". Billboard. 27 August 2018. ^ "The Complete List of the 2018 Black Girls Rock! Presenters". BET. ^ "Founder Shanay Thompson honored at Black Girls Rock Award Show! — Every Kid Fed". Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21. ^ "Lil Mama Joins the CW's "All American" (Exclusive) | Entertainment Tonight". 25 September 2018. ^ "Lil Mama Joins "All American" Cast – CW Philly". Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21. ^ "Lil Mama's Big Family Matters | MTV". MTV. Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21. ^ "W.A.F.F.L.E. Dance Crew Receives $100,000 Tip on 'Ellen'". 26 October 2018. ^ Steiner, Sam (2017). "Kanye the First". doi:10.5040/9781784604660.00000002. ISBN 9781784604660. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Lil Mama Breaks Down in Tears, After Charlamagne Tha God Goes in During Radio Interview". 20 July 2011. ^ "Lil Mama Returns to "The Breakfast Club"". ^ ""Lip Gloss" Rapper Lil Mama Arrested in New York". 10 March 2016. ^ Lil Mama got a new hair style. The Glamorous Life. 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ Group, Vibe Media (December 2007). "Vibe". p. 53. Retrieved 2016-06-03. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lil Mama. Lil Mama at IMDb vteLil MamaDiscographyAlbums VYP (Voice of the Young People) Singles "Lip Gloss" "G-Slide (Tour Bus)" "Shawty Get Loose" "What It Is (Strike a Pose)" Featured singles "Girlfriend (Dr. Luke Remix)" "Block Party" Related article America's Best Dance Crew 2009 MTV Video Music Awards controversy vteAmerica's Best Dance CrewSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Winners Jabbawockeez Super Cr3w Quest Crew We Are Heroes Poreotics I.aM.mE Elektrolytes vteThe ChallengeSeasons Road Rules: All Stars Real World/Road Rules Challenge Challenge 2000 Extreme Challenge Battle of the Seasons (2002) Battle of the Sexes The Gauntlet The Inferno Battle of the Sexes 2 The Inferno II The Gauntlet 2 Fresh Meat The Duel The Inferno 3 The Gauntlet III The Island The Duel II The Ruins Fresh Meat II Cutthroat Rivals Battle of the Exes Battle of the Seasons (2012) Rivals II Free Agents Battle of the Exes II Battle of the Bloodlines Rivals III Invasion of the Champions XXX: Dirty 30 Vendettas Final Reckoning War of the Worlds War of the Worlds 2 Total Madness Double Agents Spies, Lies & Allies Ride or Dies Battle for a New Champion Spin-offs Spring Break Challenge Champs vs. Pros Champs vs. Stars Season 1 2 All Stars Season 1 2 3 4 USA Season 1 2 Australia Argentina: El Desafío UK World Championship Related Cast members The Real World Road Rules Are You the One? Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"VYP (Voice of the Young People)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VYP_(Voice_of_the_Young_People)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Lip Gloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_Gloss"},{"link_name":"Teen Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Monster Single of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Monster_Single_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlfriend_(Avril_Lavigne_song)"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"America's Best Dance Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Best_Dance_Crew"},{"link_name":"Randy Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Jackson"},{"link_name":"JC Chasez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Chasez"},{"link_name":"Shane Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Mario Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Layla Kayleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla_Kayleigh"},{"link_name":"Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Lopes"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrazySexyCool:_The_TLC_Story"},{"link_name":"TLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(group)"},{"link_name":"2013 American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2013"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfalls_(TLC_song)"},{"link_name":"MC Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte"},{"link_name":"Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Up_Hip_Hop:_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Traci Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traci_Braxton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_In_Movie_on_www.imdb.com-1"}],"text":"Musical artistNiatia Jessica Kirkland (born October 4, 1989), better known by her stage name Lil Mama, is an American rapper and singer. She experienced top 10 Billboard placements at 17 with her debut album VYP (Voice of the Young People) (2008), which debuted at number 25 on the Billboard 200. The album spawned her four major singles including her staple song and dance anthem \"Lip Gloss\", earning her two Teen Choice Awards and Monster Single of the Year nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards. Kirkland gained further attention in pop music after a collaboration with Avril Lavigne for the remix of her hit single \"Girlfriend\".Kirkland took a hiatus from music after success of her hit single \"Hustler Girl\" to stay focused on serving as a judge for total of seven seasons on MTV's America's Best Dance Crew at the age of 18 from 2008 to 2012. Working with producer and fellow judge Randy Jackson, she served alongside JC Chasez, Shane Sparks, Mario Lopez, and Layla Kayleigh.She was cast as Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes in the VH1 biographical film CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, which aired in October 2013 and garnered 4.5 million views in the first night. From the success of the film, Kirkland joined TLC on their tour for their last album. She got the opportunity to perform a tribute to Lopes at the 2013 American Music Awards performing the Grammy Award nominated song \"Waterfalls\".Kirkland continued to remain in the public eye, returning to music, making new tracks with fellow rapper MC Lyte on her single \"Ball\". She appeared on multiple magazine covers and was back in television with Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta. In 2019, she starred in the film All In, alongside Traci Braxton.[1]","title":"Lil Mama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Murrow High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow_High_School"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"Power 105.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWPR-FM"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"jazz dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_dance"},{"link_name":"tap dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance"},{"link_name":"hip hop dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_dance"},{"link_name":"street dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_dance"},{"link_name":"MC Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte"},{"link_name":"Lil' Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Kim"},{"link_name":"Lisa Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Lopes"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"}],"text":"Niatia Jessica Kirkland was born on October 4, 1989, in Brooklyn, New York City, and is the eldest daughter of eight children.[2] She was raised in Harlem from her kindergarten to her eighth-grade year. She moved back to Brooklyn and attended Edward R. Murrow High School until her senior year where she continued her education through independent studies. Kirkland is a third generation of West African, Trinidadian, and Jamaican descent and third child born. Being the oldest daughter, she got her nickname \"Lil Mama\". She has two older brothers and three younger brothers, one of whom is also a dancer and underground rapper along with her younger sister and last brother. She has one maternal aunt and several paternal uncles.Kirkland faced personal and financial struggles at an early age and experienced even more poverty when her mother, Tara, was diagnosed with breast cancer, which often led Kirkland to struggle in school as she had to care for her siblings and see her mother back and forth in hospitals from procedures. Both her parents had separated when she was a young child, but Kirkland always maintained a close relationship with her father, visiting him consistently. Her family became homeless and their mother had moved her and her siblings into a shelter due to poverty at the time. Kirkland told Power 105.1 she stayed in the shelters for seven years from her kindergarten year until the beginning of her eighth-grade year when they managed to get an apartment in the Bronx and gain more stability. Kirkland contributed to helping her mother financially by taking up small jobs such as baking. Growing up, Kirkland witnessed many hardships in her community including gang and drug violence, teen pregnancy, and domestic violence.After her mother's fight with cancer became terminal, her mother moved in with Kirkland's aunt and Tara's older sister. She stayed there so she could be cared for and help with the care of the younger children in her family.As one of eight children, she began to express herself artistically by writing poetry and music. She trained at dance schools for ballet, jazz dance, tap dance, South African dance, hip hop dance, and street dance; she was in many competitions and recitals making her a professional dancer. She was influenced by MC Lyte, Lil' Kim, Lisa Lopes, Missy Elliott, Lauryn Hill, and her parents. Her mother was a singer and her father Allen Brunner was a musician and DJ. Kirkland decided to explore her talents further when she took interest in the rap culture.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lil_Mama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lil_Mama_Wiki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Girls Rock!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Girls_Rock!"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"2007 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"hip-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rap"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mishon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishon"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lil Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Wayne"},{"link_name":"A Milli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Milli"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"First Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Love_(Karina_Pasian_album)"},{"link_name":"Karina Pasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karina_Pasian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"RCA Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"J Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Records"},{"link_name":"Arista Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Jive Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Soulja Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulja_Boy"},{"link_name":"Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Angel Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Haze"},{"link_name":"LoLa Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoLa_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Teyana Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyana_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Trina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina"},{"link_name":"Keke Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Nas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"Zomba Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomba_Group_of_Companies"},{"link_name":"America's Best Dance Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Best_Dance_Crew"},{"link_name":"Myspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace"}],"sub_title":"2006–2012: VYP (Voice of the Young People) and turmoil","text":"Lil Mama performing in 2008Lil Mama at the Black Girls Rock! and Soul Tour in New York City, 2011Kirkland became known as the \"Voice of the Young People\" for being a teen sensation and connecting with her younger fans as she continued to present herself as that and embrace it in her music videos and songs. She became the \"Queen of Hip-Pop\" for mixing her rhymes with pop influences, which started after her collaboration with Avril Lavigne. She first introduced herself as the \"Birth of Hip-Pop\" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards sporting a baby-styled look. She later told MTV how she intended to spread and influence more artists to spread the genre of hip-pop.[3] After her 2009 re-release of her single \"L.I.F.E.\", Kirkland introduced her fans to a whole new side of the darker reality that young people face. The song was followed by a music video that incorporated the themes of the song which included teen pregnancy, drug addiction, child abandonment, domestic violence, and more.Since the release of her first album, Kirkland has been in and out of studios making new music. She released the single \"Doughboy\" (featuring Mishon). After that release she made appearances on tracks with other artists, including \"Turn It Up\" by Mishon and \"Sexiest\" by Yahaira. She also released \"On & On & On\" and \"NY NY LA LA\" (featuring Snoop Dogg).[4] The two singles were intended to be a part of her second studio album, but instead they were released on iTunes and digital download but were later removed for unknown reasons. She then released two more singles entitled \"Scrawberry\" and \"Hustler Girl\", both singles were followed by music videos. \"Scrawberry\" introduced a new look for Kirkland, in which she would wear colorful wigs and futuristic attire; this would be her new style for next few years; however, the song was released on her MySpace page and YouTube, it was unclear if it was removed from streaming services along with her other two singles.[5]Kirkland was featured on Lil Wayne's \"A Milli\"; she was brought on stage at his concerts to perform the song. Kirkland was featured in the Grammy Award-nominated album First Love by Karina Pasian, a close friend to Kirkland and a veteran music artist. In 2009, she announced the title of her proposed sophomore album as Voice of the Young People: I Am That[6] after her single \"What It Is (Strike a Pose)\" failed to chart. The song was the last single with a music video to be added to her album and was used to commercialize the album. The song failed to chart.On October 7, 2012, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Kirkland (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) would release future material on the RCA Records brand. However, Kirkland had left Jive before the transition to RCA; she stated in an interview that she was not in the right space to make music and decided to take a hiatus.[7][8] Voice of the Young People: I Am That would have had guest appearances including Soulja Boy, Khalil, Angel Haze, LoLa Monroe, Teyana Taylor, Trina, Keke Palmer, Nas, and Chris Brown, among others. Due to her leaving Jive, the album never saw a release and instead it along with the few singles recorded with Zomba Records were shelved, but she managed to release some the songs directly online for her fans which included \"Scrawberry\", \"On & On & On\", and \"NY NY LA LA\". The other singles she planned to record with the featured artist were never recorded and were disbanded. After leaving Jive, Kirkland became an independent artist.On June 13, 2012, America's Best Dance Crew came to a series finale. Kirkland had served as a judge for a total of seven seasons. The following year, she released a single titled \"Bad as Me\" on Myspace and YouTube.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Lopes"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrazySexyCool:_The_TLC_Story"},{"link_name":"Keke Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Drew Sidora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Sidora"},{"link_name":"Rozonda \"Chilli\" Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozonda_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Tionne \"T-Boz\" Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionne_Watkins"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"TLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(group)"},{"link_name":"2013 American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2013"},{"link_name":"Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfalls_(TLC_song)"},{"link_name":"MC Lyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Lyte"},{"link_name":"Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_(MC_Lyte_album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"WorldStarHipHop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldStarHipHop"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-13"},{"link_name":"Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_(service)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"voguing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Mary J. Blige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_J._Blige"},{"link_name":"Maroon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_5"},{"link_name":"Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_(Maroon_5_song)"},{"link_name":"Jason Derulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Derulo"},{"link_name":"Want to Want Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Want_to_Want_Me"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-16"},{"link_name":"2015 BET Hip Hop Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_BET_Hip_Hop_Awards"},{"link_name":"Amazon Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-13"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-13"},{"link_name":"The Breakfast Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club_(radio_show)"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(Rihanna_song)"},{"link_name":"SOHH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOHH"},{"link_name":"Hip Hop Squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_Squares"},{"link_name":"Tamar Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_Braxton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dej Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dej_Loaf"},{"link_name":"Lil' Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Kim"},{"link_name":"Hip Hop Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_Honors"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"Shanice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanice"},{"link_name":"Elise Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Neal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Love_Kills:_The_Falicia_Blakely_Story"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"TV One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_One_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tasha Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasha_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tami Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tami_Roman"},{"link_name":"Lance Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Gross"}],"sub_title":"2013–2017: CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, \"Sausage\", Take Me Back, and When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story","text":"In October 2013, Kirkland starred as Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes in the VH1 biographical film CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story, which aired on October 21, 2013, alongside Keke Palmer and Drew Sidora, who played Rozonda \"Chilli\" Thomas and Tionne \"T-Boz\" Watkins, respectively.[9][10] The film generated 4.5 million views in one night. This was her first acting debut and breakout role, in which she received positive feedback from Lopes' fans. Kirkland was the first to be cast and from both the success of the film and the close relationship she formed with Watkins and Thomas. TLC took a chance on Kirkland, allowing her to substitute for Lopes. TLC took Kirkland on tour, and Kirkland carried out Lopes' legacy by rapping her verses. Kirkland's journey with TLC came to end after they performed at the 2013 American Music Awards. Kirkland and TLC dedicated a performance of \"Waterfalls\" to Lopes. After the tribute, Kirkland and TLC parted ways, and Kirkland went on to return to making music.In November 2014, Kirkland and AV were featured on MC Lyte's song \"Ball\" from her album Legend. The music video was released on November 13, 2014. Kirkland appeared in the video with both artists, providing rap verses, along with some of her signature dance moves.[11] That same year, she performed the song live with AV and MC Lyte on The Real.[12]In May 2015, Kirkland released the video for her song \"Sausage\" on WorldStarHipHop.[13] The song was inspired by the #SausageMovement on Vine[14] after Kirkland heard two girls on a street corner following the trend. The video incorporates many themes including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, voguing, Mary J. Blige, Caribbean love, and community fun. It immediately went viral, with more than 3 million views in its first week, topping the Billboard + Twitter Top Tracks charts, passing Maroon 5's \"Sugar\" and knocking out Jason Derulo's \"Want to Want Me\".[15] It held itself steady in the top 20 well into June, with numerous dance studio and dance jams featuring choreography and routines on social media danced to the track.[16]Kirkland got a chance to perform the song live during half time of the 2015 BET Hip Hop Awards. The track was not made available for sale, being absent from both iTunes and Amazon Music due to copyright issues;[13] the track was only available on Kirkland's SoundCloud account and her website.[17] The video also opted out of advertising revenue on YouTube, with no advertisements appearing before the music video.[13] The following year, she released another single \"Memes\" as a response to memes made of her after her notorious interview on The Breakfast Club. Kirkland released Take Me Back, a mixtape which featured \"Sausage\" and \"Memes\". The mixtape was later up for sale on her website and SoundCloud account, it featured seven songs including a cover and re-edition of Rihanna's \"Work\". The song received mixed reviews online both on YouTube and her website. People were not fond of her vocals on the hook, but adored her choreography. The last song to be added was \"Too Fly\", which caught less attraction after her website was taken down for unknown reasons. The music video was filmed at a club featuring her younger brother Arnstar as one of the dancers. She also produced her singing vocals on the hook. The song was also another copyright issue that couldn't be made for sale and solely released through her mixtape and her SoundCloud account. The music video is a YouTube exclusive.After her acting debut, Kirkland made what SOHH called an \"epic comeback\". Kirkland was back on red carpets, award shows, talk shows, and magazine covers. In 2016, Kirkland made an appearance on Hip Hop Squares as a contestant; the episode was highlighted because of the controversy Tamar Braxton started with the host.[18] That same year, Kirkland, alongside Dej Loaf, gave a tribute to Lil' Kim at VH1's Hip Hop Honors, Lil' Kim later thanked Kirkland with a post of the tribute on her Instagram account.In June 2015, Kirkland was listed as a featured speaker at an event sponsored by BET and the Hip Hop Sisters Network. Titled \"Women, Wealth and Relationships\", the event also featured guest speakers MC Lyte, Shanice, and Elise Neal, as well as main speaker and financial advisor specialist Lynn Richardson.[19] The event, held on June 27, 2015, focuses on empowering black women both in their lives and financially, providing answers on such tough issues as men, money, and family relationships.On August 28, 2017, Kirkland returned to acting, starring in the television film When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story, based on a true story.[20] It premiered to 1.6 million viewers, ranking as TV One's #1 original movie premiere of all time among all key demos.[21] Kirkland, along with director Tasha Smith and her co-stars Tami Roman and Lance Gross, went on a tour to promote the film and share Falicia Blakely's story.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Challenge_(TV_series)#The_Challenge:_Champs_vs._Stars"},{"link_name":"Drake Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_Bell"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Total Request Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Request_Live"},{"link_name":"Brynn Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynn_Elliott"},{"link_name":"G-Slide (Tour Bus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Slide_(Tour_Bus)"},{"link_name":"Black Girls Rock!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Girls_Rock!"},{"link_name":"Queen Latifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"All American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_American_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Up_Hip_Hop:_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Bow Wow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Wow_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Price"},{"link_name":"Masika Kalysha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masika_Kalysha"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Traci Braxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traci_Braxton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-All_In_Movie_on_www.imdb.com-1"}],"sub_title":"2018–present: \"Shoe Game\" and Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta","text":"On April 17, 2018, Kirkland became competitor on MTV's The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars, a competitive television miniseries in which celebrities would team up with pro-athlete champions against each other. There, she met Drake Bell, and the two would later go on to collaborate on his track \"Call Me When You're Lonely\".On May 3, 2018, Kirkland released a single titled \"Shoe Game\".[22] The single was available everywhere online for sale, streaming, and digital download. The single was later followed by a music video, directed by Walu, on May 25, 2018. It became a YouTube exclusive, following a million and twenty thousand views within five months.[23] Kirkland went on to promote the single on the morning edition of Total Request Live in late September informing that this will lead to a future album. She was then followed up by Brynn Elliott after discussion of her old album and viewing of her greatest music videos which included \"Lip Gloss\", \"Shawty Get Loose\", and \"G-Slide (Tour Bus)\".On September 9, 2018, Kirkland was a presenter for the 2018 BET special Black Girls Rock!; she had the privilege to work with artists such as Queen Latifah, Janet Jackson, Mary J. Blige, etc.[24][25] She presented the award to Shanay Thompson for her M.A.D. Girls celebrated by Coca-Cola.[26][27] On September 25, 2018, Entertainment Tonight announced that Kirkland would join the cast of The CW's All American as a supporting character; this would be her first acting role since When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story.On October 4, 2018, Kirkland appeared on TV One's morning talk show Sister Circle to discuss her latest single \"Shoe Game\", and her being cast on Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta. There, she stated that she will be joining the cast as a regular due to her move to Atlanta, Georgia, to work on her upcoming album that Bow Wow will be assisting to co-produce and allow the series to document her journey as well as her experiences. She also got to discuss her acting career, as well as her taking vocal lessons from R&B singer Kelly Price; her singing will debut on the intended album.On October 18, 2018, Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta premiered for the continuation of its second season. Kirkland made her debut on the first episode alongside Kiyomi Leslie and Masika Kalysha as replacement for cast members who quit. Kirkland stars alongside her mentor and new manager MC Lyte.[28] On November 14, 2018, Kirkland made her debut appearance on All American in its fifth episode. She introduced her character, Chynna Q, an upcoming hip hop artist.On June 13, 2019, she starred in the film All In, alongside Traci Braxton.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"Teen Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Wild 'n Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_%27n_Out"},{"link_name":"The Ellen DeGeneres Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Kirkland's mother, Tara, died on December 15, 2007, following a four-year battle with breast cancer. Kirkland's music video for \"Shawty Get Loose\" was dedicated to her memory; the single won her a Teen Choice Award. Tara also happened to be featured in the intro and closing of Kirkland's music video for her hit single \"Lip Gloss\". Kirkland had taken over guardianship over her younger siblings along with the help of her family and older brothers. She spoke about this at the red carpet for MTV.[29] Kirkland has stated she and her mother had a close relationship and her mother relied on her for the help in raising her younger siblings.Kirkland is the older sister of underground rapper and dancer Arnstar, who was a regular on MTV's Wild 'n Out. She is also dancer in the New York City street dancing crew W.A.F.F.L.E. Their crew garnered more recognition after making their appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and received a cash reward from DeGeneres herself.[30]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"Empire State of Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_of_Mind"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"T-Paining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Pain"},{"link_name":"Summer Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Jam_(festival)"},{"link_name":"D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.O.A._(Death_of_Auto-Tune)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"cycle 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(season_13)"},{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Benny Ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Ninja"},{"link_name":"The Breakfast Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club_(radio_show)"},{"link_name":"Charlamagne tha God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlamagne_tha_God"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"Angela Yee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Yee"},{"link_name":"DJ Envy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Envy"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Kirkland went onstage while Jay-Z and Alicia Keys performed \"Empire State of Mind\". While Jay-Z was ending his final verse, Kirkland left her seat in the audience, got onto the stage, and started bobbing her head to the beat. Jay-Z was surprised, but continued to perform. Right before this moment, Beyoncé had tried to hold her from going up. Jay-Z patted Kirkland on the leg to fall back, jokingly telling her, \"you T-Paining now,\" a reference to a similar incident two months earlier when T-Pain jumped on stage with Jay-Z at Summer Jam during his performance of \"D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)\". At the end of the performance, Kirkland came to foreground and posed alongside Jay-Z and Keys. She later clarified that she \"would never ... try to disrespect Jay-Z or take a moment that someone has created and try to relive it. I'm too original for that and I respect him too much for that.\"[31] In October 2009, she appeared in cycle 13 of America's Next Top Model with Benny Ninja.On August 11, 2011, Kirkland was a guest on The Breakfast Club. While on the air, tensions rose between her and fellow DJ Charlamagne tha God as they exchanged jabs, with Charlamagne bringing up her VMAs incident and the controversy between her and Nicki Minaj. Two more DJs, Angela Yee and DJ Envy, chimed in, discussing her absence from music at the time. After some time, Kirkland broke down in tears when her mother's passing was brought up.[32] Kirkland crying spawned numerous memes around the internet.[33] Five years later, Kirkland returned to The Breakfast Club to explain why she cried, and the DJs and Kirkland exchanged apologies with one another.On March 10, 2016, Kirkland was arrested for driving 38 mph in a 25 mph speed zone with a revoked license. The incident took place in Harlem at around 4 a.m. Officers conducted an investigation and Kirkland's driver's license was revoked. She went on to make a statement apologizing to her family, friends, and fans.[34]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VYP (Voice of the Young People)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VYP_(Voice_of_the_Young_People)"}],"text":"Studio albumsVYP (Voice of the Young People) (2008)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BET Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MTV Video Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"MTV Asia Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teen Choice Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vibe Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Lil Mama performing in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lil_Mama.jpg/220px-Lil_Mama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lil Mama at the Black Girls Rock! and Soul Tour in New York City, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lil_Mama_Wiki.jpg/220px-Lil_Mama_Wiki.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rapper Lil' Mama - Audio - Oprah.com\". Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514113808/http://www.oprah.com/oprahradio/Rapper-Lil-Mama-Audio","url_text":"\"Rapper Lil' Mama - Audio - Oprah.com\""},{"url":"http://www.oprah.com/oprahradio/Rapper-Lil-Mama-Audio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Video: Lil Mama, 'L.I.F.E.'\". MTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2292099/new-video-lil-mama-life/","url_text":"\"New Video: Lil Mama, 'L.I.F.E.'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"New Song: Lil Mama Featuring Snoop Dogg, 'NY NY LA LA'\". MTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2298363/lil-mama-snop-dogg-ny-ny-la-la/","url_text":"\"New Song: Lil Mama Featuring Snoop Dogg, 'NY NY LA LA'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama - Hustler Girl\". HNHH. 2 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/lil-mama-hustler-girl-new-song.549582.html","url_text":"\"Lil Mama - Hustler Girl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil' Mama Reveals New Album Title\". Rap-Up.com. 2009-07-20. Retrieved April 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2009/07/20/lil-mama-reveals-new-album-title/","url_text":"\"Lil' Mama Reveals New Album Title\""}]},{"reference":"\"RCA's New Executive Team Named Under CEO Peter Edge Amid Layoffs (Update)\". Billboard.biz. 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2012-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/rca-s-new-executive-team-named-under-ceo-1005324782.story","url_text":"\"RCA's New Executive Team Named Under CEO Peter Edge Amid Layoffs (Update)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!\". FMQB. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2012-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108044953/http://www.fmqb.com/article.asp?id=2268707","url_text":"\"Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!\""},{"url":"http://www.fmqb.com/article.asp?id=2268707","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Original TV Shows, Reality TV Shows\". VH1. 2016-02-09. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023063942/http://www.vh1.com/shows/crazysexycool_tlc_story/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=16243","url_text":"\"Original TV Shows, Reality TV Shows\""},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/shows/crazysexycool_tlc_story/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=16243","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arbeiter, Michael (2013-02-20). \"TLC Movie (Band, Not Channel) Casts Lil Mama, Keke Palmer, and a Third Human\". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywood.com/news/tv/55001809/tlc-movie-lil-mama-keke-palmer","url_text":"\"TLC Movie (Band, Not Channel) Casts Lil Mama, Keke Palmer, and a Third Human\""}]},{"reference":"\"MC Lyte - Ball ft. Lil Mama & AV\". YouTube. 2014-11-13. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFCvuZCXQ4Q","url_text":"\"MC Lyte - Ball ft. Lil Mama & AV\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/RFCvuZCXQ4Q","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Staff, IMDb.com. \"MC Lyle & Lil Mama\". IMDb.com. Retrieved March 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt4537214/","url_text":"\"MC Lyle & Lil Mama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama \"Sausage\" (WSHH Exclusive - Official Music Video)\". YouTube. 2015-05-28. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSGOOCxLGuQ","url_text":"\"Lil Mama \"Sausage\" (WSHH Exclusive - Official Music Video)\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/YSGOOCxLGuQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"#sausagemovement - Vine\". Vine.co. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314074418/https://vine.co/tags/sausagemovement","url_text":"\"#sausagemovement - Vine\""},{"url":"https://vine.co/tags/sausagemovement","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trevor Anderson (5 June 2015). \"Lil Mama's \"Sausage\" Sizzles on Billboard + Twitter Top Tracks Chart\". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6590488/lil-mama-sausage-twitter-top-tracks","url_text":"\"Lil Mama's \"Sausage\" Sizzles on Billboard + Twitter Top Tracks Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sausage x Kenya Clay Choreography x #LilMama #SausageMovement\". YouTube. 2015-06-10. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5r80y2aNXg","url_text":"\"Sausage x Kenya Clay Choreography x #LilMama #SausageMovement\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/k5r80y2aNXg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IamLilMama | Iam Lil Mama | Free Listening on SoundCloud\". Soundcloud.com. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/iamlilmama","url_text":"\"IamLilMama | Iam Lil Mama | Free Listening on SoundCloud\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teyana Taylor Basically Becomes Lil' Kim's Identical Twin in This Hip Hop Honors Tribute\". MTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2903762/vh1-hip-hop-honors-teyana-taylor-lil-kim/","url_text":"\"Teyana Taylor Basically Becomes Lil' Kim's Identical Twin in This Hip Hop Honors Tribute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Tickets | Hip Hop Sisters Network\". Hiphopsisters.org. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopsisters.org/tickets/","url_text":"\"Tickets | Hip Hop Sisters Network\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Tashara (2017-08-18). \"Director says \"When Love Kills\" examines \"humanity\" of murderous stripper\". New York Post. Retrieved 2018-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2017/08/18/director-says-when-love-kills-examines-humanity-of-murderous-stripper/","url_text":"\"Director says \"When Love Kills\" examines \"humanity\" of murderous stripper\""}]},{"reference":"Desk, TV News. \"When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story Ranks as TV One's No. 1 Original Premiere of All Time\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2018-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/WHEN-LOVE-KILLS-THE-FALICIA-BLAKELY-STORY-Ranks-as-TV-Ones-No-1-Original-Premiere-of-All-Time-20170831","url_text":"\"When Love Kills: The Falicia Blakely Story Ranks as TV One's No. 1 Original Premiere of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama Shows off Her Boy Toys in \"Shoe Game\" Video - XXL\". 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2018/05/lil-mama-shoe-game-video/","url_text":"\"Lil Mama Shows off Her Boy Toys in \"Shoe Game\" Video - XXL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama and Brynn Elliott Proved They're Two Intellectuals on 'TRL&#x27\". Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044408/http://trl.mtv.com/news/3100724/lil-mama-and-brynn-elliott-proved-theyre-two-intellectuals-on-trl/","url_text":"\"Lil Mama and Brynn Elliott Proved They're Two Intellectuals on 'TRL&#x27\""},{"url":"http://trl.mtv.com/news/3100724/lil-mama-and-brynn-elliott-proved-theyre-two-intellectuals-on-trl/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Girls Rock 2018 Red Carpet Photos: Janet Jackson, Ciara, Mary J. Blige & More\". Billboard. 27 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/photos/8472303/black-girls-rock-2018-red-carpet-photos","url_text":"\"Black Girls Rock 2018 Red Carpet Photos: Janet Jackson, Ciara, Mary J. Blige & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"The Complete List of the 2018 Black Girls Rock! Presenters\". BET.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bet.com/shows/black-girls-rock/2018/photos/show/the-complete-list-of-the-2018-black-girls-rock-presenters.html","url_text":"\"The Complete List of the 2018 Black Girls Rock! Presenters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET","url_text":"BET"}]},{"reference":"\"Founder Shanay Thompson honored at Black Girls Rock Award Show! — Every Kid Fed\". Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044344/https://everykidfed.org/latestnews/2018/8/28/founder-shanay-thompson-honored-at-black-girls-rock-award-show","url_text":"\"Founder Shanay Thompson honored at Black Girls Rock Award Show! — Every Kid Fed\""},{"url":"https://everykidfed.org/latestnews/2018/8/28/founder-shanay-thompson-honored-at-black-girls-rock-award-show","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama Joins the CW's \"All American\" (Exclusive) | Entertainment Tonight\". 25 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etonline.com/lil-mama-joins-the-cws-all-american-exclusive-110314","url_text":"\"Lil Mama Joins the CW's \"All American\" (Exclusive) | Entertainment Tonight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama Joins \"All American\" Cast – CW Philly\". Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044307/https://cwphilly.cbslocal.com/2018/10/01/lil-mama-joins-all-american-cast/","url_text":"\"Lil Mama Joins \"All American\" Cast – CW Philly\""},{"url":"https://cwphilly.cbslocal.com/2018/10/01/lil-mama-joins-all-american-cast/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama's Big Family Matters | MTV\". MTV. Archived from the original on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2019-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044046/http://www.mtv.com/video-clips/5nv26q/lil-mama-s-big-family-matters","url_text":"\"Lil Mama's Big Family Matters | MTV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/video-clips/5nv26q/lil-mama-s-big-family-matters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"W.A.F.F.L.E. Dance Crew Receives $100,000 Tip on 'Ellen'\". 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vibe.com/amp/2018/10/waffle-dance-crew-ellen-walmart-donation","url_text":"\"W.A.F.F.L.E. Dance Crew Receives $100,000 Tip on 'Ellen'\""}]},{"reference":"Steiner, Sam (2017). \"Kanye the First\". doi:10.5040/9781784604660.00000002. ISBN 9781784604660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781784604660.00000002","url_text":"10.5040/9781784604660.00000002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784604660","url_text":"9781784604660"}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama Breaks Down in Tears, After Charlamagne Tha God Goes in During Radio Interview\". 20 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ballerstatus.com/2011/07/20/lil-mama-breaks-down-in-tears-after-charlamagne-tha-god-goes-in-during-radio-interview/","url_text":"\"Lil Mama Breaks Down in Tears, After Charlamagne Tha God Goes in During Radio Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lil Mama Returns to \"The Breakfast Club\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rap-up.com/2016/01/12/lil-mama-returns-to-the-breakfast-club/","url_text":"\"Lil Mama Returns to \"The Breakfast Club\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Lip Gloss\" Rapper Lil Mama Arrested in New York\". 10 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/747654/lip-gloss-rapper-lil-mama-arrested-in-new-york","url_text":"\"\"Lip Gloss\" Rapper Lil Mama Arrested in New York\""}]},{"reference":"Lil Mama got a new hair style. The Glamorous Life. 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glamourouslife.com/articles/lil-mama-has-a-new-hairstyle.html","url_text":"Lil Mama got a new hair style"}]},{"reference":"Group, Vibe Media (December 2007). \"Vibe\". p. 53. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=niYEAAAAMBAJ&q=lil+mama+nominee&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"Vibe\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:SovalValtos
User talk:SovalValtos
["1 Your submission at Articles for creation: Toby Roberts has been accepted","2 Kidwelly history","3 IP warning","4 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","5 Seasons greetings","6 Bhubaneswar","7 Brighton meetup","8 Your submission at Articles for creation: Louise Harris (singer) has been accepted","9 Ponterwyd","10 Reversions of IPA","11 Welsh placenames IPA transcriptions","12 Links to external content","13 Disambiguation link notification for March 27","14 Ten years"]
Archives 2018/November 2018/December 2019/January 2019/February 2019/March 2019/May 2019/June 2019/July 2019/August 2019/October 2019/November 2020/February 2020/April 2020/July 2020/December 2021/March 2021/April 2022/March 2022/November 2023/January 2023/February 2023/August 2023/November 2023/December This page has archives. Sections older than 25 days may be automatically archived by ClueBot III when more than 10 sections are present. Archives Index 1, 2 This page has archives. Sections older than 25 days may be automatically archived by ClueBot III when more than 10 sections are present. Your submission at Articles for creation: Toby Roberts has been accepted Toby Roberts, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. Congratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions. The article has been assessed as Stub-Class, which is recorded on its talk page. It is commonplace for new articles to start out as stubs and then attain higher grades as they develop over time. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. Since you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer. If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk. Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation. If you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback. Thanks again, and happy editing! NotAGenious (talk) 09:26, 30 October 2023 (UTC) Kidwelly history Hi, here is the source from the history I added to the Kidwelly page http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/articles/caervort.html it states that Fort Vortigern is said to be in multiple locations with Kidwelly being one, and the story of Fort Vortigern is from the Historia Brittonum. Kolwing (talk) 20:10, 30 October 2023 (UTC) IP warning Quick question, is there a warning template for unreliable sources? It’s not a default Twinkle template, but it would definitely be useful! Danners430 (talk) 09:19, 1 November 2023 (UTC) Danners430 I think it is covered by the last one listed in Twinkle under 'Behavior in articles' "{{UW-unsourced1}} Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material", as citing an unreliable source such as youtube is improper citing. There may be other toolboxes other than Twinkle that have more precise warnings but I only use Twinkle. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 10:14, 1 November 2023 (UTC) Ah gotcha - I just thought you might know of a more specific one :-) thanks all the same! Danners430 (talk) 10:17, 1 November 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:44, 28 November 2023 (UTC) Seasons greetings Best seasonal wishes from West Sussex. It took 6 months, but finally made it. Tony. Tony Holkham (Talk) 19:51, 19 December 2023 (UTC) I hope you got my email response.SovalValtos (talk) 03:44, 25 December 2023 (UTC) I did; I'll reply soon. T. Tony Holkham (Talk) 09:47, 25 December 2023 (UTC) Bhubaneswar To the user, Yes I would consider myself hypocritical now (I did change that picture of the cityscape, sorry for that) for changing that picture. But I Changed and lets discuss about it first. Sertyt (talk) 11:17, 24 December 2023 (UTC) actually I wont mind one picture in the infobox of that cityscape one. It think remobve khandigiri and udaygiri caves. Sertyt (talk) 11:25, 24 December 2023 (UTC) Thank you Sertyt. Please use the article's talk page to discuss its content.SovalValtos (talk) 11:53, 24 December 2023 (UTC) Brighton meetup Hi SovalValtos, I'm spamming everyone from the Portsmouth meetup last year. I'm hosting a meetup in Brighton on 3 February 2024 if you're interested. Best, HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 11:34, 27 December 2023 (UTC) HJ Mitchell sorry I cannot make it. The three week cough has turned into a five week cough. Best wishes to all.SovalValtos (talk) 12:57, 3 February 2024 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: Louise Harris (singer) has been accepted Louise Harris (singer), which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. Congratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions. The article has been assessed as Stub-Class, which is recorded on its talk page. It is commonplace for new articles to start out as stubs and then attain higher grades as they develop over time. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. Since you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer. If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk. Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation. If you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback. Thanks again, and happy editing! Robert McClenon (talk) 05:08, 28 December 2023 (UTC) Ponterwyd Hello, you reverted my addition of an IPA pronunciaton for Ponterwyd. I am a Welsh-speaker and have an academic background in linguistics. I can assure you that the IPA I have provided is correct. Moreover, what source would you ideally want? There aren't any Welsh-language pronunciation dictionaries because the orthography is almost entirely phonemic. 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F (talk) 19:02, 2 January 2024 (UTC) What is required for such an addition is a reliable source WP:RS. The fruits of original research WP:OR even with an editor's assurances that they are correct are not acceptable whatever the editor's background.SovalValtos (talk) 19:09, 2 January 2024 (UTC) It is not 'original research'. I don't think you know very much about this matter. I shall try to put it simply: in Welsh, a single letter (including digraphs) has a single pronunciation. It is entirely regular. So regular that the there are not pronunciation guides or dictionaries in Welsh. The only 'sources' that could be furnished would presumably be English guidebooks that happen to include an IPA transcription of the Welsh name in question. I get the feeling that you do not much about the Welsh language or IPA? 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F (talk) 19:14, 2 January 2024 (UTC) What you 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F or I know about the Welsh language or IPA is irrelevant. I see that you have made IPA additions and then 'corrected' them. How do we know which 'correct' version or 'uncorrected' version of yours in articles are correct unless you give a source which verifies what you have added, see Wikipedia:Verifiability. There is no requirement to include an IPA transcription in English Wikipedia of Welsh pronunciations so if a source is not available leave it alone. You can always publish the fruits of your research work elsewhere. Incidentally, the edit summary is for a description of what you have done; use talk for explanations etc. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 01:56, 3 January 2024 (UTC) If that is so, then almost every IPA transcription for placenames on the English Wikipedia would have to be removed, as almost all of them are unsourced. The reasoning, I imagine, is likewise that those names have a standard pronunciation in the language it came from, especially, such as in the case of Italian and Welsh amd Finnish and so forth, when the language has a phonemic orthography. There is therefore nothing to source: what do you want, a link to an academic work which notes the correspondence between letters and sounds in Welsh? 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:BC5A:2F4E:F7D6:1E3F (talk) 21:48, 3 January 2024 (UTC) Reversions of IPA Could you please stop reverting my additions of IPA pronunciation? As already noted, it is my background, and morevoer, Welsh orthography is phonemic, so there aren't many sources for pronunciations because the relationship between what is written and what is said is transparent. In fact, you only tend to find soures for when this is not the case, regarding those rare exceptions. 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F (talk) 19:11, 2 January 2024 (UTC) Welsh placenames IPA transcriptions For reasons not entirely clear, you seem to spend a lot of time tagging IPA transcriptions of Welsh-language placenames as needing a citation. The reason that the overwhelming majority of such instances on Wikipedia are unsourced is that Welsh orthography is phonemic. You could similarly waste your time in tagging all IPA transcriptions for Italian placenames as needing a citation, although the reason for their lack of citation is that Italian orthography is also phonemic. As with Welsh, the standard pronunciation is therefore self-evident. They'd only really need a citation if they were contrary to the standard, regular and transparent pattern. For consistency, why don't you busy yourself by tagging IPA transcriptions of English-language placenames as needing citations, seeing as the vast majority of them don't have this? Otherwise one might come to conlusion that you, who I presume are English, have a strange vindictive obsession with the Welsh language? 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:2D99:5CAE:E071:6F48 (talk) 20:34, 10 January 2024 (UTC) 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:2D99:5CAE:E071:6F48 IPA transcriptions that I have tagged as needing a citation include those which good faith editors differ, both perhaps giving what they consider as being self-evident. Readers have no reason to prefer the work of one editor over another, even if one says they are Welsh-speaker and have an academic background in linguistics, unless their version is supported by a WP:RS. Might you consider opening an account? I am not interested in your speculation, presumptions or possible conclusions. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 15:36, 11 January 2024 (UTC) There was a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Wales#English-language pronunciations on these edits, if you're interested, although the discussion slowed down. DankJae 16:07, 13 January 2024 (UTC) Links to external content SovalValtos, please do clarify the concern with the updates I've made regards WP:EL in case I've not realised a violation of some sort. The links in question are YouTube content which in itself isn't explicitly barred. I have no conflict of interest with the creator having never met them and being here long before their channel, the content does relate directly to the articles (I'm sure you'll have visited them), I genuinely think the series helps to showcase sometimes small geographical settlements which have little other exposure, and without saying it visually compliments the highly prose-based articles here. Regards, 15:31, 31 January 2024 (UTC) The Equalizer (talk) 15:31, 31 January 2024 (UTC) The Equalizer Are you sure the links comply with Wikipedia:External links content guidelines? In particular WP:YOUTUBE, WP:COPYVIOEL and copyright music as well as copyright video contained in a YouYube posting are us linkers responsibility. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 21:17, 31 January 2024 (UTC) You're right, I can't guarantee completely. I saw the content is using YouTube library music, but on delving deeper I see mention that the vids may use other YouTube video music. It's a minefield so safest to remove. Cheers for pointing it out. The Equalizer (talk) 23:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for March 27 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Cheltenham, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page The Town Hall. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 18:07, 27 March 2024 (UTC) Ten years Congratulations on "staying the course" for 10 years. Well done. It has been a pleasure editing with you. Best wishes, Tony. Tony Holkham (Talk) 16:45, 10 April 2024 (UTC) Thank you Tony for your kind words and moderating influence.SovalValtos (talk) 20:36, 10 April 2024 (UTC)
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talk:WikiProject Wales#English-language pronunciations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Wales#English-language_pronunciations"},{"link_name":"Dank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DankJae"},{"link_name":"Jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DankJae"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SovalValtos&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"WP:EL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EL"},{"link_name":"The Equalizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Equalizer"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Equalizer"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"The Equalizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Equalizer"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links"},{"link_name":"WP:YOUTUBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:YOUTUBE"},{"link_name":"WP:COPYVIOEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYVIOEL"},{"link_name":"SovalValtos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SovalValtos"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"The Equalizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:The_Equalizer"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:The_Equalizer"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SovalValtos&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham"},{"link_name":"The Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Opt-out instructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"DPL bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DPL_bot"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SovalValtos&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Tony Holkham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tony_Holkham"},{"link_name":"(Talk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tony_Holkham"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Tony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tony_Holkham"},{"link_name":"SovalValtos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SovalValtos"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Your submission at Articles for creation: Toby Roberts has been accepted[edit]Toby Roberts, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created.\nCongratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions. \nThe article has been assessed as Stub-Class, which is recorded on its talk page. It is commonplace for new articles to start out as stubs and then attain higher grades as they develop over time. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article.\n\nSince you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer.\nIf you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk. Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation.\nIf you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback.\nThanks again, and happy editing!\n\nNotAGenious (talk) 09:26, 30 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Kidwelly history[edit]Hi, here is the source from the history I added to the Kidwelly page http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/articles/caervort.html it states that Fort Vortigern is said to be in multiple locations with Kidwelly being one, and the story of Fort Vortigern is from the Historia Brittonum. Kolwing (talk) 20:10, 30 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]IP warning[edit]Quick question, is there a warning template for unreliable sources? It’s not a default Twinkle template, but it would definitely be useful! Danners430 (talk) 09:19, 1 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Danners430 I think it is covered by the last one listed in Twinkle under 'Behavior in articles' \"{{UW-unsourced1}} Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material\", as citing an unreliable source such as youtube is improper citing. There may be other toolboxes other than Twinkle that have more precise warnings but I only use Twinkle. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 10:14, 1 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nAh gotcha - I just thought you might know of a more specific one :-) thanks all the same! Danners430 (talk) 10:17, 1 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:44, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Seasons greetings[edit]Best seasonal wishes from West Sussex. It took 6 months, but finally made it. Tony. Tony Holkham (Talk) 19:51, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]I hope you got my email response.SovalValtos (talk) 03:44, 25 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nI did; I'll reply soon. T. Tony Holkham (Talk) 09:47, 25 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Bhubaneswar[edit]To the user, Yes I would consider myself hypocritical now (I did change that picture of the cityscape, sorry for that) for changing that picture. But I Changed and lets discuss about it first. Sertyt (talk) 11:17, 24 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]actually I wont mind one picture in the infobox of that cityscape one.\nIt think remobve khandigiri and udaygiri caves. Sertyt (talk) 11:25, 24 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you Sertyt. Please use the article's talk page to discuss its content.SovalValtos (talk) 11:53, 24 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Brighton meetup[edit]Hi SovalValtos, I'm spamming everyone from the Portsmouth meetup last year. I'm hosting a meetup in Brighton on 3 February 2024 if you're interested. Best, HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 11:34, 27 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]HJ Mitchell sorry I cannot make it. The three week cough has turned into a five week cough. Best wishes to all.SovalValtos (talk) 12:57, 3 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Louise Harris (singer) has been accepted[edit]Louise Harris (singer), which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created.\nCongratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions. \nThe article has been assessed as Stub-Class, which is recorded on its talk page. It is commonplace for new articles to start out as stubs and then attain higher grades as they develop over time. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article.\n\nSince you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer.\nIf you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk. Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation.\nIf you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback.\nThanks again, and happy editing!\n\nRobert McClenon (talk) 05:08, 28 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Ponterwyd[edit]Hello, you reverted my addition of an IPA pronunciaton for Ponterwyd. I am a Welsh-speaker and have an academic background in linguistics. I can assure you that the IPA I have provided is correct. Moreover, what source would you ideally want? There aren't any Welsh-language pronunciation dictionaries because the orthography is almost entirely phonemic. 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F (talk) 19:02, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]What is required for such an addition is a reliable source WP:RS. The fruits of original research WP:OR even with an editor's assurances that they are correct are not acceptable whatever the editor's background.SovalValtos (talk) 19:09, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nIt is not 'original research'. I don't think you know very much about this matter.\nI shall try to put it simply: in Welsh, a single letter (including digraphs) has a single pronunciation. It is entirely regular. So regular that the there are not pronunciation guides or dictionaries in Welsh. The only 'sources' that could be furnished would presumably be English guidebooks that happen to include an IPA transcription of the Welsh name in question.\nI get the feeling that you do not much about the Welsh language or IPA? 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F (talk) 19:14, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nWhat you 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F or I know about the Welsh language or IPA is irrelevant. I see that you have made IPA additions and then 'corrected' them. How do we know which 'correct' version or 'uncorrected' version of yours in articles are correct unless you give a source which verifies what you have added, see Wikipedia:Verifiability. There is no requirement to include an IPA transcription in English Wikipedia of Welsh pronunciations so if a source is not available leave it alone. You can always publish the fruits of your research work elsewhere. Incidentally, the edit summary is for a description of what you have done; use talk for explanations etc. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 01:56, 3 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nIf that is so, then almost every IPA transcription for placenames on the English Wikipedia would have to be removed, as almost all of them are unsourced. The reasoning, I imagine, is likewise that those names have a standard pronunciation in the language it came from, especially, such as in the case of Italian and Welsh amd Finnish and so forth, when the language has a phonemic orthography. There is therefore nothing to source: what do you want, a link to an academic work which notes the correspondence between letters and sounds in Welsh? 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:BC5A:2F4E:F7D6:1E3F (talk) 21:48, 3 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Reversions of IPA[edit]Could you please stop reverting my additions of IPA pronunciation? As already noted, it is my background, and morevoer, Welsh orthography is phonemic, so there aren't many sources for pronunciations because the relationship between what is written and what is said is transparent. In fact, you only tend to find soures for when this is not the case, regarding those rare exceptions. 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:B0C7:6A2B:FF25:DB4F (talk) 19:11, 2 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Welsh placenames IPA transcriptions[edit]For reasons not entirely clear, you seem to spend a lot of time tagging IPA transcriptions of Welsh-language placenames as needing a citation. The reason that the overwhelming majority of such instances on Wikipedia are unsourced is that Welsh orthography is phonemic. You could similarly waste your time in tagging all IPA transcriptions for Italian placenames as needing a citation, although the reason for their lack of citation is that Italian orthography is also phonemic. As with Welsh, the standard pronunciation is therefore self-evident. They'd only really need a citation if they were contrary to the standard, regular and transparent pattern.For consistency, why don't you busy yourself by tagging IPA transcriptions of English-language placenames as needing citations, seeing as the vast majority of them don't have this? Otherwise one might come to conlusion that you, who I presume are English, have a strange vindictive obsession with the Welsh language? 2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:2D99:5CAE:E071:6F48 (talk) 20:34, 10 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]2A00:23C7:7C9B:AB01:2D99:5CAE:E071:6F48 IPA transcriptions that I have tagged as needing a citation include those which good faith editors differ, both perhaps giving what they consider as being self-evident. Readers have no reason to prefer the work of one editor over another, even if one says they are Welsh-speaker and have an academic background in linguistics, unless their version is supported by a WP:RS. Might you consider opening an account? I am not interested in your speculation, presumptions or possible conclusions. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 15:36, 11 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nThere was a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Wales#English-language pronunciations on these edits, if you're interested, although the discussion slowed down. DankJae 16:07, 13 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Links to external content[edit]SovalValtos, please do clarify the concern with the updates I've made regards WP:EL in case I've not realised a violation of some sort. The links in question are YouTube content which in itself isn't explicitly barred. I have no conflict of interest with the creator having never met them and being here long before their channel, the content does relate directly to the articles (I'm sure you'll have visited them), I genuinely think the series helps to showcase sometimes small geographical settlements which have little other exposure, and without saying it visually compliments the highly prose-based articles here. Regards, 15:31, 31 January 2024 (UTC) The Equalizer (talk) 15:31, 31 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]The Equalizer Are you sure the links comply with Wikipedia:External links content guidelines? In particular WP:YOUTUBE, WP:COPYVIOEL and copyright music as well as copyright video contained in a YouYube posting are us linkers responsibility. Best wishes.SovalValtos (talk) 21:17, 31 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nYou're right, I can't guarantee completely. I saw the content is using YouTube library music, but on delving deeper I see mention that the vids may use other YouTube video music. It's a minefield so safest to remove. Cheers for pointing it out. The Equalizer (talk) 23:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for March 27[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Cheltenham, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page The Town Hall.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 18:07, 27 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Ten years[edit]Congratulations on \"staying the course\" for 10 years. Well done. It has been a pleasure editing with you. Best wishes, Tony. Tony Holkham (Talk) 16:45, 10 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Thank you Tony for your kind words and moderating influence.SovalValtos (talk) 20:36, 10 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:SovalValtos"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Neva_Infantry_Regiment
1st Neva Infantry Regiment
["1 Organization","2 Combat chronicle","3 Rank insignia","3.1 Officers","3.2 NCOs and enlisted","4 See also","5 References"]
Imperial Russian Military unit 1st Neva Infantry Regiment1-й Невский пехотный полкActive1706–1918Country Russian EmpireBranch Russian Imperial ArmyRoleInfantryGarrison/HQRoslavlPatronPeter LacyAnniversariesAugust 30Engagements Great Northern War Seven Years' War Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) Russo-Swedish War (1788–90) Finnish War Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) Russo–Japanese War World War I Military unit The 1st General Field Marshal Count Lacy's, His Majesty King of the Hellenes' Neva Infantry Regiment (Russian: 1-й пехотный Невский генерал-фельдмаршала графа Ласси, ныне Его Величества Короля Эллинов полк) was an infantry regiment of the Russian Imperial Army. It was known by different names for much of its existence but most of its designations included "Neva Infantry Regiment." It served in several conflicts, including the Great Northern War, Seven Years' War, the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, and the Russo–Japanese War. By 1914, the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment was part of the 1st Infantry Division, and it fought in World War I before being dissolved in 1918, after the events of Russian Revolution. Organization This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The unit was first formed in Saint Petersburg on 21 July 1706 as the "Kulikov Infantry Regiment" by order of Russian Emperor Peter the Great. On 10 April 1708 it was renamed "Neva Regiment" and in 1711 it became the "Neva Infantry Regiment". On 16 August 1712 its surviving members were merged into another regiment after sustaining heavy losses during the Great Northern War (the regiment would later be disbanded in 1731). On 15 July 1713 a new Neva Regiment was created, named after the original. In 1727 it was briefly designated as the "2nd Vladimir Infantry Regiment" before being renamed "Neva" again. It was reformed in 1731 and a decade later its total strength was 1,557 men. By 1753 the regiment's battalions each consisted of one grenadier and four fusilier companies, for a total strength of 2,859 men. In the mid-1750s two of its grenadier companies were reassigned to form other units. In 1762 the Neva Regiment was reformed and came to consist of 3 fusilier battalions, each of which included one grenadier and four fusilier companies. The following year it gained two new battalions, and its official strength was listed as 2,092 men during wartime and 1,880 during peacetime. On 29 November 1796 it was renamed "Neva Musketeer Regiment". On 31 October 1798 it was renamed "1st Lieutenant General Duke Volkonsky's Musketeer Regiment" and later "Lieutenant General Duke Gorchakov's" on 26 January 1800. In 1800 its numerical designation was changed to 2nd before being renamed "Neva Musketeer Regiment" on 31 March 1801. In 1811 it was renamed "Neva Infantry Regiment". In January 1833 the 1st naval battalion was added to the unit, and it was later renamed the "Neva Naval Regiment". In 1846 it became the "His Majesty King of Naples Regiment" before being changed back to "Neva Infantry Regiment" the following year. In April 1863 it lost three battalions which were reassigned to form the new "Neva Reserve Infantry Regiment". It was in 1867 that it first gained the name of "1st His Majesty King of the Hellenes' Infantry Regiment". In 1913 it was renamed "1st Neva Infantry Regiment". Part of the unit was transferred to form the new 221st Roslavl Infantry Regiment in August 1914, and the unit was disbanded in 1918. Combat chronicle The regiment saw its first action during the Great Northern War, fighting in the Battle of Poltava (1709), Battle of Vyborg Bay (1711), and during a naval battle that resulted in the capture of four frigates (1719). From 1716 to 1717 it took part in a 20-month march through Prussia to the shores of Sweden. The Neva Regiment took heavy losses during the conflict. In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, the regiment was decorated for taking part in the raid on Berlin. It might also have taken part in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) and the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90). In 1812 it took part in fighting the French invasion of Russia and until 1815 the regiment was fighting abroad, including at the Battle of Leipzig. The Neva Infantry Regiment later took part in crushing the January Uprising in Russian Congress Poland. It later fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, during which the regiment's 1st battalion earned a decoration for distinguished service in battle. In 1905 the unit was deployed to Manchuria to fight in the Russo–Japanese War, but the conflict ended by the time they arrived in Harbin. Between 1907 and 1908 the regiment took part in putting down revolutionary unrest in Voronezh. During that time all men of the unit received a marking which stated "For Accomplishment in the Turkish War of 1877 and 1878." During World War I the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment participated in the East Prussian Operation, including the Battle of Tannenberg, in 1914 and was part of the 1st Infantry Division. It saw action as part of 2nd Army, 10th Army, 5th Army, and 12th Army; on the Northwestern Front and the Northern Front. It was dissolved by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and some of its members fought for the White movement in the Russian Civil War. Rank insignia Officers Label Regimental rank insignia of the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment as of 1911 Shoulder board Rankdesignation Polkovnik (en: colonel) Podpolkovnik (lieutenant colonel) Mayor(major) Kapitan (captain) Stabs-kapitan Poruchik Podporuchik Praporshchik Rank group Shtab-ofitsery (en: staff officers) Ober-ofitsery (en: upper, superior, or higher officers) NCOs and enlisted Label Regimental rank insignia of the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment as of 1911 Shoulder board Rankdesignation Zauryad-praporshchik Podpraporshchik Feldfebel Starshyunter-оfitser (en: senior NCO) Мladshy unter-оfitser (en: junior NCO) Yefeytor (en: Private first class) Ryadovoy (en: Private) Rank group Unter-ofitsery (en: Non-commissioned officers) Ryadovye (en: enlisted men) See also List of Imperial Russian Army formations and units References ^ a b c d e f "1-й пехотный Невский генерал-фельдмаршала графа Ласси, ныне Его Величества Короля Эллинов полк". Regiment.ru (in Russian). 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ a b c d "ХРОНОЛОГИЯ СЛУЖБЫ 1-го ПЕХОТНОГО НЕВСКОГО ГЕНЕРАЛ-ФЕЛЬДМАРШАЛА ГРАФА ЛАССИ, НЫНЕ ЕГО ВЕЛИЧЕСТВА КОРОЛЯ ЭЛЛИНОВ ПОЛКА". Narod.ru (in Russian). 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ Conrad, Mark (2001). "THE RUSSIAN ARMY, 1914". Retrieved 8 January 2017. ^ Russian Army at the Battle of Tannenberg vte Infantry regiments of the Russian Imperial Army (1914) Guards InfantryRifle 1 2 3 4 Volinsky Grenadier Izmaylovsky Jaeger Keksgolmsky Lithuanian Moscow Pavlovsky Preobrazhensky Saint Petersburg Semyonovsky Finnish CombinedGrenadiers1st – 9th 1st Yekatorinoslav 2nd Rostov 3rd Pernovsky 4th Nesvizhsky 5th Kiev 6th Tavrichesky 7th Samogitsky 8th Moscow 9th Siberian 10th – 19th 10th Malorussian 11th Fanagoriysky 12th Astrakhan 13th Yerevan 14th Georgian 15th Tiflis 16th Mingrelian Infantry1st – 99th1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 29th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30th – 39th 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40th – 49th 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50th – 59th 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60th – 69th 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70th – 79th 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80th – 89th 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90th – 99th 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100th – 199th100th – 109th 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110th – 119th 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120th – 129th 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130th – 139th 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140th – 149th 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150th – 159th 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160th – 169th 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170th – 179th 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180th – 189th 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190th – 199th 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200th – 208th 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 Mobilized in July 1914 or later: 209th – 299th209th – 219th 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220th – 229th 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230th – 239th 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240th – 249th 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250th – 259th 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260th – 269th 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270th – 279th 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280th – 289th 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290th – 299th 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300th – 399th300th – 309th 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310th – 319th 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320th – 329th 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330th – 336th 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 397th – 399th 397 398 399 400th – 499th400th – 409th 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410th – 419th 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420th – 429th 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430th – 439th 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440th – 449th 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450th – 459th 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460th – 469th 460 461 462 461 464 465 466 467 468 469 470th – 479th 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480th – 489th 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490th – 499th 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500th – 520th500th – 509th 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510th – 520th 510 511 512 514 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 RiflesNumbered 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Siberian 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Finnish 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Caucasus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Turkestan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
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It was known by different names for much of its existence but most of its designations included \"Neva Infantry Regiment.\" It served in several conflicts, including the Great Northern War, Seven Years' War, the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, and the Russo–Japanese War. By 1914, the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment was part of the 1st Infantry Division, and it fought in World War I before being dissolved in 1918, after the events of Russian Revolution.","title":"1st Neva Infantry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Russian Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiment-1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-narod-2"},{"link_name":"battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier"},{"link_name":"fusilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusilier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiment-1"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiment-1"},{"link_name":"King of the Hellenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Hellenes"},{"link_name":"221st Roslavl Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=221st_Roslavl_Infantry_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiment-1"}],"text":"The unit was first formed in Saint Petersburg on 21 July 1706 as the \"Kulikov Infantry Regiment\" by order of Russian Emperor Peter the Great. On 10 April 1708 it was renamed \"Neva Regiment\" and in 1711 it became the \"Neva Infantry Regiment\".[1] On 16 August 1712 its surviving members were merged into another regiment[clarification needed] after sustaining heavy losses during the Great Northern War (the regiment[which?] would later be disbanded in 1731). On 15 July 1713 a new Neva Regiment was created, named after the original. In 1727 it was briefly designated as the \"2nd Vladimir Infantry Regiment\" before being renamed \"Neva\" again.[2] It was reformed in 1731 and a decade later its total strength was 1,557 men. By 1753 the regiment's battalions each consisted of one grenadier and four fusilier companies, for a total strength of 2,859 men.[1]In the mid-1750s two of its grenadier companies were reassigned to form other units. In 1762 the Neva Regiment was reformed and came to consist of 3 fusilier battalions, each of which included one grenadier and four fusilier companies. The following year it gained two new battalions, and its official strength was listed as 2,092 men during wartime and 1,880 during peacetime. On 29 November 1796 it was renamed \"Neva Musketeer Regiment\". On 31 October 1798 it was renamed \"1st Lieutenant General Duke Volkonsky's Musketeer Regiment\" and later \"Lieutenant General Duke Gorchakov's\" on 26 January 1800. In 1800 its numerical designation was changed to 2nd before being renamed \"Neva Musketeer Regiment\" on 31 March 1801. In 1811 it was renamed \"Neva Infantry Regiment\". In January 1833 the 1st naval battalion was added to the unit, and it was later renamed the \"Neva Naval Regiment\". In 1846 it became the \"His Majesty King of Naples Regiment\" before being changed back to \"Neva Infantry Regiment\" the following year.[1]In April 1863 it lost three battalions which were reassigned to form the new \"Neva Reserve Infantry Regiment\". It was in 1867 that it first gained the name of \"1st His Majesty King of the Hellenes' Infantry Regiment\". In 1913 it was renamed \"1st Neva Infantry Regiment\". Part of the unit was transferred to form the new 221st Roslavl Infantry Regiment in August 1914, and the unit was disbanded in 1918.[1]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava"},{"link_name":"naval battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Pillage_of_1719-1721"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiment-1"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"raid on Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%9390)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiment-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-narod-2"},{"link_name":"French invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"January Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Congress Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%9378"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Russo–Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Harbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin"},{"link_name":"Voronezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-narod-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"East Prussian Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tannenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg"},{"link_name":"1st Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"2nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"10th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"5th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"12th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Army_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Northern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Front_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"White movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-narod-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mark-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The regiment saw its first action during the Great Northern War, fighting in the Battle of Poltava (1709), Battle of Vyborg Bay (1711), and during a naval battle that resulted in the capture of four frigates (1719).[1] From 1716 to 1717 it took part in a 20-month march through Prussia to the shores of Sweden. The Neva Regiment took heavy losses during the conflict. In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, the regiment was decorated for taking part in the raid on Berlin. It might also have taken part in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) and the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90).[1][2]In 1812 it took part in fighting the French invasion of Russia and until 1815 the regiment was fighting abroad, including at the Battle of Leipzig. The Neva Infantry Regiment later took part in crushing the January Uprising in Russian Congress Poland. It later fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, during which the regiment's 1st battalion earned a decoration for distinguished service in battle. In 1905 the unit was deployed to Manchuria to fight in the Russo–Japanese War, but the conflict ended by the time they arrived in Harbin. Between 1907 and 1908 the regiment took part in putting down revolutionary unrest in Voronezh. During that time all men of the unit received a marking which stated \"For Accomplishment in the Turkish War of 1877 and 1878.\"[2]During World War I the 1st Neva Infantry Regiment participated in the East Prussian Operation, including the Battle of Tannenberg, in 1914 and was part of the 1st Infantry Division. It saw action as part of 2nd Army, 10th Army, 5th Army, and 12th Army; on the Northwestern Front and the Northern Front. It was dissolved by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and some of its members fought for the White movement in the Russian Civil War.[2][3][4]","title":"Combat chronicle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rank insignia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Officers","title":"Rank insignia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NCOs and enlisted","title":"Rank insignia"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Imperial Russian Army formations and units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Russian_Army_formations_and_units"}]
[{"reference":"\"1-й пехотный Невский генерал-фельдмаршала графа Ласси, ныне Его Величества Короля Эллинов полк\". Regiment.ru (in Russian). 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://regiment.ru/reg/II/B/1/1.htm","url_text":"\"1-й пехотный Невский генерал-фельдмаршала графа Ласси, ныне Его Величества Короля Эллинов полк\""}]},{"reference":"\"ХРОНОЛОГИЯ СЛУЖБЫ 1-го ПЕХОТНОГО НЕВСКОГО ГЕНЕРАЛ-ФЕЛЬДМАРШАЛА ГРАФА ЛАССИ, НЫНЕ ЕГО ВЕЛИЧЕСТВА КОРОЛЯ ЭЛЛИНОВ ПОЛКА\". Narod.ru (in Russian). 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nevsky-polk.narod.ru/hronika.html","url_text":"\"ХРОНОЛОГИЯ СЛУЖБЫ 1-го ПЕХОТНОГО НЕВСКОГО ГЕНЕРАЛ-ФЕЛЬДМАРШАЛА ГРАФА ЛАССИ, НЫНЕ ЕГО ВЕЛИЧЕСТВА КОРОЛЯ ЭЛЛИНОВ ПОЛКА\""}]},{"reference":"Conrad, Mark (2001). \"THE RUSSIAN ARMY, 1914\". Retrieved 8 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/RUSS1914.html","url_text":"\"THE RUSSIAN ARMY, 1914\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://regiment.ru/reg/II/B/1/1.htm","external_links_name":"\"1-й пехотный Невский генерал-фельдмаршала графа Ласси, ныне Его Величества Короля Эллинов полк\""},{"Link":"http://nevsky-polk.narod.ru/hronika.html","external_links_name":"\"ХРОНОЛОГИЯ СЛУЖБЫ 1-го ПЕХОТНОГО НЕВСКОГО ГЕНЕРАЛ-ФЕЛЬДМАРШАЛА ГРАФА ЛАССИ, НЫНЕ ЕГО ВЕЛИЧЕСТВА КОРОЛЯ ЭЛЛИНОВ ПОЛКА\""},{"Link":"http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/RUSS1914.html","external_links_name":"\"THE RUSSIAN ARMY, 1914\""},{"Link":"http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/914RHAC.pdf","external_links_name":"Russian Army at the Battle of Tannenberg"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_%26_Boys_(Prince_song)
Girls & Boys (Prince song)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 Notes"]
1986 single by Prince and the Revolution"Girls & Boys"UK 12-inch singleSingle by Prince and the Revolutionfrom the album Parade B-side "Under the Cherry Moon" "Erotic City" (UK 12-inch) "She's Always in My Hair" (UK double 7-inch single) "17 Days" (UK double 7-inch single) ReleasedAugust 4, 1986RecordedJuly 8, 1985StudioWashington Avenue Warehouse (Minneapolis)Genre Pop funk Length3:27 (7-inch edit)5:30 (album/12-inch version)LabelPaisley Park / Warner Bros.Songwriter(s)PrinceProducer(s)PrincePrince singles chronology "Anotherloverholenyohead" (1986) "Girls & Boys" (1986) "Sign o' the Times" (1987) "Girls & Boys" is a 1986 song by American musician Prince and the Revolution, from his eighth studio album, Parade (1986), the soundtrack to the film Under the Cherry Moon. The song was released as a single in the UK, and as the B-side to "Anotherloverholenyohead" in the US. Following the smash success of its predecessor "Kiss", "Girls & Boys" peaked at number 11 in the UK, but was not released as a single in America. Prince's former drummer, Bobby Z. later commented that the song may have helped the entire album and film achieve bigger success, saying "second singles sometimes weren't right... 'Kiss' was a complete smash and set the album up huge. In my opinion it should then have been 'Girls & Boys', not 'Mountains'". The music video for the single consisted of clips from the film and separately shot footage of the Revolution, including Prince's then-fiancee Susannah Melvoin. "Girls & Boys" is a funk offering featuring both live drumming as well as the drum machine Linn LM-1. The keyboard hook is a peculiar duck-like sound. This is the first official Prince single to include the saxophone contributions of Eric Leeds. The lyrics speak of characters similar to Christopher and Mary from Under the Cherry Moon, although their actions are not seen in the film. The song includes a seduction spoken by Marie France in French, as well as an early attempt by Prince to deliver a short rap. Background vocals are Wendy & Lisa, Susannah Melvoin and Sheila E. The B-side was the LP version of "Under the Cherry Moon". The 12-inch single also included the 1984 track "Erotic City", which originally backed "Let's Go Crazy". In addition, a special double 7-inch single was released containing "Girls & Boys", "She's Always in My Hair" (which originally backed "Paisley Park"), "Under the Cherry Moon", and "17 Days", which originally backed "When Doves Cry". In March 2006, British actress Kristin Scott Thomas, one of the stars of Under the Cherry Moon, nominated "Girls and Boys" as one of her eight favourite Desert Island Discs. "Girls and Boys" was covered by jazz/funk bassist Marcus Miller on his 2005 album Silver Rain, featuring singer Macy Gray. Track listing 7-inch vinyl / 7-inch vinyl picture disc "Girls & Boys" (edit) – 3:27 "Under the Cherry Moon" – 2:57 2× 7-inch vinyl "Girls & Boys" (edit) – 3:27 "Under the Cherry Moon" – 2:57 "She's Always in My Hair" – 3:27 "17 Days" – 3:52 12-inch vinyl "Girls & Boys" (LP version) – 5:30 "Under the Cherry Moon" – 2:57 "Erotic City (Make Love Not War Erotic City Come Alive)" – 7:24 Personnel Credits from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, and Guitarcloud Prince – lead and backing vocals, Roland G-707 electric guitar, Roland GR-700, synthesizers, finger cymbals Lisa Coleman – synthesizers, backing vocals Wendy Melvoin – electric guitar, backing vocals Dr. Fink – synthesizers Brown Mark – bass guitar Bobby Z. – Simmons SDS-V, Linn LM-1 Sheila E. – backing vocals Eric Leeds – baritone saxophone Atlanta Bliss – trumpet Susannah Melvoin – backing vocals Marie-France Drouin – vocals in French Clare Fischer – orchestral arrangements Charts Weekly chart performance for "Girls & Boys" Chart (1986–1987) Peak position Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 10 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 10 France (SNEP) 38 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 29 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 12 UK Singles (OCC) 11 West Germany (Official German Charts) 27 Notes ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Kristin Scott Thomas". ^ Tudahl, Duane (2021). Prince and the Parade and Sign O' The Times Era Studio Sessions 1985 and 1986. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538144527. ^ Clerc, Benoît (October 2022). Prince: All the Songs. Octopus. ISBN 9781784728816. ^ "Parade". guitarcloud.org. Retrieved 2023-04-29. ^ "Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2021). "Prince". Sisältää hitin - 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 (PDF) (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 204. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ "Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Prince & The Revolution" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 3, 2022. ^ "Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Prince & The Revolution: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 6, 2016. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved May 6, 2016. vtePrince singles1970s "Soft and Wet" "Just as Long as We're Together" "I Wanna Be Your Lover" 1980s "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" "Still Waiting" "Sexy Dancer" "Uptown" "Dirty Mind" "Do It All Night" "Gotta Stop (Messin' About)" "Controversy" "Let's Work" "Do Me, Baby" "1999" "Little Red Corvette" "Delirious" "Let's Pretend We're Married" "When Doves Cry" "Let's Go Crazy" "Purple Rain" "I Would Die 4 U" "Take Me with U" "Paisley Park" "Raspberry Beret" "Pop Life" "America" "Kiss" "Mountains" "Anotherloverholenyohead" "Girls & Boys" "Sign "O" the Times" "If I Was Your Girlfriend" "U Got the Look" "I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man" "Alphabet St." "Glam Slam" "I Wish U Heaven" "Batdance" "Partyman" "The Arms of Orion" "Scandalous!" 1990s "The Future" "Thieves in the Temple" "New Power Generation" "Gett Off" "Cream" "Diamonds and Pearls" "Money Don't Matter 2 Night" "Insatiable" "Thunder" "Sexy MF" "My Name Is Prince" "7" "Damn U" "The Morning Papers" "Pink Cashmere" "Nothing Compares 2 U" "Peach" "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" "Letitgo" "Space" "Purple Medley" "I Hate U" "Gold" "Dinner with Delores" "Betcha by Golly Wow!" "The Holy River" "The Truth" "The Greatest Romance Ever Sold" 2000s "U Make My Sun Shine" (with Angie Stone) "When Will We B Paid?" (with Audio Stepchild) "Supercute" "The Work, pt. 1" "Days of Wild" "Controversy (Live in Hawaii)" "Musicology" "Cinnamon Girl" "S.S.T." "Te Amo Corazón" "Black Sweat" "Fury" "Guitar" "F.U.N.K." "Dance 4 Me" 2010s "Rocknroll Loveaffair" "Breakfast Can Wait" "Fallinlove2nite" "Breakdown" "This Could B Us" "Free Urself" Promotional singles "When You Were Mine" "Erotic City" "Nothing Compares 2 U" "Love Sign" (with Nona Gaye) "Somebody's Somebody" "It's About That Walk" "Call My Name" "The Song of the Heart" Internet downloads "Guitar (original "demo" version)" New Power Generation "Get Wild" "The War" "Come On" EPs The Beautiful Experience NYC 1999: The New Master Other songs "I Feel for You" "Partyup" "Private Joy" "International Lover" "How Come U Don't Call Me Anymore?" "The Beautiful Ones" "Computer Blue" "Darling Nikki" "Baby I'm a Star" "17 Days" "Around the World in a Day" "Sometimes It Snows in April" "The Ballad of Dorothy Parker" "Starfish and Coffee" "Adore" "Don't Talk 2 Strangers" "I Can't Make U Love Me" "La, La, La Means I Love U" "One of Us" "Everyday Is a Winding Road" "A Case of U" "Crimson and Clover" "Moonbeam Levels" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"the Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolution_(band)"},{"link_name":"Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(Prince_album)"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Under the Cherry Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Cherry_Moon"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Anotherloverholenyohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anotherloverholenyohead"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Z.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Z."},{"link_name":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Susannah Melvoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Melvoin"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"Linn LM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_LM-1"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"Eric Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Leeds"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"Wendy & Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_%26_Lisa"},{"link_name":"Sheila E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_E."},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_(format)"},{"link_name":"12-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_single"},{"link_name":"Erotic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_City"},{"link_name":"Let's Go Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Crazy"},{"link_name":"Paisley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"When Doves Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Doves_Cry"},{"link_name":"Kristin Scott Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Desert Island Discs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marcus Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Miller"},{"link_name":"Silver Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Rain"},{"link_name":"Macy Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy_Gray"}],"text":"\"Girls & Boys\" is a 1986 song by American musician Prince and the Revolution, from his eighth studio album, Parade (1986), the soundtrack to the film Under the Cherry Moon. The song was released as a single in the UK, and as the B-side to \"Anotherloverholenyohead\" in the US.Following the smash success of its predecessor \"Kiss\", \"Girls & Boys\" peaked at number 11 in the UK, but was not released as a single in America. Prince's former drummer, Bobby Z. later commented that the song may have helped the entire album and film achieve bigger success, saying \"second singles sometimes weren't right... 'Kiss' was a complete smash and set the album up huge. In my opinion it should then have been 'Girls & Boys', not 'Mountains'\". The music video for the single consisted of clips from the film and separately shot footage of the Revolution, including Prince's then-fiancee Susannah Melvoin.\"Girls & Boys\" is a funk offering featuring both live drumming as well as the drum machine Linn LM-1. The keyboard hook is a peculiar duck-like sound. This is the first official Prince single to include the saxophone contributions of Eric Leeds. The lyrics speak of characters similar to Christopher and Mary from Under the Cherry Moon, although their actions are not seen in the film. The song includes a seduction spoken by Marie France in French, as well as an early attempt by Prince to deliver a short rap. Background vocals are Wendy & Lisa, Susannah Melvoin and Sheila E.The B-side was the LP version of \"Under the Cherry Moon\". The 12-inch single also included the 1984 track \"Erotic City\", which originally backed \"Let's Go Crazy\". In addition, a special double 7-inch single was released containing \"Girls & Boys\", \"She's Always in My Hair\" (which originally backed \"Paisley Park\"), \"Under the Cherry Moon\", and \"17 Days\", which originally backed \"When Doves Cry\".In March 2006, British actress Kristin Scott Thomas, one of the stars of Under the Cherry Moon, nominated \"Girls and Boys\" as one of her eight favourite Desert Island Discs.[1]\"Girls and Boys\" was covered by jazz/funk bassist Marcus Miller on his 2005 album Silver Rain, featuring singer Macy Gray.","title":"Girls & Boys (Prince song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"7-inch vinyl / 7-inch vinyl picture disc\"Girls & Boys\" (edit) – 3:27\n\"Under the Cherry Moon\" – 2:572× 7-inch vinyl\"Girls & Boys\" (edit) – 3:27\n\"Under the Cherry Moon\" – 2:57\n\"She's Always in My Hair\" – 3:27\n\"17 Days\" – 3:5212-inch vinyl\"Girls & Boys\" (LP version) – 5:30\n\"Under the Cherry Moon\" – 2:57\n\"Erotic City (Make Love Not War Erotic City Come Alive)\" – 7:24","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Coleman_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Wendy Melvoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Melvoin"},{"link_name":"Dr. Fink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Fink"},{"link_name":"Brown Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Mark"},{"link_name":"Bobby Z.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Z."},{"link_name":"Simmons SDS-V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_SDS-V"},{"link_name":"Linn LM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_LM-1"},{"link_name":"Sheila E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_E."},{"link_name":"Eric Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Susannah Melvoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Melvoin"},{"link_name":"Marie-France Drouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie-France_Drouin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clare Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Fischer"}],"text":"Credits from Duane Tudahl, Benoît Clerc, and Guitarcloud[2][3][4]Prince – lead and backing vocals, Roland G-707 electric guitar, Roland GR-700, synthesizers, finger cymbals\nLisa Coleman – synthesizers, backing vocals\nWendy Melvoin – electric guitar, backing vocals\nDr. Fink – synthesizers\nBrown Mark – bass guitar\nBobby Z. – Simmons SDS-V, Linn LM-1\nSheila E. – backing vocals\nEric Leeds – baritone saxophone\nAtlanta Bliss – trumpet\n\n\nSusannah Melvoin – backing vocals\nMarie-France Drouin – vocals in French\nClare Fischer – orchestral arrangements","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Kristin Scott Thomas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/desertislanddiscs_20030330.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781538144527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538144527"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781784728816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784728816"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Parade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//guitarcloud.org/era/parade"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sc_Flanders_Prince_&_The_Revolution_5-0"},{"link_name":"Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Prince+%26+The+Revolution&titel=Girls+%26+Boys&cat=s"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Sisältää hitin - 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musiikkiarkisto.fi/oa/_tiedostot/julkaisut/sisaltaa-hitin.pdf#page=204"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sc_France_Prince_&_The_Revolution_7-0"},{"link_name":"Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Prince+%26+The+Revolution&titel=Girls+%26+Boys&cat=s"},{"link_name":"Les classement single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sc_Dutch40_Prince_&_The_Revolution_8-0"},{"link_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – Prince & The Revolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/Prince-%26-The-Revolution"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sc_Dutch100_Prince_&_The_Revolution_9-0"},{"link_name":"Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Prince+%26+The+Revolution&titel=Girls+%26+Boys&cat=s"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Prince_&_The_Revolution_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Prince & The Revolution: Artist Chart History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.officialcharts.com/search/artists/Prince%20%26%20The%20Revolution"},{"link_name":"Official Charts Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sc_West_Germany_Prince_&_The_Revolution_11-0"},{"link_name":"Offiziellecharts.de – Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-72044"},{"link_name":"GfK Entertainment charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Prince_singles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Prince_singles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prince_singles"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_singles_discography"},{"link_name":"Soft and Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_and_Wet"},{"link_name":"Just as Long as We're Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_as_Long_as_We%27re_Together"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Be Your Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Your_Lover"},{"link_name":"Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_You_Wanna_Treat_Me_So_Bad%3F"},{"link_name":"Still Waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Waiting_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Sexy Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_Dancer"},{"link_name":"Uptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Dirty Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Mind_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Do It All Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_It_All_Night_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Gotta Stop (Messin' About)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotta_Stop_(Messin%27_About)"},{"link_name":"Controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let's Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Work"},{"link_name":"Do Me, Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Me,_Baby"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Little Red Corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Corvette"},{"link_name":"Delirious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirious_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Let's Pretend We're Married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Pretend_We%27re_Married"},{"link_name":"When Doves Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Doves_Cry"},{"link_name":"Let's Go Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Crazy"},{"link_name":"Purple Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Rain_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Would Die 4 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Would_Die_4_U"},{"link_name":"Take Me with U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_with_U"},{"link_name":"Paisley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"Raspberry Beret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Beret"},{"link_name":"Pop Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Life_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Anotherloverholenyohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anotherloverholenyohead"},{"link_name":"Girls & Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sign \"O\" the Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_o%27_the_Times_(song)"},{"link_name":"If I Was Your Girlfriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Was_Your_Girlfriend"},{"link_name":"U Got the Look","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Got_the_Look"},{"link_name":"I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Could_Never_Take_the_Place_of_Your_Man"},{"link_name":"Alphabet St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_St."},{"link_name":"Glam Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_Slam"},{"link_name":"I Wish U Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wish_U_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Batdance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batdance"},{"link_name":"Partyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partyman"},{"link_name":"The Arms of Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arms_of_Orion"},{"link_name":"Scandalous!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandalous!"},{"link_name":"The Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_(song)"},{"link_name":"Thieves in the Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieves_in_the_Temple"},{"link_name":"New Power Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Power_Generation_(song)"},{"link_name":"Gett Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gett_Off"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Diamonds and Pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds_and_Pearls_(song)"},{"link_name":"Money Don't Matter 2 Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_Don%27t_Matter_2_Night"},{"link_name":"Insatiable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insatiable_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Sexy MF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_MF"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Prince"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Damn U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_U"},{"link_name":"The Morning Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Papers"},{"link_name":"Pink Cashmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Cashmere"},{"link_name":"Nothing Compares 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Compares_2_U"},{"link_name":"Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Beautiful_Girl_in_the_World_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Letitgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitgo"},{"link_name":"Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Purple Medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Medley"},{"link_name":"I Hate U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Hate_U_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Dinner with Delores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner_with_Delores"},{"link_name":"Betcha by Golly Wow!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betcha_by_Golly,_Wow"},{"link_name":"The Holy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_River"},{"link_name":"The Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truth_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"The Greatest Romance Ever Sold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_Romance_Ever_Sold"},{"link_name":"U Make My Sun Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Make_My_Sun_Shine"},{"link_name":"Angie Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Stone"},{"link_name":"When Will We B Paid?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Make_My_Sun_Shine"},{"link_name":"Supercute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercute"},{"link_name":"The Work, pt. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Work,_pt._1"},{"link_name":"Days of Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Wild"},{"link_name":"Controversy (Live in Hawaii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy_(song)#Live_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Musicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cinnamon Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_Girl_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"S.S.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.T._(song)"},{"link_name":"Te Amo Corazón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Amo_Coraz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Black Sweat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sweat"},{"link_name":"Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_(song)"},{"link_name":"Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_(song)"},{"link_name":"F.U.N.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.U.N.K."},{"link_name":"Dance 4 Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_4_Me_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Rocknroll Loveaffair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocknroll_Loveaffair"},{"link_name":"Breakfast Can Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_Can_Wait"},{"link_name":"Fallinlove2nite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallinlove2nite"},{"link_name":"Breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"This Could B Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Could_B_Us"},{"link_name":"Free Urself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Urself"},{"link_name":"When You Were Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Were_Mine_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Erotic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_City"},{"link_name":"Nothing Compares 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Compares_2_U"},{"link_name":"Love Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Sign"},{"link_name":"Nona Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_Gaye"},{"link_name":"Somebody's Somebody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody%27s_Somebody"},{"link_name":"It's About That Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_About_That_Walk"},{"link_name":"Call My Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_My_Name_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"The Song of the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Heart"},{"link_name":"Guitar (original \"demo\" version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_(song)"},{"link_name":"Get Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Wild"},{"link_name":"The War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_(The_New_Power_Generation_song)"},{"link_name":"Come On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_(The_New_Power_Generation_song)"},{"link_name":"The Beautiful Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beautiful_Experience"},{"link_name":"NYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC_(Prince_EP)"},{"link_name":"1999: The New Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999:_The_New_Master"},{"link_name":"I Feel for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_for_You"},{"link_name":"Partyup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partyup"},{"link_name":"Private Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Joy"},{"link_name":"International Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lover"},{"link_name":"How Come U Don't Call Me Anymore?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Come_U_Don%27t_Call_Me_Anymore%3F"},{"link_name":"The Beautiful Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beautiful_Ones"},{"link_name":"Computer Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Blue"},{"link_name":"Darling Nikki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Nikki"},{"link_name":"Baby I'm a Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_I%27m_a_Star"},{"link_name":"17 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Days_(song)"},{"link_name":"Around the World in a Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_in_a_Day_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sometimes It Snows in April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sometimes_It_Snows_in_April"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"Starfish and Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_and_Coffee_(song)"},{"link_name":"Adore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adore_(Prince_song)"},{"link_name":"Don't Talk 2 Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Talk_2_Strangers"},{"link_name":"I Can't Make U Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Make_You_Love_Me"},{"link_name":"La, La, La Means I Love U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-La_(Means_I_Love_You)"},{"link_name":"One of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_of_Us_(Joan_Osborne_song)"},{"link_name":"Everyday Is a Winding Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Is_a_Winding_Road"},{"link_name":"A Case of U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Case_of_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Crimson and Clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_and_Clover"},{"link_name":"Moonbeam Levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonbeam_Levels"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3107647#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/794757b5-81d8-3030-95d6-b14b9a4cde96"}],"text":"^ \"BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Kristin Scott Thomas\".\n\n^ Tudahl, Duane (2021). Prince and the Parade and Sign O' The Times Era Studio Sessions 1985 and 1986. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538144527.\n\n^ Clerc, Benoît (October 2022). Prince: All the Songs. Octopus. ISBN 9781784728816.\n\n^ \"Parade\". guitarcloud.org. Retrieved 2023-04-29.\n\n^ \"Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved May 6, 2016.\n\n^ Pennanen, Timo (2021). \"Prince\". Sisältää hitin - 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 (PDF) (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 204. Retrieved July 3, 2022.\n\n^ \"Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved May 6, 2016.\n\n^ \"Nederlandse Top 40 – Prince & The Revolution\" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 3, 2022.\n\n^ \"Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved May 6, 2016.\n\n^ \"Prince & The Revolution: Artist Chart History\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 6, 2016.\n\n^ \"Offiziellecharts.de – Prince & The Revolution – Girls & Boys\" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved May 6, 2016.vtePrince singles1970s\n\"Soft and Wet\"\n\"Just as Long as We're Together\"\n\"I Wanna Be Your Lover\"\n1980s\n\"Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?\"\n\"Still Waiting\"\n\"Sexy Dancer\"\n\"Uptown\"\n\"Dirty Mind\"\n\"Do It All Night\"\n\"Gotta Stop (Messin' About)\"\n\"Controversy\"\n\"Let's Work\"\n\"Do Me, Baby\"\n\"1999\"\n\"Little Red Corvette\"\n\"Delirious\"\n\"Let's Pretend We're Married\"\n\"When Doves Cry\"\n\"Let's Go Crazy\"\n\"Purple Rain\"\n\"I Would Die 4 U\"\n\"Take Me with U\"\n\"Paisley Park\"\n\"Raspberry Beret\"\n\"Pop Life\"\n\"America\"\n\"Kiss\"\n\"Mountains\"\n\"Anotherloverholenyohead\"\n\"Girls & Boys\"\n\"Sign \"O\" the Times\"\n\"If I Was Your Girlfriend\"\n\"U Got the Look\"\n\"I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man\"\n\"Alphabet St.\"\n\"Glam Slam\"\n\"I Wish U Heaven\"\n\"Batdance\"\n\"Partyman\"\n\"The Arms of Orion\"\n\"Scandalous!\"\n1990s\n\"The Future\"\n\"Thieves in the Temple\"\n\"New Power Generation\"\n\"Gett Off\"\n\"Cream\"\n\"Diamonds and Pearls\"\n\"Money Don't Matter 2 Night\"\n\"Insatiable\"\n\"Thunder\"\n\"Sexy MF\"\n\"My Name Is Prince\"\n\"7\"\n\"Damn U\"\n\"The Morning Papers\"\n\"Pink Cashmere\"\n\"Nothing Compares 2 U\"\n\"Peach\"\n\"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\"\n\"Letitgo\"\n\"Space\"\n\"Purple Medley\"\n\"I Hate U\"\n\"Gold\"\n\"Dinner with Delores\"\n\"Betcha by Golly Wow!\"\n\"The Holy River\"\n\"The Truth\"\n\"The Greatest Romance Ever Sold\"\n2000s\n\"U Make My Sun Shine\" (with Angie Stone)\n\"When Will We B Paid?\" (with Audio Stepchild)\n\"Supercute\"\n\"The Work, pt. 1\"\n\"Days of Wild\"\n\"Controversy (Live in Hawaii)\"\n\"Musicology\"\n\"Cinnamon Girl\"\n\"S.S.T.\"\n\"Te Amo Corazón\"\n\"Black Sweat\"\n\"Fury\"\n\"Guitar\"\n\"F.U.N.K.\"\n\"Dance 4 Me\"\n2010s\n\"Rocknroll Loveaffair\"\n\"Breakfast Can Wait\"\n\"Fallinlove2nite\"\n\"Breakdown\"\n\"This Could B Us\"\n\"Free Urself\"\nPromotional singles\n\"When You Were Mine\"\n\"Erotic City\"\n\"Nothing Compares 2 U\"\n\"Love Sign\" (with Nona Gaye)\n\"Somebody's Somebody\"\n\"It's About That Walk\"\n\"Call My Name\"\n\"The Song of the Heart\"\nInternet downloads\n\"Guitar (original \"demo\" version)\"\nNew Power Generation\n\"Get Wild\"\n\"The War\"\n\"Come On\"\nEPs\nThe Beautiful Experience\nNYC\n1999: The New Master\nOther songs\n\"I Feel for You\"\n\"Partyup\"\n\"Private Joy\"\n\"International Lover\"\n\"How Come U Don't Call Me Anymore?\"\n\"The Beautiful Ones\"\n\"Computer Blue\"\n\"Darling Nikki\"\n\"Baby I'm a Star\"\n\"17 Days\"\n\"Around the World in a Day\"\n\"Sometimes It Snows in April\"\n\"The Ballad of Dorothy Parker\"\n\"Starfish and Coffee\"\n\"Adore\"\n\"Don't Talk 2 Strangers\"\n\"I Can't Make U Love Me\"\n\"La, La, La Means I Love U\"\n\"One of Us\"\n\"Everyday Is a Winding Road\"\n\"A Case of U\"\n\"Crimson and Clover\"\n\"Moonbeam Levels\"Authority control databases \nMusicBrainz work","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Kristin Scott Thomas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/desertislanddiscs_20030330.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Kristin Scott Thomas\""}]},{"reference":"Tudahl, Duane (2021). Prince and the Parade and Sign O' The Times Era Studio Sessions 1985 and 1986. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538144527.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538144527","url_text":"9781538144527"}]},{"reference":"Clerc, Benoît (October 2022). Prince: All the Songs. Octopus. ISBN 9781784728816.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784728816","url_text":"9781784728816"}]},{"reference":"\"Parade\". guitarcloud.org. Retrieved 2023-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://guitarcloud.org/era/parade","url_text":"\"Parade\""}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (2021). \"Prince\". Sisältää hitin - 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 (PDF) (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 204. Retrieved July 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiikkiarkisto.fi/oa/_tiedostot/julkaisut/sisaltaa-hitin.pdf#page=204","url_text":"Sisältää hitin - 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Music
Point Music
["1 Partial discography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Record label For other uses of "point", see Point (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Point Music" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Point Music was a record label that was started in 1992 as a joint venture between Philips Classics and Michael Riesman and Philip Glass’s Euphorbia Productions. In 1999, Decca Records became its distributor when it absorbed Philips in the aftermath of the merger that created Universal Music. It originally specialized in cutting-edge contemporary Western classical music, but it expanded to include film scores, some world music, and rock–classical crossover projects. It was shut down in 2002. In September 2009, Universal Music released a POINT Music compilation named XVI Reflections on Classical Music, which explored the connections between cutting edge classical and electronic music. Whether this is the beginning of a series of compilations has yet to be confirmed. Partial discography Master Musicians of Jajouka—Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Jajouka Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar—The Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar Jon Gibson—In Good Company Philip Glass - Low Symphony Gavin Bryars - Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet Gavin Bryars—Man in a Room, Gambling Gavin Bryars—Cadman Requiem Arthur Russell—Another Thought Gavin Bryars—The Sinking of the Titanic London Philharmonic Orchestra—The LPO Plays the Music of Pink Floyd London Philharmonic Orchestra—Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin Philip Glass/Uakti—Aguas da Amazonia Uakti— I Ching Uakti—Mapa Uakti—Trilobyte Oceania—Oceania Bang on a Can—Music for Airports—Brian Eno Gavin Bryars—The Raising of the "Titanic" Arthur Russell—Another Thought (Radio Edits) Gavin Bryars—Raising the Titanic—the Aphex Twin Mixes Philip Glass—"Heroes" Symphony Zoar—Cassandra Todd Levin—Ride the Planet John Moran—The Manson Family—an Opera Philip Glass & Foday Musa Suso—Music from the Screens Jaron Lanier—Instruments of Change Chris Hughes—Shift Philip Glass—“Heroes Symphony” (the Aphex Twin Remix) Angelo Badalamenti—City of Lost Children—Original Soundtrack Giovanni Sollima—Aquilarco Pilgrimage—9 Songs of Ecstasy Philip Glass, Gavin Bryars and others—XVI Reflections on Classical Music See also List of record labels Philips Records Decca Records Philip Glass References ^ REFLECTIONS ON CLASSICAL MUSIC | News, Infos, Bilder und Musik. Xvi-reflections.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-28. External links Discogs.com philipglass.com gavinbryars.com Authority control databases MusicBrainz label This article about a United States record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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In 1999, Decca Records became its distributor when it absorbed Philips in the aftermath of the merger that created Universal Music. It originally specialized in cutting-edge contemporary Western classical music, but it expanded to include film scores, some world music, and rock–classical crossover projects. It was shut down in 2002.In September 2009, Universal Music released a POINT Music compilation named XVI Reflections on Classical Music,[1] which explored the connections between cutting edge classical and electronic music. Whether this is the beginning of a series of compilations has yet to be confirmed.","title":"Point Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master Musicians of Jajouka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Musicians_of_Jajouka"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Jajouka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones_Presents_the_Pipes_of_Pan_at_Jajouka"},{"link_name":"Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Musicians_of_Jajouka_featuring_Bachir_Attar"},{"link_name":"Jon Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Gibson_(minimalist_musician)"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Low Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Glass)"},{"link_name":"Gavin Bryars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bryars"},{"link_name":"Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus%27_Blood_Never_Failed_Me_Yet"},{"link_name":"Gavin Bryars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bryars"},{"link_name":"Gavin Bryars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bryars"},{"link_name":"Arthur Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Russell_(cellist)"},{"link_name":"Another Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Another_Thought&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gavin Bryars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bryars"},{"link_name":"The Sinking of the Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sinking_of_the_Titanic_(Bryars)"},{"link_name":"London Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"The LPO Plays the Music of Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_and_Them:_Symphonic_Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"London Philharmonic 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Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Heroes%22_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Zoar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoar_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cassandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_(album)"},{"link_name":"Todd Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moran_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Foday Musa Suso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foday_Musa_Suso"},{"link_name":"Jaron Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaron_Lanier"},{"link_name":"Chris Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hughes_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Angelo Badalamenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Badalamenti"},{"link_name":"City of Lost Children—Original Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Lost_Children_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Sollima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Sollima"},{"link_name":"Pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilgrimage_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Gavin Bryars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bryars"}],"text":"Master Musicians of Jajouka—Brian Jones Presents the Pipes of Pan at Jajouka\nMaster Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar—The Master Musicians of Jajouka featuring Bachir Attar\nJon Gibson—In Good Company\nPhilip Glass - Low Symphony\nGavin Bryars - Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet\nGavin Bryars—Man in a Room, Gambling\nGavin Bryars—Cadman Requiem\nArthur Russell—Another Thought\nGavin Bryars—The Sinking of the Titanic\nLondon Philharmonic Orchestra—The LPO Plays the Music of Pink Floyd\nLondon Philharmonic Orchestra—Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin\nPhilip Glass/Uakti—Aguas da Amazonia\nUakti— I Ching\nUakti—Mapa\nUakti—Trilobyte\nOceania—Oceania\nBang on a Can—Music for Airports—Brian Eno\nGavin Bryars—The Raising of the \"Titanic\"\nArthur Russell—Another Thought (Radio Edits)\nGavin Bryars—Raising the Titanic—the Aphex Twin Mixes\nPhilip Glass—\"Heroes\" Symphony\nZoar—Cassandra\nTodd Levin—Ride the Planet\nJohn Moran—The Manson Family—an Opera\nPhilip Glass & Foday Musa Suso—Music from the Screens\nJaron Lanier—Instruments of Change\nChris Hughes—Shift\nPhilip Glass—“Heroes Symphony” (the Aphex Twin Remix)\nAngelo Badalamenti—City of Lost Children—Original Soundtrack\nGiovanni Sollima—Aquilarco\nPilgrimage—9 Songs of Ecstasy\nPhilip Glass, Gavin Bryars and others—XVI Reflections on Classical Music","title":"Partial discography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritius)
National Assembly (Mauritius)
["1 Constitutional role","1.1 President","1.2 Government","1.3 Opposition","2 Composition","3 List of political parties represented in the Assembly","4 Procedures","5 Officials/functions of the Assembly","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 20°09′47″S 57°30′12″E / 20.1630°S 57.5033°E / -20.1630; 57.5033Mauritian National Assembly10th National Assembly of MauritiusTypeTypeUnicameral HistoryFounded30 July 1958 (as Legislative Assembly)12 March 1992 (as National Assembly)LeadershipSpeakerSooroojdev Phokeer since 21 November 2019 Prime MinisterPravind Jugnauth, MSM since 23 January 2017 Leader of the OppositionShakeel Mohamed, PTr since 15 April 2024 StructureSeats62 directly elected plus 8 best losersPolitical groupsGovernment (44)   MSM (36)   ML (3)   OPR (2)   MPM (2)   PM (1) Opposition (26)   MLP (12)   MMM (9)   PMSD (4) Independent (1) ElectionsVoting systemPlurality block votingLast electionNovember 7, 2019Meeting placeParliament House, Port LouisWebsiteOfficial websitePolitics of Mauritius Constitution Presidency President Prithvirajsing Roopun Vice-President Eddy Boissezon Government Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth Deputy Prime Minister Steven Obeegadoo Cabinet Legislature National Assembly Speaker: Sooroojdev Phokeer Leader of the Opposition Xavier-Luc Duval Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice : Rehana Mungly-Gulbul Elections Political parties Recent elections: 20192024 Administrative divisions Constituencies Districts Outer islands Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Alan Ganoo Diplomatic missions of / in Mauritius Passport Visa requirements Visa policy vte The National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale) is Mauritius's unicameral legislature, which was called the Legislative Assembly from 1968 until 1992, when the country became a republic. Prior to 1968 and under British rule it was known as the Legislative Council. The Constitution of Mauritius provides for the parliament of Mauritius to consist of the President and the National Assembly. The parliament of Mauritius is modelled after the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy, where members of parliament are voted in at regular general elections, on the basis of a first past the post system. The working language of the National Assembly is English. It consists of 70 members, 62 directly elected for five-year terms in multi-member constituencies and 8 additional members, known as "best losers", appointed by the Electoral Supervisory Commission to ensure that ethnic and religious minorities are equitably represented. The Government is primarily responsible to the National Assembly and the prime minister stays in office with the confidence of a majority of its members. Constitutional role The National Assembly is supreme and determines the functioning of various constitutional institutions of the country. President The President of Mauritius and Vice-President of Mauritius are both elected by the assembly for a five-year term. Government The National Assembly is essential to determine which party/group forms the government and therefore the executive of the country. As per the constitution, the prime minister is answerable to and must maintain the support of the assembly. Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the president appoints the person who has the support of the House, or who is most likely to command the support of the House—normally the leader of the largest party in the assembly. Opposition The political party or alliance which has the second largest majority forms the Official Opposition and its leader is normally nominated by the President of the Republic as the Leader of the Opposition. Composition The Assembly is made of up of 70 members, of whom 62 are directly elected in 21 constituencies. The island of Mauritius is divided into 20 constituencies returning three members each and that of Rodrigues is a single constituency returning two members. After a general election, the Electoral Supervisory Commission may nominate up to a maximum of 8 additional members in accordance with section 5 of the First Schedule of the Constitution with a view to correct any imbalance in community representation in Parliament. This system of nominating members is commonly called the best loser system. The political party or party alliance which wins the majority of seats in the Assembly forms the government and its leader usually becomes the Prime Minister. It is the Prime Minister who selects the members of the composition of the Cabinet from elected members of the Assembly, except for the Attorney General, who may not be an elected member of the Assembly. List of political parties represented in the Assembly A new assembly was elected on December 10, 2014 and a new coalition government was appointed with Sir Anerood Jugnauth as prime minister. The following political parties are represented in the assembly (based on the number of MPs): Alliance Party Party Leader Seats Alliance Lepep - 42 seats MSM Pravind Jugnauth 37 Muvment Liberater Ivan Collendaveloo 2 OPR MP Buisson Leopold serves as Leader in the assembly while Serge Clair is currently Chief Commissioner of Rodrigues 2 Parties with no alliance currently - 27 seats MMM Paul Berenger 9 PMSD Xavier Luc Duval 4 Mouvement Patriotique Alan Ganoo 1 Labour Party Arvin Boolell 13 Total 69 Procedures After a new assembly is elected, the President, by proclamation, may open the new session fixing the date and time of the sitting. The government message (replacing the speech of the throne) is read by the President. The Assembly normally sits on Tuesdays as from 11:30 AM when it is in session. The President acting on the advice of the prime minister may at any time adjourn, prorogue or dissolve the assembly. Officials/functions of the Assembly The following positions/body have important functions in the assembly. They are as follows: The Speaker – the main function of the Speaker is to ensure that the Standing Orders and Rules of the National Assembly are complied with. The Speaker interprets and enforces the Standing Orders and for the purpose of interpretation, recourse is often had to Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice, responds to Members' points of order and give rulings when necessary. The Speaker symbolizes the authority of Parliament. The Deputy Speaker – the deputy speaker assists and acts as the speaker when the latter is out of office. The Leader of the House (Prime Minister) – the president acting on the advice of the prime minister may at any time adjourn, prorogue or dissolve the assembly. The Leader of the Opposition – the office holder is usually to level criticism against the policy and administration of Government and to outline the alternative policies. The Attorney General – the office holder is the national legal adviser to the government and the assembly. The Government Chief Whip – along with the Opposition whip, sets the agenda for the parliamentary work. The Opposition Whip – along with the Chief Whip, sets the agenda for the parliamentary work. The Government Deputy Chief Whip – replaces the Chief Whip when the latter is out of office. The Chairperson of Public Accounts Committee The Deputy Chairperson of Committees The Clerk The Mace – symbol of authority The Serjeant-At-Arms The Secretariat The Library The parliamentary reporters See also List of speakers of the National Assembly of Mauritius Politics of Mauritius List of legislatures by country References ^ https://www.africaportal.org/documents/4829/SAIIA_STRENGTHENING_PARLIAMENTARY_DEMOCRACY_IN_SADC_COUNTRIES_-_MAURITIUS_COUN_sjjfESv.pdf External links vteMauritius articles History Geography Wildlife SubdivisionsOuter islands Agaléga Cargados Carajos (St. Brandon) Rodrigues Islets of Mauritius Fishing banks Hawkins Nazareth Saya de Malha Soudan Districts Flacq Grand Port Moka Pamplemousses Plaines Wilhems Port Louis Rivière du Rempart Rivière Noire Savanne Claims Chagos Archipelago Tromelin Politics Cabinet Elections Foreign relations Government LGBT rights Military National Assembly Political parties Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Companies Minerals Rupee (currency) Sugar industry Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Demographics Creole Franco-Mauritians Indo-Mauritian Sino-Mauritian Education Culture Creole language Mauritians Media Music Religion Sport OutlineIndex Category vteLegislatures in AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Dependencies,autonomies,other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Puntland Somaliland (disputed) Zanzibar (Tanzania) Italics indicate an unrecognised or partially recognised state. vteNational unicameral legislaturesFederal Comoros Iraq Federated States of Micronesia Saint Kitts and Nevis United Arab Emirates Venezuela Unitary Afghanistan Albania Andorra Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Benin Botswana Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad China Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Ecuador El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland Gambia Georgia Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland Iran Israel Kiribati North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Mozambique Nauru New Zealand Nicaragua Niger North Macedonia Norway Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Portugal Qatar Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Suriname Sweden Syria Tanzania Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine Vanuatu Holy See (Vatican City) Vietnam Yemen Zambia Dependent andother territories Åland Islands Anguilla Aruba Azores British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Faroe Islands French Polynesia Gibraltar Greenland Guam Guernsey Hong Kong Jersey Madeira Macau Montserrat New Caledonia Pitcairn Islands Saint Barthélemy Saint Helena Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Tokelau Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Wallis and Futuna Non-UN states Abkhazia Cook Islands Kosovo Niue Northern Cyprus Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic South Ossetia Taiwan Transnistria Historical Artsakh (1991–2023) Confederate States (1861–1862) Czechoslovakia (1948–1969) Irish Republic (1919–1922) Norfolk Island Orange Free State (1854–1902) Scotland Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Sicily Sikkim (1953–1975) South African Republic (1857–1902) Related Bicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National bicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel 20°09′47″S 57°30′12″E / 20.1630°S 57.5033°E / -20.1630; 57.5033
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It is the Prime Minister who selects the members of the composition of the Cabinet from elected members of the Assembly, except for the Attorney General, who may not be an elected member of the Assembly.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Anerood Jugnauth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Anerood_Jugnauth"}],"text":"A new assembly was elected on December 10, 2014 and a new coalition government was appointed with Sir Anerood Jugnauth as prime minister. The following political parties are represented in the assembly (based on the number of MPs):","title":"List of political parties represented in the Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After a new assembly is elected, the President, by proclamation, may open the new session fixing the date and time of the sitting. The government message (replacing the speech of the throne) is read by the President. The Assembly normally sits on Tuesdays as from 11:30 AM when it is in session. The President acting on the advice of the prime minister may at any time adjourn, prorogue or dissolve the assembly.","title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erskine_May:_Parliamentary_Practice"}],"text":"The following positions/body have important functions in the assembly. They are as follows:The Speaker – the main function of the Speaker is to ensure that the Standing Orders and Rules of the National Assembly are complied with. The Speaker interprets and enforces the Standing Orders and for the purpose of interpretation, recourse is often had to Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice, responds to Members' points of order and give rulings when necessary. The Speaker symbolizes the authority of Parliament.\nThe Deputy Speaker – the deputy speaker assists and acts as the speaker when the latter is out of office.\nThe Leader of the House (Prime Minister) – the president acting on the advice of the prime minister may at any time adjourn, prorogue or dissolve the assembly.\nThe Leader of the Opposition – the office holder is usually to level criticism against the policy and administration of Government and to outline the alternative policies.\nThe Attorney General – the office holder is the national legal adviser to the government and the assembly.\nThe Government Chief Whip – along with the Opposition whip, sets the agenda for the parliamentary work.\nThe Opposition Whip – along with the Chief Whip, sets the agenda for the parliamentary work.\nThe Government Deputy Chief Whip – replaces the Chief Whip when the latter is out of office.\nThe Chairperson of Public Accounts Committee\nThe Deputy Chairperson of Committees\nThe Clerk\nThe Mace – symbol of authority\nThe Serjeant-At-Arms\nThe Secretariat\nThe Library\nThe parliamentary reporters","title":"Officials/functions of the Assembly"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Border_Legion_(1940_film)
The Border Legion (1940 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 References","5 External links"]
1940 film by Joseph Kane The Border LegionTheatrical release posterDirected byJoseph KaneScreenplay byOlive CooperLouis StevensBased onThe Border Legionby Zane GreyProduced byJoseph KaneStarringRoy RogersGeorge "Gabby" HayesCarol HughesJoe SawyerMaude EburneJay NovelloCinematographyJack A. MartaEdited byEdward MannMusic byMilton RosenProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date December 5, 1940 (1940-12-05) Running time58 minutes54 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Border Legion (TV edit: West of the Badlands) is a 1940 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and written by Olive Cooper and Louis Stevens. It is based on the 1916 novel The Border Legion by Zane Grey. The film stars Roy Rogers, George "Gabby" Hayes, Carol Hughes, Joe Sawyer, Maude Eburne and Jay Novello. The film was released on December 5, 1940, by Republic Pictures. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Roy Rogers as Dr. Stephen Kellogg aka Steve Kells George "Gabby" Hayes as Honest John Whittaker Carol Hughes as Alice Randall Joe Sawyer as Jim Gulden Maude Eburne as Hurricane Hattie McGuire Jay Novello as Santos Hal Taliaferro as Sheriff Amos Link Dick Wessel as Oscar Red McGooney Paul Porcasi as Tony Robert Emmett Keane as Officer Willets Production The Border Legion was edited for television to be 54 minutes in duration. The television title of this film is West of the Badlands. References ^ a b Len D. Martin (May 5, 2006). The Republic Pictures Checklist: Features, Serials, Cartoons, Short Subjects and Training Films of Republic Pictures Corporation, 1935-1959. McFarland. ISBN 9780786427406. ^ "The Border Legion (1940) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015. ^ Hal Erickson. "West of the Badlands (1940) - Joseph Kane". AllMovie. Retrieved October 20, 2018. ^ "The Border Legion". Afi.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015. External links The Border Legion at IMDb vteFilms directed by Joseph Kane In Old Santa Fe (1934) Tumbling Tumbleweeds (1935) The Headline Woman (1935) Melody Trail (1935) The Lawless Nineties (1936) King of the Pecos (1936) The Lonely Trail (1936) Guns and Guitars (1936) Oh, Susanna! (1936) Ride Ranger Ride (1936) The Old Corral (1936) Undersea Kingdom (1936) Git Along Little Dogies (1937) Round-Up Time in Texas (1937) Yodelin' Kid from Pine Ridge (1937) Public Cowboy No. 1 (1937) Boots and Saddles (1937) Springtime in the Rockies (1937) Heart of the Rockies (1937) The Old Barn Dance (1938) Born to Be Wild (1938) Arson Gang Busters (1938) Under Western Stars (1938) Gold Mine in the Sky (1938) Man from Music Mountain (1938) Shine On, Harvest Moon (1938) Days of Jesse James (1939) Colorado (1940) The Border Legion (1940) Robin Hood of the Pecos (1941) Sheriff of Tombstone (1941) Nevada City (1941) Rags to Riches (1941) Jesse James at Bay (1941) South of Santa Fe (1942) Sons of the Pioneers (1942) Romance on the Range (1942) The Man from Music Mountain (1943) King of the Cowboys (1943) The Yellow Rose of Texas (1944) Flame of Barbary Coast (1945) In Old Sacramento (1946) Plainsman and the Lady (1946) Old Los Angeles (1948) The Gallant Legion (1948) The Plunderers (1948) The Last Bandit (1949) Brimstone (1949) Rock Island Trail (1950) The Savage Horde (1950) California Passage (1950) Oh! Susanna (1951) Fighting Coast Guard (1951) The Sea Hornet (1951) Hoodlum Empire (1952) Woman of the North Country (1952) Ride the Man Down (1952) San Antone (1953) Jubilee Trail (1954) Hell's Outpost (1954) The Road to Denver (1955) The Vanishing American (1955) Thunder Over Arizona (1956) Spoilers of the Forest (1957) The Lawless Eighties (1957) The Last Stagecoach West (1957) The Crooked Circle (1957) Gunfire at Indian Gap (1957) The Notorious Mr. Monks (1958) The Man Who Died Twice (1958) Track of Thunder (1967) Smoke in the Wind (1975) This 1940s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team
1982 Purdue Boilermakers football team
["1 Schedule","2 Roster","3 Game summaries","3.1 Stanford","3.2 Minnesota","3.3 At Notre Dame","3.4 Wisconsin","3.5 At Illinois","3.6 Northwestern","3.7 At Michigan State","3.8 Iowa","3.9 At Ohio State","3.10 At Michigan","4 References"]
American college football season 1982 Purdue Boilermakers footballConferenceBig Ten ConferenceRecord3–8 (3–6 Big Ten)Head coachLeon Burtnett (1st season)Offensive coordinatorJim Colletto (1st season)Defensive coordinatorBob Cope (1st season)MVPMark BrownCaptainMark Brown, Chris PrinceHome stadiumRoss–Ade StadiumSeasons← 19811983 → 1982 Big Ten Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Michigan $ 8 – 1 – 0 8 – 4 – 0 No. 12 Ohio State 7 – 1 – 0 9 – 3 – 0 Iowa 6 – 2 – 0 8 – 4 – 0 Illinois 6 – 3 – 0 7 – 5 – 0 Wisconsin 5 – 4 – 0 7 – 5 – 0 Indiana 4 – 5 – 0 5 – 6 – 0 Purdue 3 – 6 – 0 3 – 8 – 0 Northwestern 2 – 7 – 0 3 – 8 – 0 Michigan State 2 – 7 – 0 2 – 9 – 0 Minnesota 1 – 8 – 0 3 – 8 – 0 $ – Conference championRankings from AP Poll The 1982 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1982 Big Ten Conference football season. Led by first-year head coach Leon Burtnett, the Boilermakers compiled an overall record of 3–8 with a mark of 3–6 in conference play, placing seventh in the Big Ten. Purdue played home games at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette, Indiana. Schedule DateOpponentSiteResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 11Stanford*Ross–Ade StadiumWest Lafayette, INL 14–3564,381 September 18MinnesotaRoss–Ade StadiumWest Lafayette, INL 10–3663,247 September 25at No. 10 Notre Dame*Notre Dame StadiumNotre Dame, IN (rivalry)L 14–2859,075 October 2WisconsinRoss–Ade StadiumWest Lafayette, INL 31–3569,132 October 9at No. 20 IllinoisMemorial StadiumChampaign, IL (rivalry)L 34–3871,232 October 16NorthwesternRoss–Ade StadiumWest Lafayette, INW 34–2167,659 October 23at Michigan StateSpartan StadiumEast Lansing, MIW 24–2166,707 October 30at Ohio StateOhio StadiumColumbus, OHL 6–3889,341 November 6IowaRoss–Ade StadiumWest Lafayette, INW 16–767,002 November 13at No. 14 MichiganMichigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MIL 21–52105,281 November 20IndianaRoss–Ade StadiumWest Lafayette, IN (Old Oaken Bucket)L 7–1369,745 *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game Roster 1982 Purdue Boilermakers football team roster Players Coaches Offense Pos. # Name Class TE 81 Cliff Benson Jr QB 10 Scott Campbell Jr QB 11 Jim Everett So RB 32 Mel Gray Jr RB 37 Bruce King So Defense Pos. # Name Class CB 15 Don Anderson So LB 59 Mark Brown Sr DE Derek Wimberly Special teams Pos. # Name Class Head coach Leon Burtnett Coordinators/assistant coaches Legend (C) Team captain (S) Suspended (I) Ineligible Injured Redshirt Game summaries Stanford See also: 1982 Stanford Cardinal football team Minnesota This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014) At Notre Dame Purdue at Notre Dame 1 234Total Boilermakers 0 1400 14 • Fighting Irish 7 777 28 Date: September 25Location: Notre Dame Stadium • South Bend, Indiana Scoring summary1NDMoriarty 2-yard run (Johnston kick)Notre Dame 7-0 2NDMoriarty 3-yard run (Johnston kick)Notre Dame 14-0 2PURKing 2-yard pass from Campbell (Clark kick)Notre Dame 14-7 2PURBenson 5-yard pass from Campbell (Clark kick)Tie 14-14 3NDCarter 6-yard run (Johnston kick)Notre Dame 21-14 4NDCarter 10-yard run (Johnston kick)Notre Dame 28-14 See also: 1982 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team Wisconsin This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014) At Illinois This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2014) Northwestern Northwestern at Purdue 1 234Total Wildcats 7 0014 21 • Boilermakers 0 14137 34 Date: October 17Location: Ross–Ade Stadium, West Lafayette, INGame attendance: 67,659 Scoring summaryQ1NWJenkins 3 yard pass from Schwab (Jolas kick)NW 7–0 Q2PURGray 2 yard run (Clark kick)Tie 7–7 Q2PURGray 1 yard run (Clark kick)PUR 14–7 Q3PURTaylor 8 yard pass from Campbell (kick failed)PUR 20–7 Q3PURGriffin 4 yard pass from Campbell (Clark kick)PUR 27–7 Q4NWJenkins 4 yard pass from Schwab (Jolas kick)PUR 27–14 Q4PURRichardson 9 yard run (Clark kick)PUR 34–14 Q4NWEdwards 2 yard run (Jolas kick)PUR 34–21 Mel Gray 25 rushes, 193 yards (career-high) At Michigan State Scott Campbell 24/43, 324 yards Iowa See also: 1982 Iowa Hawkeyes football team At Ohio State Scott Campbell 28/55, 333 yards At Michigan Scott Campbell 29/49, 331 yards References ^ Joe Lapointe (November 14, 1982). "Michigan runs to the Roses: Easy victory over Purdue clinches title". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1E, 7E – via Newspapers.com. ^ Barb Barker (November 14, 1982). "Pasadena Express: 'M' clinches title with 52-21 win". The Michigan Daily. pp. 1, 9 – via Bentley Historical Library. ^ College Football @ Sports-Reference.com ^ "2022 Purdue Football Record Book" (PDF). Purdue University Athletics. p. 90. Retrieved January 30, 2023. ^ Palm Beach Post. 1982 Oct 17. vtePurdue Boilermakers footballVenues Stuart Field (1892–1924) Ross–Ade Stadium (1924–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Chicago (defunct) Illinois Indiana: Old Oaken Bucket Notre Dame Culture & lore Boilermaker Special Cradle of Quarterbacks Purdue Pete Purdue Wreck "Hail Purdue!" All-American Marching Band People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Yurdansky
Peter Iordansky
["1 References"]
Russian chess player This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Peter Iordansky" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Peter Iordansky" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (July 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Иорданский, Петр Константинович}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) Peter Konstantinovich Yurdansky (Yurdanski, Yordansky, Jordansky) (1891–1937) was a Russian Empire and later Soviet chess player. He won Moscow City Chess Championship in 1913 and tied for 8-9th at Moscow 1913, shared 2nd at Mannheim 1914 tournament (the 19th DSB Congress, Hauptturnier B), took 2nd at Moscow 1915, took 3rd at Moscow 1916, tied for 7-8th at Moscow 1924, and took 10th at Moscow 1925. His name is attached with the Yurdansky Attack in the Two Knights Defense (ECO: C56) 13.b4. References ^ http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/CTCIndex.pdf Name Index to Jeremy Gaige's Chess Tournament Crosstables, An Electronic Edition, Anders Thulin, Malmö, 2004-09-01 ^ Chess-Ref.org Opening at chess-ref.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Guerin
Bruce Guerin
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
American actor (1919–2012) Bruce GuerinBruce Guerin, just to the right of Thomas Meighan and Leatrice Joy, lobby card for The Bachelor Daddy (1922)Born(1919-01-18)January 18, 1919Los Angeles, California, U.S.DiedJune 27, 2012(2012-06-27) (aged 93)Wailuku, U.S.OccupationChild actorYears active1922–1925 Bruce Guerin (January 18, 1919 – June 27, 2012) was an American child actor known for his roles in silent films during the 1920s. Biography Guerin was born in Los Angeles to a family that worked in showbusiness. His mother was a vaudeville performer while his father worked for Mack Sennett. Bruce started acting at age 3 when he appeared in Raoul Walsh's 1922 film Kindred of the Dust. This was followed by 12 more movies, including Brass, Drifting, Revelation, The Parasite and The Salvation Hunters. During these three years, Bruce Guerin achieved media coverage from newspapers such as The Davenport Democrat and Leader, Modesto Evening News, Hamilton Daily News, Picture Play Magazine and Pharos-Tribune. After his acting career had ended, he became a pianist. During the Second World War, he appeared in shows in Hawaii alongside celebrities such as Bob Hope and Ray Bolger. After the war ended, he continued to perform in various places. Bruce Guerin retired in 1996 and died 16 years later, on June 27, 2012. He was 93 years old. Bruce had four children: Paul Guerin, Mark Wilson, Bruce James Guerin Jr., and Lisa Guerin-Smeltzer. He had three grandchildren: Nick Johnson, Taylor Smeltzer, and Victoria Smeltzer. References ^ a b "Bruce Guerin". Young Hollywood Hall of Fame. Retrieved 13 November 2013. ^ a b Brownlow, Kevin (13 August 2012). "Bruce Guerin: Child actor who became a star..." Independent. London. Retrieved 13 November 2013. Bibliography John Holmstrom, The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 90-91. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bruce Guerin. Bruce Guerin at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States This article about a United States film actor born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burke_(North_Dakota_politician)
John Burke (North Dakota politician)
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death and legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
American politician John BurkeBurke, c. 1920sChief Justice of the North Dakota Supreme CourtIn office1929–1931Preceded byWilliam NuessleSucceeded byAdolph M. ChristiansonJustice of the North Dakota Supreme CourtIn office1924 – May 14, 1937Preceded byHarrison A. BronsonSucceeded byPeter O. Sathre24th Treasurer of the United StatesIn officeApril 1, 1913 – January 5, 1921PresidentWoodrow WilsonPreceded byCarmi ThompsonSucceeded byFrank White10th Governor of North DakotaIn officeJanuary 9, 1907 – January 8, 1913LieutenantRobert S. Lewis (1907 - 1911)Usher L. Burdick (1911 - 1913)Preceded byElmore Y. SarlesSucceeded byL. B. HannaMember of the North Dakota SenateIn office1893–1896Member of the North Dakota House of RepresentativesIn office1891–1893 Personal detailsBornFebruary 25, 1859Sigourney, Iowa, U.S.DiedMay 14, 1937(1937-05-14) (aged 78)Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.Resting placeSt. Mary's Cemetery, Bismarck, North DakotaPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseMary KaneChildren3Alma materUniversity of IowaProfessionLawyerSignatureNicknameHonest John John Burke (February 25, 1859 – May 14, 1937) was an American lawyer, jurist, and political leader from North Dakota who served as the 10th governor of North Dakota from 1907 to 1913, and later served as the 24th treasurer of the United States under President Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921. Following his term as treasurer, he subsequently served intermittently as Chief Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court first from 1929 to 1931, then from 1935 until his death in 1937. Early life Burke was born in Sigourney, Iowa of Irish ancestry to John and Mary (née Ryan) Burke. He graduated from the University of Iowa in 1886 with a law degree. He married Mary E. Kane, a teacher, on August 22, 1891, and they later had three children. After establishing two separate practices of middling success in the late 1880s, Burke moved to the Dakota Territory poor in 1888 where he acquired work wherever he could before settling down in St. John in Rolette County. Career Following his move to St. John, Burke began a legal practice and subsequently became a Rolette County judge in 1889. Two years after the admission of North Dakota to the United States, Burke was elected to the North Dakota House of Representatives in 1891 and later served in the North Dakota Senate from 1893 to 1896. In 1896, Burke unsuccessfully sought election to the United States House of Representatives for the Democratic Party, losing by 4,000 votes. Following this, Burke returned to Rolette County, serving as a county judge for another term from 1897 to 1899. After reluctantly accepting the nomination to run for governor of North Dakota by unanimous vote, Burke secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination and ousted incumbent Elmore Sarles in what was called the 'Revolution of 1906', being the first step in the dismantling of Republican National committeeman Alexander McKenzie's political machine. Burke's campaign attracted wide bipartisan support, mostly those Republicans and other majority groups who had distaste for the incumbent Sarles administration, and the McKenzie political machine which had dominated the state for the previous 20 years. Following his taking of office, Burke, a new-era progressive, instituted and pursued policies against the railroad monopolists which had dominated state politics previously, and a number of reforms against corruption, which Burke personally despised and had crusaded against in all offices. His personality, political beliefs, and actions had garnered him the nickname 'Honest John', a name which Burke himself disliked, not wanting to be compared to President Abraham Lincoln, who was nicknamed 'Honest Abe' At the 1912 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, Burke enthusiastically supported the candidacy of Woodrow Wilson. Burke swung all of North Dakota's votes to Wilson on the first ballot. William Jennings Bryan, himself a supporter of Wilson and also a good friend of Burke's, wanted Burke to run for vice president. Burke demurred, however, due to a promise he had given Indiana delegates for their votes. As a result, Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana was chosen instead for the vice presidency. Burke was named United States Treasurer following Wilson's election victory in November 1912. From 1913 to 1921, Burke was Treasurer of the United States under President Woodrow Wilson before he resigned two months prior to Wilson's leaving office to start a brokerage firm on Wall Street. During his term as treasurer, Burke ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 1916. Following his resignation from the treasury, Burke founded the Kardos & Burke brokerage firm with businessman Louis Montgomery Kardos Jr. on Wall Street. In 1924, the firm was made defunct after Kardos was found guilty of criminally defrauding investors in a bucket shop scheme. Burke was later exonerated of any association with the crimes, with his only personal investment being the loan which founded the firm. To please investigators, Burke sold all of his property and gave up a large amount of his wealth before moving back to Fargo, North Dakota. He later served as a justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court, a position he had always desired, from 1924 to 1937. During this time he served as chief justice twice, from 1929 to 1931, and from 1935 to 1937. Death and legacy In the midst of his second term as chief justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court, Burke developed a pulmonary edema. For the edema, he underwent an operation to relieve it, but died following the operation on May 14, 1937. Following Burke's death, many politicians and officials mourned and remembered Burke for his character and ideals. By many, Burke is considered to be one of the greatest North Dakota politicians. During his lifetime, many called Burke a hero, as well as 'the first citizen of North Dakota'. His remains are interred in Saint Mary's Cemetery, Bismarck, North Dakota. Burke County, North Dakota is named in honor of John Burke. The World War II ship SS John Burke is also named after Burke. In 1963, the State of North Dakota donated a statue of Burke to the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. A similar statue also stands on the grounds of the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck. Statue of John Burke at the State Capitol grounds, Bismarck, ND References ^ a b c "John Burke". www.history.nd.gov. State Historical Society of North Dakota. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ a b c "Gov. John Burke". www.nga.org. National Governors Association. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ a b "Profile: John Burke". www.ndstudies.gov. State Historical Society of North Dakota. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ a b c d ""John Burke Dead; Ex-U.S. Treasurer"". The New York Times. Vol. 86, no. 28, 966. New York City, New York (published May 15, 1937). May 14, 1937. p. 19. Retrieved February 2, 2023. ^ "John Burke". Notable Names Database (NNDB). Soylent Communications. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ "John Burke". www.ndcourts.gov. State of North Dakota Courts. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ a b c d e Burke II, John (August 2004). "Remembering John Burke". www.ndcourts.gov. Speech given at Old Governor's Mansion, Bismarck, North Dakota: State of North Dakota Courts. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ "Section 4: The Revolution of 1906". www.ndstudies.gov. State Historical Society of North Dakota. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ "13: The Progressive Movement". History of North Dakota. UND Scholarly Commons. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota. 2017. pp. 255–275. ^ a b Vossler, Bill. "The Governors Burke". www.ndhorizons.com. North Dakota Horizons. Retrieved 23 October 2022. ^ "Kardos Has Hopes of Father's Aid". The New York Times. Vol. 71, no. 23, 408. New York City, New York. February 25, 1922. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved February 2, 2023. ^ "Kardos Sentenced to Jail and Fined". The New York Times. Vol. 74, no. 24, 442. New York City, New York. December 25, 1924. p. 20. Retrieved February 2, 2023. ^ Langer, William. Speech given in memorial of John Burke at the North Dakota Supreme Court. North Dakota Supreme Court, Bismarck, North Dakota. ^ "John Burke Statue, U.S. Capitol for North Dakota | AOC". www.aoc.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-08. ^ Center for Heritage Renewal. "Remembrance in Stone". Remembrance in Stone. Archived from the original on 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-09-08. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Burke (politician). John Burke Papers at The University of North Dakota National Statuary Hall Collection includes biography and photo of statue. John Burke at Find a Grave National Governors Association Party political offices Preceded byMarthinus F. Hegge Democratic nominee for Governor of North Dakota 1906, 1908, 1910 Succeeded byFrank O. Hellstrom First Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from North Dakota(Class 1) 1916 Succeeded byJames Francis Thaddeus O'Connor Political offices Preceded byCarmi A. Thompson Treasurer of the United States April 1, 1913–January 5, 1921 Succeeded byFrank White Preceded byElmore Y. Sarles Governor of North Dakota 1907–1913 Succeeded byL. B. Hanna Legal offices Preceded byWilliam Nuessle Chief Justice of North Dakota 1929–1931 Succeeded byAdolph M. Christianson Preceded byAlexander Burr Chief Justice of North Dakota 1935–1937 Succeeded byAdolph M. Christianson vteGovernors and lieutenant governors of North DakotaGovernors J. Miller A. Burke Shortridge Allin Briggs Devine Fancher White Sarles J. Burke Hanna Frazier Nestos Sorlie Maddock Shafer Langer O. Olson Moodie Welford Langer Moses Aandahl Brunsdale Davis Guy Link A. Olson Sinner Schafer Hoeven Dalrymple Burgum Lieutenantgovernors Dickey Allin Wallace Worst Devine Bartlett Lewis Burdick Kraabel Fraine Kraabel Wood Hyland Maddock Carr Olson Welford Thoresen Patterson Oscar Hagen Holt Dahl Schnell Dahl Duffy Dahl Hagen Wenstrom Tighe Larsen Sanstead Sands Meiers Omdahl Myrdal Dalrymple Wrigley Sanford T. Miller vteTreasurers of the United States Hillegas Meredith Tucker Wm Clark Campbell Selden Sloane Casey Price Spinner New Wyman Gilfillan Wyman Jordan Hyatt Huston Nebeker Morgan Roberts Treat McClung Thompson Burke White Tate Woods Julian G Clark Priest Smith Granahan Kabis (Elston) Bañuelos Neff Morton Buchanan Ortega Villalpando Withrow Marin Cabral Rios Carranza Malerba Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC
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He married Mary E. Kane, a teacher, on August 22, 1891, and they later had three children.[5]After establishing two separate practices of middling success in the late 1880s, Burke moved to the Dakota Territory poor in 1888 where he acquired work wherever he could before settling down in St. John in Rolette County.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_judge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"the admission of North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Statehood"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"North Dakota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"North Dakota Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Senate"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"governor of North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Elmore Sarles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Y._Sarles"},{"link_name":"Revolution of 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Alexander McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McKenzie_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"bipartisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisanship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"new-era progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"President Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"1912 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Thomas R. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall"},{"link_name":"election victory in November 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Treasurer of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"bucket shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_shop_(stock_market)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Fargo, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"North Dakota Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"text":"Following his move to St. John, Burke began a legal practice and subsequently became a Rolette County judge in 1889.[3]Two years after the admission of North Dakota to the United States, Burke was elected to the North Dakota House of Representatives in 1891 and later served in the North Dakota Senate from 1893 to 1896. In 1896, Burke unsuccessfully sought election to the United States House of Representatives for the Democratic Party, losing by 4,000 votes.[7] Following this, Burke returned to Rolette County, serving as a county judge for another term from 1897 to 1899.After reluctantly accepting the nomination to run for governor of North Dakota by unanimous vote, Burke secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination and ousted incumbent Elmore Sarles in what was called the 'Revolution of 1906', being the first step in the dismantling of Republican National committeeman Alexander McKenzie's political machine.[8] Burke's campaign attracted wide bipartisan support, mostly those Republicans and other majority groups who had distaste for the incumbent Sarles administration, and the McKenzie political machine which had dominated the state for the previous 20 years.[9] Following his taking of office, Burke, a new-era progressive, instituted and pursued policies against the railroad monopolists which had dominated state politics previously, and a number of reforms against corruption, which Burke personally despised and had crusaded against in all offices.[1][7] His personality, political beliefs, and actions had garnered him the nickname 'Honest John', a name which Burke himself disliked, not wanting to be compared to President Abraham Lincoln, who was nicknamed 'Honest Abe'[10][7]At the 1912 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, Burke enthusiastically supported the candidacy of Woodrow Wilson. Burke swung all of North Dakota's votes to Wilson on the first ballot. William Jennings Bryan, himself a supporter of Wilson and also a good friend of Burke's, wanted Burke to run for vice president. Burke demurred, however, due to a promise he had given Indiana delegates for their votes. As a result, Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana was chosen instead for the vice presidency. Burke was named United States Treasurer following Wilson's election victory in November 1912. From 1913 to 1921, Burke was Treasurer of the United States under President Woodrow Wilson before he resigned two months prior to Wilson's leaving office to start a brokerage firm on Wall Street.[1][4][7] During his term as treasurer, Burke ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 1916.[10]Following his resignation from the treasury, Burke founded the Kardos & Burke brokerage firm with businessman Louis Montgomery Kardos Jr. on Wall Street. In 1924, the firm was made defunct after Kardos was found guilty of criminally defrauding investors in a bucket shop scheme. Burke was later exonerated of any association with the crimes, with his only personal investment being the loan which founded the firm.[11][12] To please investigators, Burke sold all of his property and gave up a large amount of his wealth before moving back to Fargo, North Dakota.[4]He later served as a justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court, a position he had always desired, from 1924 to 1937.[7] During this time he served as chief justice twice, from 1929 to 1931, and from 1935 to 1937.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bismarck, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Burke County, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_County,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"SS John Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_John_Burke"},{"link_name":"statue of Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_John_Burke"},{"link_name":"United States Capitol's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol"},{"link_name":"National Statuary Hall Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"North Dakota State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Burke_statue_at_Capitol_grounds.jpg"}],"text":"In the midst of his second term as chief justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court, Burke developed a pulmonary edema. For the edema, he underwent an operation to relieve it, but died following the operation on May 14, 1937.[4]Following Burke's death, many politicians and officials mourned and remembered Burke for his character and ideals. By many, Burke is considered to be one of the greatest North Dakota politicians. During his lifetime, many called Burke a hero, as well as 'the first citizen of North Dakota'.[13] His remains are interred in Saint Mary's Cemetery, Bismarck, North Dakota.[2]Burke County, North Dakota is named in honor of John Burke. The World War II ship SS John Burke is also named after Burke.In 1963, the State of North Dakota donated a statue of Burke to the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection.[14] A similar statue also stands on the grounds of the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck.[15]Statue of John Burke at the State Capitol grounds, Bismarck, ND","title":"Death and legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Statue of John Burke at the State Capitol grounds, Bismarck, ND","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Burke_statue_at_Capitol_grounds.jpg/220px-John_Burke_statue_at_Capitol_grounds.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr4/early-settlement-north-dakota/part-1-early-settlement-north-dakota/john-burke","url_text":"\"Profile: John Burke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_North_Dakota","url_text":"State Historical Society of North Dakota"}]},{"reference":"\"\"John Burke Dead; Ex-U.S. Treasurer\"\". The New York Times. Vol. 86, no. 28, 966. New York City, New York (published May 15, 1937). May 14, 1937. p. 19. Retrieved February 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/05/15/issue.html","url_text":"\"\"John Burke Dead; Ex-U.S. Treasurer\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"John Burke\". Notable Names Database (NNDB). Soylent Communications. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nndb.com/people/139/000208512/","url_text":"\"John Burke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NNDB","url_text":"Notable Names Database (NNDB)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507201404/https://www.nndb.com/people/139/000208512/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Burke\". www.ndcourts.gov. State of North Dakota Courts. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndcourts.gov/john-burke","url_text":"\"John Burke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_North_Dakota","url_text":"State of North Dakota Courts"}]},{"reference":"Burke II, John (August 2004). \"Remembering John Burke\". www.ndcourts.gov. Speech given at Old Governor's Mansion, Bismarck, North Dakota: State of North Dakota Courts. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndcourts.gov/about-us/history/remembering-john-burke","url_text":"\"Remembering John Burke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Governor%27s_Residence#Former_Governor's_Residence","url_text":"Old Governor's Mansion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota","url_text":"Bismarck, North Dakota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_North_Dakota","url_text":"State of North Dakota Courts"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 4: The Revolution of 1906\". www.ndstudies.gov. State Historical Society of North Dakota. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr8/content/unit-iii-waves-development-1861-1920/lesson-4-alliances-and-conflicts/topic-5-bosses-and-reformers/section-4-revolution-1906","url_text":"\"Section 4: The Revolution of 1906\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_North_Dakota","url_text":"State Historical Society of North Dakota"}]},{"reference":"\"13: The Progressive Movement\". History of North Dakota. UND Scholarly Commons. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota. 2017. pp. 255–275.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.und.edu/","url_text":"\"13: The Progressive Movement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Forks,_North_Dakota","url_text":"Grand Forks, North Dakota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota","url_text":"University of North Dakota"}]},{"reference":"Vossler, Bill. \"The Governors Burke\". www.ndhorizons.com. North Dakota Horizons. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndhorizons.com/articles/56/the-governors-burke.aspx","url_text":"\"The Governors Burke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kardos Has Hopes of Father's Aid\". The New York Times. Vol. 71, no. 23, 408. New York City, New York. February 25, 1922. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved February 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/02/25/issue.html","url_text":"\"Kardos Has Hopes of Father's Aid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Kardos Sentenced to Jail and Fined\". The New York Times. Vol. 74, no. 24, 442. New York City, New York. December 25, 1924. p. 20. Retrieved February 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/12/25/issue.html","url_text":"\"Kardos Sentenced to Jail and Fined\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Langer, William. Speech given in memorial of John Burke at the North Dakota Supreme Court. North Dakota Supreme Court, Bismarck, North Dakota.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Langer","url_text":"Langer, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court","url_text":"North Dakota Supreme Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota","url_text":"Bismarck, North Dakota"}]},{"reference":"\"John Burke Statue, U.S. Capitol for North Dakota | AOC\". www.aoc.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aoc.gov/explore-capitol-campus/art/john-burke","url_text":"\"John Burke Statue, U.S. Capitol for North Dakota | AOC\""}]},{"reference":"Center for Heritage Renewal. \"Remembrance in Stone\". Remembrance in Stone. Archived from the original on 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210908130731/http://heritagerenewal.org/stone/burke.htm","url_text":"\"Remembrance in Stone\""},{"url":"http://heritagerenewal.org/stone/burke.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Bailey
Brett Bailey
["1 History","2 Works","3 Productions","4 Performances","5 Awards","6 Installations","7 Publications","8 References","9 External links"]
South African playwright, artist, designer and director For the American basketball player, see Brett Bailey (basketball). For the Australian rules footballer, see Bret Bailey. This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: doesn't seem to have been updated since about 2014. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2024) Brett BaileyBorn1967 (age 56–57)EducationAmsterdam DasArtsSubjectsColonial and post-colonial AfricaNotable worksHouse of the Holy Afro Brett Bailey (born 1967) is a playwright, artist, designer, play director, festival curator and the artistic director of the group Third World Bun Fight. He was the curator of South Africa's only public arts festival, Infecting the City, in Cape Town, South Africa, from 2008 until 2011. His works have played across Europe, Australia and Africa, and have won several awards, including a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial (2007). History Brett Bailey was born in 1967 and completed a postgraduate diploma in performance studies at the DasArts Master of Theatre in Amsterdam. He has worked throughout South Africa, and in Zimbabwe, Uganda, Haiti, the UK and across Europe. His acclaimed iconoclastic dramas, which interrogate the dynamics of the post-colonial world, include Big Dada, Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and Orfeus. His performance installations include Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika. He directed the opening show at the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture (2009), and from 2006 until 2011 directed the opening shows for the Harare International Festival of the Arts. He has been the curator of Africa Centre's Infecting the City since 2008. Works The work of Bailey investigates the many layers and intricacies of colonial and post-colonial Africa. Bailey's earlier works – Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and The Prophet – are grouped together under the title Plays of Miracle and Wonder (which is the title of a book on Bailey's plays) and incorporate ceremony and sacrament. These works are aggressive with Bailey using drums, screams, knives and broken glass to break down the audiences' defences. In Ipi Zombi, Bailiey evoked a 1996 witch-hunt in which several women were blamed and killed for the death of twelve boys in a minivan accident. It combined Xhosa and Christian ritual. Author Zakes Mda claimed Ipi Zombi to be a "A work of genius that maps out a path to a new South African theatre ..." In other works, such as Orfeus, Bailey takes a softer approach, and looks to highlight the blind, forgotten, the broken and the voiceless. In Orfeus, specifically, the audience is drawn down into an African underworld that is governed by a seedy businessman. Orfeus, and other works, look at a post-colonial, showing a "decaying globalised world in which not only shamanic rituals but also moving music create an entirely unique African atmosphere". First staged in 2004 in Bern, Switzerland, House of The Holy Afro has been repeatedly staged in Europe and Australia with its last iteration at the Market Theatre Laboratory, Johannesburg, in June 2010. Performer and drag diva Odidi Mfenyana played the high priest of the holy house, and lead the performance through an urban funk cabaret that bordered on spiritual ritual. In the site-specific work medEia, the audience walked in silence for at least ten-minutes before the production. The audience's emotional and intellectual journey through works were physically manifest in the installations Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika. Exhibit A: Deutsch-Südwestafrika, staged in the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna's Hofburg Palace, is a "meditation on the dark history of European Racism in relation to Africa". For the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture, Bailey presented 3 Colours – a one-off mixed media performance piece. Bailey collaborated with award-winning choreographer Gregory Maqoma and Congolese musician Mapumba Cilombo. The piece represented the complexities of inter-culturalism, in which Bailey "chose to portray different societies or cultures symbolically as shrines. Indefinable as they are, our cultures are sacred to us. At the heart of each glows a unique cluster of precious jewels; our myths and histories, our heritage, our values and social structure, our cosmology, and relationship to the ultimate." Bailey's curated the Infecting the City Festival from 2008 until 2011. It is currently Africa's biggest public arts festival that takes place in the public spaces of Cape Town during February or March of every year. During Bailey's tenure, the Festival chose a theme that had social relevance: "In a society that has as many complex issues as ours, if one is commandeering the communal spaces of the city, it is not enough merely to provide entertainment for the public. There is a moral imperative to tackle the pressing issues of our day, and to ask artists to apply themselves to these." "Exhibit B" was a highly controversial traveling exhibit that began in 2010. Inspired by 19th century human zoos, it was seen by more than 25,000 people in 14 countries before the end of 2014. Museum and theater directors joined to decry attempts at censorship after the work sparked protests around the world for its use of black actors in cages and chains, often in theatres well known for featuring almost no Black people in their repertoire. Productions Jury of Prague Quadrennial – the International Exhibit of Scenography & Theatre Architecture: 2011 Curator of Infecting the City: the Spier Public Arts Festival in inner-city Cape Town: February 2008 – February 2011 Creator of opening concert of Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011 Director of opening performance at the World Summit on Arts & Culture in Johannesburg: 2009 Wrote and directed biographical performance on Nelson Mandela for his 90th birthday party in Qunu, Eastern Cape, 2008. Performances Exhibit A: made with Namibian Performers and Musicians, writer/director/designer 2010 – Vienna Festival and Theaterformen Festival in Braunschweig Orfeus: writer/director/designer 2006 – Cape Town 2007 – National Festival of the Arts (main program) 2009 – Vienna Festival and Holland Festivals 2011 – Theaterformen Festival, Hannover macbEth: the opera: director/designer (written by Verdi) 2001 – Cape Town 2002 – Pretoria 2007 – Cape Town House of the Holy Afro: director/designer 2004 – Bern 2005 – Vienna Festival; Berlin; Brussels; Reunion Island 2006 – Melbourne, Commonwealth Games 2007 – Edinburgh Fringe Festival; Harare; Umea, Sweden 2008 – Sydney Festival; Zurich Spektakel 2009 – Perth and Adelaide Festivals, Australia. Linz European Capital of Culture programme and Rich Mix in London 2010 – Market Theatre Johannesburg Talking Heads: developed concept 2008 – 2011, Infecting the City festival medEia: director/designer (written by Oscar van Woensel) 2003 – Johannesburg 2005 – Cape Town Big Dada: the rise and fall of Idi Amin: director/designer/writer 2001 – Barbican Centre, London; Amsterdam; National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town 2005 – Vienna Festival; Brussels; Berlin; Johannesburg; Cape Town Vodou Nation: made in Haiti, director/designer/writer 2004 – London and 17 other UK cities iMumbo Jumbo: writer/director/designer 1997 – National Festival of the Arts (main program); Johannesburg 2003 – Barbican Centre, London; Cape Town Safari: C. G. Jung in Africa: made in Uganda, director/writer/designer 2003: Kampala, Uganda; Amsterdam, Rotterdam and 13 other Dutch cities The Prophet: director/writer/designer 1999: National Festival of the Arts (main program) Ipi Zombi: writer/director/designer 1998: National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town; Harare Awards 1998: iMUMBO JUMBO: FNB Vita Awards for best director, original script and design. 2001: Standard Bank Young Artist of the Year for drama; Big Dada presented at the National Arts Festival: Fleur Du Cap's Rosalie van der Gught Award for Best Young Director; 2002: Fleur du Cap Awards/FNB Vita (Cape) award for Best Script of a New South African Play, and Best Costume Design for Big Dada; 2004: Honourable Mention for Brett Bailey's book The Plays of Miracle and Wonder at the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa 2007: medEia won a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial; Installations Blood Diamonds: Terminal at National Festival of the Arts Exhibit A: Deutsch SudwestAfrika Publications The Plays of Miracle and Wonder – the texts of Third World Bunfight: 2001 Published articles in The Theatre Review (TDR) and the South African Theatre Journal (SATJ) Feature on Brett Bailey by Daniel Larlham in the Yale Theatre Quarterly, 2009 References ^ Third World Bunfight website. ^ "List of the Jurors for the Prague Quadrennial, including reference to Bailey's 2007 award". Pq.cz. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "C.V. of Brett Bailey, director of Third World Bunfight". Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ a b c "Curtain Rises on 4th World Summit of Arts & Culture" (PDF). 22 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "HIFA kicks off on a High Note". The Zimbabwean. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Curator's Note". Infecting the City. Infectingthecity.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Exhibition A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika". Ukarts.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Ritual theatre alive in Brett Bailey's Orfeus by Brent Meersman". Cue.ru.ac.za. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "South African Drama after "Albert!" David Graver, Drama for a New South Africa Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, 228 pp. ISBN 978-0-253-21326-6; ISBN 978-0-253-33570-8". H-net.org. May 2000. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ Jos Schuring. "The Power of Culture, Brett Bailey: "I want to fire people up with stories"". Powerofculture.nl. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ Matthew Krouse, "'Odidiva' climbs the stairway to heaven", Mail and Guardian, 18 June 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "UK Arts reviews Exhibition A". Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Resisting the Muse of Imperial 'Science' by Brent Meersman, Mail and Guardian, June 2010". Mg.co.za. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Art is Contagious", www.mahala.co.za, 18 February 2011. ^ O'Mahony, John (11 August 2014). "Edinburgh's most controversial show: Exhibit B, a human zoo". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ Carvajal, Doreen (25 November 2014). "On Display, and on a Hot Seat". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "Zoos humains: la performance polémique "Exhibit B" annulée". CNEWS (in French). 28 November 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "Jury of Prague Quadrennial 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ Infecting the City website. ^ "HIFA official site, review of opening night". Hifa.co.zw. 28 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Rob van Vuuren reminisces about taking part in Bailey's tribute to Mandela". Zalist.co.za. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Cleaning Up, Matthew Krouse covers the Theatre Awards in July 1998 for Mail and Guardian". 31 July 1998. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "List of Fleur Du Cap Winners". Baxter.co.za. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "List of FNB Vita (Cape) Winners". Baxter.co.za. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "Prague Quadrennial Juror's list, noting Bailey's 2007 award". Pq.cz. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. ^ "The Plays of Miracle and Wonder". David Krut Publishing. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011. External links Third World Bunfight Infecting The City Africa Centre Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Belgium United States Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brett Bailey (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Bailey_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bret Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Bailey"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"public arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"Infecting the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infecting_the_City"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Prague Quadrennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Quadrennial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the American basketball player, see Brett Bailey (basketball). For the Australian rules footballer, see Bret Bailey.Brett Bailey (born 1967) is a playwright, artist, designer, play director, festival curator and the artistic director of the group Third World Bun Fight.[1] He was the curator of South Africa's only public arts festival, Infecting the City, in Cape Town, South Africa, from 2008 until 2011. His works have played across Europe, Australia and Africa, and have won several awards, including a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial (2007).[2]","title":"Brett Bailey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifacca-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Africa Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centre"},{"link_name":"Infecting the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infecting_the_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Brett Bailey was born in 1967 and completed a postgraduate diploma in performance studies at the DasArts Master of Theatre in Amsterdam. He has worked throughout South Africa, and in Zimbabwe, Uganda, Haiti, the UK and across Europe.[3] His acclaimed iconoclastic dramas, which interrogate the dynamics of the post-colonial world, include Big Dada, Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and Orfeus. His performance installations include Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika. He directed the opening show at the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture (2009),[4] and from 2006 until 2011 directed the opening shows for the Harare International Festival of the Arts.[5] He has been the curator of Africa Centre's Infecting the City since 2008.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Africa"},{"link_name":"post-colonial Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa#Post-colonial_Africa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Xhosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people"},{"link_name":"Zakes Mda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakes_Mda"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Market Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Theatre_(Johannesburg)"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Odidi Mfenyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odidi_Mfenyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"site-specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific_theatre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ethnology,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Hofburg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofburg_Palace"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gregory Maqoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Maqoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mapumba Cilombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapumba_Cilombo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifacca-4"},{"link_name":"shrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrines"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Infecting the City Festival from","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infecting_the_City"},{"link_name":"as of?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"public arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"human zoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_zoos"},{"link_name":"censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMahony-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carvajal-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The work of Bailey investigates the many layers and intricacies of colonial and post-colonial Africa.[7]Bailey's earlier works – Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and The Prophet – are grouped together under the title Plays of Miracle and Wonder (which is the title of a book on Bailey's plays) and incorporate ceremony and sacrament. These works are aggressive with Bailey using drums, screams, knives and broken glass to break down the audiences' defences.[8]In Ipi Zombi, Bailiey evoked a 1996 witch-hunt in which several women were blamed and killed for the death of twelve boys in a minivan accident. It combined Xhosa and Christian ritual. Author Zakes Mda claimed Ipi Zombi to be a \"A work of genius that maps out a path to a new South African theatre ...\"[9]In other works, such as Orfeus, Bailey takes a softer approach, and looks to highlight the blind, forgotten, the broken and the voiceless. In Orfeus, specifically, the audience is drawn down into an African underworld that is governed by a seedy businessman. Orfeus, and other works, look at a post-colonial, showing a \"decaying globalised world in which not only shamanic rituals but also moving music create an entirely unique African atmosphere\".[10]First staged in 2004 in Bern, Switzerland, House of The Holy Afro has been repeatedly staged in Europe and Australia with its last iteration at the Market Theatre Laboratory, Johannesburg, in June 2010. Performer and drag diva Odidi Mfenyana played the high priest of the holy house, and lead the performance through an urban funk cabaret that bordered on spiritual ritual.[11]In the site-specific work medEia, the audience walked in silence for at least ten-minutes before the production. The audience's emotional and intellectual journey through works were physically manifest in the installations Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika.[12]Exhibit A: Deutsch-Südwestafrika, staged in the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna's Hofburg Palace, is a \"meditation on the dark history of European Racism in relation to Africa\".[13]For the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture, Bailey presented 3 Colours – a one-off mixed media performance piece. Bailey collaborated with award-winning choreographer Gregory Maqoma and Congolese musician Mapumba Cilombo.[4] The piece represented the complexities of inter-culturalism, in which Bailey \"chose to portray different societies or cultures symbolically as shrines. Indefinable as they are, our cultures are sacred to us. At the heart of each glows a unique cluster of precious jewels; our myths and histories, our heritage, our values and social structure, our cosmology, and relationship to the ultimate.\"[citation needed]Bailey's curated the Infecting the City Festival from 2008 until 2011. It is currently[as of?] Africa's biggest public arts festival that takes place in the public spaces of Cape Town during February or March of every year. During Bailey's tenure, the Festival chose a theme that had social relevance: \"In a society that has as many complex issues as ours, if one is commandeering the communal spaces of the city, it is not enough merely to provide entertainment for the public. There is a moral imperative to tackle the pressing issues of our day, and to ask artists to apply themselves to these.\"[14]\"Exhibit B\" was a highly controversial traveling exhibit that began in 2010. Inspired by 19th century human zoos, it was seen by more than 25,000 people in 14 countries before the end of 2014. Museum and theater directors joined to decry attempts at censorship after the work sparked protests around the world for its use of black actors in cages and chains, often in theatres well known for featuring almost no Black people in their repertoire. [15][16][17]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Infecting the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infecting_the_City"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifacca-4"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Jury of Prague Quadrennial – the International Exhibit of Scenography & Theatre Architecture: 2011[18]\nCurator of Infecting the City: the Spier Public Arts Festival in inner-city Cape Town: February 2008 – February 2011[19]\nCreator of opening concert of Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011[20]\nDirector of opening performance at the World Summit on Arts & Culture in Johannesburg: 2009[4]\nWrote and directed biographical performance on Nelson Mandela for his 90th birthday party in Qunu, Eastern Cape, 2008.[21]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Festival"},{"link_name":"National Festival of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vienna Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vienna Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Festival"},{"link_name":"Reunion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunion_Island"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sydney Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Festival"},{"link_name":"Zurich Spektakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Theater_Spektakel"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"European Capital of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Market Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Theatre_(Johannesburg)"},{"link_name":"Infecting the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infecting_the_City"},{"link_name":"Barbican Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"National Festival of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vienna Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Festival"},{"link_name":"National Festival of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown_Festival"},{"link_name":"Barbican Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Centre"},{"link_name":"National Festival of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown_Festival"},{"link_name":"National Festival of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown_Festival"}],"text":"Exhibit A: made with Namibian Performers and Musicians, writer/director/designer2010 – Vienna Festival and Theaterformen Festival in BraunschweigOrfeus: writer/director/designer2006 – Cape Town\n2007 – National Festival of the Arts (main program)\n2009 – Vienna Festival and Holland Festivals\n2011 – Theaterformen Festival, HannovermacbEth: the opera: director/designer (written by Verdi)2001 – Cape Town\n2002 – Pretoria\n2007 – Cape TownHouse of the Holy Afro: director/designer2004 – Bern\n2005 – Vienna Festival; Berlin; Brussels; Reunion Island\n2006 – Melbourne, Commonwealth Games\n2007 – Edinburgh Fringe Festival; Harare; Umea, Sweden\n2008 – Sydney Festival; Zurich Spektakel\n2009 – Perth and Adelaide Festivals, Australia. Linz European Capital of Culture programme and Rich Mix in London\n2010 – Market Theatre JohannesburgTalking Heads: developed concept2008 – 2011, Infecting the City festivalmedEia: director/designer (written by Oscar van Woensel)2003 – Johannesburg\n2005 – Cape TownBig Dada: the rise and fall of Idi Amin: director/designer/writer2001 – Barbican Centre, London; Amsterdam; National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town\n2005 – Vienna Festival; Brussels; Berlin; Johannesburg; Cape TownVodou Nation: made in Haiti, director/designer/writer2004 – London and 17 other UK citiesiMumbo Jumbo: writer/director/designer1997 – National Festival of the Arts (main program); Johannesburg\n2003 – Barbican Centre, London; Cape TownSafari: C. G. Jung in Africa: made in Uganda, director/writer/designer2003: Kampala, Uganda; Amsterdam, Rotterdam and 13 other Dutch citiesThe Prophet: director/writer/designer1999: National Festival of the Arts (main program)Ipi Zombi: writer/director/designer1998: National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town; Harare","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"National Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fleur du Cap Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_du_Cap_Theatre_Awards"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Noma Award for Publishing in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noma_Award_for_Publishing_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"1998: iMUMBO JUMBO: FNB Vita Awards for best director, original script and design.[22]\n2001: Standard Bank Young Artist of the Year for drama; Big Dada presented at the National Arts Festival: Fleur Du Cap's Rosalie van der Gught Award for Best Young Director;[23]\n2002: Fleur du Cap Awards/FNB Vita (Cape) award for Best Script of a New South African Play, and Best Costume Design for Big Dada;[24]\n2004: Honourable Mention for Brett Bailey's book The Plays of Miracle and Wonder at the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa\n2007: medEia won a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial;[25]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Festival of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahamstown_Festival"}],"text":"Blood Diamonds: Terminal at National Festival of the Arts\nExhibit A: Deutsch SudwestAfrika","title":"Installations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The Plays of Miracle and Wonder[26] – the texts of Third World Bunfight: 2001\nPublished articles in The Theatre Review (TDR) and the South African Theatre Journal (SATJ)\nFeature on Brett Bailey by Daniel Larlham in the Yale Theatre Quarterly, 2009","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"List of the Jurors for the Prague Quadrennial, including reference to Bailey's 2007 award\". Pq.cz. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809054635/http://www.pq.cz/en/pq-jury.html","url_text":"\"List of the Jurors for the Prague Quadrennial, including reference to Bailey's 2007 award\""},{"url":"http://www.pq.cz/en/pq-jury.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"C.V. of Brett Bailey, director of Third World Bunfight\". Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042540/http://www.thirdworldbunfight.co.za/files/Brett","url_text":"\"C.V. of Brett Bailey, director of Third World Bunfight\""},{"url":"http://www.thirdworldbunfight.co.za/files/Brett%20Bailey%20CV%20%26%20Bio.doc-1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Curtain Rises on 4th World Summit of Arts & Culture\" (PDF). 22 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323125302/http://media.ifacca.org/files/CurtainRisesonWorldSummit.pdf","url_text":"\"Curtain Rises on 4th World Summit of Arts & Culture\""},{"url":"http://media.ifacca.org/files/CurtainRisesonWorldSummit.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HIFA kicks off on a High Note\". The Zimbabwean. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/news/39207/hifa-kicks-off-on-high-note.html","url_text":"\"HIFA kicks off on a High Note\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curator's Note\". Infecting the City. Infectingthecity.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030316/http://www.infectingthecity.com/2011/the-festival/","url_text":"\"Curator's Note\""},{"url":"http://www.infectingthecity.com/2011/the-festival/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika\". Ukarts.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110731134233/http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp","url_text":"\"Exhibition A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika\""},{"url":"http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ritual theatre alive in Brett Bailey's Orfeus by Brent Meersman\". Cue.ru.ac.za. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100813091025/http://cue.ru.ac.za/theatre/drama/2007/ritual-theatre-alive-brett-baileys-orfeus.html","url_text":"\"Ritual theatre alive in Brett Bailey's Orfeus by Brent Meersman\""},{"url":"http://cue.ru.ac.za/theatre/drama/2007/ritual-theatre-alive-brett-baileys-orfeus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South African Drama after \"Albert!\" David Graver, Drama for a New South Africa Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, 228 pp. ISBN 978-0-253-21326-6; ISBN 978-0-253-33570-8\". H-net.org. May 2000. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=4088","url_text":"\"South African Drama after \"Albert!\" David Graver, Drama for a New South Africa Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, 228 pp. ISBN 978-0-253-21326-6; ISBN 978-0-253-33570-8\""}]},{"reference":"Jos Schuring. \"The Power of Culture, Brett Bailey: \"I want to fire people up with stories\"\". Powerofculture.nl. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613000726/http://powerofculture.nl/en/current/2009/july/brett-bailey","url_text":"\"The Power of Culture, Brett Bailey: \"I want to fire people up with stories\"\""},{"url":"http://www.powerofculture.nl/en/current/2009/july/brett-bailey","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Arts reviews Exhibition A\". Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110731134233/http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp","url_text":"\"UK Arts reviews Exhibition A\""},{"url":"http://www.ukarts.com/Shows/Exhibit-A/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Resisting the Muse of Imperial 'Science' by Brent Meersman, Mail and Guardian, June 2010\". Mg.co.za. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mg.co.za/article/2010-06-07-resisting-the-muse-of-imperial-science","url_text":"\"Resisting the Muse of Imperial 'Science' by Brent Meersman, Mail and Guardian, June 2010\""}]},{"reference":"O'Mahony, John (11 August 2014). \"Edinburgh's most controversial show: Exhibit B, a human zoo\". the Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/aug/11/-sp-exhibit-b-human-zoo-edinburgh-festivals-most-controversial","url_text":"\"Edinburgh's most controversial show: Exhibit B, a human zoo\""}]},{"reference":"Carvajal, Doreen (25 November 2014). \"On Display, and on a Hot Seat\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/26/arts/exhibit-b-a-work-about-human-zoos-stirs-protests.html","url_text":"\"On Display, and on a Hot Seat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Zoos humains: la performance polémique \"Exhibit B\" annulée\". CNEWS (in French). 28 November 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reN32iLaz54","url_text":"\"Zoos humains: la performance polémique \"Exhibit B\" annulée\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jury of Prague Quadrennial 2011\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928082030/http://www.pq.cz/res/data/256/026604.pdf","url_text":"\"Jury of Prague Quadrennial 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.pq.cz/res/data/256/026604.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HIFA official site, review of opening night\". Hifa.co.zw. 28 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. 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Retrieved 15 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929232802/http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/2388/the-plays-of-miracle-wonder-brett-bailey","url_text":"\"The Plays of Miracle and Wonder\""},{"url":"http://www.davidkrutpublishing.com/2388/the-plays-of-miracle-wonder-brett-bailey","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._H._Tripp
Charles R. H. Tripp
["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Selected publications","4 Editorial work","5 References","6 External links"]
British academic and author (born 1952) Professor Tripp during an online Zoom conference in 2021 Charles Rees Howard Tripp, FBA (born 8 March 1952) is an academic and author specializing in the politics and history of the Near and Middle East. Early life and education Tripp was born on 8 March 1952 in Sudan. He was educated at Winchester College, then an all-boys independent boarding school in Winchester, Hampshire, England. He then studied at New College, Oxford (BA) and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (MSc, PhD). Academic career Tripp's main areas of research include the study of state and society in the Middle East, especially Iraq, and Islamic political thought. He lectures on government and politics of the Middle East for both undergraduates and postgraduates at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), a college of the University of London. Tripp is a world class specialist on Iraq and has contributed as regional expert to media broadcasters including the BBC and NPR, as well as to print media such as Foreign Affairs, The Guardian and the New Statesman. In the run up to the war against Iraq, Professor Tripp was part of a small team that visited 10 Downing Street in order to advise the prime minister, Tony Blair, on the consequences of going to war. In 2007, SOAS appointed him Professor of Politics with reference to the Middle East and North Africa. On 19 November 2008, he gave his inaugural lecture as professor at SOAS entitled "The Riotous Politics of the Middle East", in which he was presented by Oxford International Relations professor Avi Shlaim. In 2017, he retired from SOAS and was made an emeritus professor. In 2012, Tripp was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. From 2018 to 2022, he was Vice-President (British International Research Institutes) of the British Academy. Selected publications 1996: Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations and Regional Order (with S. Chubin) 2000: A History of Iraq (2nd Ed. published 2002; 3rd Ed. published 2007) 2006: Islam and the Moral Economy: the challenge of capitalism (2006) 2013: The Power and the People: paths of resistance in the Middle East"" (Cambridge University Press) Editorial work 1995-2008: Editor of the multidisciplinary Cambridge Middle East Studies series References ^ a b c d "Tripp, Prof. Charles Rees Howard, (born 8 March 1952), Professor of Politics with reference to the Middle East, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2007–17, now Emeritus". Who's Who 2023. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ Jonathan Steele (22 January 2008). "The first of three extracts from Jonathan Steele's new book on how Britain went to war in Iraq utterly unprepared". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2013. ^ "Professor Charles R H Tripp". SOAS. Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ "Professor Charles Tripp FBA". The British Academy. Retrieved 11 August 2023. External links SOAS Staff Profile Interview in The Guardian newspaper, September 2007 Charles Tripp talks to the BBC about Iraq, May 2003 Interview on National Public Radio (NPR), February 2003 (Radio stream and full transcript) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Other SNAC IdRef
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Tripp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Winchester College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_College"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"School of Oriental and African Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_23-1"}],"text":"Tripp was born on 8 March 1952 in Sudan. He was educated at Winchester College, then an all-boys independent boarding school in Winchester, Hampshire, England. He then studied at New College, Oxford (BA) and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (MSc, PhD).[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"undergraduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education"},{"link_name":"postgraduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education"},{"link_name":"School of Oriental and African Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_23-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOAS_23-3"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"International Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Relations"},{"link_name":"Avi Shlaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Shlaim"},{"link_name":"emeritus professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus_professor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_23-1"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA-4"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_23-1"}],"text":"Tripp's main areas of research include the study of state and society in the Middle East, especially Iraq, and Islamic political thought.He lectures on government and politics of the Middle East for both undergraduates and postgraduates at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), a college of the University of London.Tripp is a world class specialist on Iraq and has contributed as regional expert to media broadcasters including the BBC and NPR, as well as to print media such as Foreign Affairs, The Guardian and the New Statesman. In the run up to the war against Iraq, Professor Tripp was part of a small team that visited 10 Downing Street in order to advise the prime minister, Tony Blair, on the consequences of going to war.[2]In 2007, SOAS appointed him Professor of Politics with reference to the Middle East and North Africa.[1][3] On 19 November 2008, he gave his inaugural lecture as professor at SOAS entitled \"The Riotous Politics of the Middle East\", in which he was presented by Oxford International Relations professor Avi Shlaim. In 2017, he retired from SOAS and was made an emeritus professor.[1]In 2012, Tripp was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.[4] From 2018 to 2022, he was Vice-President (British International Research Institutes) of the British Academy.[1]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1996: Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations and Regional Order (with S. Chubin)\n2000: A History of Iraq (2nd Ed. published 2002; 3rd Ed. published 2007)\n2006: Islam and the Moral Economy: the challenge of capitalism (2006)\n2013: The Power and the People: paths of resistance in the Middle East\"\" (Cambridge University Press)","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_Editor"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Middle East Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cambridge.org/series/sSeries.asp?code=CMES&srt=T"}],"text":"1995-2008: Editor of the multidisciplinary Cambridge Middle East Studies series","title":"Editorial work"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Summit_Award
World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates
["1 List of World Summits","2 Peace Summit Award","3 Peace Summit Medal for Social Activism","4 Peace Summit Medal for Social Impact","5 Youth Program","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates Coat of arms Official organizationPermanent Secretariat of Nobel Peace LaureatesHeadquartersPiacenza,a ItalyMoscow,b RussiaOfficial languages 7 languages Arabic Chinese English French Russian Spanish Polish Correspondents 6 states Ghana Italy Japan Poland Russia South Africa Leaders• President Ekaterina Zagladina• Vice President Marzio Dallagiovanna• Vice President Ayami Gensei Ito Websitenobelpeacesummit.com Galleria Piazza Cavalli 7b, 29121, PiacenzaBldg 14, 39 Leningradsky Prospect, Moscow 125167. The World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1990s, as a forum in which the Nobel Peace Laureates and the Peace Laureate Organizations could come together to address global issues with a view to encourage and support peace and human well-being in the world. Its Permanent Secretariat is an independent, non-profit, ECOSOC non-governmental organization, based in Piacenza, operating on a permanent basis. A permanent staff, mainly composed of volunteers, promotes the work of the Nobel Peace Prize Winners and organizes the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates on a yearly basis. To date, the Permanent Secretariat has organized 17 Summits, the most recent having been held in February 2017 in the city of Mérida, Mexico. List of World Summits Date Host country Host city Participants 18th 2020 South Korea Seoul To be determined 17th 19–22 September 2019 Mexico Mérida Frederik Willem De Klerk, Juan Manuel Santos, Lech Wałęsa, Shirin Ebadi, Tawakkol Karman, David Trimble, Jody Williams, Leymah Gbowee, Kailash Satyarthi, Rigoberta Menchú Tum, José Manuel Barroso, Tebogo Joy Ngoma, International Committee of the Red Cross, American Friends Service Committee, Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, Martin Luther King Centre, Albert Schweitzer Institute, Desmond Tutu Peace Centre, Grameen Creative Lab, Nelson Mandela Foundation, Institute of International Law, ICAN, Amnesty International, European Commission, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, International Labour Organization, International Peace Bureau, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, United Nations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 16th 2–5 February 2017 Colombia Bogota David Trimble, Shirin Ebadi, Rigoberta Menchú, Jody Williams, Jose Ramos-Horta, Lech Wałęsa, Oscar Arias, Tawakkol Karman, Leymah Gbowee, Mohamed El Baradei, Kailash Satyarthi, American Friends Service Committee, Institute of International Law, International Peace Bureau, UNICEF, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Labour Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, United Nations, European Union, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Committee of the Red Cross 15th 13–15 November 2015 Spain Barcelona Oscar Arias, Frederik Willem De Klerk, Shirin Ebadi, Tawakkol Karman, Mairead Maguire, David Trimble, Lech Wałęsa, Betty Williams, Jody Williams, American Friends Service Committee, European Commission, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, International Labour Organization, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Peace Bureau, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, United Nations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 14th 12–14 December 2014 Italy Rome 14th Dalai Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Leymah Gbowee, Tawakkol Karman, Mairead Corrigan, José Ramos-Horta, David Trimble, Betty Williams, Jody Williams, American Friends Service Committee, Amnesty International, European Union, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, International Labour Organization, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Peace Bureau, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations 13th 21–23 October 2013 Poland Warsaw Muhammad Yunus, 14th Dalai Lama, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Shirin Ebadi, Lech Wałęsa, Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams, International Peace Bureau, American Friends Service Committee, Amnesty International, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, United Nations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, European Union 12th 23–25 April 2012 United States Chicago Mikhail Gorbachev, Muhammad Yunus, 14th Dalai Lama, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Jimmy Carter, Shirin Ebadi, Jody Williams, Lech Wałęsa, International Peace Bureau, American Friends Service Committee, International Committee of the Red Cross, Amnesty International, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 11th 12–14 November 2010 Japan Hiroshima Mikhail Gorbachev, 14th Dalai Lama, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Lech Wałęsa, Mohamed ElBaradei, Mairead Maguire, Shirin Ebadi, Jody Williams, United Nations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Labour Organization, International Committee of the Red Cross, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Peace Bureau, American Friends Service Committee, Médecins Sans Frontières, Amnesty International 10th 9–11 November 2009 Germany Berlin Mikhail Gorbachev, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Lech Wałęsa, Muhammad Yunus, Mairead Maguire, Betty Williams, Ahmed Kathrada (representing Nelson Mandela), United Nations, International Committee of the Red Cross, Amnesty International, International Labour Organization, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, American Friends Service Committee, International Peace Bureau 9th 11–13 December 2008 France Paris Mikhail Gorbachev, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Lech Wałęsa, John Hume, Mairead Maguire, Betty Williams, United Nations (Department of Peacekeeping Operations), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, International Peace Bureau, American Friends Service Committee, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, International Labour Organization, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, United Nations Children's Fund 8th 13–15 December 2007 Italy Rome Mikhail Gorbachev, 14th Dalai Lama, Mairead Maguire, Muhammad Yunus, Lech Wałęsa, Betty Williams, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, International Peace Bureau, American Friends Service Committee, Institut de Droit International, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Committee of the Red Cross, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations, International Labour Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, International Atomic Energy Agency, Amnesty International, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Campaign to Ban Landmines 7th 17–19 November 2006 Italy Rome Mikhail Gorbachev, Lech Wałęsa, Mairead Maguire, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Juan Somavía, Jeremy Rifkin, International Atomic Energy Agency 6th 24–26 November 2005 Italy Rome Mikhail Gorbachev, Lech Wałęsa, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Betty Williams, Mairead Maguire, Rigoberta Menchú, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, American Friends Service Committee, Amnesty International, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Médecins Sans Frontières, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, International Labour Organization, International Peace Bureau, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, United Nations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund 5th 10–12 November 2004 Italy Rome Mikhail Gorbachev, Kim Dae-jung, Lech Wałęsa, José Ramos-Horta, Betty Williams, Mairead Maguire, Rigoberta Menchú, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Joseph Rotblat, American Friends Service Committee, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, International Labour Organization, International Peace Bureau, Institut de Droit International, Médecins Sans Frontières, Amnesty International 4th 27–30 November 2003 Italy Rome 14th Dalai Lama, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mairead Maguire, Shimon Peres, Óscar Arias, Lech Wałęsa, Betty Williams, Jody Williams, American Friends Service Committee, Amnesty International, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, International Labour Organization, United Nations (Department of Peacekeeping Operations), United Nations Children's Fund, Institut de Droit International, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Peace Bureau, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 3rd 18–21 October 2002 Italy Rome Mikhail Gorbachev, Rigoberta Menchú, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Joseph Rotblat, Lech Wałęsa, Betty Williams, Institut de Droit International, International Peace Bureau, American Friends Service Committee, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Labour Organization, United Nations (Department of Peacekeeping Operations), International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Médecins Sans Frontières, Amnesty International 2nd 11–12 November 2000 Italy Rome Mikhail Gorbachev, Lech Wałęsa, Joseph Rotblat, Betty Williams, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, International Labour Organization, International Committee of the Red Cross, International Peace Bureau, Médecins Sans Frontières, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, American Friends Service Committee, Amnesty International, Institut de Droit International, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, United Nations Children's Fund 1st 21–22 April 1999 Italy Rome Mikhail Gorbachev, Rigoberta Menchú, Frederik Willem de Klerk, Shimon Peres, Joseph Rotblat, Betty Williams, David Trimble Peace Summit Award Every year, during the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, the Nobel laureates honour with the Peace Summit Award the men or women of peace chosen from personalities from the world of culture and entertainment who have stood up for human rights and for the spread of the principles of Peace and Solidarity in the world and have made an outstanding contribution to international social justice and peace. Before 2006, it was known as the Man of Peace Award. 2002 Roberto Benigni 2003 Italian National Singers’ Football Team 2004 Cat Stevens 2005 Bob Geldof and PeaceJam 2006 Peter Gabriel 2007 Don Cheadle and George Clooney 2008 Bono 2009 Annie Lennox 2010 Roberto Baggio 2012 Sean Penn 2013 Sharon Stone 2014 Bernardo Bertolucci 2015 René Pérez Joglar "Residente" 2017 Richard Branson 2019 Ricky Martin Peace Summit Medal for Social Activism 2012 Michaela Mycroft 2013 Jurek Owsiak 2014 Tareke Brhane 2015 Arcadi Oliveres 2017 Kerry Kennedy Peace Summit Medal for Social Impact 2017 Leyner Palacios Asprilla Youth Program With the objective of fostering a culture of peace for future generations in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Secretariat is seeking to develop an educational campaign entitled "Peace is Possible". Characteristics are as follows: Flagship campaign: "La Paz es Posible" Scope: Youth (15–24 years old) of Latin America and the Caribbean Main Objective: To educate youth about the legacy of the Nobel Peace Laureates and Peace laureate organizations and to foster leadership for peace among youth. Approach: Inspirational and knowledge sharing – By bringing to life the struggles and stories of each of the laureates, the campaign seeks to inspire youth with the examples of courage and non-violence set by the laureates with a message of hope and possibility. Also, by introducing the work of the laureate organizations and the backgrounds of each of the laureates, the campaign will share knowledge about institutional mandates, and the geo-political contexts in which peace has thrived. See also Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Prize Paolo Petrocelli References "The World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates". official site. "The Gorbachev Foundation". "12th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates". Archived from the original on 11 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) "United Nations - Secretary General Statements". "Nobel Women's Initiative". "Mayors for Peace". "Center for Global nonkilling". "Green Cross International". "United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs". "Chicago Tribune". 1 March 2012. "CBS NEWS". "NHK". "CNN". 12 November 2010. "BBC News". 12 November 2010. "Fox News". 25 August 2010. "Usa Today". 12 November 2010. "The Guardian". London. 23 January 2008. "The Wall Street Journal - blog". 28 September 2010. "The Japan Times". Fine, Victoria (13 November 2009). "Huffington Post". "France24". "The Daily Star". 11 November 2009. "People". Horowitz, Jason (9 November 2004). "The New York Times". "msnbc". Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. "Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, Ingrid Betancourt et Penélope Cruz, ensemble... au sommet !". "Bono Vox, Peace Summit Award 2008". "Sting attends World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates". "International Peace Bureau". "Supreme Court of United States" (PDF). "FIAT-CHRYSLER". "BURMANET". Patrick, Aaron O. (26 January 2009). "The Wall Street Journal". "YouTube". YouTube. "1999-First edition of World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates". ^ "Permanent Secretariat of the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates | Nobel Peace Summit". World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. ^ "United Nations Maintenance Page". ECOSOC. ^ "International Media about the 16th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Bogota | Nobel Peace Summit". World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Peace Summit Award Recipients". nobelpeacesummit.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ "Peace Summit Award 2005: Sir Bob Geldof and PeachJam". World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ "Peace Summit Award 2017: Richard Branson". nobelpeacesummit.com. Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ "Ricky Martin recibe premio por la paz y se pronuncia por derechos LGBT en Yucatán". September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019. ^ "VIDEO. Rigoberta Menchú entrega Peace Summit Award a Ricky Martin". September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019. ^ a b c d e f "Peace Summit Medal for Social Activism". World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ "Leyner Palacios Asprilla: Medal for Social Impact 2017". World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. Retrieved 13 August 2023. External links Official website The Gorbachev Foundation vteNobel Peace PrizeGeneral topics Laureates Committee (members) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit Nominees Individuals Organizations PRIO Director's Shortlist By year 1901 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 2005 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteNobel Prizes Lists of Nobel laureates Nobel Prize medal Prizes Chemistry Economics1 Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by occupation Heads of state and government by year by subject Chemistry Economics1 Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine bypopulationgroup Bengali Black Christian Female Jewish Latin American Muslim Non-religious by continentand nationality African Egyptian South African Asian Chinese Filipino Indian Israeli Japanese Korean Pakistani Vietnamese European Belgian Danish Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Polish Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Welsh Oceanian Australian North American American Mexican South American Argentine Brazilian Venezuelan by university City University of New York Columbia University ETH Zurich Harvard University Princeton University Washington University in St. Louis Nominees Female Couples Clergy Catholic by subject Chemistry Economics1 Literature Peace Individuals Organizations Physics Physiology or Medicine by groups Peace AFSC Nobel nominees PRIO Director's Shortlist by Clarivate Female Chemistry Economics1 Physics Physiology or Medicine Organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics1 Literature Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute Related Controversies Alfred Nobel Björkborn Manor Nobel Laboratory Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields 1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).
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Its Permanent Secretariat is an independent, non-profit, ECOSOC non-governmental organization,[2] based in Piacenza, operating on a permanent basis. A permanent staff, mainly composed of volunteers, promotes the work of the Nobel Peace Prize Winners and organizes the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates on a yearly basis. To date, the Permanent Secretariat has organized 17 Summits, the most recent having been held in February 2017 in the city of Mérida, Mexico.[3]","title":"World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of World Summits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Man of Peace Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"Roberto Benigni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Benigni"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Cat Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Bob Geldof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geldof"},{"link_name":"PeaceJam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeaceJam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Annie Lennox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Lennox"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Roberto Baggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Baggio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Sean Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Sharon Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Stone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Bertolucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"René Pérez Joglar \"Residente\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residente"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Award_Recipients-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Every year, during the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, the Nobel laureates honour with the Peace Summit Award the men or women of peace chosen from personalities from the world of culture and entertainment who have stood up for human rights and for the spread of the principles of Peace and Solidarity in the world and have made an outstanding contribution to international social justice and peace. Before 2006, it was known as the Man of Peace Award.2002 Roberto Benigni[4]\n2003 Italian National Singers’ Football Team[4]\n2004 Cat Stevens[4]\n2005 Bob Geldof and PeaceJam[5]\n2006 Peter Gabriel[4]\n2007 Don Cheadle and George Clooney[4]\n2008 Bono[4]\n2009 Annie Lennox[4]\n2010 Roberto Baggio[4]\n2012 Sean Penn[4]\n2013 Sharon Stone[4]\n2014 Bernardo Bertolucci[4]\n2015 René Pérez Joglar \"Residente\"[4]\n2017 Richard Branson[6]\n2019 Ricky Martin[4][7][8]","title":"Peace Summit Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michaela Mycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Mycroft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Medal-9"},{"link_name":"Jurek Owsiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurek_Owsiak"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Medal-9"},{"link_name":"Tareke Brhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tareke_Brhane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Medal-9"},{"link_name":"Arcadi Oliveres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadi_Oliveres"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Medal-9"},{"link_name":"Kerry Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Medal-9"}],"text":"2012 Michaela Mycroft[9]\n2013 Jurek Owsiak[9]\n2014 Tareke Brhane[9]\n2015 Arcadi Oliveres[9]\n2017 Kerry Kennedy[9]","title":"Peace Summit Medal for Social Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leyner Palacios Asprilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyner_Palacios_Asprilla"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peace_Summit_Medal-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"2017 Leyner Palacios Asprilla[9][10]","title":"Peace Summit Medal for Social Impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"With the objective of fostering a culture of peace for future generations in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Secretariat is seeking to develop an educational campaign entitled \"Peace is Possible\". Characteristics are as follows:\nFlagship campaign: \"La Paz es Posible\"\nScope: Youth (15–24 years old) of Latin America and the Caribbean\nMain Objective: To educate youth about the legacy of the Nobel Peace Laureates and Peace laureate organizations and to foster leadership for peace among youth.\nApproach: Inspirational and knowledge sharing – By bringing to life the struggles and stories of each of the laureates, the campaign seeks to inspire youth with the examples of courage and non-violence set by the laureates with a message of hope and possibility. Also, by introducing the work of the laureate organizations and the backgrounds of each of the laureates, the campaign will share knowledge about institutional mandates, and the geo-political contexts in which peace has thrived.","title":"Youth Program"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akroterion
Acroterion
["1 Etymology","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Architectural ornament of a classical building Examples of acroteria An acroterion, acroterium, (pl. akroteria) is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment of a building in the classical style. An acroterion placed at the outer angles of the pediment is an acroterion angularium (angulārium means ‘at the corners’). The acroterion may take a wide variety of forms, such as a statue, tripod, disc, urn, palmette or some other sculpted feature. Acroteria are also found in Gothic architecture. They are sometimes incorporated into furniture designs. Etymology The word comes from the Greek akrōtḗrion (ἀκρωτήριον 'summit, extremity'), from the comparative form of the adjective ἄκρος, ("extreme", "endmost") + -τερος (comparative suffix) + -ιον (substantivizing neuter form of adjectival suffix -ιος). It was Latinized by the Romans as acroterium. Acroteria is the plural of both the original Greek and the Latin form. According to Webb, during the Hellenistic period the winged victory or Nike figure was considered to be "the most appropriate motif for figured akroteria.” Gallery Ancient Greek acroterion as Nike, by Paionios, 421 BC, marble, Archaeological Museum of Olympia, Olympia, Greece Ancient Greek acroterion of a Nereid on horseback, c.380 BC, marble, National Archaeological Museum, Athens Ancient Greek akroterion, 350–325 BC, marble, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Akroterion of the grave monument of Timotheos and Nikon, 350–325 BC, marble, Metropolitan Museum of Art Ancient Greek acroteria from a temple of Artemis, 330-300 BC, marble, Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus, Epidaurus, Greece, Ancient Greek acroteria of the Tomb III, Agios Athanasios, Greece, 325-300 BC Etruscan with a mascaron of Silenus, 4th century BC, ceramic, Neues Museum, Berlin Romanesque acroterion of the Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul de Rosheim , Rosheim, France, unknown sculptor or architect, c.1150 Renaissance acroteria of the Villa La Rotonda, outside Vicenza, Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio, 1566-1590s Neoclassical acroteria with mascarons on the Grave of Lupin-Roux family, Loyasse Cemetery, Lyon, sculpted by Pierre-Marie Prost, c.1830 Neoclassical acroteria of a window of the Großer Blumenberg, Leipzig, Germany, designed by Albert Geutebrück mid-19th century Neoclassical pediment with acroteria of the Grave of Alexandrina Grejdanescu and Barbu Grejdanescu, Bellu Cemetery, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1871 Greek Revival sphinx acroterion of the Academy of Athens, designed by Theophil Hansen, 1885 Japanese acroterion, illustrations by Abel Guérineau, 1887 Beaux Arts acroterion of the Collège Franklin (Boulevard Louis-XIV no. 5), Lille, France, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1900 Beaux Arts acroterion above a window of Strada Grigore Cobălcescu no. 14, Bucharest, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1900 Beaux Arts acroterion above a window of Strada Bocșa no. 2, Bucharest, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1900 Art Nouveau acroterion of a stove in the Mița the Cyclist House (Strada Biserica Amzei no. 9), Bucharest, possibly designed by Nicolae C. Mihăescu, 1908 Art Deco acroterion of the Dinicu Golescu Entrance of the Northern Railway Station, Bucharest, designed by Victor Gh. Ștephănescu, 1935 Postmodern acroterion of the Harold Washington Library, Chicago, by Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991 Postmodern acroteria on the pediment of the Children's Museum of Houston, Houston, US, by Robert Venturi, 1992 New Classical acroteria on the pediment of the Maitland Robinson Library, Downing College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, by Quinlan Terry, 1992 See also Antefix Finial List of classical architecture terms References ^ a b Webb, Pamela A. (1996). Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture: Figural motifs in western Anatolia and the Aegean islands. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 26. ^ "Acroterian". Merriam Webster. ^ Harris, Cyril M. (1983). Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture. Courier Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 9780486244440. ^ "acroterion - architecture". ^ "acroter". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ McCarver (ed.). "Glossary of architectural terms". McArver Ancient History. Greek Architecture. Porter-Gaud School. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ Smith, Philip (1875). "Acroterium". In Thayer, Bill (ed.). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. University of Chicago. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ Hopkins, Owen (2022). Reading Architecture - A Visual Lexicon. Laurence King. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-52942-034-0. ^ Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017). Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 85. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6. ^ Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017). Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 171. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6. ^ Gura, Judith (2017). Postmodern Design Complete. Thames & Hudson. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-500-51914-1. ^ Eleanor Gibson. "Seven of Robert Venturi's best postmodern projects". dezeen.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acroterion. "Acroterion". Encyclopædia Britannica. article 9003592.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orna105-Stirnziege.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"architectural ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(art)"},{"link_name":"plinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth"},{"link_name":"pediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"angulārium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angularis"},{"link_name":"palmette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmette"},{"link_name":"Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Examples of acroteriaAn acroterion, acroterium, (pl. akroteria)[1] is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment of a building in the classical style.[2] An acroterion placed at the outer angles of the pediment is an acroterion angularium (angulārium means ‘at the corners’).The acroterion may take a wide variety of forms, such as a statue, tripod, disc, urn, palmette or some other sculpted feature. Acroteria are also found in Gothic architecture.[3] They are sometimes incorporated into furniture designs.[4]","title":"Acroterion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"ἄκρος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"-τερος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"-ιον","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD"},{"link_name":"-ιος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"Latinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinization_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The word comes from the Greek akrōtḗrion (ἀκρωτήριον 'summit, extremity'), from the comparative form of the adjective ἄκρος, (\"extreme\", \"endmost\") + -τερος (comparative suffix) + -ιον (substantivizing neuter form of adjectival suffix -ιος). It was Latinized by the Romans as acroterium.[5] Acroteria is the plural of both the original Greek[6] and the Latin form.[7]According to Webb, during the Hellenistic period the winged victory or Nike figure was considered to be \"the most appropriate motif for figured akroteria.”[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nike_of_Paionios,_Olympia_Archaeological_Museum_(16309967616).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Paionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paionios"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Museum of Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Marble_Statue_(28207918510).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nereid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereids"},{"link_name":"National Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_akroterion_MET_DT259543.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_akroterion_of_the_grave_monument_of_Timotheos_and_Nikon_MET_GR97.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artemis_Temple,_akroteria,_330-300_BC,_AM_of_Epidaurus,_202546.jpg"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Epidaurus"},{"link_name":"Epidaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidaurus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agios_Athanasios,_Ancient_Macedonian_Tomb_-_II_(36979099971).jpg"},{"link_name":"Agios Athanasios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etruscan_antefix_with_head_of_Silen_and_anthemien_nimbus,_4th_century_BC,_from_Cerveteri,_Italy,_ceramic,_Antikensammlung_TC_6681.2d,_in_the_Neues_Museum,_Berlin_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_architecture"},{"link_name":"mascaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Silenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenus"},{"link_name":"Neues Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:._Statue_sur_le_to%C3%AEt_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_Saint_Pierre_et_Paul.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul de Rosheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89glise_Saints-Pierre-et-Paul_de_Rosheim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosheim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:06-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Villa La Rotonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_La_Rotonda"},{"link_name":"Vicenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicenza"},{"link_name":"Andrea Palladio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyon_5e_-_Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Loyasse_-_All%C3%A9e_7_-_Tombe_Lupin-Roux_-_Fa%C3%A7ade_principale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"mascarons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Loyasse Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyasse_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Marie Prost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Marie_Prost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blumenberg_Fenster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Großer Blumenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gro%C3%9Fer_Blumenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Albert Geutebrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Geutebr%C3%BCck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Alexandrina_Grejdanescu_and_Barbu_Grejdanescu_in_the_Bellu_Cemetery_in_Bucharest,_Romania_(02).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bellu Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellu_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx-University_of_Athens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Academy of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)#Main_building"},{"link_name":"Theophil Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophil_Hansen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COUVERTURES_EN_TUILES_AU_JAPON_Amortissements_divers.png"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_architecture"},{"link_name":"Abel Guérineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abel_Gu%C3%A9rineau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soleil_coll%C3%A8ge_Franklin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beaux Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux_Arts_architecture"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14_Strada_Grigore_Cob%C4%83lcescu,_Bucharest_(07).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_Strada_Boc%C8%99a,_Bucharest_(02).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_Nouveau_polychrome_tiled_stove_in_the_Mi%C8%9Ba_the_Cyclist_House,_Bucharest_(04).jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Mița the Cyclist House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi%C8%9Ba_the_Cyclist_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicolae C. Mihăescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_C._Mih%C4%83escu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bucharest,_Gara_de_Nord_(15483566168).jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Northern Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Victor Gh. Ștephănescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Gh._%C8%98teph%C4%83nescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_(3392204396).jpg"},{"link_name":"Postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Harold Washington Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Washington_Library"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Hammond, Beeby & Babka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Beeby"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoustonChildrenMuseum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Children's Museum of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maitland_Robinson_Library,_Cambridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Downing College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_College"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Quinlan Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinlan_Terry"}],"text":"Ancient Greek acroterion as Nike, by Paionios, 421 BC, marble, Archaeological Museum of Olympia, Olympia, Greece\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Greek acroterion of a Nereid on horseback, c.380 BC, marble, National Archaeological Museum, Athens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Greek akroterion, 350–325 BC, marble, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAkroterion of the grave monument of Timotheos and Nikon, 350–325 BC, marble, Metropolitan Museum of Art\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Greek acroteria from a temple of Artemis, 330-300 BC, marble, Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus, Epidaurus, Greece,\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Greek acroteria of the Tomb III, Agios Athanasios, Greece, 325-300 BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEtruscan with a mascaron of Silenus, 4th century BC, ceramic, Neues Museum, Berlin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRomanesque acroterion of the Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul de Rosheim , Rosheim, France, unknown sculptor or architect, c.1150\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRenaissance acroteria of the Villa La Rotonda, outside Vicenza, Italy, designed by Andrea Palladio, 1566-1590s[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeoclassical acroteria with mascarons on the Grave of Lupin-Roux family, Loyasse Cemetery, Lyon, sculpted by Pierre-Marie Prost, c.1830\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeoclassical acroteria of a window of the Großer Blumenberg, Leipzig, Germany, designed by Albert Geutebrück mid-19th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeoclassical pediment with acroteria of the Grave of Alexandrina Grejdanescu and Barbu Grejdanescu, Bellu Cemetery, Bucharest, Romania, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1871\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGreek Revival sphinx acroterion of the Academy of Athens, designed by Theophil Hansen, 1885\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJapanese acroterion, illustrations by Abel Guérineau, 1887\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeaux Arts acroterion of the Collège Franklin (Boulevard Louis-XIV no. 5), Lille, France, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeaux Arts acroterion above a window of Strada Grigore Cobălcescu no. 14, Bucharest, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeaux Arts acroterion above a window of Strada Bocșa no. 2, Bucharest, unknown architect or sculptor, c.1900\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArt Nouveau acroterion of a stove in the Mița the Cyclist House (Strada Biserica Amzei no. 9), Bucharest, possibly designed by Nicolae C. Mihăescu,[9] 1908\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArt Deco acroterion of the Dinicu Golescu Entrance of the Northern Railway Station, Bucharest, designed by Victor Gh. Ștephănescu, 1935[10]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPostmodern acroterion of the Harold Washington Library, Chicago, by Hammond, Beeby & Babka, 1991[11]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPostmodern acroteria on the pediment of the Children's Museum of Houston, Houston, US, by Robert Venturi, 1992[12]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNew Classical acroteria on the pediment of the Maitland Robinson Library, Downing College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, by Quinlan Terry, 1992","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Examples of acroteria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Orna105-Stirnziege.png/220px-Orna105-Stirnziege.png"}]
[{"title":"Antefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antefix"},{"title":"Finial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finial"},{"title":"List of classical architecture terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_classical_architecture_terms"}]
[{"reference":"Webb, Pamela A. (1996). Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture: Figural motifs in western Anatolia and the Aegean islands. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Acroterian\". Merriam Webster.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acroterion","url_text":"\"Acroterian\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Cyril M. (1983). Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture. Courier Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 9780486244440.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6n4JLmyooTwC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486244440","url_text":"9780486244440"}]},{"reference":"\"acroterion - architecture\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4232/acroterion","url_text":"\"acroterion - architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"acroter\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=acroter","url_text":"\"acroter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"McCarver (ed.). \"Glossary of architectural terms\". McArver Ancient History. Greek Architecture. Porter-Gaud School. Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060908112246/http://www.portergaud.edu/academic/faculty/mcarver/ancienthistory/greekarchitectureglossary.html","url_text":"\"Glossary of architectural terms\""},{"url":"http://www.portergaud.edu/academic/faculty/mcarver/ancienthistory/greekarchitectureglossary.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Philip (1875). \"Acroterium\". In Thayer, Bill (ed.). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. University of Chicago. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Acroterium.html","url_text":"\"Acroterium\""}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Owen (2022). Reading Architecture - A Visual Lexicon. Laurence King. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-52942-034-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52942-034-0","url_text":"978-1-52942-034-0"}]},{"reference":"Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017). Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 85. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6","url_text":"978-973-0-23884-6"}]},{"reference":"Mariana Celac, Octavian Carabela and Marius Marcu-Lapadat (2017). Bucharest Architecture - an annotated guide. Ordinul Arhitecților din România. p. 171. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-0-23884-6","url_text":"978-973-0-23884-6"}]},{"reference":"Gura, Judith (2017). Postmodern Design Complete. Thames & Hudson. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-500-51914-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51914-1","url_text":"978-0-500-51914-1"}]},{"reference":"Eleanor Gibson. \"Seven of Robert Venturi's best postmodern projects\". dezeen.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2018/09/19/robert-venturi-best-postmodern-architecture-projects/","url_text":"\"Seven of Robert Venturi's best postmodern projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acroterion\". Encyclopædia Britannica. article 9003592.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003592/acroterion","url_text":"\"Acroterion\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Kato
Hiroshi Kato
["1 Coaching career","2 Managerial statistics","3 References","4 External links"]
Japanese footballer and manager For the Aikido master, see Hiroshi Kato (aikido). Hiroshi Kato加藤 寛Personal informationFull name Hiroshi KatoDate of birth (1951-01-29) January 29, 1951 (age 73)Place of birth Kume District, Okayama, JapanYouth careerYears Team1967–1969 Kobe Fukiai High School1970–1973 Osaka University of Health and Sport SciencesManagerial career1997 Vissel Kobe2004 Vissel Kobe Hiroshi Kato (加藤 寛, Katō Hiroshi, born January 29, 1951) is a former Japanese football player and manager. Coaching career Kato was born in Kume District, Okayama on January 29, 1951. He joined Vissel Kobe in 1995, and he managed youth team. In October 1997, top team manager Stuart Baxter was sacked end of 1997 season. Kato managed the club as caretaker in Emperor's Cup in December. In 2004, manager Ivan Hašek resigned in September and Kato became a new manager in October. He managed 7 matches until end of 2004 season. Managerial statistics Team From To Record G W D L Win % Vissel Kobe 2004 2004 7 4 1 2 057.14 Total 7 4 1 2 057.14 References ^ Vissel Kobe(in Japanese) ^ Vissel Kobe(in Japanese) ^ J.League Data Site(in Japanese) External links Hiroshi Kato manager profile at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) jsgoal.jp vteVissel Kobe – managers Baxter (1995–97) Kato (1997) Floro (1998) Kori (1998) Kawakatsu (1999–02) Matsuda (2002) Soejima (2003) Hašek (2004) Kato (2004) Matsunaga (2005) Leão (2005) Řehák (2005) Baxter (2006) Matsuda (2006–08) Caio Júnior (2009) Wadac (2009) T. Miura (2009–10) Wada (2010–12) Adachi (2012) Nishino (2012) Adachi (2012–14) Nelsinho (2015–17) Yoshida (2017–18) Hayashic (2018) Lillo (2018–19) Yoshida (2019) Fink (2019–20) A. Miura (2020–22) Planagumàc (2022) Lotina (2022) Yoshida (2022–) (c) = caretaker manager This biographical article related to Japanese association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiroshi Kato (aikido)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Kato_(aikido)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"For the Aikido master, see Hiroshi Kato (aikido).Hiroshi Kato (加藤 寛, Katō Hiroshi, born January 29, 1951) is a former Japanese football player and manager.","title":"Hiroshi Kato"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kume District, Okayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kume_District,_Okayama"},{"link_name":"Vissel Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vissel_Kobe"},{"link_name":"Stuart Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Baxter"},{"link_name":"1997 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_J.League"},{"link_name":"Emperor's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Emperor%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Hašek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ha%C5%A1ek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kato was born in Kume District, Okayama on January 29, 1951. He joined Vissel Kobe in 1995, and he managed youth team. In October 1997, top team manager Stuart Baxter was sacked end of 1997 season. Kato managed the club as caretaker in Emperor's Cup in December.[1] In 2004, manager Ivan Hašek resigned in September and Kato became a new manager in October.[2] He managed 7 matches until end of 2004 season.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"[3]","title":"Managerial statistics"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.vissel-kobe.co.jp/club/history/1997.html","external_links_name":"Vissel Kobe"},{"Link":"https://www.vissel-kobe.co.jp/club/history/2004.html","external_links_name":"Vissel Kobe"},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX07/?staff_id=1027","external_links_name":"J.League Data Site"},{"Link":"https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX07/?staff_id=1027","external_links_name":"Hiroshi Kato manager profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://data.j-league.or.jp/SFIX07/?staff_id=1027","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316001726/http://www1.jsgoal.jp/official/00012000/00012405.html","external_links_name":"jsgoal.jp"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroshi_Kato&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_cricket_team
Western Australia cricket team
["1 History","2 Honours","3 Identity","4 Current squad","5 Coaching staff","6 Lists of players","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Cricket team in Australia "Western Warriors" redirects here. For the baseball team, see Western Warriors (baseball). For the association football (soccer team), see Western Warriors SC. Western AustraliaPersonnelCaptain Mitch MarshCoach Adam VogesTeam informationColours   Gold & BlackFounded1893; 131 years ago (1893)Home groundWACA Ground (1899–)Capacity20,000HistoryFirst-class debutSouth Australiain 1893at Adelaide OvalSheffield Shield wins18 (1948, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1998, 1999, 2022, 2023, 2024)One-Day Cup wins17 (1971, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023)Official websiteWACA First-class One-day The Western Australian men’s cricket team, formerly nicknamed the Western Warriors, represent the Australian state of Western Australia in Australian domestic cricket. The team is selected and supported by the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA), and plays its home games at the WACA Ground and Perth Stadium in Perth. The team mainly plays matches against other Australian states in the first-class Sheffield Shield competition and the limited-overs JLT One-Day Cup, but occasionally plays matches against touring international sides. Western Australia previously also fielded sides at Twenty20 level, but was replaced by the Perth Scorchers for the inaugural 2011–12 season of the Big Bash League. Western Australia's current captain is Mitchell Marsh, and the current coach is Adam Voges. History Western Australia played their opening first-class matches on a tour of the Eastern states during the 1892–93 season, playing two games, against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval, and against Victoria at the MCG. The team was captained by Herbert Orr. They continued to play first-class matches against South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales, interspersed with matches against visiting teams from overseas, until they were admitted to the Sheffield Shield for the 1947–48 season. They played each other state only once a season at first, then beginning in 1956–57 they began playing each state twice, like the other teams. Since joining the Sheffield Shield in 1947–48, Western Australia has won the competition 16 times, second only to New South Wales in that period. In the One-Day Cup, the team leads the winners table comfortably with 16 wins followed by New South Wales with twelve wins. Western Australia men’s team were known as the Warriors from 1995-2019. This logo was used from 2013-2019. The state has a history of producing Australian Test players such as Justin Langer, Dennis Lillee, Adam Gilchrist, Michael Hussey, Terry Alderman and Geoff Marsh, along with Shaun Marsh, Marcus North, Adam Voges, and Mitchell Marsh in recent times. Englishman Tony Lock also represented his country in the 1967–68 season as a WA player – he was no longer attached to any English county. Aside from test players, several Western Australian players have recently made their international debut in other forms of the game, such as Joel Paris with his One Day International debut, and Andrew Tye with his debut in international Twenty20 cricket. Langer was appointed as coach of WA, along with the Perth Scorchers, in late 2012 and oversaw a period of success after almost a decade without silverware. Langer's Warriors won the 2014–15 One-Day Cup, while the side were Sheffield Shield runners-up in both 2013–14 and 2014–15. The Scorchers also went back-to-back in the Big Bash League in 2013–14 and 2014–15 along with a further title 2016–17. Following Langer’s appointment as Australian coach in 2018, recently retired captain and former test batsmen Adam Voges was selected as the Warriors new coach. Under Voges watch, WA won the 2019-20 One-Day Cup, but its struggles in ending its Sheffield Shield drought continued. They still produced more International players during this time, but mainly in limited overs cricket, with Jhye Richardson and Cameron Green both making test debuts in recent years. The summer of 2021–22 became a highly successful summer for WA, winning another One-Day Cup (its second in three years with a win over New South Wales and fourth in a decade), while the Scorchers also took home its fourth BBL title, both being achieved despite being on the road for several weeks due to COVID-19 restrictions preventing both teams to play at home despite finishing first in both competitions. The Sheffield Shield, the one title that eluded WA for 23 years, was ended in a home draw against Victoria but won on first innings bonus points. Shaun Marsh captained the team to victory 21 years after his first-class debut. Honours Sheffield Shield (17) 1948, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1998, 1999, 2022, 2023 One-Day Cup (16) 1971, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023 Identity The Western Australian team’s uniform has largely remained unchanged with a black baggy cap used for its Sheffield Shield uniform, and a gold shirt with black trousers used for its One-Day Cup uniform. Previously, the WA team wore a predominantly black uniform for the former state based Big Bash competition. The team is currently sponsored by Healthway WA's alcohol health problem related program, "Alcohol: Think Again", after being associated with electronics retailer Retravision for over 20 years. Prior to adopting a nickname, the Western Australian team was known under the state's name or the WACA name. In 1995, the ACB announced that all state cricket associations, including the WACA, would give their state teams nicknames, with the Warriors name chosen for the WA men’s team due to the state team's history of being resilient. In 2014, following a rebrand for the WACA, the team returned to using baggy black caps, after using baggy gold caps since the 1970s. The rest of the teams uniform remained unchanged. In 2019, the WACA announced that the Warriors nickname, along with the Fury name for the women's team, would be discontinued for both teams. Current squad Sources: WACA Players with international caps are listed in bold. No. Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Contract Type & Notes Batters 11 Cameron Bancroft (1992-11-19) 19 November 1992 (age 31) Right-handed Right-arm off break 35 Hilton Cartwright (1992-02-14) 14 February 1992 (age 32) Right-handed Right-arm medium 8 Cooper Connolly (2003-08-22) 22 August 2003 (age 20) Left-handed Slow left-arm orthodox 28 Sam Fanning (2000-10-20) 20 October 2000 (age 23) Left-handed — 19 Nick Hobson (1994-08-22) 22 August 1994 (age 29) Right-handed — Marsh Cup squad 23 D'Arcy Short (1990-08-09) 9 August 1990 (age 33) Left-handed Left-arm unorthodox 17 Ashton Turner (1993-01-25) 25 January 1993 (age 31) Right-handed Right-arm off break 9 Sam Whiteman (1992-03-19) 19 March 1992 (age 32) Left-handed — 48 Teague Wyllie (2004-04-14) 14 April 2004 (age 20) Right-handed — All-rounders 7 Jayden Goodwin (2001-12-13) 13 December 2001 (age 22) Right-handed Right-arm leg break Rookie contract 31 Cameron Green (1999-06-03) 3 June 1999 (age 25) Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium Cricket Australia contract 21 Aaron Hardie (1999-01-07) 7 January 1999 (age 25) Right-handed Right-arm medium-fast 10 Mitch Marsh (1991-10-20) 20 October 1991 (age 32) Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium Captain & Cricket Australia contract 16 Marcus Stoinis (1989-08-16) 16 August 1989 (age 34) Right-handed Right-arm medium-fast Cricket Australia contract Wicket-keepers 95 Josh Inglis (1995-05-04) 4 May 1995 (age 29) Right-handed — Cricket Australia contract Spin Bowlers 18 Ashton Agar (1993-10-14) 14 October 1993 (age 30) Left-handed Slow left-arm orthodox Cricket Australia contract - Hamish McKenzie (1999-09-21) 21 September 1999 (age 24) Left-handed Left-arm unorthodox 77 Corey Rocchiccioli (1997-10-08) 8 October 1997 (age 26) Right-handed Right-arm off break Pace Bowlers 5 Jason Behrendorff (1990-04-20) 20 April 1990 (age 34) Right-handed Left-arm fast-medium 24 Cameron Gannon (1989-01-23) 23 January 1989 (age 35) Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium Australian passport 25 Sam Greer – Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium Rookie contract 25 Liam Haskett (2001-05-31) 31 May 2001 (age 23) Right-handed Left-arm fast-medium 26 Bryce Jackson – Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium 12 Matt Kelly (1994-12-07) 7 December 1994 (age 29) Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium 1 Lance Morris (1998-03-28) 28 March 1998 (age 26) Right-handed Right-arm fast Cricket Australia contract 3 Joel Paris (1992-11-12) 12 November 1992 (age 31) Left-handed Left-arm fast-medium 2 Jhye Richardson (1996-09-20) 20 September 1996 (age 27) Right-handed Right-arm fast Cricket Australia contract 13 Charlie Stobo (1995-03-08) 8 March 1995 (age 29) Right-handed Right-arm medium 68 Andrew Tye (1986-12-12) 12 December 1986 (age 37) Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium Marsh Cup squad Coaching staff This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Head coach: Adam Voges Assistant coach: Geoff Marsh Development coach - Under 19s: Wayne Andrews Physiotherapist: Nick Jones Strength & Conditioning Coordinator: Warren Andrews Performance analysis Coordinator: Dean Plunkett Lists of players Main article: List of Western Australia cricketers See also Cricket portalWestern Australia portal Cricket in Western Australia Western Australia women's cricket team Perth Scorchers References ^ "WACA Ground | Austadiums". ^ "Domestic Cricket Changes". ^ South Australia v Western Australia, 27, 28 March 1893, at the Adelaide Oval – CricketArchive. Published 18 July 2011. ^ Victoria v Western Australia, 1, 3, 4 April 1893, at the MCG – CricketArchive. Published 18 July 2011. ^ "A history of the Sheffield Shield". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ "The Western Warriors name change a sign of the times". www.roar.com.au. Retrieved 21 September 2019. ^ "Mitch Marsh | cricket.com.au". www.cricket.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ "WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia". waca.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ "WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia". waca.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2016. External links Official Website of the Western Australian Cricket Association Official Website of Cricket Australia vte Cricket in Australia Cricket Australia National teams Men Women Australia A Men U-19 Women U-19 Indigenous State federations New South Wales Country NSW Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Northern Territory Australian Capital Territory State teams New South Wales Men Women Queensland Men Women South Australia Men Women Tasmania Men Women Victoria Men Women Western Australia Men Women Australian Capital Territory Men Women New Zealand Cricket Australia XI Rest of Australia Northern Territory Men Women Notes Italics indicate that the team no longer competes in state cricket Big Bash Leaguefranchise teams Adelaide Strikers Brisbane Heat Hobart Hurricanes Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars Perth Scorchers Sydney Sixers Sydney Thunder Women's Big Bash Leaguefranchise teams Adelaide Strikers Brisbane Heat Hobart Hurricanes Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars Perth Scorchers Sydney Sixers Sydney Thunder Competitions Sheffield Shield Marsh One-Day Cup KFC Twenty20 Big Bash Big Bash League Second XI Australian Women's Cricket Championships Women's National Cricket League Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup Women's Big Bash League Grade cricket GroundsInternational Adelaide Oval Bellerive Oval The Gabba Manuka Oval Melbourne Cricket Ground Perth Stadium Sydney Cricket Ground Domestic Allan Border Field Drummoyne Oval Junction Oval Karen Rolton Oval North Sydney Oval WACA Ground York Park Others Honours Allan Border Medal Belinda Clark Award Hall of Fame Lists Captains Test cricket records Test cricketers Test wicket-keepers Women's Test cricketers ODI cricket records ODI cricketers ODI wicket-keepers WODI cricketers T20I cricket records T20I cricketers T20I wicket-keepers WT20I cricketers Other Prime Minister's XI National Performance Squad Australian Cricket Academy Australian Cricketers' Association History of Australian cricket Intercolonial cricket in Australia Boxing Day Test Big Six cricket dispute of 1912 World Series Cricket Underarm bowling incident of 1981 John the bookmaker controversy 2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal The Test: A New Era for Australia's Team New South Wales selection bias vteProfessional sports teams based in PerthAustralian rulesfootball AFL: Fremantle West Coast Eagles AFLW: Fremantle West Coast Eagles Baseball ABL: Perth Heat Basketball NBL: Perth Wildcats WNBL: Perth Lynx Bowls BPL: Perth Suns Cricket Sheffield Shield / One-Day Cup: Western Warriors BBL: Perth Scorchers WNCL: Western Australia WBBL: Perth Scorchers Field hockey AHL: WA Thundersticks (men's) AHL: WA Diamonds (women's) Hockey One: Perth Thundersticks (men's & women's) Ice hockey AIHL: Perth Thunder AWIHL: Perth Inferno Netball Suncorp Super Netball: West Coast Fever Rugby union Global Rapid Rugby/NRC: Western Force Soccer A-League Men: Perth Glory A-League Women: Perth Glory Water polo ANWPL: Fremantle Mariners Fremantle Marlins UWA Torpedoes Main article: Sport in Western Australia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Warriors (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Warriors_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Western Warriors SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Warriors_SC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WesternAustraliaCricketKit.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"domestic cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australian Cricket Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Cricket_Association"},{"link_name":"WACA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACA_Ground"},{"link_name":"Perth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"limited-overs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"JLT One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_domestic_limited-overs_cricket_tournament"},{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Perth Scorchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Scorchers"},{"link_name":"2011–12 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Big_Bash_League"},{"link_name":"Big Bash League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bash_League"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Adam Voges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Voges"}],"text":"\"Western Warriors\" redirects here. For the baseball team, see Western Warriors (baseball). For the association football (soccer team), see Western Warriors SC.The Western Australian men’s cricket team, formerly nicknamed the Western Warriors,[2] represent the Australian state of Western Australia in Australian domestic cricket. The team is selected and supported by the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA), and plays its home games at the WACA Ground and Perth Stadium in Perth.The team mainly plays matches against other Australian states in the first-class Sheffield Shield competition and the limited-overs JLT One-Day Cup, but occasionally plays matches against touring international sides. Western Australia previously also fielded sides at Twenty20 level, but was replaced by the Perth Scorchers for the inaugural 2011–12 season of the Big Bash League. Western Australia's current captain is Mitchell Marsh, and the current coach is Adam Voges.","title":"Western Australia cricket team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Eastern states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Redbacks"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Oval"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Bushrangers"},{"link_name":"MCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Herbert Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Orr"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_domestic_limited-overs_cricket_tournament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Warriors_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Justin Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Langer"},{"link_name":"Dennis Lillee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lillee"},{"link_name":"Adam Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Michael Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hussey"},{"link_name":"Terry Alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Alderman"},{"link_name":"Geoff Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Shaun Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Marcus North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_North"},{"link_name":"Adam Voges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Voges"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joel Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Paris"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Andrew Tye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tye"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Perth Scorchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Scorchers"},{"link_name":"One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_domestic_limited-overs_cricket_tournament"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"Big Bash League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bash_League"},{"link_name":"Adam Voges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Voges"},{"link_name":"Jhye Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhye_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Cameron Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Green"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Shaun Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Marsh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Western Australia played their opening first-class matches on a tour of the Eastern states during the 1892–93 season, playing two games, against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval,[3] and against Victoria at the MCG.[4] The team was captained by Herbert Orr.They continued to play first-class matches against South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales, interspersed with matches against visiting teams from overseas, until they were admitted to the Sheffield Shield for the 1947–48 season. They played each other state only once a season at first, then beginning in 1956–57 they began playing each state twice, like the other teams.Since joining the Sheffield Shield in 1947–48, Western Australia has won the competition 16 times, second only to New South Wales in that period.[5] In the One-Day Cup, the team leads the winners table comfortably with 16 wins followed by New South Wales with twelve wins.Western Australia men’s team were known as the Warriors from 1995-2019. This logo was used from 2013-2019.[6]The state has a history of producing Australian Test players such as Justin Langer, Dennis Lillee, Adam Gilchrist, Michael Hussey, Terry Alderman and Geoff Marsh, along with Shaun Marsh, Marcus North, Adam Voges, and Mitchell Marsh[7] in recent times. Englishman Tony Lock also represented his country in the 1967–68 season as a WA player – he was no longer attached to any English county.Aside from test players, several Western Australian players have recently made their international debut in other forms of the game, such as Joel Paris[8] with his One Day International debut, and Andrew Tye[9] with his debut in international Twenty20 cricket.Langer was appointed as coach of WA, along with the Perth Scorchers, in late 2012 and oversaw a period of success after almost a decade without silverware. Langer's Warriors won the 2014–15 One-Day Cup, while the side were Sheffield Shield runners-up in both 2013–14 and 2014–15. The Scorchers also went back-to-back in the Big Bash League in 2013–14 and 2014–15 along with a further title 2016–17.Following Langer’s appointment as Australian coach in 2018, recently retired captain and former test batsmen Adam Voges was selected as the Warriors new coach. Under Voges watch, WA won the 2019-20 One-Day Cup, but its struggles in ending its Sheffield Shield drought continued. They still produced more International players during this time, but mainly in limited overs cricket, with Jhye Richardson and Cameron Green both making test debuts in recent years.The summer of 2021–22 became a highly successful summer for WA, winning another One-Day Cup (its second in three years with a win over New South Wales and fourth in a decade), while the Scorchers also took home its fourth BBL title, both being achieved despite being on the road for several weeks due to COVID-19 restrictions preventing both teams to play at home despite finishing first in both competitions. The Sheffield Shield, the one title that eluded WA for 23 years, was ended in a home draw against Victoria but won on first innings bonus points. Shaun Marsh captained the team to victory 21 years after his first-class debut.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_domestic_limited-overs_cricket_tournament"}],"text":"Sheffield Shield (17)1948, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1998, 1999, 2022, 2023One-Day Cup (16)1971, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Healthway WA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Healthway_WA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Retravision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retravision"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Western Australian team’s uniform has largely remained unchanged with a black baggy cap used for its Sheffield Shield uniform, and a gold shirt with black trousers used for its One-Day Cup uniform. Previously, the WA team wore a predominantly black uniform for the former state based Big Bash competition. The team is currently sponsored by Healthway WA's alcohol health problem related program, \"Alcohol: Think Again\", after being associated with electronics retailer Retravision for over 20 years.[citation needed]Prior to adopting a nickname, the Western Australian team was known under the state's name or the WACA name. In 1995, the ACB announced that all state cricket associations, including the WACA, would give their state teams nicknames, with the Warriors name chosen for the WA men’s team due to the state team's history of being resilient.In 2014, following a rebrand for the WACA, the team returned to using baggy black caps, after using baggy gold caps since the 1970s. The rest of the teams uniform remained unchanged.In 2019, the WACA announced that the Warriors nickname, along with the Fury name for the women's team, would be discontinued for both teams.[citation needed]","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.waca.com.au/cricket/warriors/warriors.asp"}],"text":"Sources: WACA\nPlayers with international caps are listed in bold.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Voges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Voges"},{"link_name":"Geoff Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Wayne Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Andrews_(cricketer)"}],"text":"Head coach: Adam Voges\nAssistant coach: Geoff Marsh\nDevelopment coach - Under 19s: Wayne Andrews\nPhysiotherapist: Nick Jones\nStrength & Conditioning Coordinator: Warren Andrews\nPerformance analysis Coordinator: Dean Plunkett","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lists of players"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/WesternAustraliaCricketKit.svg/260px-WesternAustraliaCricketKit.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Western Australia men’s team were known as the Warriors from 1995-2019. This logo was used from 2013-2019.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/Western_Warriors_logo.png/220px-Western_Warriors_logo.png"}]
[{"title":"Cricket portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cricket"},{"title":"Western Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia"},{"title":"Cricket in Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_Western_Australia"},{"title":"Western Australia women's cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Fury"},{"title":"Perth Scorchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Scorchers"}]
[{"reference":"\"WACA Ground | Austadiums\".","urls":[{"url":"https://m.austadiums.com/stadium.php?id=131","url_text":"\"WACA Ground | Austadiums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Domestic Cricket Changes\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waca.com.au/news/domestic-cricket-changes/2019-07-29","url_text":"\"Domestic Cricket Changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"A history of the Sheffield Shield\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html","url_text":"\"A history of the Sheffield Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Western Warriors name change a sign of the times\". www.roar.com.au. Retrieved 21 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theroar.com.au/2019/09/21/the-western-warriors-name-change-a-sign-of-the-times/","url_text":"\"The Western Warriors name change a sign of the times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mitch Marsh | cricket.com.au\". www.cricket.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricket.com.au/players/mitch-marsh/6Fq1pELh7kixB9DttoOvyw","url_text":"\"Mitch Marsh | cricket.com.au\""}]},{"reference":"\"WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia\". waca.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://waca.com.au/statecricket/profile.php?ID=141","url_text":"\"WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia\". waca.com.au. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://waca.com.au/statecricket/profile.php?ID=170","url_text":"\"WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.waca.com.au/","external_links_name":"WACA"},{"Link":"http://www.waca.com.au/cricket/warriors/warriors.asp","external_links_name":"WACA"},{"Link":"https://m.austadiums.com/stadium.php?id=131","external_links_name":"\"WACA Ground | Austadiums\""},{"Link":"https://www.waca.com.au/news/domestic-cricket-changes/2019-07-29","external_links_name":"\"Domestic Cricket Changes\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/3/3915.html","external_links_name":"South Australia v Western Australia"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/3/3917.html","external_links_name":"Victoria v Western Australia"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html","external_links_name":"\"A history of the Sheffield Shield\""},{"Link":"https://www.theroar.com.au/2019/09/21/the-western-warriors-name-change-a-sign-of-the-times/","external_links_name":"\"The Western Warriors name change a sign of the times\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricket.com.au/players/mitch-marsh/6Fq1pELh7kixB9DttoOvyw","external_links_name":"\"Mitch Marsh | cricket.com.au\""},{"Link":"http://waca.com.au/statecricket/profile.php?ID=141","external_links_name":"\"WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia\""},{"Link":"http://waca.com.au/statecricket/profile.php?ID=170","external_links_name":"\"WACA: Home of Cricket in Western Australia\""},{"Link":"http://www.waca.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official Website of the Western Australian Cricket Association"},{"Link":"http://www.cricket.com.au/portal/site","external_links_name":"Official Website of Cricket Australia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carter_(basketball)
James Carter (basketball)
["1 Professional career","2 National Team career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
James CarterPersonal informationBorn (1964-03-27) March 27, 1964 (age 60)New York City, New YorkNationalityPuerto RicanListed height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Listed weight182 lb (83 kg)Career informationCollegeSt. Thomas AquinasPlaying career1987–2006PositionPoint guardCareer history1987–2001Brujos de Guayama2001Indios de Mayagüez2002–2003Criollos de Caguas2004Capitanes de Arecibo2005Maratonistas de Coamo2006Brujos de Guayama1992-2000Explosivos de Moca LBP Career highlights and awards 2× BSN Most Valuable Player (1991, 1994) Medals Men’s basketball Representing  Puerto Rico Goodwill Games 1994 St. Petersburg Team competition James Raymond Carter Gaudino (born March 27, 1964) is a retired Puerto Rican basketball player. Carter spent most of his career as a point guard for the Brujos de Guayama of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN). Carter is currently the all-time assists leader of the league. During his 20-year career, he also played for the Indios de Mayagüez, Criollos de Caguas, Maratonistas de Coamo, and Capitanes de Arecibo. Carter also played since 1992 to the year 2000 for the Explosivos de Moca of the Liga de Baloncesto Puertorriqueña. Professional career Carter led the Brujos de Guayama to the Finals twice in his career (1991 and 1994), losing to the Atléticos de San Germán on both occasions. Carter was selected as one of the league's best players of the 1990s, along with Eddie Casiano, Javier "Toñito" Colón, Edgar León and José "Piculín" Ortiz. National Team career Carter also played for the Puerto Rico National Basketball Team and was one of the members of the team that won the gold medal at the 1994 Goodwill Games in St. Petersburg, Russia. Personal life James has a brother, B.J. Carter, who also played at the BSN. After retiring, Carter has participated in several charity tournaments with other players and celebrities. References ^ Líderes de Estadísticas en Baloncesto Superior Nacional on BSNPR.com ^ Escogen a los mejores jugadores del baloncesto on NoticiasOnline; Associated Press ^ Juntos para ayudar on El Nuevo Día; Santiago, Liz Sandra (May 22, 2011) ^ Cuarta Copa de Veteranos en Kissimmee on BSNPR.com (September 11, 2007) External links James Carter Profile on BSNPR.com vtePuerto Rico squad – 1994 Goodwill Games - Gold Medal 4 Ortiz 5 Lopez 6 Borges 7 R.Colon 8 Mincy 9 Carter 10 J.Colon 11 Vega 12 Allende 13 León 14 Casiano 15 Perez Coach: Morales
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_player"},{"link_name":"point guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_guard"},{"link_name":"Brujos de Guayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brujos_de_Guayama"},{"link_name":"Baloncesto Superior Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloncesto_Superior_Nacional"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Indios de Mayagüez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indios_de_Mayag%C3%BCez"},{"link_name":"Criollos de Caguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollos_de_Caguas_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Maratonistas de Coamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratonistas_de_Coamo"},{"link_name":"Capitanes de Arecibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitanes_de_Arecibo"}],"text":"James Raymond Carter Gaudino (born March 27, 1964) is a retired Puerto Rican basketball player. Carter spent most of his career as a point guard for the Brujos de Guayama of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN). Carter is currently the all-time assists leader of the league.[1] During his 20-year career, he also played for the Indios de Mayagüez, Criollos de Caguas, Maratonistas de Coamo, and Capitanes de Arecibo. Carter also played since 1992 to the year 2000 for the Explosivos de Moca of the Liga de Baloncesto Puertorriqueña.","title":"James Carter (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atléticos de San Germán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9ticos_de_San_Germ%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Eddie Casiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Casiano"},{"link_name":"Javier \"Toñito\" Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Antonio_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Edgar León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José \"Piculín\" Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortiz_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Carter led the Brujos de Guayama to the Finals twice in his career (1991 and 1994), losing to the Atléticos de San Germán on both occasions.Carter was selected as one of the league's best players of the 1990s, along with Eddie Casiano, Javier \"Toñito\" Colón, Edgar León and José \"Piculín\" Ortiz.[2]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico National Basketball Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1994 Goodwill Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Goodwill_Games"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"text":"Carter also played for the Puerto Rico National Basketball Team and was one of the members of the team that won the gold medal at the 1994 Goodwill Games in St. Petersburg, Russia.","title":"National Team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"James has a brother, B.J. Carter, who also played at the BSN.After retiring, Carter has participated in several charity tournaments with other players and celebrities.[3][4]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.bsnpr.com/estadisticas/lideres.asp?grupo=BS26&serie=1&liga=1&anio=2011&vida=2","external_links_name":"Líderes de Estadísticas en Baloncesto Superior Nacional"},{"Link":"http://www.noticiasonline.com/deportes/volleyball/det.asp?id=1425","external_links_name":"Escogen a los mejores jugadores del baloncesto"},{"Link":"http://www.elnuevodia.com/juntosparaayudar-971722.html","external_links_name":"Juntos para ayudar"},{"Link":"http://www.bsnpr.com/noticias/print_noticias.asp?r=3631","external_links_name":"Cuarta Copa de Veteranos en Kissimmee"},{"Link":"http://www.bsnpr.com/jugadores/jugador.asp?id=989&e=","external_links_name":"James Carter Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lawyer_(film)
The Lawyer (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 References","6 External links"]
1970 film by Sidney J. Furie The LawyerDirected bySidney J. FurieWritten bySidney J. FurieHarold BuchmanProduced byBrad DexterStarringBarry NewmanDiana MuldaurHarold GouldCinematographyRalph WoolseyEdited byArgyle Nelson Jr.Music byMalcolm DoddsProductioncompanyFurie ProductionsDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date March 10, 1970 (1970-03-10) (New York City) Running time120 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.8 million The Lawyer is a 1970 American courtroom drama film loosely based on the Sam Sheppard murder case in which a physician is charged with killing his wife following a highly publicized and sloppy investigation. The film was directed by Sidney J. Furie and stars Barry Newman as the energetic, opportunistic defense attorney Tony Petrocelli and Diana Muldaur as his wife Ruth Petrocelli., The film is the source of the role that Newman reprised in the television series Petrocelli. Plot Tony Petrocelli is a Harvard-educated attorney of Italian heritage who practices in an unidentified part of the American Southwest. He works (and drives) at a frenetic pace, not only because he is a zealous advocate for his defendants (mostly drunks and other small-time criminal cases) but also because of the vast distances of western prairie that he must cross in order to meet clients, investigate his cases and make court appointments. A major case lands in his lap when he is asked to defend a young, prosperous physician who expects to be charged with the bludgeoning murder of his socialite wife. Cast Barry Newman as Tony Petrocelli (based on F. Lee Bailey) Harold Gould as Eric P. Scott Diana Muldaur as Ruth Petrocelli Robert Colbert as Jack Harrison Kathleen Crowley as Alice Fiske Warren J. Kemmerling as Sergeant Moran (as Warren Kemmerling) Booth Colman as Judge Crawford Ken Swofford as Charlie O'Keefe E. J. André as F.J. Williamson William Sylvester as Paul Harrison Jeffery V. Thompson as Andy Greer (as Jeff Thompson) Tom Harvey as Bob Chambers Ivor Barry as Wyler Melendy Britt as Ann Greer John Himes as Myro McCauley Ralph Thomas as Mike Peterson Mary Charlotte Wilcox as Wilma Harrison (as Mary Wilcox) Gene O'Donnell as Judge Swackhammer Walter Mathews as Mr. Andre Ray Ballard as Mr. Canon James McEachin as Striker Robert L. Poyner as J.C. Hornby Michael Murphy as Intern in Legal Office (uncredited) Production The film was announced in 1966 and was inspired by the true life case of neurosurgeon Sam Sheppard whose conviction for the murder of his pregnant wife was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court and acquitted in a 1966 retrial. Sheppard's lawyer, F. Lee Bailey, sold the rights to Sheppard's book Endure and Conquer: My 12 Year Fight for Vindication to 20th Century Fox per an arrangement in which he'd forego direct payment from Sheppard for legal representation and reportedly received between $100,000-150,000. In addition to Sheppard's own book, Fox also purchased the rights to two books covering the case by reporter Paul Holmes as well as the book My Brother's Keeper written by Sheppard's brother Steven. Producers Norman Baer and Philip D'Antoni had initially optioned the rights to the story, but after the option expired Paramount Pictures acquired the rights. Sidney J. Furie became attached to direct having turned down the opportunity to direct M*A*S*H after finding the script to be too much of a mess. An early version of the film would've framed the film in a "Quasi-Documentary" style including the unconventional approach of having Bailey play himself but the approach was abandoned due to a lack of interest from the studio and Bailey left the film. Barry Newman who played the Bailey inspired character was unaware of this initial approach and openly admitted that he made the performance his own rather than a facsimile of Bailey. Norman Bogner initially collaborated with Furie on the script, but after Furie deemed their months of effort "uncinematic" Bogner left the project. fledgling producer Harry Korshak, youngest son of Paramount fixer Sidney Korshak, had befriended Furie leading to Korshak's father-in-law, blacklisted writer Harold Buchman, coming on board to re-write the script. In order to capture Bailey's mannerisms Furie, Buchman, and producer Brad Dexter followed Bailey on other cases in order to document his "performative" style in the courtroom, this prompted the crew to shift focus from the central murder to more on the character of the lawyer which was reflected with the title change where the original title The Sheppard Murder Case was instead replaced with The Lawyer. Despite being unknown at the time, Furie cast Barry Newman as the lead as he'd impressed him in the audition in a way no other had. Release The Lawyer had initially been intended for a 1969 release, but as Paramount was suffering financial difficulties and on the brink of bankruptcy the release was delayed. The Lawyer eventually opened in New York on March 10, 1970 followed by a wide release on May 15th of that year. References ^ a b c d e "The Lawyer (1970)". AFI. Retrieved April 29, 2023. ^ New York Times movie review by Vincent Canby ^ a b c d e f g h i Kremer, Daniel (2020). Sidney J. Furie: Life and Films. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813165967. External links The Lawyer at IMDb The Lawyer at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films The Lawyer at the TCM Movie Database vteFilms directed by Sidney J. Furie A Dangerous Age (1957) A Cool Sound from Hell (1959) Doctor Blood's Coffin (1961) The Snake Woman (1961) Three on a Spree (1961) During One Night (1961) The Young Ones (1961) The Boys (1962) The Leather Boys (1964) Wonderful Life (1964) The Ipcress File (1965) The Appaloosa (1966) The Naked Runner (1967) The Lawyer (1970) Little Fauss and Big Halsy (1970) Lady Sings the Blues (1972) Hit! (1973) Sheila Levine Is Dead and Living in New York (1975) Gable and Lombard (1976) The Boys in Company C (1978) The Entity (1982) Purple Hearts (1984) Iron Eagle (1986) Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) Iron Eagle II (1988) The Taking of Beverly Hills (1991) Ladybugs (1992) Iron Eagle on the Attack (1995) Hollow Point (1996) Top of the World (1997) The Rage (1997) Married to a Stranger (1997) Renegade Force (1998) In Her Defense (1999) My 5 Wives (2000) Cord (2000) Under Heavy Fire (2001) The Fraternity (2002) Global Heresy (2002) Partners in Action (2002) Detention (2003) Direct Action (2004) American Soldiers (2005) The Veteran (2006) Conduct Unbecoming (2011) The Dependables (2014)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"courtroom drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtroom_drama"},{"link_name":"Sam Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Sidney J. Furie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_J._Furie"},{"link_name":"Barry Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Newman"},{"link_name":"defense attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_attorney"},{"link_name":"Diana Muldaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Muldaur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Petrocelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocelli"}],"text":"The Lawyer is a 1970 American courtroom drama film loosely based on the Sam Sheppard murder case in which a physician is charged with killing his wife following a highly publicized and sloppy investigation. The film was directed by Sidney J. Furie and stars Barry Newman as the energetic, opportunistic defense attorney Tony Petrocelli and Diana Muldaur as his wife Ruth Petrocelli.,[2]The film is the source of the role that Newman reprised in the television series Petrocelli.","title":"The Lawyer (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest"}],"text":"Tony Petrocelli is a Harvard-educated attorney of Italian heritage who practices in an unidentified part of the American Southwest. He works (and drives) at a frenetic pace, not only because he is a zealous advocate for his defendants (mostly drunks and other small-time criminal cases) but also because of the vast distances of western prairie that he must cross in order to meet clients, investigate his cases and make court appointments.A major case lands in his lap when he is asked to defend a young, prosperous physician who expects to be charged with the bludgeoning murder of his socialite wife.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Newman"},{"link_name":"F. Lee Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Harold Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gould"},{"link_name":"Diana Muldaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Muldaur"},{"link_name":"Robert Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Colbert"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Booth Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_Colman"},{"link_name":"Ken Swofford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Swofford"},{"link_name":"E. J. André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"William Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"Ivor Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Barry"},{"link_name":"Melendy Britt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melendy_Britt"},{"link_name":"Mary Charlotte Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Charlotte_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Walter Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mathews_(actor)"},{"link_name":"James McEachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McEachin"},{"link_name":"Michael Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Murphy_(actor)"}],"text":"Barry Newman as Tony Petrocelli (based on F. Lee Bailey)\nHarold Gould as Eric P. Scott\nDiana Muldaur as Ruth Petrocelli\nRobert Colbert as Jack Harrison\nKathleen Crowley as Alice Fiske\nWarren J. Kemmerling as Sergeant Moran (as Warren Kemmerling)\nBooth Colman as Judge Crawford\nKen Swofford as Charlie O'Keefe\nE. J. André as F.J. Williamson\nWilliam Sylvester as Paul Harrison\nJeffery V. Thompson as Andy Greer (as Jeff Thompson)\nTom Harvey as Bob Chambers\nIvor Barry as Wyler\nMelendy Britt as Ann Greer\nJohn Himes as Myro McCauley\nRalph Thomas as Mike Peterson\nMary Charlotte Wilcox as Wilma Harrison (as Mary Wilcox)\nGene O'Donnell as Judge Swackhammer\nWalter Mathews as Mr. Andre\nRay Ballard as Mr. Canon\nJames McEachin as Striker\nRobert L. Poyner as J.C. Hornby\nMichael Murphy as Intern in Legal Office (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurosurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"},{"link_name":"Sam Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawyerAFI-1"},{"link_name":"F. Lee Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Lee_Bailey"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Studios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawyerAFI-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawyerAFI-1"},{"link_name":"Philip D'Antoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_D%27Antoni"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"},{"link_name":"Sidney J. Furie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_J._Furie"},{"link_name":"M*A*S*H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawyerAFI-1"},{"link_name":"Barry Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Newman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"},{"link_name":"Norman Bogner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bogner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"},{"link_name":"Sidney Korshak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Korshak"},{"link_name":"blacklisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"},{"link_name":"Brad Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Dexter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"},{"link_name":"Barry Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Newman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"}],"text":"The film was announced in 1966 and was inspired by the true life case of neurosurgeon Sam Sheppard whose conviction for the murder of his pregnant wife was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court and acquitted in a 1966 retrial.[1] Sheppard's lawyer, F. Lee Bailey, sold the rights to Sheppard's book Endure and Conquer: My 12 Year Fight for Vindication to 20th Century Fox per an arrangement in which he'd forego direct payment from Sheppard for legal representation and reportedly received between $100,000-150,000.[1] In addition to Sheppard's own book, Fox also purchased the rights to two books covering the case by reporter Paul Holmes as well as the book My Brother's Keeper written by Sheppard's brother Steven.[1] Producers Norman Baer and Philip D'Antoni had initially optioned the rights to the story, but after the option expired Paramount Pictures acquired the rights.[3]Sidney J. Furie became attached to direct having turned down the opportunity to direct M*A*S*H after finding the script to be too much of a mess.[3] An early version of the film would've framed the film in a \"Quasi-Documentary\" style including the unconventional approach of having Bailey play himself but the approach was abandoned due to a lack of interest from the studio and Bailey left the film.[1] Barry Newman who played the Bailey inspired character was unaware of this initial approach and openly admitted that he made the performance his own rather than a facsimile of Bailey.[3] Norman Bogner initially collaborated with Furie on the script, but after Furie deemed their months of effort \"uncinematic\" Bogner left the project.[3] fledgling producer Harry Korshak, youngest son of Paramount fixer Sidney Korshak, had befriended Furie leading to Korshak's father-in-law, blacklisted writer Harold Buchman, coming on board to re-write the script.[3] In order to capture Bailey's mannerisms Furie, Buchman, and producer Brad Dexter followed Bailey on other cases in order to document his \"performative\" style in the courtroom, this prompted the crew to shift focus from the central murder to more on the character of the lawyer which was reflected with the title change where the original title The Sheppard Murder Case was instead replaced with The Lawyer.[3] Despite being unknown at the time, Furie cast Barry Newman as the lead as he'd impressed him in the audition in a way no other had.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FurieFilms-3"}],"text":"The Lawyer had initially been intended for a 1969 release, but as Paramount was suffering financial difficulties and on the brink of bankruptcy the release was delayed.[3] The Lawyer eventually opened in New York on March 10, 1970 followed by a wide release on May 15th of that year.[3]","title":"Release"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Lawyer (1970)\". AFI. Retrieved April 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/20618-THE-LAWYER?sid=99e90c3c-407e-4317-928c-c77bc264bacf&sr=7.0378613&cp=1&pos=0","url_text":"\"The Lawyer (1970)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute","url_text":"AFI"}]},{"reference":"Kremer, Daniel (2020). Sidney J. Furie: Life and Films. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813165967.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2CavCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Curtis+Burch%22+%22Ladybugs%22+%22Dangerfield%22&pg=PA303","url_text":"Sidney J. Furie: Life and Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813165967","url_text":"978-0813165967"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/20618-THE-LAWYER?sid=99e90c3c-407e-4317-928c-c77bc264bacf&sr=7.0378613&cp=1&pos=0","external_links_name":"\"The Lawyer (1970)\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9904E4DD173EE034BC4952DFB566838b669EDE","external_links_name":"New York Times movie review by Vincent Canby"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2CavCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Curtis+Burch%22+%22Ladybugs%22+%22Dangerfield%22&pg=PA303","external_links_name":"Sidney J. Furie: Life and Films"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065970/","external_links_name":"The Lawyer"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/20618","external_links_name":"The Lawyer"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/81078/enwp","external_links_name":"The Lawyer"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Superiore_Studi_Pavia_IUSS
Scuola Superiore Studi Pavia IUSS
["1 Areas of research","2 Courses","3 Links"]
Coordinates: 45°11′05″N 9°09′17″E / 45.1847°N 9.1546°E / 45.1847; 9.1546This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Institute for Advanced Study IUSS PaviaMottoSapere audeMotto in EnglishDare to knowTypeState-supportedEstablished1997PresidentProf. Michele Di FrancescoAcademic staffca. 22 (plus 300 hosted every year)Administrative staffca. 42Studentsca. 350 (2007)Undergraduatesca. 77 every yearLocationPavia, ItalyAffiliationsConferenza Collegi Universitari Legalmente RiconosciutiWebsitewww.iusspavia.it The Scuola Superiore IUSS or the "Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori" of Pavia (Eng. IUSS - School for Advanced Studies) is a higher learning institute located in Pavia, Italy. The Scuola Superiore IUSS was founded in 1997 by the University of Pavia - one of the most ancient universities in the world - the Borromeo College and the Ghislieri College, and it is supported by the Italian Minister of Education. The IUSS reunites all the university colleges of Pavia, forming the Pavia Study System, including the Collegio Borromeo and the Collegio Ghislieri, founded in the 16th century. There are only three other comparable institutions in Italy: the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies and IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca. It is a both a learning and research center, offering its students supplementary courses to enhance the regular university curriculum. Areas of research Four different areas of research are developed at the Scuola Superiore IUSS Pavia providing a strong international network of scientists: humanities social sciences biomedical sciences science and technology Courses This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Three types of courses are offered: Undergraduate courses open, on a merit base, to the most promising students of Pavia University. II Level University Master degrees providing a strong international approach. PhD Degrees providing an interdisciplinary point of view and exposure to cutting edge research. Links Official website 45°11′05″N 9°09′17″E / 45.1847°N 9.1546°E / 45.1847; 9.1546 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pavia, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia,_Italy"},{"link_name":"University of Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"Borromeo College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borromeo_College"},{"link_name":"Ghislieri College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislieri_College"},{"link_name":"Collegio Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Collegio Ghislieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_Ghislieri"},{"link_name":"Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa"},{"link_name":"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Anna_School_of_Advanced_Studies"},{"link_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT_School_for_Advanced_Studies_Lucca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Scuola Superiore IUSS or the \"Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori\" of Pavia (Eng. IUSS - School for Advanced Studies) is a higher learning institute located in Pavia, Italy.The Scuola Superiore IUSS was founded in 1997 by the University of Pavia - one of the most ancient universities in the world - the Borromeo College and the Ghislieri College, and it is supported by the Italian Minister of Education. The IUSS reunites all the university colleges of Pavia, forming the Pavia Study System, including the Collegio Borromeo and the Collegio Ghislieri, founded in the 16th century. There are only three other comparable institutions in Italy: the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies and IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca. It is a both a learning and research center, offering its students supplementary courses to enhance the regular university curriculum. [citation needed]","title":"Scuola Superiore Studi Pavia IUSS"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Four different areas of research are developed at the Scuola Superiore IUSS Pavia providing a strong international network of scientists:humanities\nsocial sciences\nbiomedical sciences\nscience and technology","title":"Areas of research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pavia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia_University"}],"text":"Three types of courses are offered:Undergraduate courses open, on a merit base, to the most promising students of Pavia University.\nII Level University Master degrees providing a strong international approach.\nPhD Degrees providing an interdisciplinary point of view and exposure to cutting edge research.","title":"Courses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iusspavia.it/eng/index"},{"link_name":"45°11′05″N 9°09′17″E / 45.1847°N 9.1546°E / 45.1847; 9.1546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scuola_Superiore_Studi_Pavia_IUSS&params=45.1847_N_9.1546_E_source:wikidata"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3803694#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000010724054X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/146415674"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/10135979-2"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007427110105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010086920"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/147280206"}],"text":"Official website45°11′05″N 9°09′17″E / 45.1847°N 9.1546°E / 45.1847; 9.1546Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Links"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphora_septentrionalis
Camphora septentrionalis
["1 References"]
Species of plant in the family Lauraceae Camphora septentrionalis At Chengdu Botanical Garden Trunk Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Magnoliids Order: Laurales Family: Lauraceae Genus: Camphora Species: C. septentrionalis Binomial name Camphora septentrionalis(Hand.-Mazz.) Y. Yang, Bing Liu & Zhi Yang Camphora septentrionalis is a species of flowering plant in the family Lauraceae, native to central China. A commercially important timber tree, it is also used as a street tree in a number of Chinese cities. References ^ "Cinnamomum septentrionale Hand.-Mazz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 September 2022. ^ Lv, Qin; Liang, Bianjun; Guo, Xiaojuan (2021). "The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Cinnamomum septentrionale (Lauraceae) from Sichuan Province, China, a medicinal plant and phylogenetic analysis". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 6 (9): 2770–2771. doi:10.1080/23802359.2021.1967812. PMC 8386741. PMID 34447894. ^ Ossola, Alessandro; Hoeppner, Malin J.; Burley, Hugh M.; Gallagher, Rachael V.; Beaumont, Linda J.; Leishman, Michelle R. (2020). "The Global Urban Tree Inventory: A database of the diverse tree flora that inhabits the world's cities". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 29 (11): 1907–1914. Bibcode:2020GloEB..29.1907O. doi:10.1111/geb.13169. S2CID 225429443. Taxon identifiersCinnamomum septentrionale Wikidata: Q15227684 Wikispecies: Cinnamomum septentrionale CoL: 5Z6RK FoC: 200008727 GBIF: 4180291 GRIN: 465212 IPNI: 463676-1 IUCN: 145344480 NCBI: 1440068 Open Tree of Life: 5321897 Plant List: kew-2721607 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463676-1 WFO: wfo-0000605418 This Laurales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson
Charles A. Culberson
["1 Early life and education","2 Law career","3 Political career","3.1 Texas state politics","3.2 Senate tenure","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899 "Senator Culberson" redirects here. For similarly named people, see Senator Culbertson. Charles A. CulbersonCulberson in 1904 publicationChairman of the Senate Democratic CaucusIn officeDecember 1907 – December 1909Preceded byJoseph Clay Stiles BlackburnSucceeded byHernando MoneyUnited States Senatorfrom TexasIn officeMarch 4, 1899 – March 3, 1923Preceded byRoger Q. MillsSucceeded byEarle B. Mayfield21st Governor of TexasIn officeJanuary 15, 1895 – January 17, 1899LieutenantGeorge Taylor JesterPreceded byJim HoggSucceeded byJoseph D. SayersAttorney General of TexasIn officeJanuary 20, 1891 – January 15, 1895GovernorJim HoggPreceded byJim HoggSucceeded byMartin McNulty Crane Personal detailsBornCharles Allen Culberson(1855-06-10)June 10, 1855Dadeville, Alabama, U.S.DiedMarch 19, 1925(1925-03-19) (aged 69)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeEast Oakwood CemeteryFort Worth, Texas, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouse Sally Harrison ​(m. 1882)​Children1EducationVirginia Military Institute (BS)University of Virginia, Charlottesville Charles Allen Culberson (June 10, 1855 – March 19, 1925) was an American political figure and Democrat who served as the 21st Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899, and as a United States senator from Texas from 1899 to 1923. Early life and education Charles Allen Culberson was born on June 10, 1855, in Dadeville, Alabama, to Eugenia (née Kimbal) and David Browning Culberson. His father was a Democratic politician. Culberson's family moved to Texas in 1856, settling first in Gilmer and later in Jefferson. Culberson attended Virginia Military Institute, graduating in 1874, and subsequently studied law under his father and then at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1876 and 1877. In 1877 he was admitted to the bar in Daingerfield, Texas, and commenced practice in Jefferson, later moving to Dallas in 1887. He was a member of the Jefferson Literacy Society and the Moot Court at the University of Virginia. Law career Culberson started practicing law in Marion County in 1877. He was known for overturning a verdict for a man convicted of murder under the Ku Klux Law of Texas, and causing the law to be labeled as unconstitutional. Political career Texas state politics Culberson's political career began with his election as Attorney General of Texas in 1890, a position he held until 1895, after campaigning for and winning the governor's race in November 1894. After two terms as governor, he was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat on January 25, 1899. Senate tenure Culberson's former residence (right) in Washington, D.C. Early during his tenure, he served on the Lodge Committee investigating war crimes in the Philippine–American War. Later, he chaired several senate committees, including the judiciary committee, which he chaired from 1913 to 1919. Culberson was opposed to demands for racial equality, stating that efforts to do so would lead to the "consequent debasement, degradation or destruction of the white race". Culberson was reelected in 1905, 1911, and, again, by popular vote in 1916, when health problems and alcoholism prevented him from campaigning in Texas but did not prevent his reelection. However, his health and opposition to the Ku Klux Klan finally led to the loss of his seat in the Democratic primary in 1922. He was succeeded by fellow Democrat Earle Bradford Mayfield, the outgoing member of the Texas Railroad Commission. Sallie Harrison Culberson and daughter Mary Personal life Culberson married Sallie Harrison on December 7, 1882. They had one daughter, Mary Harrison. Culberson lived in retirement until his death from pneumonia in Washington, D.C., on March 19, 1925. He is buried in East Oakwood Cemetery in Fort Worth, Texas. Culberson was a distant cousin of John Culberson, who represented Texas' 7th congressional district between 2001 and 2019. References ^ a b c d e "Culberson, Charles Allen". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2023-04-18. ^ a b c d e University of Virginia; its history, influence, equipment and characteristics, with biographical sketches and portraits of founders, benefactors, officers and alumni. Vol. 2. Lewis Publishing Company. 1904. pp. 242–243. Retrieved 2023-04-19 – via Archive.org. ^ a b "Charles Culberson Texas Solon, Dead". The Daily Missoulian. 1925-03-20. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-04-19 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Glasrud, Bruce A. (1977). "Child or Beast?: White Texas' View of Blacks, 1900-1910". Stephen F. Austin State University. p. 38. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. ^ TSHA Online – Texas State Historical Association – Home at www.tshaonline.org ^ "The Election Case of George E. B. Peddy v. Earle B. Mayfield of Texas (1925)". senate.gov. Retrieved April 16, 2013. Charles Allen Culberson from the Handbook of Texas Online External links Media related to Charles Allen Culberson at Wikimedia Commons Legal offices Preceded byJim Hogg Attorney General of Texas 1891–1895 Succeeded byMartin McNulty Crane Party political offices Preceded byJim Hogg Democratic nominee for Governor of Texas 1894, 1896 Succeeded byJoseph D. Sayers Preceded byJoseph Clay Stiles Blackburn Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus 1907–1909 Succeeded byHernando Money First Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Texas(Class 1) 1916 Succeeded byEarle Bradford Mayfield Political offices Preceded byJim Hogg Governor of Texas 1895–1899 Succeeded byJoseph D. Sayers U.S. Senate Preceded byRoger Q. Mills U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Texas 1899–1923 Served alongside: Horace Chilton, Joseph Bailey, Rienzi Johnston, Morris Sheppard Succeeded byEarle B. Mayfield Preceded byHernando Money Chair of the Senate Library Accommodations Committee 1909–1911 Succeeded byJoseph Weldon Bailey Preceded byThomas S. Martin Chair of the Senate Public Health Committee 1911–1913 Succeeded byJoseph E. Ransdell Preceded byClarence D. Clark Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1912–1919 Succeeded byKnute Nelson Preceded byKnute Nelson Chair of the Senate Private Land Claims Committee 1919–1921 Position abolished vteDemocratic Party History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Nationalconventions,presidentialtickets,andpresidentialprimaries 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD) 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall primaries 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver) primaries 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale primaries 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago): Biden/Harris (presumptive) primaries Presidentialadministrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–) U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andCaucuschairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack/Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–) U.S. SenateleadersandCaucuschairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–) Chairs ofthe DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd/Fowler Romer/Grossman Rendell/Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison State andterritorialparties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Democrats Abroad AffiliatedgroupsCongress Senate Caucus Policy Committee Steering and Outreach Committee House Caucus Factions Blue Dog Coalition Congressional Progressive Caucus Justice Democrats New Democrat Coalition Problem Solvers Caucus Fundraising Democratic Attorneys General Association Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors National Democratic Redistricting Committee Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Stonewall Young Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election 2006 House Caucus leadership election 2018 House Caucus leadership election Weekly Democratic Address vteGovernors and lieutenant governors of TexasGovernors J. P. Henderson Wood Bell J. W. Henderson Pease Runnels Houston Clark Lubbock Murrah Hamilton Throckmorton Pease Davis Coke Hubbard Roberts Ireland Ross Hogg Culberson Sayers Lanham Campbell Colquitt J. Ferguson Hobby Neff M. Ferguson Moody Sterling M. Ferguson Allred O'Daniel Stevenson Jester Shivers Daniel Connally Smith Briscoe Clements White Clements Richards Bush Perry Abbott Lieutenantgovernors Horton Greer Henderson Dickson Runnels Lubbock Clark Crockett Stockdale Jones J. W. Flanagan (acting) Campbell (ex officio) W. Flanagan (ex officio) Fountain (ex officio) Pickett (ex officio) Hubbard Sayers Storey Martin Gibbs Wheeler Pendleton Crane Jester Browning Neal A. B. Davidson Mayes Hobby Sr. Johnson L. Davidson T. W. Davidson Miller Witt Woodul Stevenson J. L. Smith Shivers Ramsey P. Smith Barnes Hobby Jr. Bullock Perry Ratliff Dewhurst Patrick vteUnited States senators from TexasClass 1 Rusk Henderson Ward Wigfall Flanagan Maxey Reagan Chilton Mills Culberson Mayfield Connally Daniel Blakley Yarborough Bentsen Krueger Hutchison Cruz Class 2 S. Houston Hemphill Hamilton Coke Chilton Bailey Johnston Sheppard A. Houston O'Daniel Johnson Blakley Tower Gramm Cornyn vteChairs of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley Graham Durbin vteAttorneys General of TexasRepublic of Texas (1836–45) Collinsworth Henderson Grayson Birdsall Watrous Webb Morris Terrell Allen Ochiltree State of Texas (1846–present) Howard Harris Brewster Hamilton Allen Jennings Willie Graham Flournoy Shelley Tarver Alexander Walton Turner Alexander Clark Boone McLeary McCormick Templeton Hogg Culberson Crane Smith Bell Davidson Lightfoot Walthall Looney Cureton Keeling Moody Pollard Bobbitt Allred McCraw Mann Sellers Daniel Shepperd Wilson Carr Martin Hill White Mattox Morales Cornyn Abbott Paxton Webster (interim) Scott (interim) Colmenero (interim) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People US Congress Other NARA SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senator Culbertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_Culbertson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"political figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_figure"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"21st Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"United States senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_senator"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"text":"\"Senator Culberson\" redirects here. For similarly named people, see Senator Culbertson.Charles Allen Culberson (June 10, 1855 – March 19, 1925) was an American political figure and Democrat who served as the 21st Governor of Texas from 1895 to 1899, and as a United States senator from Texas from 1899 to 1923.","title":"Charles A. Culberson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dadeville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadeville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"David Browning Culberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Browning_Culberson"},{"link_name":"Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uva-2"},{"link_name":"Virginia Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Daingerfield, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daingerfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uva-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uva-2"}],"text":"Charles Allen Culberson was born on June 10, 1855, in Dadeville, Alabama, to Eugenia (née Kimbal) and David Browning Culberson. His father was a Democratic politician. Culberson's family moved to Texas in 1856, settling first in Gilmer and later in Jefferson.[1][2]Culberson attended Virginia Military Institute, graduating in 1874, and subsequently studied law under his father and then at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville in 1876 and 1877. In 1877 he was admitted to the bar in Daingerfield, Texas, and commenced practice in Jefferson, later moving to Dallas in 1887.[1][2] He was a member of the Jefferson Literacy Society and the Moot Court at the University of Virginia.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uva-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missoula-3"}],"text":"Culberson started practicing law in Marion County in 1877. He was known for overturning a verdict for a man convicted of murder under the Ku Klux Law of Texas, and causing the law to be labeled as unconstitutional.[2][3]","title":"Law career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attorney General of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"sub_title":"Texas state politics","text":"Culberson's political career began with his election as Attorney General of Texas in 1890, a position he held until 1895, after campaigning for and winning the governor's race in November 1894. After two terms as governor, he was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat on January 25, 1899.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1818_-_1820_19th_Street,_N.W..JPG"},{"link_name":"Lodge Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge_Committee"},{"link_name":"Philippine–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"judiciary committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee"},{"link_name":"racial equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_equality"},{"link_name":"white race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Earle Bradford Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Bradford_Mayfield"},{"link_name":"Texas Railroad Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Railroad_Commission"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sally_Harrison_Culberson_and_daughter_Mary_-_Texas_governors%27_wives_(IA_texasgovernorswi00jack)_(page_122_crop).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Senate tenure","text":"Culberson's former residence (right) in Washington, D.C.Early during his tenure, he served on the Lodge Committee investigating war crimes in the Philippine–American War. Later, he chaired several senate committees, including the judiciary committee, which he chaired from 1913 to 1919. Culberson was opposed to demands for racial equality, stating that efforts to do so would lead to the \"consequent debasement, degradation or destruction of the white race\".[4]Culberson was reelected in 1905, 1911, and, again, by popular vote in 1916, when health problems and alcoholism prevented him from campaigning in Texas but did not prevent his reelection. However, his health and opposition to the Ku Klux Klan finally led to the loss of his seat in the Democratic primary in 1922.[1][5]He was succeeded by fellow Democrat Earle Bradford Mayfield, the outgoing member of the Texas Railroad Commission.[6]Sallie Harrison Culberson and daughter Mary","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uva-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missoula-3"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Fort Worth, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"John Culberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Culberson"},{"link_name":"Texas' 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district"}],"text":"Culberson married Sallie Harrison on December 7, 1882. They had one daughter, Mary Harrison.[2][3]Culberson lived in retirement until his death from pneumonia in Washington, D.C., on March 19, 1925. He is buried in East Oakwood Cemetery in Fort Worth, Texas.[1]Culberson was a distant cousin of John Culberson, who represented Texas' 7th congressional district between 2001 and 2019.","title":"Personal life"}]
[{"image_text":"Culberson's former residence (right) in Washington, D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1818_-_1820_19th_Street%2C_N.W..JPG/220px-1818_-_1820_19th_Street%2C_N.W..JPG"},{"image_text":"Sallie Harrison Culberson and daughter Mary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sally_Harrison_Culberson_and_daughter_Mary_-_Texas_governors%27_wives_%28IA_texasgovernorswi00jack%29_%28page_122_crop%29.jpg/160px-Sally_Harrison_Culberson_and_daughter_Mary_-_Texas_governors%27_wives_%28IA_texasgovernorswi00jack%29_%28page_122_crop%29.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_C%C3%A1diz
University of Cádiz
["1 History","2 Campuses","3 Schools within the university","4 University rectors","5 Free software and supercomputing","6 Notable alumni","7 Honoris Causa","8 Partnerships","9 Partnership Universities","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°32′02″N 6°18′11″W / 36.534°N 6.303°W / 36.534; -6.303University of CádizUniversidad de CádizMottoNon Plus Ultra (Latin)Motto in EnglishNo Further BeyondTypePublicEstablished1979RectorEduardo González MazoStudents20.798LocationCadiz, SpainCampusCádizPuerto RealAlgecirasJerez de la FronteraTelephone(+34) 956 01 53 50Websitewww.uca.es University rankingsGlobal – OverallARWU World901–1000 (2023)THE World1001–1200 (2024)USNWR Global=1190 (2023) The University of Cádiz (in Spanish: Universidad de Cádiz), commonly referred to as UCA, is a public university located in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain, noted for its medicine and marine sciences curricula. It was founded in 1979, and has the Latin motto Non Plus Ultra ("No Further Beyond"). Its headquarters are located in Cádiz, where the Rectorate is. During the 2007/2008 academic year, there were 17,280 students, 1698 lecturers, and 680 administration and services workers associated with the university. History Casa de los 5 Gremios, today the University Main Building The University's origins lie in the 15th century with the "Colegio de Pilotos de los Mares de Levante y Poniente". Its Faculty of Medicine traces its founding to the Royal Naval College of Surgery in 1748, which was the first in Europe to combine medicine and surgery in a single school. The modern University of Cádiz was founded on October 30, 1979, with an inaugural session "Cajal, análisis literario de un carácter" about Ramón y Cajal and the first rector election was conducted in 1984. In March 1984, the Gold Medal was awarded to Juan Carlos I of Spain. In May 1985, Rafael Alberti and Antonio Domínguez Ortiz were invested Doctor Honoris Causa. In this year, the rectorate is relocated to the current building, Casa de los Cinco Gremios. University bylaws and statutes were approved in February 1986. In 1992, Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos was inaugurated in Campus of Puerto Real. Since 2003, UCA has promoted new technologies for learning-related purposes, first with WebCT virtual campus and then Moodle (free software). In 2009, the recently created "General Inspection of Exceptional Services" begun to make decisions which were severely reprobed by some intellectual authors, for it allows authorities the use of official means in order to arbitrarily punish teaching staff. Campuses In addition to the principal campus in Cádiz, the university has three satellite campuses: Bahía de Algeciras Campus Jerez de la Frontera Campus Campus of Puerto Real: near to Bahía de Cádiz Natural Park. The main building is the Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos; CASEM which offers studies in Marine Environment and Marine Resources, Seafaring, Marine Engineering, Naval Radioelectronics and Naval Engineering. CASEM, Campus of Puerto Real School of Engenieering, Cádiz Campus Jerez Campus Algeciras Campus Schools within the university Some schools within the university are: University School of Modern Languages ("") University School of Health ("Salus Infirmorum") at Cádiz University School of Engineering at Puerto Real University School of Labor Relations at Jerez de la Frontera University School of Legal and Economic Studies ("Tomás y Valiente") at Algeciras University Center for Advanced Studies at Algeciras University School of Labor Relations at Algeciras University School of Pedagogy ("Virgen de Europa") at La Línea de la Concepción University rectors Diego Sales Márquez, rector from 2003 to 2011 University rectors in UCA history: October, 1979 – February, 1984: Felipe Garrido February, 1984 – June, 1986: Mariano Peñalver Simó September, 1986 – January, 1995: José Luis Romero Palanco. Reelected in November, 1990. January, 1995 – April, 2003: Guillermo Martínez Massanet. Reelected in February, 1999. May, 2003 – July, 2011: Diego Sales Márquez. Reelected in May, 2007. July, 2011 – 2019: Eduardo González Mazo. July, 2019 – present : Francisco Piniella Corbachoю Free software and supercomputing One of the first free software offices in Spain was founded at this university, Libre Software and Open Knowledge Office (OSLUCA). This office has set up some free software conferences (2004: I, 2005: II, 2006: III y 2009: IV), and the FLOSS International Conference. UCA provides a supercomputer for research purposes since 2007. It is a cluster of 80 computers, each with 4 processing cores (finally 320 cores) and 640 GB RAM, designed for a peak performance of 3.8 TFLOPS. The supercomputer uses SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 as operating system. Notable alumni Some notable alumni from UCA: Francisco de Paula Medina Gutiérrez: physician and lecturer Pascual Hontañón Cabezas: physician Federico Rubio y Gali: surgeon Benito Alcina y Rancés: hygienist Antonio Machado y Núñez: rector of University of Sevilla and mayor of Sevilla Cayetano del Toro y Quartiellers: politician Gabriel Matute y Valls Guillermina Rojas y Orgis Honoris Causa Honorary doctoral degrees from University of Cádiz: William W.L. Glenn (1981) Dietrich E. Wilhelm Trincker (1982) Andrés Segovia Torres (1982) Rafael Alberti Merello (1985) Antonio Domínguez Ortiz (1985) Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1987) José Ignacio Barraquer Moner (1987) Fernando Quiñones Chozas (1998) Manuel Clavero Arévalo (2000) Andrés Fernández Díaz (2004) José Manuel Caballero Bonald (2004) Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada (2004) Margarita Salas Falgueras (2004) Carlos Castilla del Pino (2004) Salustiano del Campo (2006) Paco de Lucía (2007) Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia (2008) Takashi Asano (2008) Marcelino Camacho Abad (2008) Nicolás Redondo Urbieta (2008) Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias Clara Eugenia Lida Partnerships The university participates in the ERASMUS programme, a partnership for student exchanges in Europe. It maintains relations with many universities on all continents. Partnership Universities Universities that have an exchange programme with the University of Cádiz include:  Germany Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg University of Würzburg See also List of universities in Spain References ^ a b Universidad de Cádiz. "Universidad de Cádiz". Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ a b Universidad de Cádiz. "Universidad de Cádiz". Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ a b UCA, today Archived 2009-04-01 at the Wayback Machine – 2008 statistics ^ "ARWU World University Rankings 2034". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 26 August 2022. ^ "World University Rankings". timeshighereducation.com. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023. ^ "U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2022-23". Retrieved 23 November 2023. ^ Universidad de Cádiz. "Universidad de Cádiz". Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ Declaración de apoyo al software libre (Boletín oficial de la UCA n.º 9). Creación de la Libre Software and Open Knowledge Office (OSLUCA) ^ "La Universidad de C谩diz presenta la primera Oficina de Software Libre de Andaluc铆a". Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "Supercomputación en la UCA". Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ Documentación Archived 2009-12-14 at the Wayback Machine sobre supercomputación en la UCA ^ Universidad de Cádiz. "Universidad de Cádiz". Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "Honoris Causa". Universidad de Cádiz (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2019. ^ Estévez, Beatriz (17 March 2008). "Distinguidos birretes". Diario de Cádiz (in Spanish). Joly Digital. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "Paco de Lucía Doctor Honoris Causa" (in Spanish). March 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ Estévez, Beatriz (21 February 2008). "Todo un honor para el pueblo gitano". Diario de Cádiz (in Spanish). Joly Digital. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "Takashi Asano será investido Doctor Honoris Causa el jueves". Diario de Cádiz (in Spanish). Joly Digital. 27 May 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ a b Estévez, Beatriz (23 September 2008). "La UCA inviste Doctores Honoris Causa a dos líderes del mundo sindical". Diario de Cádiz (in Spanish). Joly Digital. Retrieved 29 June 2015. ^ "La Universidad de Cádiz celebra la sesión ordinaria de Claustro". uca.es (in Spanish). December 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2019. Further reading University of Cádiz, Newspaper library, 25 years History section at the official website External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universidad de Cádiz. Official website University home page in English UCA image gallery Virtual gallery Libre Software and Open Knowledge Office Brief description in English vteUniversities in SpainPublic Balearic Islands Basque Country Cantabria Castilla–La Mancha Extremadura La Rioja Navarra Public Oviedo Zaragoza Andalusia Almería Cádiz Córdoba Granada Huelva International University of Andalucía Jaén Malaga Pablo de Olavide Seville Castile and León Burgos León Salamanca Valladolid Canary Islands La Laguna Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Catalonia Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona Girona Lleida Open University of Catalonia Polytechnic University of Catalonia Pompeu Fabra Rovira i Virgili Galicia A Coruña Santiago de Compostela Vigo Madrid Alcalá Autonomous University of Madrid Carlos III Complutense University of Madrid Menéndez Pelayo International University UNED King Juan Carlos Technical University of Madrid Murcia Murcia Technical University of Cartagena Valencian Community Alicante Jaume I Miguel Hernández Polytechnic University of Valencia Valencia Private Camilo José Cela Universidad Isabel I European University of the Atlantic European University of Madrid Francisco de Vitoria IE University International University of La Rioja Miguel de Cervantes European University Mondragon Ramon Llull Valencian International University Vic Canary Islands Catholic Abat Oliba CEU Catholic University of Ávila CEU Cardenal Herrera CEU San Pablo Comillas Deusto Loyola Andalucía Navarra Pontifical University of Salamanca San Antonio San Vicente Mártir vteCompostela Group of UniversitiesMembers Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Centro de Enseñanza Técnica y Superior Columbus University ESAN University Grigol Robakidze University Ilia State University Jaume I University Karlstad University Kazimieras Simonavičius University King Juan Carlos University Kore University of Enna Masaryk University Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education Federico Villarreal National University National University of San Marcos Pan-European University Peruvian University of Applied Sciences Philipps University of Marburg Pontifical Catholic University of Peru São Paulo State University Santo Domingo Institute of Technology Technical University of Madrid Universidad Anáhuac Xalapa (Anahuac University Network) Universidad La Salle México Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Università telematica internazionale Uninettuno University Business Academy in Novi Sad University of A Coruña University of Almería University of Burgos University of Cádiz University of Extremadura University of Fribourg University of Guadalajara University of La Laguna University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University of León University of Lima University of Lleida University of Łódź University of Málaga University of Malta University of Minho University of Monterrey University of Nantes University of Oviedo University of Pécs University of Piura University of Regensburg University of Salamanca University of Santiago de Compostela University of Seville University of Surabaya University of the Basque Country University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro University of Valencia University of Vigo University of Worcester University of Zaragoza Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno Zhejiang Wanli University Associates Metropolitan College (AMC) Collaborators Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration EEUA Erasmus Compostela Euro-Mediterranean University of Slovenia FAUBAI HACU Quacquarelli Symonds Scholars at Risk Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Portugal Other IdRef 36°32′02″N 6°18′11″W / 36.534°N 6.303°W / 36.534; -6.303
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"province of Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"marine sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creationlaw-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucatoday-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The University of Cádiz (in Spanish: Universidad de Cádiz), commonly referred to as UCA, is a public university located in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain, noted for its medicine and marine sciences curricula. It was founded in 1979,[1][2] and has the Latin motto Non Plus Ultra (\"No Further Beyond\"). Its headquarters are located in Cádiz, where the Rectorate is. During the 2007/2008 academic year, there were 17,280 students,[3][citation needed] 1698 lecturers, and 680 administration and services workers associated with the university.","title":"University of Cádiz"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RectoradoUCA.jpg"},{"link_name":"surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"Ramón y Cajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Rafael Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Antonio Domínguez Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"WebCT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCT"},{"link_name":"virtual campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus"},{"link_name":"Moodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle"}],"text":"Casa de los 5 Gremios, today the University Main BuildingThe University's origins lie in the 15th century with the \"Colegio de Pilotos de los Mares de Levante y Poniente\".Its Faculty of Medicine traces its founding to the Royal Naval College of Surgery in 1748, which was the first in Europe to combine medicine and surgery in a single school.The modern University of Cádiz was founded on October 30, 1979, with an inaugural session \"Cajal, análisis literario de un carácter\" about Ramón y Cajal[7] and the first rector election was conducted in 1984.In March 1984, the Gold Medal was awarded to Juan Carlos I of Spain. In May 1985, Rafael Alberti and Antonio Domínguez Ortiz were invested Doctor Honoris Causa. In this year, the rectorate is relocated to the current building, Casa de los Cinco Gremios. University bylaws and statutes were approved in February 1986.In 1992, Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos was inaugurated in Campus of Puerto Real.Since 2003, UCA has promoted new technologies for learning-related purposes, first with WebCT virtual campus and then Moodle (free software).In 2009, the recently created \"General Inspection of Exceptional Services\" begun to make decisions which were severely reprobed by some intellectual authors, for it allows authorities the use of official means in order to arbitrarily punish teaching staff.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahía de Algeciras Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Algeciras_Campus"},{"link_name":"Jerez de la Frontera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera"},{"link_name":"Puerto Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_real_campus"},{"link_name":"Bahía de Cádiz Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centro_Andaluz_Superior_de_Estudios_Marinos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CASEM_Campus_de_Puerto_Real_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ESI-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerez_Campus_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PolitecnicaAlgeciras.jpg"}],"text":"In addition to the principal campus in Cádiz, the university has three satellite campuses:Bahía de Algeciras Campus\nJerez de la Frontera Campus\nCampus of Puerto Real: near to Bahía de Cádiz Natural Park. The main building is the Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos; CASEM which offers studies in Marine Environment and Marine Resources, Seafaring, Marine Engineering, Naval Radioelectronics and Naval Engineering.CASEM, Campus of Puerto Real\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSchool of Engenieering, Cádiz Campus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJerez Campus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlgeciras Campus","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uca.es/cslm"}],"text":"Some schools within the university are:University School of Modern Languages (\"[1]\")\nUniversity School of Health (\"Salus Infirmorum\") at Cádiz\nUniversity School of Engineering at Puerto Real\nUniversity School of Labor Relations at Jerez de la Frontera\nUniversity School of Legal and Economic Studies (\"Tomás y Valiente\") at Algeciras\nUniversity Center for Advanced Studies at Algeciras\nUniversity School of Labor Relations at Algeciras\nUniversity School of Pedagogy (\"Virgen de Europa\") at La Línea de la Concepción","title":"Schools within the university"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rector_univ.jpg"}],"text":"Diego Sales Márquez, rector from 2003 to 2011University rectors in UCA history:October, 1979 – February, 1984: Felipe Garrido\nFebruary, 1984 – June, 1986: Mariano Peñalver Simó\nSeptember, 1986 – January, 1995: José Luis Romero Palanco. Reelected in November, 1990.\nJanuary, 1995 – April, 2003: Guillermo Martínez Massanet. Reelected in February, 1999.\nMay, 2003 – July, 2011: Diego Sales Márquez. Reelected in May, 2007.\nJuly, 2011 – 2019: Eduardo González Mazo.\nJuly, 2019 – present : Francisco Piniella Corbachoю","title":"University rectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091214161505/http://softwarelibre.uca.es/jornadas_1"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091214165743/http://softwarelibre.uca.es/jornadas_2"},{"link_name":"III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091214151814/http://softwarelibre.uca.es/jornadas/josluca_06/"},{"link_name":"IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091214151752/http://softwarelibre.uca.es/josluca4"},{"link_name":"FLOSS International Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//softwarelibre.uca.es/jornadas/fic/"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"supercomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer"},{"link_name":"TFLOPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFLOPS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"SUSE Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"One of the first free software offices in Spain was founded at this university, Libre Software and Open Knowledge Office (OSLUCA).[8][9] This office has set up some free software conferences (2004: I, 2005: II, 2006: III y 2009: IV), and the FLOSS International Conference[dead link].UCA provides a supercomputer for research purposes since 2007. It is a cluster of 80 computers, each with 4 processing cores (finally 320 cores) and 640 GB RAM, designed for a peak performance of 3.8 TFLOPS.[10] The supercomputer uses SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 as operating system.[11]","title":"Free software and supercomputing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Paula Medina Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Paula_Medina_Guti%C3%A9rrez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pascual Hontañón Cabezas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascual_Honta%C3%B1%C3%B3n_Cabezas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federico Rubio y Gali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federico_Rubio_y_Gali&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benito Alcina y Rancés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benito_Alcina_y_Ranc%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Machado y Núñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Machado_y_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sevilla"},{"link_name":"Cayetano del Toro y Quartiellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cayetano_del_Toro_y_Quartiellers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Matute y Valls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Matute_y_Valls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guillermina Rojas y Orgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermina_Rojas_y_Orgis"}],"text":"Some notable alumni from UCA:[12]Francisco de Paula Medina Gutiérrez: physician and lecturer\nPascual Hontañón Cabezas: physician\nFederico Rubio y Gali: surgeon\nBenito Alcina y Rancés: hygienist\nAntonio Machado y Núñez: rector of University of Sevilla and mayor of Sevilla\nCayetano del Toro y Quartiellers: politician\nGabriel Matute y Valls\nGuillermina Rojas y Orgis","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"William W.L. Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_W.L._Glenn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dietrich E. Wilhelm Trincker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_E._Wilhelm_Trincker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrés Segovia Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Segovia_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafael Alberti Merello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Antonio Domínguez Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_S%C3%A1nchez_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"José Ignacio Barraquer Moner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Barraquer_Moner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Quiñones Chozas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Qui%C3%B1ones_Chozas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Clavero Arévalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Clavero_Ar%C3%A9valo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrés Fernández Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Fern%C3%A1ndez_D%C3%ADaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Caballero Bonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Caballero_Bonald"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel Ladero Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Ladero_Quesada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margarita Salas Falgueras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Salas_Falgueras"},{"link_name":"Carlos Castilla del Pino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Castilla_del_Pino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salustiano del Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salustiano_del_Campo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Paco de Lucía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_de_Luc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Ram%C3%ADrez_Heredia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Takashi Asano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Asano"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marcelino Camacho Abad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelino_Camacho_Abad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honorisccoougt-18"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Redondo Urbieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Redondo_Urbieta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honorisccoougt-18"},{"link_name":"Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Carlos_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Clara Eugenia Lida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_Eugenia_Lida&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Honorary doctoral degrees from University of Cádiz:[13]William W.L. Glenn (1981)\nDietrich E. Wilhelm Trincker (1982)\nAndrés Segovia Torres (1982)\nRafael Alberti Merello (1985)\nAntonio Domínguez Ortiz (1985)\nAdolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1987)\nJosé Ignacio Barraquer Moner (1987)\nFernando Quiñones Chozas (1998)\nManuel Clavero Arévalo (2000)\nAndrés Fernández Díaz (2004)\nJosé Manuel Caballero Bonald (2004)\nMiguel Ángel Ladero Quesada (2004)\nMargarita Salas Falgueras (2004)\nCarlos Castilla del Pino (2004)\nSalustiano del Campo[14] (2006)\nPaco de Lucía[15] (2007)\nJuan de Dios Ramírez Heredia[16] (2008)\nTakashi Asano[17] (2008)\nMarcelino Camacho Abad[18] (2008)\nNicolás Redondo Urbieta[18] (2008)\nGil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias[19]\nClara Eugenia Lida","title":"Honoris Causa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ERASMUS programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERASMUS_programme"}],"text":"The university participates in the ERASMUS programme, a partnership for student exchanges in Europe. It maintains relations with many universities on all continents.","title":"Partnerships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky_University_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"}],"text":"Universities that have an exchange programme with the University of Cádiz include:GermanyCarl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg\nUniversity of Würzburg","title":"Partnership Universities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newspaper library, 25 years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110609182435/http://www.uca.es/web/organizacion/dossier/historia_25"},{"link_name":"History section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090616150201/http://www.uca.es/web/organizacion/historia/"}],"text":"University of Cádiz, Newspaper library, 25 years\nHistory section at the official website","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Casa de los 5 Gremios, today the University Main Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RectoradoUCA.jpg/200px-RectoradoUCA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diego Sales Márquez, rector from 2003 to 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Rector_univ.jpg/220px-Rector_univ.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of universities in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Spain"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Araskog
Rand Araskog
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"]
American businessman (1931–2021) Rand AraskogBornRand Vincent Araskog(1931-10-31)October 31, 1931Fergus Falls, Minnesota, U.S.DiedAugust 9, 2021(2021-08-09) (aged 89)Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materWest Point, Harvard UniversityOccupation(s)Manufacturing executive, investor, writerEmployer(s)Honeywell, ITT CorporationKnown forCEO of ITT CorporationSpouseJessie M. Gustafson AraskogChildrentwo daughters and one son Rand Vincent Araskog (October 31, 1931 – August 9, 2021) was an American manufacturing executive, investor, and writer who served as the CEO of ITT Corporation. During his time as the CEO between 1979 and 1998 he was known for divesting the conglomerate of multiple businesses including hotels, rental cars, and insurance to retain its focus on its core telecom businesses. Early life Rand Vincent Araskog was born on October 30, 1931, in Fergus Falls, Minnesota in a family of Swedish descent. His father was a tax collector and a dairy farmer in the town. He was elected as a valedictorian in his school and went on to the United States Military Academy at West Point where he graduated in 1953, majoring in Soviet studies. He graduated from Harvard University majoring in Russian studies and spent a year in West Germany serving at a US Army intelligence post. Career Araskog started his career working for the Defense Department at the Pentagon and the National Security Agency from where he was sent to work in Europe. Upon his return to the U.S., he left the Pentagon and worked for Honeywell in 1960 as marketing director in the aeronautical division. In 1966, he joined ITT Corporation in its Defense Space Group in Nutley, New Jersey. When he joined the company, it had grown since its founding in 1920 as a telecom service provider for Cuba and Puerto Rico, to being a conglomerate with business interests spanning Avis Car Rentals, Hartford Insurance, Sheraton Hotels and Hostess Twinkies, the company that manufactured Wonder Bread. During this time, he had become the right hand man of then chairman Harold Geneen. The company during this time was under scrutiny for its lobbying efforts in Washington, D.C. and for foreign political interference in Chilean politics. With this background, he became the company's CEO in 1979 succeeding Lyman C. Hamilton. He also became the chairman of the board the same year, succeeding Geneen. His early years were spent building the group's telecom business, including developing the ITT System 12, an early stage digital telephone exchange, before selling the business to French state-owned company Generale d’Electricite in 1986. He continued to spend the remainder of his time as the CEO in divesting the vast conglomerate as investors were vying for focus on its core businesses. He saw off a hostile takeover bid of by Hilton Hotels corporation but agreed to sell the group's hotel businesses under the Sheraton brand to Starwood Hotel & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. in 1997. He retired from the company in 1998. Araskog was named an Officer in the French Legion of Honor in 1987. He has also been awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by the President of Italy and the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins by the president of Chile. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters by Hofstra University in 1990. He was later self-employed as a private investor and also acted as principal in RVA Investments and on the Board of Directors of American cable television company Cablevision and the Palm Beach Civic Association. Personal life Araskog met his wife Jessie Gustafson, when she was studying religion at Gustavus Adolphus College. The couple married in July 1956 and went on to have three children, two daughters and one son. He died on August 9, 2021, at the age of 89 in Palm Beach, Florida. For many years, Araskog resided with his family in the gated community of Smoke Rise, located in Kinnelon, New Jersey, a suburb of New York. Bibliography Araskog, Rand V. (2000). The ITT Wars: An Insider's View of Hostile Takeovers. New York: Beard Books. ISBN 1-89312-238-7. Araskog, Rand V. (1989). Dawn Raiders and White Knights: The Inside Story of a Corporation Under Siege. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 1-853-36160-7. Araskog, Rand V.; James L. Bikoff (1987). Toward the Year 2000. New York: ITT Corporation. References ^ Taft Corporate Giving Directory. Taft Corporation. 1990. ISBN 978-0-914756-80-4. ^ Hagerty, James R. (August 10, 2021). "Rand Araskog, CEO Who Dismantled ITT, Has Died at Age 89". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 19, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hagerty, James R. (August 10, 2021). "Rand Araskog, CEO Who Dismantled ITT, Has Died at Age 89". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 10, 2021. ^ "Rand V. Araskog: Commencement Speaker". www.newswise.com. ^ GREENWALD, JOHN (June 24, 2001). "ITT'S STRIP SHOW". Time – via content.time.com. ^ SHAPIRO, WALTER; The, Walter Shapiro is a staff writer for; Magazine, Washington Post (August 8, 1982). "Why Mr. ITT Comes to Washington". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 13, 2021. ^ Cole, Robert J. (November 15, 1979). "Geneen Plans to Resign As Chairman of I.T.T." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ "ITT's Geneen Hands Helm to Araskog". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ a b c "Directors". Palm Beach Civic Association. November 25, 2018. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ "Hofstra University awards honorary degrees to distinguished individuals". Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. ^ "CableVision - SEC FORM 4". www.sec.gov. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ Clarke, Gerald (March 2007). "Scott Snyder Designs a Shingle-Style Residence in Southampton". Architectural Digest. ^ Hayes, Thomas C. (July 15, 1979). "I.T.T.'s New Chief". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2023. ^ "Julie Kay Araskog Engaged to Marry Walter J. Hodges Jr., Fellow Student". The New York Times. January 15, 1984. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2023. ^ "Eileen Stafford Kenny Wed To William Araskog on L.I." The New York Times. May 22, 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2023. External links "INVESTING IT; ITT May Shrink, but Chief's Pay Stays the Same"—The New York Times vteITT CorporationRelated companies Abbey Life American Cable and Radio Corporation Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company C. Lorenz Cannon Claro Puerto Rico Commercial Cable Company Commercial Pacific Cable Company Creed & Company EDO Corporation Exelis Visual Information Solutions Federal Telegraph Company Flygt Focke-Wulf Goulds Pumps ITT Exelis ITT Technical Institute Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company Kolster-Brandes Mix & Genest Rayonier Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Standard Telecommunication Laboratories Standard Telephones and Cables The Hartford WPXN-TV Xylem Inc. Key people Sosthenes Behn Hernán Behn William Henry Harrison Harold Geneen John William Mackay Rand Araskog Ellery W. Stone Media The Sovereign State ITT: The Management of Opportunity The ITT Wars Products GeoEye-1 ITT System 12 ITT 2020 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"divesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divested"}],"text":"Rand Vincent Araskog (October 31, 1931 – August 9, 2021) was an American manufacturing executive, investor, and writer who served as the CEO of ITT Corporation. During his time as the CEO between 1979 and 1998 he was known for divesting the conglomerate of multiple businesses including hotels, rental cars, and insurance to retain its focus on its core telecom businesses.","title":"Rand Araskog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fergus Falls, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"valedictorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Soviet studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_studies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rand Vincent Araskog was born on October 30, 1931, in Fergus Falls, Minnesota[1] in a family of Swedish descent.[2] His father was a tax collector and a dairy farmer in the town.[3] He was elected as a valedictorian in his school and went on to the United States Military Academy at West Point[4] where he graduated in 1953, majoring in Soviet studies.[3] He graduated from Harvard University majoring in Russian studies[3] and spent a year in West Germany serving at a US Army intelligence post.[3][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"National Security Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"ITT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corp"},{"link_name":"Nutley, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutley,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Avis Car Rentals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis_Car_Rental"},{"link_name":"Hartford Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hartford"},{"link_name":"Sheraton Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Hostess Twinkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostess_Twinkies"},{"link_name":"Wonder Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Bread"},{"link_name":"Harold Geneen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Geneen"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Chilean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Lyman C. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyman_C._Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ITT System 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_System_12"},{"link_name":"Generale d’Electricite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generale_d%E2%80%99Electricite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"hostile takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_takeover"},{"link_name":"Hilton Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Starwood Hotel & Resorts Worldwide, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Hotel_%26_Resorts_Worldwide,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Order of Bernardo O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Bernardo_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Hofstra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cablevision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablevision"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"Araskog started his career working for the Defense Department at the Pentagon and the National Security Agency from where he was sent to work in Europe.[6] Upon his return to the U.S., he left the Pentagon and worked for Honeywell in 1960 as marketing director in the aeronautical division.[3]In 1966, he joined ITT Corporation in its Defense Space Group in Nutley, New Jersey.[3] When he joined the company, it had grown since its founding in 1920 as a telecom service provider for Cuba and Puerto Rico, to being a conglomerate with business interests spanning Avis Car Rentals, Hartford Insurance, Sheraton Hotels and Hostess Twinkies, the company that manufactured Wonder Bread. During this time, he had become the right hand man of then chairman Harold Geneen. The company during this time was under scrutiny for its lobbying efforts in Washington, D.C. and for foreign political interference in Chilean politics. With this background, he became the company's CEO in 1979 succeeding Lyman C. Hamilton. He also became the chairman of the board the same year, succeeding Geneen.[7][8]His early years were spent building the group's telecom business, including developing the ITT System 12, an early stage digital telephone exchange, before selling the business to French state-owned company Generale d’Electricite in 1986.[3] He continued to spend the remainder of his time as the CEO in divesting the vast conglomerate as investors were vying for focus on its core businesses. He saw off a hostile takeover bid of by Hilton Hotels corporation but agreed to sell the group's hotel businesses under the Sheraton brand to Starwood Hotel & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. in 1997. He retired from the company in 1998.[3]Araskog was named an Officer in the French Legion of Honor in 1987.[9] He has also been awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by the President of Italy and the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins by the president of Chile.[9] He was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters by Hofstra University in 1990.[10]He was later self-employed as a private investor and also acted as principal in RVA Investments[citation needed] and on the Board of Directors of American cable television company Cablevision[11] and the Palm Beach Civic Association.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_College"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"gated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gated_community"},{"link_name":"Smoke Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_Rise_(community)"},{"link_name":"Kinnelon, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnelon,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Araskog met his wife Jessie Gustafson, when she was studying religion at Gustavus Adolphus College. The couple married in July 1956 and went on to have three children, two daughters and one son.[12] He died on August 9, 2021, at the age of 89 in Palm Beach, Florida.[3]For many years, Araskog resided with his family in the gated community of Smoke Rise, located in Kinnelon, New Jersey, a suburb of New York.[13][14][15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The ITT Wars: An Insider's View of Hostile Takeovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ITT_Wars:_An_Insider%27s_View_of_Hostile_Takeovers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-89312-238-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-89312-238-7"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-853-36160-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-853-36160-7"},{"link_name":"ITT Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation"}],"text":"Araskog, Rand V. (2000). The ITT Wars: An Insider's View of Hostile Takeovers. New York: Beard Books. ISBN 1-89312-238-7.\nAraskog, Rand V. (1989). Dawn Raiders and White Knights: The Inside Story of a Corporation Under Siege. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 1-853-36160-7.\nAraskog, Rand V.; James L. Bikoff (1987). Toward the Year 2000. New York: ITT Corporation.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Araskog, Rand V. (2000). The ITT Wars: An Insider's View of Hostile Takeovers. New York: Beard Books. ISBN 1-89312-238-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_ITT_Wars:_An_Insider%27s_View_of_Hostile_Takeovers","url_text":"The ITT Wars: An Insider's View of Hostile Takeovers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-89312-238-7","url_text":"1-89312-238-7"}]},{"reference":"Araskog, Rand V. (1989). Dawn Raiders and White Knights: The Inside Story of a Corporation Under Siege. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 1-853-36160-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-853-36160-7","url_text":"1-853-36160-7"}]},{"reference":"Araskog, Rand V.; James L. Bikoff (1987). Toward the Year 2000. New York: ITT Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITT_Corporation","url_text":"ITT Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Taft Corporate Giving Directory. Taft Corporation. 1990. ISBN 978-0-914756-80-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nBXkAAAAMAAJ&q=Rand+Araskog+fergus+falls","url_text":"Taft Corporate Giving Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914756-80-4","url_text":"978-0-914756-80-4"}]},{"reference":"Hagerty, James R. (August 10, 2021). \"Rand Araskog, CEO Who Dismantled ITT, Has Died at Age 89\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/rand-araskog-ceo-who-dismantled-itt-has-died-at-age-89-11628560402","url_text":"\"Rand Araskog, CEO Who Dismantled ITT, Has Died at Age 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Hagerty, James R. (August 10, 2021). \"Rand Araskog, CEO Who Dismantled ITT, Has Died at Age 89\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/rand-araskog-ceo-who-dismantled-itt-has-died-at-age-89-11628560402","url_text":"\"Rand Araskog, CEO Who Dismantled ITT, Has Died at Age 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Rand V. Araskog: Commencement Speaker\". www.newswise.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newswise.com/articles/rand-v-araskog-commencement-speaker","url_text":"\"Rand V. Araskog: Commencement Speaker\""}]},{"reference":"GREENWALD, JOHN (June 24, 2001). \"ITT'S STRIP SHOW\". Time – via content.time.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,137895,00.html","url_text":"\"ITT'S STRIP SHOW\""}]},{"reference":"SHAPIRO, WALTER; The, Walter Shapiro is a staff writer for; Magazine, Washington Post (August 8, 1982). \"Why Mr. ITT Comes to Washington\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1982/08/08/why-mr-itt-comes-to-washington/3aa3f948-509d-4c37-ab6c-0d4bba00878b/","url_text":"\"Why Mr. ITT Comes to Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Robert J. (November 15, 1979). \"Geneen Plans to Resign As Chairman of I.T.T.\" The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/15/archives/geneen-plans-to-resign-as-chairman-of-itt-araskog-to-become.html","url_text":"\"Geneen Plans to Resign As Chairman of I.T.T.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"ITT's Geneen Hands Helm to Araskog\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1979/11/15/itts-geneen-hands-helm-to-araskog/a4f65082-899f-42e1-b26c-85e4bae5c713/","url_text":"\"ITT's Geneen Hands Helm to Araskog\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Directors\". Palm Beach Civic Association. November 25, 2018. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200602170955/https://palmbeachcivic.org/leadership/directors/","url_text":"\"Directors\""},{"url":"https://palmbeachcivic.org/leadership/directors/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hofstra University awards honorary degrees to distinguished individuals\". Archived from the original on December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131214090340/http://www.hofstra.edu/alumni/newsevents/newsevents_hondegrees.html","url_text":"\"Hofstra University awards honorary degrees to distinguished individuals\""},{"url":"http://www.hofstra.edu/alumni/newsevents/newsevents_hondegrees.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CableVision - SEC FORM 4\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1053112/000120919108033106/xslF345X03/doc4.xml","url_text":"\"CableVision - SEC FORM 4\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Gerald (March 2007). \"Scott Snyder Designs a Shingle-Style Residence in Southampton\". Architectural Digest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/snyder-article-032007","url_text":"\"Scott Snyder Designs a Shingle-Style Residence in Southampton\""}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Thomas C. (July 15, 1979). \"I.T.T.'s New Chief\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/15/archives/itts-new-chief-the-victor-in-shakeup-is-araskog.html","url_text":"\"I.T.T.'s New Chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Julie Kay Araskog Engaged to Marry Walter J. Hodges Jr., Fellow Student\". The New York Times. January 15, 1984. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/15/style/julie-kay-araskog-engaged-to-marry-walter-j-hodges-jr-fellow-student.html","url_text":"\"Julie Kay Araskog Engaged to Marry Walter J. Hodges Jr., Fellow Student\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Eileen Stafford Kenny Wed To William Araskog on L.I.\" The New York Times. May 22, 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/22/style/eileen-stafford-kenny-wed-to-william-araskog-on-li.html","url_text":"\"Eileen Stafford Kenny Wed To William Araskog on L.I.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zard_Kuhi
Zard Kuhi
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°17′19″N 57°24′14″E / 36.28861°N 57.40389°E / 36.28861; 57.40389Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranZard Kuhi زردکوهیvillageZard KuhiCoordinates: 36°17′19″N 57°24′14″E / 36.28861°N 57.40389°E / 36.28861; 57.40389Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyDavarzanBakhshBashtinRural DistrictBashtinPopulation (2006) • Total127Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Zard Kuhi (Persian: زردکوهی, also Romanized as Zard Kūhī; also known as Zard Kūh) is a village in Bashtin Rural District, Bashtin District, Davarzan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 127, in 46 families. References ^ Zard Kuhi can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3843615" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Davarzan CountyCapital Davarzan DistrictsCentralCities Davarzan Rural Districts and villagesKah Baqerabad Beng Chubin Kamiz Khosrowabad Sad Kharu Mazinan Abrud Aliabad-e Bala Bahmanabad Bizeh Deh Now Ghaniabad Kahak Kalateh-ye Mazinan Mazinan Mur Nahaldan Seviz BashtinRural Districts and villagesBashtin Baghesht Bashtin Feyzabad Foshtanq Keyf Naman Rivand Saruq Shahr-e Ain Tajabad Zard Kuhi Mehr Bohangar Borughan Chesham Hoseynabad Kalateh-ye Sadat-e Bala Kushk-e Bagh Mehr Mehrabad Moqiseh Shahrabad Tazar Iran portal This Davarzan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogamedunkey
videogamedunkey
["1 Career","1.1 Bigmode","2 Views and style","3 Reputation","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
American YouTuber "Dunkey" redirects here. Not to be confused with Donkey or Dunki. videogamedunkeyGastrow's YouTube icon, drawn by OneyNGPersonal informationBornJason Gastrow (1991-01-30) January 30, 1991 (age 33)Occupations Comedian reviewer Internet personality Spouse Leah Gastrow ​(m. 2019)​Children1YouTube informationChannel videogamedunkey Years active2010–presentGenres Gaming comedy satire Subscribers7.47 millionTotal views3.87 billionNetworkIndependent (formerly Machinima, Maker Studios. and Curse LLC) Creator Awards100,000 subscribers20121,000,000 subscribers2014 Last updated: May 27, 2023 Jason Gastrow (born January 30, 1991), known online as videogamedunkey or simply dunkey, is an American YouTuber known for his YouTube skits and video essays that blend humor with video game criticism. As of March 2023, Gastrow's YouTube channel has seven million subscribers, and he has accumulated over three billion views. Career Gastrow has been publishing videos online since 2003. Initially, he created Flash animations that he uploaded on the website Newgrounds under the username "MeatwadSprite". Examples include "Great Yoshi Migration", his first video, and a parody of the Village People song "Y.M.C.A." called "F.U.C.K." On the H3h3 Podcast, Gastrow said he wanted to be an animator when he was young. Gastrow started his current YouTube channel, videogamedunkey, in 2010, with a video of him performing a speedrun of the 1991 game Battletoads. Gastrow recalled that the name "videogamedunkey" came about when he was playing Left 4 Dead with a friend. He "told him to pet a donkey or something," and after trapping his friend in the game, told him he would release him if he said "go go magic dunk". In a 2015 Reddit thread, Gastrow mentioned that his channel's profile picture was designed by Newgrounds animator and YouTuber Chris O'Neill. By September 2015, the videogamedunkey channel had 1.8 million subscribers. Gastrow's videos have collectively generated over three billion views. Outside of YouTube, Gastrow is active on Twitter and has pages on Facebook and Reddit. He and his wife Leah also run Dunkey's Castle, an online merchandise shop. Gastrow primarily covers video games on his channel. This includes posting reviews, playthroughs, video essays, and montages. He has also reviewed films, such as The Shining. During his channel's initial years, Gastrow was primarily known for his coverage of the 2009 multiplayer online battle arena game League of Legends. According to Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku, Gastrow "had a special place in the League of Legends universe for consistently producing some of the best, and definitely the funniest, material in the game's massive community". However, he quit making League videos in September 2015, after he was banned for "toxic" behavior, such as repeatedly insulting other players on his team in the in-game chat. Gastrow is also known for popularizing jokes about Knack (2013) and its sequel Knack II (2017), titles for the PlayStation 4, to the point that the games "became the internet's favorite punchline". Gastrow initially signed a contract with internet entertainment platform Machinima, Inc., which according to him took a large cut of his earnings from advertising. In 2013, Gastrow switched from Machinima to Maker Studios, which reportedly took more revenue than Machinima. Microsoft offered to pay if he made four videos for Xbox Live's Summer of Arcade. Shortly after Gastrow uploaded the first video, in which he lambasted the game he was playing, Microsoft took down the video and canceled the deal. Gastrow has since worked with Curse LLC, which he has praised. Gastrow reportedly earns up to US$1.7 million a year, and he is "likely the highest-earning cultural commentator with connections to Madison". In December 2020, Gastrow released a video in which he stated he would stop making "good videos" and instead switch to a daily schedule. He subsequently released shorter videos on a daily basis that satirized his stated plans and featured clickbait titles. For example, a purported Minecraft video involved Gastrow playing as the default Steve avatar from Minecraft in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. According to his wife, the switch in content format was because he was "feeling frustrations about the current YouTube landscape and worried about the future", where his and other channels' past curated content has been "overshadowed by the latest trends and low effort stuff" from larger channels. Polygon noted that the videos performed better than Gastrow's previous content, anticipating that he was exemplifying the current problems with YouTube to bring the situation to light and would eventually return to his normal curated content. In August 2021, Gastrow joked in a live stream that Kanye West's then-upcoming album Donda would sample a song from the animated short film Strawinsky and the Mysterious House (2012); upon the album's release, the track "Remote Control" sampled the exact clip, leading fans to theorize that West's team watched Gastrow's stream. In November 2022, Gastrow uploaded a video criticizing Sonic Frontiers, which resulted in the game being review bombed on Metacritic. Gastrow stated he did not intend for the video to spark review bombing and accused Sonic fans of leaving negative reviews to make his fans look bad. Bigmode In September 2022, Gastrow and his wife Leah launched Bigmode, a video game publishing company specializing in publishing indie games. Gastrow stated in a video announcing the new company, "I think we're going to bring insane value to the table and the bottom line is: help good games succeed and help them continue to succeed into the future". Leah said their ultimate goal was to "put together a catalogue of unique, high-quality games that can be enjoyed for many years". The announcement received some mixed reactions from journalists and indie developers. In January 2023, Bigmode announced its first title, Animal Well, which was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, and Windows in May 2024. Views and style According to himself, Gastrow sometimes writes a script for a video and records voice-overs during post-production, while other times recording along as he plays. Gastrow's videos depicting League of Legends and Overwatch (2016) are examples of the latter; he stated in an interview that he "would try to cut out the funniest parts." Gastrow's most viewed video, "Ultimate Skyrim", depicts him playing The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) using a variety of user-created modifications to the point of breaking the game. Gastrow has cited people he knows, Adult Swim television series such as Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Space Ghost Coast to Coast, and the Tim & Eric shows as inspiration, and has said he enjoys watching videos by YouTubers ProJared and Gaming Historian. According to Tone Madison's Reid Kurkerewicz, Gastrow is an example of "new games criticism", a reviewing approach inspired by New Journalism. Gastrow has been noted as a "fierce consumer advocate, deeply skeptical of corporate marketing machines." For instance, he has criticized Nintendo for demonetizing his review of Super Mario Odyssey (2017) on copyright grounds, and Microsoft for its business practices, including the cancellation of their Summer of Arcade deal. In his 2017 video "Game Critics", Gastrow denounced websites such as IGN for their decentralized opinions, poor writing, "the fuzzy ethics of building relationships with the companies meant to cover," and the divide between critics and audiences. Reputation Gene Park of The Washington Post described Gastrow as one of the most influential critics on YouTube, noting he has inspired a number of imitators, and called him the Lester Bangs of video games. Like Bangs, Park wrote, Gastrow is an industry outsider, has created modern vernacular, and is an advocate for consumers. Patrick Klepek, writing for Vice, said Gastrow is one of the few YouTubers he subscribes to, calling him "a video editing maestro whose ability to make you laugh and understand why a game's interesting at the same time is unmatched. Even my wife, who barely plays games, loves Dunkey." Gastrow's ban from League of Legends for verbal abuse divided his followers; some defended him while others expressed surprise he considered insulting other players acceptable. Personal life Gastrow was born on January 30, 1991. He has lived in Milwaukee and Madison, Wisconsin. Gastrow's mother is a second grade teacher. In September 2019, Gastrow married fellow YouTuber Leah Bee. In July 2023, Gastrow and Leah announced they were expecting their first child, a girl, who was born in October. It is a common misconception and a running gag on the channel that Gastrow is black, which Leah attributes to his voice and the fact that he rarely shows his face in videos. See also List of YouTube personalities References ^ Gastrow, Jason (April 10, 2015). "He made me the dunkey picture for my youtube". Reddit. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024. ^ a b "About videogamedunkey". YouTube. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Park, Gene (March 14, 2019). "If video games are today's rock-and-roll music, Videogamedunkey might be its Lester Bangs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019. ^ Gastrow, Jason (October 21, 2017). Old Dunkey and Cuphead (YouTube). videogamedunkey. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i Klein, Ethan; Klein, Hila; Gastrow, Jason; Bee, Leah (October 11, 2017). H3 Podcast #34 - VideoGameDunkey & Leah (YouTube). h3h3Productions. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019. ^ a b Rowlatt, Henrietta (May 10, 2016). "9 of the best YouTubers playing PC games today". TechRadar. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2019. ^ "r/videogamedunkey - Comment by u/bunkley on "I am Dunkey AMA"". reddit. April 10, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2022. ^ a b c Hernandez, Patricia (September 14, 2015). "Banned League of Legends YouTuber Defends His Trash Talking". Kotaku. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019. ^ "@vgdunkey" (dunkey) on Twitter ^ LeJacq, Yannick (September 9, 2015). "League Of Legends YouTube Jokester Gets Banned". Kotaku. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019. ^ Jackson, Gita (September 6, 2017). "How Knack Became The Internet's Favorite Punchline". Kotaku. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2019. ^ a b Gastrow, Jason (October 6, 2015). Microsoft Sucks (YouTube). videogamedunkey. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ a b c Kurkerewicz, Reid (September 19, 2017). "The revealing jackassery of Videogamedunkey". Tone Madison. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2019. ^ Hernandez, Patricia (December 7, 2020). "YouTuber becomes more powerful by pivoting to terrible gaming content". Polygon. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020. ^ Barilla, Chris (August 27, 2021). "Kanye West's "Donda" Album Has a Surprising Animated Character Featured on It: Globglogabgalab". Distractify. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ^ Li, Nicolaus (September 3, 2021). "What is the "Globglogabgalab" Sample on Kanye's 'DONDA' Track "Remote Control"?". Hypebeast. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021. ^ Mercante, Alyssa (November 14, 2022). "Latest Videogamedunkey YouTube Sparks Sonic Frontiers Review Bombing". Kotaku. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022. ^ Cyer, Hirun (November 14, 2022). "YouTuber Dunkey responds to "fans" review-bombing Sonic Frontiers". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022. ^ Dealessandri, Marie (September 22, 2022). "YouTuber Dunkey forms indie games publisher Bigmode". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2022. ^ Leston, Ryan (September 22, 2022). "Gaming YouTuber Dunkey Sets Up an Indie Game Publishing Company". IGN. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022. ^ Dealessandri, Marie (February 28, 2023). "Bigmode's journey, from YouTubers to publishers". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023. ^ Ngan, Liv (September 22, 2022). "YouTuber videogamedunkey launches own indie publishing company Bigmode". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2022. ^ Nightingale, Ed (January 9, 2023). "Animal Well is first game from videogamedunkey's publishing company Bigmode". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2024. ^ Romano, Sal (March 17, 2024). "Animal Well launches May 9". Gematsu. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024. ^ Alexander, Julia (November 6, 2017). "YouTubers are calling out Nintendo for its policy on streaming, uploads". Polygon. Archived from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ a b Klepek, Patrick (July 11, 2017). "Game Criticism Had Problems Long Before Dunkey Made a Video About It". Vice. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ Gastrow, Jason (January 31, 2016). "thanks everybody for an awesome birthday !" (Tweet). Retrieved July 4, 2019 – via Twitter. ^ Gastrow, Jason (September 27, 2019). Dunkey and Leah's Wedding (YouTube). videogamedunkey. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ Gastrow, Leah (July 5, 2023). "happiest news 💗 our baby girl due in october!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023 – via Twitter. ^ "Revisiting Uncharted 4". July 5, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2024. ^ Gastrow, Jason (October 14, 2023). "" (Tweet). Archived from the original on October 24, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023 – via Twitter. External links Videogamedunkey at IMDb
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Examples include \"Great Yoshi Migration\", his first video, and a parody of the Village People song \"Y.M.C.A.\" called \"F.U.C.K.\"[3][4] On the H3h3 Podcast, Gastrow said he wanted to be an animator when he was young.[5]Gastrow started his current YouTube channel, videogamedunkey, in 2010, with a video of him performing a speedrun of the 1991 game Battletoads.[6] Gastrow recalled that the name \"videogamedunkey\" came about when he was playing Left 4 Dead with a friend. He \"told him to pet a donkey or something,\" and after trapping his friend in the game, told him he would release him if he said \"go go magic dunk\".[5] In a 2015 Reddit thread, Gastrow mentioned that his channel's profile picture was designed by Newgrounds animator and YouTuber Chris O'Neill.[7] By September 2015, the videogamedunkey channel had 1.8 million subscribers.[8] Gastrow's videos have collectively generated over three billion views.[3] Outside of YouTube, Gastrow is active on Twitter[9] and has pages on Facebook and Reddit. He and his wife Leah also run Dunkey's Castle, an online merchandise shop.[5]Gastrow primarily covers video games on his channel. This includes posting reviews, playthroughs, video essays, and montages.[3][5] He has also reviewed films, such as The Shining.[5] During his channel's initial years, Gastrow was primarily known for his coverage of the 2009 multiplayer online battle arena game League of Legends. According to Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku, Gastrow \"had a special place in the League of Legends universe for consistently producing some of the best, and definitely the funniest, material in the game's massive community\".[10] However, he quit making League videos in September 2015, after he was banned for \"toxic\" behavior, such as repeatedly insulting other players on his team in the in-game chat.[8] Gastrow is also known for popularizing jokes about Knack (2013) and its sequel Knack II (2017), titles for the PlayStation 4, to the point that the games \"became the internet's favorite punchline\".[11]Gastrow initially signed a contract with internet entertainment platform Machinima, Inc., which according to him took a large cut of his earnings from advertising. In 2013, Gastrow switched from Machinima to Maker Studios, which reportedly took more revenue than Machinima. Microsoft offered to pay if he made four videos for Xbox Live's Summer of Arcade. Shortly after Gastrow uploaded the first video, in which he lambasted the game he was playing, Microsoft took down the video and canceled the deal. Gastrow has since worked with Curse LLC, which he has praised.[12] Gastrow reportedly earns up to US$1.7 million a year,[3] and he is \"likely the highest-earning cultural commentator with connections to Madison\".[13]In December 2020, Gastrow released a video in which he stated he would stop making \"good videos\" and instead switch to a daily schedule. He subsequently released shorter videos on a daily basis that satirized his stated plans and featured clickbait titles. For example, a purported Minecraft video involved Gastrow playing as the default Steve avatar from Minecraft in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. According to his wife, the switch in content format was because he was \"feeling frustrations about the current YouTube landscape and worried about the future\", where his and other channels' past curated content has been \"overshadowed by the latest trends and low effort stuff\" from larger channels. Polygon noted that the videos performed better than Gastrow's previous content, anticipating that he was exemplifying the current problems with YouTube to bring the situation to light and would eventually return to his normal curated content.[14]In August 2021, Gastrow joked in a live stream that Kanye West's then-upcoming album Donda would sample a song from the animated short film Strawinsky and the Mysterious House (2012); upon the album's release, the track \"Remote Control\" sampled the exact clip, leading fans to theorize that West's team watched Gastrow's stream.[15][16]In November 2022, Gastrow uploaded a video criticizing Sonic Frontiers, which resulted in the game being review bombed on Metacritic. Gastrow stated he did not intend for the video to spark review bombing and accused Sonic fans of leaving negative reviews to make his fans look bad.[17][18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publishing"},{"link_name":"indie games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_games"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Animal Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Well"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Bigmode","text":"In September 2022, Gastrow and his wife Leah launched Bigmode, a video game publishing company specializing in publishing indie games.[19] Gastrow stated in a video announcing the new company, \"I think we're going to bring insane value to the table and the bottom line is: help good games succeed and help them continue to succeed into the future\".[20] Leah said their ultimate goal was to \"put together a catalogue of unique, high-quality games that can be enjoyed for many years\".[21] The announcement received some mixed reactions from journalists and indie developers.[22] In January 2023, Bigmode announced its first title, Animal Well,[23] which was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, and Windows in May 2024.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voice-overs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-over"},{"link_name":"Overwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h3:_Podcast-5"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim"},{"link_name":"modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modding"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP:_Bangs-3"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"Aqua Teen Hunger Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force"},{"link_name":"Space Ghost Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast"},{"link_name":"Tim & Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_%26_Eric"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h3:_Podcast-5"},{"link_name":"New Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Journalism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM:_Jackassery-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP:_Bangs-3"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft-12"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP:_Bangs-3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViceCritics-26"}],"text":"According to himself, Gastrow sometimes writes a script for a video and records voice-overs during post-production, while other times recording along as he plays. Gastrow's videos depicting League of Legends and Overwatch (2016) are examples of the latter; he stated in an interview that he \"would try to cut out the funniest parts.\"[5] Gastrow's most viewed video, \"Ultimate Skyrim\", depicts him playing The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) using a variety of user-created modifications to the point of breaking the game.[3] Gastrow has cited people he knows, Adult Swim television series such as Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Space Ghost Coast to Coast, and the Tim & Eric shows as inspiration, and has said he enjoys watching videos by YouTubers ProJared and Gaming Historian.[5]According to Tone Madison's Reid Kurkerewicz, Gastrow is an example of \"new games criticism\", a reviewing approach inspired by New Journalism.[13] Gastrow has been noted as a \"fierce consumer advocate, deeply skeptical of corporate marketing machines.\"[3] For instance, he has criticized Nintendo for demonetizing his review of Super Mario Odyssey (2017) on copyright grounds,[25] and Microsoft for its business practices, including the cancellation of their Summer of Arcade deal.[12] In his 2017 video \"Game Critics\", Gastrow denounced websites such as IGN for their decentralized opinions, poor writing, \"the fuzzy ethics of building relationships with the companies [they're] meant to cover,\" and the divide between critics and audiences.[3][26]","title":"Views and style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Lester Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bangs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP:_Bangs-3"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Media"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViceCritics-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku:_Defends-8"}],"text":"Gene Park of The Washington Post described Gastrow as one of the most influential critics on YouTube, noting he has inspired a number of imitators, and called him the Lester Bangs of video games. Like Bangs, Park wrote, Gastrow is an industry outsider, has created modern vernacular, and is an advocate for consumers.[3] Patrick Klepek, writing for Vice, said Gastrow is one of the few YouTubers he subscribes to, calling him \"a video editing maestro whose ability to make you laugh and understand why a game's interesting at the same time is unmatched. Even my wife, who barely plays games, loves Dunkey.\"[26] Gastrow's ban from League of Legends for verbal abuse divided his followers; some defended him while others expressed surprise he considered insulting other players acceptable.[8]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP:_Bangs-3"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TR:_9Best-6"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TM:_Jackassery-13"},{"link_name":"second grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_grade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h3:_Podcast-5"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h3:_Podcast-5"}],"text":"Gastrow was born on January 30, 1991.[27][3] He has lived in Milwaukee[6] and Madison, Wisconsin.[13] Gastrow's mother is a second grade teacher.[5] In September 2019, Gastrow married fellow YouTuber Leah Bee.[28] In July 2023, Gastrow and Leah announced they were expecting their first child, a girl,[29][30] who was born in October.[31]It is a common misconception and a running gag on the channel that Gastrow is black, which Leah attributes to his voice and the fact that he rarely shows his face in videos.[5]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of YouTube personalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_YouTube_personalities"}]
[{"reference":"Gastrow, Jason (April 10, 2015). \"He made me the dunkey picture for my youtube\". Reddit. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/videogamedunkey/comments/325mh7/comment/cq861pv/","url_text":"\"He made me the dunkey picture for my youtube\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240515232308/https://www.reddit.com/r/videogamedunkey/comments/325mh7/comment/cq861pv/?rdt=37222","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About videogamedunkey\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/videogamedunkey/about","url_text":"\"About videogamedunkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Park, Gene (March 14, 2019). \"If video games are today's rock-and-roll music, Videogamedunkey might be its Lester Bangs\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/03/14/if-video-games-are-todays-rock-and-roll-music-videogamedunkey-might-be-its-lester-bangs/","url_text":"\"If video games are today's rock-and-roll music, Videogamedunkey might be its Lester Bangs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704163117/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/03/14/if-video-games-are-todays-rock-and-roll-music-videogamedunkey-might-be-its-lester-bangs/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gastrow, Jason (October 21, 2017). Old Dunkey and Cuphead (YouTube). videogamedunkey. Archived from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCkPhYiKbJU","url_text":"Old Dunkey and Cuphead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190919174534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCkPhYiKbJU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Ethan; Klein, Hila; Gastrow, Jason; Bee, Leah (October 11, 2017). H3 Podcast #34 - VideoGameDunkey & Leah (YouTube). h3h3Productions. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Klein","url_text":"Klein, Ethan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hila_Klein","url_text":"Klein, Hila"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph5FR-RFhbg","url_text":"H3 Podcast #34 - VideoGameDunkey & Leah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3h3Productions","url_text":"h3h3Productions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190615014306/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph5FR-RFhbg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rowlatt, Henrietta (May 10, 2016). \"9 of the best YouTubers playing PC games today\". TechRadar. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/news/gaming/10-of-the-best-youtubers-playing-pc-games-today-1320452","url_text":"\"9 of the best YouTubers playing PC games today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRadar","url_text":"TechRadar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160518063721/https://www.techradar.com/news/gaming/10-of-the-best-youtubers-playing-pc-games-today-1320452","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"r/videogamedunkey - Comment by u/bunkley on \"I am Dunkey AMA\"\". reddit. April 10, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/videogamedunkey/comments/325mh7/comment/cq8av2s/?context=3","url_text":"\"r/videogamedunkey - Comment by u/bunkley on \"I am Dunkey AMA\"\""}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Patricia (September 14, 2015). \"Banned League of Legends YouTuber Defends His Trash Talking\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/banned-league-of-legends-youtuber-defends-his-trash-tal-1730635674","url_text":"\"Banned League of Legends YouTuber Defends His Trash Talking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190705172931/https://kotaku.com/banned-league-of-legends-youtuber-defends-his-trash-tal-1730635674","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LeJacq, Yannick (September 9, 2015). \"League Of Legends YouTube Jokester Gets Banned\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/league-of-legends-youtube-jokester-gets-banned-1729589265","url_text":"\"League Of Legends YouTube Jokester Gets Banned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190703220602/https://kotaku.com/league-of-legends-youtube-jokester-gets-banned-1729589265","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Gita (September 6, 2017). \"How Knack Became The Internet's Favorite Punchline\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/how-knack-became-the-internets-favorite-punchline-1800943169","url_text":"\"How Knack Became The Internet's Favorite Punchline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240127155046/https://kotaku.com/how-knack-became-the-internets-favorite-punchline-1800943169","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gastrow, Jason (October 6, 2015). Microsoft Sucks (YouTube). videogamedunkey. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeHjN4oWVfk","url_text":"Microsoft Sucks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Kurkerewicz, Reid (September 19, 2017). \"The revealing jackassery of Videogamedunkey\". Tone Madison. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tonemadison.com/articles/the-revealing-jackassery-of-videogamedunkey","url_text":"\"The revealing jackassery of Videogamedunkey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200123135603/https://www.tonemadison.com/articles/the-revealing-jackassery-of-videogamedunkey","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Patricia (December 7, 2020). \"YouTuber becomes more powerful by pivoting to terrible gaming content\". Polygon. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/7/22160005/dunkey-youtube-among-us-minecraft-trending","url_text":"\"YouTuber becomes more powerful by pivoting to terrible gaming content\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201207224725/https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/7/22160005/dunkey-youtube-among-us-minecraft-trending","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barilla, Chris (August 27, 2021). \"Kanye West's \"Donda\" Album Has a Surprising Animated Character Featured on It: Globglogabgalab\". Distractify. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. 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Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/sonic-frontiers-ps5-dunkey-review-bomb-metacritic-1849782422","url_text":"\"Latest Videogamedunkey YouTube Sparks Sonic Frontiers Review Bombing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221115002216/https://kotaku.com/sonic-frontiers-ps5-dunkey-review-bomb-metacritic-1849782422","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cyer, Hirun (November 14, 2022). \"YouTuber Dunkey responds to \"fans\" review-bombing Sonic Frontiers\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/dunkey-sonic-frontiers-review/","url_text":"\"YouTuber Dunkey responds to \"fans\" review-bombing Sonic Frontiers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221115015459/https://www.gamesradar.com/dunkey-sonic-frontiers-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dealessandri, Marie (September 22, 2022). \"YouTuber Dunkey forms indie games publisher Bigmode\". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. 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Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/11/6/16612080/youtube-nintendo-super-mario-odyssey-demonetization","url_text":"\"YouTubers are calling out Nintendo for its policy on streaming, uploads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191004175036/https://www.polygon.com/2017/11/6/16612080/youtube-nintendo-super-mario-odyssey-demonetization","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klepek, Patrick (July 11, 2017). \"Game Criticism Had Problems Long Before Dunkey Made a Video About It\". Vice. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qvpzk3/game-criticism-had-problems-long-before-dunkey-made-a-video-about-it","url_text":"\"Game Criticism Had Problems Long Before Dunkey Made a Video About It\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Media","url_text":"Vice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023080247/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qvpzk3/game-criticism-had-problems-long-before-dunkey-made-a-video-about-it","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gastrow, Jason [@vgdunkey] (January 31, 2016). \"thanks everybody for an awesome birthday !\" (Tweet). Retrieved July 4, 2019 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/vgdunkey/status/693652769463336961","url_text":"\"thanks everybody for an awesome birthday !\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Gastrow, Jason (September 27, 2019). Dunkey and Leah's Wedding (YouTube). videogamedunkey. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waXb8QGdEYQ&t=77s","url_text":"Dunkey and Leah's Wedding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Gastrow, Leah [@vgLeahbee] (July 5, 2023). \"happiest news 💗 our baby girl due in october!\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/vgLeahbee/status/1676692716548128768","url_text":"\"happiest news 💗 our baby girl due in october!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230705211100/https://twitter.com/vgLeahbee/status/1676692716548128768","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Revisiting Uncharted 4\". July 5, 2023. 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