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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke_Folmer
Joke Folmer
["1 Life","2 Awards","3 Legacy","4 References"]
Dutch resistance member (1923–2022) Joke FolmerBornJohanna Maria Folmer(1923-07-09)9 July 1923Hoofddorp, NetherlandsDied11 December 2022(2022-12-11) (aged 99)Schiermonnikoog, NetherlandsNationalityDutchOccupationResistance member Johanna Maria "Joke" Folmer (9 July 1923 – 11 December 2022) was a Dutch resistance member during World War II. Life Shortly after her birth, Folmer moved with her parents to the Dutch East Indies where she lived until the age of 16. At the time of the 1940 German invasion of the Netherlands she was seventeen years old and attended the lyceum in Zeist. By delivering homework to a Jewish friend, she came into contact with the Dutch resistance. She became a courier for the Fiat Libertas group. She smuggled over three hundred people across the border, including 120 Allied pilots. In September 1943 the group was betrayed. Folmer was sentenced to death and imprisoned in, among others, the Oranjehotel, the prison in Utrecht and Herzogenbusch concentration camp. Her execution was prevented by the evacuation of the camp on Dolle Dinsdag. As a Nacht und Nebel prisoner, she went to multiple German prisons. Because she was moved so often, her death sentence papers were never at the prison she was. She was liberated in Waldheim by the Russians on 6 May 1945. Her return journey to the Netherlands is described in the book The Walls Came Tumbling Down by Jet Roosenburg. After the war, she and Nel Lind organized reunions in which British and Canadian air force veterans traveled the escape routes from the Netherlands to the Swiss or Spanish borders. Folmer died in Schiermonnikoog on 11 December 2022, at the age of 99. Awards American Medal of Freedom with golden palm Medal of Freedom with golden palm (1946) After the death of Peter van den Hurk in 2014 , Folmer was the only living Dutch bearer of the Medal of Freedom with golden palm. George Medal (1947) Bronze Lion (1951) Resistance Memorial Cross Medal of honor Schiermonnikoog (2020) Legacy In 2020 Omrop Fryslan made a documentary of 2 episodes about her. References ^ a b "Verzetsstrijder Joke Folmer (99) overleden". NOS (in Dutch). 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022. ^ a b "Overlijdensbericht Joke Folmer". Mensenlinq (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ a b "Joke Folmer, boodschappenmeisje van het verzet". Omrop Fryslan (in Dutch). 1 May 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022. ^ "Joke Folmer: 'Ik heb veertien maanden gewacht op mijn executie'". EW Magazine (in Dutch). 20 September 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022. ^ "Verzetsheldin Joke Folmer (96) ontvangt erepenning Schiermonnikoog". RTV Noord (in Dutch). 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref2-2"}],"text":"Johanna Maria \"Joke\" Folmer (9 July 1923 – 11 December 2022) was a Dutch resistance member during World War II.[1][2]","title":"Joke Folmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"German invasion of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Zeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeist"},{"link_name":"Dutch resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref5-3"},{"link_name":"Oranjehotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranjehotel"},{"link_name":"Herzogenbusch concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Dolle Dinsdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolle_Dinsdag"},{"link_name":"Nacht und Nebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel"},{"link_name":"Waldheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldheim,_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Jet Roosenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jet_Roosenburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref3-4"},{"link_name":"Nel Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nel_Lind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schiermonnikoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiermonnikoog"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref2-2"}],"text":"Shortly after her birth, Folmer moved with her parents to the Dutch East Indies where she lived until the age of 16. At the time of the 1940 German invasion of the Netherlands she was seventeen years old and attended the lyceum in Zeist. By delivering homework to a Jewish friend, she came into contact with the Dutch resistance. She became a courier for the Fiat Libertas group. She smuggled over three hundred people across the border, including 120 Allied pilots.[3]In September 1943 the group was betrayed. Folmer was sentenced to death and imprisoned in, among others, the Oranjehotel, the prison in Utrecht and Herzogenbusch concentration camp. Her execution was prevented by the evacuation of the camp on Dolle Dinsdag. As a Nacht und Nebel prisoner, she went to multiple German prisons. Because she was moved so often, her death sentence papers were never at the prison she was. She was liberated in Waldheim by the Russians on 6 May 1945. Her return journey to the Netherlands is described in the book The Walls Came Tumbling Down by Jet Roosenburg.[4]After the war, she and Nel Lind organized reunions in which British and Canadian air force veterans traveled the escape routes from the Netherlands to the Swiss or Spanish borders.Folmer died in Schiermonnikoog on 11 December 2022, at the age of 99.[1][2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medal_of_Freedom_stripe_gullpalme.svg"},{"link_name":"Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Peter van den Hurk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_van_den_Hurk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"George Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Bronze Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Lion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Resistance Memorial Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_Memorial_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Schiermonnikoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiermonnikoog"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref4-5"}],"text":"American Medal of Freedom with golden palmMedal of Freedom with golden palm (1946)After the death of Peter van den Hurk in 2014 , Folmer was the only living Dutch bearer of the Medal of Freedom with golden palm.George Medal (1947)\n Bronze Lion (1951)\n Resistance Memorial Cross\n Medal of honor Schiermonnikoog (2020)[5]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omrop Fryslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omrop_Fryslan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref5-3"}],"text":"In 2020 Omrop Fryslan made a documentary of 2 episodes about her.[3]","title":"Legacy"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uidemar
Uidemar
["1 Career","2 National team","3 Retirement","4 Honors","4.1 Head coaching honors","5 References"]
Brazilian footballer and manager UidemarPersonal informationFull name Uidemar Pessoa de OliveiraDate of birth (1965-01-08) 8 January 1965 (age 59)Place of birth Damolândia, BrazilHeight 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s) MidfielderYouth career União Inhumas Aparecidense GoiásSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1986–1989 Goiás 1990–1993 Flamengo 1993–1995 León 1995 Goiás 1996 Botafogo 1996 Fluminense 1996 Araçatuba 1998 Ponte Preta 1999 São José-SP 1999 Paysandu International career1987–1989 Brazil 2 (0)Managerial career2011 Morrinhos2011 Penarol2012 Nacional-AM2012 Vitória das Tabocas2014 Interporto2017 ASEEV2020 Itumbiara2022 Itumbiara (assistant)2023 Interporto2024 Cametá *Club domestic league appearances and goals Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira (born 8 January 1965), simply known as Uidemar, is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played as a midfielder. Uidemar played for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A clubs Goiás, Flamengo and Fluminense, and for the Brazil national team. Career Born in Damolândia, Goiás state, before becoming a professional footballer, Uidemar played for the youth clubs of União Inhumas, Aparecidense and Goiás. He started his professional career playing for Goiás, where he played 71 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A matches and scored 2 goals from 1986 to 1989. During that period he also won the Campeonato Goiano in 1986, 1987 and in 1989. In 1990, he moved to Flamengo, of Rio de Janeiro, where he played 145 matches and scored six goals from 1990 to 1993, winning during that time the Copa do Brasil in 1990, the Campeonato Carioca in 1991, and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 1992. On December 2, 1989, he scored a goal during Zico's farewell match, when Flamengo beat Fluminense 5-0 for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. He played for the Mexican side Club León, from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he returned to Goiás, where he played 14 more Campeonato Brasileiro Série A matches, moving to Botafogo in the following year, where he briefly played, winning Taça Cidade Maravilhosa, then moving in the same year to Fluminense, where he played 19 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A matches. After leaving Fluminense, he played for Araçatuba and Ponte Preta from São Paulo state, then moving to Paysandu in 1999, when he retired. National team Uidemar played two matches for the Brazil national team, the first one on December 12, 1987, against West Germany, at Estádio Mané Garrincha, Brasília, in which Brazil and West Germany drew 1-1, and the other one on March 15, 1989, at Verdão, Cuiabá, when Brazil beat Ecuador 2-0. Retirement After his retirement, Uidemar moved to Goiânia city, where he opened a sports and recreation center. Honors Uidemar won the following honors during his career: Club Competition Seasons Botafogo Taça Cidade Maravilhosa 1996 Flamengo Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1992 Campeonato Carioca 1991 Copa do Brasil 1990 Goiás Campeonato Goiano 1986, 1987, 1989 Head coaching honors Club Competition Seasons Penarol Campeonato Amazonense 2011 References ^ a b "Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira" (in Portuguese). Futpédia. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ "Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Football Confederation. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ a b c Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro Lance Volume 2. Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A. 2001. p. 361. ISBN 85-88651-01-7. ^ "Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira" (in Portuguese). Sambafoot. April 13, 2005. Retrieved February 23, 2009. ^ a b c d e "Uidemar (ex-volante do Flamengo e Goiás)" (in Portuguese). Milton Neves. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ "Flamengo 5x0 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro de 1989" (in Portuguese). Flapédia. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ Uidemar – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (archived) (in Spanish) ^ "Rio de Janeiro 1996". RSSSF Brasil. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ "Remo é campeão paraense com gol de Aílton" (in Portuguese). UOL Esporte. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ a b c Napoleão, Antonio Carlos; Roberto Assaf (2006). Seleção Brasileira 1914-2006. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad Editora Ltda. p. 304. ISBN 85-7478-186-X. ^ "Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 1985-1987". RSSSF Brasil. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ "Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 1988-1989". RSSSF Brasil. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brazilianfootballconfederation-2"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Goiás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Flamengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo"},{"link_name":"Fluminense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluminense_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Brazil national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enciclopedialance-3"}],"text":"Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira (born 8 January 1965[2]), simply known as Uidemar, is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played as a midfielder.Uidemar played for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A clubs Goiás, Flamengo and Fluminense, and for the Brazil national team.[3]","title":"Uidemar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damolândia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damol%C3%A2ndia"},{"link_name":"Goiás state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sambafoot-4"},{"link_name":"União Inhumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uni%C3%A3o_Esportiva_Inhumas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aparecidense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Aparecidense"},{"link_name":"Goiás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonneves-5"},{"link_name":"Goiás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonneves-5"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Goiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Goiano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enciclopedialance-3"},{"link_name":"Flamengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Copa do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil_1990"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Carioca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Carioca"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A_1992"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enciclopedialance-3"},{"link_name":"Zico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zico_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Fluminense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluminense_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zicoflapedia-6"},{"link_name":"Club León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Botafogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botafogo_de_Futebol_e_Regatas"},{"link_name":"Taça Cidade Maravilhosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Carioca"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tacacidademaravilhosa-8"},{"link_name":"Fluminense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluminense_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futpedia-1"},{"link_name":"Araçatuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Esportiva_Ara%C3%A7atuba"},{"link_name":"Ponte Preta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Ponte_Preta"},{"link_name":"São Paulo state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonneves-5"},{"link_name":"Paysandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysandu_Sport_Club"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uolesporte-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonneves-5"}],"text":"Born in Damolândia, Goiás state,[4] before becoming a professional footballer, Uidemar played for the youth clubs of União Inhumas, Aparecidense and Goiás.[5] He started his professional career playing for Goiás, where he played 71 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A matches and scored 2 goals from 1986 to 1989.[5] During that period he also won the Campeonato Goiano in 1986, 1987 and in 1989.[3] In 1990, he moved to Flamengo, of Rio de Janeiro, where he played 145 matches and scored six goals from 1990 to 1993, winning during that time the Copa do Brasil in 1990, the Campeonato Carioca in 1991, and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A in 1992.[3] On December 2, 1989, he scored a goal during Zico's farewell match, when Flamengo beat Fluminense 5-0 for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.[6] He played for the Mexican side Club León, from 1993 to 1995.[7] In 1995, he returned to Goiás, where he played 14 more Campeonato Brasileiro Série A matches, moving to Botafogo in the following year, where he briefly played, winning Taça Cidade Maravilhosa,[8] then moving in the same year to Fluminense, where he played 19 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A matches.[1] After leaving Fluminense, he played for Araçatuba and Ponte Preta from São Paulo state,[5] then moving to Paysandu in 1999,[9] when he retired.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selecaobrasileira-10"},{"link_name":"Estádio Mané Garrincha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Man%C3%A9_Garrincha"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf1987-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selecaobrasileira-10"},{"link_name":"Verdão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verd%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Cuiabá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuiab%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf1989-12"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selecaobrasileira-10"}],"text":"Uidemar played two matches for the Brazil national team, the first one on December 12, 1987, against West Germany,[10] at Estádio Mané Garrincha, Brasília,[11] in which Brazil and West Germany drew 1-1,[10] and the other one on March 15, 1989, at Verdão, Cuiabá,[12] when Brazil beat Ecuador 2-0.[10]","title":"National team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goiânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miltonneves-5"}],"text":"After his retirement, Uidemar moved to Goiânia city, where he opened a sports and recreation center.[5]","title":"Retirement"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Uidemar won the following honors during his career:","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Head coaching honors","title":"Honors"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira\" (in Portuguese). Futpédia. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://futpedia.globo.com/jogadores/uidemar","url_text":"\"Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira\" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Football Confederation. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://200.159.15.35/registro/registro.aspx?s=92409","url_text":"\"Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Football_Confederation","url_text":"Brazilian Football Confederation"}]},{"reference":"Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro Lance Volume 2. Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A. 2001. p. 361. ISBN 85-88651-01-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-88651-01-7","url_text":"85-88651-01-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira\" (in Portuguese). Sambafoot. April 13, 2005. Retrieved February 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.sambafoot.com/players/1028_Uidemar.html","url_text":"\"Uidemar Pessoa de Oliveira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uidemar (ex-volante do Flamengo e Goiás)\" (in Portuguese). Milton Neves. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080506224737/http://desenvolvimento.miltonneves.com.br/QFL/Conteudo.aspx?id=70387","url_text":"\"Uidemar (ex-volante do Flamengo e Goiás)\""},{"url":"http://desenvolvimento.miltonneves.com.br/QFL/Conteudo.aspx?ID=70387","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Flamengo 5x0 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro de 1989\" (in Portuguese). Flapédia. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flamengo.com.br/flapedia/Flamengo_5x0_Fluminense_-_Campeonato_Brasileiro_de_1989","url_text":"\"Flamengo 5x0 Fluminense - Campeonato Brasileiro de 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rio de Janeiro 1996\". RSSSF Brasil. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210010459/http://paginas.terra.com.br/esporte/rsssfbrasil/tables/rj1996.htm","url_text":"\"Rio de Janeiro 1996\""},{"url":"http://paginas.terra.com.br/esporte/rsssfbrasil/tables/rj1996.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remo é campeão paraense com gol de Aílton\" (in Portuguese). UOL Esporte. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.uol.com.br/esporte/ultimas/fut110799084.htm","url_text":"\"Remo é campeão paraense com gol de Aílton\""}]},{"reference":"Napoleão, Antonio Carlos; Roberto Assaf (2006). Seleção Brasileira 1914-2006. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad Editora Ltda. p. 304. ISBN 85-7478-186-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7478-186-X","url_text":"85-7478-186-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 1985-1987\". RSSSF Brasil. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://paginas.terra.com.br/esporte/chancedegol/sel/brazil198587.htm","url_text":"\"Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 1985-1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 1988-1989\". RSSSF Brasil. Retrieved June 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://paginas.terra.com.br/esporte/chancedegol/sel/brazil198889.htm","url_text":"\"Seleção Brasileira (Brazilian National Team) 1988-1989\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbeinn_the_young
Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson
["1 References"]
Icelandic chieftain This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson (1208 – 22 July 1245) was an Icelandic chieftain or goði of the Ásbirningar family clan. He fought with Gissur Þorvaldsson against the Sturlungs in the Icelandic civil war during the Age of the Sturlungs. His homestead was in Víðimýri in Skagafjörður. He was married to Hallbera Snorradóttir, the daughter of Icelandic historian and poet Snorri Sturluson. References vteAge of the SturlungsFamily clans Sturlungar Ásbirningar Oddaverjar Haukdælir Vatnsfirðingar Svínfellingar Goði chieftains Snorri Sturluson Sighvatr Sturluson Sturla Sighvatsson Þórður kakali Sighvatsson Sturla Þórðarson Gissur Þorvaldsson Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson Brandur Kolbeinsson Eyjólfur ofsi Þorsteinsson Battles and conflicts Battle of Víðines (1208) Battle of Örlygsstaðir (1238) Battle of the Gulf (1244) Battle of Haugsnes (1246) Flugumýri Arson (1253) Politics Haakon IV of Norway Hallvarður gullskór Vassalage Old Covenant Icelandic Commonwealth Jarldom Alþingi Goðorð This Icelandic biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany
Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
["1 Fully annexed territories","2 Partially incorporated territories","3 Planned annexations","4 See also","5 Notes"]
European lands annexed by Germany before and during WWII Adolf Hitler greeted by cheering crowds in Vienna, following the annexation of Austria into the III Reich, 15 March 1938 Execution of local Polish people in the town of Kórnik, after the German invasion of Poland, 20 October 1939 Clockwise from the north: Memel, Danzig, Polish territories, General Government, Sudetenland, Bohemia-Moravia, Ostmark (Anschluss), Northern Slovenia, Adriatic littoral, Alpine foothills, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, Eupen-Malmédy, Wallonia, Flanders, Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Brussels. The areas in light green were the fully annexed territories, while those in dark green were the partially incorporated territories. The territory of Germany before 1938 is shown in blue. There were many areas annexed by Nazi Germany both immediately before and throughout the course of World War II. Territories that were part of Germany before the annexations were known as the "Altreich" (Old Reich). Fully annexed territories German-occupied Europe at the height of the Axis conquests in 1942 Gaue, Reichsgaue and other administrative divisions of Germany proper in January 1944 According to the Treaty of Versailles, the Territory of the Saar Basin was split from Germany for at least 15 years. In 1935, the Saarland rejoined Germany in a lawful way after a plebiscite. The territories listed below are those that were fully annexed into Germany proper. Areas annexed by Germany Date of annexation Annexed area Succeeded by 13 Mar 1938 Federal State of Austria Reichsgau Carinthia Reichsgau Lower Danube Reichsgau Salzburg Reichsgau Styria Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg Reichsgau Upper Danube Reichsgau Vienna 1 Oct 1938 Sudetenland, Bohemia, Czechoslovak Republic Gau Bavarian Eastern March Reichsgau Upper Danube Reichsgau Lower Danube Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of the Sudetenland Sudetenland, Moravia-Silesia, Czechoslovak Republic Reichsgau Lower Danube Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of the Sudetenland 16 Mar 1939 Czechoslovak Republic Gau Bavarian Eastern March Reichsgau Lower Danube Reichsgau Sudetenland Reichsgau Upper Danube 22 Mar 1939 Klaipėda Region, Republic of Lithuania Gau East Prussia 1 Sep 1939 Free City of Danzig Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of Danzig 26 Oct 1939 Military Administration in Poland Gau East Prussia Gau Silesia Reichsgau Posen Reichsgau West Prussia 9 Nov 1939 Łódź, General Government Reichsgau Posen 19 May 1940 Eupen-Malmedy, Liège, Wallonia, Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France Gau Cologne-Aachen 2 Aug 1940 Military Administration of Luxembourg Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of Luxembourg 2 Aug 1940 Moselle, French State Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of Lorraine Bas-Rhin, French State Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of Alsace Haut-Rhin, French State 13 May 1941 Military Administration in Yugoslavia Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of Carinthia and Carniola Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of Lower Styria 13 Jun 1941 Ocinje, Kramarovci, Fikšinci and Serdica from the Kingdom of Hungary Territory of the Chief of Civil Administration of Lower Styria 1 Aug 1941 Military Administration in the Soviet Union Bialystok District 1 Nov 1941 Grodno, Reichskommissariat Ostland Bialystok District 15 Dec 1944 Dunkirk, Nord, Provisional Government of the French Republic Reichsgau Flanders Wallonia, Kingdom of Belgium Reichsgau Wallonia Partially incorporated territories The territories listed below are those that were partially incorporated into the Greater German Reich. Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Date of establishment Preceded by Succeeded by 16 Mar 1939 Czechoslovak Republic Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories / General Government Date of establishment Preceded by Succeeded by 26 Oct 1939 Military Administration in Poland General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories 1 Aug 1941 Military Administration in the Soviet Union District of Galicia, General Government Kraków District, General Government Operational zones Date of establishment Preceded by Succeeded by 10 Sep 1943 Province of Gorizia, Kingdom of Italy Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral Province of Ljubljana, Kingdom of Italy Province of Pola, Kingdom of Italy Province of Fiume, Kingdom of Italy Province of Trieste, Kingdom of Italy Province of Udine, Kingdom of Italy Province of Belluno, Kingdom of Italy Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills Province of Bolzano, Kingdom of Italy Province of Trento, Kingdom of Italy Planned annexations Areas announced for annexation to Germany Date of announcement of annexation Area planned to be annexed Planned succession Never. The areas were to be established from theReichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France(established 12 July 1944), but this never happened. Kingdom of Belgium (occupied by the Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France) District of Brussels Reichsgau Flanders Reichsgau Wallonia In the coming Nazi New Order, other lands were considered for annexation sooner or later, for instance North Schleswig, German-speaking Switzerland, and the zone of intended German settlement in north-eastern France, where a Gau or a Reichskommissariat centred on Burgundy was intended for creation, and which Heinrich Himmler wanted to turn into the SS's very own fiefdom. The goal was to unite all or as many as possible ethnic Germans and Germanic peoples, including non-Germanic speaking ones considered "Aryans", in a Greater Germanic Reich. The eastern Reichskommissariats in the vast stretches of Ukraine and Russia were also intended for future integration into that Reich, with plans for them stretching to the Volga or even beyond the Urals, where the potential westernmost reaches of Imperial Japanese influence would have existed, following an Axis victory in World War II. They were deemed of vital interest for the survival of the German nation, as it was a core tenet of Nazism that Germany needed "living space" (Lebensraum), creating a "pull towards the East" (Drang nach Osten) where that could be found and colonized. North-East Italy was also eventually to be annexed, including both the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral and the Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills, but also the Venice region. Goebbels went as far as to suggest taking control of Lombardy as well: Whatever was once an Austrian possession we must get back into our own hands. The Italians by their infidelity and treachery have lost any claim to a national state of the modern type. — Joseph Goebbels, September 1943 The annexation of the entire North Italy was also suggested in the long run. See also Alldeutscher Verband Blut und Boden Former eastern territories of Germany Generalplan Ost German Question Heim ins Reich Ostsiedlung Pan-Germanism Recovered Territories Territorial evolution of Germany Volk ohne Raum Volksdeutsche Wehrbauer Notes ^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1999). Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983905-6. ^ Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin ^ Petacco 2005, p. 50. ^ Santi Corvaja, Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings, p. 269 ^ Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's war aims. Norton. pp. 320, 325. ISBN 0393054543.  ^ Kersten 1947, p. 186. vteAdministrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupationsAdministrativedivisions ofNazi GermanyGaus (Altreich)Founded Baden-Alsace Bayreuth Berlin Cologne–Aachen Düsseldorf Eastern Hanover East Prussia Electoral Hesse Essen Franconia Halle-Merseburg Hamburg Hesse-Nassau Lower Silesia Magdeburg-Anhalt Main Franconia March of Brandenburg Mecklenburg Moselland Munich–Upper Bavaria NSDAP/AO Pomerania Saxony Schleswig-Holstein Silesia Swabia Southern Hanover–Brunswick Thuringia Upper Silesia Weser-Ems Westphalia-North Westphalia-South Westmark Württemberg-Hohenzollern Proposed Prinz-Eugen (Reichsfestung Belgrad) Holland ReichsgausFounded Danzig–West Prussia Sudetenland Wartheland Austria Carinthia Lower Danube Upper Danube Salzburg Styria Tyrol–Vorarlberg Vienna Proposed Banat Beskidland Brabant Burgundy Flanders Galicia Gothland Nordmark Vandalland Venice Vistulaland Wallonia Westland Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe Gelderland and Overijssel North Holland and Utrecht South Holland and Zeeland North Brabant and Limburg Partial annexationsFounded Bohemia and Moravia General Government Galicia Kraków Lublin Radom Warsaw Proposed Burgundy (SS) Holland (SS) Lombardy GermanoccupationsCivil Administration Areas Alsace Carinthia and Carniola Gebiet Bialystok Lorraine Lower Styria Luxembourg Posen Sudetenland West Prussia Zichenau DistrictsFounded Bialystok Proposed Brussels Military administrations Army Group Rear Area Command Belgium and Northern France Croatia France (Atlantic Wall ‧ zone réservée) Slovakia Greece Luxembourg Poland Serbia Banat Operational Zones Adriatic Littoral Ljubljana Alpine Foothills Puppet administrationsFounded Albania Asch Austria Belarus Chechnya-Ingushetia Croatia Czechoslovakia Denmark Flanders France Greece Hungary Italy Lithuania Lepel Lokot Netherlands Nias Norway (Quisling I) Norway (Administrative Council) Norway (Quisling II) Macedonia Montenegro Serbia (Commissioner Government) Serbia (Council of Ministers) Slovakia Ukraine Wallonia Zuyev Republic Exiled Belarus Bulgaria Cossackia France Greece Hungary Montenegro Romania Russia (ODNR) Russia (KONR) Serbia Slovakia Turkestan Ukraine Wallonia Proposed Brittany ReichskommissariatsFounded Belgium and Northern France Netherlands Norway Ostland Ukraine Proposed Caucasia Don-Volga Muscovy Turkestan Ural Other occupations Finland Monaco San Marino Tunisia OtherFounded New Swabia Weather Station Kurt Schatzgräber Holzauge Bassgeiger Edelweiss Proposed Nordstern Strength Through Joy holiday resorts
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The areas in light green were the fully annexed territories, while those in dark green were the partially incorporated territories. The territory of Germany before 1938 is shown in blue.There were many areas annexed by Nazi Germany both immediately before and throughout the course of World War II. Territories that were part of Germany before the annexations were known as the \"Altreich\" (Old Reich).[1]","title":"Areas annexed by Nazi Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png"},{"link_name":"German-occupied Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png"},{"link_name":"Gaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(territory)"},{"link_name":"Reichsgaue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Territory of the Saar Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"}],"text":"German-occupied Europe at the height of the Axis conquests in 1942Gaue, Reichsgaue and other administrative divisions of Germany proper in January 1944According to the Treaty of Versailles, the Territory of the Saar Basin was split from Germany for at least 15 years. In 1935, the Saarland rejoined Germany in a lawful way after a plebiscite.The territories listed below are those that were fully annexed into Germany proper.","title":"Fully annexed territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater German Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"}],"text":"The territories listed below are those that were partially incorporated into the Greater German Reich.","title":"Partially incorporated territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)"},{"link_name":"North Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"German-speaking Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"zone of intended German settlement in north-eastern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"ethnic Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"\"Aryans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_race"},{"link_name":"Greater Germanic Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat"},{"link_name":"plans for them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga"},{"link_name":"even beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains_in_Nazi_planning"},{"link_name":"Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere"},{"link_name":"Axis victory in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_victory_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Lebensraum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum"},{"link_name":"Drang nach Osten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten"},{"link_name":"colonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization"},{"link_name":"North-East Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triveneto"},{"link_name":"Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills"},{"link_name":"Venice region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Austrian possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Italy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the coming Nazi New Order, other lands were considered for annexation sooner or later, for instance North Schleswig, German-speaking Switzerland, and the zone of intended German settlement in north-eastern France, where a Gau or a Reichskommissariat centred on Burgundy was intended for creation, and which Heinrich Himmler wanted to turn into the SS's very own fiefdom. The goal was to unite all or as many as possible ethnic Germans and Germanic peoples, including non-Germanic speaking ones considered \"Aryans\", in a Greater Germanic Reich.[citation needed]The eastern Reichskommissariats in the vast stretches of Ukraine and Russia were also intended for future integration into that Reich, with plans for them stretching to the Volga or even beyond the Urals, where the potential westernmost reaches of Imperial Japanese influence would have existed, following an Axis victory in World War II. They were deemed of vital interest for the survival of the German nation, as it was a core tenet of Nazism that Germany needed \"living space\" (Lebensraum), creating a \"pull towards the East\" (Drang nach Osten) where that could be found and colonized.North-East Italy was also eventually to be annexed, including both the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral and the Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills, but also the Venice region.[3][4] Goebbels went as far as to suggest taking control of Lombardy as well:Whatever was once an Austrian possession we must get back into our own hands. The Italians by their infidelity and treachery have lost any claim to a national state of the modern type. — Joseph Goebbels, September 1943 [5]The annexation of the entire North Italy was also suggested in the long run.[6]","title":"Planned annexations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5vMQMAbI1TEC&q=Altreich&pg=PT261"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-983905-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983905-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=maEfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Hitler's war aims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hitlerswaraimsid00rich"},{"link_name":"320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/hitlerswaraimsid00rich/page/320"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0393054543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393054543"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Administrativedivisions ofNazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(territory)"},{"link_name":"Altreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Baden-Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Baden"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Cologne–Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Electoral Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Essen"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Franconia"},{"link_name":"Halle-Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Hesse-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Main Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia"},{"link_name":"March of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Moselland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Moselland"},{"link_name":"Munich–Upper Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"NSDAP/AO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP/AO"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Southern Hanover–Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Weser-Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems"},{"link_name":"Westphalia-North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North"},{"link_name":"Westphalia-South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South"},{"link_name":"Westmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Westmark"},{"link_name":"Württemberg-Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"Prinz-Eugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prinz-Eugen_Gau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reichsfestung Belgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfestung_Belgrad"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gau_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reichsgaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau"},{"link_name":"Danzig–West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Wartheland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten"},{"link_name":"Lower Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau"},{"link_name":"Upper Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark"},{"link_name":"Tyrol–Vorarlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beskidland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Beskidenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Burgund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Galizien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gothland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Gotenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Nordmark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vandalland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Vandalenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Vistulaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Weichselland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien"},{"link_name":"Westland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"Gelderland and Overijssel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"North Holland and Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"South Holland and Zeeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"North Brabant and Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)"},{"link_name":"Partial annexations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"link_name":"General Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_District"},{"link_name":"Radom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_District"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_District"},{"link_name":"Burgundy (SS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)#SS_State_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Holland (SS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Province_of_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Germanoccupations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"Civil Administration Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carinthia and Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gebiet Bialystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Gebiet_Bialystok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Lower Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Posen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_West_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zichenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk"},{"link_name":"Bialystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialystok_District"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Military administrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)"},{"link_name":"Army Group Rear Area Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command"},{"link_name":"Belgium and Northern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#Zones_of_influence"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_interdite#Coastal_military_zone"},{"link_name":"zone réservée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Alpine Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Asch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1#19th%E2%80%9320th_centuries"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council"},{"link_name":"Chechnya-Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Lepel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lokot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mussert"},{"link_name":"Nias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias#World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Norway (Quisling I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling_regime#1940_coup"},{"link_name":"Norway (Administrative Council)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Norway (Quisling II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quisling_regime"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia (Commissioner Government)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_Government"},{"link_name":"Serbia (Council of Ministers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zuyev Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuyev_Republic"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council#Exile"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Cossackia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Central_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)#Exile_and_trial"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima#Exile"},{"link_name":"Russia (ODNR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement"},{"link_name":"Russia (KONR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation#After_the_war"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#End"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiesta%C5%84ski_Komitet_Narodowy"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsche_Landsleiding"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat"},{"link_name":"Belgium and Northern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen"},{"link_name":"Ostland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Caucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasien"},{"link_name":"Don-Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muscovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Ural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign"},{"link_name":"New Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Weather Station Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt"},{"link_name":"Schatzgräber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)"},{"link_name":"Holzauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzauge"},{"link_name":"Bassgeiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edelweiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nordstern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstern_(city)"},{"link_name":"Strength Through Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy"},{"link_name":"holiday resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands"}],"text":"^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1999). Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983905-6.\n\n^ Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin\n\n^ Petacco 2005, p. 50.\n\n^ Santi Corvaja, Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings, p. 269\n\n^ Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's war aims. Norton. pp. 320, 325. ISBN 0393054543. [verification needed]\n\n^ Kersten 1947, p. 186.vteAdministrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupationsAdministrativedivisions ofNazi GermanyGaus (Altreich)Founded\nBaden-Alsace\nBayreuth\nBerlin\nCologne–Aachen\nDüsseldorf\nEastern Hanover\nEast Prussia\nElectoral Hesse\nEssen\nFranconia\nHalle-Merseburg\nHamburg\nHesse-Nassau\nLower Silesia\nMagdeburg-Anhalt\nMain Franconia\nMarch of Brandenburg\nMecklenburg\nMoselland\nMunich–Upper Bavaria\nNSDAP/AO\nPomerania\nSaxony\nSchleswig-Holstein\nSilesia\nSwabia\nSouthern Hanover–Brunswick\nThuringia\nUpper Silesia\nWeser-Ems\nWestphalia-North\nWestphalia-South\nWestmark\nWürttemberg-Hohenzollern\nProposed\nPrinz-Eugen (Reichsfestung Belgrad)\nHolland\nReichsgausFounded\nDanzig–West Prussia\nSudetenland\nWartheland\n Austria\nCarinthia\nLower Danube\nUpper Danube\nSalzburg\nStyria\nTyrol–Vorarlberg\nVienna\n\nProposed\nBanat\nBeskidland\nBrabant\nBurgundy\nFlanders\nGalicia\nGothland\nNordmark\nVandalland\nVenice\nVistulaland\nWallonia\n Westland\nFriesland, Groningen, and Drenthe\nGelderland and Overijssel\nNorth Holland and Utrecht\nSouth Holland and Zeeland\nNorth Brabant and Limburg\n\nPartial annexationsFounded\nBohemia and Moravia\n General Government\nGalicia\nKraków\nLublin\nRadom\nWarsaw\n\nProposed\nBurgundy (SS)\nHolland (SS)\nLombardy\nGermanoccupationsCivil Administration Areas\nAlsace\nCarinthia and Carniola\nGebiet Bialystok\nLorraine\nLower Styria\nLuxembourg\nPosen\nSudetenland\nWest Prussia\nZichenau\nDistrictsFounded\nBialystok\nProposed\nBrussels\nMilitary administrations\nArmy Group Rear Area Command\nBelgium and Northern France\nCroatia\nFrance (Atlantic Wall ‧ zone réservée)\nSlovakia\nGreece\nLuxembourg\nPoland\nSerbia\nBanat\nOperational Zones\nAdriatic Littoral\nLjubljana\nAlpine Foothills\nPuppet administrationsFounded\nAlbania\nAsch\nAustria\nBelarus\nChechnya-Ingushetia\nCroatia\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nFlanders\nFrance\nGreece\nHungary\nItaly\nLithuania\nLepel\nLokot\nNetherlands\nNias\nNorway (Quisling I)\nNorway (Administrative Council)\nNorway (Quisling II)\nMacedonia\nMontenegro\nSerbia (Commissioner Government)\nSerbia (Council of Ministers)\nSlovakia\nUkraine\nWallonia\nZuyev Republic\nExiled\nBelarus\nBulgaria\nCossackia\nFrance\nGreece\nHungary\nMontenegro\nRomania\nRussia (ODNR)\nRussia (KONR)\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nTurkestan\nUkraine\nWallonia\nProposed\nBrittany\nReichskommissariatsFounded\nBelgium and Northern France\nNetherlands\nNorway\nOstland\nUkraine\nProposed\nCaucasia\nDon-Volga\nMuscovy\nTurkestan\nUral\nOther occupations\nFinland\nMonaco\nSan Marino\nTunisia\nOtherFounded\nNew Swabia\nWeather Station Kurt\nSchatzgräber\nHolzauge\nBassgeiger\nEdelweiss\nProposed\nNordstern\nStrength Through Joy holiday resorts","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Adolf Hitler greeted by cheering crowds in Vienna, following the annexation of Austria into the III Reich, 15 March 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-083-10%2C_Anschluss_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Wien.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-083-10%2C_Anschluss_%C3%96sterreich%2C_Wien.jpg"},{"image_text":"Execution of local Polish people in the town of Kórnik, after the German invasion of Poland, 20 October 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1968-034-19A%2C_Exekution_von_polnischen_Geiseln.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clockwise from the north: Memel, Danzig, Polish territories, General Government, Sudetenland, Bohemia-Moravia, Ostmark (Anschluss), Northern Slovenia, Adriatic littoral, Alpine foothills, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, Eupen-Malmédy, Wallonia, Flanders, Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Brussels. The areas in light green were the fully annexed territories, while those in dark green were the partially incorporated territories. The territory of Germany before 1938 is shown in blue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany.png/220px-Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany.png"},{"image_text":"German-occupied Europe at the height of the Axis conquests in 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png/220px-Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png"},{"image_text":"Gaue, Reichsgaue and other administrative divisions of Germany proper in January 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png/220px-Greater_German_Reich_NS_Administration_1944_Variant.png"}]
[{"title":"Alldeutscher Verband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alldeutscher_Verband"},{"title":"Blut und Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Soil"},{"title":"Former eastern territories of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany"},{"title":"Generalplan Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"title":"German Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Question"},{"title":"Heim ins Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich"},{"title":"Ostsiedlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung"},{"title":"Pan-Germanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Germanism"},{"title":"Recovered Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_Territories"},{"title":"Territorial evolution of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany"},{"title":"Volk ohne Raum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum"},{"title":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"title":"Wehrbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrbauer"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepic_Municipality
Tepic Municipality
["1 Geography","2 Demography","2.1 Localities","3 Politics","3.1 Legislative representation","3.2 Municipal presidents","4 References"]
Coordinates: 21°38′N 104°51′W / 21.633°N 104.850°W / 21.633; -104.850Municipality in Nayarit, MexicoTepicMunicipality SealLocation of Tepic Municipality in NayaritCoordinates: 21°38′N 104°51′W / 21.633°N 104.850°W / 21.633; -104.850Country MexicoState NayaritSeatTepicTime zoneUTC−7 (MST (Zona Pacífico)) • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT (Zona Pacífico)) The Municipality of Tepic is one of the 20 municipalities dividing the Mexican state of Nayarit; its head city (the seat of the municipal government), the city of Tepic, is also the capital of the state. Geography The municipality of Tepic is located in the center-south zone of the state of Nayarit, just at the foot of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range and in its transition towards the Pacific Coastal Plain. It has a territorial extension of 766 sq mi (1983.3 km2) that represent 7.25% of the total extension of Nayarit, ranking it as the sixth most extensive municipality in the state. Its geographic coordinates are 21° 23'N - 21° 52'N and 104° 35'W - 105° 09'W and its altitude ranges from a maximum of 7,546 feet (2,300 m) to a minimum of 328 feet (100 m) above sea level. Demography According to the results of the 2020 General Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), the municipality of Tepic has a total population of 425,924 people, of which 49.6% (211,258) are men and 50.4% (214,666) are women. Localities In the municipality of Tepic there are 138 localities. List of localities with population above 1,000 include: Locality Population Municipality Population Total 380,249 Tepic 332,863 Francisco I. Madero (Puga) 7,091 San Cayetano 4,345 Camichin de Jauja 2,358 Bellavista 2,291 El Jicote 1,882 Atonalisco 1,711 Santiago of Pochotitán 1,668 CEFERESO 1,362 Lo de Lamedo 1,356 San Luis of Lozada 1,187 La Cantera 1,148 Colonia 6 de Enero 1,141 La Corregidora 1,089 La Fortuna 1,046 Politics Jorge Federico Beyer Witthofftt, municipal president of Tepic from 1912 to 1915 The government of the municipality corresponds to the City Council which is made up of the Municipal President, a Syndic and 16 Councillors; all are elected by free, direct and secret popular vote for a period of three years, not re-eligible for the immediate period but discontinuously, and they enter to exercise their positions on September 17 of the year of their election. Legislative representation For the election of local deputies to the Congress of Nayarit and of federal deputies to the House of federal Deputies, the municipality of Tepic is included in the following electoral districts: I Electoral District Venue of Nayarit with cabecera in Tepic. II Electoral District Venue of Nayarit with cabecera in Tepic. III Electoral District Venue of Nayarit with cabecera in Tepic. II Electoral District Federal of Nayarit with cabecera in the city of Tepic. Municipal presidents Term Municipal president Political party Notes 1912–1915 Jorge Federico Beyer Witthofftt 1915 Carlos Castilla 1916–1917 Francisco Anguiano Ortiz 1918 ?? 1919 J. Isaac Jiménez 1920 Juan Arana V. 1921–1922 José María Terán 1923–1924 José Santos Rodríguez 1925–1926 Ignacio de la Torre 1927–1928 Salvador Amezcua 1929–1930 Aurelio Guerrero Híjar PNR 1931–1932 Luis G. Hernández PNR 1933–1934 Everardo Peña Navarro PNR 1935–1936 Eduardo López Vidrio PNR 1937–1938 Amado Jiménez Borrayo PNR PRM 1939–1940 Roberto H. Hernández PRM 1941–1942 Froylán Amaral PRM 1943–1944 Rnrique Ruvalcaba PRM 1945 J. Jesús Mora Yáñez PRM 01/01/1946–31/12/1948 Tomás Rojas Cardiel PRI 01/01/1949–31/12/1951 Ignacio Cuesta Barrios PRI 01/01/1952–31/12/1954 Felipe Ibarra Partida PRI 01/01/1955–31/12/1957 Alberto Medina Muñoz PRI 01/01/1958–31/12/1960 Ignacio Delgadillo de la Paz PRI 01/01/1961–31/12/1963 José Vicente Ruelas Preciado PRI 01/01/1964–31/12/1966 Alfonso Orozco Ortega PRI 01/01/1967–31/12/1969 Neófito Haro Carrillo PRI 01/01/1970–31/12/1972 J. Jesús Hernández Guillén PRI 01/01/1973–1975 Alejandro Gascón Mercado PPS He applied for a temporary leave to run for the Nayarit governor office 1975–31/12/1975 Rafael Gómez Aguilar PPS Acting municipal president 1976–1978 José Ramón Navarro Quintero PRI 1978–1981 José Félix Torres Haro PRI 1981–1984 José Manuel Rivas Allende PRI 1984–1987 Braulio Pérez Valdivia PRI 1987–1990 Remigio Rosales Vega PRI 1990–1993 Alejandro Rivas Curiel PRI 17/09/1993–16/09/1996 José Raúl Mejía González PRI 17/09/1996–16/09/1999 José Félix Torres Haro PRI 17/09/1999–12/11/2001 Justino Ávila Arce PAN PRD PT PRS Alliance for Change. He died while in office 13/11/2001–16/09/2002 María Eugenia Jiménez Valenzuela PAN PRD PT PRS Alliance for Change. Acting municipal president 17/09/2002–15/12/2004 Ney González Sánchez PRI He applied for a temporary leave to run for the Nayarit governor office 16/12/2004–16/09/2005 Cora Cecilia Pinedo Alonso PRI Acting municipal president 17/09/2005–16/09/2008 Manuel Humberto Cota Jiménez PRI 17/09/2008–10/01/2011 Roberto Sandoval Castañeda PRI He applied for a temporary leave to run for the Nayarit governor office 11/01/2011–16/09/2011 Georgina López Arias PRI Acting municipal president 17/09/2011–16/09/2014 Héctor González Curiel PRI PVEM Panal Coalition "Nayarit Unites Us" 17/09/2014–24/11/2016 Leopoldo Domínguez González PAN PRD He applied for a temporary leave to run for the Nayarit governor office 24/11/2016–16/09/2017 David Guerrero Castellón PAN PRD Acting municipal president 17/09/2017–08/03/2021 Francisco Javier Castellón Fonseca PAN PRD PT PRS Coalition "Together For You" 08/03/2021–16/09/2021 Miguel Ángel Arce Montiel PAN PRD PT PRS Coalition "Together For You". Acting municipal president 17/09/2021–01/05/2023 María Geraldine Ponce Méndez Morena PVEM PT Panal 02/05/2023–19/06/2023 Hugo Alejandro Galván Araiza Morena PVEM PT Panal Acting municipal president 20/06/2023–13/07/2023 María Geraldine Ponce Méndez Morena PVEM PT Panal Temporarily resumed 14/07/2023– Martha Leticia Araiza Velasco Morena PVEM PT Panal Acting municipal president References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tepic Municipality. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2020). "Datos del Inegi" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. "Periodos de gobierno municipal". Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014. ^ Instituto Federal Electoral. "Condensado de Nayarit" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2014. ^ "Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Nayarit. Tepic" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1996. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1999. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2002. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2005. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2008. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Sandoval: Un púgil que acostumbra noquear". sinembargomx (in Spanish). 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2011. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2014. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Polo buscará ser gobernador y deja obras y promesas inconclusas". La Yunta de Tepic (in Spanish). 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2017. Resumen de resultados por municipio" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Tomó protesta Miguel Ángel Arce como Alcalde de Tepic". Meganoticias Tepic (in Spanish). 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Geraldine Ponce gana la alcaldía de Tepic, Nayarit". Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Elecciones en Nayarit: Geraldine Ponce arrasó en Tepic, según resultados del PREP". Infobae América México (in Spanish). 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. ^ "Relevan Alejandro Galván y Óscar Medina a Geraldine". Meridiano (in Spanish). 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023. ^ "Se quedaría la 'suegra' de Geraldine Ponce para sustituirla como alcaldesa de Tepic". Tribuna de la Bahía (in Spanish). 10 July 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023. Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20 municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Tepic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepic"}],"text":"Municipality in Nayarit, MexicoThe Municipality of Tepic is one of the 20 municipalities dividing the Mexican state of Nayarit; its head city (the seat of the municipal government), the city of Tepic, is also the capital of the state.","title":"Tepic Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra Madre Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coastal Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coastal_Plain"}],"text":"The municipality of Tepic is located in the center-south zone of the state of Nayarit, just at the foot of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range and in its transition towards the Pacific Coastal Plain. It has a territorial extension of 766 sq mi (1983.3 km2) that represent 7.25% of the total extension of Nayarit, ranking it as the sixth most extensive municipality in the state. Its geographic coordinates are 21° 23'N - 21° 52'N and 104° 35'W - 105° 09'W and its altitude ranges from a maximum of 7,546 feet (2,300 m) to a minimum of 328 feet (100 m) above sea level.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute of Statistics and Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"According to the results of the 2020 General Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), the municipality of Tepic has a total population of 425,924 people, of which 49.6% (211,258) are men and 50.4% (214,666) are women.[1]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Localities","text":"In the municipality of Tepic there are 138 localities. List of localities with population above 1,000 include:","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jorge_Federico_Beyer_Witthofftt.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jorge Federico Beyer Witthofftt, municipal president of Tepic from 1912 to 1915The government of the municipality corresponds to the City Council which is made up of the Municipal President, a Syndic and 16 Councillors; all are elected by free, direct and secret popular vote for a period of three years, not re-eligible for the immediate period but discontinuously, and they enter to exercise their positions on September 17 of the year of their election.[2]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Tepic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepic"},{"link_name":"Tepic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepic"},{"link_name":"Tepic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepic"},{"link_name":"II Electoral District Federal of Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Federal_Electoral_District_of_Nayarit"},{"link_name":"Tepic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Legislative representation","text":"For the election of local deputies to the Congress of Nayarit and of federal deputies to the House of federal Deputies, the municipality of Tepic is included in the following electoral districts:I Electoral District Venue of Nayarit with cabecera in Tepic.\nII Electoral District Venue of Nayarit with cabecera in Tepic.\nIII Electoral District Venue of Nayarit with cabecera in Tepic.\nII Electoral District Federal of Nayarit with cabecera in the city of Tepic.[3]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Municipal presidents","title":"Politics"}]
[{"image_text":"Jorge Federico Beyer Witthofftt, municipal president of Tepic from 1912 to 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jorge_Federico_Beyer_Witthofftt.jpg/220px-Jorge_Federico_Beyer_Witthofftt.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2020). \"Datos del Inegi\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/nay/poblacion/","url_text":"\"Datos del Inegi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220211042125/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/nay/poblacion/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. \"Periodos de gobierno municipal\". Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017030747/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Periodos_de_gobierno_municipal","url_text":"\"Periodos de gobierno municipal\""},{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/ELOC_Periodos_de_gobierno_municipal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Instituto Federal Electoral. \"Condensado de Nayarit\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081118234924/http://www.ife.org.mx/documentos/DISTRITOS/PDF_CES/PDF_CES_NAY.pdf","url_text":"\"Condensado de Nayarit\""},{"url":"http://www.ife.org.mx/documentos/DISTRITOS/PDF_CES/PDF_CES_NAY.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Nayarit. Tepic\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170515202400/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM18nayarit/municipios/18017a.html","url_text":"\"Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Nayarit. Tepic\""},{"url":"http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM18nayarit/municipios/18017a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1996. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1996/Ayu96pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1996. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011227/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1996/Ayu96pdf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1999. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1999/Ayu99pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1999. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011226/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1999/Ayu99pdf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2002. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2002/Ayu02pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2002. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011759/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2002/Ayu02pdf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2005. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2005/Ayu05pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2005. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011758/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2005/Ayu05pdf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2008. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2008/Ayu08pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2008. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011225/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2008/Ayu08pdf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandoval: Un púgil que acostumbra noquear\". sinembargomx (in Spanish). 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sinembargo.mx/03-01-2012/110005","url_text":"\"Sandoval: Un púgil que acostumbra noquear\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210716211803/https://www.sinembargo.mx/03-01-2012/110005","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2011. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2011/Ayu11pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2011. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011924/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2011/Ayu11pdf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2014. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2014/Ayu14pdf.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2014. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717013728/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2014/Ayu14pdf.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Polo buscará ser gobernador y deja obras y promesas inconclusas\". La Yunta de Tepic (in Spanish). 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.layuntadetepic.com/2016/11/polo-buscara-ser-gobernador-y-deja-obras-y-promesas-inconclusas/","url_text":"\"Polo buscará ser gobernador y deja obras y promesas inconclusas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717015150/http://www.layuntadetepic.com/2016/11/polo-buscara-ser-gobernador-y-deja-obras-y-promesas-inconclusas/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2017. Resumen de resultados por municipio\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2017/PyS17.pdf","url_text":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2017. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717013732/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2017/PyS17.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomó protesta Miguel Ángel Arce como Alcalde de Tepic\". Meganoticias Tepic (in Spanish). 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meganoticias.mx/tepic/noticia/tomo-protesta-miguel-angel-arce-como-alcalde-de-tepic/226011","url_text":"\"Tomó protesta Miguel Ángel Arce como Alcalde de Tepic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210716215914/https://www.meganoticias.mx/tepic/noticia/tomo-protesta-miguel-angel-arce-como-alcalde-de-tepic/226011","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Geraldine Ponce gana la alcaldía de Tepic, Nayarit\". Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yucatan.com.mx/elecciones/geraldine-ponce-gana-la-alcaldia-de-tepic-nayarit","url_text":"\"Geraldine Ponce gana la alcaldía de Tepic, Nayarit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717003927/https://www.yucatan.com.mx/elecciones/geraldine-ponce-gana-la-alcaldia-de-tepic-nayarit","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Elecciones en Nayarit: Geraldine Ponce arrasó en Tepic, según resultados del PREP\". Infobae América México (in Spanish). 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/06/07/elecciones-en-nayarit-geraldine-ponce-arraso-en-tepic-segun-resultados-del-prep/","url_text":"\"Elecciones en Nayarit: Geraldine Ponce arrasó en Tepic, según resultados del PREP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717001011/https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/06/07/elecciones-en-nayarit-geraldine-ponce-arraso-en-tepic-segun-resultados-del-prep/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Relevan Alejandro Galván y Óscar Medina a Geraldine\". Meridiano (in Spanish). 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://meridiano.mx/2023/05/05/relevan-alejandro-galvan-y-oscar-medina-a-geraldine/","url_text":"\"Relevan Alejandro Galván y Óscar Medina a Geraldine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Se quedaría la 'suegra' de Geraldine Ponce para sustituirla como alcaldesa de Tepic\". Tribuna de la Bahía (in Spanish). 10 July 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribunadelabahia.com.mx/suegra-geraldine-ponce-presidenta-69333","url_text":"\"Se quedaría la 'suegra' de Geraldine Ponce para sustituirla como alcaldesa de Tepic\""}]}]
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Nayarit. Tepic\""},{"Link":"http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM18nayarit/municipios/18017a.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1996/Ayu96pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1996. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011227/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1996/Ayu96pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1999/Ayu99pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 1999. Resumen de resultados por municipio\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210717011226/https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/1999/Ayu99pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ieenayarit.org/PDF/elecciones/2002/Ayu02pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IEENayarit. Elección de Ayuntamientos 2002. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Blois
Peter of Blois
["1 Early life and education","2 The Sicilian adventure","3 Angevin service","3.1 Diplomat and apologist","3.2 The Canterbury Cathedral chapter controversy","4 Later years","4.1 On crusade","4.2 Continuing influence and financial difficulties","4.3 The Wolverhampton college affair","5 Writings","6 Family","7 References","8 Bibliography"]
French cleric Peter of Blois (Latin: Petrus Blesensis; French: Pierre de Blois; c. 1130 – c. 1211) was a French cleric, theologian, poet and diplomat. He is particularly noted for his corpus of Latin letters. Early life and education Baldwin of Forde, Peter's tutor and friend, as depicted on the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral. Peter of Blois was born about 1130. Earlier opinion tended to place the date later in the 1130s, but an earlier date is now considered more likely. His family were minor nobility of Breton origin. After an early visit to Paris, Peter received his literary education at the school attached to Tours Cathedral in the early 1140s probably accompanied and mentored by an older namesake and relative, Pierre de Blois. He studied under Bernard Silvestris, who, he later recalled, urged him to “take up in truth not fables, but history” and made him memorise the letters of Hildebert, a former Archbishop of Tours. It has been thought Peter also studied under the English philosopher and theologian John of Salisbury, but this is now generally discounted. Peter then studied Roman law at the University of Bologna, a centre for legal studies. Here he was tutored by Baldwin of Forde, a future Archbishop of Canterbury, and both studied under Umberto Crivelli, the future Pope Urban III. Peter was much more strongly attracted to the rhetorical and literary aspects of the subject than to jurisprudence: as he wrote later, “sporting with its glorious verbal trappings and charming, fanciful oratorical urbanity, attracted me powerfully and intoxicated my mind.” Around 1155 Peter went to study theology in Paris, remaining there for about 11 years. Few details of his studies are extant. It appears that he supported himself during his advanced studies by taking students of his own, including two sons of Josceline de Bohon, a long-serving Bishop of Salisbury. It was probably during his student years that he composed a number of Latin sequences after the manner of the Goliards, some of which were preserved in the Carmina Burana collection. He also wrote Vacillantis trutine libramine. The Sicilian adventure Peter's pupil, William II, depicted offering Monreale Cathedral to the Virgin Mary. In 1166 the regent of Sicily, Margaret of Navarre, a relative of the Counts of Perche, wrote to her relatives in France, particularly Rotrou, the Archbishop of Rouen, to ask for help during the minority of her son, William II. Peter of Blois and his brother Guillaume arrived in Sicily in September of that year, as part of a French party of 37 that included Stephen du Perche and Walter of the Mill. Peter became tutor to the young king, guardian of the royal seal and a key adviser to Queen Margaret, while Guillaume was appointed abbot of a monastery near Maletto. However, the French clique around the regency proved unpopular with the Sicilian nobility. A revolt against French domination forced Stephen to resign the chancellorship and the Archbishopric of Palermo in 1169. Peter left the island to seek opportunities elsewhere, sailing initially to Genoa and then travelling back to France. There his connection with Archbishop Rotrou proved useful, drawing him into a letter-writing campaign focussed on Henry II of England's conflict with Thomas Becket. This brought him back into contact with Reginald Fitz Jocelin, his former pupil from his days in Paris, who was now Henry's chief agent in the dispute. When Reginald was made Bishop of Bath in 1173, his role in the Becket affair made papal approval problematic and Peter's letters on his behalf proved helpful in rallying support. Angevin service Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine holding court. The Young King Henry, whose rebellion against his father signalled a rupture in the Angevin dynasty. Diplomat and apologist Around 1173, Peter went to England to take up a post as chief letter-writer for Richard of Dover, Becket's successor as Archbishop. He also entered the service of Henry II, acting as a diplomat in his negotiations with Louis VII of France and the Papacy. His arrival in England approximately coincided with the rupture of the ruling family and the eruption of civil strife all over the Angevin Empire, carefully fomented by the French monarchy. Peter wrote an open letter to the queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, to "deplore publicly and regretfully that, while you are a most prudent woman, you have left your husband." However, when in 1183 Henry the Young King died during the revolt against his father, Peter wrote to Eleanor a letter of reasoned consolation. Peter was a well-connected controversialist and propagandist for Henry II. He wrote in praise of him to continental contacts, like Walter Ophamil, now Archbishop of Palermo, defending him against the charge that he had deliberately instigated the murder of Thomas Becket. In introducing the subject of Becket's death, Peter mentioned in passing his own clerical order: in verbo Domini et in ordine diaconi vobis dico – “in the Word of God and the order of deacon I speak to you.” At some stage in his education, he had been ordained a deacon and he seems to have avoided ordination to the priesthood. In 1176 Peter was appointed Chancellor of the Archdiocese of Canterbury, the chief record keeper and Latin secretary, serving Richard of Dover. Probably in the same year, he was appointed Archdeacon of Bath, a position he held until his death. It was probably in Henry's reign that he was appointed Dean of the College of Wolverhampton, which he found corrupt. Peter was in Rome in 1179 and there displayed the improvidence which was to become an important feature of his later life. His failure to repay a debt caused Pope Alexander III to write to the Archbishop on behalf of the creditor. This was a cause célèbre sufficient for inclusion in a compendium of canon law issued in 1234 by Pope Gregory IX. Richard of Dover died in 1184 and, after some delay, the king succeeded in getting Baldwin of Forde, Peter's friend and tutor from his Bologna days, installed as Archbishop of Canterbury. He confirmed Peter in his position as letter writer but also made him his chief legal adviser. The Canterbury Cathedral chapter controversy Baldwin soon created a legal storm that was to engulf Peter, threatening his career. He was determined to reform the diocese thoroughly, making it function more efficiently as a base for his position as one of the chief magnates of the realm. He saw the chapter of Canterbury Cathedral as a major obstacle. Like most cathedral establishments, it had consisted of secular clergy until the Norman Conquest, after which it was reconstituted as a community of Benedictine monks, known variously as the Priory of the Holy Trinity or Christchurch. The mutual antagonism was sharpened by the rivalry between their respective monastic orders, as Baldwin was a Cistercian. He began by recovering diocesan property which his predecessor had alienated to the priory in order to support the pilgrim traffic, centred on the shrine of Thomas Becket, as well as confiscating the xenia, or Easter offerings – a process which was authorised by Pope Lucius III. However, the monks of the chapter were soon complaining to his successor, Urban III, that his reforms were going too far and succeeded in getting the Pope to order restoration of some of the confiscated churches. Urban initially welcomed some aspects of Baldwin's overarching plan to move the chapter to Hackington, north of Canterbury, and to build a second base for the diocese at Lambeth, directly facing the centres of secular power in London and Westminster. However, the plan unfolded to include the replacement of the monastic chapter with a new episcopal staff, consisting of colleges of secular clergy at Hackington and Lambeth. Seeing their influence and wealth slipping from their grasp, the Canterbury monks appealed to both the king and to Rome. Baldwin suspended the prior in December 1186 and the monks immediately began a letter-writing campaign to mobilise bishops, archbishops, even Philip II of France, in their cause. Peter of Blois was despatched to the papal court at Verona to counter the chapter's arguments, which were presented by a skilled Roman lawyer called Pillius. As Urban was his old law teacher, he could be expected to have at least insight, and probably influence. However, his enjoyment of Roman law had always been aesthetic rather than technical. Peter of Blois and the Popes Pope Alexander III (1159–81), who complained to Archbishop Richard about Peter's failure to pay his debts. Pope Lucius III (1181–85), who gave initial papal support to Baldwin's reforms. Pope Urban III (1185–87), who, as Umberto Crivelli, was Peter's master at the University of Bologna, and who later heard him argue against the appeal of the Canterbury Cathedral chapter. Pope Gregory VIII (1187), who succeeded Urban III but survived for only two months, leaving the Canterbury priory appeal unresolved.. Pope Clement III (1187–91), who finally found against Archbishop Baldwin, severely damaging Peter's reputation as a lawyer. Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), who authorised Peter's abortive attempts to purge the church at Wolverhampton. Pope Gregory IX (1227–41), whose codification of canon law mentions Peter in its clampdown on clerical indebtedness. On 1 March 1187, before Peter's arrival, the Pope ordered Baldwin to lift the suspension of Prior Honorius, who had already reached Verona. Peter arrived at Verona a few days later to find the Pope had adjourned the case until 10 April, giving Peter no chance to plead formally while a further series of decrees was issued in the monks' favour. However, Peter was no more successful in open court, suffering a continuing series of defeats. On 9 May the Pope ordered Archbishop Baldwin to cease building his new church at Hackington, abolished the fraternity he had established to staff and support it, and expressed surprise that he had so far resisted restoration of the situation to that prevailing before the appeal. Peter remained at Verona, arguing the case, until October, and then followed the papal court to Ferrara. Provocative behaviour back home did not help Peter. Baldwin continued to build his church in defiance of the Pope but with the king's support, although he did move the site some distance to the west, hurriedly putting up a wooden chapel in St Dunstan's parish. In August he seized the chapter's manors, suspending and even excommunicating its members as he saw fit. On 3 October, having reached Ferrara, the Pope raised the stakes by ordering Baldwin actually to demolish his new headquarters, to desecrate the site and to suspend its clergy, to restore all members of the existing chapter to office and to refrain from further actions against them while the case continued. He was given 30 days to comply. R. W. Southern alleges that Peter made a last, personal appeal to his old teacher while riding from Verona to Ferrara, and that the Pope was so incensed by the attempt to circumvent legal procedure that he died the following day of a heart attack. Kingsford's account is much less dramatic, without the foreshortened time scheme. The Pope's letter from Ferrara seems to have preceded his death by some weeks: he died on 19 October and was buried on the 20th, while Pope Gregory VIII was elected on 21 October, as Honorius reported to his monks. Peter's own later account of Urban's death has him taken ill while changing horses, shortly after Peter had approached him, but also mentions he contracted dysentery on the journey from Verona – an entirely plausible cause of death. The new pope moved the court to Pisa on its way towards Rome. He seems to have been less sympathetic to the Cathedral chapter but made no further decisions before he died at Pisa in December and was succeeded by Pope Clement III. The delays could only postpone Peter's inevitable defeat. Baldwin used the breathing space to renew his campaign of suspension and excommunication against his opponents, while Honorius, like Peter, remained at the papal court, as he had been ordered to return there by the chapter. However, on 26 January 1188, Clement made a final decision on the matter, which he communicated in a letter to Baldwin. He rebuked the archbishop for his lack of moderation, which tended to undermine the dignity of his office, and for his disobedience, before repeating all of Urban's demands: the new collegiate church was forbidden and the previous situation was to be restored. Baldwin continued his vindictive campaign against the monks, who were imprisoned in their own priory at the cathedral until August 1189, a month after the death of Henry II, when Richard I imposed a resolution. However, Peter's legal advocacy had suffered a comprehensive defeat, with serious consequences for his reputation. He returned to England. In his later accounts of the issue, he ignored the political and economic issues, portraying it entirely as a failed attempt to remedy the moral abuses of the Canterbury Cathedral chapter. Later years On crusade King Richard I's Great Seal of 1189. Exhibited in History Museum of Vendee. After Henry's death in 1189, Peter seems to have dropped out of favour – perhaps not surprisingly, in view of his outspoken support for the old king. He devoted his energy to propaganda in favour of a new expedition, the Third Crusade, to rescue the Kingdom of Jerusalem after the Battle of Hattin, and to writing a biography of the crusader Raynald of Châtillon. True to his beliefs, he and Archbishop Baldwin set out for the Holy Land late in 1189, accompanying King Richard as far as Sicily. They pressed on to join the crusaders at Tyre, where Baldwin died on 20 November 1190. Peter found his way back to Sicily. He then probably accompanied Eleanor of Aquitaine on the return journey through Italy and France, finally arriving in England in autumn 1191. Continuing influence and financial difficulties Peter seems to have repaired relations with Eleanor of Aquitaine. Both Bréhier and Kingsford describe Peter as her secretary during the early 1190s. However, Southern merely mentions the three letters he wrote in her name to the Pope protesting against Richard I's detention by Leopold V, Duke of Austria. Southern categorically denies that he was an employee of Eleanor. When Hubert Walter emerged as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193, Peter was no longer retained in any formal capacity by the archdiocese, although he was still consulted. He tried to repair relations with the cathedral chapter, claiming Henry II had compelled him to act as he did and that he had been cruelly deceived – a claim that probably met with incredulity. He also continued to exercise considerable influence over other leading churchmen. Matters eased slightly after Richard's death and both his influence and material fortunes seem to have revived in the early years of John's reign. He was appointed Archdeacon of London by 1202. However, despite still holding a number of potentially lucrative posts, he seems always to have been in financial difficulties. He protested in a letter to Innocent III some time around 1200 that his income from his archdiaconate barely met his basic expenses. The Wolverhampton college affair Although he had probably been dean of Wolverhampton for some time, very likely since the reign of Henry II, the oldest extant evidence of his interest in the collegiate church dates from about 1190. He wrote to William Longchamp, the Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely to denounce the “tyranny of the Viscount of Stafford” – presumably the Sheriff of Staffordshire – who was, he complained, trampling on the church's ancient privileges and oppressing the townspeople. This is fairly reliably datable, as Longchamp's ascendancy was short-lived, and he was forced to flee the country in 1191. Moreover the sheriff at the time was Hugh Nonant, who was actually the Bishop of Coventry, ally of the regent John and a sworn enemy of Longchamp. It is probable that decreased political involvement gave Peter more opportunity to take an interest in the affairs of the town and the collegiate church. Moreover, he was taking increasing interest in the spiritual life, particularly of the Cistercians and Carthusians. Peter resolved to deal with what he saw as the venality and nepotism of the canons at Wolverhampton. One of the canons who particularly offended him was Robert of Shrewsbury, who became Bishop of Bangor in 1197, apparently without election, and certainly without resigning his prebend at Wolverhampton. Peter wrote directly to Robert, denouncing his behaviour in strong terms and commending the virtue of apostolic poverty – ironically, in view of his own notorious pluralism. Peter resigned as dean around 1202, and explained the situation in a letter to Innocent III. He claimed that the church was subject only to the archbishop and the king, under the Pope: later deans were to seek freedom from the archbishop too, with some success. He claimed that the indiscipline of the canons was such that it brought forth hissing and derision from the entire population. The solution he proposed was to replace the institution with a Cistercian abbey. Peter had already put forward the plan to Hubert Walter and won his and John's support for it. Walter dissolved the college and, with Papal approval, John handed over the deanery and prebends to him in January 1203, in preparation for the new venture. A year later, the king granted a charter of liberties for the abbey and endowed it with properties, including the manors of Wolverhampton and Tettenhall. Cistercian monks had already begun to move into the site, although John had appointed one Nicholas as dean on Peter's resignation. However, with the death of Hubert Walter in 1205, the entire project lapsed and John appointed as dean Henry, son of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex. Writings Peter is incorrectly associated with Pseudo-Ingulf's Croyland Chronicle. However, many of his letters and poems are extant. According to Southern, Peter's letters were widely read until the seventeenth century, "for pleasure and instruction by cultivated readers". They conveyed "moral, legal and theological instruction, and ... satire on men and institutions". He was the author of a number of controversial works of varying lengths. At some time in the 1190s, for example, he wrote Against the Perfidy of the Jews (Latin: Contra perfidiam Judaeorum), which Peter commended in a preface to a Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances. A strongly anti-Jewish work, it is largely a marshalling of arguments, ostensibly from Scripture, in favour of the Doctrine of the Trinity and other specifically Christian teachings, intended as a handbook of argumentation. However, he held out no hope of conversion: "Their hour is not yet come, but He has blinded them till the time when the heathen are converted." Commenting on the Passion of Christ, he denounced the Jews as "persisting in their malice". Against the Perfidy of the Jews influenced official texts. Its "clamour … is adopted in Papal Bulls, in sermons, monastic chronicles and many other texts …A common vocabulary of speaking about the Jew is developed … just as the period creates a long-lasting stereotype of the Jew". Family Peter's brother was William of Blois, another poet, who is sometimes confused with William de Blois, the Bishop of Lincoln. A sister, Christiana of Blois, was a nun, whom Peter encouraged in her vocation. References ^ a b c Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1896). "Peter of Blois". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Southern, R. W. (2004). "Blois, Peter of (1125x30–1212), letter writer and ecclesiastic". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22012. Retrieved 16 April 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Giles, letter 101, vol. 1, p.317 ^ a b c d e  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Peter de Blois". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ Giles, letter 26, vol. 1, p.95 ^ William Doremus Paden - Medieval lyric: genres in historical context - Page 112 2000 - "Peter of Blois, "Vacillantis trutine," ed. Peter Dronke, The Medieval Poet and His World (Rome: Storia e Letteratura, 1984), 298-300. la Vacillantis trutine libramine mens suspensa fluctuat et estuat, in tumultus anxios dum se vertit et bipertit ..." ^ M. Markowski (introduction and translation). Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine: An Attempt to Chastise Her, at Internet History Sourcebooks Project ^ Giles, Volume 2, p.93 ^ A letter from Peter of Blois Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, at Epistolae Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ^ Giles, Volume 2, p.113-6 ^ Scott McLetchie (translator). Peter of Blois: Description of Henry II, at Internet History Sourcebooks Project ^ Giles, Volume 1, p.192-7 ^ Giles, Volume 1, p.196 ^ a b c d e f M W Greenslade, R B Pugh (Editors); et al. "Colleges: Wolverhampton, St Peter". {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ Decretalium Gregorii papae IX compilationis liber III Titulus XXII:De fideiussoribus, Capitulum III at Bibliotheca Augustana, accessed 29 September 2014 ^ a b c d Willam Page, ed. (1926). "Houses of Benedictine monks: The cathedral priory of the Holy Trinity or Christ Church, Canterbury". A History of the County of Kent: Volume 2. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 2 October 2014. ^ Stubbs, p.4 ^ Stubbs, p.cxxii ^ Stubbs, p.23 ^ Stubbs, p.34-6 ^ Stubbs, p.54 ^ Stubbs, p.78 ^ Stubbs, p.101-2 ^ Stubbs, p.106 ^ Stubbs, p.556 ^ Stubbs, p.cxxxvii ^ Stubbs, p.174 ^ Stubbs, p.555 ^ Giles, letter 238, vol. 2, p.232 ^ Stubbs, p.355 ^ Giles Volume 2, p.84-86 ^ Giles, Volume 1, p.340 ^ Giles, Volume 2, p.74 ^ a b Giles, Volume 2, p.87 ^ Giles, Volume 2, p.89 ^ Southern, R. W. The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953) ISBN 0-300-00230-0 pp. 213-214 ^ "A treatise addressed to John Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances who held that See, 1194-8." Medieval Sourcebook: Peter of Blois: Against the Perfidy of the Jews, before 1198 ^ Giles, Volume 3, p.62-65 ^ Giles, Volume 3, p.94 ^ Bestul, T.H. (2015). Texts of the Passion: Latin Devotional Literature and Medieval Society. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 77. ISBN 9781512800876. ^ Sharpe, Richard (2001). Handlist of the Latin Writers of Great Britain and Ireland Before 1540. Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin. Vol. 1 (2001 revised ed.). Belgium: Brepols. p. 754. ISBN 2-503-50575-9. ^ A letter from Peter of Blois Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, at Epistolae Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Giles, Volume 1, p.117 Bibliography Wikiquote has quotations related to Peter of Blois. Bréhier, Louis René. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Peter de Blois". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Ferrante, Joan (editor) (2014). Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters, Columbia University, accessed 23 September 2014. Giles, I.A. (1847). Petri Blesensis Bathoniensis archidiaconi opera omnia : nunc primum in Anglia ope codicum manuscriptorum editionumque optimarum, Oxford. The standard collection of the works of Peter of Blois in Latin, in four volumes, available on-line at Internet Archive, accessed 23 September 2014. Volume I: Epistolae Volume II: Epistolae &c. Volume III: Opuscula Volume IV: Sermones &c. G C Baugh; L W Cowie; J C Dickinson; A P Duggan; A K B Evans; R H Evans; Una C Hannam; P Heath; D A Johnston; Hilda Johnstone; Ann J Kettle; J L Kirby; R Mansfield; A Saltman (1970). M W Greenslade; R B Pugh (eds.). "A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 3". Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 23 September 2014. Halsall, Paul (editor) (2011). Internet History Sourcebooks Project, Fordham University, accessed 23 September 2014. Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1896). "Peter of Blois" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Willam Page, ed. (1926). "A History of the County of Kent: Volume 2". Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 30 September 2014. Marx, A. (2014): Die Passio Raginaldi von Petrus von Blois: Märtyrertum, Emotionalität und Eschatologie, University of Vienna. Robinson, J. A. (1921). "Peter of Blois" in Somerset Historical Essays Southern, R.W. "Peter of Blois". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Stubbs, William (1865). Epistolae cantuarienses: the letters of the prior and convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, from A.D. 1187 to A.D. 1199, accessed 29 September 2014 at Internet Archive. vteCarmina BuranaAuthors Archpoet Peter Abelard Hugh Primas of Orléans Walter of Châtillon Peter of Blois Minnesinger Dietmar von Aist Heinrich von Morungen Walther von der Vogelweide Poems and songs "Dum Diane vitrea" "O Fortuna" "Ecce gratum" "In taberna quando sumus" "Phyllis and Flora" Carl Orff Carmina Burana "O Fortuna" Related Benediktbeuern Abbey Goliard O Fortuna (album by Rhydian) Gospel According to the Mark of Silver Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland 2 Portugal Vatican Artists MusicBrainz 2 People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"Peter of Blois (Latin: Petrus Blesensis; French: Pierre de Blois; c. 1130 – c. 1211) was a French cleric, theologian, poet and diplomat. He is particularly noted for his corpus of Latin letters.","title":"Peter of Blois"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baldwinofexeterstatuecanterburycatheraloutside.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Tours Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Bernard Silvestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Silvestris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hildebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebert"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"John of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Roman law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Baldwin of Forde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Josceline de Bohon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josceline_de_Bohon"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Goliards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliards"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Baldwin of Forde, Peter's tutor and friend, as depicted on the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral.Peter of Blois was born about 1130. Earlier opinion tended to place the date later in the 1130s,[1] but an earlier date is now considered more likely.[2] His family were minor nobility of Breton origin.After an early visit to Paris, Peter received his literary education at the school attached to Tours Cathedral in the early 1140s probably accompanied and mentored by an older namesake and relative, Pierre de Blois.[2] He studied under Bernard Silvestris, who, he later recalled, urged him to “take up in truth not fables, but history”[3] and made him memorise the letters of Hildebert, a former Archbishop of Tours. It has been thought Peter also studied under the English philosopher and theologian John of Salisbury,[4] but this is now generally discounted.[1]Peter then studied Roman law at the University of Bologna, a centre for legal studies. Here he was tutored by Baldwin of Forde, a future Archbishop of Canterbury, and both studied under Umberto Crivelli, the future Pope Urban III.[2] Peter was much more strongly attracted to the rhetorical and literary aspects of the subject than to jurisprudence: as he wrote later, “sporting with its glorious verbal trappings and charming, fanciful oratorical urbanity, attracted me powerfully and intoxicated my mind.”[5]Around 1155 Peter went to study theology in Paris, remaining there for about 11 years.[2] Few details of his studies are extant. It appears that he supported himself during his advanced studies by taking students of his own, including two sons of Josceline de Bohon, a long-serving Bishop of Salisbury.It was probably during his student years that he composed a number of Latin sequences after the manner of the Goliards, some of which were preserved in the Carmina Burana collection. He also wrote Vacillantis trutine libramine.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_(crop).JPG"},{"link_name":"Monreale Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Counts of Perche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords,_counts_and_dukes_of_Perche#Counts_of_Perche"},{"link_name":"Rotrou, the Archbishop of Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotrou_(archbishop_of_Rouen)"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Stephen du Perche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_du_Perche"},{"link_name":"Walter of the Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_of_the_Mill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-4"},{"link_name":"Maletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maletto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"chancellorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Archbishopric of Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Thomas Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"Reginald Fitz Jocelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fitz_Jocelin"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bath"}],"text":"Peter's pupil, William II, depicted offering Monreale Cathedral to the Virgin Mary.In 1166 the regent of Sicily, Margaret of Navarre, a relative of the Counts of Perche, wrote to her relatives in France, particularly Rotrou, the Archbishop of Rouen, to ask for help during the minority of her son, William II.[2] Peter of Blois and his brother Guillaume arrived in Sicily in September of that year, as part of a French party of 37 that included Stephen du Perche and Walter of the Mill. Peter became tutor to the young king, guardian of the royal seal and a key adviser to Queen Margaret,[4] while Guillaume was appointed abbot of a monastery near Maletto.[2] However, the French clique around the regency proved unpopular with the Sicilian nobility. A revolt against French domination forced Stephen to resign the chancellorship and the Archbishopric of Palermo in 1169. Peter left the island to seek opportunities elsewhere, sailing initially to Genoa and then travelling back to France.There his connection with Archbishop Rotrou proved useful, drawing him into a letter-writing campaign focussed on Henry II of England's conflict with Thomas Becket. This brought him back into contact with Reginald Fitz Jocelin, his former pupil from his days in Paris, who was now Henry's chief agent in the dispute. When Reginald was made Bishop of Bath in 1173, his role in the Becket affair made papal approval problematic and Peter's letters on his behalf proved helpful in rallying support.","title":"The Sicilian adventure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eleonora_Jindra2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_the_Young_King.jpg"}],"text":"Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine holding court.The Young King Henry, whose rebellion against his father signalled a rupture in the Angevin dynasty.","title":"Angevin service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Louis VII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"Angevin Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Henry the Young King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Walter Ophamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Ophamil"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"clerical order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-4"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"College of Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Collegiate_Church,_Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staffs1-14"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"cause célèbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Diplomat and apologist","text":"Around 1173, Peter went to England to take up a post as chief letter-writer for Richard of Dover, Becket's successor as Archbishop. He also entered the service of Henry II, acting as a diplomat in his negotiations with Louis VII of France and the Papacy. His arrival in England approximately coincided with the rupture of the ruling family and the eruption of civil strife all over the Angevin Empire, carefully fomented by the French monarchy. Peter wrote an open letter to the queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, to \"deplore publicly and regretfully that, while you are a most prudent woman, you have left your husband.\"[7][8] However, when in 1183 Henry the Young King died during the revolt against his father, Peter wrote to Eleanor a letter of reasoned consolation.[9][10]Peter was a well-connected controversialist and propagandist for Henry II. He wrote in praise of him to continental contacts, like Walter Ophamil, now Archbishop of Palermo, defending him against the charge that he had deliberately instigated the murder of Thomas Becket.[11][12] In introducing the subject of Becket's death, Peter mentioned in passing his own clerical order: in verbo Domini et in ordine diaconi vobis dico – “in the Word of God and the order of deacon I speak to you.”[13] At some stage in his education, he had been ordained a deacon and he seems to have avoided ordination to the priesthood.In 1176 Peter was appointed Chancellor of the Archdiocese of Canterbury, the chief record keeper and Latin secretary, serving Richard of Dover. Probably in the same year, he was appointed Archdeacon of Bath,[4] a position he held until his death. It was probably in Henry's reign that he was appointed Dean of the College of Wolverhampton, which he found corrupt.[14]Peter was in Rome in 1179 and there displayed the improvidence which was to become an important feature of his later life. His failure to repay a debt caused Pope Alexander III to write to the Archbishop on behalf of the creditor. This was a cause célèbre sufficient for inclusion in a compendium of canon law issued in 1234 by Pope Gregory IX.[15] Richard of Dover died in 1184 and, after some delay, the king succeeded in getting Baldwin of Forde, Peter's friend and tutor from his Bologna days, installed as Archbishop of Canterbury. He confirmed Peter in his position as letter writer but also made him his chief legal adviser.","title":"Angevin service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"secular clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_clergy"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-16"},{"link_name":"monastic orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Pope Lucius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hackington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackington"},{"link_name":"Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_(canon_law)"},{"link_name":"prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-Alexander_III1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Lucius_III.png"},{"link_name":"Pope Lucius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pope_Urbanus_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_Gregor_VIII.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A08_CLEMENTE_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Innozenz3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PopeGregoryIX.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrara"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-16"},{"link_name":"manors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"excommunicating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicating"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"R. W. Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._W._Southern"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-16"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"collegiate church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_church"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-16"},{"link_name":"Richard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"The Canterbury Cathedral chapter controversy","text":"Baldwin soon created a legal storm that was to engulf Peter, threatening his career. He was determined to reform the diocese thoroughly, making it function more efficiently as a base for his position as one of the chief magnates of the realm. He saw the chapter of Canterbury Cathedral as a major obstacle. Like most cathedral establishments, it had consisted of secular clergy until the Norman Conquest, after which it was reconstituted as a community of Benedictine monks, known variously as the Priory of the Holy Trinity or Christchurch.[16] The mutual antagonism was sharpened by the rivalry between their respective monastic orders, as Baldwin was a Cistercian. He began by recovering diocesan property which his predecessor had alienated to the priory in order to support the pilgrim traffic, centred on the shrine of Thomas Becket, as well as confiscating the xenia, or Easter offerings – a process which was authorised by Pope Lucius III.[17] However, the monks of the chapter were soon complaining to his successor, Urban III, that his reforms were going too far and succeeded in getting the Pope to order restoration of some of the confiscated churches. Urban initially welcomed some aspects of Baldwin's overarching plan to move the chapter to Hackington, north of Canterbury, and to build a second base for the diocese at Lambeth, directly facing the centres of secular power in London and Westminster.[18] However, the plan unfolded to include the replacement of the monastic chapter with a new episcopal staff, consisting of colleges of secular clergy at Hackington and Lambeth.Seeing their influence and wealth slipping from their grasp, the Canterbury monks appealed to both the king and to Rome. Baldwin suspended the prior in December 1186 and the monks immediately began a letter-writing campaign to mobilise bishops, archbishops, even Philip II of France, in their cause. Peter of Blois was despatched to the papal court at Verona to counter the chapter's arguments, which were presented by a skilled Roman lawyer called Pillius.[2] As Urban was his old law teacher, he could be expected to have at least insight, and probably influence. However, his enjoyment of Roman law had always been aesthetic rather than technical.Peter of Blois and the Popes\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Alexander III (1159–81), who complained to Archbishop Richard about Peter's failure to pay his debts.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Lucius III (1181–85), who gave initial papal support to Baldwin's reforms.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Urban III (1185–87), who, as Umberto Crivelli, was Peter's master at the University of Bologna, and who later heard him argue against the appeal of the Canterbury Cathedral chapter.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Gregory VIII (1187), who succeeded Urban III but survived for only two months, leaving the Canterbury priory appeal unresolved..\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Clement III (1187–91), who finally found against Archbishop Baldwin, severely damaging Peter's reputation as a lawyer.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Innocent III (1198-1216), who authorised Peter's abortive attempts to purge the church at Wolverhampton.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope Gregory IX (1227–41), whose codification of canon law mentions Peter in its clampdown on clerical indebtedness.On 1 March 1187, before Peter's arrival, the Pope ordered Baldwin to lift the suspension of Prior Honorius, who had already reached Verona.[19] Peter arrived at Verona a few days later to find the Pope had adjourned the case until 10 April, giving Peter no chance to plead formally while a further series of decrees was issued in the monks' favour. However, Peter was no more successful in open court, suffering a continuing series of defeats. On 9 May the Pope ordered Archbishop Baldwin to cease building his new church at Hackington, abolished the fraternity he had established to staff and support it, and expressed surprise that he had so far resisted restoration of the situation to that prevailing before the appeal.[20] Peter remained at Verona, arguing the case, until October, and then followed the papal court to Ferrara. Provocative behaviour back home did not help Peter. Baldwin continued to build his church in defiance of the Pope but with the king's support,[21] although he did move the site some distance to the west, hurriedly putting up a wooden chapel in St Dunstan's parish.[16] In August he seized the chapter's manors, suspending and even excommunicating its members as he saw fit.[22]On 3 October, having reached Ferrara, the Pope raised the stakes by ordering Baldwin actually to demolish his new headquarters, to desecrate the site and to suspend its clergy, to restore all members of the existing chapter to office and to refrain from further actions against them while the case continued. He was given 30 days to comply.[23] R. W. Southern alleges that Peter made a last, personal appeal to his old teacher while riding from Verona to Ferrara, and that the Pope was so incensed by the attempt to circumvent legal procedure that he died the following day of a heart attack.[2] Kingsford's account is much less dramatic, without the foreshortened time scheme. The Pope's letter from Ferrara seems to have preceded his death by some weeks: he died on 19 October and was buried on the 20th, while Pope Gregory VIII was elected on 21 October, as Honorius reported to his monks.[24] Peter's own later account of Urban's death has him taken ill while changing horses, shortly after Peter had approached him, but also mentions he contracted dysentery on the journey from Verona[25] – an entirely plausible cause of death. The new pope moved the court to Pisa on its way towards Rome. He seems to have been less sympathetic to the Cathedral chapter[16] but made no further decisions before he died at Pisa in December and was succeeded by Pope Clement III.[2]The delays could only postpone Peter's inevitable defeat. Baldwin used the breathing space to renew his campaign of suspension and excommunication against his opponents,[26] while Honorius, like Peter, remained at the papal court, as he had been ordered to return there by the chapter. However, on 26 January 1188, Clement made a final decision on the matter, which he communicated in a letter to Baldwin.[27] He rebuked the archbishop for his lack of moderation, which tended to undermine the dignity of his office, and for his disobedience, before repeating all of Urban's demands: the new collegiate church was forbidden and the previous situation was to be restored. Baldwin continued his vindictive campaign against the monks, who were imprisoned in their own priory at the cathedral until August 1189,[16] a month after the death of Henry II, when Richard I imposed a resolution.However, Peter's legal advocacy had suffered a comprehensive defeat, with serious consequences for his reputation. He returned to England. In his later accounts of the issue, he ignored the political and economic issues, portraying it entirely as a failed attempt to remedy the moral abuses of the Canterbury Cathedral chapter.[28]","title":"Angevin service"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-4"},{"link_name":"Third Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hattin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Raynald of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon"}],"sub_title":"On crusade","text":"King Richard I's Great Seal of 1189. Exhibited in History Museum of Vendee.After Henry's death in 1189, Peter seems to have dropped out of favour[4] – perhaps not surprisingly, in view of his outspoken support for the old king. He devoted his energy to propaganda in favour of a new expedition, the Third Crusade, to rescue the Kingdom of Jerusalem after the Battle of Hattin,[2] and to writing a biography of the crusader Raynald of Châtillon.True to his beliefs, he and Archbishop Baldwin set out for the Holy Land late in 1189, accompanying King Richard as far as Sicily. They pressed on to join the crusaders at Tyre, where Baldwin died on 20 November 1190. Peter found his way back to Sicily. He then probably accompanied Eleanor of Aquitaine on the return journey through Italy and France, finally arriving in England in autumn 1191.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cath-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Leopold V, Duke of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-2"},{"link_name":"Hubert Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Walter"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_London"},{"link_name":"Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Continuing influence and financial difficulties","text":"Peter seems to have repaired relations with Eleanor of Aquitaine. Both Bréhier[4] and Kingsford[1] describe Peter as her secretary during the early 1190s. However, Southern merely mentions the three letters he wrote in her name to the Pope protesting against Richard I's detention by Leopold V, Duke of Austria.[2] Southern categorically denies that he was an employee of Eleanor.When Hubert Walter emerged as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1193, Peter was no longer retained in any formal capacity by the archdiocese, although he was still consulted. He tried to repair relations with the cathedral chapter, claiming Henry II had compelled him to act as he did and that he had been cruelly deceived[29][30] – a claim that probably met with incredulity. He also continued to exercise considerable influence over other leading churchmen.Matters eased slightly after Richard's death and both his influence and material fortunes seem to have revived in the early years of John's reign. He was appointed Archdeacon of London by 1202. However, despite still holding a number of potentially lucrative posts, he seems always to have been in financial difficulties. He protested in a letter to Innocent III some time around 1200 that his income from his archdiaconate barely met his basic expenses.[31]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staffs1-14"},{"link_name":"William Longchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Longchamp"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staffs1-14"},{"link_name":"Hugh Nonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Nonant"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Carthusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusians"},{"link_name":"Robert of Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bangor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staffs1-14"},{"link_name":"prebend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebend"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"pluralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice#Pluralism"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles2-87-34"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staffs1-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles2-87-34"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-staffs1-14"},{"link_name":"charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"manors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Tettenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettenhall"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Fitz_Peter,_1st_Earl_of_Essex"}],"sub_title":"The Wolverhampton college affair","text":"Although he had probably been dean of Wolverhampton for some time, very likely since the reign of Henry II,[14] the oldest extant evidence of his interest in the collegiate church dates from about 1190. He wrote to William Longchamp, the Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely to denounce the “tyranny of the Viscount of Stafford”[32] – presumably the Sheriff of Staffordshire – who was, he complained, trampling on the church's ancient privileges and oppressing the townspeople. This is fairly reliably datable, as Longchamp's ascendancy was short-lived, and he was forced to flee the country in 1191.[14] Moreover the sheriff at the time was Hugh Nonant, who was actually the Bishop of Coventry, ally of the regent John and a sworn enemy of Longchamp.It is probable that decreased political involvement gave Peter more opportunity to take an interest in the affairs of the town and the collegiate church. Moreover, he was taking increasing interest in the spiritual life, particularly of the Cistercians and Carthusians. Peter resolved to deal with what he saw as the venality and nepotism of the canons at Wolverhampton. One of the canons who particularly offended him was Robert of Shrewsbury, who became Bishop of Bangor in 1197,[14] apparently without election, and certainly without resigning his prebend at Wolverhampton. Peter wrote directly to Robert,[33] denouncing his behaviour in strong terms and commending the virtue of apostolic poverty – ironically, in view of his own notorious pluralism.Peter resigned as dean around 1202, and explained the situation in a letter to Innocent III. He claimed that the church was subject only to the archbishop and the king, under the Pope:[34] later deans were to seek freedom from the archbishop too, with some success.[14] He claimed that the indiscipline of the canons was such that it brought forth hissing and derision from the entire population.[34] The solution he proposed was to replace the institution with a Cistercian abbey.[35] Peter had already put forward the plan to Hubert Walter and won his and John's support for it. Walter dissolved the college and, with Papal approval, John handed over the deanery and prebends to him in January 1203, in preparation for the new venture.[14] A year later, the king granted a charter of liberties for the abbey and endowed it with properties, including the manors of Wolverhampton and Tettenhall. Cistercian monks had already begun to move into the site, although John had appointed one Nicholas as dean on Peter's resignation. However, with the death of Hubert Walter in 1205, the entire project lapsed and John appointed as dean Henry, son of Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudo-Ingulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Ingulf"},{"link_name":"Croyland Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croyland_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"John of Coutances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Coutances"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Passion of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Peter is incorrectly associated with Pseudo-Ingulf's Croyland Chronicle. However, many of his letters and poems are extant. According to Southern, Peter's letters were widely read until the seventeenth century, \"for pleasure and instruction by cultivated readers\". They conveyed \"moral, legal and theological instruction, and ... satire on men and institutions\".[36] He was the author of a number of controversial works of varying lengths.At some time in the 1190s, for example, he wrote Against the Perfidy of the Jews (Latin: Contra perfidiam Judaeorum), which Peter commended in a preface to a Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances.[37][38] A strongly anti-Jewish work, it is largely a marshalling of arguments, ostensibly from Scripture, in favour of the Doctrine of the Trinity and other specifically Christian teachings, intended as a handbook of argumentation. However, he held out no hope of conversion: \"Their hour is not yet come, but He has blinded them till the time when the heathen are converted.\" Commenting on the Passion of Christ, he denounced the Jews as \"persisting in their malice\".[39]Against the Perfidy of the Jews influenced official texts. Its \"clamour … is adopted in Papal Bulls, in sermons, monastic chronicles and many other texts …A common vocabulary of speaking about the Jew is developed … just as the period creates a long-lasting stereotype of the Jew\".[40]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Blois_(poet)"},{"link_name":"William de Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Blois_(bishop_of_Lincoln)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Peter's brother was William of Blois, another poet, who is sometimes confused with William de Blois, the Bishop of Lincoln.[41] A sister, Christiana of Blois, was a nun, whom Peter encouraged in her vocation.[42][43]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peter_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Bréhier, Louis René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Br%C3%A9hier"},{"link_name":"Peter de Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Peter_de_Blois"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141006071744/http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/home"},{"link_name":"Giles, I.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Allen_Giles"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Volume I: Epistolae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/petriblesensisba01pete"},{"link_name":"Volume II: Epistolae &c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/petriblesensisba02pete"},{"link_name":"Volume III: Opuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/petriblesensisba03pete"},{"link_name":"Volume IV: Sermones &c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/petriblesensisba04pete"},{"link_name":"\"A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 3\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=212"},{"link_name":"Internet History Sourcebooks Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/index.asp"},{"link_name":"\"Peter of Blois\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Peter_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"\"A History of the County of Kent: Volume 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=198"},{"link_name":"Robinson, J. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Armitage_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Peter of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Peter_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Somerset Historical Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Somerset_Historical_Essays"},{"link_name":"Southern, R.W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._W._Southern"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/22012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22012"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"Stubbs, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stubbs"},{"link_name":"Epistolae cantuarienses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/epistolaecantua00stubgoog#page/n10/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Carmina_Burana"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Carmina_Burana"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carmina_Burana"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana"},{"link_name":"Archpoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archpoet"},{"link_name":"Peter Abelard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard"},{"link_name":"Hugh Primas of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Primas"},{"link_name":"Walter of Châtillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon"},{"link_name":"Peter of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Minnesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesang"},{"link_name":"Dietmar von Aist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Morungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen"},{"link_name":"Walther von der Vogelweide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dum Diane vitrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Diane_vitrea"},{"link_name":"O Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Fortuna"},{"link_name":"Ecce gratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecce_gratum"},{"link_name":"In taberna quando sumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_taberna_quando_sumus"},{"link_name":"Phyllis and Flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_and_Flora"},{"link_name":"Carl Orff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)"},{"link_name":"O Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Fortuna_(Orff)"},{"link_name":"Benediktbeuern Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediktbeuern_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Goliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliard"},{"link_name":"O Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Fortuna_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rhydian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhydian_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Gospel According to the Mark of Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_According_to_the_Mark_of_Silver"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12072861s"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118923927"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV120240"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266420905171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14638783"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no90001435"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/nl023g261hpfsp1"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000076320&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35352396"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069708487"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622559505606"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810691945205606"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/232534"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/6279"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/86954c6f-dd1c-49bf-9dcc-32743fcf39f4"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/1911a4e6-064b-4ff1-9301-efa5bf39eb5b"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118923927.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/922389"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/029013267"}],"text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Peter of Blois.Bréhier, Louis René. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Peter de Blois\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nFerrante, Joan (editor) (2014). Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters, Columbia University, accessed 23 September 2014.\nGiles, I.A. (1847). Petri Blesensis Bathoniensis archidiaconi opera omnia : nunc primum in Anglia ope codicum manuscriptorum editionumque optimarum, Oxford. The standard collection of the works of Peter of Blois in Latin, in four volumes, available on-line at Internet Archive, accessed 23 September 2014.Volume I: Epistolae\nVolume II: Epistolae &c.\nVolume III: Opuscula\nVolume IV: Sermones &c.G C Baugh; L W Cowie; J C Dickinson; A P Duggan; A K B Evans; R H Evans; Una C Hannam; P Heath; D A Johnston; Hilda Johnstone; Ann J Kettle; J L Kirby; R Mansfield; A Saltman (1970). M W Greenslade; R B Pugh (eds.). \"A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 3\". Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 23 September 2014.\nHalsall, Paul (editor) (2011). Internet History Sourcebooks Project, Fordham University, accessed 23 September 2014.\nKingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1896). \"Peter of Blois\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co.\nWillam Page, ed. (1926). \"A History of the County of Kent: Volume 2\". Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 30 September 2014.\nMarx, A. (2014): Die Passio Raginaldi von Petrus von Blois: Märtyrertum, Emotionalität und Eschatologie, University of Vienna.\nRobinson, J. A. (1921). \"Peter of Blois\" in Somerset Historical Essays\nSouthern, R.W. \"Peter of Blois\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nStubbs, William (1865). Epistolae cantuarienses: the letters of the prior and convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, from A.D. 1187 to A.D. 1199, accessed 29 September 2014 at Internet Archive.vteCarmina BuranaAuthors\nArchpoet\nPeter Abelard\nHugh Primas of Orléans\nWalter of Châtillon\nPeter of Blois\nMinnesinger\nDietmar von Aist\nHeinrich von Morungen\nWalther von der Vogelweide\nPoems and songs\n\"Dum Diane vitrea\"\n\"O Fortuna\"\n\"Ecce gratum\"\n\"In taberna quando sumus\"\n\"Phyllis and Flora\"\nCarl Orff\nCarmina Burana\n\"O Fortuna\"\nRelated\nBenediktbeuern Abbey\nGoliard\nO Fortuna (album by Rhydian)\nGospel According to the Mark of SilverAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nNetherlands\nPoland\n2\nPortugal\nVatican\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\n2\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Baldwin of Forde, Peter's tutor and friend, as depicted on the exterior of Canterbury Cathedral.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Baldwinofexeterstatuecanterburycatheraloutside.jpg/220px-Baldwinofexeterstatuecanterburycatheraloutside.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter's pupil, William II, depicted offering Monreale Cathedral to the Virgin Mary.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG/220px-Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine holding court.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eleonora_Jindra2.jpg/220px-Eleonora_Jindra2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Young King Henry, whose rebellion against his father signalled a rupture in the Angevin dynasty.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Henry_the_Young_King.jpg/220px-Henry_the_Young_King.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Richard I's Great Seal of 1189. Exhibited in History Museum of Vendee.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg/220px-Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1896). \"Peter of Blois\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Peter_of_Blois","url_text":"Peter of Blois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Southern, R. W. (2004). \"Blois, Peter of (1125x30–1212), letter writer and ecclesiastic\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22012. Retrieved 16 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22012","url_text":"\"Blois, Peter of (1125x30–1212), letter writer and ecclesiastic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22012","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/22012"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Peter de Blois\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Peter_de_Blois","url_text":"Peter de Blois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"M W Greenslade, R B Pugh (Editors); et al. \"Colleges: Wolverhampton, St Peter\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=37876","url_text":"\"Colleges: Wolverhampton, St Peter\""}]},{"reference":"Willam Page, ed. (1926). \"Houses of Benedictine monks: The cathedral priory of the Holy Trinity or Christ Church, Canterbury\". A History of the County of Kent: Volume 2. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 2 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38189","url_text":"\"Houses of Benedictine monks: The cathedral priory of the Holy Trinity or Christ Church, Canterbury\""}]},{"reference":"Bestul, T.H. (2015). Texts of the Passion: Latin Devotional Literature and Medieval Society. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 77. ISBN 9781512800876.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512800876","url_text":"9781512800876"}]},{"reference":"Sharpe, Richard (2001). Handlist of the Latin Writers of Great Britain and Ireland Before 1540. Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin. Vol. 1 (2001 revised ed.). Belgium: Brepols. p. 754. ISBN 2-503-50575-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sharpe_(historian)","url_text":"Sharpe, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-503-50575-9","url_text":"2-503-50575-9"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Peter de Blois\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Peter_de_Blois","url_text":"Peter de Blois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"G C Baugh; L W Cowie; J C Dickinson; A P Duggan; A K B Evans; R H Evans; Una C Hannam; P Heath; D A Johnston; Hilda Johnstone; Ann J Kettle; J L Kirby; R Mansfield; A Saltman (1970). M W Greenslade; R B Pugh (eds.). \"A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 3\". Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=212","url_text":"\"A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 3\""}]},{"reference":"Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1896). \"Peter of Blois\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Champaran
West Champaran district
["1 Geography","1.1 Flora and fauna","2 Administrative divisions","2.1 Blocks","3 Politics","4 Demographics","4.1 Languages","5 Culture","5.1 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 26°48′N 84°30′E / 26.800°N 84.500°E / 26.800; 84.500This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "West Champaran district" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) District in Bihar, IndiaWest Champaran districtDistrictGandaki River near Valmikinagar SealLocation of West Champaran district in BiharCoordinates (Bettiah): 26°48′N 84°30′E / 26.800°N 84.500°E / 26.800; 84.500CountryIndiaStateBiharDivisionTirhutHeadquartersBettiahTehsils18Government • Lok Sabha constituenciesPaschim Champaran, Valmiki Nagar • Vidhan Sabha constituenciesValmiki Nagar, Ramnagar, Narkatiaganj, Bagaha, Lauriya, Nautan, Chanpatia, Bettiah, SiktaArea • Total5,228 km2 (2,019 sq mi) • Rank1 (in bihar)Population (2011) • Total3,935,042 • Density750/km2 (1,900/sq mi)Demographics • Literacy58.06 per cent • Sex ratio906Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)PIN Code8454XXMajor highwaysNH 28BWebsitehttp://westchamparan.bih.nic.in/ West Champaran is an administrative district in the state of Bihar in India, located just 60 km (37 mi) west of Birgunj. It is the largest district in Bihar with an area of 5,228 km2(2,019sq mi). It is a part of Tirhut Division. The district headquarters are located in Bettiah. The district is known for its open border with Nepal. One of the major location in West Champaran is Kumar Bagh for SAIL Special Processing Unit and Bhitiharwa where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagrah Aandolan. West Champaran is the largest sugarcane producing district of Bihar in 2022. Geography West Champaran district occupies an area of 5,228 square kilometres (2,019 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Canada's Amund Ringnes Island. Flora and fauna In 1989 West Champaran district became home to Valmiki National Park, which has an area of 336 km2 (129.7 sq mi). It is also home to two wildlife sanctuaries: Valmiki (adjacent to its namesake national park) and Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary. Fauna include the Bengal tiger. Administrative divisions The West Champaran district is divided into 3 Tehsil (sub-division): Bettiah Bagaha Narkatiaganj Blocks The West Champaran district is divided into 18 Blocks: Bettiah Sikta Mainatanr Chanpatia Bairia Lauriya Bagaha Sidhaw Madhubani Gaunaha Narkatiaganj Manjhaulia Nautan Jogapatti Ramnagar Thakraha Bhitaha Piprasi The district is well connected by roads and railways to all major cities. Politics Lok Sabha constituencies in the district are Paschim Champaran, Valmiki Nagar. Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the district are Valmiki Nagar, Ramnagar, Narkatiaganj, Bagaha, Lauriya, Nautan, Chanpatia, Bettiah, Sikta This section is transcluded from 17th Bihar Assembly. (edit | history) District No. Constituency Name Party Alliance Remarks West Champaran 1 Valmiki Nagar Dhirendra Pratap Singh JD(U) NDA 2 Ramnagar Bhagirathi Devi BJP NDA 3 Narkatiaganj Rashmi Varma BJP NDA 4 Bagaha Ram Singh BJP NDA 5 Lauriya Vinay Bihari BJP NDA 6 Nautan Narayan Prasad BJP NDA 7 Chanpatia Umakant Singh BJP NDA 8 Bettiah Renu Devi BJP NDA 9 Sikta Birendra Prasad Gupta CPI(ML)L MGB Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1901762,628—    1911812,855+0.64%1921826,679+0.17%1931913,931+1.01%19411,021,217+1.12%19511,071,382+0.48%19611,325,122+2.15%19711,587,019+1.82%19811,972,610+2.20%19912,333,666+1.70%20013,043,466+2.69%20113,935,042+2.60%source: Religions in West Champaran district (2011) Religion Percent Hinduism   77.44% Islam   21.98% Other or not stated   0.58% According to the 2011 census West Champaran district has a population of 3,935,042, roughly equal to the nation of Liberia or the US state of Oregon. This gives it a ranking of 63rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 750 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,900/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.89%. Pashchim Champaran has a sex ratio of 906 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 58.06%. 9.99% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Tribes made up 14.08% and 6.35% of the population respectively. Languages Languages of West Champaran district (2011)   Bhojpuri (91.86%)  Hindi (3.32%)  Urdu (2.97%)  Bengali (0.99%)  Others (0.86%) At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 91.86% of the population in the district spoke Bhojpuri, 3.32% Hindi and 2.97% Urdu as their first language. Languages include Bhojpuri, a tongue in the Bihari language group with almost 51,000,000 speakers, written in both the Devanagari and Kaithi scripts. Culture The city is the birthplace of poet Gopal Singh Nepali. Mahatma Gandhi started the Champaran Satyagraha movement from here in 1917 along with nationalists Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Brajkishore Prasad. Notable people Manoj Bajpayee, film actor. Mohd Abu Lais, Great engineer and author of technical books, from Sikta Deoraj. Vinay Bihari, actor, lyricist. Mahatma Gandhi, freedom fighter who started the Champaran Satyagraha movement here. Sanjay Jaiswal, politician Prakash Jha, film director. Manish Jha, film director and theatre actor. Sanjeev K Jha, script writer, filmmaker Sunil Kumar Kushwaha , Member of Parliament Baidyanath Prasad Mahto, politician, Member of Parliament. Krishna Kumar Mishra, politician. Vikas Mishra (economist) Gopal Singh Nepali, Hindi poet. Gauri Shankar Pandey, politician. Kedar Pandey, former Chief Minister of Bihar Raghaw Sharan Pandey, IAS (Retd), former Union Petroleum Secretary, politician Damodar Raao, film music director, actor & singer Valmiki Rishi, an ascetic who wrote Hindu epic Ramayana here. See also East Champaran district References ^ http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in Archived 2015-03-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Bihar Economic Survey 2022-23". state.bihar.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-05-07. ^ Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) (2010). "States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp. 1118–1119. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help) ^ "Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area". United Nations Environment Program. 1998-02-18. Archived from the original on 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2011-10-11. Amund Ringnes Island 5,255km2 ^ Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment. "Protected areas: Bihar". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011. ^ Jhala, Y. V.; Gopal, R.; Qureshi, Q., eds. (2008), Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India (PDF), TR 08/001, National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2013 ^ Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q., Sinha, P. R. (Eds.) (2011). Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India, 2010. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. TR 2011/003 pp-302 ^ "Blocks in Pashchim Champaran District, Bihar". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 2024-05-10. ^ "Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar" (PDF). census.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. ^ "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. ^ a b c d e f "District Census Handbook: West Champaran" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-01. Liberia 3,786,764 July 2011 est. ^ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Oregon 3,831,074 ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. ^ M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). "Bhojpuri: A language of India". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-09-30. External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Champaran". West Champaran Official website Places adjacent to West Champaran district Maharajganj district, Uttar Pradesh  Nepal Kushinagar district, Uttar Pradesh West Champaran district Gopalganj district East Champaran district vte State of BiharCapital: PatnaState symbols Animal: Gaur Bird: House sparrow Flower: Marigolds Tree: Sacred fig History Chhath Kingdom of the Videhas Janaka Sita Chirand Magadha Nanda Empire Maurya Empire Shunga Empire Kanva dynasty Gupta Empire Chandragupta Maurya Chanakya Bindusara Ashoka the Great Buddhism in India Edicts of Ashoka Samudragupta Chandragupta II Arthashastra Lion Capital of Ashoka Ashoka Chakra Pataliputra Bimbisara Ajatashatru Anga Rajgir Vaishali Aryabhata Siege of Arrah Raj Darbhanga Administration Government Legislative Assembly Legislative Council Chief Ministers Human rights Commission Governors High Court Police Public Service Commission Overviews Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Geography History Media People Transportation Politics Tourism State Day Divisions and districts Bhagalpur Banka Bhagalpur Darbhanga Darbhanga Madhubani Samastipur Kosi Madhepura Saharsa Supaul Magadh Arwal Aurangabad Gaya Jehanabad Nawada Munger Begusarai Jamui Khagaria Munger Lakhisarai Sheikhpura Patna Bhojpur Buxar Kaimur Nalanda Patna Rohtas Purnia Araria Katihar Kishanganj Purnia Saran Gopalganj Saran Siwan Tirhut East Champaran Muzaffarpur Sheohar Sitamarhi Vaishali West Champaran Cities Patna Gaya Aurangabad Bhagalpur Muzaffarpur Darbhanga Purnia Bihar Sharif Arrah Begusarai Katihar Munger Chhapra Hajipur Municipal corporations Patna Municipal Corporation Chhapra Municipal Corporation Politics Elections in Bihar BJP JD-U RJD LJP RLM HAM Other political parties Culture Biharis Maithils Bhojpuri people Magahi people Chhath Puja Cuisine Languages Music Art and craft Religion Festivals Cinema Culture of Bihar Culture of Angika region Culture of Bhojpuri region Culture of Magadh region Culture of Maithili region vteMinority Concentrated Districts in IndiaAndaman and Nicobar Islands Nicobar Arunachal Pradesh Changlang East Kameng Lower Subansiri Papum Pare Tawang Tirap West Kameng Assam Barpeta Bongaigaon Cachar Darrang Dhubri Dima Hasao Goalpara Hailakandi Kamrup Karimganj Kokrajhar Morigaon Nagaon Bihar Araria Darbhanga Katihar Kishanganj Purnia Sitamarhi West Champaran Delhi North East Delhi Haryana Gurgaon Sirsa Ladakh Leh Jharkhand Gumla Pakur Ranchi Sahibganj Karnataka Bidar Kalaburagi Kerala Wayanad Malappuram Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Maharashtra Buldhana Hingoli Parbhani Washim Manipur Chandel Churachandpur Senapati Tamenglong Thoubal Ukhrul Meghalaya West Garo Hills Mizoram Lawngtlai Mamit Odisha Gajapati Sikkim North Sikkim Uttar Pradesh Amroha Baghpat Bahraich Balrampur Barabanki Bareilly Bijnor Budaun Bulandshahr Ghaziabad Kheri Lucknow Meerut Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Rampur Saharanpur Shahjahanpur Shrawasti Siddharthnagar Uttarakhand Haridwar Udham Singh Nagar West Bengal Bardhaman Birbhum Cooch Behar Dakshin Dinajpur Howrah Kolkata Maldah Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Uttar Dinajpur Source: "List of 90 Minority Concentration Districts" (PDF). www.minorityaffairs.gov.in. Retrieved 2020-09-02. vtePopulated places in Tirhut division by districtEast ChamparanCities and towns Areraj Chakia Dhaka Harsidhi Lauthaha Mehsi Motihari Raxaul Sugauli Villages and localities Bhawanipur Bijbani Dhaka Lahan Ekderwa Hussaini Jihuli Madhubani ghat Mohammadpur Pandari, Bihar Rajepur Nawada Rampur Jetha Siswa Tikuliya MuzaffarpurCities and towns Kanti Motipur Muzaffarpur Villages and localities Bakhra Barakapur Benibad Daudpur kothi Dora Chapara Geyaspur Jaintpur Jajuara Nargi-Jagdish Korra Kubauli Mahmada Pakri pakohi Panapur Pokharaira Pragya Nagar Rewaghat Saghari Rampur Sarmastpur Tengrari Sheohar Rajadih Sheohar SitamarhiCities and towns Bairgania Belsand Dumra Janakpur Road Runni Saidpur Sitamarhi Talkhapur Villages and localities Akhta Athri Barari Behta Bela Bahadurpur Betaha Bhitha Dharharwa Dheng Dumari Kalan Gisara Harpur Kalan Jawabipur Kodhiyar Kora Khargi Madhesra Madhkaul Mahsaul urf Rampur Lachmi Manik Chowk Morsand Nanpura Naranga Pokhraira Rampur Parori Ratwara Sahiyara VaishaliCities and towns Hajipur Lalganj Mahnar Bazar Bidupur Bazar Villages and localities Adalpur Afazalpur Dhobghati Saidpur Ahmadpur LakhnichakAulai Akilabad Andharwara Ararah Bahuara Basarh Bhalui Birpur Bishunpur baladhari Bishunpur basant Chakjamal Chaksikandar Chakunda urf milki Dargah Bela Daulat pur dewaria Dayalpur panchayat Dayalpur Dighikala east Dighikala west Ekara Gadai Sarai Goshpur Ezra Govindpur Jhakhraha Hilalpur Hilalpur panchayat Ishmailpur Ismailpur Kashipur chakbibi Kernpura Khilwat Kiratpur Raja Ram Lavapur Narayan Laxmanpur Loma Madhaul Khurd Mahammadpur Turi Manua panchayat Matiya Narharpur Pahetiya Panapur langa Purantand Raghopur Narsanda Panchayat Sadullahpur Sahdullahpur Senduary Suhdulah pur satan Sultanpur panchayat Thathan Buzurg Vishunpur vasant urf shubhai West Champaran Bagaha Bettiah Chanpatia Narkatiaganj Ramnagar See also Tirhut Division topics Cities and towns in other divisions Bhagalpur Darbhanga Kosi Magadh Munger Patna Purnia Saran vteTirhut division topicsGeneral Kesaria Lauria Nandangarh Mahatma Gandhi Setu Tirhut/Mithila Tirhuta script Vaishali (ancient city) Districts East Champaran Muzaffarpur Sheohar Sitamarhi Vaishali West Champaran Locationsother than cities and towns Sonbarsa Anuja Auraia Bahuarwa Bahuarwa Bairia Bairia Baitapur Bakhri Banwaria Bargajwa Bargajwa Bargon Barnihar Barwa (216634) Barwa (216656) Barwa Barauli Baswaria Balua Belwa Belwania Bhabhta Bhagauna Bhasurari Bhataura Bheriharwa Bijbania Binwalia Bishunpurwa Bishunpurwa Champapur Chanki Chaurbar Chitamanpur Dakahwa Dhaarahwa Dhaminha Dhobaha Dhumnagiar Durgaulia Garurha Gobardhana Hainswa Harditerha Harpur Harsari Imilia Indarwa Jaimangalpur Jamunia Katahri Katgharwa Kesaria Khairwa Kharkatwa Khiria Koirganwan Kukurha Kundalpur Langra Laukaria Lediharwa Madhubani village Maga Rahi Maheshpur Mahuawa Majharia Majharia Malda Maldahia Maldi Manwa Marhia Mathia Mathia Khap Mathia Nisf Mathura Matiaria Merraul Motihari Mujauna, Shikarpur Mujauna, Sugauli Murli Murli Musaharwa Nankar Natkatia Nautanwa Community development blocks Desari Goraul Majorganj Raghopur Sahebganj Rivers Bagmati Burhi Gandak Gandaki Ganges Lakhandei Transport NH 19 NH 57 NH 77 NH 102 NH 103 NH 227 NH 527 NH 527D NH 727 Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines Barauni–Samastipur–Muzaffarpur–Hajipur line Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur line (via Hajipur, Raxaul and Sitamarhi) Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line Muzaffarpur–Hajipur section Samastipur–Muzaffarpur section Barauni–Samastipur section Railway stations Desari Hajipur Junction Muzaffarpur Junction Narkatiaganj Junction Sonpur Junction Lok Sabha constituencies Hajipur Muzaffarpur Paschim Champaran Purvi Champaran Sheohar Sitamarhi Vaishali Valmiki Nagar Former Lok Sabha constituencies Bagaha Bettiah Motihari Vidhan Sabha constituenciesWest Champaran Valmiki Nagar Ramnagar Narkatiaganj Bagaha Lauriya Nautan Chanpatia Bettiah Sikta East Champaran Raxaul Sugauli Narkatiya Harsidhi Govindganj Kesaria Kalyanpur Pipra Madhuban Motihari Chiraia Dhaka Sheohar Sheohar Sitamarhi Riga Bathnala Parihar Sursand Bajpatti Sitamarhi Runnisaidpur Belsand Muzaffarpur Gaighat Aurai Minapur Bochahan Sakra Kurhani Muzaffarpur Kanti Baruraj Paroo Sahebganj Vaishali Hajipur Lalganj Vaishali Mahua Raja Pakar Raghopur Mahnar Patepur FormerVidhan Sabha constituencies Dhanaha Shikarpur Adapur Ghorasahan Majorganj Sonbarsha Pupri Jandaha See also Cities and towns in Tirhut Division Villages in West Champaran district Villages in East Champaran district Villages in Sitamarhi district Villages in Muzaffarpur district Villages in Vaishali district People from Sitamarhi district Bihar topics Other divisions Bhagalpur Darbhanga Kosi Magadh Munger Patna Purnia Saran Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Birgunj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgunj"},{"link_name":"Tirhut Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirhut_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bettiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"SAIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bhitiharwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhitiharwa_Ashram_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Satyagrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"District in Bihar, IndiaWest Champaran is an administrative district in the state of Bihar in India, located just 60 km (37 mi) west of Birgunj. It is the largest district in Bihar with an area of 5,228 km2(2,019sq mi). It is a part of Tirhut Division.[1] The district headquarters are located in Bettiah. The district is known for its open border with Nepal.\nOne of the major location in West Champaran is Kumar Bagh for SAIL Special Processing Unit and Bhitiharwa where Mahatma Gandhi started Satyagrah Aandolan.West Champaran is the largest sugarcane producing district of Bihar in 2022.[2]","title":"West Champaran district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reference_Annual-3"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Amund Ringnes Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amund_Ringnes_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islands-4"}],"text":"West Champaran district occupies an area of 5,228 square kilometres (2,019 sq mi),[3] comparatively equivalent to Canada's Amund Ringnes Island.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valmiki National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park"},{"link_name":"wildlife sanctuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Sanctuaries_in_India"},{"link_name":"Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaypur_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parks-5"},{"link_name":"Fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna"},{"link_name":"Bengal tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jhalaetal2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jhaletal2011-7"}],"sub_title":"Flora and fauna","text":"In 1989 West Champaran district became home to Valmiki National Park, which has an area of 336 km2 (129.7 sq mi). It is also home to two wildlife sanctuaries: Valmiki (adjacent to its namesake national park) and\nUdaypur Wildlife Sanctuary.[5] Fauna include the Bengal tiger.[6][7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehsil"},{"link_name":"Bettiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah"},{"link_name":"Bagaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaha"},{"link_name":"Narkatiaganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkatiaganj"}],"text":"The West Champaran district is divided into 3 Tehsil (sub-division):Bettiah\nBagaha\nNarkatiaganj","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development_block"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bettiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah"},{"link_name":"Sikta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikta_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Chanpatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpatia_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Bairia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairia,_West_Champaran"},{"link_name":"Lauriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriya_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Bagaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaha_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Madhubani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhubani_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"Narkatiaganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkatiaganj_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Nautan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautan_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Thakraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakraha"}],"sub_title":"Blocks","text":"The West Champaran district is divided into 18 Blocks:[8]Bettiah\nSikta\nMainatanr\nChanpatia\nBairia\nLauriya\nBagaha\nSidhaw\nMadhubani\nGaunaha\nNarkatiaganj\nManjhaulia\nNautan\nJogapatti\nRamnagar\nThakraha\nBhitaha\nPiprasiThe district is well connected by roads and railways to all major cities.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lok Sabha constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Paschim Champaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschim_Champaran_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"Valmiki Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki_Nagar_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"Vidhan Sabha constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Valmiki Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki_Nagar_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Ramnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnagar,_Bihar_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Narkatiaganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkatiaganj_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Bagaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagaha_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Lauriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauriya_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Nautan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautan_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Chanpatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpatia_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Bettiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettiah_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"Sikta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikta_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"transcluded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Transclusion"},{"link_name":"17th Bihar Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Bihar_Assembly"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17th_Bihar_Assembly&action=edit"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17th_Bihar_Assembly&action=history"}],"text":"Lok Sabha constituencies in the district are Paschim Champaran, Valmiki Nagar.Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the district are Valmiki Nagar, Ramnagar, Narkatiaganj, Bagaha, Lauriya, Nautan, Chanpatia, Bettiah, SiktaThis section is transcluded from 17th Bihar Assembly. (edit | history)","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religion-10"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari_Muslims"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-11"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-12"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-11"},{"link_name":"population growth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-11"},{"link_name":"sex ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio"},{"link_name":"females","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-11"},{"link_name":"literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-11"}],"text":"Religions in West Champaran district (2011)[10]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n77.44%\n\n\nIslam\n \n21.98%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.58%According to the 2011 census West Champaran district has a population of 3,935,042,[11] roughly equal to the nation of Liberia[12] or the US state of Oregon.[13] This gives it a ranking of 63rd in India (out of a total of 640).[11] The district has a population density of 750 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,900/sq mi).[11] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 28.89%.[11] Pashchim Champaran has a sex ratio of 906 females for every 1000 males,[11] and a literacy rate of 58.06%. 9.99% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Tribes made up 14.08% and 6.35% of the population respectively.[11]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-14"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_Language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-languages-14"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Bihari language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari_language"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Kaithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Languages of West Champaran district (2011)[14]\n\n  Bhojpuri (91.86%)  Hindi (3.32%)  Urdu (2.97%)  Bengali (0.99%)  Others (0.86%)At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 91.86% of the population in the district spoke Bhojpuri, 3.32% Hindi and 2.97% Urdu as their first language.[14]Languages include Bhojpuri, a tongue in the Bihari language group with almost 51,000,000 speakers, written in both the Devanagari and Kaithi scripts.[15]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gopal Singh Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Singh_Nepali"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Champaran Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Rajendra Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Anugrah Narayan Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Brajkishore Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad"}],"text":"The city is the birthplace of poet Gopal Singh Nepali. Mahatma Gandhi started the Champaran Satyagraha movement from here in 1917 along with nationalists Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Brajkishore Prasad.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manoj Bajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Bajpayee"},{"link_name":"Mohd Abu Lais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohd_Abu_Lais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vinay Bihari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinay_Bihari"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Champaran Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Sanjay Jaiswal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Jaiswal"},{"link_name":"Prakash Jha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Jha"},{"link_name":"Manish Jha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manish_Jha"},{"link_name":"Sanjeev K Jha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_K_Jha"},{"link_name":"Sunil Kumar Kushwaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Kumar_Kushwaha"},{"link_name":"Baidyanath Prasad Mahto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidyanath_Prasad_Mahto"},{"link_name":"Krishna Kumar Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Kumar_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Vikas Mishra (economist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikas_Mishra_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Gopal Singh Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Singh_Nepali"},{"link_name":"Gauri Shankar Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauri_Shankar_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Kedar Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedar_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Raghaw Sharan Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghaw_Sharan_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Damodar Raao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_Raao"},{"link_name":"Valmiki Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"}],"sub_title":"Notable people","text":"Manoj Bajpayee, film actor.\nMohd Abu Lais, Great engineer and author of technical books, from Sikta Deoraj.\nVinay Bihari, actor, lyricist.\nMahatma Gandhi, freedom fighter who started the Champaran Satyagraha movement here.\nSanjay Jaiswal, politician\nPrakash Jha, film director.\nManish Jha, film director and theatre actor.\nSanjeev K Jha, script writer, filmmaker\nSunil Kumar Kushwaha , Member of Parliament\nBaidyanath Prasad Mahto, politician, Member of Parliament.\nKrishna Kumar Mishra, politician.\nVikas Mishra (economist)\nGopal Singh Nepali, Hindi poet.\nGauri Shankar Pandey, politician.\nKedar Pandey, former Chief Minister of Bihar\nRaghaw Sharan Pandey, IAS (Retd), former Union Petroleum Secretary, politician\nDamodar Raao, film music director, actor & singer\nValmiki Rishi, an ascetic who wrote Hindu epic Ramayana here.","title":"Culture"}]
[]
[{"title":"East Champaran district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Champaran_district"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bihar Economic Survey 2022-23\". state.bihar.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://state.bihar.gov.in/finance/CitizenHome.html","url_text":"\"Bihar Economic Survey 2022-23\""}]},{"reference":"Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) (2010). \"States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government\". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp. 1118–1119. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)","url_text":"Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-1617-7","url_text":"978-81-230-1617-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area\". United Nations Environment Program. 1998-02-18. Archived from the original on 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2011-10-11. Amund Ringnes Island 5,255km2","urls":[{"url":"http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm","url_text":"\"Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Program","url_text":"United Nations Environment Program"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20151201081219/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment. \"Protected areas: Bihar\". Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm","url_text":"\"Protected areas: Bihar\""},{"url":"http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jhala, Y. V.; Gopal, R.; Qureshi, Q., eds. (2008), Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India (PDF), TR 08/001, National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadvendradev_Vikramsinh_Jhala","url_text":"Jhala, Y. V."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602124630/http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf","url_text":"Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India"},{"url":"http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blocks in Pashchim Champaran District, Bihar\". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 2024-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census2011.co.in/data/district/55-pashchim-champaran-bihar.html","url_text":"\"Blocks in Pashchim Champaran District, Bihar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar\" (PDF). census.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf","url_text":"\"Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook: West Champaran\" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/296/download/834/DH_2011_1001_PART_A_DCHB_PASHCHIM_CHAMPARAN.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook: West Champaran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India","url_text":"Census of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"US Directorate of Intelligence. \"Country Comparison:Population\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-01. Liberia 3,786,764 July 2011 est.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"\"Country Comparison:Population\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Oregon 3,831,074","urls":[{"url":"https://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar\". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX","url_text":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"M. Paul Lewis, ed. (2009). \"Bhojpuri: A language of India\". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bho","url_text":"\"Bhojpuri: A language of India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006002323/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bho","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Garlinghouse
Brad Garlinghouse
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
American businessman Brad GarlinghouseBornBradley Kent Garlinghouse (1971-02-06) February 6, 1971 (age 53)Topeka, KansasNationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of KansasHarvard Business SchoolOccupationCEO Ripple Labs (2015-) Bradley Kent Garlinghouse (born February 4, 1971) is the CEO of financial technology company Ripple Labs. He previously was the CEO and chairman of Hightail (formerly YouSendIt). Before Hightail, he worked at AOL and Yahoo! He was born February 6, 1971, in Topeka, Kansas. Garlinghouse has a BA in economics from the University of Kansas and an MBA from Harvard Business School. Career Garlinghouse had early stints at @Home Network and as a GP at @Ventures before joining Dialpad as CEO from 2000 to 2001. From 2003 to 2008, he served as Senior Vice President at Yahoo! where he ran its Homepage, Flickr, Yahoo! Mail, and Yahoo! Messenger divisions. While at Yahoo! he penned an internal memo known as the "Peanut Butter Manifesto," calling for the company to focus on its core business, rather than spreading itself too thin, like peanut butter. After Yahoo!, he served as a Senior Advisor at Silver Lake Partners, and then went on to be President of Consumer Applications at AOL from 2009 to 2011. In April 2012, Garlinghouse joined the board of video startup Animoto. He joined Hightail and served as its CEO until September 2014, leaving after a disagreement with the board regarding company direction. Garlinghouse joined Ripple as COO in April 2015, reporting to then CEO and co-founder Chris Larsen. He was promoted to CEO in December 2016. In December 2019, Garlinghouse announced that Ripple had raised a $200M series C funding round from Tetragon, SBI Ventures and Route 66 Ventures. In 2020 Garlinghouse admitted that Ripple Labs would be losing money if it did not have the revenue generated from the sales of the XRP cryptocurrency. In 2018 and 2019, Garlinghouse claimed on multiple occasions that the published error rate for SWIFT messaging was at least 6%. This was shown to be untrue by research published by the London School of Economics Business Review that showed Garlinghouse's claims were based on misreading of a paper published by SWIFT that did not refer to error rates in messaging. The whitewashing of unflattering details from Garlinghouse's Wikipedia page was a subject of discussion by Financial Times in August 2020. On December 23, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a complaint alleging that Garlinghouse, Ripple Labs and Ripple Chairman Chris Larsen had committed multiple breaches of securities laws. While the case was pending, Garlinghouse criticized the SEC's lack of clarity on the status of Ripple's products, referring to SEC chairman Gary Gensler as an autocrat and tweeting, that "without clear jurisdiction, ambiguity masquerades as power". In July 2023, presiding judge Analisa Torres of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, held that the company's crypto token offering was "not a security", enabling the token to be relisted on exchanges. In November 2023, the SEC dropped all claims against Garlinghouse and Larsen. References ^ "Story Details - Alumni - Harvard Business School". www.alumni.hbs.edu. March 2011. Retrieved 2020-05-12. ^ "Brad K Garlinghouse, Ripple Labs Inc: Profile and Biography". Bloomberg.com. ^ Catone, Josh (13 September 2009). "Is Facebook Like Google, or More Like Yahoo?". Mashable. Retrieved 2020-05-12. ^ "Yahoo Memo: The 'Peanut Butter Manifesto'". The Wall Street Journal. November 18, 2006. ^ a b c "Now At 4M Users, Video Startup Animoto Adds Former Aol/Yahoo Exec Brad Garlinghouse To Board". TechCrunch. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 2020-04-18. ^ Delaney, Kevin J. (November 18, 2006). "As Yahoo Falters, Executive's Memo Calls for Overhaul '". The Wall Street Journal. ^ "Why brad garlinghouse left hightail". vox.com. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 2020-07-19. ^ "Brad Garlinghouse takes over as CEO of payments startup Ripple". TechCrunch. November 2016. Retrieved 2020-05-12. ^ "Ripple Raises $200 Million to Push Adoption of XRP Cryptocurrency". Fortune. Retrieved 2020-05-12. ^ "The art of redefining success, MoneyGram and Ripple edition". FT Alphaville. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-25. ^ "Swiss National Bank (SNB) - Research TV". www.snb.ch. Retrieved 2020-04-25. ^ November 4th; 2019|Finance; FinTech; Information; Technology; Comments, LSE alumni|3 (2019-11-04). "Do six per cent of financial transactions sent via the Swift system really fail?". LSE Business Review. Retrieved 2020-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Kelly, Jemima (August 24, 2020). "Who's been editing the Ripple CEO's Wikipedia page?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2020-08-24. Retrieved 2020-10-18. t's come to FT Alphaville's attention recently that some Wikipedia users — two in particular — have been repeatedly editing Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse's Wikipedia page to remove some less positive aspects of the entry. Specifically, these two users have been removing text under the "Controversies" section of the page, and one of them in fact removed the whole section entirely, before it was reinstated by a different Wikipedia editor ^ "Complaintagainst Defendants Ripple Labs, Inc. ("Ripple"), Bradley Garlinghouse ("Garlinghouse"),and Christian A. Larsen ("Larsen" and, with Ripple and Garlinghouse, "Defendants")". SEC. Retrieved 2020-12-23. ^ Popper, Nathaniel (22 December 2020). "Cryptocurrency Company Ripple Is Sued by S.E.C." The New York Times. ^ Benjamin Pimentel, "Ripple rips SEC boss as it braces for make-or-break ruling", San Francisco Examiner (April 6, 2023), p. A1. ^ Kharif, Olga; Miller, Matthew (July 14, 2023). "Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse Calls SEC a 'Bully' Fresh Off XRP Token Ruling" – via www.bloomberg.com. ^ Stempel, Jonathan (October 4, 2023). "US SEC cannot appeal Ripple Labs decision, judge rules" – via www.reuters.com. ^ a b "SEC drops claims against two Ripple Labs executives". CNBC. October 19, 2023. External links Brad Garlinghouse - AOL Corp Garlinghouse new CEO of YouSendIt Why Brad Garlinghouse left Hightail
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ripple Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_Labs"},{"link_name":"Hightail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hightail"},{"link_name":"YouSendIt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouSendIt"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bradley Kent Garlinghouse (born February 4, 1971) is the CEO of financial technology company Ripple Labs. He previously was the CEO and chairman of Hightail (formerly YouSendIt). Before Hightail, he worked at AOL and Yahoo!He was born February 6, 1971, in Topeka, Kansas. Garlinghouse has a BA in economics from the University of Kansas and an MBA from Harvard Business School.[1][2]","title":"Brad Garlinghouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"@Home Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/@Home_Network"},{"link_name":"@Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/@Ventures"},{"link_name":"Dialpad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialpad_(company)"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Flickr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Mail"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechCrunch_04-10-2012-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake_Partners"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechCrunch_04-10-2012-5"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TechCrunch_04-10-2012-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gary Gensler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gensler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Analisa Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisa_Torres"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Southern District of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEC_drops_claims-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEC_drops_claims-19"}],"text":"Garlinghouse had early stints at @Home Network and as a GP at @Ventures before joining Dialpad as CEO from 2000 to 2001. From 2003 to 2008, he served as Senior Vice President at Yahoo! where he ran its Homepage, Flickr, Yahoo! Mail, and Yahoo! Messenger divisions.[3] While at Yahoo! he penned an internal memo known as the \"Peanut Butter Manifesto,\"[4][5] calling for the company to focus on its core business, rather than spreading itself too thin, like peanut butter.[6]After Yahoo!, he served as a Senior Advisor at Silver Lake Partners,[5] and then went on to be President of Consumer Applications at AOL from 2009 to 2011. In April 2012, Garlinghouse joined the board of video startup Animoto.[5] He joined Hightail and served as its CEO until September 2014, leaving after a disagreement with the board regarding company direction.[7]Garlinghouse joined Ripple as COO in April 2015, reporting to then CEO and co-founder Chris Larsen. He was promoted to CEO in December 2016.[8] In December 2019, Garlinghouse announced that Ripple had raised a $200M series C funding round from Tetragon, SBI Ventures and Route 66 Ventures.[9] In 2020 Garlinghouse admitted that Ripple Labs would be losing money if it did not have the revenue generated from the sales of the XRP cryptocurrency.[10]In 2018 and 2019, Garlinghouse claimed on multiple occasions that the published error rate for SWIFT messaging was at least 6%.[11] This was shown to be untrue by research published by the London School of Economics Business Review that showed Garlinghouse's claims were based on misreading of a paper published by SWIFT that did not refer to error rates in messaging.[12]The whitewashing of unflattering details from Garlinghouse's Wikipedia page was a subject of discussion by Financial Times in August 2020.[13]On December 23, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a complaint alleging that Garlinghouse, Ripple Labs and Ripple Chairman Chris Larsen had committed multiple breaches of securities laws.[14][15] While the case was pending, Garlinghouse criticized the SEC's lack of clarity on the status of Ripple's products, referring to SEC chairman Gary Gensler as an autocrat and tweeting, that \"without clear jurisdiction, ambiguity masquerades as power\".[16] In July 2023, presiding judge Analisa Torres of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, held that the company's crypto token offering was \"not a security\", enabling the token to be relisted on exchanges.[17][18][19] In November 2023, the SEC dropped all claims against Garlinghouse and Larsen.[19]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Story Details - Alumni - Harvard Business School\". www.alumni.hbs.edu. March 2011. Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=1215","url_text":"\"Story Details - Alumni - Harvard Business School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brad K Garlinghouse, Ripple Labs Inc: Profile and Biography\". Bloomberg.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/3433212","url_text":"\"Brad K Garlinghouse, Ripple Labs Inc: Profile and Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Catone, Josh (13 September 2009). \"Is Facebook Like Google, or More Like Yahoo?\". Mashable. Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/2009/09/12/facebook-yahoo-google/","url_text":"\"Is Facebook Like Google, or More Like Yahoo?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yahoo Memo: The 'Peanut Butter Manifesto'\". The Wall Street Journal. November 18, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116379821933826657","url_text":"\"Yahoo Memo: The 'Peanut Butter Manifesto'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Now At 4M Users, Video Startup Animoto Adds Former Aol/Yahoo Exec Brad Garlinghouse To Board\". TechCrunch. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 2020-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2012/04/10/animoto-brad-garlinghouse/","url_text":"\"Now At 4M Users, Video Startup Animoto Adds Former Aol/Yahoo Exec Brad Garlinghouse To Board\""}]},{"reference":"Delaney, Kevin J. (November 18, 2006). \"As Yahoo Falters, Executive's Memo Calls for Overhaul '\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116382323602227236","url_text":"\"As Yahoo Falters, Executive's Memo Calls for Overhaul '\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why brad garlinghouse left hightail\". vox.com. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 2020-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2014/9/12/11630834/why-brad-garlinghouse-left-hightail","url_text":"\"Why brad garlinghouse left hightail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brad Garlinghouse takes over as CEO of payments startup Ripple\". TechCrunch. November 2016. Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://social.techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/brad-garlinghouse-takes-over-as-ceo-of-payments-startup-ripple/","url_text":"\"Brad Garlinghouse takes over as CEO of payments startup Ripple\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ripple Raises $200 Million to Push Adoption of XRP Cryptocurrency\". Fortune. Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/2019/12/20/ripple-raises-200-million-xrp-cryptocurrency/","url_text":"\"Ripple Raises $200 Million to Push Adoption of XRP Cryptocurrency\""}]},{"reference":"\"The art of redefining success, MoneyGram and Ripple edition\". FT Alphaville. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/02/26/1582730287000/The-art-of-redefining-success--MoneyGram-and-Ripple-edition/","url_text":"\"The art of redefining success, MoneyGram and Ripple edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FT_Alphaville","url_text":"FT Alphaville"}]},{"reference":"\"Swiss National Bank (SNB) - Research TV\". www.snb.ch. Retrieved 2020-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snb.ch/en/ifor/research/id/researchtv-event?event=luUj6_tSzXh1s1Uf7RR88g","url_text":"\"Swiss National Bank (SNB) - Research TV\""}]},{"reference":"November 4th; 2019|Finance; FinTech; Information; Technology; Comments, LSE alumni|3 (2019-11-04). \"Do six per cent of financial transactions sent via the Swift system really fail?\". LSE Business Review. Retrieved 2020-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2019/11/04/do-six-per-cent-of-financial-transactions-sent-via-the-swift-system-really-fail/","url_text":"\"Do six per cent of financial transactions sent via the Swift system really fail?\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Jemima (August 24, 2020). \"Who's been editing the Ripple CEO's Wikipedia page?\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2020-08-24. Retrieved 2020-10-18. [I]t's come to FT Alphaville's attention recently that some Wikipedia users — two in particular — have been repeatedly editing Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse's Wikipedia page to remove some less positive aspects of the entry. Specifically, these two users have been removing text under the \"Controversies\" section of the page, and one of them in fact removed the whole section entirely, before it was reinstated by a different Wikipedia editor","urls":[{"url":"https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/08/20/1597909956000/Who-s-been-editing-the-Ripple-CEO-s-Wikipedia-page-/","url_text":"\"Who's been editing the Ripple CEO's Wikipedia page?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200824142840/https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/08/20/1597909956000/Who-s-been-editing-the-Ripple-CEO-s-Wikipedia-page-/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Complaintagainst Defendants Ripple Labs, Inc. (\"Ripple\"), Bradley Garlinghouse (\"Garlinghouse\"),and Christian A. Larsen (\"Larsen\" and, with Ripple and Garlinghouse, \"Defendants\")\". SEC. Retrieved 2020-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2020/comp-pr2020-338.pdf/","url_text":"\"Complaintagainst Defendants Ripple Labs, Inc. (\"Ripple\"), Bradley Garlinghouse (\"Garlinghouse\"),and Christian A. Larsen (\"Larsen\" and, with Ripple and Garlinghouse, \"Defendants\")\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"SEC"}]},{"reference":"Popper, Nathaniel (22 December 2020). \"Cryptocurrency Company Ripple Is Sued by S.E.C.\" The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/technology/ripple-cryptocurrency-sec-lawsuit.html","url_text":"\"Cryptocurrency Company Ripple Is Sued by S.E.C.\""}]},{"reference":"Kharif, Olga; Miller, Matthew (July 14, 2023). \"Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse Calls SEC a 'Bully' Fresh Off XRP Token Ruling\" – via www.bloomberg.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-14/ripple-ceo-brad-garlinghouse-calls-the-sec-a-bully-fresh-off-xrp-token-ruling","url_text":"\"Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse Calls SEC a 'Bully' Fresh Off XRP Token Ruling\""}]},{"reference":"Stempel, Jonathan (October 4, 2023). \"US SEC cannot appeal Ripple Labs decision, judge rules\" – via www.reuters.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-sec-cannot-appeal-ripple-labs-decision-judge-rules-2023-10-04/","url_text":"\"US SEC cannot appeal Ripple Labs decision, judge rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC drops claims against two Ripple Labs executives\". CNBC. October 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/19/sec-drops-claims-against-two-ripple-labs-executives-.html","url_text":"\"SEC drops claims against two Ripple Labs executives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLA_(disambiguation)
FLA
["1 Business and labour","2 Education","3 Government and politics","4 Music","5 People","6 Places","7 Sport","8 Other uses"]
FLA may refer to: Business and labour Fair Labor Association Fellow of the Library Association Finance and Leasing Association, in the United Kingdom Florida Library Association, association for librarians in Florida Free Luxembourger Workers' Union (German: Freie Lëtzebuerger Arbechterverband) Florida Library Association Education First language acquisition First language attrition Foreign Language Assistant Forest Lake Academy, in Apopka, Florida, United States Fraternity Leadership Association Government and politics Argentine Libertarian Federation (Spanish: Federación Libertaria Argentina) Azores Liberation Front (Portuguese: Frente de Libertação dos Açores) Family Law Act (disambiguation) Football Lads Alliance, UK campaign group Music Fight Like Apes, an Irish shoegaze band Front Line Assembly, a Canadian electro-industrial band People Jens P. Flå (1923–2002), Norwegian politician Places Flå, a municipality in Buskerud county, Norway Flå Station, a railway station in Buskerud county, Norway Flå, Sør-Trøndelag, a former municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway Flå Church, Trøndelag, a church in Melhus municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway Fla., an abbreviation for Florida, a state in the United States Sport Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, a Brazilian sports association Flå IL, a Norwegian sports club Florida Panthers, an ice hockey team based in Sunrise, Florida, United States Luxembourg Athletics Federation (French: Fédération Luxembourgeoise d’Athlétisme) Other uses Air Florida, a defunct American airline Faire: L'amour, a French drama film Free-living Amoebozoa infection Gustavo Artunduaga Paredes Airport in Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language, an indigenous language of the United States Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein, a class of plant proteins Full-load amps, the maximum current of an electric motor .FLA file format for Adobe Flash Player Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FLA.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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Flå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_P._Fl%C3%A5"}],"text":"Jens P. Flå (1923–2002), Norwegian politician","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Flå Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A5_Station"},{"link_name":"Flå, Sør-Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A5,_S%C3%B8r-Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Flå Church, Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A5_Church,_Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"text":"Flå, a municipality in Buskerud county, Norway\nFlå Station, a railway station in Buskerud county, Norway\nFlå, Sør-Trøndelag, a former municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway\nFlå Church, Trøndelag, a church in Melhus municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway\nFla., an abbreviation for Florida, a state in the United States","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clube de Regatas do Flamengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo"},{"link_name":"Flå IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A5_IL"},{"link_name":"Florida Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg Athletics Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Athletics_Federation"}],"text":"Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, a Brazilian sports association\nFlå IL, a Norwegian sports club\nFlorida Panthers, an ice hockey team based in Sunrise, Florida, United States\nLuxembourg Athletics Federation (French: Fédération Luxembourgeoise d’Athlétisme)","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Florida"},{"link_name":"Faire: L'amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faire:_L%27amour"},{"link_name":"Free-living Amoebozoa infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-living_Amoebozoa_infection"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Artunduaga Paredes Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Artunduaga_Paredes_Airport"},{"link_name":"Salish-Spokane-Kalispel language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish-Spokane-Kalispel_language"},{"link_name":"Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciclin-like_arabinogalactan_protein"},{"link_name":"electric motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"Adobe Flash Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash#FLA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/FLA&namespace=0"}],"text":"Air Florida, a defunct American airline\nFaire: L'amour, a French drama film\nFree-living Amoebozoa infection\nGustavo Artunduaga Paredes Airport in Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia\nSalish-Spokane-Kalispel language, an indigenous language of the United States\nFasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein, a class of plant proteins\nFull-load amps, the maximum current of an electric motor\n.FLA file format for Adobe Flash PlayerTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FLA.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/FLA&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Dickinson
Janice Dickinson
["1 Early life","2 Modeling career","2.1 \"First supermodel\" claim","3 Television career","4 TikTok career","5 Personal life","6 Books","6.1 Bibliography","7 Filmography","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
American model and television personality (born 1955) Janice DickinsonDickinson in 2014Born (1955-02-16) February 16, 1955 (age 69)New York City, U.S.Occupations Model television personality businesswoman Years active1969–presentTelevision America's Next Top Model The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency Janice & Abbey Spouses Ron Levy ​ ​(m. 1977; div. 1979)​ Simon Fields ​ ​(m. 1987; div. 1993)​ Alan B. Gersten ​ ​(m. 1995; div. 1996)​ Rocky Gerner ​(m. 2016)​ Children2RelativesDebbie Dickinson (sister)Modeling informationHeight5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Hair colorDark brownEye colorBrown Janice Doreen Dickinson (born February 16, 1955) is an American model, television personality, and businesswoman. Initially notable as a model, Dickinson has been disputably described by herself as the first supermodel. (Lisa Fonssagrives is widely considered to have been the world's first supermodel, with a career that began in the 1930s.) One of the most successful models of the 1970s and 1980s, she also served as a judge on four cycles of the reality series America's Next Top Model (2003–2006). Dickinson opened a modeling agency in 2005 which was documented on the reality series The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency (2006–2008). In 2007, Dickinson was a contestant on the seventh series of the British television show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! which she finished as runner-up. In 2008, she starred on the reality series Janice & Abbey, alongside British model Abbey Clancy. In 2010, Dickinson appeared on the fourth series of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, and in 2015, she appeared on Celebrity Big Brother 16. Dickinson has released three autobiographical books: No Lifeguard on Duty (2002), Everything About Me Is Fake… And I'm Perfect (2004), and Check Please! Dating, Mating, and Extricating (2006). Early life Dickinson was born in Brooklyn, New York, the second daughter to Jennie Marie (née Pietrzykowski) and Samuel Ray Dickinson. Her mother was of Polish descent and her father was of Irish descent. She was raised in Hollywood, Florida with her elder sister, Alexis, who became a real estate agent, and her younger sister, Debbie, who also became a model. Dickinson has been open about the emotional and physical abuse she suffered as a child and teenager, and how her father used to sexually abuse one of her sisters. Of her childhood with her "rageoholic pedophile" of a father, Dickinson stated, "Because I wouldn't give in and let him have sex with me, I was verbally and physically abused on a daily basis. I was told that I looked like a boy and wouldn't amount to anything." Modeling career In the early 1970s, Dickinson moved to New York City to pursue work as a model after winning a national competition called "Miss High Fashion Model." At a time when blue-eyed blondes dominated the fashion scene, Dickinson was turned down several times by modeling agents, including Eileen Ford, who informed Dickinson she was "much too ethnic. You'll never work." She was discovered by the fashion photographer Jacques Silberstein when his girlfriend, actress Lorraine Bracco, mentioned she liked Dickinson's look. Wilhelmina Cooper became Dickinson's first agent. Her modeling pursuits led her to Paris, France, where her "exotic looks" secured her reputation within the European fashion industry. She returned to New York City in 1978, and spent the next several years working steadily, earning $2,000 per day, nearly four times the standard rate. Dickinson eventually signed with Ford Models to land a major ad campaign for a new JVC camera. Dickinson, who had not forgotten Ford's initial rejection, was intent on revenge. She soon orchastrated some twenty Ford models to defect to John Casablancas's upstart Elite Model Management. By the 1980s, Dickinson was considered a supermodel, as she "possessed the kind of name and face recognition" that the majority of women in the modeling industry strive to achieve. She appeared within and on covers of magazines including Harper's Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Photo, Vogue, Marie Claire, and Playboy, and worked with some of fashion's best-known names, including Bill Blass, Gianni Versace, Valentino Garavani, Azzedine Alaïa, Pino Lancetti, Halston, Oscar de la Renta and Calvin Klein. She has appeared on the cover of Vogue (International editions only) 37 times. She was seen on the cover of Elle seven times in a row and has been the face of ad campaigns for brands including Revlon, Alberto VO5, Balmain, Obao, Christian Dior, Clairol, Hush Puppies, Orbit gum, Max Factor, Virginia Slims, and Cutex. Dickinson looked for ways to sustain her relevance within the fashion industry as she aged, becoming a fashion photographer. In 2008, she launched her own jewelry line on HSN. In 2009, Dickinson recorded a song entitled "Crazy", which was written and produced by Craig Taylor. "First supermodel" claim Dickinson (right) and Samata at London Fashion Week 2010 While Dickinson claims to have coined the term supermodel in 1979, and to be the first "supermodel", the word already was known in the 1940s. The writer Judith Cass used the term in 1942 in her Chicago Tribune article "Super Models are Signed for Fashion Show". In 1943, author Clyde Matthew Dessner used the term in his book So You Want to Be a Model! The New York Times, on March 21, 1967, and The Daily Times of Salisbury, Maryland on May 19, 1967, both referred to Twiggy as a supermodel. In 1968, an article in Glamour described Twiggy, Cheryl Tiegs, Wilhelmina, Veruschka, Jean Shrimpton, and 15 other models as "supermodels". Syndicated columnist Suzy Knickerbocker in 1970 described Penelope Tree as a supermodel. The April 23, 1971, issue of The Hour headlined one of its articles "Supermodels Reveal Their Beauty Secrets", including an advertisement with the caption "Supermodel Cheryl Tiegs". The article also says, "The fashion/beauty world is dotted with Supermodels" and "Cybill Shepherd a Supermodel who may turn into a Superstar." Jean Shrimpton was described as a supermodel by Time in 1971, as were Margaux Hemingway by Vogue on September 1, 1975, Beverly Johnson by Jet in 1977, and Naomi Sims in the 1978 book Total Beauty Catalog by K.T. Maclay. Lisa Fonssagrives and Dorian Leigh, whose careers began before Dickinson was born, have been retroactively recognized as the 20th century's first supermodels. Gia Carangi has been called the first supermodel as well as Jean Shrimpton. Lauren Hutton has also been referred to as the first supermodel, due to the fact that she was the first model to get a cosmetics contract. (In 1974 with Revlon.) Television career In 2003, Dickinson returned to media attention with her stint as a judge on the reality television series America's Next Top Model. She was hired after producer Tyra Banks read No Lifeguard On Duty and realized that Dickinson could offer the contestants advice on the perils of the fashion industry. As a panelist, Dickinson became known for her wit and incisive, brutally honest critiques. Dickinson frequently quarreled with her fellow judges, particularly Kimora Lee Simmons and Nolé Marin. A recurring source of tension between Dickinson and Banks was the former's dubiety concerning plus-size models. After four cycles, Banks fired Dickinson, replacing her with Twiggy. Dickinson was hurt by the decision. "I was just telling the truth and I was saving these girls from going out there and being told that they're too short, too fat, their skin's not good enough," she said. "I was to America's Next Top Model what Simon Cowell is to American Idol." Despite this, Dickinson made guest appearances on the following three cycles: As the photographer for a photo challenge in cycle 5, in a mentor role in cycle 6, and as the interviewee for an interview challenge in cycle 7. In 2005, Dickinson was a cast member on The Surreal Life during its fifth season. She was confronted by castmate Omarosa Manigault during a publicity photo shoot while Dickinson was posing with a prop knife. After being physically separated by Bronson Pinchot the two continued to feud throughout the series. In 2006, Dickinson starred in her own reality show, The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency, for the Oxygen cable-television channel. The program, which ran for four seasons, documented Dickinson launching a new career as a modeling agent. She appeared with British model Abigail Clancy in Beauty & The Best, a reality series detailing Clancy's attempt to break into the American modeling market. The show debuted in the United Kingdom on Living on May 14, 2007, and premiered in the U.S. on Oxygen on February 19, 2008. In November 2007, Dickinson became one of the celebrities taking part in the British reality television show I'm a Celebrity…Get Me out of Here!. She set the record for most Bushtucker trials, competing ten times in a row. In the finale of the series, it was announced that Dickinson had gained second place in the competition, with Christopher Biggins coming first. Dickinson was also a contestant for season two of the American version of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! which began airing in June 2009. She was eliminated from the show on June 18, 2009. In 2009, Dickinson was a guest judge on the Finnish version of the Top Model franchise. She created controversy after the claimed effects of accidentally mixing a sleeping aid with champagne caused her to fall down a flight of stairs and burst out at the models. Dickinson was taken to a hospital where she was told she had no visible injuries. She later apologized to the models during the show's airing. Other guest appearances include "Still Charmed and Kicking", an episode of Charmed. Dickinson made a cameo appearance in Darren Hayes's music video "On the Verge of Something Wonderful". In 2010, Dickinson appeared on the celebrity edition of British dinner-party contest Come Dine with Me, on which she frequently butted heads with former Page 3 Girl Samantha Fox over her glamour modeling career, and flirted with Calum Best. Dickinson appeared in the fourth season of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which premiered in December 2010. In 2011, she guest-starred in an episode of 90210 (titled "Project Runway"). In August 2015, Dickinson was a housemate on the sixteenth season of the British reality show, Celebrity Big Brother. She became the seventh celebrity to be evicted from the house, just two days before the final. In 2020, Dickinson appeared on season 24 of The Bachelor. In 2023, she appeared on I'm a Celebrity... South Africa, which acted as an all-star series for the UK version of the show, but had to withdraw from the show on day 11 after she suffered a head injury, which required her being taken to hospital. Despite this, she still finished in 10th place out of 15 contestants. TikTok career Dickinson sparked on TikTok in 2023, when she would react to models walks and rate them. She currently has over 600K+ followers on TikTok. Janice has reacted to many supermodels walks like, Naomi Campbell, Shalom Harlow, Carmen Kass, Gisele Bündchen, Vlada Roslyakova and many more. Janice gives her advice to future models who want to approach the industry, from walks etc. Personal life Dickinson has been married four times. Her former husbands are Ron Levy, Simon Fields, and Alan B. Gersten, also known as Albert Gersten. She has a son, Nathan, and a daughter, Savannah. Dickinson was having an affair with Sylvester Stallone when Savannah was born in 1994, and it was reported that Stallone was the father. Their relationship ended when DNA tests proved he was not the father. In her books and in interviews, she has discussed her numerous sexual relationships with male and female celebrities. In 2012, she announced she was engaged to Dr. Robert Gerner ("Rocky"), a psychiatrist whom she married in December 2016. In November 2014, Dickinson joined a number of women accusing comedian Bill Cosby of rape, alleging that Cosby raped her in 1982. Dickinson said that she tried to write about this in her 2002 autobiography, but Cosby and his lawyers pressured her and her lawyers to remove the details. In March 2016, it was revealed that Dickinson had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Books Dickinson released a memoir detailing her "wild days" as a supermodel. Titled No Lifeguard on Duty: The Accidental Life of the World's First Supermodel (2002), the book was effective in introducing her to a new generation. Her 2004 follow-up memoir was Everything About Me Is Fake… And I'm Perfect, in which she describes her life in modeling; her experience with plastic surgery; and her battles with anorexia, bulimia, and alcoholism. Her next memoir, Check Please! Dating, Mating, and Extricating (2006), discusses the men in her life, and prescribes her rules for dating. Bibliography Dickinson, Janice (2002). No Lifeguard on Duty – The Accidental Life of the World's First Supermodel. New York City: ReganBooks; ISBN 978-0-06-000946-5 Filmography As actress Year Title Role Notes 1983 Exposed Model 1998 Buddy Faro Evelyn Maynard 1 episode 2005 Charmed Paige #2 Episode: "Still Charmed and Kicking" 2005 Wassup Rockers Beverly Hills Actress Cameo appearance 2021 Pink Rehabilitation Dr. Janice As herself Year Title Role Notes 2003–2006 America's Next Top Model Judge 2004 Rock Me Baby Herself Episode: "Look Who's Talking" 2005 The Surreal Life Herself Season 5 2005–2006 The Tyra Banks Show Herself 10 episodes 2006 Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles Herself 1 episode 2006–2008 The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency Herself 2007 Janice & Abbey Herself Main role 2007 I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK) Participant Series 7, runner-up 2009 I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (US) Participant Season 2 2010 Finland’s Next Top Model Guest judge 1 episode 2010 Come Dine with Me Herself Celebrity edition episode 2010 8 Out of 10 Cats Herself 1 episode 2010 Loose Women Herself Guest panellist; 2 episodes 2010–2011 Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew Herself 2011 Celebrity Juice Herself 2 episodes 2011 Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model Guest judge 2 episodes 2012 Sweden's Next Top Model Guest judge 2012 RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Guest judge 1 episode 2014, 2016 Botched Herself 2 episodes 2015 Celebrity Big Brother 16 Contestant Series 16, 7th place 2015 Couples Therapy Herself 5 episodes 2018 The Face Thailand Guest judge 1 episode 2020 The Bachelor Herself 1 episode 2023 I'm a Celebrity... South Africa Participant 11 episodes (withdrew) See also Biography portalFashion portalTelevision portal List of people from Florida List of people from Brooklyn, New York List of women writers List of people in Playboy 1980–1989 References ^ a b c "Janice Dickinson". Fashion Model Directory. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2008. ^ As per Dickinson in Hashish, Amira (March 1, 2011). "Introducing the new Janice Dickinson – what America's top model did". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Yes, I turned 56 on February 16. NNDB at Janice Dickinson profile gives February 15, 1955, noting, "Although Dickinson has maintained in several interviews and her autobiography No Lifeguard on Duty that she was born in 1955, other sources give it as 1953 or 1954. Most details from her life support 1955. Her birthday is also given variously as February 15 and February 17." Among those giving February 17, 1953, is Fashion Model Directory. The New York Birth Index shows a birth date of February 15, 1955. (subscription required). ^ a b "Behind the Cover Girl: Getting Real with Janice Dickinson". CNN. January 10, 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2008. ^ a b "Janice Dickinson". NNDB.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016. ^ a b Dickinson, Janice (October 13, 2009). No Lifeguard on Duty: The Accidental Life of the World's First Supermodel. Harper Collins. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-06-175084-7. Retrieved November 7, 2012 – via Google Books. ^ a b c d e f g h "Janice Dickinson". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2011. She has two teenaged children, a son, Nathan, and a daughter, Savannah. ^ a b c d e "Janice Dickinson profile". AskMen.com. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on August 9, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008. ^ a b "Supermodel Janice Dickinson May Have Facilitated Father's Death". Starpulse.com. World Entertainment News Network. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2008. ^ a b c d Phinney, Susan (September 28, 2002). "A Moment with ... Janice Dickinson, Model/Photographer/Author". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2009. ^ a b "Modeling the '80s Look: The Faces and Fees Are Fabulous". Time. February 9, 1981. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. ^ Holland, Nicole. "Janice Dickinson: Breaking the Mold" Archived June 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Independent Film Quarterly. Issue 13. ^ "The Edited Version of a Biography by Janice Dickinson". NYGard Magazine. December 3, 2007. Archived from the original on December 10, 2001. ^ a b Malkin, Marc S. (May 27, 2002) "Janice Dickinson: Her Lips Aren't Sealed", New York; accessed April 7, 2016. ^ Demarest, Michael; Harbison, Georgia (August 25, 1980). "Come with Me to Casablancas", Time; accessed November 19, 2014. ^ a b No Lifeguard on Duty: The Accidental Life of The World's First Supermodel. ^ "HSN Jewelry". Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ Glassman, Sara (June 1, 2009). "In Bed with Janice Dickinson". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2016. ^ Dickinson, Janice (June 1, 2006). "Janice Dickinson". Instinct. Archived from the original on December 7, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2009. ^ She related on E! True Hollywood Story that her manager, concerned that at the peak of her modeling career she was working too much, told her, "You are not Superman." Dickinson said she replied, "I am not Superman, I am a supermodel." ^ Cass, Judith (October 6, 1942). "'Super' Models Are Signed for Fashion Show". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 21. Retrieved October 8, 2016. ^ Dessner, Clyde Matthew (1944). So You Want to Be a Model!. Halcyon House. ^ Popik, Barry (July 25, 2004). "Superman; Superstar; Supermodel". BarryPopik.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016. ^ St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (1 ed.). Gale Group. 1999. ISBN 978-1-55862-400-9. ^ Knickerbocker, Suzy (July 8, 1970). "Smart Set". The Gazette. Montreal. ^ D'Arcy, Jeanne (April 23, 1971). "Supermodels Reveal Their Beauty Secrets". The Hour. ^ "People". Time. May 17, 1971. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved June 16, 2009. ^ "Vogue cover scan archived from Ebay.co.uk". img.inkfrog.com. September 1, 1975. Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2016. ^ "Words of the Week". Jet Magazine. Vol. 53, no. 14. Johnson Publishing Company. December 22, 1977. p. 40. ^ Maclay, K.T. (1978). Total Beauty Catalog. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 0-698-10835-3. ^ Ranck, Rosemary (February 9, 1997). "The First Supermodel". The New York Times. Retrieved September 24, 2006. ^ Cheesman, Chris (October 19, 2007). "Pictures: Original stills from JFK assassination revealed". Amateur Photographer. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Lisa Fonssagrives-Penn, described as the 'world's first supermodel' ^ Singh, Anita (November 13, 2008). "Photographs of Angelina Jolie, Kate Moss and Britney Spears for Sale at Christie's". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Lisa Fonssagrives-Penn ... described as the original supermodel, gracing the pages of Vogue in the 1940s and 1950s ^ Johnson, Geoffrey (March 2010). "On the Life and Work of Photographer Beatrice Tonnesen". Chicago. Lisa Fonssagrives, recognized today as the original supermodel... ^ Gross, Michael: "Model: The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women", 2003, Harper Paperbacks; ISBN 0-06-054163-6 ^ Scott, Walter: "Parade", page 2, June 10, 2007."It's absurd. ...The first American supermodel was Dorian Leigh, who worked the late 1940s and '50s." ^ Vallely, Paul (September 10, 2005). "Gia: The Tragic Tale of the World's First Supermodel". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2007. ^ Carolin, Louise. "Gia – The Tragedy of a Lesbian Supermodel". Diva. Archived from the original on March 25, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2008. ^ Mansour, David (2005). From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. Andrews McMeel. p. 430. ISBN 0-7407-5118-2. ^ Busch, Charles (January 24, 1995). "He's Every Woman". The Advocate: 60. ^ Magee, Antonia (October 28, 2009). "Model Jean Shrimpton Recollects the Stir She Caused on Victoria Derby Day in 1965". Herald Sun. ^ Cohen, Susan; Cosgrove, Christine (2009). Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry's Quest to Manipulate Height. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-58542-683-6. ^ "Jean Shrimpton profile". milesago.com. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ Heffernan, Virginia (June 6, 2006). "'The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency': A Top Model on Her Own Beauty Search". The New York Times; retrieved October 30, 2011. ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (December 29, 2005). "Janice Dickinson to Head Modeling Agency", people.com; retrieved October 30, 2011. ^ Staff (June 26, 2003). "Tyra Banks' Model Catfight; Kevin Costner Engaged; Kelly Osbourne's Bar Room Brawl", sfgate.com; retrieved October 30, 2011. ^ "Janice Dickinson: "I Was Fired from 'Tyra Banks Show'"". Contactmusic.com. September 20, 2005. Retrieved October 30, 2011. ^ Holmes, Linda (September 22, 2005). "Omarosa Vs. Janice: 'Surreal' Battle of the Divas – Castmates' Attention-Grabbing Tactics Makes for Entertaining Viewing", msnbc.com; retrieved October 30, 2011. ^ "The 20 Greatest Celebreality Moments", vh1.com, September 22, 2005. ^ Janice Dickinson at IMDb; accessed April 7, 2016. ^ "I'm a Celebrity Cast Announced". TVGuide.com. Retrieved April 24, 2009. ^ Odell, Amy (May 29, 2009). "Janice Dickinson Downs Booze, Sleeping Aids on Finland's Next Top Model, Makes Quite the Scene". New York. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ "Channel 4, Celebrity Come Dine with Me, Season 20, Episode 2". Retrieved April 7, 2016. ^ "Jason Wahler, Janice Dickinson Sign On for Celebrity Rehab". Us Weekly. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ Hughes, Jason (November 30, 2011). "Janice Dickinson Critiques Holly and Naomi's Designs on '90210' (VIDEO)". AOL TV. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2011. ^ "Janice Dickinson forced to withdraw from IAC". chronicle live. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ "TikTok - Make Your Day". www.tiktok.com. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "TikTok - Make Your Day". www.tiktok.com. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "Ron Levy was married to Janice Dickinson – Ron Levy Dating History". Zimbio.com. Retrieved April 7, 2016. ^ Schneide, Karen S. (March 2, 1994). "Rocky Ending". People. ^ Levitt, Shelley (April 24, 1995). "Yo, Angie, Marry Me!". People. ^ MacKenzie, Drew. "Dickinson, on the Covers – and Under Them". Daily News. New York City. Archived from the original on May 28, 2004. Retrieved September 24, 2006. ^ "Janice Dickinson "Couldn't Be Happier" Over Engagement to Dr. Robert Gerner". Us Weekly. December 16, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2016. ^ Dr. Robert Gerner profile, healthgrades.com; accessed November 19, 2014. ^ "Janice Dickinson Marries Dr. Robert Gerner in Beverly Hills Ceremony". ET Online. December 10, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2019. ^ Bueno, Antoinette (November 18, 2014). "Exclusive: Janice Dickinson Details Bill Cosby Sexual Assault Accusations: He Raped Me". Entertainment Tonight. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2014. ^ Woolf, Nicky (March 28, 2016). "Supermodel Janice Dickinson reveals she has breast cancer". The Guardian. ^ a b Dickinson, Janice. Everything About Me Is Fake – And I'm Perfect. New York City: ReganBooks (2004); ISBN 978-0-06-055469-9 ^ Dickinson, Janice (2006). Check, Please! – Dating, Mating, and Extricating, New York City: ReganBooks; ISBN 978-0-06-076391-6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Janice Dickinson. Janice Dickinson at Fashion Model Directory Janice Dickinson at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists Photographers' Identities
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dickinson-gives-birthdate-2"},{"link_name":"supermodel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodel"},{"link_name":"Lisa Fonssagrives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Fonssagrives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcripts.cnn.com-3"},{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"modeling agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeling_agency"},{"link_name":"The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency"},{"link_name":"seventh series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_series_7)"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Janice & Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_%26_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Abbey Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Clancy"},{"link_name":"fourth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celebrity_Rehab_with_Dr._Drew_episodes#Season_4"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Rehab_with_Dr._Drew"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"No Lifeguard on Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Lifeguard_on_Duty"}],"text":"Janice Doreen Dickinson (born February 16, 1955)[2] is an American model, television personality, and businesswoman. Initially notable as a model, Dickinson has been disputably described by herself as the first supermodel. (Lisa Fonssagrives is widely considered to have been the world's first supermodel, with a career that began in the 1930s.)[3] One of the most successful models of the 1970s and 1980s, she also served as a judge on four cycles of the reality series America's Next Top Model (2003–2006). Dickinson opened a modeling agency in 2005 which was documented on the reality series The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency (2006–2008).In 2007, Dickinson was a contestant on the seventh series of the British television show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! which she finished as runner-up. In 2008, she starred on the reality series Janice & Abbey, alongside British model Abbey Clancy. In 2010, Dickinson appeared on the fourth series of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, and in 2015, she appeared on Celebrity Big Brother 16.Dickinson has released three autobiographical books: No Lifeguard on Duty (2002), Everything About Me Is Fake… And I'm Perfect (2004), and Check Please! Dating, Mating, and Extricating (2006).","title":"Janice Dickinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nndb-4"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpl1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpl1-5"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Debbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askmen.com-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transcripts.cnn.com-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starpulse.com-8"},{"link_name":"sexually abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"pedophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starpulse.com-8"}],"text":"Dickinson was born in Brooklyn, New York,[4] the second daughter to Jennie Marie (née Pietrzykowski) and Samuel Ray Dickinson.[5] Her mother was of Polish descent and her father was of Irish descent.[5]She was raised in Hollywood, Florida with her elder sister, Alexis, who became a real estate agent, and her younger sister, Debbie, who also became a model.[6][7]Dickinson has been open about the emotional and physical abuse she suffered as a child and teenager,[3][6][8] and how her father used to sexually abuse one of her sisters. Of her childhood with her \"rageoholic pedophile\" of a father, Dickinson stated, \"Because I wouldn't give in and let him have sex with me, I was verbally and physically abused on a daily basis. I was told that I looked like a boy and wouldn't amount to anything.\"[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askmen.com-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattlepi-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time81-10"},{"link_name":"Eileen Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Ford"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattlepi-9"},{"link_name":"fashion photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_photography"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Bracco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Bracco"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattlepi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattlepi-9"},{"link_name":"Ford Models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Models"},{"link_name":"ad campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_campaign"},{"link_name":"JVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nymag-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nymag-13"},{"link_name":"Elite Model Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Model_Management"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time80-14"},{"link_name":"supermodel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askmen.com-7"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_(French_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Marie Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"Bill Blass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Blass"},{"link_name":"Gianni Versace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Versace"},{"link_name":"Valentino Garavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_Garavani"},{"link_name":"Azzedine Alaïa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzedine_Alaia"},{"link_name":"Pino Lancetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_Lancetti"},{"link_name":"Halston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halston"},{"link_name":"Oscar de la Renta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta"},{"link_name":"Calvin Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_Lifeguard_on_Duty-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"Elle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Revlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revlon"},{"link_name":"Alberto VO5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto-Culver"},{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)"},{"link_name":"Obao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnier"},{"link_name":"Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dior"},{"link_name":"Clairol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairol"},{"link_name":"Hush Puppies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hush_Puppies"},{"link_name":"Orbit gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_gum"},{"link_name":"Max Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Factor"},{"link_name":"Virginia Slims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Slims"},{"link_name":"Cutex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutex"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time81-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_Lifeguard_on_Duty-15"},{"link_name":"jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry"},{"link_name":"HSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the early 1970s, Dickinson moved to New York City to pursue work as a model after winning a national competition called \"Miss High Fashion Model.\"[7][9] At a time when blue-eyed blondes dominated the fashion scene,[10] Dickinson was turned down several times by modeling agents, including Eileen Ford, who informed Dickinson she was \"much too ethnic. You'll never work.\"[9]She was discovered by the fashion photographer Jacques Silberstein when his girlfriend, actress Lorraine Bracco, mentioned she liked Dickinson's look.[11][12] Wilhelmina Cooper became Dickinson's first agent. Her modeling pursuits led her to Paris, France, where her \"exotic looks\" secured her reputation within the European fashion industry.[9]She returned to New York City in 1978, and spent the next several years working steadily, earning $2,000 per day, nearly four times the standard rate.[9] Dickinson eventually signed with Ford Models to land a major ad campaign for a new JVC camera.[13] Dickinson, who had not forgotten Ford's initial rejection, was intent on revenge.[13] She soon orchastrated some twenty Ford models to defect to John Casablancas's upstart Elite Model Management.[14]By the 1980s, Dickinson was considered a supermodel, as she \"possessed the kind of name and face recognition\" that the majority of women in the modeling industry strive to achieve.[7] She appeared within and on covers of magazines including Harper's Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, Photo, Vogue, Marie Claire, and Playboy, and worked with some of fashion's best-known names, including Bill Blass, Gianni Versace, Valentino Garavani, Azzedine Alaïa, Pino Lancetti, Halston, Oscar de la Renta and Calvin Klein.[15] She has appeared on the cover of Vogue (International editions only) 37 times.[6] She was seen on the cover of Elle seven times in a row and has been the face of ad campaigns for brands including Revlon, Alberto VO5, Balmain, Obao, Christian Dior, Clairol, Hush Puppies, Orbit gum, Max Factor, Virginia Slims, and Cutex.[10][15]Dickinson looked for ways to sustain her relevance within the fashion industry as she aged, becoming a fashion photographer. In 2008, she launched her own jewelry line on HSN.[16]In 2009, Dickinson recorded a song entitled \"Crazy\", which was written and produced by Craig Taylor.[17]","title":"Modeling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samata_Angel_and_Janice_Dickinson_during_London_Fashion_Week.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samata_(fashion_entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"London Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Daily Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Times_(Salisbury)"},{"link_name":"Salisbury, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Twiggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiggy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Glamour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Tiegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Veruschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veruschka"},{"link_name":"Jean Shrimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Suzy Knickerbocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Knickerbocker"},{"link_name":"Penelope Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Tree"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hour_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"caption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_caption"},{"link_name":"Cybill Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybill_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jean Shrimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Margaux Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaux_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Beverly Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Naomi Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Sims"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Lisa Fonssagrives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Fonssagrives"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Dorian Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Leigh"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gia Carangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Carangi"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jean Shrimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Shrimpton"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Lauren Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Hutton"}],"sub_title":"\"First supermodel\" claim","text":"Dickinson (right) and Samata at London Fashion Week 2010While Dickinson claims to have coined the term supermodel in 1979, and to be the first \"supermodel\",[18][19] the word already was known in the 1940s. The writer Judith Cass used the term in 1942 in her Chicago Tribune article \"Super Models are Signed for Fashion Show\".[20] In 1943, author Clyde Matthew Dessner used the term in his book So You Want to Be a Model![21]The New York Times, on March 21, 1967, and The Daily Times of Salisbury, Maryland on May 19, 1967, both referred to Twiggy as a supermodel.[22]In 1968, an article in Glamour described Twiggy, Cheryl Tiegs, Wilhelmina, Veruschka, Jean Shrimpton, and 15 other models as \"supermodels\".[23]Syndicated columnist Suzy Knickerbocker in 1970 described Penelope Tree as a supermodel.[24]The April 23, 1971, issue of The Hour headlined one of its articles \"Supermodels Reveal Their Beauty Secrets\", including an advertisement with the caption \"Supermodel Cheryl Tiegs\". The article also says, \"The fashion/beauty world is dotted with Supermodels\" and \"Cybill Shepherd a Supermodel who may turn into a Superstar.\"[25] Jean Shrimpton was described as a supermodel by Time in 1971,[26] as were Margaux Hemingway by Vogue on September 1, 1975,[27] Beverly Johnson by Jet in 1977,[28] and Naomi Sims in the 1978 book Total Beauty Catalog by K.T. Maclay.[29]Lisa Fonssagrives[30][31][32][33] and Dorian Leigh, whose careers began before Dickinson was born, have been retroactively recognized as the 20th century's first supermodels.[34][35] Gia Carangi has been called the first supermodel[36][37] as well as Jean Shrimpton.[38][39][40][41][42]\nLauren Hutton has also been referred to as the first supermodel, due to the fact that she was the first model to get a cosmetics contract. (In 1974 with Revlon.)","title":"Modeling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"Tyra Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyra_Banks"},{"link_name":"fashion industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_industry"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Kimora Lee Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimora_Lee_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Nolé Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol%C3%A9_Marin"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"plus-size models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus-size_model"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Twiggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiggy"},{"link_name":"Simon Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cowell"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Surreal Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Surreal_Life"},{"link_name":"Omarosa Manigault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omarosa_Manigault"},{"link_name":"Bronson Pinchot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronson_Pinchot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Janice_Dickinson_Modeling_Agency"},{"link_name":"Oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Abigail Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Clancy"},{"link_name":"Beauty & The Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_%26_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Witness"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-49"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity…Get Me out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity%E2%80%A6Get_Me_out_of_Here!_(UK_series_7)"},{"link_name":"Bushtucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushtucker"},{"link_name":"Christopher Biggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Biggins"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity..._Get_Me_out_of_Here!_(US_season_2)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Finnish version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_huippumalli_haussa,_Cycle_2"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Charmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmed"},{"link_name":"Darren Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Hayes"},{"link_name":"On the Verge of Something Wonderful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Verge_of_Something_Wonderful"},{"link_name":"Come Dine with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Dine_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Page 3 Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_3_Girl"},{"link_name":"Samantha Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Fox"},{"link_name":"Calum Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Best"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celebrity_Rehab_with_Dr._Drew_episodes#Season_4"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Rehab_with_Dr._Drew"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90210_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"sixteenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_series_16)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"I'm a Celebrity... South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Celebrity..._South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"In 2003, Dickinson returned to media attention with her stint as a judge on the reality television series America's Next Top Model. She was hired after producer Tyra Banks read No Lifeguard On Duty and realized that Dickinson could offer the contestants advice on the perils of the fashion industry. As a panelist, Dickinson became known for her wit and incisive, brutally honest critiques.[43]Dickinson frequently quarreled with her fellow judges, particularly Kimora Lee Simmons and Nolé Marin.[44] A recurring source of tension between Dickinson and Banks was the former's dubiety concerning plus-size models.[45]After four cycles, Banks fired Dickinson, replacing her with Twiggy. Dickinson was hurt by the decision. \"I was just telling the truth and I was saving these girls from going out there and being told that they're too short, too fat, their skin's not good enough,\" she said. \"I was to America's Next Top Model what Simon Cowell is to American Idol.\"[46] Despite this, Dickinson made guest appearances on the following three cycles: As the photographer for a photo challenge in cycle 5, in a mentor role in cycle 6, and as the interviewee for an interview challenge in cycle 7. In 2005, Dickinson was a cast member on The Surreal Life during its fifth season. She was confronted by castmate Omarosa Manigault during a publicity photo shoot while Dickinson was posing with a prop knife. After being physically separated by Bronson Pinchot the two continued to feud throughout the series.[6][47][48]In 2006, Dickinson starred in her own reality show, The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency, for the Oxygen cable-television channel. The program, which ran for four seasons, documented Dickinson launching a new career as a modeling agent. She appeared with British model Abigail Clancy in Beauty & The Best, a reality series detailing Clancy's attempt to break into the American modeling market. The show debuted in the United Kingdom on Living on May 14, 2007, and premiered in the U.S. on Oxygen on February 19, 2008.[49]In November 2007, Dickinson became one of the celebrities taking part in the British reality television show I'm a Celebrity…Get Me out of Here!. She set the record for most Bushtucker trials, competing ten times in a row. In the finale of the series, it was announced that Dickinson had gained second place in the competition, with Christopher Biggins coming first.[citation needed]Dickinson was also a contestant for season two of the American version of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! which began airing in June 2009.[50] She was eliminated from the show on June 18, 2009.[citation needed]In 2009, Dickinson was a guest judge on the Finnish version of the Top Model franchise. She created controversy after the claimed effects of accidentally mixing a sleeping aid with champagne caused her to fall down a flight of stairs and burst out at the models. Dickinson was taken to a hospital where she was told she had no visible injuries. She later apologized to the models during the show's airing.[51]Other guest appearances include \"Still Charmed and Kicking\", an episode of Charmed. Dickinson made a cameo appearance in Darren Hayes's music video \"On the Verge of Something Wonderful\". In 2010, Dickinson appeared on the celebrity edition of British dinner-party contest Come Dine with Me, on which she frequently butted heads with former Page 3 Girl Samantha Fox over her glamour modeling career, and flirted with Calum Best.[52]Dickinson appeared in the fourth season of Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which premiered in December 2010.[53] In 2011, she guest-starred in an episode of 90210 (titled \"Project Runway\").[54]In August 2015, Dickinson was a housemate on the sixteenth season of the British reality show, Celebrity Big Brother. She became the seventh celebrity to be evicted from the house, just two days before the final.[citation needed]In 2020, Dickinson appeared on season 24 of The Bachelor.In 2023, she appeared on I'm a Celebrity... South Africa, which acted as an all-star series for the UK version of the show, but had to withdraw from the show on day 11 after she suffered a head injury, which required her being taken to hospital.[55] Despite this, she still finished in 10th place out of 15 contestants.","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"Naomi Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Shalom Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Harlow"},{"link_name":"Carmen Kass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Kass"},{"link_name":"Gisele Bündchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen"},{"link_name":"Vlada Roslyakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada_Roslyakova"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Dickinson sparked on TikTok in 2023, when she would react to models walks and rate them. She currently has over 600K+ followers on TikTok. Janice has reacted to many supermodels walks like, Naomi Campbell, Shalom Harlow, Carmen Kass, Gisele Bündchen, Vlada Roslyakova and many more.[56] Janice gives her advice to future models who want to approach the industry, from walks etc.[57]","title":"TikTok career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nndb-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmagazine.com-6"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us-engagement-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cosby-65"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Dickinson has been married four times. Her former husbands are Ron Levy,[6][58] Simon Fields,[6] and Alan B. Gersten,[6] also known as Albert Gersten.[4] She has a son, Nathan, and a daughter, Savannah.[6] Dickinson was having an affair with Sylvester Stallone when Savannah was born in 1994, and it was reported that Stallone was the father.[59] Their relationship ended when DNA tests proved he was not the father.[60] In her books and in interviews, she has discussed her numerous sexual relationships with male and female celebrities.[61] In 2012, she announced she was engaged to Dr. Robert Gerner (\"Rocky\"),[62] a psychiatrist[63] whom she married in December 2016.[64]In November 2014, Dickinson joined a number of women accusing comedian Bill Cosby of rape, alleging that Cosby raped her in 1982. Dickinson said that she tried to write about this in her 2002 autobiography, but Cosby and his lawyers pressured her and her lawyers to remove the details.[65]In March 2016, it was revealed that Dickinson had been diagnosed with breast cancer.[66]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askmen.com-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-askmen.com-7"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_About_Me_Is_Fake-67"},{"link_name":"plastic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery"},{"link_name":"anorexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"bulimia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everything_About_Me_Is_Fake-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Dickinson released a memoir detailing her \"wild days\" as a supermodel. Titled No Lifeguard on Duty: The Accidental Life of the World's First Supermodel (2002), the book was effective in introducing her to a new generation.[7] Her 2004 follow-up memoir was Everything About Me Is Fake… And I'm Perfect,[7][67] in which she describes her life in modeling; her experience with plastic surgery; and her battles with anorexia, bulimia, and alcoholism.[67] Her next memoir, Check Please! Dating, Mating, and Extricating (2006), discusses the men in her life, and prescribes her rules for dating.[68]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ReganBooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReganBooks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-000946-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-000946-5"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Dickinson, Janice (2002). No Lifeguard on Duty – The Accidental Life of the World's First Supermodel. New York City: ReganBooks; ISBN 978-0-06-000946-5","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Janice Dickinson\". Fashion Model Directory. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Janice_Dickinson","url_text":"\"Janice Dickinson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory","url_text":"Fashion Model Directory"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160603084243/http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Janice_Dickinson","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hashish, Amira (March 1, 2011). \"Introducing the new Janice Dickinson – what America's top model did\". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Yes, I turned 56 on February 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/starinterviews/introducing-the-new-janice-dickinson--what-americas-top-model-did-next-6572343.html","url_text":"\"Introducing the new Janice Dickinson – what America's top model did\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard","url_text":"London Evening Standard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160531022633/http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/starinterviews/introducing-the-new-janice-dickinson-what-americas-top-model-did-next-6572343.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Behind the Cover Girl: Getting Real with Janice Dickinson\". CNN. January 10, 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. 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Retrieved November 7, 2012 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HzyvU-f9POYC&q=Jennie+Marie+Pietrzykoski&pg=PA5","url_text":"No Lifeguard on Duty: The Accidental Life of the World's First Supermodel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-175084-7","url_text":"978-0-06-175084-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Janice Dickinson\". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 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Janice Dickinson, Model/Photographer/Author\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"},{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/books/88931_supermodel.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Modeling the '80s Look: The Faces and Fees Are Fabulous\". Time. February 9, 1981. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070711184514/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922428-7,00.html","url_text":"\"Modeling the '80s Look: The Faces and Fees Are Fabulous\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922428-7,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Edited Version of a Biography by Janice Dickinson\". NYGard Magazine. December 3, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Leaves_Are_Brown
All the Leaves Are Brown
["1 Track listing","1.1 Disc One","1.2 Disc Two","2 References"]
2001 compilation album by The Mamas & the PapasAll the Leaves are Brown: The Golden Era CollectionCompilation album by The Mamas & the PapasReleasedAugust 28, 2001 (2001-08-28)Recorded1965–68GenrePop rock, folk rock, psychedelic pop, sunshine popLength154:13LabelMCAProducerLou Adler (original) Andy McKaie (reissue) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic All the Leaves are Brown: The Golden Era Collection is a 2001 release compiling the first four albums by The Mamas & the Papas in their entirety, with some single-exclusive mono versions and one non-album track. The package includes a brief history of the group and its albums by Matthew Greenwald, author of Creeque Alley: The Oral History of The Mamas & The Papas. Track listing All songs by John Phillips unless otherwise noted. Disc One If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears (Feb 1966) "Monday, Monday" "Straight Shooter" "Got a Feelin'" (John Phillips, Denny Doherty) "I Call Your Name" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) "Do You Wanna Dance?" (Bobby Freeman) "Go Where You Wanna Go" "California Dreamin'" (J. Phillips, Michelle Phillips) "Spanish Harlem" (Jerry Leiber, Phil Spector) "Somebody Groovy" "Hey Girl" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips) "You Baby" (Steve Barri, P. F. Sloan) "The 'In' Crowd" (Billy Page) The Mamas & the Papas (Sept 1966) "No Salt on Her Tail" "Trip Stumble and Fall" "Dancing Bear" "Words of Love" "My Heart Stood Still" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) "Dancing in the Street" (Marvin Gaye, William "Mickey" Stevenson, Ivy Jo Hunter) "I Saw Her Again" (J. Phillips, Doherty) "Strange Young Girls" "I Can't Wait" "Even if I Could" "That Kind of Girl" "Once Was a Time I Thought" The Mamas & The Papas Deliver (March 1967) "Dedicated to the One I Love" (Ralph Bass, Lowman Pauling) "My Girl" (Smokey Robinson, Ronald White) "Creeque Alley" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips) Disc Two The Mamas & The Papas Deliver (continued) "Sing for Your Supper" (Rodgers, Hart) "Twist and Shout" (Phil Medley, Bert Russell) "Free Advice" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips) "Look Through My Window" "Boys & Girls Together" "String Man" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips) "Frustration" "Did You Ever Want to Cry" "John's Music Box" Non-LP single "Glad to Be Unhappy" (Rodgers, Hart) Released Oct 1967 The Papas & The Mamas (May 1968) "The Right Somebody to Love" (Jack Yellen, Lew Pollack) "Safe in My Garden" "Meditation Mama (Transcendental Woman Travels)" (J. Phillips, Lou Adler) "For the Love of Ivy" (J. Phillips, Doherty) "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (Fabian Andre, Wilbur Schwandt, Gus Kahn) "Mansions" "Gemini Childe" "Nothing's Too Good For My Little Girl" (Ned Wynn) "Too Late" "Twelve Thirty (Young Girls Are Coming to the Canyon)" "Rooms" "Midnight Voyage" Single versions (mono) "I Saw Her Again" (J. Phillips, Doherty) Released June, 1966 "Words of Love" Released Nov 1966 "Creeque Alley" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips) Released Apr 1967 Note: Although labeled as the mono single version, this is actually the mono LP version. References ^ All the Leaves Are Brown at AllMusic vteThe Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty Cass Elliot John Phillips Michelle Phillips Lisa Brescia Jill Gibson Laurie Beebe Lewis Deb Lyons Spanky McFarlane Barry McGuire Scott McKenzie Mackenzie Phillips Studio albums If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears (1966) The Mamas & the Papas (1966) Deliver (1967) The Papas & the Mamas (1968) People Like Us (1971) Compilations Greatest Hits (1998) All the Leaves Are Brown (2001) Singles "Go Where You Wanna Go" (1965) "California Dreamin'" (1965) "Monday, Monday" (1966) "I Saw Her Again" (1966) "Words of Love" (1966) "Dancing in the Street" (1966) "Look Through My Window" (1966) "Dedicated to the One I Love" (1967) "Creeque Alley" (1967) "My Girl" (1967) "Glad to Be Unhappy" (1967) "Twelve Thirty" (1967) "Safe in My Garden" (1968) "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (1968) "Do You Wanna Dance" (1968) Related Discography Chynna Phillips Mackenzie Phillips Bijou Phillips Wilson Phillips The Beach Boys Geneviève Waïte The Journeymen Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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The package includes a brief history of the group and its albums by Matthew Greenwald, author of Creeque Alley: The Oral History of The Mamas & The Papas.","title":"All the Leaves Are Brown"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All songs by John Phillips unless otherwise noted.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Can_Believe_Your_Eyes_and_Ears"},{"link_name":"Monday, Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday,_Monday"},{"link_name":"I Call Your Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Call_Your_Name"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Do You Wanna Dance?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Wanna_Dance%3F"},{"link_name":"Bobby Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Go Where You Wanna Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Where_You_Wanna_Go"},{"link_name":"California Dreamin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Dreamin%27"},{"link_name":"Spanish Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Harlem_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Leiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Leiber"},{"link_name":"Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"Steve Barri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barri"},{"link_name":"P. F. Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Sloan"},{"link_name":"The 'In' Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_%27In%27_Crowd_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Mamas & the Papas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas_(album)"},{"link_name":"Words of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_of_Love_(The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas_song)"},{"link_name":"My Heart Stood Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Stood_Still"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Hart"},{"link_name":"Dancing in the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Street"},{"link_name":"Marvin Gaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Gaye"},{"link_name":"William \"Mickey\" Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Ivy Jo Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Jo_Hunter"},{"link_name":"I Saw Her Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_Her_Again"},{"link_name":"The Mamas & The Papas Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mamas_%26_The_Papas_Deliver"},{"link_name":"Dedicated to the One I Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_to_the_One_I_Love"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bass"},{"link_name":"My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)"},{"link_name":"Smokey Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Ronald White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_White"},{"link_name":"Creeque Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeque_Alley"}],"sub_title":"Disc One","text":"If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears (Feb 1966)\"Monday, Monday\"\n\"Straight Shooter\"\n\"Got a Feelin'\" (John Phillips, Denny Doherty)\n\"I Call Your Name\" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)\n\"Do You Wanna Dance?\" (Bobby Freeman)\n\"Go Where You Wanna Go\"\n\"California Dreamin'\" (J. Phillips, Michelle Phillips)\n\"Spanish Harlem\" (Jerry Leiber, Phil Spector)\n\"Somebody Groovy\"\n\"Hey Girl\" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips)\n\"You Baby\" (Steve Barri, P. F. Sloan)\n\"The 'In' Crowd\" (Billy Page)The Mamas & the Papas (Sept 1966)\"No Salt on Her Tail\"\n\"Trip Stumble and Fall\"\n\"Dancing Bear\"\n\"Words of Love\"\n\"My Heart Stood Still\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)\n\"Dancing in the Street\" (Marvin Gaye, William \"Mickey\" Stevenson, Ivy Jo Hunter)\n\"I Saw Her Again\" (J. Phillips, Doherty)\n\"Strange Young Girls\"\n\"I Can't Wait\"\n\"Even if I Could\"\n\"That Kind of Girl\"\n\"Once Was a Time I Thought\"The Mamas & The Papas Deliver (March 1967)\"Dedicated to the One I Love\" (Ralph Bass, Lowman Pauling)\n\"My Girl\" (Smokey Robinson, Ronald White)\n\"Creeque Alley\" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sing for Your Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_for_Your_Supper"},{"link_name":"Twist and Shout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_and_Shout"},{"link_name":"Bert Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Russell"},{"link_name":"Glad to Be Unhappy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad_to_Be_Unhappy"},{"link_name":"The Papas & The Mamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Papas_%26_The_Mamas"},{"link_name":"Jack Yellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Yellen"},{"link_name":"Lew Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Pollack"},{"link_name":"Safe in My Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_in_My_Garden"},{"link_name":"Lou Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Adler"},{"link_name":"Dream a Little Dream of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_a_Little_Dream_of_Me"},{"link_name":"Fabian Andre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Andre"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Schwandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Schwandt"},{"link_name":"Gus Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Twelve Thirty (Young Girls Are Coming to the Canyon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Thirty_(Young_Girls_Are_Coming_to_the_Canyon)"}],"sub_title":"Disc Two","text":"The Mamas & The Papas Deliver (continued)\"Sing for Your Supper\" (Rodgers, Hart)\n\"Twist and Shout\" (Phil Medley, Bert Russell)\n\"Free Advice\" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips)\n\"Look Through My Window\"\n\"Boys & Girls Together\"\n\"String Man\" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips)\n\"Frustration\"\n\"Did You Ever Want to Cry\"\n\"John's Music Box\"Non-LP single\"Glad to Be Unhappy\" (Rodgers, Hart)\nReleased Oct 1967The Papas & The Mamas (May 1968)\"The Right Somebody to Love\" (Jack Yellen, Lew Pollack)\n\"Safe in My Garden\"\n\"Meditation Mama (Transcendental Woman Travels)\" (J. Phillips, Lou Adler)\n\"For the Love of Ivy\" (J. Phillips, Doherty)\n\"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" (Fabian Andre, Wilbur Schwandt, Gus Kahn)\n\"Mansions\"\n\"Gemini Childe\"\n\"Nothing's Too Good For My Little Girl\" (Ned Wynn)\n\"Too Late\"\n\"Twelve Thirty (Young Girls Are Coming to the Canyon)\"\n\"Rooms\"\n\"Midnight Voyage\"Single versions (mono)\"I Saw Her Again\" (J. Phillips, Doherty)\nReleased June, 1966\n\"Words of Love\"\nReleased Nov 1966\n\"Creeque Alley\" (J. Phillips, M. Phillips)\nReleased Apr 1967\nNote: Although labeled as the mono single version, this is actually the mono LP version.","title":"Track listing"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riung_language
Riung language
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Austronesian language spoken in Flores, Indonesia RiungFar Eastern ManggaraiNative toIndonesiaRegionFloresEthnicityManggaraiNative speakers(14,000 cited 1981)Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianCentral–EasternSumba–FloresEnde–ManggaraiManggaraiRiungLanguage codesISO 639-3riuGlottologriun1237 Riung is a language of central Flores, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. It has sometimes been considered a dialect of Manggarai to the west, but is only marginally intelligible with it. References ^ Riung at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Further reading Schmidt, Christopher K. (2013). Morphosyntax of Wangka, a Dialect of Rembong-Riung (PhD thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/103420. vteCentral Malayo–PolynesianBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepo' Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nage Ke'o Ngad'a Rongga So'a Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric * Habu Helong Idalaka Tetum Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti Luangic–Kisaric Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva ? Rote–Meto * Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto (Amarasi) Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Tela'a TNS East Damar Teun † Nila † Serua † Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano (Moluccas) Sepa–Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa NorthernAtayalic Atayal Seediq NorthwestFormosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya † EastKavalanic Basay † Kavalan Luilang † Ami Amis Sakizaya Siraiyac Siraya † Taivoan † Southern ? Puyuma Paiwan Bunun Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide Greater Barito *Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama–Bajaw Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah * Ida'an Bonggi Molbog ? Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan Paitanic Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung GreaterMurutic * Tatana ? Papar Murutic Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong North Sarawak * Kenyah / Bakung Sebob Tutoh Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Bintulu Central Sarawak Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit–Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayanic Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bakatiʼ Sara Laraʼ Bukar–Sadong Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyaduʼ Sanggau Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat Iban–MalayanIbanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Sundanese Sundanese Old Sundanese † Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Rejang ? Rejang Moklenic ? Moken Moklen Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing Nasal ? Lampungic Lampung Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Javanese Javanese Kawi / Old Javanese † Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Madurese Madurese Kangean Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese Sasak Sumbawa CelebicBungku–Tolaki Bahonsuai Bungku Kodeoha Kulisusu Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Padoe Rahambuu Tolaki Tomadino Waru Wawonii Muna–Buton Bonerate Busoa Cia-Cia Kaimbulawa Kumbewaha Lasalimu Liabuku Muna Pancana Tukang Besi Saluan–Banggai Andio Balantak Banggai Batui Bobongko Saluan Tomini–Tolitoli * Balaesang Boano ? Dampelas Dondo Lauje Pendau Taje Tajio Tomini Totoli ? Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona Kaili Mbelala Moma Pamona Rampi Sarudu Sedoa Topoiyo Uma Wotu–Wolio Kalao Kamaru Laiyolo Ledo Kaili * Wolio Wotu South SulawesiBugis Buginese Campalagian Embaloh Taman Makassar Makassarese Bentong Coastal Konjo Highland Konjo Selayar Seko–Badaic *Seko Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah Badaic Bada Behoa Napu Northern Mamuju Mandar Massenrempulu Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung Pitu Ulunna Salu Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ Toraja Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan Lemolang Isolates Chamorro Palauan Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepoʼ Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nagé-Kéo Ngadha Rongga Soʼa Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric * Helong Tetum Idalaka Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ? Luangic–Kisaric ? Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva Rote–Meto Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto Amarasi Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa Southwest Maluku East Damar Teun Nila Serua Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG Tandia † Mor Waropen Warembori ? Yoke ? Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga Ambel Biga Maya–Matbat Ma'ya Matbat Maden Maden Fiawat As As South Halmahera Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe CenderawasihBiakic Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon Yapen Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo Southwest Yaur Yerisiam Umar OceanicAdmiralty Yapese ? Eastern Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal Western Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua Saint Matthias Mussau-Emira Tenis TemotuUtupua Amba Asumboa Tanimbili Vanikoro Teanu Lovono Tanema Reefs–Santa Cruz Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise Malaita–San Cristobal Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez Bola Bulu Meramera Nakanai Bali-Vitu Bali Vitu New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag Tabar Lihir Madara Notsi Madak Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak St. George Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Tomoip NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ? Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Schouten Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami Ngero–Vitiaz Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami Papuan TipNuclear ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana Kilivila–Misima Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw Nimoa–Sudest Nimoa Sudest SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia South Pentecost Apma Sa Ske Sowa † Espiritu Santo Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu North Efate Nafsan Efatese Eton Lelepa Makura Daakaka Dalkalaen Lonwolwol Paamese Port Vato Southeast Ambrym Epi Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii Malakula Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav South VanuatuErromango Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo † Tanna Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna Aneityum Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands Drehu Iaai Nengone New CaledonianSouthern Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire † Northern Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga Micronesian Nauruan NuclearMicronesian Gilbertese Kosraean Marshallese Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian Pohnpeic Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian CentralPacificWest Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Rotuman Western Fijian East Fijian Gone Dau Lauan Lomaiviti PolynesianNuclearPolynesian Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan Samoic Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan Eastern Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan Futunic Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean Tongic Niuafoʻou ? Niuean Tongan * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status vteLanguages of IndonesiaWestern languagesMalayo-Sumbawan Indonesian Slang Acehnese Balinese Bamayo Banjarese Bawean Duano' Haji Iban Kangean Kendayan Keninjal Kerinci Kubu Lubu Loncong Madurese Malay Anambas-Natuna Bacan Bangka Belitung Bengkulu Berau Besemah Col/Lembak Deli Enim Jambi Kaur Jaring Halus Kutai Langkat Ogan Palembang-Musi Pekal Pontianak Riau Sambas Semende Tamiang Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Mukomuko Pesisir Mualang Sasak Seberuang Sumbawan Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Javanese Javanese Banyumasan Cirebonese Osing Tenggerese Kawi Celebic Andio Bada Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Behoa Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia-Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Napu Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu Lampungic Komering Lampung Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Batak Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Mandailing Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Simeulue Sikule South Sulawesi Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong-Budong Buginese Campalagian Coastal Konjo Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Highland Konjo Kalumpang Lemolang Maiwa Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Padang Seko Tengah Tae’ Talondo’ Taman Toraja-Sa’dan Ulumanda’ Barito Ampanang Bakumpai Bajaw Deyah Kohin Lawangan Ma'anyan Malang Ngaju Ot Danum Sama Ot Siang Tunjung Witu Pakau Kayan–Murik Aoheng Aput Bahau Hovongan Kayan Krio Modang Punan Merah Segai Land Dayak Bakati’ Biatah Bukar Sadong Jangkang Kembayan Laraʼ Nyadu’ Rejangese Ribun Sanggau Sara Semandang Beginci Gerai Tringgus North Bornean Bah-Biau Basap Bukat Bukitan Kelabit Kenyah Mainstream Lengilu Lun Bawang Murut Okolod Selungai Sembakung Tagol Punan Merap Punan Tubu Sa'ban Sajau Tidung Burusu Kalabakan Nonukan Philippine languagesCentral Philippine Tausug Gorontalo-Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Central-Eastern languagesAru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Central Maluku Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hitu Hoti Huaulu Hulung Kaibobo Kamarian Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan Flores–Lembata Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika Halmahera-Cenderawasih Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam Kei-Tanimbar Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Sumba–Flores Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa Timor–Babar Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar Western Oceanic Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Papuan languagesNorth Halmahera Galela Gamkonora Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Waioli West Makian Timor–Alor–Pantar Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika Asmat–Mombum Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan West Bird's Head Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit South Bird's Head Arandai Dombano Duriankari Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian East Bird's Head Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb West Bomberai Baham Iha Karas Dani Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali Paniai Lakes Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani Digul River Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon Foja Range Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou Lakes Plain Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai East Cenderawasih Bay Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria Yawa Saweru Yawa Demta–Sentani Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla Ok Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom Momuna–Mek Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai Skou Skou South Pauwasi Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim East Pauwasi Emem Zorop West Pauwasi Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku Kaure–Kosare Kaure Kosare Marind–Yaqai Bipim Marind Yaqay Bulaka River Maklew Yelmek Kayagar Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario Border Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris Senagi Dera Mairasi Mairasi Mer Semimi Kolopom Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana Yam Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei Lower Mamberamo Warembori Yoke Others Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Sumuri Uhunduni Other languagesCreoles and PidginsMalay-based creoles Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Bandanese Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontaloan Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay North Moluccan Malay Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Peranakan Serui Malay Other creoles and pidgins Bidau Creole Portuguese Javindo Mardijker Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis Tansi Immigrant languagesChinese Cantonese Hakka Fujianese Hokkien Medan Riau Tiochiu Hainanese Hinghwa Fuzhounese Mandarin European Dutch English Portuguese Indian Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Middle Eastern Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic Persian Others Filipino Japanese Korean Sign languages Indonesian Sign Languages Kata Kolok This Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"},{"link_name":"East Nusa Tenggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Manggarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggarai_language"}],"text":"Riung is a language of central Flores, in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. It has sometimes been considered a dialect of Manggarai to the west, but is only marginally intelligible with it.","title":"Riung language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1911/103420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1911%2F103420"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Central Malayo–Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Bima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bima_language"},{"link_name":"Sumba–Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages"},{"link_name":"Sumba–Hawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Hawu_languages"},{"link_name":"Savu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savu_languages"},{"link_name":"Hawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawu_language"},{"link_name":"Dhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhao_language"},{"link_name":"Sumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba_languages"},{"link_name":"Kambera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambera_language"},{"link_name":"Mamboru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamboru_language"},{"link_name":"Anakalangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anakalangu_language"},{"link_name":"Wanukaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanukaka_language"},{"link_name":"Pondok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondok_language"},{"link_name":"Baliledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliledo_language"},{"link_name":"Wejewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wejewa_language"},{"link_name":"Lamboya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamboya_language"},{"link_name":"Kodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_language"},{"link_name":"Gaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaura_language"},{"link_name":"Komodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_language"},{"link_name":"Manggarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggarai_language"},{"link_name":"Riung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rembong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembong_language"},{"link_name":"Rajong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajong_language"},{"link_name":"Kepo'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepo%27_language"},{"link_name":"Wae Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wae_Rana_language"},{"link_name":"Palu'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palu%27e_language"},{"link_name":"Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Lio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lio_language"},{"link_name":"Nage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nage_language"},{"link_name":"Ke'o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%27o_language"},{"link_name":"Ngad'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngad%27a_language"},{"link_name":"Rongga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongga_language"},{"link_name":"So'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%27a_language"},{"link_name":"Flores–Lembata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores-Lembata_languages"},{"link_name":"Sika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_language"},{"link_name":"Kedang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedang_language"},{"link_name":"Lamaholot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamaholot_language"},{"link_name":"Alorese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alorese_language"},{"link_name":"Lamatuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamatuka_language"},{"link_name":"Lewo Eleng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language"},{"link_name":"Levuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levuka_language"},{"link_name":"South Lembata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lembata_language"},{"link_name":"Lamalera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamalera_language"},{"link_name":"Lewotobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewotobi_language"},{"link_name":"Adonara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonara_language"},{"link_name":"Ile Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ile_Ape_language"},{"link_name":"Mingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingar_language"},{"link_name":"Selaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaru_languages"},{"link_name":"Selaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaru_language"},{"link_name":"Seluwasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluwasan_language"},{"link_name":"Kei–Tanimbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages"},{"link_name":"Kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_language"},{"link_name":"Fordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordata_language"},{"link_name":"Yamdena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamdena_language"},{"link_name":"Onin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onin_language"},{"link_name":"Sekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekar_language"},{"link_name":"Uruangnirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruangnirin_language"},{"link_name":"Aru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_languages"},{"link_name":"Barakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakai_language"},{"link_name":"Batuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuley_language"},{"link_name":"Dobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobel_language"},{"link_name":"Karey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karey_language"},{"link_name":"Koba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koba_language"},{"link_name":"Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_language"},{"link_name":"Lola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_language"},{"link_name":"Lorang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorang_language"},{"link_name":"Manombai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manombai_language"},{"link_name":"Mariri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariri_language"},{"link_name":"Tarangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarangan_language"},{"link_name":"Ujir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujir_language"},{"link_name":"Timoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoric_languages"},{"link_name":"Habu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habu_language"},{"link_name":"Helong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helong_language"},{"link_name":"Idalaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idalaka_language"},{"link_name":"Tetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetum_language"},{"link_name":"Kemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemak_language"},{"link_name":"Tukudede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukudede_language"},{"link_name":"Mambai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)"},{"link_name":"Bekais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekais_language"},{"link_name":"Wetar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetar_language"},{"link_name":"Galoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoli_language"},{"link_name":"Atauran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauran_language"},{"link_name":"Kawaimina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaimina_languages"},{"link_name":"Kairui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairui_language"},{"link_name":"Waimoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimoa_language"},{"link_name":"Midiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midiki_language"},{"link_name":"Naueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naueti_language"},{"link_name":"Romang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romang_language"},{"link_name":"Kisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisar_language"},{"link_name":"Leti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti_language"},{"link_name":"Luang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luang_language"},{"link_name":"Makuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuva_language"},{"link_name":"Bilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilba_language"},{"link_name":"Dengka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengka_language"},{"link_name":"Lole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lole_language"},{"link_name":"Ringgou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgou_language"},{"link_name":"Dela-Oenale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language"},{"link_name":"Termanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termanu_language"},{"link_name":"Tii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tii_language"},{"link_name":"Uab Meto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uab_Meto_language"},{"link_name":"Amarasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarasi_language"},{"link_name":"Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babar_languages"},{"link_name":"West Damar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Damar_language"},{"link_name":"Dawera-Daweloor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language"},{"link_name":"North Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Babar_language"},{"link_name":"Dai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)"},{"link_name":"Masela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masela_language"},{"link_name":"Serili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serili_language"},{"link_name":"Southeast Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language"},{"link_name":"Emplawas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emplawas_language"},{"link_name":"Imroing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imroing_language"},{"link_name":"Tela'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tela%27a_language"},{"link_name":"East Damar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Damar_language"},{"link_name":"Teun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teun_language"},{"link_name":"Nila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_language"},{"link_name":"Serua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serua_language"},{"link_name":"Kowiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowiai_language"},{"link_name":"Central 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Tagbanwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language"},{"link_name":"Bilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages"},{"link_name":"Blaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaan_language"},{"link_name":"Tboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tboli_language"},{"link_name":"Teduray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teduray_language"},{"link_name":"Sangiric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangiric_languages"},{"link_name":"Bantik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantik_language"},{"link_name":"Ratahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratahan_language"},{"link_name":"Sangirese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangirese_language"},{"link_name":"Talaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaud_language"},{"link_name":"Minahasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minahasan_languages"},{"link_name":"Tombulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombulu_language"},{"link_name":"Tondano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondano_language"},{"link_name":"Tonsawang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsawang_language"},{"link_name":"Tonsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsea_language"},{"link_name":"Tontemboan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontemboan_language"},{"link_name":"Ati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Klata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klata_language"},{"link_name":"Umiray 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Alabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language"},{"link_name":"Manide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manide_language"},{"link_name":"Barito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barito_languages"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language"},{"link_name":"Bushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushi_language"},{"link_name":"Deyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyah_language"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language"},{"link_name":"Witu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language"},{"link_name":"Balangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_Balangan_language"},{"link_name":"Ma'anyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language"},{"link_name":"Paku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Lawangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawangan_language"},{"link_name":"Kohin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohin_language"},{"link_name":"Dohoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot_Danum_language"},{"link_name":"Siang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siang_language"},{"link_name":"Bakumpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakumpai_language"},{"link_name":"Ngaju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaju_language"},{"link_name":"Ampanang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampanang_language"},{"link_name":"Tunjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjung_language"},{"link_name":"Sama–Bajaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages"},{"link_name":"Abaknon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaknon_language"},{"link_name":"Bajaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaw_language"},{"link_name":"Mapun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaw_language"},{"link_name":"Pangutaran Sama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language"},{"link_name":"Sama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_language"},{"link_name":"West Coast Bajaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajaw_language"},{"link_name":"Yakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakan_language"},{"link_name":"Basap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basap_language"},{"link_name":"GreaterNorth Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages"},{"link_name":"Northeast Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahan_languages"},{"link_name":"Ida'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%27an_language"},{"link_name":"Bonggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonggi_language"},{"link_name":"Molbog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molbog_language"},{"link_name":"Southwest Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahan_languages"},{"link_name":"Brunei Bisaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language"},{"link_name":"Lotud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotud_language"},{"link_name":"Dusunic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusunic_languages"},{"link_name":"Central Dusun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_language"},{"link_name":"Coastal Kadazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect"},{"link_name":"Kuijau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuijau_language"},{"link_name":"Eastern Kadazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language"},{"link_name":"Kota Marudu Talantang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language"},{"link_name":"Rungus / Momogun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momogun_language"},{"link_name":"Klias River Kadazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language"},{"link_name":"Paitanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paitanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Tombonuwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombonuwo_language"},{"link_name":"Kinabatangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabatangan_language"},{"link_name":"Abai Sungai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_language"},{"link_name":"Serudung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serudung_language"},{"link_name":"Tatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language"},{"link_name":"Papar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar_language"},{"link_name":"Murutic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murutic_languages"},{"link_name":"Tagol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagol_language"},{"link_name":"Timugon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timugon_language"},{"link_name":"Keningau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language"},{"link_name":"Selungai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language"},{"link_name":"Sembakung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sembakung_language"},{"link_name":"Baukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookan_language"},{"link_name":"Okolod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okolod_language"},{"link_name":"Paluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluan_language"},{"link_name":"Ganaʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Kalabakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabakan_language"},{"link_name":"Nonukan Tidong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language"},{"link_name":"Sesayap Tidong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesayap_Tidong_language"},{"link_name":"North Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages"},{"link_name":"Kenyah / Bakung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language"},{"link_name":"Sebob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebop_language"},{"link_name":"Tutoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutoh_language"},{"link_name":"Umaʼ Lasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language"},{"link_name":"Wahau Kenyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language"},{"link_name":"Penan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penan_language"},{"link_name":"Kelabit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelabit_language"},{"link_name":"Lengilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengilu_language"},{"link_name":"Lundayeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language"},{"link_name":"Sa'ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ban_language"},{"link_name":"Tring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tring_language"},{"link_name":"Berawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berawan_language"},{"link_name":"Belait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belait_language"},{"link_name":"Kiput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiput_language"},{"link_name":"Narom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narom_language"},{"link_name":"Tutong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutong_language"},{"link_name":"Bintulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintulu_language"},{"link_name":"Central Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages"},{"link_name":"Kajaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaman_language"},{"link_name":"Lahanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahanan_language"},{"link_name":"Sekapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekapan_language"},{"link_name":"Daro-Matu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daro-Matu_language"},{"link_name":"Kanowit–Tanjong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanowit_language"},{"link_name":"Melanau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanau_language"},{"link_name":"Bukitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukitan_language"},{"link_name":"Punan Batu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan_Batu_language"},{"link_name":"Sian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukit_language"},{"link_name":"Burusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusu_language"},{"link_name":"Bah-Biau Punan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language"},{"link_name":"Sajau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language"},{"link_name":"Punan Merap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan_Merap_language"},{"link_name":"Bukat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukat_language"},{"link_name":"Seru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seru_language"},{"link_name":"Lelak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelak_language"},{"link_name":"Kayanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages"},{"link_name":"Kayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)"},{"link_name":"Bahau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahau_language"},{"link_name":"Modang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modang_language"},{"link_name":"Segai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segai_language"},{"link_name":"Hovongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovongan_language"},{"link_name":"Aoheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoheng_language"},{"link_name":"Aput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aput_language"},{"link_name":"Punan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan_Merah_language"},{"link_name":"Krio Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language"},{"link_name":"Murik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language"},{"link_name":"Land Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages"},{"link_name":"Bakatiʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakati%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language"},{"link_name":"Laraʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Bukar–Sadong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language"},{"link_name":"Biatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biatah_language"},{"link_name":"Tringgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tringgus_language"},{"link_name":"Jagoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagoi_language"},{"link_name":"Jangkang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangkang_language"},{"link_name":"Kembayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembayan_language"},{"link_name":"Semandang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semandang_language"},{"link_name":"Ribun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribun_language"},{"link_name":"Benyaduʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyadu%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Sanggau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanggau_language"},{"link_name":"Aceh–Chamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamic_languages"},{"link_name":"Acehnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acehnese_language"},{"link_name":"Cham dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_language"},{"link_name":"Chru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chru_language"},{"link_name":"Haroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroi_language"},{"link_name":"Jarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarai_language"},{"link_name":"Rade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_language"},{"link_name":"Roglai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roglai_language"},{"link_name":"Tsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsat_language"},{"link_name":"Ibanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Iban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_language"},{"link_name":"Keninjal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninjal_language"},{"link_name":"Mualang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mualang_language"},{"link_name":"Remun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remun_language"},{"link_name":"Seberuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seberuang_language"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malay"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Minangkabau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_language"},{"link_name":"Brunei/Kedayan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay"},{"link_name":"Bamayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamayo_language"},{"link_name":"Banjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarese_language"},{"link_name":"Berau Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berau_Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Bangka Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka_Malay"},{"link_name":"Bengkulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu_language"},{"link_name":"Col","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_language"},{"link_name":"Duanoʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language"},{"link_name":"Haji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_language"},{"link_name":"Jambi Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi_Malay"},{"link_name":"Jakun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakun_language"},{"link_name":"Kedah Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kendayan / Selako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendayan_language"},{"link_name":"Kutai Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutainese_language"},{"link_name":"Kaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaur_language"},{"link_name":"Kerinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerinci_language"},{"link_name":"Kelantan-Pattani Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay"},{"link_name":"Kubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubu_language"},{"link_name":"Orang Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loncong_language"},{"link_name":"Lubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubu_language"},{"link_name":"Musi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang_language"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Orang Kanaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language"},{"link_name":"Orang Seletar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language"},{"link_name":"Pahang Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang_Malay"},{"link_name":"Pekal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekal_language"},{"link_name":"Perak Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_Malay"},{"link_name":"Pontianak Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak_Malay"},{"link_name":"Reman Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reman_Malay"},{"link_name":"Sarawak Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Malay"},{"link_name":"Temuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuan_language"},{"link_name":"Terengganu Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu_Malay"},{"link_name":"Urak Lawoi'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%27_language"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Old Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Baduy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduy_language"},{"link_name":"Bantenese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantenese_language"},{"link_name":"Cirebonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirebonese_Sundanese_language"},{"link_name":"Rejang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_language"},{"link_name":"Moklenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moklenic_languages"},{"link_name":"Moken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken_language"},{"link_name":"Moklen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moklen_language"},{"link_name":"Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages"},{"link_name":"Enggano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enggano_language"},{"link_name":"Gayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayo_language"},{"link_name":"Mentawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentawai_language"},{"link_name":"Nias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nias_language"},{"link_name":"Sikule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikule_language"},{"link_name":"Simeulue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeulue_language"},{"link_name":"Batak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_languages"},{"link_name":"Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas_language"},{"link_name":"Angkola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkola_language"},{"link_name":"Dairi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakpak_language"},{"link_name":"Karo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_Karo_language"},{"link_name":"Simalungun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language"},{"link_name":"Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_Batak_language"},{"link_name":"Mandailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandailing_language"},{"link_name":"Nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_language"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung_language"},{"link_name":"Komering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komering_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"Kawi / Old Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawi_language"},{"link_name":"Banyumasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect"},{"link_name":"Osing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osing_language"},{"link_name":"Tenggerese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect"},{"link_name":"Madurese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_language"},{"link_name":"Kangean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangean_language"},{"link_name":"Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_language"},{"link_name":"Sasak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak_language"},{"link_name":"Sumbawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbawa_language"},{"link_name":"Celebic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebic_languages"},{"link_name":"Bungku–Tolaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages"},{"link_name":"Bahonsuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahonsuai_language"},{"link_name":"Bungku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungku_language"},{"link_name":"Kodeoha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeoha_language"},{"link_name":"Kulisusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulisusu_language"},{"link_name":"Moronene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moronene_language"},{"link_name":"Mori 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Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awad_Bing_language"},{"link_name":"Bilibil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilibil_language"},{"link_name":"Gedaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedaged_language"},{"link_name":"Marik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marik_language"},{"link_name":"Matukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matukar_language"},{"link_name":"Mindiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindiri_language"},{"link_name":"Takia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takia_language"},{"link_name":"Wab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wab_language"},{"link_name":"Lamogai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamogai_language"},{"link_name":"Mouk-Aria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouk-Aria_language"},{"link_name":"Aigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigon_language"},{"link_name":"Karore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karore_language"},{"link_name":"Kaulong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulong_language"},{"link_name":"Miu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miu_language"},{"link_name":"Sengseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengseng_language"},{"link_name":"Aiklep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Arawe_language"},{"link_name":"Akolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akolet_language"},{"link_name":"Apalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Arawe_language"},{"link_name":"Avau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avau_language"},{"link_name":"Bebeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebeli_language"},{"link_name":"Gimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Arawe_language"},{"link_name":"Lesing-Gelimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesing-Gelimi_language"},{"link_name":"Mangseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangseng_language"},{"link_name":"Solong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solong_language"},{"link_name":"Lote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lote_language"},{"link_name":"Mamusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamusi_language"},{"link_name":"Mengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengen_language"},{"link_name":"Arop-Lukep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arop-Lokep_language"},{"link_name":"Karnai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnai_language"},{"link_name":"Malasanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malasanga_language"},{"link_name":"Mur 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Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewa_Bay_language"},{"link_name":"Dawawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawawa_language"},{"link_name":"Kakabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakabai_language"},{"link_name":"Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_language"},{"link_name":"Arifama-Miniafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arifama-Miniafia_language"},{"link_name":"Doga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doga_language"},{"link_name":"Gapapaiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language"},{"link_name":"Ghayavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghayavi_language"},{"link_name":"Kaninuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaninuwa_language"},{"link_name":"Ubir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubir_language"},{"link_name":"Gweda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweda_language"},{"link_name":"Haigwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigwai_language"},{"link_name":"Maiwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiwala_language"},{"link_name":"Minaveha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaveha_language"},{"link_name":"Taupota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taupota_language"},{"link_name":"Tawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawala_language"},{"link_name":"Yakaikeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakaikeke_language"},{"link_name":"Anuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuki_language"},{"link_name":"Gumawana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumawana_language"},{"link_name":"Budibud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budibud_language"},{"link_name":"Kilivila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilivila_language"},{"link_name":"Misima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misima_language"},{"link_name":"Muyuw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyuw_language"},{"link_name":"Nimoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimoa_language"},{"link_name":"Sudest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudest_language"},{"link_name":"SouthernOceanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages"},{"link_name":"NorthVanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages"},{"link_name":"Torres–Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages"},{"link_name":"Dorig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorig_language"},{"link_name":"Hiw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiw_language"},{"link_name":"Koro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)"},{"link_name":"Lakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakon_language"},{"link_name":"Lehali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehali_language"},{"link_name":"Lemerig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemerig_language"},{"link_name":"Lo-Toga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-Toga_language"},{"link_name":"Löyöp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language"},{"link_name":"Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mota_language"},{"link_name":"Mwerlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwerlap_language"},{"link_name":"Mwesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwesen_language"},{"link_name":"Mwotlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwotlap_language"},{"link_name":"Nume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nume_language"},{"link_name":"Olrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olrat_language"},{"link_name":"Vera’a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%27a_language"},{"link_name":"Volow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volow_language"},{"link_name":"Vurës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language"},{"link_name":"Baetora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetora_language"},{"link_name":"Duidui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ambae_language"},{"link_name":"Northeast 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creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages"},{"link_name":"Alor Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alor_Malay"},{"link_name":"Ambonese Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_Malay"},{"link_name":"Bandanese Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandanese_Malay"},{"link_name":"Balinese Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Malay"},{"link_name":"Betawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_language"},{"link_name":"Gorap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorap_language"},{"link_name":"Gorontaloan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorontaloan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kupang Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupang_Malay"},{"link_name":"Larantuka Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larantuka_Malay"},{"link_name":"Manado Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manado_Malay"},{"link_name":"Makassar Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_Malay"},{"link_name":"North Moluccan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Orang Pulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Pulo_language"},{"link_name":"Papuan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Peranakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Malay"},{"link_name":"Serui Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serui_Malay"},{"link_name":"Bidau Creole Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Javindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javindo_language"},{"link_name":"Mardijker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardijker_language"},{"link_name":"Petjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petjo_language"},{"link_name":"Pidgin Iha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iha_language"},{"link_name":"Pidgin Onin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onin_language"},{"link_name":"Portugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugis_language"},{"link_name":"Tansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tansi_language&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Fujianese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien"},{"link_name":"Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_Hokkien"},{"link_name":"Riau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Hokkien"},{"link_name":"Tiochiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_dialect"},{"link_name":"Hainanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainanese"},{"link_name":"Hinghwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min"},{"link_name":"Fuzhounese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzhounese"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_language"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languages"},{"link_name":"Hadhrami Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Sign languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_languages"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Sign Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"Kata Kolok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_Kolok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parao_postcard_from_the_Philippines_(1940).jpg"},{"link_name":"Austronesian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riung_language&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Austronesian-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian-lang-stub"}],"text":"Schmidt, Christopher K. (2013). Morphosyntax of Wangka, a Dialect of Rembong-Riung (PhD thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/103420.vteCentral Malayo–PolynesianBima\nBima\nSumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu\nHawu\nDhao\nSumba\nKambera\nMamboru\nAnakalangu\nWanukaka\nPondok\nBaliledo\nWejewa\nLamboya\nKodi\nGaura\nWestern Flores\nKomodo\nManggarai\nRiung\nRembong\nRajong\nKepo'\nWae Rana\nPalu'e\nEnde\nLio\nNage\nKe'o\nNgad'a\nRongga\nSo'a\nFlores–Lembata\nSika\nKedang\nLamaholot\nLamaholot\nAlorese\nLamatuka\nLewo Eleng\nLevuka\nSouth Lembata\nLamalera\nLewotobi\nAdonara\nIle Ape\nMingar\nSelaru\nSelaru\nSeluwasan\nKei–Tanimbar ?\nKei\nFordata\nYamdena\nOnin\nSekar\nUruangnirin\nAru\nBarakai\nBatuley\nDobel\nKarey\nKoba\nKola\nLola\nLorang\nManombai\nMariri\nTarangan\nUjir\nTimoric *\nHabu\nHelong\nIdalaka\nTetum\nCentral Timor *\nKemak\nTukudede\nMambai\nBekais\nWetar–Galoli ?\nWetar\nGaloli\nAtauran\nKawaimina\nKairui\nWaimoa\nMidiki\nNaueti\nLuangic–Kisaric\nRomang\nKisar\nLeti\nLuang\nMakuva ?\nRote–Meto *\nBilba\nDengka\nLole\nRinggou\nDela-Oenale\nTermanu\nTii\nUab Meto (Amarasi)\nBabar\nWest Damar\nDawera-Daweloor\nNorth Babar\nDai\nMasela\nSerili\nSoutheast Babar\nEmplawas\nImroing\nTela'a\nTNS\nEast Damar\nTeun †\nNila †\nSerua †\nKowiai ?\nKowiai\nCentral Maluku *\nTeor-Kur\nWest\nAmbelau\nBuru\nLisela\nHukumina †\nMoksela †\nSula\nMangole\nTaliabo\nEast\nBanda\nBati\nGeser\nWatubela\nBobot\nMasiwang\nHoti †\nBenggoi\nSalas\nLiana\nNunusaku\nKayeli †\nNuaulu\nHuaulu\nManusela\nWemale\nYalahatan\nPiru Bay ?\nAsilulu\nLuhu\nManipa\nWakasihu\nBoano (Moluccas)\nSepa–Teluti\nPaulohi\nKaibobo\nHitu\nTulehu\nLaha\nSeit-Kaitetu\nKamarian †\nHaruku\nAmahai\nNusa Laut\nSaparua\nLatu\n* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct statusvteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic\nRukai\nTsouic\nTsou\nKanakanavu\nSaaroa\nNorthernAtayalic\nAtayal\nSeediq\nNorthwestFormosan\nSaisiyat\nPazeh †\nKulon †\nThao\nBabuza\nFavorlang †\nPapora-Hoanya †\nEastKavalanic\nBasay †\nKavalan\nLuilang †\nAmi\nAmis\nSakizaya\nSiraiyac\nSiraya †\nTaivoan †\nSouthern ?\nPuyuma\nPaiwan\nBunun\nMalayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic)\nItbayat\nIvatan\nYami\nNorthern Luzon\nArta\nDicamay Agta †\nIlocano\nCagayan Valley\nAtta\nCagayan Agta\nGa'dang\nGaddang\nIbanag\nIsnag\nItawis\nYogad\nMeso-Cordilleran\nNorthern Alta\nSouthern Alta\nCentral Cordilleran\nBalangao\nBontoc\nIfugao\nIsinai\nItneg\nKalinga\nKankanaey\nTuwali\nSouthern Cordilleran\nBugkalot\nIbaloi\nIwaak\nKalanguya\nKarao\nPangasinan\nCentral Luzon\nKapampangan\nHatang Kayi (Remontado)\nSambalic\nAbellen\nAmbala\nMag-antsi\nBolinao\nBotolan\nMag-indi\nMariveleño\nSambal\nNorthern Mindoro\nAlangan\nIraya\nTadyawan\nGreater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro\nBuhid\nHanunoo\nTawbuid\nCentral PhilippineTagalogic\nFilipino\nKasiguranin\nTagalog\nOld Tagalog †\nBatangueño\nBikol\nAlbay Bikol\nCentral Bikol\nIsarog Agta\nMount Iraya Agta\nMount Iriga Agta\nPandan Bikol\nRinconada\nBisayan\nAkeanon\nAsi\nBantayanon\nBaybay\nButuanon\nCaluyanon\nCapiznon\nCebuano\nBoholano\nOld Cebuano †\nCuyonon\nHiligaynon\nKabalian\nKaray-a\nKarolanos\nMagahat\nMasbateño\nNorthern Sorsogon\nOnhan\nPorohanon\nRatagnon\nRomblomanon\nSouthern Sorsogon\nSulod\nSurigaonon\nTausug\nWaray\nMansakan\nDavawenyo\nKalagan\nKamayo\nMamanwa\nMandaya\nMansaka\n(unclassified)\nAta †\nPalawanic\nAborlan Tagbanwa\nBatak\nCentral Tagbanwa\nPalawano\nTaaw't Bato\nSubanen\nWestern Subanon\nDanao\nIranun\nMaguindanao\nMaranao\nManobo\nAgusan\nAta Manobo\nBinukid\nCotabato Manobo\nHigaonon\nIlianen\nKagayanen\nKamigin\nMatigsalug\nObo\nSarangani\nTagabawa\nWestern Bukidnon\nGorontalo–Mongondow\nBintauna\nBolango\nBuol\nGorontalo\nKaidipang\nLolak\nMongondow\nPonosakan\nSuwawa\nKalamian\nAgutaynen\nCalamian Tagbanwa\nBilic\nBlaan\nTboli\nTeduray\nSangiric\nBantik\nRatahan\nSangirese\nTalaud\nMinahasan\nTombulu\nTondano\nTonsawang\nTonsea\nTontemboan\nOther branches\nAti\nKlata\nUmiray Dumaget\nManide–Alabat\nInagta Alabat\nManide\nGreater Barito *Barito\nMalagasy\nBushi\nDeyah\nMalang\nWitu\nBalangan\nMa'anyan\nPaku\nLawangan\nKohin\nDohoi\nSiang\nBakumpai\nNgaju\nAmpanang\nTunjung\nSama–Bajaw\nAbaknon\nBajaw\nMapun\nPangutaran Sama\nSama\nWest Coast Bajaw\nYakan\nBasap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah *\nIda'an\nBonggi\nMolbog ?\nSouthwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud\nBrunei Bisaya\nLotud\nDusunic\nKadazandusun\nCentral Dusun\nCoastal Kadazan\nKuijau\nEastern Kadazan\nKota Marudu Talantang\nRungus / Momogun\nKlias River Kadazan\nPaitanic\nTombonuwo\nKinabatangan\nAbai Sungai\nSerudung\nGreaterMurutic *\nTatana ?\nPapar\nMurutic\nTagol\nTimugon\nKeningau\nSelungai\nSembakung\nBaukan\nOkolod\nPaluan\nGanaʼ\nKalabakan\nNonukan Tidong\nSesayap Tidong\nNorth Sarawak *\nKenyah / Bakung\nSebob\nTutoh\nUmaʼ Lasan\nWahau Kenyah\nPenan ?\nKelabit\nLengilu\nLundayeh\nSa'ban\nTring\nBerawan\nBelait\nKiput\nNarom\nTutong\nBintulu\nCentral Sarawak\nKajaman\nLahanan\nSekapan\nDaro-Matu\nKanowit–Tanjong\nMelanau\nBukitan\nPunan Batu\nSian\nUkit\nBurusu\nBah-Biau Punan\nSajau\nPunan Merap\nBukat\nSeru †\nLelak †\nKayanic\nKayan\nBahau\nModang\nSegai\nHovongan\nAoheng\nAput\nPunan\nKrio Dayak\nMurik\nLand Dayak\nBakatiʼ\nSara\nLaraʼ\nBukar–Sadong\nBiatah\nTringgus\nJagoi\nJangkang\nKembayan\nSemandang\nRibun\nBenyaduʼ\nSanggau\nMalayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic\nAcehnese\nCham dialects\nChru\nHaroi\nJarai\nRade\nRoglai\nTsat\nIban–MalayanIbanic\nIban\nKeninjal ?\nMualang\nRemun\nSeberuang\n\nMalay\nMalaysian\nIndonesian\nMinangkabau\nBrunei/Kedayan Malay\nBamayo\nBanjar\nBerau Malay\nBangka Malay\nBengkulu\nCol\nDuanoʼ\nHaji\nJambi Malay\nJakun\nKedah Malay\nKendayan / Selako ?\nKutai Malay\nKaur\nKerinci\nKelantan-Pattani Malay\nKubu\nOrang Laut\nLubu\nMusi\nNegeri Sembilan Malay\nOrang Kanaq\nOrang Seletar\nPahang Malay\nPekal\nPerak Malay\nPontianak Malay\nReman Malay\nSarawak Malay\nTemuan\nTerengganu Malay\nUrak Lawoi'\nSundanese\nSundanese\nOld Sundanese †\nBaduy\nBantenese\nCirebonese\nRejang ?\nRejang\nMoklenic ?\nMoken\nMoklen\nSumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands\nEnggano ?\nGayo\nMentawai\nNias\nSikule\nSimeulue\nBatak\nAlas\nAngkola\nDairi\nKaro\nSimalungun\nToba\nMandailing\n\nNasal ?\nLampungic\nLampung\nLampung Nyo\nLampung Api\nKomering\nJavanese\nJavanese\nKawi / Old Javanese †\nBanyumasan\nOsing\nTenggerese\nMadurese\nMadurese\nKangean\nBali–Sasak–Sumbawa\nBalinese\nSasak\nSumbawa\nCelebicBungku–Tolaki\nBahonsuai\nBungku\nKodeoha\nKulisusu\nMoronene\nMori Bawah\nMori Atas\nPadoe\nRahambuu\nTolaki\nTomadino\nWaru\nWawonii\nMuna–Buton\nBonerate\nBusoa\nCia-Cia\nKaimbulawa\nKumbewaha\nLasalimu\nLiabuku\nMuna\nPancana\nTukang Besi\nSaluan–Banggai\nAndio\nBalantak\nBanggai\nBatui\nBobongko\nSaluan\nTomini–Tolitoli *\nBalaesang\nBoano ?\nDampelas\nDondo\nLauje\nPendau\nTaje\nTajio\nTomini\nTotoli ?\nKaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona\nKaili\nMbelala\nMoma\nPamona\nRampi\nSarudu\nSedoa\nTopoiyo\nUma\nWotu–Wolio\nKalao\nKamaru\nLaiyolo\nLedo Kaili *\nWolio\nWotu\nSouth SulawesiBugis\nBuginese\nCampalagian\nEmbaloh\nTaman\nMakassar\nMakassarese\nBentong\nCoastal Konjo\nHighland Konjo\nSelayar\nSeko–Badaic *Seko\nBudong-Budong\nPanasuan\nSeko Padang\nSeko Tengah\nBadaic\nBada\nBehoa\nNapu\nNorthern\nMamuju\nMandar\nMassenrempulu\nDuri\nEnrekang\nMaiwa\nMalimpung\nPitu Ulunna Salu\nAralle-Tabulahan\nBambam\nDakka\nPannei\nUlumandaʼ\nToraja\nKalumpang\nMamasa\nPattae'\nLawa\nTalondoʼ ?\nToraja-Saʼdan\n\nLemolang\nIsolates\nChamorro\nPalauan\nCentral Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima\nBima\nSumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu\nHawu\nDhao\nSumba\nKambera\nMamboru\nAnakalangu\nWanukaka\nPondok\nBaliledo\nWejewa\nLamboya\nKodi\nGaura\nWestern Flores\nKomodo\nManggarai\nRiung\nRembong\nRajong\nKepoʼ\nWae Rana\nPalu'e\nEnde\nLio\nNagé-Kéo\nNgadha\nRongga\nSoʼa\nFlores–Lembata\nSika\nKedang\nLamaholot\nLamaholot\nAlorese\nLamatuka\nLewo Eleng\nLevuka\nSouth Lembata\nLamalera\nLewotobi\nAdonara\nIle Ape\nMingar\nSelaru\nSelaru\nSeluwasan\nKei–Tanimbar ?\nKei\nFordata\nYamdena\nOnin\nSekar\nUruangnirin\nAru\nBarakai\nBatuley\nDobel\nKarey\nKoba\nKola\nLola\nLorang\nManombai\nMariri\nTarangan\nUjir\nTimoric *\nHelong\nTetum\nIdalaka\nCentral Timor *\nKemak\nTukudede\nMambai\nBekais\nWetar–Galoli ?\nWetar\nGaloli\nAtauran\nKawaimina\nKairui\nWaimoa\nMidiki\nNaueti ?\nHabun ?\nLuangic–Kisaric ?\nRomang\nKisar\nLeti\nLuang\nMakuva\nRote–Meto\nBilba\nDengka\nLole\nRinggou\nDela-Oenale\nTermanu\nTii\nUab Meto\nAmarasi\nBabar\nWest Damar\nDawera-Daweloor\nNorth Babar\nDai\nMasela\nSerili\nSoutheast Babar\nEmplawas\nImroing\nTelaʼa\nSouthwest Maluku\nEast Damar\nTeun\nNila\nSerua\nKowiai ?\nKowiai\nCentral Maluku *\nTeor-Kur\nWest\nAmbelau\nBuru\nLisela\nHukumina †\nMoksela †\nSula\nMangole\nTaliabo\nEast\nBanda\nBati\nGeser\nWatubela\nBobot\nMasiwang\nHoti †\nBenggoi\nSalas\nLiana\nNunusaku\nKayeli †\nNuaulu\nHuaulu\nManusela\nWemale\nYalahatan\nPiru Bay ?\nAsilulu\nLuhu\nManipa\nWakasihu\nBoano\nSepa-Teluti\nPaulohi\nKaibobo\nHitu\nTulehu\nLaha\nSeit-Kaitetu\nKamarian †\nHaruku\nAmahai\nNusa Laut\nSaparua\nLatu\nEastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG\nTandia †\nMor\nWaropen\nWarembori ?\nYoke ?\nHalmahera SeaAmbel–Biga\nAmbel\nBiga\nMaya–Matbat\nMa'ya\nMatbat\nMaden\nMaden\nFiawat\nAs\nAs\nSouth Halmahera\nGane\nTaba\nBuli\nMaba\nPatani\nSawai\nGebe\nCenderawasihBiakic\nBiak\nDusner †\nMeoswar\nRoon\nYapen\nAmbai\nAnsus\nMarau\nWamesa\nWooi\nMunggui\nPapuma\nPom\nSerui-Laut\nKurudu\nWabo\nSouthwest\nYaur\nYerisiam\nUmar\nOceanicAdmiralty\nYapese ?\nEastern\nManus\nBaluan-Pam\nLenkau\nLou\nNauna\nPenchal\nWestern\nNorthern Kaniet †\nSouthern Kaniet †\nSeimat\nWuvulu\nAua\nSaint Matthias\nMussau-Emira\nTenis\nTemotuUtupua\nAmba\nAsumboa\nTanimbili\nVanikoro\nTeanu\nLovono\nTanema\nReefs–Santa Cruz\nÄiwoo\nEngdewu / Nanggu\nNatügu / Santa Cruz\nNalögo\nNoipx\nSoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal\nBugotu\nGela\nLengo\nBirao\nGhari\nMalango\nTalise\nMalaita–San Cristobal\nLonggu\nSa'a\nArosi\nFagani\nBauro\nKahua\nOwa\nMarau Wawa ? †\nToʼabaita\nBaelelea\nBaeggu\nFataleka\nLau\nKwara'ae\nWala\nGula'alaa\nKwaio\nDori'o\nꞋAreꞌare\nOroha\nWesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez\nBola\nBulu\nMeramera\nNakanai\nBali-Vitu\nBali\nVitu\nNew Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik\nKara\nLaxudumau\nNalik\nTiang\nTigak\nTungag\nTabar\nLihir\nMadara\nNotsi\nMadak\nBarok\nLavatbura–Lamusong\nMadak\nSt. George\nBilur\nFanamaket\nGuramalum †\nKandas\nKonomala\nLabel\nLungalunga\nNiwer Mil\nPatpatar\nRamoaaina\nSiar\nSursurunga\nTangga\nTolai\nNorthwestSolomonic\nBabatana\nBannoni\nBlablanga\nCheke Holo\nGao\nGhanongga\nHahon\nHakö\nHalia\nHoava\nKazukuru †\nKokota\nKusaghe\nLaghu †\nLungga\nMarovo\nMono-Alu\nNduke\nNehan\nPapapana\nPetats\nPiva\nRirio\nRoviana\nSaposa\nSimbo\nSolos\nTeop\nTinputz\nTorau\nUghele\nUruava †\nVaghua\nVangunu\nVarisi\nZabana\nZazao\n\nTomoip\nNorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ?\nAnus\nBonggo\nKayupulau\nLiki\nMasimasi\nOrmu\nPodena\nKaptiau\nSobei\nTarpia\nTobati\nWakde\nYamna\nSchouten\nArop-Sissano\nSera\nSissano\nUlau-Suain\nTumleo\nYakamul\nKaiep\nKairiru\nTerebu\nBiem\nKis\nManam\nMedebur\nSepa\nWogeo\nHuon Gulf\nBukawa\nKela\nYabem\nAribwatsa †\nAribwaung\nAdzera\nDangal\nDuwet\nLabu\nMaralango\nMari\nMusom\nNafi\nSilisili\nWampar\nWampur\nHote\nIwal\nKapin\nKumalu\nMangga Buang\nMapos Buang\nMumeng\nPiu\nVehes\nYamap\nNumbami\nNgero–Vitiaz\nBariai\nGitua\nKove\nLusi\nMalalamai\nMutu\nAwad Bing\nBilibil\nGedaged\nMarik\nMatukar\nMindiri\nTakia\nWab\nLamogai\nMouk-Aria\nAigon\nKarore\nKaulong †\nMiu\nSengseng\nAiklep\nAkolet\nApalik\nAvau\nBebeli\nGimi\nLesing-Gelimi\nMangseng\nSolong\nLote\nMamusi\nMengen\nArop-Lukep\nKarnai\nMalasanga\nMur Pano\nMato\nRonji\nAmara\nMaleu\nMbula\nSio\nTami\nPapuan TipNuclear\nʼAuhelawa\nBuhutu\nBwanabwana\nOya'oya\nSaliba\nSuau\nUnubahe\nWagawaga\nBwaidoka\nDiodio\nIamalele\nIduna\nKoluwawa\nMaiadomu\nBunama\nBoselewa\nDobu\nDuau\nGaleya\nMolima\nMwatebu\nSewa Bay\nDawawa\nKakabai\nAre\nArifama-Miniafia\nDoga\nGapapaiwa\nGhayavi\nKaninuwa\nUbir\nGweda\nHaigwai\nMaiwala\nMinaveha\nTaupota\nTawala\nYakaikeke\nAnuki\nGumawana\nKilivila–Misima\nBudibud\nKilivila\nMisima\nMuyuw\nNimoa–Sudest\nNimoa\nSudest\nSouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks\nDorig\nHiw\nKoro\nLakon\nLehali\nLemerig\nLo-Toga\nLöyöp\nMota\nMwerlap\nMwesen\nMwotlap\nNume\nOlrat\nVera’a\nVolow\nVurës\nMaewo–Ambae–North Pentecost\nBaetora\nDuidui\nNortheast Ambae\nRaga\nSun̄wadaga\nSun̄wadia\nSouth Pentecost\nApma\nSa\nSke\nSowa †\nEspiritu Santo\nAkei\nAore †\nAraki\nCape Cumberland\nNokuku\nKiai\nM̈av̈ea\nMerei-Tiale\nMores\nSakao\nShark Bay\nTamambo\nTangoa\nTasiriki\nTolomako\nTutuba\nWusi\nNuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu\nNorth Efate\nNafsan\nEfatese\nEton\nLelepa\nMakura\nDaakaka\nDalkalaen\nLonwolwol\nPaamese\nPort Vato\nSoutheast Ambrym\nEpi\nBaki\nBierebo\nBieria\nLamen\nLewo\nMaii\nMalakula\nAulua\nAvava\nAveteian\nAxamb\nBig Nambas\nBotovro\nBurmbar\nBwenelang\nLarëvat\nLendamboi\nLitzlitz\nMalfaxal\nMalua Bay\nMaskelynes\nNahavaq\nNasarian\nNasvang\nNāti\nNavwien\nNese\nNeve'ei\nNeverver\nNinde\nNisvai\nNitita\nPort Sandwich\nRerep\nSörsörian\nTape\nTirax\nUnua\nNortheast Malakula\nVao\nVivti\nRutan\nAlovas\nNajit\nNjav\n\nSouth VanuatuErromango\nErromanga / Sie\nSorung †\nUra\nUtaha / Ifo †\nTanna\nKwamera / South Tanna\nLenakel / West Tanna\nNorth Tanna\nSouthwest Tanna\nWhitesands / East Tanna\n\nAneityum\nLoyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands\nDrehu\nIaai\nNengone\nNew CaledonianSouthern\nAjië\nArhâ\nArhö\nNdrumbea\nNeku\nNumèè\nOrowe\nTîrî\nXârâcùù\nXârâgurè\nZire †\nNorthern\nBwatoo\nCaac\nCèmuhî\nFwâi\nHaeke\nHaveke\nHmwaveke\nJawe\nKumak\nNemi\nNyâlayu\nPaicî\nPije\nPwaamei\nPwapwâ\nVamale\nWaamwang †\nYuanga\nMicronesian\nNauruan\nNuclearMicronesian\nGilbertese\nKosraean\nMarshallese\nChuukic–PohnpeicChuukic\nCarolinian\nChuukese\nMapia †\nMortlockese\nNamonuito\nPááfang\nPuluwatese\nSatawalese\nSonsorol\nTanapag\nTobian\nUlithian\nWoleaian\nPohnpeic\nMokilese\nNgatikese\nPingelapese\nPohnpeian\nCentralPacificWest\nNamosi-Naitasiri-Serua\nRotuman\nWestern Fijian\nEast\nFijian\nGone Dau\nLauan\nLomaiviti\nPolynesianNuclearPolynesian\nKapingamarangi\nNuguria\nNukumanu\nNukuoro\nOntong Java\nSikaiana\nTakuu\nTuvaluan\nSamoic\nNiuatoputapu †\nSamoan\nTokelauan\nEastern\nAustral\nCook Islands Māori\nHawaiian\nMangareva\nMāori\nMoriori †\nMarquesan\nPenrhyn\nRakahanga-Manihiki\nRapa\nRapa Nui\nTahitian\nTuamotuan\nFutunic\nAnuta\nEmae\nFutuna-Aniwa / West Futunan\nFutunan / East Futunan\nMele-Fila\nPukapukan\nRennellese\nTikopia\nWallisian / East Uvean\nWest Uvean\nTongic\nNiuafoʻou ?\nNiuean\nTongan\n* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct statusvteLanguages of IndonesiaWestern languagesMalayo-Sumbawan\nIndonesian\nSlang\nAcehnese\nBalinese\nBamayo\nBanjarese\nBawean\nDuano'\nHaji\nIban\nKangean\nKendayan\nKeninjal\nKerinci\nKubu\nLubu\nLoncong\nMadurese\nMalay\nAnambas-Natuna\nBacan\nBangka\nBelitung \nBengkulu\nBerau\nBesemah\nCol/Lembak\nDeli \nEnim\nJambi\nKaur\nJaring Halus\nKutai\nLangkat\nOgan\nPalembang-Musi\nPekal\nPontianak\nRiau\nSambas\nSemende \nTamiang\nMinangkabau\nJamee \nKampar\nMukomuko\nPesisir\nMualang\nSasak\nSeberuang\nSumbawan\nSundanese\nBaduy\nBantenese\nJavanese\nJavanese\nBanyumasan\nCirebonese\nOsing\nTenggerese\nKawi \nCelebic\nAndio\nBada\nBahonsuai\nBalaesang\nBalantak\nBanggai\nBatui\nBehoa\nBoano\nBobongko\nBonerate\nBungku\nBusoa\nCia-Cia\nDampelas\nDondo\nKalao\nKaili\nKaimbulawa\nKamaru\nKodeoha\nKulisusu\nKumbewaha\nLasalimu\nLaiyolo\nLauje\nLiabuku\nMbelala\nMoronene\nMori Bawah\nMori Atas\nMoma\nMuna\nNapu\nPadoe\nPancana\nPendau\nRahambuu\nRampi\nSaluan\nSarudu\nSedoa\nPamona\nTaje\nTajio\nTukang Besi\nTolaki\nTomadino\nTopoiyo\nTomini\nTotoli\nUma\nWaru\nWawonii\nWolio\nWotu\nLampungic\nKomering\nLampung\nNorthwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands\nBatak\nAlas\nBatak Angkola\nBatak Dairi\nBatak Karo\nBatak Mandailing\nBatak Simalungun\nBatak Toba\nEnggano\nGayo\nMentawai\nNias\nSimeulue\nSikule\nSouth Sulawesi\nAralle-Tabulahan\nBambam\nBentong\nBudong-Budong\nBuginese\nCampalagian\nCoastal Konjo\nDakka\nDuri\nEmbaloh\nEnrekang\nHighland Konjo\nKalumpang\nLemolang\nMaiwa\nMakassarese\nMalimpung\nMamasa\nMamuju\nMandar\nPanasuan\nPannei\nSelayar\nSeko Padang\nSeko Tengah\nTae’\nTalondo’\nTaman\nToraja-Sa’dan\nUlumanda’\nBarito\nAmpanang\nBakumpai\nBajaw \nDeyah\nKohin\nLawangan\nMa'anyan\nMalang\nNgaju\nOt Danum\nSama \nOt Siang\nTunjung\nWitu\nPakau\nKayan–Murik\nAoheng\nAput\nBahau\nHovongan\nKayan\nKrio\nModang\nPunan Merah\nSegai\nLand Dayak\nBakati’\nBiatah\nBukar Sadong\nJangkang\nKembayan\nLaraʼ\nNyadu’\nRejangese\nRibun\nSanggau\nSara\nSemandang\nBeginci\nGerai\nTringgus\nNorth Bornean\nBah-Biau\nBasap\nBukat\nBukitan\nKelabit\nKenyah\nMainstream\nLengilu\nLun Bawang\nMurut\nOkolod\nSelungai\nSembakung\nTagol\nPunan Merap\nPunan Tubu\nSa'ban\nSajau\nTidung\nBurusu\nKalabakan\nNonukan\nPhilippine languagesCentral Philippine\nTausug\nGorontalo-Mongondow\nBintauna\nBolango\nBuol\nGorontaloan\nKaidipang\nLolak\nMongondow\nPonosakan\nSuwawa\nMinahasan\nTombulu\nTondano\nTonsawang\nTonsea\nTontemboan\nSangiric\nBantik\nRatahan\nSangirese\nTalaud\nCentral-Eastern languagesAru\nBarakai\nBatuley\nDobel\nKarey\nKoba\nKola-Kompane\nLola\nLorang\nManombai\nMariri\nTarangan\nUjir\nCentral Maluku\nAlune\nAmahai\nAmbelau\nAsilulu\nBanda\nBati\nBenggoi\nBoano\nBobot\nBuru\nGeser\nHaruku\nHitu\nHoti\nHuaulu\nHulung\nKaibobo\nKamarian\nKowiai\nLaha\nLarike-Wakasihu\nLatu\nLiana-Seti\nLisabata-Nuniali\nLisela\nLoun\nLuhu\nMangole\nManipa\nManusela\nMasiwang\nNaka'ela\nNuaulu\nNusa Laut\nPaulohi\nSalas\nSaleman\nSaparua\nSeit-Kaitetu\nSepa-Teluti\nSula\nTaliabo\nTeor-Kur\nTulehu\nWatubela\nWemale\nYalahatan\nFlores–Lembata\nAlorese\nKedang\nLamaholot\n Adonara \n Ile Ape \n Lamalera \n Lamatuka \n Levuka \n Lewo Eleng \n Lewotobi \n South Lembata \n West Lembata \nSika\nHalmahera-Cenderawasih\nAmbai\nAmbel \nAnsus\nArguni\nAs\nBedoanas\nBiak\nBiga \nBuli\nBusami\nDusner\nErokwanas\nGane \nIrarutu\nIresim\nKuri\nKurudu\nMaba \nMaden \nMatbat \nMa'ya\nMunggui\nMarau\nMeoswar\nMor\nPapuma\nPatani \nPom\nRoon\nSawai \nSerui-Laut\nTaba \nTandia\nWabo\nWamesa \nWandamen\nWaropen\nWoi\nYaur\nYeretuar\nYeresiam \nKei-Tanimbar\nFordata\nKei\nOnin\nSekar\nUruangnirin\nYamdena\nSelaru\nSelaru\nSeluwasan\nSumba–Flores\nAnakalangu\nBaliledo\nBima\nDhao\nEnde\nGaura\nHawu\nKambera\nKéo\nKodi\nKomodo\nLamboya\nLio\nMamboru\nManggarai\nNage\nNgadha\nPalu'e\nPondok\nRajong\nRembong\nRiung\nRongga\nSo'a\nKepo'\nWae Rana\nWanukaka\nWejewa\nTimor–Babar\nAmarasi\nBekais\nBilba\nDai\nDawera-Daweloor\nDela-Oenale\nDengka\nEast Damar\nEmplawas\nGaloli\nHelong\nImroing\nKemak \nKisar\nLeti\nLole\nLuang\nMasela\nNila\nNorth Babar\nRinggou\nRomang\nSerili\nSerua\nSoutheast Babar\nTela'a\nTermanu\nTetum\nTe'un\nTii\nUab Meto\nWest Damar\nWelaun \nWetar\nWestern Oceanic\nAnus\nBonggo\nKayupulau\nLiki\nMasimasi\nOrmu\nPodena\nKaptiau\nSobei\nTarpia\nTobati\nWakde\nYamna\nPapuan languagesNorth Halmahera\nGalela\nGamkonora\nLoloda\nModole\nPagu\nSahu\nTabaru\nTernate\nTidore\nTobelo\nWaioli\nWest Makian\nTimor–Alor–Pantar\nAbui\nAdang\nBlagar\nBunak\nKaera\nKafoa\nKamang\nKlon\nKui\nKula\nNedebang\nOirata\nRetta\nSawila\nTeiwa\nWersing\nWestern Pantar\nWoisika \nAsmat–Mombum\nBuruwai\nCasuarina Coast Asmat\nCentral Asmat\nNorth Asmat\nCitak \nMombum \nKamberau\nKamoro\nKoneraw \nSempan \nWest Bird's Head\nKalabra\nKuwani\nMoi\nMoraid\nSeget\nTehit\nSouth Bird's Head\nArandai\nDombano \nDuriankari\nInanwatan\nKaburi\nKais\nKemberano\nKokoda \nKonda\nKovojab \nPuragi\nYahadian\nEast Bird's Head\nHatam\nMansim\nMeyah\nMoskona\nSougb\nWest Bomberai\nBaham\nIha\nKaras\nDani\nGrand Valley Dani\nHupla\nNduga\nNggem\nSilimo\nWalak\nWano\nWestern Dani\nYali\nPaniai Lakes\nAuye\nDao\nEkari\nMoni\nWolani\nDigul River\nAghu \nAwbono \nBayono \nDensar \nEdera\nJair\nKombai\nKomyandaret \nKorowai \nMandobo \nPisa \nSawi \nShiaxa \nTsaukambo \nWambon\nFoja Range\nAiroran\nBagusa\nBerik \nBetaf \nBonerif \nDabe \nDineor \nEdwas \nGresi\nIsirawa \nItik \nKapori \nKauwera\nKeijar \nKemtuik\nKwerba \nKwerba Mamberamo\nKwesten \nKwinsu \nMander\nMassep \nMawes \nMekwei \nMlap\nNamblong \nNimboran \nOrya \nSause \nOksapmin\nSamarokena\nTrimuris \nVitou \nLakes Plain\nAwera\nBiritai \nDoutai \nDuvle \nEritai \nFayu \nFoau \nIau \nKaiy \nKeuw \nKirikiri \nKwerisa \nObokuitai \nPapasena \nRasawa \nSikaritai \nTause \nTaworta \nWaritai \nEast Cenderawasih Bay\nBaropasi \nBauzi \nBurate \nDemisa \nKofei \nNisa-Anasi\nSauri \nTefaro \nTunggare \nWoria\nYawa \nSaweru \nYawa \nDemta–Sentani\nDemta \nNafri\nSentani\nTabla\nOk\nBurumakok \nFaiwol \nIwur \nKopka \nMuyu \nNakai \nNgalum \nNinggerum \nTangko \nTifal \nYonggom \nMomuna–Mek\nEipo \nGoliath \nKetengban \nKosarek \nKorupun \nNalca \nNipsan \nSomahai \nSkou \nSkou\nSouth Pauwasi\nBiksi-Yetfa\nKembra \nKimki \nLepki \nMurkim \nEast Pauwasi\nEmem \nZorop \nWest Pauwasi\nNamla \nTebi \nTofanma \nTowei \nUsku \nKaure–Kosare\nKaure \nKosare \nMarind–Yaqai\nBipim \nMarind \nYaqay \nBulaka River\nMaklew \nYelmek \nKayagar \nAtohwaim \nKayagar \nTamagario \nBorder\nAwyi \nElseng \nTaikat \nManem\nSowanda \nViid\nWaris \nSenagi \nDera \nMairasi \nMairasi \nMer \nSemimi \nKolopom \nKimaghama \nMorori \nNdom \nRiantana \nYam\nNgkolmpu Kanum\nRema \nSmerki \nTamer \nYei \nLower Mamberamo\nWarembori \nYoke \nOthers\nAbinomn \nAbun\nAmung \nBurmeso\nDem \nKanum\nMaklew\nMaybrat\nMolof \nMomina\nMor \nMpur\nSumuri\nUhunduni\nOther languagesCreoles and PidginsMalay-based creoles\nAlor Malay\nAmbonese Malay\nBandanese Malay\nBalinese Malay\nBetawi\nGorap\nGorontaloan Malay\nKupang Malay\nLarantuka Malay\nManado Malay\nMakassar Malay\nNorth Moluccan Malay\nOrang Pulo\nPapuan Malay\nPeranakan\nSerui Malay\n\nOther creoles and pidgins\nBidau Creole Portuguese\nJavindo\nMardijker\nPetjo\nPidgin Iha\nPidgin Onin\nPortugis\nTansi\nImmigrant languagesChinese\nCantonese\nHakka\nFujianese\nHokkien\nMedan\nRiau\nTiochiu\nHainanese\nHinghwa\nFuzhounese\nMandarin\nEuropean\nDutch\nEnglish\nPortuguese\nIndian\nBengali \nGujarati \nOdia\nPali \nPunjabi \nSanskrit\nSindhi \nTamil\nTelugu \nUrdu\nMiddle Eastern\nArabic\nHadhrami Arabic\nModern Standard Arabic\nPersian\nOthers\nFilipino \nJapanese \nKorean\nSign languages\nIndonesian Sign Languages\nKata KolokThis Austronesian languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Schmidt, Christopher K. (2013). Morphosyntax of Wangka, a Dialect of Rembong-Riung (PhD thesis). Rice University. hdl:1911/103420.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1911%2F103420","url_text":"1911/103420"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/riun1237","external_links_name":"riun1237"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/riu/","external_links_name":"Riung"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1911%2F103420","external_links_name":"1911/103420"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riung_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Rowse
Anthony Rowse
["1 References"]
First colonial Governor of Suriname Anthony RowseGovernor of SurinamIn office1650–1654Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byWilliam Byam Anthony Rowse was the first Colonial Governor of Suriname during English suzerainty. Sir Thomas Modyford, 1st Baronet mentions his starting an English settlement on the Suriname River. In 1650 reportedly landed in Suriname with around 300 people. That said as the effort had been initiated by Baron Francis Willoughby it would later be known as Willoughby-Land. Once there Rowse is said to have negotiated with two "Carib kings or princes." References ^ Michiel van Groesen (9 June 2014). The Legacy of Dutch Brazil. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-107-06117-0. ^ Jonathan D. Hill (1 June 1996). History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992. University of Iowa Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-58729-110-4. ^ Ellen-Rose Kambel (1 January 1999). The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Maroons in Suriname. IWGIA. p. 23. ISBN 978-87-90730-17-8. This article about a Surinamese politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Michiel van Groesen (9 June 2014). The Legacy of Dutch Brazil. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-107-06117-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pTiNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50","url_text":"The Legacy of Dutch Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06117-0","url_text":"978-1-107-06117-0"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan D. Hill (1 June 1996). History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992. University of Iowa Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-58729-110-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_IBDiceEY8UC&pg=PA28","url_text":"History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-110-4","url_text":"978-1-58729-110-4"}]},{"reference":"Ellen-Rose Kambel (1 January 1999). The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Maroons in Suriname. IWGIA. p. 23. ISBN 978-87-90730-17-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DP7wFoSr6LsC&pg=PA23","url_text":"The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Maroons in Suriname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-90730-17-8","url_text":"978-87-90730-17-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceropegia_fusca
Ceropegia fusca
["1 Description","2 Cultivation","3 References and external links"]
Species of plant Ceropegia fusca Illustration of Ceropegia fusca Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Genus: Ceropegia Species: C. fusca Binomial name Ceropegia fuscaBolle Ceropegia fusca is a flowering plant in the genus Ceropegia (Apocynaceae). It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it grows on Tenerife (especially the Macizo de Anaga area), Gran Canaria, and La Palma in the Tabaibal-Cardonal zone at up to about 600 m altitude. Description Ceropegia fusca forms erect woody stems reaching to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are deciduous, arranged in opposite pairs, each leaf narrow, 5 cm long. The flowers are produced in clusters of two to five in the leaf axils; they are tubular, reddish brown, with five narrow lobes joined at the tip; flowering is in spring to summer. The fruit is a pair of large capsules up to 10 cm long. Cultivation Ceropegia fusca is used as an ornamental plant in dry and drought tolerant water conserving gardens. It requires hot conditions to grow well. References and external links Pérez, M. Á. C. (1999). Native Flora of the Canary Islands. Everest, León. ISBN 84-241-3555-5. Sightings of Ceropegia fusca Taxon identifiersCeropegia fusca Wikidata: Q510863 Wikispecies: Ceropegia fusca APDB: 132134 CoL: 5XNF9 EoL: 2942926 GBIF: 7150735 GRIN: 318211 iNaturalist: 525558 IPNI: 95585-1 ITIS: 893989 NCBI: 1720530 Observation.org: 105131 Open Tree of Life: 5145352 Plant List: kew-2712871 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:95585-1 Tropicos: 2603284 WFO: wfo-0000598198 This Apocynaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Ceropegia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceropegia"},{"link_name":"Apocynaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"link_name":"Macizo de Anaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macizo_de_Anaga"},{"link_name":"Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"La Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Palma"}],"text":"Ceropegia fusca is a flowering plant in the genus Ceropegia (Apocynaceae). It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where it grows on Tenerife (especially the Macizo de Anaga area), Gran Canaria, and La Palma in the Tabaibal-Cardonal zone at up to about 600 m altitude.","title":"Ceropegia fusca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"capsules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)"}],"text":"Ceropegia fusca forms erect woody stems reaching to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are deciduous, arranged in opposite pairs, each leaf narrow, 5 cm long. The flowers are produced in clusters of two to five in the leaf axils; they are tubular, reddish brown, with five narrow lobes joined at the tip; flowering is in spring to summer. The fruit is a pair of large capsules up to 10 cm long.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant"},{"link_name":"drought tolerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeriscape"}],"text":"Ceropegia fusca is used as an ornamental plant in dry and drought tolerant water conserving gardens. It requires hot conditions to grow well.","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-241-3555-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-241-3555-5"},{"link_name":"Sightings of Ceropegia fusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/soort/photos/105131"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q510863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q510863"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Ceropegia fusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ceropegia_fusca"},{"link_name":"132134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/132134"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"5XNF9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5XNF9"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"2942926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/2942926"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"7150735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/7150735"},{"link_name":"GRIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network"},{"link_name":"318211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=318211"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"525558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/525558"},{"link_name":"IPNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"95585-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipni.org/n/95585-1"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"893989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=893989"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"1720530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1720530"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"105131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/105131/"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"5145352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5145352"},{"link_name":"Plant List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List"},{"link_name":"kew-2712871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2712871"},{"link_name":"POWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:95585-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A95585-1"},{"link_name":"Tropicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos"},{"link_name":"2603284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//legacy.tropicos.org/Name/2603284"},{"link_name":"WFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online"},{"link_name":"wfo-0000598198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000598198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_curassavica12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apocynaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceropegia_fusca&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Apocynaceae-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Apocynaceae-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apocynaceae-stub"}],"text":"Pérez, M. Á. C. (1999). Native Flora of the Canary Islands. Everest, León. ISBN 84-241-3555-5.\nSightings of Ceropegia fuscaTaxon identifiersCeropegia fusca\nWikidata: Q510863\nWikispecies: Ceropegia fusca\nAPDB: 132134\nCoL: 5XNF9\nEoL: 2942926\nGBIF: 7150735\nGRIN: 318211\niNaturalist: 525558\nIPNI: 95585-1\nITIS: 893989\nNCBI: 1720530\nObservation.org: 105131\nOpen Tree of Life: 5145352\nPlant List: kew-2712871\nPOWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:95585-1\nTropicos: 2603284\nWFO: wfo-0000598198This Apocynaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"References and external links"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristaless_related_homeobox
Aristaless related homeobox
["1 Function","2 Clinical significance","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Protein-coding gene in humans ARXIdentifiersAliasesARX, CT121, EIEE1, ISSX, MRX29, MRX32, MRX33, MRX36, MRX38, MRX43, MRX54, MRX76, MRX87, MRXS1, PRTS, aristaless related homeoboxExternal IDsOMIM: 300382; MGI: 1097716; HomoloGene: 68998; GeneCards: ARX; OMA:ARX - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.X chromosome (human)BandXp21.3Start25,003,694 bpEnd25,016,420 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.X chromosome (mouse)BandX C3|X 41.05 cMStart92,330,051 bpEnd92,341,963 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inleft ovaryright ovaryventricular zonevastus lateralis musclegerminal epitheliumendothelial cellbronchial epithelial cellBrodmann area 23biceps brachiicingulate gyrusTop expressed inRostral migratory streammedial ganglionic eminenceGonadal ridgeventricular zoneolfactory bulbuterine tubetemporal musclenucleus accumbensefferent ductuleovaryMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding chromatin binding DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Cellular component nucleus Biological process cell differentiation regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cerebral cortex tangential migration lipid digestion positive regulation of organ growth neuron migration negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II globus pallidus development transcription, DNA-templated nervous system development axon guidance multicellular organism development positive regulation of gene expression regulation of cell population proliferation epithelial cell fate commitment embryonic olfactory bulb interneuron precursor migration cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration forebrain development olfactory bulb development cell proliferation in forebrain neuron development Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez17030211878EnsemblENSG00000004848ENSMUSG00000035277UniProtQ96QS3O35085RefSeq (mRNA)NM_139058NM_007492NM_001305940RefSeq (protein)NP_620689NP_001292869NP_031518Location (UCSC)Chr X: 25 – 25.02 MbChr X: 92.33 – 92.34 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Aristaless related homeobox is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARX gene. Function This gene is a homeobox-containing gene expressed during development. The expressed protein contains two conserved domains, a C-peptide (or aristaless domain) and the prd-like class homeobox domain. It is a member of the group-II aristaless-related protein family whose members are expressed primarily in the central and/or peripheral nervous system. This gene is involved in CNS and pancreas development. Clinical significance Mutation in the ARX gene are associated with X-linked intellectual disability, lissencephaly, as well as hypoglycemia (in mice). See also homeobox References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000004848 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035277 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: ARX aristaless related homeobox". Further reading Mulley JC, Kerr B, Stevenson R, Lubs H (1992). "Nomenclature guidelines for X-linked mental retardation". Am. J. Med. Genet. 43 (1–2): 383–91. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430159. PMID 1605216. Häne B, Schroer RJ, Arena JF, et al. (1997). "Nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation: review and mapping of MRX29 to Xp21". Clin. Genet. 50 (4): 176–83. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02622.x. PMID 9001795. S2CID 33109092. Suri M (2005). "The phenotypic spectrum of ARX mutations". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 47 (2): 133–7. doi:10.1017/S001216220500023X. PMID 15707237. Partington MW, Mulley JC, Sutherland GR, et al. (1988). "X-linked mental retardation with dystonic movements of the hands". Am. J. Med. Genet. 30 (1–2): 251–62. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320300127. PMID 3177452. Schutz CK, Ives EJ, Chalifoux M, et al. (1996). "Regional localization of an X-linked mental retardation gene to Xp21.1-Xp22.13 (MRX38)". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<89::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 8826457. Holinski-Feder E, Golla A, Rost I, et al. (1996). "Regional localization of two MRX genes to Xq28 (MRX28) and to Xp11.4-Xp22.12 (MRX33)". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 125–30. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<125::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 8826462. Claes S, Gu XX, Legius E, et al. (1996). "Linkage analysis in three families with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 137–46. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<137::AID-AJMG24>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 8826464. Jemaa LB, des Portes V, Zemni R, et al. (2000). "Refined 2.7 centimorgan locus in Xp21.3-22.1 for a nonspecific X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX54)". Am. J. Med. Genet. 85 (3): 276–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<276::AID-AJMG18>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10398243. Hamel BC, Smits AP, van den Helm B, et al. (2000). "Four families (MRX43, MRX44, MRX45, MRX52) with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation: clinical and psychometric data and results of linkage analysis". Am. J. Med. Genet. 85 (3): 290–304. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<290::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10398246. Blair HJ, Reed V, Gormally E, et al. (2000). "Positioning of five genes (CASK, ARX, SAT, IMAGE cDNAs 248928 and 253949) from the human X chromosome short arm with respect to evolutionary breakpoints on the mouse X chromosome". Mamm. Genome. 11 (8): 710–2. doi:10.1007/s003350010141. PMID 10920247. S2CID 675465. Strømme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Shaw MA, et al. (2002). "Mutations in the human ortholog of Aristaless cause X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy". Nat. Genet. 30 (4): 441–5. doi:10.1038/ng862. PMID 11889467. S2CID 12822090. Bienvenu T, Poirier K, Friocourt G, et al. (2003). "ARX, a novel Prd-class-homeobox gene highly expressed in the telencephalon, is mutated in X-linked mental retardation". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (8): 981–91. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.8.981. PMID 11971879. Strømme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Scheffer IE, Gécz J (2002). "Infantile spasms, dystonia, and other X-linked phenotypes caused by mutations in Aristaless related homeobox gene, ARX". Brain Dev. 24 (5): 266–8. doi:10.1016/S0387-7604(02)00079-7. PMID 12142061. S2CID 32508324. Scheffer IE, Wallace RH, Phillips FL, et al. (2002). "X-linked myoclonic epilepsy with spasticity and intellectual disability: mutation in the homeobox gene ARX". Neurology. 59 (3): 348–56. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.3.348. PMID 12177367. S2CID 46362550. Ohira R, Zhang YH, Guo W, et al. (2003). "Human ARX gene: genomic characterization and expression". Mol. Genet. Metab. 77 (1–2): 179–88. doi:10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00126-9. PMID 12359145. Turner G, Partington M, Kerr B, et al. (2003). "Variable expression of mental retardation, autism, seizures, and dystonic hand movements in two families with an identical ARX gene mutation". Am. J. Med. Genet. 112 (4): 405–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10714. PMID 12376946. Frints SG, Froyen G, Marynen P, et al. (2003). "Re-evaluation of MRX36 family after discovery of an ARX gene mutation reveals mild neurological features of Partington syndrome". Am. J. Med. Genet. 112 (4): 427–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10628. PMID 12376949. Kitamura K, Yanazawa M, Sugiyama N, et al. (2002). "Mutation of ARX causes abnormal development of forebrain and testes in mice and X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia in humans". Nat. Genet. 32 (3): 359–69. doi:10.1038/ng1009. PMID 12379852. S2CID 6666397. External links aristaless+related+homeobox+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human ARX genome location and ARX gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteTranscription factors and intracellular receptors(1) Basic domains(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor AATF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AP-1 c-Fos FOSB FOSL1 FOSL2 JDP2 c-Jun JUNB JunD BACH 1 2 BATF BLZF1 C/EBP α β γ δ ε ζ CREB 1 3 L1 CREM DBP DDIT3 GABPA GCN4 HLF MAF B F G K NFE 2 L1 L2 L3 NFIL3 NRL NRF 1 2 3 XBP1 (1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)Group A AS-C ASCL1 ASCL2 ATOH1 HAND 1 2 MESP2 Myogenic regulatory factors MyoD Myogenin MYF5 MYF6 NeuroD 1 2 Neurogenins 1 2 3 OLIG 1 2 Paraxis TCF15 Scleraxis SLC LYL1 TAL 1 2 Twist Group B FIGLA Myc c-Myc l-Myc n-Myc MXD4 TCF4 Group CbHLH-PAS AhR AHRR ARNT ARNTL ARNTL2 CLOCK HIF 1A EPAS1 3A NPAS 1 2 3 PER 1 2 3 Period SIM 1 2 Group D BHLH 2 3 9 Pho4 ID 1 2 3 4 Group E HES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HEY 1 2 L Group FbHLH-COE EBF1 (1.3) bHLH-ZIP AP-4 MAX MXD1 MXD3 MITF MNT MLX MLXIPL MXI1 Myc SREBP 1 2 USF1 (1.4) NF-1 NFI A B C X SMAD R-SMAD 1 2 3 5 9 I-SMAD 6 7 4) (1.5) RF-X RFX 1 2 3 4 5 6 ANK (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2 α β γ δ ε (2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1 Thyroid hormone α β CAR FXR LXR α β PPAR α β/δ γ PXR RAR α β γ ROR α β γ Rev-ErbA α β VDR subfamily 2 COUP-TF (I II Ear-2 HNF4 α γ PNR RXR α β γ Testicular receptor 2 4 TLX subfamily 3 Steroid hormone Androgen Estrogen α β Glucocorticoid Mineralocorticoid Progesterone Estrogen related α β γ subfamily 4 NUR NGFIB NOR1 NURR1 subfamily 5 LRH-1 SF1 subfamily 6 GCNF subfamily 0 DAX1 SHP (2.2) Other Cys4 GATA 1 2 3 4 5 6 MTA 1 2 3 TRPS1 (2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors TFIIA TFIIB TFIID TFIIE 1 2 TFIIF 1 2 TFIIH 1 2 4 2I 3A 3C1 3C2 ATBF1 BCL 6 11A 11B CTCF E4F1 EGR 1 2 3 4 ERV3 GFI1 GLI family 1 2 3 REST S1 S2 YY1 HIC 1 2 HIVEP 1 2 3 IKZF 1 2 3 ILF 2 3 Sp/KLF family KLF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 SP 1 2 4 7 8 MTF1 MYT1 OSR1 PRDM9 SALL 1 2 3 4 TSHZ3 WT1 Zbtb7 7A 7B ZBTB 11 16 17 20 21 32 33 40 zinc finger 3 7 9 10 19 22 24 33B 34 35 41 43 44 51 74 143 146 148 165 202 217 219 238 239 259 267 268 281 300 318 330 346 350 365 366 384 423 451 452 471 593 638 644 649 655 804A (2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1 (2.5) Alternating composition AIRE DIDO1 GRLF1 ING 1 2 4 JARID 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 JMJD1B (2.6) WRKY WRKY (3) Helix-turn-helix domains(3.1) HomeodomainAntennapediaANTP classprotoHOXHox-like ParaHox Gsx 1 2 Xlox PDX1 Cdx 1 2 4 extended Hox: Evx1 Evx2 MEOX1 MEOX2 Homeobox A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A10 A11 A13 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B13 C4 C5 C6 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 D1 D3 D4 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 GBX1 GBX2 MNX1 metaHOXNK-like BARHL1 BARHL2 BARX1 BARX2 BSX DBX 1 2 DLX 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMX 1 2 EN 1 2 HHEX HLX LBX1 LBX2 MSX 1 2 NANOG NKX 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-5 3-1 3-2 HMX1 HMX2 HMX3 6-1 6-2 NATO TLX1 TLX2 TLX3 VAX1 VAX2 other ARX CRX CUTL1 FHL 1 2 3 HESX1 HOPX LMX 1A 1B NOBOX TALE IRX 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKX MEIS 1 2 PBX 1 2 3 PKNOX 1 2 SIX 1 2 3 4 5 PHF 1 3 6 8 10 16 17 20 21A POU domain PIT-1 BRN-3: A B C Octamer transcription factor: 1 2 3/4 6 7 11 SATB2 ZEB 1 2 (3.2) Paired box PAX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 PRRX 1 2 PROP1 PHOX 2A 2B RAX SHOX SHOX2 VSX1 VSX2 Bicoid GSC BICD2 OTX 1 2 PITX 1 2 3 (3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F 1 2 3 4 5 FOX proteins A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D4L1 D4L3 D4L4 D4L5 D4L6 E1 E3 F1 F2 G1 H1 I1 I2 I3 J1 J2 J3 K1 K2 L1 L2 M1 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O3 O4 O6 P1 P2 P3 P4 Q1 R1 R2 S1 (3.4) Heat shock factors HSF 1 2 4 (3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF 2 4 5 EGF ELK 1 3 4 ERF ETS 1 2 ERG SPIB ETV 1 4 5 6 FLI1 Interferon regulatory factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MYB MYBL2 (3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1 2 3 4 (4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts(4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB NFKB1 NFKB2 REL RELA RELB NFAT C1 C2 C3 C4 5 (4.2) STAT STAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 (4.3) p53-like p53 p63 p73 family p53 TP63 p73 TBX 1 2 3 5 19 21 22 TBR1 TBR2 TFT MYRF (4.4) MADS box Mef2 A B C D SRF (4.6) TATA-binding proteins TBP TBPL1 (4.7) High-mobility group BBX HMGB 1 2 3 4 HMGN 1 2 3 4 HNF 1A 1B SOX 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 SRY SSRP1 TCF/LEF TCF 1 3 4 LEF1 TOX 1 2 3 4 (4.9) Grainyhead TFCP2 (4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA YBX1 (4.11) Runt CBF CBFA2T2 CBFA2T3 RUNX1 RUNX2 RUNX3 RUNX1T1 (0) Other transcription factors(0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA 1 2 HBP1 (0.3) Pocket domain Rb RBL1 RBL2 (0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors Apetala 2 EREBP B3 (0.6) Miscellaneous ARID 1A 1B 2 3A 3B 4A CAP IFI 16 35 MLL 2 3 T1 MNDA NFY A B C Rho/Sigma see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies This article on a gene on the human X chromosome and/or its associated protein is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"Aristaless related homeobox is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARX gene.[5]","title":"Aristaless related homeobox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homeobox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"This gene is a homeobox-containing gene expressed during development. The expressed protein contains two conserved domains, a C-peptide (or aristaless domain) and the prd-like class homeobox domain. It is a member of the group-II aristaless-related protein family whose members are expressed primarily in the central and/or peripheral nervous system. This gene is involved in CNS and pancreas development.[5]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intellectual disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability"},{"link_name":"lissencephaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissencephaly"},{"link_name":"hypoglycemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"Mutation in the ARX gene are associated with X-linked intellectual disability, lissencephaly, as well as hypoglycemia (in mice).[5]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.1320430159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320430159"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1605216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1605216"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02622.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.1996.tb02622.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9001795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9001795"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33109092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33109092"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S001216220500023X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS001216220500023X"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15707237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15707237"},{"link_name":"Sutherland 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a novel Prd-class-homeobox gene highly expressed in the telencephalon, is mutated in X-linked mental retardation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.8.981"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/hmg/11.8.981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.8.981"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11971879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11971879"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0387-7604(02)00079-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0387-7604%2802%2900079-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12142061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12142061"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32508324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32508324"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1212/wnl.59.3.348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.59.3.348"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12177367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12177367"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"46362550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46362550"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00126-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1096-7192%2802%2900126-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12359145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12359145"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.10714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.10714"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12376946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376946"},{"link_name":"\"Re-evaluation of MRX36 family after discovery of an ARX gene mutation reveals mild neurological features of Partington syndrome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.10628"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ajmg.10628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.10628"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12376949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376949"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/ng1009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1009"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12379852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12379852"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6666397","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6666397"}],"text":"Mulley JC, Kerr B, Stevenson R, Lubs H (1992). \"Nomenclature guidelines for X-linked mental retardation\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 43 (1–2): 383–91. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430159. PMID 1605216.\nHäne B, Schroer RJ, Arena JF, et al. (1997). \"Nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation: review and mapping of MRX29 to Xp21\". Clin. Genet. 50 (4): 176–83. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02622.x. PMID 9001795. S2CID 33109092.\nSuri M (2005). \"The phenotypic spectrum of ARX mutations\". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 47 (2): 133–7. doi:10.1017/S001216220500023X. PMID 15707237.\nPartington MW, Mulley JC, Sutherland GR, et al. (1988). \"X-linked mental retardation with dystonic movements of the hands\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 30 (1–2): 251–62. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320300127. PMID 3177452.\nSchutz CK, Ives EJ, Chalifoux M, et al. (1996). \"Regional localization of an X-linked mental retardation gene to Xp21.1-Xp22.13 (MRX38)\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<89::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 8826457.\nHolinski-Feder E, Golla A, Rost I, et al. (1996). \"Regional localization of two MRX genes to Xq28 (MRX28) and to Xp11.4-Xp22.12 (MRX33)\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 125–30. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<125::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 8826462.\nClaes S, Gu XX, Legius E, et al. (1996). \"Linkage analysis in three families with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 137–46. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<137::AID-AJMG24>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 8826464.\nJemaa LB, des Portes V, Zemni R, et al. (2000). \"Refined 2.7 centimorgan locus in Xp21.3-22.1 for a nonspecific X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX54)\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 85 (3): 276–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<276::AID-AJMG18>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10398243.\nHamel BC, Smits AP, van den Helm B, et al. (2000). \"Four families (MRX43, MRX44, MRX45, MRX52) with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation: clinical and psychometric data and results of linkage analysis\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 85 (3): 290–304. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<290::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10398246.\nBlair HJ, Reed V, Gormally E, et al. (2000). \"Positioning of five genes (CASK, ARX, SAT, IMAGE cDNAs 248928 and 253949) from the human X chromosome short arm with respect to evolutionary breakpoints on the mouse X chromosome\". Mamm. Genome. 11 (8): 710–2. doi:10.1007/s003350010141. PMID 10920247. S2CID 675465.\nStrømme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Shaw MA, et al. (2002). \"Mutations in the human ortholog of Aristaless cause X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy\". Nat. Genet. 30 (4): 441–5. doi:10.1038/ng862. PMID 11889467. S2CID 12822090.\nBienvenu T, Poirier K, Friocourt G, et al. (2003). \"ARX, a novel Prd-class-homeobox gene highly expressed in the telencephalon, is mutated in X-linked mental retardation\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (8): 981–91. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.8.981. PMID 11971879.\nStrømme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Scheffer IE, Gécz J (2002). \"Infantile spasms, dystonia, and other X-linked phenotypes caused by mutations in Aristaless related homeobox gene, ARX\". Brain Dev. 24 (5): 266–8. doi:10.1016/S0387-7604(02)00079-7. PMID 12142061. S2CID 32508324.\nScheffer IE, Wallace RH, Phillips FL, et al. (2002). \"X-linked myoclonic epilepsy with spasticity and intellectual disability: mutation in the homeobox gene ARX\". Neurology. 59 (3): 348–56. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.3.348. PMID 12177367. S2CID 46362550.\nOhira R, Zhang YH, Guo W, et al. (2003). \"Human ARX gene: genomic characterization and expression\". Mol. Genet. Metab. 77 (1–2): 179–88. doi:10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00126-9. PMID 12359145.\nTurner G, Partington M, Kerr B, et al. (2003). \"Variable expression of mental retardation, autism, seizures, and dystonic hand movements in two families with an identical ARX gene mutation\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 112 (4): 405–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10714. PMID 12376946.\nFrints SG, Froyen G, Marynen P, et al. (2003). \"Re-evaluation of MRX36 family after discovery of an ARX gene mutation reveals mild neurological features of Partington syndrome\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 112 (4): 427–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10628. PMID 12376949.\nKitamura K, Yanazawa M, Sugiyama N, et al. (2002). \"Mutation of ARX causes abnormal development of forebrain and testes in mice and X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia in humans\". Nat. Genet. 32 (3): 359–69. doi:10.1038/ng1009. PMID 12379852. S2CID 6666397.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"homeobox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox"}]
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=170302","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=11878","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: ARX aristaless related homeobox\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=170302","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: ARX aristaless related homeobox\""}]},{"reference":"Mulley JC, Kerr B, Stevenson R, Lubs H (1992). \"Nomenclature guidelines for X-linked mental retardation\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 43 (1–2): 383–91. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430159. PMID 1605216.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320430159","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.1320430159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1605216","url_text":"1605216"}]},{"reference":"Häne B, Schroer RJ, Arena JF, et al. (1997). \"Nonsyndromic X-linked mental retardation: review and mapping of MRX29 to Xp21\". Clin. Genet. 50 (4): 176–83. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02622.x. PMID 9001795. S2CID 33109092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.1996.tb02622.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02622.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9001795","url_text":"9001795"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33109092","url_text":"33109092"}]},{"reference":"Suri M (2005). \"The phenotypic spectrum of ARX mutations\". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 47 (2): 133–7. doi:10.1017/S001216220500023X. PMID 15707237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001216220500023X","url_text":"10.1017/S001216220500023X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15707237","url_text":"15707237"}]},{"reference":"Partington MW, Mulley JC, Sutherland GR, et al. (1988). \"X-linked mental retardation with dystonic movements of the hands\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 30 (1–2): 251–62. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320300127. PMID 3177452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Robert_Sutherland","url_text":"Sutherland GR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320300127","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.1320300127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3177452","url_text":"3177452"}]},{"reference":"Schutz CK, Ives EJ, Chalifoux M, et al. (1996). \"Regional localization of an X-linked mental retardation gene to Xp21.1-Xp22.13 (MRX38)\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<89::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 8826457.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819960712%2964%3A1%3C89%3A%3AAID-AJMG16%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<89::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8826457","url_text":"8826457"}]},{"reference":"Holinski-Feder E, Golla A, Rost I, et al. (1996). \"Regional localization of two MRX genes to Xq28 (MRX28) and to Xp11.4-Xp22.12 (MRX33)\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 125–30. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<125::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-O. PMID 8826462.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819960712%2964%3A1%3C125%3A%3AAID-AJMG21%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<125::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8826462","url_text":"8826462"}]},{"reference":"Claes S, Gu XX, Legius E, et al. (1996). \"Linkage analysis in three families with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 64 (1): 137–46. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<137::AID-AJMG24>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 8826464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819960712%2964%3A1%3C137%3A%3AAID-AJMG24%3E3.0.CO%3B2-N","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960712)64:1<137::AID-AJMG24>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8826464","url_text":"8826464"}]},{"reference":"Jemaa LB, des Portes V, Zemni R, et al. (2000). \"Refined 2.7 centimorgan locus in Xp21.3-22.1 for a nonspecific X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX54)\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 85 (3): 276–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<276::AID-AJMG18>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 10398243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819990730%2985%3A3%3C276%3A%3AAID-AJMG18%3E3.0.CO%3B2-I","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<276::AID-AJMG18>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398243","url_text":"10398243"}]},{"reference":"Hamel BC, Smits AP, van den Helm B, et al. (2000). \"Four families (MRX43, MRX44, MRX45, MRX52) with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation: clinical and psychometric data and results of linkage analysis\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 85 (3): 290–304. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<290::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10398246.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2819990730%2985%3A3%3C290%3A%3AAID-AJMG21%3E3.0.CO%3B2-H","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<290::AID-AJMG21>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398246","url_text":"10398246"}]},{"reference":"Blair HJ, Reed V, Gormally E, et al. (2000). \"Positioning of five genes (CASK, ARX, SAT, IMAGE cDNAs 248928 and 253949) from the human X chromosome short arm with respect to evolutionary breakpoints on the mouse X chromosome\". Mamm. Genome. 11 (8): 710–2. doi:10.1007/s003350010141. PMID 10920247. S2CID 675465.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003350010141","url_text":"10.1007/s003350010141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10920247","url_text":"10920247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:675465","url_text":"675465"}]},{"reference":"Strømme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Shaw MA, et al. (2002). \"Mutations in the human ortholog of Aristaless cause X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy\". Nat. Genet. 30 (4): 441–5. doi:10.1038/ng862. PMID 11889467. S2CID 12822090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng862","url_text":"10.1038/ng862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11889467","url_text":"11889467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12822090","url_text":"12822090"}]},{"reference":"Bienvenu T, Poirier K, Friocourt G, et al. (2003). \"ARX, a novel Prd-class-homeobox gene highly expressed in the telencephalon, is mutated in X-linked mental retardation\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 11 (8): 981–91. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.8.981. PMID 11971879.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.8.981","url_text":"\"ARX, a novel Prd-class-homeobox gene highly expressed in the telencephalon, is mutated in X-linked mental retardation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.8.981","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/11.8.981"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11971879","url_text":"11971879"}]},{"reference":"Strømme P, Mangelsdorf ME, Scheffer IE, Gécz J (2002). \"Infantile spasms, dystonia, and other X-linked phenotypes caused by mutations in Aristaless related homeobox gene, ARX\". Brain Dev. 24 (5): 266–8. doi:10.1016/S0387-7604(02)00079-7. PMID 12142061. S2CID 32508324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0387-7604%2802%2900079-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0387-7604(02)00079-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12142061","url_text":"12142061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32508324","url_text":"32508324"}]},{"reference":"Scheffer IE, Wallace RH, Phillips FL, et al. (2002). \"X-linked myoclonic epilepsy with spasticity and intellectual disability: mutation in the homeobox gene ARX\". Neurology. 59 (3): 348–56. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.3.348. PMID 12177367. S2CID 46362550.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.59.3.348","url_text":"10.1212/wnl.59.3.348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12177367","url_text":"12177367"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46362550","url_text":"46362550"}]},{"reference":"Ohira R, Zhang YH, Guo W, et al. (2003). \"Human ARX gene: genomic characterization and expression\". Mol. Genet. Metab. 77 (1–2): 179–88. doi:10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00126-9. PMID 12359145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1096-7192%2802%2900126-9","url_text":"10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00126-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12359145","url_text":"12359145"}]},{"reference":"Turner G, Partington M, Kerr B, et al. (2003). \"Variable expression of mental retardation, autism, seizures, and dystonic hand movements in two families with an identical ARX gene mutation\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 112 (4): 405–11. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10714. PMID 12376946.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.10714","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.10714"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376946","url_text":"12376946"}]},{"reference":"Frints SG, Froyen G, Marynen P, et al. (2003). \"Re-evaluation of MRX36 family after discovery of an ARX gene mutation reveals mild neurological features of Partington syndrome\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 112 (4): 427–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10628. PMID 12376949.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.10628","url_text":"\"Re-evaluation of MRX36 family after discovery of an ARX gene mutation reveals mild neurological features of Partington syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.10628","url_text":"10.1002/ajmg.10628"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376949","url_text":"12376949"}]},{"reference":"Kitamura K, Yanazawa M, Sugiyama N, et al. (2002). \"Mutation of ARX causes abnormal development of forebrain and testes in mice and X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia in humans\". Nat. Genet. 32 (3): 359–69. doi:10.1038/ng1009. PMID 12379852. S2CID 6666397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1009","url_text":"10.1038/ng1009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12379852","url_text":"12379852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6666397","url_text":"6666397"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/18060","external_links_name":"ARX"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/300382","external_links_name":"300382"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1097716","external_links_name":"1097716"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=68998","external_links_name":"68998"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ARX","external_links_name":"ARX"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000004848","external_links_name":"ARX - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000004848","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000035277","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000004848","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/170302/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000978","external_links_name":"RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003677","external_links_name":"DNA binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043565","external_links_name":"sequence-specific DNA binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003682","external_links_name":"chromatin binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001227","external_links_name":"DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000981","external_links_name":"DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000977","external_links_name":"RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634","external_links_name":"nucleus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030154","external_links_name":"cell differentiation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006355","external_links_name":"regulation of transcription, DNA-templated"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0021800","external_links_name":"cerebral cortex tangential migration"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044241","external_links_name":"lipid digestion"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046622","external_links_name":"positive regulation of organ growth"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001764","external_links_name":"neuron 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism
Human beings in Buddhism
["1 Qualities of human life","2 Human origin","3 Nature of the human realm","4 Notes","5 Further reading","6 Sources"]
Part of Buddhist philosophy This article uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onBuddhism Glossary Index Outline History Timeline The Buddha Pre-sectarian Buddhism Councils Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Decline in the Indian subcontinent Later Buddhists Buddhist modernism DharmaConcepts Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Dharma wheel Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Not-self Dependent Origination Middle Way Emptiness Morality Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology Buddhist texts Buddhavacana Early Texts Tripiṭaka Mahayana Sutras Pāli Canon Sanskrit literature Tibetan canon Chinese canon Post-canon Practices Three Jewels Buddhist Paths to liberation Five precepts Perfections Meditation Philosophical reasoning Devotional practices Merit making Recollections Mindfulness Wisdom Sublime abidings Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism Lay life Buddhist chant Pilgrimage Vegetarianism Nirvāṇa Awakening Four Stages Arhat Pratyekabuddha Bodhisattva Buddha Traditions Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana Newar Buddhism by country Bhutan Brazil Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Laos Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Russia Singapore US Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Religion portalvte Humans in Buddhism (Sanskrit: मनुष्य, IAST: manuṣya, Pali manussa) are the subjects of an extensive commentarial literature that examines the nature and qualities of a human life from the point of view of humans' ability to achieve enlightenment. In Buddhism, humans are just one type of sentient being, that is a being with a mindstream. In Sanskrit Manushya means an Animal with a mind. In Sanskrit the word Manusmriti associated with Manushya was used to describe knowledge through memory. The word Muun or Maan means mind. Mind is collection of past experience with an ability of memory or smriti. Mind is considered as an animal with a disease that departs a soul from its universal enlightened infinitesimal behavior to the finite miserable fearful behavior that fluctuates between the state of heaven and hell before it is extinguished back to its infinitesimal behavior. In Enlightenment as an arhat can be attained from the realms of the Śuddhāvāsa deities. A bodhisattva can appear in many different types of lives, for instance as an animal or as a deva. Buddhas, however, are always human. Qualities of human life The status of life as a human, at first is seen as very important. In the hierarchy of Buddhist cosmology it is low but not entirely at the bottom. It is not intrinsically marked by extremes of happiness or suffering, but all the states of consciousness in the universe, from hellish suffering to divine joy to serene tranquility can be experienced within the human world. Humans can be seen as highly favored, in that they have an immediate reason to seek out the Dharma and yet also have the means to listen to it and follow it. Among the lower realms, Pretas (aka hungry ghosts), and dwellers in the Narakas (Buddhist hell(s)) are gripped by pain and fear, and can only endure their lot but cannot better themselves. Animals are intellectually unable to understand the Dharma in full. The way of life of the Asuras is dominated by violence and antithetical to the teachings of the Dharma. Most of the Brahmas and Devas simply enjoy reaping the fruits of their past actions and think that they are immortal and forever to be happy and so they do not try to practice the Dharma. When their past karmas have all had their result, these devas will fall into lower worlds and suffer again. The lowest sorts of devas deal with strife, love, and loss just as humans do, but even so they lack the spur of imminent mortality that can lead humans to seek, not merely a better future life, but an escape from saṃsāra altogether. However, there are stories of beings in these realms deciding to practice and reaching enlightenment. For this reason, life in the world of humans is known as "the precious human rebirth". Born close to the pivot point of happiness and suffering, humans have a unique capacity for moral choices with long-term significance. The human rebirth is said to be extremely rare. The Majjhima Nikaya (129 Balapandita Sutta) compares it to a wooden cattle-yoke floating on the waves of the sea, tossed this way and that by the winds and currents. The likelihood of a blind turtle, rising from the depths of the ocean to the surface once in a hundred years, putting its head through the hole in the yoke is considered greater than that of a being in the animal realm, hungry ghost realm or hell realm achieving rebirth as a human. This is because, according to the sutta, in these realms there is no Dhamma (Sanskrit Dharma), no practicing what is right, no doing what is wholesome, and no performing of merit. However it is generally implied that if one is already living as a human they will continue to be reborn in the human world based on good works and so they will be one again and again as long as they are moral and good in the ways described in Buddhist rules regardless of whether or not they are Buddhist themselves. The idea is that one must be good and moral because falling below the human realm is dangerous as the odds of one becoming a human again with any great frequency is slim. Among humans there are also better and worse conditions for attaining enlightenment. Besides being born as a human, the favorable conditions for obtaining enlightenment are: Being born a human at a time when a Buddha has arisen, has taught the Dharma, and has left a Saṅgha that carries on the teachings; at such times there is a chance to learn the Dharma. Being born a human in countries where the Dharma is known. Buddhist commentaries contrast the "central lands" where Buddhism is known and can be practiced (originally just northern India, but now including a much larger portion of the globe) with "border countries" where Buddhism is unknown or cannot be practiced due to legal or practical impediments, for instance, a lack of qualified teachers. Technically a "central land" is one which possesses any one of the Buddhist saṅghas of bhikṣus, bhikṣuṇīs, upāsakas or upāsikās. Being born a human who has the physical and intellectual capacity to grasp the basic message of the Dharma. Accepting the relationship between good or evil actions and their consequences, believing that good actions will lead to a happier life, a better rebirth or to enlightenment. Confidence in the moral teachings conveyed in the Vinaya. Avoiding crimes against people and against the Dharma. Having sincere compassion for other people. Just as it is difficult to obtain birth as a human, it is also difficult to be born at the time when a Buddha's teaching is still available. Out of the infinite kalpas (incredibly long periods) in time, most have no Buddhas appearing in them at all. The present kalpa is called "Fortunate" because it is said that 1,000 Buddhas will appear in it, something that is very unusual. For this reason, Buddhist teachers say that one's present condition as a human should be valued very highly, and not allowed to slide by, as the combination of existence as a human and the presence of a Buddha's teaching may not come again for a very long time. Any human, in this view, who is in a position to learn the Dharma, would be remiss to not take advantage of it. This view also stands in contrast to those who would claim that, if one is to be reborn multiple times, there is no need to worry about one's actions in this life as they can always be amended in the future; rather, there is no assurance that in a long series of lives one will ever obtain the right circumstances for enlightenment, so it is important to seize the day. With regard to a fortunate human life, Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo said: "Instead of feeling so much regret when we lose our money, we should develop regret when we waste our human life." Human origin According to the Aggañña Sutta (DN.27), humans originated at the beginning of the current kalpa as Brahma-like beings reborn from the Ābhāsvara Brahma-realm. They were then beings shining in their own light, capable of moving through the air without mechanical aid, living for a very long time, and not requiring sustenance. Over time, they acquired a taste for physical nutriment, and as they consumed it, their bodies became heavier and more like human bodies; they lost their ability to shine, and began to acquire differences in their appearance. Their length of life decreased, they differentiated into two sexes and became sexually active. Following this, greed, theft and violence arose among them, and they consequently established social distinctions and government and elected a king to rule them, called Mahāsammata, "the great appointed one". Some of the kings of India in the Buddha's day claimed descent from him. Nature of the human realm In the visionary picture of the human realm presented in Buddhist cosmology, humans live on four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in a vast ocean that surrounds the axial world-mountain of Sumeru, and fills most of the Earth's surface. The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called Cakravāḍa (Sanskrit) or Cakkavāḷa (Pāli) which marks the horizontal limit of the earth. Because of the immenseness of the ocean, the continents cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the cakraratna (Pāli cakkaratana), which a cakravartin and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents. The four continents are: Jambudvīpa (Sanskrit) or Jambudīpa (Pāli) or 南阎浮提洲 (阎浮提 is also translated as 赡部 in Chinese) is located in the south. Pūrvavideha or Pubbavideha or 东毗提诃洲 (毗提诃 is also translated as 胜身) is located in the east. Aparagodānīya or Aparagoyāna or 西瞿陀尼洲 (瞿陀尼 is also translated as 牛货) is located in the west. Uttarakuru or 北俱卢洲 is located in the north. Notes ^ JOL 14 ^ Pali Canon (Samyutta Nikaya, Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya, Kuddaka NIkaya) ^ JOL:14-15, BOTV:63 ^ JOL:18 ^ Majjhima Nikaya 129 ^ JOL:15-16, BOTV:59-61 ^ BOTV:61 ^ Joyful Path of Good Fortune, by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Page 133 Further reading Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. "Chiggala Sutta: The Hole." Access to Insight, n.d. Web. Bodhi, Ven. Bhikkhu. "A Buddhist Response to Contemporary Dilemmas of Human Existence." Access to Insight, n.d. Web. Sources sGam.po.pa, The Jewel Ornament of Liberation, Chapter 2, translated by H.V. Guenther. JOL Ngorchen Konchog Lhundrub, The Beautiful Ornament of the Three Visions, translated by Lobsang Dagpa and Jay Goldberg, Section A2. BOTV G.P. Malalasekara, Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names Thus Have I Heard: The Long Discourse of the Buddha, translated by Maurice Walshe. DN vteTopics in Buddhism Outline Glossary Index Foundations Four Noble Truths Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Eight Great Events Great Renunciation Physical characteristics Life of Buddha in art Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna (father) Māyā (mother) Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother) Yaśodharā (wife) Rāhula (son) Ānanda (cousin) Devadatta (cousin) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara Guanyin Mañjuśrī Mahāsthāmaprāpta Ākāśagarbha Kṣitigarbha Samantabhadra Vajrapāṇi Skanda Tārā Metteyya/Maitreya Disciples Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Ānanda Mahākassapa Aṅgulimāla Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhūti Punna Upāli Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Key concepts Avidyā (Ignorance) Bardo Bodhicitta Buddha-nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mental factors Mindstream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā (Craving) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Anicca Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva realm Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Mahayana Zen Chinese Chan Japanese Zen Korean Seon Vietnamese Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Huayan Risshū Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Vajrayana Tibetan Buddhism Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Dzogchen Theravada Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiṣeka Dāna Devotion Deity yoga Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā (Vipassana movement) Shikantaza Zazen Koan Ganana Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Mindful Yoga Satipatthana Nekkhamma Nianfo Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Sādhu Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five precepts Eight precepts Bodhisattva vow Pratimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of awakening Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhunī Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagārika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Western tulku Kappiya Donchee Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Achar Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Nagasena Aśvaghoṣa Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Kumārajīva Buddhaghosa Buddhapālita Dignāga Bodhidharma Zhiyi Emperor Wen of Sui Songtsen Gampo Xuanzang Shandao Padmasambhāva Saraha Atiśa Naropa Karmapa Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Nichiren Shamarpa Dalai Lama Panchen Lama Ajahn Mun B. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST"},{"link_name":"enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi"},{"link_name":"sentient being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient_beings_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"mindstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindstream"},{"link_name":"arhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhat"},{"link_name":"Śuddhāvāsa deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology#Pure_Abodes_(non-returners)"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Humans in Buddhism (Sanskrit: मनुष्य, IAST: manuṣya, Pali manussa) are the subjects of an extensive commentarial literature that examines the nature and qualities of a human life from the point of view of humans' ability to achieve enlightenment. In Buddhism, humans are just one type of sentient being, that is a being with a mindstream. In Sanskrit Manushya means an Animal with a mind. In Sanskrit the word Manusmriti associated with Manushya was used to describe knowledge through memory. The word Muun or Maan means mind. Mind is collection of past experience with an ability of memory or smriti. Mind is considered as an animal with a disease that departs a soul from its universal enlightened infinitesimal behavior to the finite miserable fearful behavior that fluctuates between the state of heaven and hell before it is extinguished back to its infinitesimal behavior.In Enlightenment as an arhat can be attained from the realms of the Śuddhāvāsa deities. A bodhisattva can appear in many different types of lives, for instance as an animal or as a deva. Buddhas, however, are always human.[1]","title":"Human beings in Buddhism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhist cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology"},{"link_name":"suffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Pretas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretas"},{"link_name":"Narakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Asuras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Saṅgha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"bhikṣus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhu"},{"link_name":"bhikṣuṇīs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhikkhuni"},{"link_name":"upāsakas or upāsikās","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasaka"},{"link_name":"Vinaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"kalpas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The status of life as a human, at first is seen as very important. In the hierarchy of Buddhist cosmology it is low but not entirely at the bottom. It is not intrinsically marked by extremes of happiness or suffering, but all the states of consciousness in the universe, from hellish suffering to divine joy to serene tranquility can be experienced within the human world.Humans can be seen as highly favored, in that they have an immediate reason to seek out the Dharma and yet also have the means to listen to it and follow it. Among the lower realms, Pretas (aka hungry ghosts), and dwellers in the Narakas (Buddhist hell(s)) are gripped by pain and fear, and can only endure their lot but cannot better themselves. Animals are intellectually unable to understand the Dharma in full. The way of life of the Asuras is dominated by violence and antithetical to the teachings of the Dharma. Most of the Brahmas and Devas simply enjoy reaping the fruits of their past actions and think that they are immortal and forever to be happy and so they do not try to practice the Dharma. When their past karmas have all had their result, these devas will fall into lower worlds and suffer again. The lowest sorts of devas deal with strife, love, and loss just as humans do, but even so they lack the spur of imminent mortality that can lead humans to seek, not merely a better future life, but an escape from saṃsāra altogether. However, there are stories of beings in these realms deciding to practice and reaching enlightenment.[2][3]For this reason, life in the world of humans is known as \"the precious human rebirth\". Born close to the pivot point of happiness and suffering, humans have a unique capacity for moral choices with long-term significance.[4]The human rebirth is said to be extremely rare. The Majjhima Nikaya (129 Balapandita Sutta) compares it to a wooden cattle-yoke floating on the waves of the sea, tossed this way and that by the winds and currents. The likelihood of a blind turtle, rising from the depths of the ocean to the surface once in a hundred years, putting its head through the hole in the yoke is considered greater than that of a being in the animal realm, hungry ghost realm or hell realm achieving rebirth as a human. This is because, according to the sutta, in these realms there is no Dhamma (Sanskrit Dharma), no practicing what is right, no doing what is wholesome, and no performing of merit. However it is generally implied that if one is already living as a human they will continue to be reborn in the human world based on good works and so they will be one again and again as long as they are moral and good in the ways described in Buddhist rules regardless of whether or not they are Buddhist themselves. The idea is that one must be good and moral because falling below the human realm is dangerous as the odds of one becoming a human again with any great frequency is slim.[5]Among humans there are also better and worse conditions for attaining enlightenment. Besides being born as a human, the favorable conditions for obtaining enlightenment are:Being born a human at a time when a Buddha has arisen, has taught the Dharma, and has left a Saṅgha that carries on the teachings; at such times there is a chance to learn the Dharma.\nBeing born a human in countries where the Dharma is known. Buddhist commentaries contrast the \"central lands\" where Buddhism is known and can be practiced (originally just northern India, but now including a much larger portion of the globe) with \"border countries\" where Buddhism is unknown or cannot be practiced due to legal or practical impediments, for instance, a lack of qualified teachers. Technically a \"central land\" is one which possesses any one of the Buddhist saṅghas of bhikṣus, bhikṣuṇīs, upāsakas or upāsikās.\nBeing born a human who has the physical and intellectual capacity to grasp the basic message of the Dharma.\nAccepting the relationship between good or evil actions and their consequences, believing that good actions will lead to a happier life, a better rebirth or to enlightenment.\nConfidence in the moral teachings conveyed in the Vinaya.\nAvoiding crimes against people and against the Dharma.\nHaving sincere compassion for other people.[6]Just as it is difficult to obtain birth as a human, it is also difficult to be born at the time when a Buddha's teaching is still available. Out of the infinite kalpas (incredibly long periods) in time, most have no Buddhas appearing in them at all. The present kalpa is called \"Fortunate\" because it is said that 1,000 Buddhas will appear in it, something that is very unusual.[7]For this reason, Buddhist teachers say that one's present condition as a human should be valued very highly, and not allowed to slide by, as the combination of existence as a human and the presence of a Buddha's teaching may not come again for a very long time. Any human, in this view, who is in a position to learn the Dharma, would be remiss to not take advantage of it. This view also stands in contrast to those who would claim that, if one is to be reborn multiple times, there is no need to worry about one's actions in this life as they can always be amended in the future; rather, there is no assurance that in a long series of lives one will ever obtain the right circumstances for enlightenment, so it is important to seize the day.With regard to a fortunate human life, Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo said: \"Instead of feeling so much regret when we lose our money, we should develop regret when we waste our human life.\"[8]","title":"Qualities of human life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aggañña Sutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agga%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Sutta"},{"link_name":"Ābhāsvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology#%C4%80bh%C4%81svara_worlds_(second_dhyana)"},{"link_name":"Mahāsammata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81sammata"},{"link_name":"Buddha's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"}],"text":"According to the Aggañña Sutta (DN.27), humans originated at the beginning of the current kalpa as Brahma-like beings reborn from the Ābhāsvara Brahma-realm. They were then beings shining in their own light, capable of moving through the air without mechanical aid, living for a very long time, and not requiring sustenance.Over time, they acquired a taste for physical nutriment, and as they consumed it, their bodies became heavier and more like human bodies; they lost their ability to shine, and began to acquire differences in their appearance. Their length of life decreased, they differentiated into two sexes and became sexually active. Following this, greed, theft and violence arose among them, and they consequently established social distinctions and government and elected a king to rule them, called Mahāsammata, \"the great appointed one\". Some of the kings of India in the Buddha's day claimed descent from him.","title":"Human origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhist cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Sumeru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumeru"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Pāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li"},{"link_name":"Jambudvīpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambudvipa"},{"link_name":"Uttarakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakuru"}],"text":"In the visionary picture of the human realm presented in Buddhist cosmology, humans live on four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in a vast ocean that surrounds the axial world-mountain of Sumeru, and fills most of the Earth's surface. The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called Cakravāḍa (Sanskrit) or Cakkavāḷa (Pāli) which marks the horizontal limit of the earth. Because of the immenseness of the ocean, the continents cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the cakraratna (Pāli cakkaratana), which a cakravartin and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents.The four continents are:Jambudvīpa (Sanskrit) or Jambudīpa (Pāli) or 南阎浮提洲 (阎浮提 is also translated as 赡部 in Chinese) is located in the south.\nPūrvavideha or Pubbavideha or 东毗提诃洲 (毗提诃 is also translated as 胜身) is located in the east.\nAparagodānīya or Aparagoyāna or 西瞿陀尼洲 (瞿陀尼 is also translated as 牛货) is located in the west.\nUttarakuru or 北俱卢洲 is located in the north.","title":"Nature of the human realm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Joyful Path of Good Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tharpa.com/us/book-Joyful.Path.of.Good.Fortune-587.html"},{"link_name":"Kelsang Gyatso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso"}],"text":"^ JOL 14\n\n^ Pali Canon (Samyutta Nikaya, Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Anguttara Nikaya, Kuddaka NIkaya)\n\n^ JOL:14-15, BOTV:63\n\n^ JOL:18\n\n^ Majjhima Nikaya 129\n\n^ JOL:15-16, BOTV:59-61\n\n^ BOTV:61\n\n^ Joyful Path of Good Fortune, by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Page 133","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. \"Chiggala Sutta: The Hole.\" Access to Insight, n.d. Web.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.048.than.html"},{"link_name":"Bodhi, Ven. Bhikkhu. \"A Buddhist Response to Contemporary Dilemmas of Human Existence.\" Access to Insight, n.d. Web.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/response.html"}],"text":"Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. \"Chiggala Sutta: The Hole.\" Access to Insight, n.d. Web.\nBodhi, Ven. Bhikkhu. \"A Buddhist Response to Contemporary Dilemmas of Human Existence.\" Access to Insight, n.d. Web.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles"},{"link_name":"Foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Four Noble Truths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths"},{"link_name":"Three Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"Sangha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha"},{"link_name":"Noble Eightfold Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"},{"link_name":"Middle Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Way"},{"link_name":"The Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Tathāgata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata"},{"link_name":"Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Four sights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_sights"},{"link_name":"Eight Great Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Great Renunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Renunciation"},{"link_name":"Physical characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Life of Buddha in art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art"},{"link_name":"Footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_footprint"},{"link_name":"Relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Iconography in Laos and Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film"},{"link_name":"Miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Suddhodāna (father)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana"},{"link_name":"Māyā (mother)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)"},{"link_name":"Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami"},{"link_name":"Yaśodharā (wife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Rāhula (son)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81hula"},{"link_name":"Ānanda (cousin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda"},{"link_name":"Devadatta (cousin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devadatta"},{"link_name":"Places where the Buddha stayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed"},{"link_name":"Buddha in world religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions"},{"link_name":"Bodhisattvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Avalokiteśvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara"},{"link_name":"Guanyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanyin"},{"link_name":"Mañjuśrī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjushri"},{"link_name":"Mahāsthāmaprāpta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta"},{"link_name":"Ākāśagarbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha"},{"link_name":"Kṣitigarbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha"},{"link_name":"Samantabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantabhadra_Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Vajrapāṇi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrapani"},{"link_name":"Skanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Tārā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Metteyya/Maitreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya"},{"link_name":"Disciples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Kaundinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaundinya"},{"link_name":"Assaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assaji"},{"link_name":"Sāriputta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra"},{"link_name":"Mahamoggallāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maudgalyayana"},{"link_name":"Ānanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80nanda"},{"link_name":"Mahākassapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa"},{"link_name":"Aṅgulimāla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la"},{"link_name":"Anuruddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuruddha"},{"link_name":"Mahākaccana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)"},{"link_name":"Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)"},{"link_name":"Subhūti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti"},{"link_name":"Punna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punna"},{"link_name":"Upāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%C4%81li"},{"link_name":"Mahapajapati Gotamī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami"},{"link_name":"Khema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khema"},{"link_name":"Uppalavanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppalavanna"},{"link_name":"Asita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asita"},{"link_name":"Channa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)"},{"link_name":"Yasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasa"},{"link_name":"Key concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Avidyā (Ignorance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Bardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardo"},{"link_name":"Bodhicitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhicitta"},{"link_name":"Buddha-nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-nature"},{"link_name":"Dhamma theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamma_theory"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Five hindrances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_hindrances"},{"link_name":"Indriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indriya"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Kleshas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Mental 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philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists"},{"link_name":"Bodhisattvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas"},{"link_name":"Buddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhas"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists"},{"link_name":"Suttas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suttas"},{"link_name":"Sutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra"},{"link_name":"Temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples"},{"link_name":"Festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buddhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"link_name":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"}],"text":"sGam.po.pa, The Jewel Ornament of Liberation, Chapter 2, translated by H.V. Guenther. JOL\nNgorchen Konchog Lhundrub, The Beautiful Ornament of the Three Visions, translated by Lobsang Dagpa and Jay Goldberg, Section A2. BOTV\nG.P. Malalasekara, Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names\nThus Have I Heard: The Long Discourse of the Buddha, translated by Maurice Walshe. DNvteTopics in Buddhism\n Outline\nGlossary\nIndex\nFoundations\nFour Noble Truths\nThree Jewels\nBuddha\nDharma\nSangha\nNoble Eightfold Path\nNirvana\nMiddle Way\nThe Buddha\nTathāgata\nBirthday\nFour sights\nEight Great Events\nGreat Renunciation\nPhysical characteristics\nLife of Buddha in art\nFootprint\nRelics\nIconography in Laos and Thailand\nFilms\nMiracles\nFamily\nSuddhodāna (father)\nMāyā (mother)\nMahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)\nYaśodharā (wife)\nRāhula (son)\nĀnanda (cousin)\nDevadatta (cousin)\nPlaces where the Buddha stayed\nBuddha in world religions\nBodhisattvas\nAvalokiteśvara\nGuanyin\nMañjuśrī\nMahāsthāmaprāpta\nĀkāśagarbha\nKṣitigarbha\nSamantabhadra\nVajrapāṇi\nSkanda\nTārā\nMetteyya/Maitreya\nDisciples\nKaundinya\nAssaji\nSāriputta\nMahamoggallāna\nĀnanda\nMahākassapa\nAṅgulimāla\nAnuruddha\nMahākaccana\nNanda\nSubhūti\nPunna\nUpāli\nMahapajapati Gotamī\nKhema\nUppalavanna\nAsita\nChanna\nYasa\nKey concepts\nAvidyā (Ignorance)\nBardo\nBodhicitta\nBuddha-nature\nDhamma theory\nDharma\nEnlightenment\nFive hindrances\nIndriya\nKarma\nKleshas\nMental factors\nMindstream\nParinirvana\nPratītyasamutpāda\nRebirth\nSaṃsāra\nSaṅkhāra\nSkandha\nŚūnyatā\nTaṇhā (Craving)\nTathātā\nTen Fetters\nThree marks of existence\nAnicca\nDukkha\nAnatta\nTwo truths doctrine\nCosmology\nTen spiritual realms\nSix realms\nDeva realm\nHuman realm\nAsura realm\nHungry Ghost realm\nAnimal realm\nNaraka\nThree planes of existence\nBranches\nMahayana\nZen\nChinese Chan\nJapanese Zen\nKorean Seon\nVietnamese Thiền\nPure Land\nTiantai\nHuayan\nRisshū\nNichiren\nMadhyamaka\nYogachara\nVajrayana\nTibetan Buddhism\nChinese Esoteric Buddhism\nShingon\nDzogchen\nTheravada\nNavayana\nEarly Buddhist schools\nPre-sectarian Buddhism\nBasic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna\nPractices\nBhavana\nBodhipakkhiyādhammā\nBrahmavihara\nMettā\nKaruṇā\nMudita\nUpekkha\nBuddhābhiṣeka\nDāna\nDevotion\nDeity yoga\nDhyāna\nFaith\nFive Strengths\nIddhipada\nMeditation\nMantras\nKammaṭṭhāna\nRecollection\nSmarana\nAnapanasati\nSamatha\nVipassanā (Vipassana movement)\nShikantaza\nZazen\nKoan\nGanana\nMandala\nTonglen\nTantra\nTertön\nTerma\nMerit\nMindfulness\nMindful Yoga\nSatipatthana\nNekkhamma\nNianfo\nPāramitā\nParitta\nPuja\nOfferings\nProstration\nChanting\nRefuge\nSādhu\nSatya\nSacca\nSeven Factors of Enlightenment\nSati\nDhamma vicaya\nPīti\nPassaddhi\nŚīla\nFive precepts\nEight precepts\nBodhisattva vow\nPratimokṣa\nThreefold Training\nŚīla\nSamadhi\nPrajñā\nVīrya\nFour Right Exertions\nTwenty-two vows of Ambedkar\nNirvana\nBodhi\nBodhisattva\nBuddhahood\nPratyekabuddha\nFour stages of awakening\nSotāpanna\nSakadagami\nAnāgāmi\nArhat\nMonasticism\nBhikkhu\nBhikkhunī\nŚrāmaṇera\nŚrāmaṇerī\nAnagārika\nAjahn\nSayadaw\nZen master\nRōshi\nLama\nRinpoche\nGeshe\nTulku\nWestern tulku\nKappiya\nDonchee\nHouseholder\nUpāsaka and Upāsikā\nAchar\nŚrāvaka\nThe ten principal disciples\nShaolin Monastery\nMajor figures\nGautama Buddha\nNagasena\nAśvaghoṣa\nNagarjuna\nAsanga\nVasubandhu\nKumārajīva\nBuddhaghosa\nBuddhapālita\nDignāga\nBodhidharma\nZhiyi\nEmperor Wen of Sui\nSongtsen Gampo\nXuanzang\nShandao\nPadmasambhāva\nSaraha\nAtiśa\nNaropa\nKarmapa\nHōnen\nShinran\nDōgen\nNichiren\nShamarpa\nDalai Lama\nPanchen Lama\nAjahn Mun\nB. R. Ambedkar\nAjahn Chah\nThích Nhất Hạnh\nTexts\nEarly Buddhist Texts\nTripiṭaka\nMahayana sutras\nPāli Canon\nChinese Buddhist canon\nTibetan Buddhist canon\nDhammapada\nSutra\nVinaya\nMadhyamakālaṃkāra\nAbhidharmadīpa\nCountries\nAfghanistan\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nCambodia\nChina\nIndia\nIndonesia\nJapan\nKorea\nLaos\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nRussia\nBuryatia\nKalmykia\nTuva (ru)\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nTaiwan\nThailand\nTibet\nVietnam\nAfrica\nCentral Asia\nMiddle East\nIran\nWestern countries\nArgentina\nAustralia\nBrazil\nCanada\nFrance\nMexico\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nVenezuela\nHistory\nTimeline\nAshoka\nKanishka\nBuddhist councils\nHistory of Buddhism in India\nDecline of Buddhism in India\nGreat Anti-Buddhist Persecution\nGreco-Buddhism\nMenander I\nBuddhism and the Roman world\nBuddhism in the West\nSilk Road transmission of Buddhism\nPersecution of Buddhists\nBanishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal\nBuddhist crisis\nSinhalese Buddhist nationalism\nBuddhist modernism\nVipassana movement\n969 Movement\nWomen in Buddhism\nPhilosophy\nAbhidharma\nAtomism\nBuddhology\nCreator\nBuddhism and democracy\nEconomics\nEight Consciousnesses\nEngaged Buddhism\nEschatology\nEthics\nEvolution\nHumanism\nLogic\nReality\nSecular Buddhism\nSocialism\nThe unanswered questions\nCulture\nArchitecture\nTemple\nVihāra\nKyaung\nWat\nOrdination hall\nStupa\nPagoda\nBurmese pagoda\nCandi\nDzong architecture\nList of Buddhist architecture in China\nJapanese Buddhist architecture\nKorean Buddhist temples\nThai temple art and architecture\nTibetan Buddhist architecture\nArt\nGreco-Buddhist\nBodhi Tree\nBudai\nBuddha in art\nCalendar\nCuisine\nFuneral\nHolidays\nVesak\nUposatha\nMāgha Pūjā\nAsalha Puja\nVassa\nJaya Sri Maha Bodhi\nKasaya\nMahabodhi Temple\nMantra\nOm mani padme hum\nMudra\nMusic\nPilgrimage\nLumbini\nMaya Devi Temple\nBodh Gaya\nSarnath\nKushinagar\nPoetry\nPrayer beads\nHama Yumi\nPrayer wheel\nSymbolism\nDharmachakra\nFlag\nBhavacakra\nSwastika\nThangka\nTemple of the Tooth\nVegetarianism\nMiscellaneous\nAbhijñā\nAmitābha\nBrahmā\nDharma talk\nHinayana\nKalpa\nKoliya\nLineage\nMāra\nṚddhi\nSiddhi\nSacred languages\nPāḷi\nSanskrit\nComparison\nBaháʼí Faith\nChristianity\nInfluences\nComparison\nEast Asian religions\nGnosticism\nHinduism\nJainism\nJudaism\nPsychology\nScience\nTheosophy\nViolence\nWestern philosophy\nLists\nBodhisattvas\nBuddhas\nBuddhists\nSuttas\nSutras\nTemples\nFestivals\n\n Category\n Religion portal","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_beings_in_Buddhism&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://www.tharpa.com/us/book-Joyful.Path.of.Good.Fortune-587.html","external_links_name":"Joyful Path of Good Fortune"},{"Link":"http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.048.than.html","external_links_name":"Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. \"Chiggala Sutta: The Hole.\" Access to Insight, n.d. Web."},{"Link":"http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/response.html","external_links_name":"Bodhi, Ven. Bhikkhu. \"A Buddhist Response to Contemporary Dilemmas of Human Existence.\" Access to Insight, n.d. Web."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelve_(Ricky_Martin_song)
Vuelve (Ricky Martin song)
["1 Background and release","2 Music and lyrics","3 Critical reception","3.1 Accolades","4 Commercial performance","5 Music video","6 Live performances and appearances in media","7 Formats and track listings","8 Credits and personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","10 Release history","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
1998 single by Ricky Martin"Vuelve"Single by Ricky Martinfrom the album Vuelve LanguageSpanishB-side "Entre el Amor y los Halagos" "Vuelo" "Susana" ReleasedJanuary 26, 1998 (1998-01-26)Recorded1997Genre Latin pop rock gospel Length5:08LabelSony DiscosColumbiaSongwriter(s)Franco De VitaProducer(s) K. C. Porter Draco Rosa Ricky Martin singles chronology "Corazón" (1997) "Vuelve" (1998) "The Cup of Life" (1998) Music video"Vuelve" on YouTube "Vuelve" (transl. "Come Back") is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his fourth studio album, Vuelve (1998). The song was written by Franco De Vita, while the production was handled by K. C. Porter and Draco Rosa. It was released to radio stations by Sony Discos as the lead single from the album on January 26, 1998. A Spanish language power ballad and Latin pop song with elements of rock and gospel, it is about the singer's true love, who gives the meaning of his life. It received generally positive reviews from music critics, who complimented its romantic lyrics and Martin's vocal. "Vuelve" was nominated for Pop Song of the Year at the 11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards and won the award for Latin Pop Airplay Track of the Year at the 1999 Billboard Latin Music Awards. The song was commercially successful, reaching number one in eight countries, including Peru and Venezuela, as well as Billboard's Hot Latin Songs, Latin Pop Airplay, and Tropical Airplay charts in the United States. The accompanying music video was filmed at the Ennis House in Los Angeles, California, and directed by Wayne Isham. It depicts Martin performing the track at various areas of the house. The track was included on the set lists for all of Martin's tours. De Vita recorded his own rendition of "Vuelve" on his studio album Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas (2002) and several contestants on various music talent shows have covered the song, including La Mole. Background and release "Vuelve" was written by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Franco De Vita and was released as the lead single for the album. De Vita would later cover the song on his studio album Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas (2002). In 1995, Ricky Martin released his third studio album, A Medio Vivir. On it, he shifted from his traditional ballad-style compositions to a riskier fusion of music focused on traditional Latin sounds, epitomized by the song "María". Taken aback by the starkly different musical style, his record label executives felt the song would ruin Martin's career. Despite this, "María" was chosen as the album's second single and became a breakthrough hit, reaching number one in France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Finland, Italy, Turkey, and the whole of South America. As of 2014, A Medio Vivir had sold over three million copies worldwide. While on tour in 1997, Martin returned to the studio and began recording material for his fourth studio album. He said the experience of touring and recording at the same time was "brutal and incredibly intense". On December 7, 1997, Martin confirmed he was completing his next project and that the album would be released in February of the following year. He worked on the album with producers KC Porter and Rosa, and recorded it in studios across the United States, Puerto Rico, and Spain. The album's title, Vuelve, was announced on January 25, 1998. In an interview with CNN en Español, he emphasized the album was going to "reaffirm the internationalization of my career and I know that it will help me a lot to destroy the stereotypes that may exist with my culture". The album consisting mainly of "red-hot" Latin dance numbers and "melodramatic" pop ballads. "Vuelve" was released as the album's lead single on January 26, 1998. While "La Copa de la Vida" was released as the lead single from the album in Asian and European markets, "Vuelve" was released as the third single in Austria and Germany on December 2, 1998. The track was included as the second track on Martin's fourth studio album, Vuelve, released February 12, 1998, The song was also later added to Martin's compilation albums La Historia (2001), 17 (2008), Personalidad (2015), and Esencial (2018). De Vita recorded his own version of the song on his studio album Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas (2002), with a "distinctly rock sound". When De Vita was asked why he made his own rendition of the song in an interview with El País, he clarified that he was not competing with Martin and simply wanted to give the track "another point of view". Music and lyrics "Vuelve" A 15-second sample of the chorus, which features elements of gospel. Problems playing this file? See media help. "Vuelve" was penned by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Franco De Vita, while its production was handled by KC Porter and Rosa. A Spanish language power ballad and Latin pop song with "slow rock harmonies", it is a "sultry" romantic love song with a gospel chorus. The track runs for a total of five minutes and eight seconds. Lyrically, "Vuelve" which translates to "Come Back" in English, is for Martin's "true love, whom he says gives his life meaning". In a 2007 interview with Estudio Billboard, De Vita recalled he had been writing the song for 10 years when Martin asked him to compose a track for the album. He had previously collaborated with Martin by composing the previous album's title track. In the track, Martin chants: "Vuelve, que sin ti la vida se me va. Vuelve, que me falta el aire si tú no estás. Vuelve, nadie ocupará tu lugar" ("Come back, without you my life goes away. Come back, the air is missing if you're not here. Come back, nobody will take your place.") Critical reception "Vuelve" has been met with generally positive reviews from music critics. John Lannert of Billboard magazine described the track as "moving", while David Wild of Rolling Stone mentioned it as "lovely". An author of Radio Cooperativa named it "pure romanticism", and Vilma Maldonado of The Monitor called the song's hook "instant and unforgettable" and its lyrics "warmly romantic". Writing for Vista magazine, Carmen Teresa Roiz regarded "Vuelve" as a "brilliant, melodic work". For The Dallas Morning News, Mario Tarradell praised its "sexy" refrain and felt it "makes the best of his power-keg vocals". Although she acknowledged the song's success on the music charts, the Miami Herald editor Leila Cobo criticized "Vuelve" as one of the album's "weakest tracks". In a 2018 article for Billboard however, Cobo reflected on "Vuelve" and cited it as an example of Latin pop having previously been a "crooner’s game" and remarked: " thank God for songs like 'Si No Te Hubieras Ido', 'Vuelve' or 'El Buen Perdedor' - how could we have survived heartache otherwise?" The Los Angeles Times' Ernesto Lechner declared that the song's "delicate electric piano and anthemic chorus" would make its parent album "most likely survive the test of time". Carlos Mario Castro from El Sabanero X named "Vuelve" Martin's best song, calling it "great without a doubt". He continued praising it for highlighting "the vocal capacity of Ricky Martin". An author of Cultura Colectiva named it Martin's "best heartbreak anthem" and stated: "Even if your heart is in a good place, this song is great to sing your lungs out." In a retrospective review of the Latin songs that reached number one in 1998, Billboard editor Jessica Roiz stated Martin "made everyone shed a tear" on "Vuelve". In 2015, Univision staff ranked the track as Martin's sixth-best ballad. Similarly, Claudia González Alvarado from Chilango ranked it as his sixth-best ballad in 2021. It was listed on MDZ Online's Ricky Martin's "Unmissable hits" which a writer described as "creative", and was mentioned as one of the 13 "Best Ricky Martin Songs to Add to Your Party Playlist" by Amanda Mitchell on Oprah Daily. MTV Argentina also ranked it as one of Martin's best songs in 2020. In his review for Vogue in 2021, Esteban Villaseñor ranked the song among Martin's most popular songs. Accolades Greta Alvarez from BuzzFeed placed "Vuelve" at number five on the list of "17 songs we all sang in the 90s and could never forget". In honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month in 2017, Grammy published a list of "11 Songs From Puerto Rican Artists", in which "Vuelve" was at the top of the list. At the 11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards, the song was nominated in the category of Pop Song of the Year, which was awarded to Martin's "La Copa de la Vida". At the 6th Annual Billboard Latin Music Awards in the same year, "Vuelve" won Latin Pop Airplay Track of the Year and was nominated for Hot Latin Track of the Year, but lost to "Por Mujeres Como Tu" by Pepe Aguilar. The track was recognized as one of the best-performing songs of the year on the Pop/Ballad field at the 1999 ASCAP Latin Awards. Commercial performance "Vuelve" is one of Martin's most commercially successful songs in his career. In Latin America, it reached number one in Costa Rica El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. It also peaked at number five in Panama and on the ballads chart in Mexico. In the United States, "Vuelve" debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs on the week of February 14, 1998. The single reached on top of the chart two weeks later, succeeding "My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion, becoming Martin's first number one hit in the chart. It spent two consecutive weeks in this position being replaced by "No Sé Olvidar" by Alejandro Fernández. "Vuelve" ended 1998 as the fourth best-performing song of 1998. The track also reached the top of the Latin Pop Airplay and Tropical Airplay charts. On the former chart, it spent a total of three weeks in this position and was the best-performing song of the year. In November 1999, it was labeled as one of the "hottest tracks" for Sony Discos in a list including the most successful songs released by the label since the launching of the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart in 1986. Music video A screenshot from the music video, depicting Martin standing at the Ennis House. A music video for "Vuelve" was filmed at the Ennis House in Los Angeles, California, and directed by American director Wayne Isham. At the beginning of the video, Martin is facing the rain. Afterwards, he appears performing the track at various areas of the house. Carlos Mario Castro from El Sabanero X described the visual as "simple but high quality". Cristal Mesa from mitú named it Martin's 24th best music video on her 2018 list and commented on that the "fresh-faced singer was melting hearts with his smooth face and extra stylized hair". An author of Cultura Colectiva listed it among the "13 Videos to Appreciate Ricky Martin's Talent and Sickening Good Looks". It was later included on Martin's video compilation albums The Ricky Martin Video Collection (1999), La Historia (2001), and 17 (2008). The music video was uploaded on the singer's YouTube channel on October 3, 2009, and has received over 90 million views, as of September 2021. Live performances and appearances in media Juan Luis Guerra (pictured) performed a bachata cover version of "Vuelve" in 2006. The day after releasing the album, Martin held two sold-out concerts at the 30,000-seat Hiram Bithorn Stadium in Puerto Rico on February 13 and 14, 1998, respectively, where he performed "Vuelve". It was included as part of the setlist for the "Vuelve Tour", and subsequent tours including the Livin' la Vida Loca Tour, One Night Only with Ricky Martin, Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour, Ricky Martin Live, Live in Mexico, One World Tour, All In, the Movimiento Tour, and the Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert. He also performed "Vuelve" along with his other hits during the 48th, 55th, and 61st editions of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in 2007, 2014, and 2020, respectively. A live version of "Vuelve" was recorded and taped as part of his MTV Unplugged set in Miami, Florida on August 17, 2006. This version of "Vuelve" reached number seven in Chile according to the Associated Press. The artist then promoted MTV Unplugged with the Black and White Tour, including four sold-out shows at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico. The concerts in Puerto Rico were compiled into his second live album Ricky Martin... Live Black & White Tour (2007) which includes his performance of "Vuelve". De Vita included "Vuelve" on the set list for his Libre Tour in 2017. Dominican Republic singer-songwriter Juan Luis Guerra performed a live bachata cover of the song at the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year gala where Martin was honored with the accolade in 2006 and Guerra's rendition received the most applause. "Vuelve" has been covered by several contestants on various music talent shows. Andrea López y Jonathan González performed the song on the third season of Cantando por un Sueño in 2011. The following year, La Mole performed it on its fourth season along with Natalie Scalzadonna. In the same year, Gonzalo Andrada covered the track on La Voz Argentina's first season. On its third season in 2021, Alex Freidig and Oscar Rojas competed in a battle of covering the song, which Freidig won. Also in 2021, Yohan Amparo performed the track on season one of The Voice Dominicana. Prior to the single's release, "Vuelve" served as the theme song for the Mexican telenovela Sin ti which premiered on December 8, 1997. Formats and track listings Austrian CD single "Vuelve" – 5:08 "Entre el Amor y los Halagos" – 4:20 German CD maxi-single "Vuelve" – 5:08 "Entre el Amor y los Halagos" – 4:20 "Vuelo" – 3:58 "Susana" – 4:54 Mexican 7" single "Vuelve" – 5:08 "La Copa de la Vida" – 4:29 Mexican promotional single "Vuelve" – 5:08 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from Tidal. Ricky Martin – vocal, associated performer Franco De Vita – composer, lyricist Robi Draco Rosa – producer, background vocal, recording engineer K.C. Porter – producer, piano David Campbell – arranger Kieran Murray – assistant engineer Rafa Sardina – assistant engineer Teresa Cassin – assistant engineer Scott Kieklak – assistant engineer Robert Valdez – assistant engineer Paul Gordon – assistant engineer Bill Smith – assistant engineer Luis Villanueva – assistant engineer Alberto Pino – assistant engineer Dave Dominguez – assistant engineer Francisco "Panchoî" – assistant engineer Tomaselli – assistant engineer Gene Lo – assistant engineer Iris Salazar – assistant engineer Jeff Shannon – assistant engineer Jorge M. Jaramillo – assistant engineer Juan Rosario – assistant engineer Jules Condar – assistant engineer, recording engineer Julia Waters – background vocal Phil Perry – background vocal Ricky Nelson – background vocal John West – background vocal Darryl Phinnessee – background vocal Josie Aiello – background vocal Oren Waters – background vocal Carmen Twillie – background vocal Stefanie Spruill – background vocal James Gilstrap – background vocal Kristle Murden – background vocal Marlena Jeter – background vocal Bunny Hill – background vocal GB Dorsey – background vocal Jackeline Simley – background vocal Katrina Harper – background vocal Martonette Jenkins – background vocal Maxine Jeter – background vocal Phillip Ingram – background vocal Reggie Hamilton – bass Curt Bisquera – drums Michael Landau – electric guitar Benny Faccone – mixing engineer Bobby Rothstein – mixing engineer Chris Brooke – mixing engineer Jun Murakawa – mixing engineer Luis Quiñe – mixing engineer Mike Aarvold – mixing engineer Mike Ainsworth – mixing engineer Travis Smith – mixing engineer Chris Carroll – mixing engineer Todd Keller – mixing engineer Leo Herrera – mixing engineer John Beasley – piano Randy Waldman – piano Esteban Villanueva – project coordintor, recording engineer Sarah Wykes – project coordintor Iris Aponte – project coordintor Steve Churchyard – recording engineer John Lowson – recording engineer Ted Stein – recording engineer Robert Fernandez – recording engineer Brian Jenkins – recording engineer Doc Wiley – recording engineer Benny Faccone – recording engineer Carlos Nieto – recording engineer Charles Dye – recording engineer Danny Vicari – recording engineer Femio Hernandez – recording engineer Héctor Iván Rosa – recording engineer Jeff Poe – recording engineer Jesus "Chuy" Flores – recording engineer John Karpowich – recording engineer Karl Cameron – recording engineer Keith Rose – recording engineer Luis Fernando Soria – recording engineer Matt Ross Hyde – recording engineer Peter McCabe – recording engineer Rik Pekkonen – recording engineer Charts Weekly charts Chart performance for "Vuelve" Chart (1998) Peakposition Costa Rica (Notimex) 1 El Salvador (Notimex) 1 Guatemala (Notimex) 1 Honduras (Notimex) 1 Mexico Ballads (Notimex) 5 Nicaragua (Notimex) 1 Panama (Notimex) 5 Peru (Notimex) 1 Puerto Rico (Notimex) 1 US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) 1 US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard) 1 US Tropical Airplay (Billboard) 1 Venezuela (Record Report) 1 Chart performance for "Vuelve (MTV Unplugged Version)" Chart (2007) Peakposition Chile (Associated Press) 7 Year-end charts 1998 year-end chart performance for "Vuelve" Chart (1998) Position US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) 4 US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard) 1 Release history Release dates and formats for "Vuelve" Country Date Format Label Ref. 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Nielsen Business Media. p. 61. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "MTV Unplugged – Ricky Martin". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021. ^ a b "Las diez canciones más populares". Lincoln Journal Star (in Spanish). Lee Enterprises. June 15, 2007. p. 4C. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Ricky Martin Preps North American Trek". Reuters. March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "Ricky Martin Live: Black and White Tour – Ricky Martin". AllMusic. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021. ^ Calle, Tommy (April 2, 2017). "Franco De Vita conquista Hollywood con su 'Libre Tour' a pesar de su afonía". Hoy LA (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "Reconocen la labor humanitaria y la carrera de Ricky Martin". Excélsior California (in Spanish). November 2, 2006. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "Andy y Jonhy cantaron 'Vuelve'" (in Spanish). El Trece. August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "La Mole Moli se consagró campeón de Cantando 2012: el video de la definición" (in Spanish). Ciudad Magazine. December 17, 2012. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "La Voz Argentina: estos son los cuatro elegidos por sus coaches" (in Spanish). Ciudad Magazine. November 5, 2012. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "El correntino Oscar Rojas quedó afuera de La Voz Argentina" (in Spanish). Radio Dos. August 9, 2021. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "The Voice Dominicana: así está conformado el team Milly". Listín Diario (in Spanish). August 23, 2021. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ De Leon, Angelica (December 4, 1997). "Vuelve Gaby a las aulas". Reforma (in Spanish). p. 3. ^ Vuelve (CD Single) (Media notes). Ricky Martin. Austria: Columbia. 1998. COL 666644 1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Vuelve (CD Single) (Media notes). Ricky Martin. Europe: Columbia. 1998. 666644 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Vuelve (7" Single) (Media notes). Ricky Martin. Mexico: Columbia. 1998. PRCD 658686.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Vuelve (CD Single) (Media notes). Ricky Martin. Mexico: Columbia. 1998. PRCD 97222.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Vuelve / Ricky Martin". Tidal. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ Lannert, John (January 17, 1998). "U.S. Latino Market Could Rebound". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 3. Nielsen Business Media. p. 39. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2020. External links "Vuelve" (Music Video) on YouTube "Vuelve" (Live from Black and White Tour) on YouTube "Vuelve" (Audio) on YouTube vteRicky Martin singles1990s "Fuego Contra Fuego" "El Amor de Mi Vida" "Vuelo" "Dime Que Me Quieres" "Susana" "Juego de Ajedrez" "Ser Feliz" "Todo Es Vida" "Me Amaras" "Que Día Es Hoy" "Entre el Amor y los Halagos" "No Me Pidas Más" "Te Extraño, Te Olvido, Te Amo" "María" "A Medio Vivir" "Puedes Llegar" "Fuego de Noche, Nieve de Día" "Cómo Decirte Adiós" "Bombón de Azúcar" "Diana" "Volverás" "Nada es Imposible" "No Importa la Distancia" "Corazón" "Dónde Estarás" "Vuelve" "The Cup of Life" "La Bomba" "Perdido Sin Ti" "Por Arriba, Por Abajo" "Casi un Bolero" "Corazonado" "Ask for More" "Livin' la Vida Loca" "She's All I Ever Had/Bella" "Shake Your Bon-Bon" 2000s "Private Emotion" "She Bangs" "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely/Solo Quiero Amarte" "Loaded" "Cambia la Piel" "El Ultimo Adios" "Amor" "Come to Me" "Relight My Fire" "Tal Vez" "Jaleo" "Asignatura Pendiente" "Juramento" "Y Todo Queda en Nada" "What More Can I Give" "I Don't Care/Qué Más Me Da" "Drop It on Me" "It's Alright/Déjate Llevar" "Tu Recuerdo" "Pégate" "Gracias por Pensar en Mi" "Con Tu Nombre" "Non siamo soli" "Somos la Semilla" 2010s "Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti" "The Best Thing About Me Is You/Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" "Shine" "Más" "Frío" "Samba" "Sexy and I Know It" "La Isla Bonita" "Más y Más" "Come with Me" "Adrenalina" "Vida" "Adiós" "Disparo al Corazón" "Mr. Put It Down" "La Mordidita" "Que Se Sienta el Deseo" "Perdóname" "Vente Pa' Ca" "Fiebre" "No Se Me Quita" "Cántalo" 2020s "Tiburones" "Falta Amor" "Recuerdo" "Canción Bonita" "Qué Rico Fuera" "Otra Noche en L.A." "A Veces Bien y a Veces Mal" vteFranco De VitaStudio albums Franco De Vita (1984) Fantasía (1986) Al Norte del Sur (1988) Extranjero (1990) Voces a mi Alrededor (1993) Fuera de Este Mundo (1996) Nada Es Igual (1999) Segundas partes también son buenas (2002) Stop (2004) Simplemente La Verdad (2008) Live albums En Vivo Marzo 16 (1992) Mil y Una Historias en Vivo (2006) En Primera Fila (2011) Songs "No Basta" "Vuelve" "Oye, ¿Dónde Está El Amor?" "Tan Sólo Tú" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"Vuelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelve_(album)"},{"link_name":"Franco De Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_De_Vita"},{"link_name":"K. C. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._C._Porter"},{"link_name":"Draco Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_Rosa"},{"link_name":"Sony Discos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"power ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ballad"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"Pop Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Award_for_Pop_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Lo_Nuestro_1999"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay Track of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Award_for_Latin_Pop_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"1999 Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Latin_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Tropical Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Airplay"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Ennis House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis_House"},{"link_name":"Wayne Isham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Isham"},{"link_name":"set lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"},{"link_name":"Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundas_Partes_Tambien_Son_Buenas"},{"link_name":"La Mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Moli"}],"text":"1998 single by Ricky Martin\"Vuelve\" (transl. \"Come Back\") is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his fourth studio album, Vuelve (1998). The song was written by Franco De Vita, while the production was handled by K. C. Porter and Draco Rosa. It was released to radio stations by Sony Discos as the lead single from the album on January 26, 1998. A Spanish language power ballad and Latin pop song with elements of rock and gospel, it is about the singer's true love, who gives the meaning of his life. It received generally positive reviews from music critics, who complimented its romantic lyrics and Martin's vocal.\"Vuelve\" was nominated for Pop Song of the Year at the 11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards and won the award for Latin Pop Airplay Track of the Year at the 1999 Billboard Latin Music Awards. The song was commercially successful, reaching number one in eight countries, including Peru and Venezuela, as well as Billboard's Hot Latin Songs, Latin Pop Airplay, and Tropical Airplay charts in the United States. The accompanying music video was filmed at the Ennis House in Los Angeles, California, and directed by Wayne Isham. It depicts Martin performing the track at various areas of the house. The track was included on the set lists for all of Martin's tours. De Vita recorded his own rendition of \"Vuelve\" on his studio album Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas (2002) and several contestants on various music talent shows have covered the song, including La Mole.","title":"Vuelve (Ricky Martin song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franco_de_Vita_en_Primera_Fila_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Franco De Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_De_Vita"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundas_Partes_Tambien_Son_Buenas"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"A Medio Vivir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Medio_Vivir_(album)"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_(Ricky_Martin_song)"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rickybook-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelve+amediovivir-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rickybook-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"KC Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_Porter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusiccredits-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vuelvebooklet-5"},{"link_name":"CNN en Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Latin dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_dance"},{"link_name":"pop ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_ballad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promis-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobo1-8"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"La Copa de la Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cup_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waves-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple_Music-14"},{"link_name":"La Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Historia_(Ricky_Martin_album)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_(Ricky_Martin_album)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17_album-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Esencial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esencial_(Ricky_Martin_album)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundas_Partes_Tambien_Son_Buenas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"\"Vuelve\" was written by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Franco De Vita and was released as the lead single for the album. De Vita would later cover the song on his studio album Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas (2002).In 1995, Ricky Martin released his third studio album, A Medio Vivir. On it, he shifted from his traditional ballad-style compositions to a riskier fusion of music focused on traditional Latin sounds, epitomized by the song \"María\". Taken aback by the starkly different musical style, his record label executives felt the song would ruin Martin's career. Despite this, \"María\" was chosen as the album's second single and became a breakthrough hit, reaching number one in France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Finland, Italy, Turkey, and the whole of South America.[1] As of 2014, A Medio Vivir had sold over three million copies worldwide.[2] While on tour in 1997, Martin returned to the studio and began recording material for his fourth studio album. He said the experience of touring and recording at the same time was \"brutal and incredibly intense\".[1] On December 7, 1997, Martin confirmed he was completing his next project and that the album would be released in February of the following year.[3] He worked on the album with producers KC Porter and Rosa, and recorded it in studios across the United States, Puerto Rico, and Spain.[4][5]The album's title, Vuelve, was announced on January 25, 1998. In an interview with CNN en Español, he emphasized the album was going to \"reaffirm the internationalization of my career and I know that it will help me a lot to destroy the stereotypes that may exist with my culture\".[6] The album consisting mainly of \"red-hot\" Latin dance numbers and \"melodramatic\" pop ballads.[7][8] \"Vuelve\" was released as the album's lead single on January 26, 1998.[9] While \"La Copa de la Vida\" was released as the lead single from the album in Asian and European markets,[10] \"Vuelve\" was released as the third single in Austria and Germany on December 2, 1998.[11] The track was included as the second track on Martin's fourth studio album, Vuelve, released February 12, 1998,[12][13][14] The song was also later added to Martin's compilation albums La Historia (2001),[15] 17 (2008),[16] Personalidad (2015),[17] and Esencial (2018).[18] De Vita recorded his own version of the song on his studio album Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas (2002),[19] with a \"distinctly rock sound\".[20] When De Vita was asked why he made his own rendition of the song in an interview with El País, he clarified that he was not competing with Martin and simply wanted to give the track \"another point of view\".[21]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Vuelve\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Martin_-_Vuelve_sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonydiscos-22"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Franco De Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_De_Vita"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promis-7"},{"link_name":"power ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ballad"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lechner2-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonydiscos-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Leila-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple_Music-14"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pignato-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Medio_Vivir_(song)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diariofemenino-30"}],"text":"\"Vuelve\"\n\nA 15-second sample of the chorus, which features elements of gospel.[22]\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Vuelve\" was penned by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Franco De Vita, while its production was handled by KC Porter and Rosa.[7] A Spanish language power ballad and Latin pop song with \"slow rock harmonies\",[23][24][25] it is a \"sultry\" romantic love song with a gospel chorus.[22][26] The track runs for a total of five minutes and eight seconds.[14] Lyrically, \"Vuelve\" which translates to \"Come Back\" in English, is for Martin's \"true love, whom he says gives his life meaning\".[27] In a 2007 interview with Estudio Billboard, De Vita recalled he had been writing the song for 10 years when Martin asked him to compose a track for the album.[28] He had previously collaborated with Martin by composing the previous album's title track.[29] In the track, Martin chants: \"Vuelve, que sin ti la vida se me va. Vuelve, que me falta el aire si tú no estás. Vuelve, nadie ocupará tu lugar\" (\"Come back, without you my life goes away. Come back, the air is missing if you're not here. Come back, nobody will take your place.\")[30]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lannert-31"},{"link_name":"David Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wild"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wild-32"},{"link_name":"Radio Cooperativa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Cooperativa"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monitor_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImpreMedia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Dallas Morning News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News"},{"link_name":"refrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrain"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tarradell-36"},{"link_name":"Miami Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald"},{"link_name":"Leila Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Cobo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobo1-8"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"Si No Te Hubieras Ido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_no_te_hubieras_ido"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Leila-26"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lechner-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Sabanero_X-38"},{"link_name":"Cultura Colectiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Colectiva"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cultura_Colectiva-39"},{"link_name":"reached number one in 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_Billboard_Hot_Latin_Tracks_of_1998"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Chilango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilango_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"MTV Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_(Latin_American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"\"Vuelve\" has been met with generally positive reviews from music critics. John Lannert of Billboard magazine described the track as \"moving\",[31] while David Wild of Rolling Stone mentioned it as \"lovely\".[32] An author of Radio Cooperativa named it \"pure romanticism\",[33] and Vilma Maldonado of The Monitor called the song's hook \"instant and unforgettable\" and its lyrics \"warmly romantic\".[34] Writing for Vista magazine, Carmen Teresa Roiz regarded \"Vuelve\" as a \"brilliant, melodic work\".[35] For The Dallas Morning News, Mario Tarradell praised its \"sexy\" refrain and felt it \"makes the best of his power-keg vocals\".[36] Although she acknowledged the song's success on the music charts, the Miami Herald editor Leila Cobo criticized \"Vuelve\" as one of the album's \"weakest tracks\".[8] In a 2018 article for Billboard however, Cobo reflected on \"Vuelve\" and cited it as an example of Latin pop having previously been a \"crooner’s game\" and remarked: \"[...] thank God for songs like 'Si No Te Hubieras Ido', 'Vuelve' or 'El Buen Perdedor' - how could we have survived heartache otherwise?\"[26] The Los Angeles Times' Ernesto Lechner declared that the song's \"delicate electric piano and anthemic chorus\" would make its parent album \"most likely survive the test of time\".[37]Carlos Mario Castro from El Sabanero X named \"Vuelve\" Martin's best song, calling it \"great without a doubt\". He continued praising it for highlighting \"the vocal capacity of Ricky Martin\".[38] An author of Cultura Colectiva named it Martin's \"best heartbreak anthem\" and stated: \"Even if your heart is in a good place, this song is great to sing your lungs out.\"[39] In a retrospective review of the Latin songs that reached number one in 1998, Billboard editor Jessica Roiz stated Martin \"made everyone shed a tear\" on \"Vuelve\".[40] In 2015, Univision staff ranked the track as Martin's sixth-best ballad.[41] Similarly, Claudia González Alvarado from Chilango ranked it as his sixth-best ballad in 2021.[42] It was listed on MDZ Online's Ricky Martin's \"Unmissable hits\" which a writer described as \"creative\",[43] and was mentioned as one of the 13 \"Best Ricky Martin Songs to Add to Your Party Playlist\" by Amanda Mitchell on Oprah Daily.[44] MTV Argentina also ranked it as one of Martin's best songs in 2020.[45] In his review for Vogue in 2021, Esteban Villaseñor ranked the song among Martin's most popular songs.[46]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BuzzFeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"National Hispanic Heritage Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hispanic_Heritage_Month"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Lo_Nuestro_1999"},{"link_name":"Pop Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Nuestro_Award_for_Pop_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-univision-lonuestro-1999-49"},{"link_name":"La Copa de la Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Copa_de_la_Vida"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners-archive-50"},{"link_name":"6th Annual Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Latin_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay Track of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Award_for_Latin_Pop_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Track of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Award_for_Hot_Latin_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Pepe Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepe_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Greta Alvarez from BuzzFeed placed \"Vuelve\" at number five on the list of \"17 songs we all sang in the 90s and could never forget\".[47] In honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month in 2017, Grammy published a list of \"11 Songs From Puerto Rican Artists\", in which \"Vuelve\" was at the top of the list.[48] At the 11th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards, the song was nominated in the category of Pop Song of the Year,[49] which was awarded to Martin's \"La Copa de la Vida\".[50] At the 6th Annual Billboard Latin Music Awards in the same year, \"Vuelve\" won Latin Pop Airplay Track of the Year and was nominated for Hot Latin Track of the Year, but lost to \"Por Mujeres Como Tu\" by Pepe Aguilar.[51] The track was recognized as one of the best-performing songs of the year on the Pop/Ballad field at the 1999 ASCAP Latin Awards.[52]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Vina-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costarica-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts2-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guatemala-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts2-55"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peru-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts-57"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venezuela-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts-57"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexican_ballads-60"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"My Heart Will Go On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heart_Will_Go_On"},{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-62"},{"link_name":"No Sé Olvidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_S%C3%A9_Olvidar"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"best-performing song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_Latin_Songs_Year-End_Chart"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearend1998-64"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Tropical Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinpop-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearend1998-64"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-most-68"}],"text":"\"Vuelve\" is one of Martin's most commercially successful songs in his career.[53] In Latin America, it reached number one in Costa Rica[54] El Salvador,[55] Guatemala,[56] Honduras,[57] Nicaragua,[55] Peru,[58] Puerto Rico,[57] and Venezuela.[59] It also peaked at number five in Panama and on the ballads chart in Mexico.[57][60] In the United States, \"Vuelve\" debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs on the week of February 14, 1998.[61] The single reached on top of the chart two weeks later, succeeding \"My Heart Will Go On\" by Celine Dion, becoming Martin's first number one hit in the chart.[62] It spent two consecutive weeks in this position being replaced by \"No Sé Olvidar\" by Alejandro Fernández.[63] \"Vuelve\" ended 1998 as the fourth best-performing song of 1998.[64] The track also reached the top of the Latin Pop Airplay and Tropical Airplay charts.[65][66] On the former chart, it spent a total of three weeks in this position and was the best-performing song of the year.[64][67] In November 1999, it was labeled as one of the \"hottest tracks\" for Sony Discos in a list including the most successful songs released by the label since the launching of the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart in 1986.[68]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Martin_Vuelve_Music_Video.jpg"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Ennis House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis_House"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Ennis House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis_House"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Wayne Isham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Isham"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Sabanero_X-38"},{"link_name":"mitú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%C3%BA_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mitu-72"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cultura_Colectiva-39"},{"link_name":"The Ricky Martin Video Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ricky_Martin_Video_Collection"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17_album-16"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"A screenshot from the music video, depicting Martin standing at the Ennis House.A music video for \"Vuelve\" was filmed at the Ennis House in Los Angeles, California,[69] and directed by American director Wayne Isham.[70] At the beginning of the video, Martin is facing the rain. Afterwards, he appears performing the track at various areas of the house.[71] Carlos Mario Castro from El Sabanero X described the visual as \"simple but high quality\".[38] Cristal Mesa from mitú named it Martin's 24th best music video on her 2018 list and commented on that the \"fresh-faced singer was melting hearts with his smooth face and extra stylized hair\".[72] An author of Cultura Colectiva listed it among the \"13 Videos to Appreciate Ricky Martin's Talent and Sickening Good Looks\".[39] It was later included on Martin's video compilation albums The Ricky Martin Video Collection (1999),[73] La Historia (2001),[74] and 17 (2008).[16] The music video was uploaded on the singer's YouTube channel on October 3, 2009, and has received over 90 million views, as of September 2021.[75]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Luis_Guerra_in_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juan Luis Guerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra"},{"link_name":"bachata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachata_(music)"},{"link_name":"Hiram Bithorn Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Bithorn_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waves-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lechner2-23"},{"link_name":"Livin' la Vida Loca Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livin%27_la_Vida_Loca_Tour"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"One Night Only with Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_Only_with_Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_%2B_Alma_%2B_Sexo_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin_Live"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"One World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Tour_(Ricky_Martin)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"All In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_In_(concert_residency)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp1-82"},{"link_name":"Movimiento Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_Tour"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Iglesias_and_Ricky_Martin_Live_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Viña del Mar International Song Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar_International_Song_Festival"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Vina-53"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Ricky_Martin_album)"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Unplugs-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL_chart-89"},{"link_name":"Black and White Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_White_Tour"},{"link_name":"José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Agrelot_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin... Live Black & White Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin..._Live_Black_%26_White_Tour"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Juan Luis Guerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luis_Guerra"},{"link_name":"bachata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachata_(music)"},{"link_name":"Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Recording_Academy_Person_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantando_2011"},{"link_name":"Cantando por un Sueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantando_por_un_Sue%C3%B1o_(Argentine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"La Mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Moli"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantando_2012"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"La Voz Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_voz_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_Argentina_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"season one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_Dominicana_(season_1)"},{"link_name":"The Voice Dominicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_Dominicana"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Sin ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_ti_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"Juan Luis Guerra (pictured) performed a bachata cover version of \"Vuelve\" in 2006.The day after releasing the album, Martin held two sold-out concerts at the 30,000-seat Hiram Bithorn Stadium in Puerto Rico on February 13 and 14, 1998, respectively, where he performed \"Vuelve\".[10] It was included as part of the setlist for the \"Vuelve Tour\",[23] and subsequent tours including the Livin' la Vida Loca Tour,[76] One Night Only with Ricky Martin,[77] Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour,[78] Ricky Martin Live,[79] Live in Mexico,[80] One World Tour,[81] All In,[82] the Movimiento Tour,[83] and the Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert.[84] He also performed \"Vuelve\" along with his other hits during the 48th, 55th, and 61st editions of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in 2007, 2014, and 2020, respectively.[53][85][86] A live version of \"Vuelve\" was recorded and taped as part of his MTV Unplugged set in Miami, Florida on August 17, 2006.[87][88] This version of \"Vuelve\" reached number seven in Chile according to the Associated Press.[89] The artist then promoted MTV Unplugged with the Black and White Tour, including four sold-out shows at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico.[90] The concerts in Puerto Rico were compiled into his second live album Ricky Martin... Live Black & White Tour (2007) which includes his performance of \"Vuelve\".[91] De Vita included \"Vuelve\" on the set list for his Libre Tour in 2017.[92]Dominican Republic singer-songwriter Juan Luis Guerra performed a live bachata cover of the song at the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year gala where Martin was honored with the accolade in 2006 and Guerra's rendition received the most applause.[93] \"Vuelve\" has been covered by several contestants on various music talent shows. Andrea López y Jonathan González performed the song on the third season of Cantando por un Sueño in 2011.[94] The following year, La Mole performed it on its fourth season along with Natalie Scalzadonna.[95] In the same year, Gonzalo Andrada covered the track on La Voz Argentina's first season.[96] On its third season in 2021, Alex Freidig and Oscar Rojas competed in a battle of covering the song, which Freidig won.[97] Also in 2021, Yohan Amparo performed the track on season one of The Voice Dominicana.[98] Prior to the single's release, \"Vuelve\" served as the theme song for the Mexican telenovela Sin ti which premiered on December 8, 1997.[99]","title":"Live performances and appearances in media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Entre el Amor y los Halagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre_el_Amor_y_los_Halagos"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Vuelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Susana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_(VOF_de_Kunst_song)#Ricky_Martin_version"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"Austrian CD single[100]\n\n\"Vuelve\" – 5:08\n\"Entre el Amor y los Halagos\" – 4:20\nGerman CD maxi-single[101]\n\n\"Vuelve\" – 5:08\n\"Entre el Amor y los Halagos\" – 4:20\n\"Vuelo\" – 3:58\n\"Susana\" – 4:54\n\n\nMexican 7\" single[102]\n\n\"Vuelve\" – 5:08\n\"La Copa de la Vida\" – 4:29\nMexican promotional single[103]\n\n\"Vuelve\" – 5:08","title":"Formats and track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tidal-104"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"Franco De Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_De_Vita"},{"link_name":"Robi Draco Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_Rosa"},{"link_name":"K.C. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_Porter"},{"link_name":"David Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campbell_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Rafa Sardina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa_Sardina"},{"link_name":"Paul Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gordon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Perry"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"John West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_West_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Josie Aiello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_Aiello"},{"link_name":"Oren Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren_Waters"},{"link_name":"Carmen Twillie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Twillie_(actress)"},{"link_name":"James Gilstrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gilstrap"},{"link_name":"Kristle Murden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristle_Murden"},{"link_name":"Phillip Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Curt Bisquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Bisquera"},{"link_name":"Michael Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landau"},{"link_name":"Benny Faccone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Faccone"},{"link_name":"John Beasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beasley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Randy Waldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Waldman"},{"link_name":"Steve Churchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Churchyard"},{"link_name":"Benny Faccone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Faccone"},{"link_name":"Charles Dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dye"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Tidal.[104]Ricky Martin – vocal, associated performer\nFranco De Vita – composer, lyricist\nRobi Draco Rosa – producer, background vocal, recording engineer\nK.C. Porter – producer, piano\nDavid Campbell – arranger\nKieran Murray – assistant engineer\nRafa Sardina – assistant engineer\nTeresa Cassin – assistant engineer\nScott Kieklak – assistant engineer\nRobert Valdez – assistant engineer\nPaul Gordon – assistant engineer\nBill Smith – assistant engineer\nLuis Villanueva – assistant engineer\nAlberto Pino – assistant engineer\nDave Dominguez – assistant engineer\nFrancisco \"Panchoî\" – assistant engineer\nTomaselli – assistant engineer\nGene Lo – assistant engineer\nIris Salazar – assistant engineer\nJeff Shannon – assistant engineer\nJorge M. Jaramillo – assistant engineer\nJuan Rosario – assistant engineer\nJules Condar – assistant engineer, recording engineer\nJulia Waters – background vocal\nPhil Perry – background vocal\nRicky Nelson – background vocal\nJohn West – background vocal\nDarryl Phinnessee – background vocal\nJosie Aiello – background vocal\nOren Waters – background vocal\nCarmen Twillie – background vocal\nStefanie Spruill – background vocal\nJames Gilstrap – background vocal\nKristle Murden – background vocal\nMarlena Jeter – background vocal\nBunny Hill – background vocal\nGB Dorsey – background vocal\nJackeline Simley – background vocal\nKatrina Harper – background vocal\nMartonette Jenkins – background vocal\nMaxine Jeter – background vocal\nPhillip Ingram – background vocal\nReggie Hamilton – bass\nCurt Bisquera – drums\nMichael Landau – electric guitar\nBenny Faccone – mixing engineer\nBobby Rothstein – mixing engineer\nChris Brooke – mixing engineer\nJun Murakawa – mixing engineer\nLuis Quiñe – mixing engineer\nMike Aarvold – mixing engineer\nMike Ainsworth – mixing engineer\nTravis Smith – mixing engineer\nChris Carroll – mixing engineer\nTodd Keller – mixing engineer\nLeo Herrera – mixing engineer\nJohn Beasley – piano\nRandy Waldman – piano\nEsteban Villanueva – project coordintor, recording engineer\nSarah Wykes – project coordintor\nIris Aponte – project coordintor\nSteve Churchyard – recording engineer\nJohn Lowson – recording engineer\nTed Stein – recording engineer\nRobert Fernandez – recording engineer\nBrian Jenkins – recording engineer\nDoc Wiley – recording engineer\nBenny Faccone – recording engineer\nCarlos Nieto – recording engineer\nCharles Dye – recording engineer\nDanny Vicari – recording engineer\nFemio Hernandez – recording engineer\nHéctor Iván Rosa – recording engineer\nJeff Poe – recording engineer\nJesus \"Chuy\" Flores – recording engineer\nJohn Karpowich – recording engineer\nKarl Cameron – recording engineer\nKeith Rose – recording engineer\nLuis Fernando Soria – recording engineer\nMatt Ross Hyde – recording engineer\nPeter McCabe – recording engineer\nRik Pekkonen – recording engineer","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vuelve_(Ricky_Martin_song)&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costarica-54"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts2-55"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guatemala-56"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts-57"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexican_ballads-60"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts2-55"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts-57"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peru-58"},{"link_name":"Notimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimex"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vuelvesongcharts-57"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-62"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinpop-65"},{"link_name":"Tropical Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropical-66"},{"link_name":"Record Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Report"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venezuela-59"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CL_chart-89"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vuelve_(Ricky_Martin_song)&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearend1998-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yearend1998-64"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nChart performance for \"Vuelve\"\n\n\nChart (1998)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCosta Rica (Notimex)[54]\n\n1\n\n\nEl Salvador (Notimex)[55]\n\n1\n\n\nGuatemala (Notimex)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nHonduras (Notimex)[57]\n\n1\n\n\nMexico Ballads (Notimex)[60]\n\n5\n\n\nNicaragua (Notimex)[55]\n\n1\n\n\nPanama (Notimex)[57]\n\n5\n\n\nPeru (Notimex)[58]\n\n1\n\n\nPuerto Rico (Notimex)[57]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[62]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)[65]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Tropical Airplay (Billboard)[66]\n\n1\n\n\nVenezuela (Record Report)[59]\n\n1\n\n\nChart performance for \"Vuelve (MTV Unplugged Version)\"\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nChile (Associated Press)[89]\n\n7\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n1998 year-end chart performance for \"Vuelve\"\n\n\nChart (1998)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[64]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)[64]\n\n1","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[{"image_text":"\"Vuelve\" was written by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Franco De Vita and was released as the lead single for the album. De Vita would later cover the song on his studio album Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas (2002).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Franco_de_Vita_en_Primera_Fila_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Franco_de_Vita_en_Primera_Fila_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A screenshot from the music video, depicting Martin standing at the Ennis House.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Ricky_Martin_Vuelve_Music_Video.jpg/250px-Ricky_Martin_Vuelve_Music_Video.jpg"},{"image_text":"Juan Luis Guerra (pictured) performed a bachata cover version of \"Vuelve\" in 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Juan_Luis_Guerra_in_2012.jpg/180px-Juan_Luis_Guerra_in_2012.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Billboard Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_Latin_Songs_Year-End_Chart"},{"title":"List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_Billboard_Hot_Latin_Tracks_of_1998"},{"title":"List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Latin_Pop_Airplay_number_ones_of_1998"},{"title":"List of Billboard Tropical Airplay number ones of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Tropical_Airplay_number_ones_of_1998"}]
[{"reference":"Martin, Ricky (2010). Me. Celebra. pp. 103, 108, 109. ISBN 9780451234438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin","url_text":"Martin, Ricky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780451234438","url_text":"9780451234438"}]},{"reference":"\"Biografía de Ricky Martin\" (in Spanish). Esmas.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141112200721/http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/artistas/381955.html","url_text":"\"Biografía de Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmas.com","url_text":"Esmas.com"},{"url":"http://www.esmas.com/espectaculos/artistas/381955.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez, Gabriela (December 7, 1997). \"En voz baja\". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200612000525/http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/1997/diciembre/07/espec1.html","url_text":"\"En voz baja\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n","url_text":"La Nación"},{"url":"http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/1997/diciembre/07/espec1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vuelve - Ricky Martin | Credits\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603205152/https://www.allmusic.com/album/vuelve-mw0000035320/credits","url_text":"\"Vuelve - Ricky Martin | Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/vuelve-mw0000035320/credits","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Ricky (1998). Vuelve (Album liner notes). United States: Sony Discos, a division of Sony Music. 7 509948 878922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin","url_text":"Sony Discos"}]},{"reference":"Barquero, Christopher (January 25, 1998). \"Ricky Vuelve\". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020. Es un LP que lo voy a usar para reafirmar la internacionalización de mi carrera y sé que me va a ayudar mucho a destrozar los estereotipos que pueden existir con mi cultura.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200612010710/http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/1998/enero/25/espec1.html","url_text":"\"Ricky Vuelve\""},{"url":"http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/1998/enero/25/espec1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Promis, Jose F. \"Vuelve – Ricky Martin\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/vuelve-mw0000035320","url_text":"\"Vuelve – Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151021200819/http://www.allmusic.com/album/vuelve-mw0000035320","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (March 20, 1998). \"Ricky Martin – Vuelve\". Miami Herald. p. 107. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Cobo","url_text":"Cobo, Leila"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52704025/ricky-martin-vuelve/","url_text":"\"Ricky Martin – Vuelve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603162458/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52704025/ricky-martin-vuelve/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Martin\". El Tiempo (in Spanish). February 28, 1998. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020011717/https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-808937","url_text":"\"Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-808937","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lannert, John (February 14, 1998). \"Sony's Ricky Martin is Making Waves\". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 7. Nielsen Business Media. p. 9. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5A0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9","url_text":"\"Sony's Ricky Martin is Making Waves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210824100419/https://books.google.com/books?id=5A0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vuelve - Martin,Ricky\". Amazon.com (DE). Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Vuelve-Ricky-Martin/dp/B00000I3AL/","url_text":"\"Vuelve - Martin,Ricky\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921100350/https://www.amazon.de/Vuelve-Ricky-Martin/dp/B00000I3AL/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Martin Vuelve\". El Tiempo (in Spanish). March 17, 1998. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603165602/https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-784637","url_text":"\"Ricky Martin Vuelve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)","url_text":"El Tiempo"},{"url":"https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-784637","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Martin reaparece con nueva balada\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). February 8, 1998. p. 59. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1998/02/08&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar05907&PageLabel=59","url_text":"\"Ricky Martin reaparece con nueva balada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Siglo_de_Torre%C3%B3n","url_text":"El Siglo de Torreón"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603223952/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT%2F1998%2F02%2F08&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar05907&PageLabel=59","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vuelve – album by Ricky Martin\". Apple Music (US). Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210404162023/https://music.apple.com/us/album/vuelve/185391215","url_text":"\"Vuelve – album by Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/vuelve/185391215","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"La Historia – Ricky Martin\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/la-historia-mw0000000735","url_text":"\"La Historia – Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210903183108/https://www.allmusic.com/album/la-historia-mw0000000735","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"17 – Ricky Martin\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/17-cd-dvd-mr0001017992","url_text":"\"17 – Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170919/https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/17-cd-dvd-mr0001017992","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Personalidad – Ricky Martin\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/personalidad-mw0002887120","url_text":"\"Personalidad – Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170919/https://www.allmusic.com/album/personalidad-mw0002887120","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Esencial – Ricky Martin\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/esencial-ricky-martin-mw0003197037","url_text":"\"Esencial – Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170920/https://www.allmusic.com/album/esencial-ricky-martin-mw0003197037","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bonacich, Drago. \"Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas – Franco De Vita\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/segundas-partes-tambien-son-buenas-mw0000659125","url_text":"\"Segundas Partes Tambien Son Buenas – Franco De Vita\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413074253/https://www.allmusic.com/album/segundas-partes-tambien-son-buenas-mw0000659125","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (March 23, 2002). \"Reviews & Previews\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 12. Nielsen Business Media. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved September 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dxAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24","url_text":"\"Reviews & Previews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrevista con Franco de Vita\". El País (in Spanish). March 25, 2008. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021. Qué pasa, que no te han gustado mis versiones de 'Vuelve' o 'Hay un extraño en mi bañera'? No pretendo competir con ellos, sino simplemente darles otro punto de vista.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/cultura/2008/03/25/actualidad/1206464400_1206468033.html","url_text":"\"Entrevista con Franco de Vita\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210603111853/https://elpais.com/cultura/2008/03/25/actualidad/1206464400_1206468033.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sony Discos (March 29, 1998). \"Artist of the Month: Ricky Martin\". New York Daily News. p. 362. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52704198/ricky-martin-vuelve/","url_text":"\"Artist of the Month: Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603154726/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52704198/ricky-martin-vuelve/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lechner, Ernesto (October 26, 1998). \"Soulful Ricky Martin Outdoes His Genre\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-26-ca-36229-story.html","url_text":"\"Soulful Ricky Martin Outdoes His Genre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200729020007/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-26-ca-36229-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Field, Mischa (July 30, 1998). \"Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat\". Brattleboro Reformer. p. 8. Retrieved September 20, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87221736/the-brattleboro-reformer/","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro_Reformer","url_text":"Brattleboro Reformer"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Josh (March 31, 2017). \"Ricky Martin is Turning Us Inside Out\". Las Vegas Magazine. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lasvegasmagazine.com/entertainment/2017/mar/31/ricky-martin-park-theater-monte-carlo/","url_text":"\"Ricky Martin is Turning Us Inside Out\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921080832/https://lasvegasmagazine.com/entertainment/2017/mar/31/ricky-martin-park-theater-monte-carlo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (January 26, 2020). \"How Latin Went Mainstream, and Why It Will Continue to Happen in 2018\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Cobo","url_text":"Cobo, Leila"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8096420/latin-mainstream-crossover-how-it-happened-2018","url_text":"\"How Latin Went Mainstream, and Why It Will Continue to Happen in 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921085500/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8096420/latin-mainstream-crossover-how-it-happened-2018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pignato, Natalie (April 24, 1998). \"Ricky Martin: Vuelve\". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Publishing. p. 82. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52704402/ricky-martin-vuelve/","url_text":"\"Ricky Martin: Vuelve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Publishing","url_text":"Tribune Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603154323/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52704402/ricky-martin-vuelve/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Franco de Vita se demoró 10 años en componer una canción para Ricky Martin\". El Mercurio (in Spanish). October 17, 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200613210427/https://www.emol.com/noticias/magazine/2007/10/17/278891/franco-de-vita-se-demoro-10-anos-en-componer-una-cancion-para-ricky-martin.html","url_text":"\"Franco de Vita se demoró 10 años en componer una canción para Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mercurio","url_text":"El Mercurio"},{"url":"https://www.emol.com/noticias/magazine/2007/10/17/278891/franco-de-vita-se-demoro-10-anos-en-componer-una-cancion-para-ricky-martin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Medio Vivir – Ricky Martin\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-medio-vivir-mw0000177574","url_text":"\"A Medio Vivir – Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126214314/http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-medio-vivir-mw0000177574","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cuevas, María (September 28, 2016). \"10 frases de amor de canciones de Ricky Martin\". Diario Femenino (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariofemenino.com/articulos/amor/frases-de-amor/10-frases-de-amor-de-canciones-de-ricky-martin/","url_text":"\"10 frases de amor de canciones de Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120223725/https://www.diariofemenino.com/articulos/amor/frases-de-amor/10-frases-de-amor-de-canciones-de-ricky-martin/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lannert, John (February 28, 1998). \"Reviews & Previews\". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 9. Nielsen Business Media. p. 70. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70","url_text":"\"Reviews & Previews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170905/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wild, David (April 6, 1998). \"Audio Reviews\". Rolling Stone. Kenosha News. p. 14. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. 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The Tampa Tribune. p. 7. Retrieved September 21, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/87221907/the-tampa-tribune/","url_text":"\"At the Palace, Ricky Reigns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune","url_text":"The Tampa Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Palm, Matthew J. (February 18, 2006). \"Ricky Martin still shines as does his light show\". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2006-02-18-ricky18-story.html","url_text":"\"Ricky Martin still shines as does his light show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170121/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kintner, Thomas (April 18, 2011). \"Ricky Martin's Sexy Show at Mohegan\". Hartford Courant. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. 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Mexico: Columbia. 1998. PRCD 658686.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vuelve (CD Single) (Media notes). Ricky Martin. Mexico: Columbia. 1998. PRCD 97222.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vuelve / Ricky Martin\". Tidal. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tidal.com/track/33958553","url_text":"\"Vuelve / Ricky Martin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)","url_text":"Tidal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170105/https://tidal.com/browse/track/33958553","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lannert, John (January 17, 1998). \"U.S. Latino Market Could Rebound\". Billboard. Vol. 110, no. 3. Nielsen Business Media. p. 39. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rg0EAAAAMBAJ&q=ricky%20martin%20vuelve%20%22sin%20ti%22%20billboard&pg=PA39","url_text":"\"U.S. Latino Market Could Rebound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170057/https://books.google.com/books?id=rg0EAAAAMBAJ&q=ricky+martin+vuelve+%22sin+ti%22+billboard&pg=PA39","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_Operating_System
Disk operating system
["1 History","2 OS extensions","3 Main OSes","4 See also","5 References"]
Type of operating system This article is about disk operating systems in the broadest sense. For the disk operating system used by IBM PC compatibles, see DOS. For IBM mainframe operating systems, see DOS/360 and successors. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Disk operating system" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A disk operating system (DOS) is a computer operating system that resides on and can use a disk storage device, such as a floppy disk, hard disk drive, or optical disc. A disk operating system provides a file system for organizing, reading, and writing files on the storage disk, and a means for loading and running programs stored on that disk. Strictly speaking, this definition does not include any other functionality, so it does not apply to more complex OSes, such as Microsoft Windows, and is more appropriately used only for older generations of operating systems. Disk operating systems for mainframes, minicomputers, microprocessors, and home computers are usually loaded from the disks as part of the boot process. History Early computers predate disk drives, floppy disks, or modern flash storage. Early storage devices such as delay lines, core memories, punched cards, punched tape, magnetic tape, and magnetic drums were used instead. Early microcomputers and home computers used paper tape, audio cassette tape (such as Kansas City standard), or no permanent storage at all. Without permanent storage, program and data entry is done at front panel switches directly into memory or through a computer terminal or keyboard, sometimes controlled by a BASIC interpreter in ROM. When power is turned off, any information is lost. In the early 1960s, as disk drives became larger and more affordable, various mainframe and minicomputer vendors introduced disk operating systems and modified existing operating systems to use disks. Hard disks and floppy disk drives require software to manage rapid access to block storage of sequential and other data. For most microcomputers, a disk drive of any kind was an optional peripheral. Systems could be used with a tape drive or booted without a storage device at all. The disk operating system component of the operating system was only needed when a disk drive was used. By the time IBM announced the System/360 mainframes, the concept of a disk operating system was well established. Although IBM did offer Basic Programming Support (BPS/360) and TOS/360 for small systems, they were out of the mainstream and most customers used either DOS/360 or OS/360. Most home and personal computers of the late 1970s and 1980s used a disk operating system, most often with "DOS" in the name and simply referred to as "DOS" within their respective communities: CBM DOS for Commodore 8-bit systems, Atari DOS for the Atari 8-bit computers, TRS-DOS for the TRS-80, Apple DOS and ProDOS for the Apple II, and MS-DOS for IBM PC compatibles. CP/M is also a disk operating system, despite not having the "DOS" acronym in the name. A disk operating system is usually loaded from a disk, but there are exceptions, such as Commodore's disk drives for the Commodore 64 and VIC-20 which contain the DOS in ROM. AmigaDOS also mostly resides in ROM, as a part of a Kickstart firmware (a few select versions are also loaded from disk). OS extensions Commodore DOS is on 8-bit Commodore computers such as the Commodore 64. Unlike most other DOS systems, it is integrated into the disk drives, not loaded into the computer's own memory. Atari DOS is used by the Atari 8-bit computers. The Atari OS only offers low-level disk-access, so an extra layer called DOS can be booted from a floppy for higher level functions such as filesystems. Third-party replacements for Atari DOS include DOS XL, SpartaDOS, MyDOS, TurboDOS, and Top-DOS. MSX-DOS is for the MSX computer standard. The initial version, released in 1984, is MS-DOS 1.0 ported to Z80. In 1988, version 2 has facilities such as subdirectories, memory management, and environment strings. The MSX-DOS kernel resides in ROM (built-in on the disk controller) so basic file access capacity is available even without the command interpreter, by using BASIC extended commands. Disc Filing System (DFS) is an optional component for the Acorn BBC Micro, as a kit with a disk controller chip, a ROM chip, and a few logic chips, to be installed inside the computer. Advanced Disc Filing System (ADFS) is a successor to Acorn's DFS. AMSDOS is for the Amstrad CPC computers. GDOS and G+DOS is for the +D and DISCiPLE disk interfaces for the ZX Spectrum. Main OSes Some disk operating systems are the operating systems for the entire computer system. The Burroughs (now Unisys) Master Control Program (MCP) for the B5000 originally runs from a drum, but starting with the B5500 it runs from a disk. It is the basis for the MCP on the B6500, B7500, and successors. The SIPROS, Chippewa Operating System (COS), SCOPE, MACE and KRONOS operating systems on the Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6000 series and 7600 are all disk operating systems. KRONOS became NOS and SCOPE became NOS/BE. The GECOS operating system for the GE (later Honeywell and Groupe Bull) 600 family of mainframe computers (it later became GCOS). The IBM Basic Operating System/360 (BOS/360), Disk Operating System/360 (DOS/360) and Operating System/360 (OS/360) are standard for all but the smallest System/360 installations; the 360/67 also has Control Program-67 /Cambridge Monitor System (CP-67/CMS) and Time Sharing System/360 (TSS/360). BOS is gone, CP-67/CMS has evolved into z/VM, DOS has evolved into z/VSE, OS has evolved into z/OS and TSS/360 evolved into TSS/370 PRPQ, which is now gone. The DOS-11 operating system for DEC PDP-11 minicomputers. CP/M is a disk operating system, as the main or alternate operating system for numerous microcomputers of the 1970s and 1980s. Apple DOS is the primary operating system for the Apple II series of computers, from 1979 with the introduction of the floppy disk drive, until 1983 when it was replaced by ProDOS. TRSDOS is the operating system for the TRS-80 line of computers from Tandy. MS-DOS for IBM PC compatibles with Intel x86 CPUs. 86-DOS was modeled on CP/M, and then was adapted as the basis for Microsoft's MS-DOS. It was rebranded by IBM as PC DOS until 1993. Various compatible systems were later produced by different organizations, starting with DR-DOS in 1988. See also Live CD References ^ Dahmke, Mark (1983-07-01). "CP/M Plus: The new disk operating system is faster and more efficient than CP/M". BYTE Magazine. Vol. 8, no. 7. p. 360. ^ Wilkinson, Bill (1982). Inside Atari DOS. Greensboro, NC: COMPUTE! Books. ISBN 0-942386-02-7. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. ^ A Narrative Description of the Burroughs B5500 Disk File Master Control Program (PDF). Burroughs. October 1966. 1023579. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "CDC Operating System History" (PDF). CDC. ^ GE-635 Comprehensive Operating Supervisor (GECOS) (PDF). General Electricn. July 1964. CPB-1002. ^ IBM System/360 Basic Programming Support and IBM Basic Operating System/360 Programming Systems Summary (PDF). IBM. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ IBM System/360 Disk and Tape Operating Systems Concepts and Facilities (PDF) (Ninth ed.). IBM. October 1970. GC24-5030-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ IBM Operating System/360 Concepts and Facilities (PDF). IBM. 1965. C28-6535-0. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Control Program-67 /Cambridge Monitor System - (CP-67 /CMS) Version .3.1 - Program Number 3600-05.2.005 - System Description Manual (PDF) (Third ed.). IBM. September 1971. GH20-0802-2. Retrieved January 9, 2023. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ IBM System/360 Time Sharing System - Concepts and Facilities (PDF) (Fourth ed.). IBM. September 1968. C28-2003-3. Retrieved January 9, 2023. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ "Definitive List of TRS-80 Model II Operating Systems". Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. vteDisk operating systems (DOS)MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,compatible systems API Timeline Comparison Commands Games MS-DOS Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1 MS-DOS 7 IBM PC DOS DOS/V DR-DOS H-DOS Novell DOS ROM-DOS SISNE plus PTS-DOS FreeDOSOther x86 4680 OS 4690 OS 86-DOS ADOS Concurrent CP/M-86 Concurrent DOS CP/M-86 CP/K Datapac System Manager DOS Plus K8918-OS FlexOS MP/M-86 Multiuser DOS NetWare PalmDOS Novell DOS OpenDOS PC-MOS/386 REAL/32 SB-86 SCP1700 Towns OS TurboDOS Other platforms AmigaDOS AMSDOS ANDOS Apple DOS Apple ProDOS Apple SOS Atari DOS Atari TOS BW-DOS Commodore DOS Concurrent DOS 68K Concurrent DOS V60 CP/M Cromemco DOS CSI-DOS DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11 DIP DOS DOS/360 DOS XL Edos EOS FLEX GEMDOS IDEDOS IMDOS iS-DOS ISIS MDOS MicroDOS MP/M MSX-DOS MyDOS NewDos/80 OS/M PTDOS RealDOS SB-80 SCP Sinclair QDOS RDOS SmartDOS SpartaDOS SpartaDOS X Technical Support SuperDOS Top-DOS TR-DOS TRSDOS TurboDOS UDOS Z-DOS Z80-RIO  Category  List vteOperating systemsGeneral Comparison Forensic engineering History List Timeline Usage share User features comparison Variants Disk operating system Distributed operating system Embedded operating system Hobbyist operating system Just enough operating system Mobile operating system Network operating system Object-oriented operating system Real-time operating system Supercomputer operating system KernelArchitectures Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Multikernel vkernel Rump kernel Unikernel Components Device driver Loadable kernel module User space and kernel space Process managementConcepts Computer multitasking (Cooperative, Preemptive) Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real-time Thread Time-sharing Schedulingalgorithms Fixed-priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Round-robin Shortest job next Memory management,resource protection Bus error General protection fault Memory paging Memory protection Protection ring Segmentation fault Virtual memory Storage access,file systems Boot loader Defragmentation Device file File attribute Inode Journal Partition Virtual file system Virtual tape library Supporting concepts API Computer network HAL Live CD Live USB Shell CLI User interface PXE
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"DOS/360 and successors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"disk storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_storage"},{"link_name":"floppy disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk"},{"link_name":"hard disk drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"optical disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc"},{"link_name":"file system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"},{"link_name":"files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mainframes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"link_name":"minicomputers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer"},{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"home computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer"},{"link_name":"boot process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting"}],"text":"This article is about disk operating systems in the broadest sense. For the disk operating system used by IBM PC compatibles, see DOS. For IBM mainframe operating systems, see DOS/360 and successors.A disk operating system (DOS) is a computer operating system that resides on and can use a disk storage device, such as a floppy disk, hard disk drive, or optical disc. A disk operating system provides a file system for organizing, reading, and writing files on the storage disk, and a means for loading and running programs stored on that disk. Strictly speaking, this definition does not include any other functionality, so it does not apply to more complex OSes, such as Microsoft Windows, and is more appropriately used only for older generations of operating systems.[citation needed]Disk operating systems for mainframes, minicomputers, microprocessors, and home computers are usually loaded from the disks as part of the boot process.","title":"Disk operating system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flash storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_storage"},{"link_name":"delay lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_delay_line"},{"link_name":"core memories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_memories"},{"link_name":"punched cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card"},{"link_name":"punched tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_tape"},{"link_name":"magnetic tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape"},{"link_name":"magnetic drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_drum"},{"link_name":"home computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer"},{"link_name":"audio cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"Kansas City standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_standard"},{"link_name":"front panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_panel"},{"link_name":"computer terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory"},{"link_name":"Hard disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"},{"link_name":"System/360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/360"},{"link_name":"Basic Programming Support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Basic_Programming_Support"},{"link_name":"CBM DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_DOS"},{"link_name":"Atari DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_DOS"},{"link_name":"TRS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-DOS"},{"link_name":"Apple DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_DOS"},{"link_name":"ProDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_ProDOS"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"CP/M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byte1983_07-1"},{"link_name":"disk drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_1541"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"VIC-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIC-20"},{"link_name":"AmigaDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaDOS"},{"link_name":"Kickstart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)"}],"text":"Early computers predate disk drives, floppy disks, or modern flash storage. Early storage devices such as delay lines, core memories, punched cards, punched tape, magnetic tape, and magnetic drums were used instead. Early microcomputers and home computers used paper tape, audio cassette tape (such as Kansas City standard), or no permanent storage at all. Without permanent storage, program and data entry is done at front panel switches directly into memory or through a computer terminal or keyboard, sometimes controlled by a BASIC interpreter in ROM. When power is turned off, any information is lost.In the early 1960s, as disk drives became larger and more affordable, various mainframe and minicomputer vendors introduced disk operating systems and modified existing operating systems to use disks.Hard disks and floppy disk drives require software to manage rapid access to block storage of sequential and other data. For most microcomputers, a disk drive of any kind was an optional peripheral. Systems could be used with a tape drive or booted without a storage device at all. The disk operating system component of the operating system was only needed when a disk drive was used.By the time IBM announced the System/360 mainframes, the concept of a disk operating system was well established. Although IBM did offer Basic Programming Support (BPS/360) and TOS/360 for small systems, they were out of the mainstream and most customers used either DOS/360 or OS/360.Most home and personal computers of the late 1970s and 1980s used a disk operating system, most often with \"DOS\" in the name and simply referred to as \"DOS\" within their respective communities: CBM DOS for Commodore 8-bit systems, Atari DOS for the Atari 8-bit computers, TRS-DOS for the TRS-80, Apple DOS and ProDOS for the Apple II, and MS-DOS for IBM PC compatibles. CP/M is also a disk operating system, despite not having the \"DOS\" acronym in the name.[1]A disk operating system is usually loaded from a disk, but there are exceptions, such as Commodore's disk drives for the Commodore 64 and VIC-20 which contain the DOS in ROM. AmigaDOS also mostly resides in ROM, as a part of a Kickstart firmware (a few select versions are also loaded from disk).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commodore DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_DOS"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_International"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Atari DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_DOS"},{"link_name":"Atari 8-bit computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilkinson-2"},{"link_name":"DOS XL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_XL"},{"link_name":"SpartaDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpartaDOS_X"},{"link_name":"MyDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyDOS"},{"link_name":"TurboDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboDOS"},{"link_name":"Top-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-DOS"},{"link_name":"MSX-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX-DOS"},{"link_name":"MSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX"},{"link_name":"Z80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"Disc Filing System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_Filing_System"},{"link_name":"BBC Micro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro"},{"link_name":"Advanced Disc Filing System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System"},{"link_name":"AMSDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSDOS"},{"link_name":"Amstrad CPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad_CPC"},{"link_name":"+D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2BD"},{"link_name":"DISCiPLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DISCiPLE"},{"link_name":"ZX Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX_Spectrum"}],"text":"Commodore DOS is on 8-bit Commodore computers such as the Commodore 64. Unlike most other DOS systems, it is integrated into the disk drives, not loaded into the computer's own memory.\nAtari DOS is used by the Atari 8-bit computers. The Atari OS only offers low-level disk-access, so an extra layer called DOS can be booted from a floppy for higher level functions such as filesystems.[2] Third-party replacements for Atari DOS include DOS XL, SpartaDOS, MyDOS, TurboDOS, and Top-DOS.\nMSX-DOS is for the MSX computer standard. The initial version, released in 1984, is MS-DOS 1.0 ported to Z80. In 1988, version 2 has facilities such as subdirectories, memory management, and environment strings. The MSX-DOS kernel resides in ROM (built-in on the disk controller) so basic file access capacity is available even without the command interpreter, by using BASIC extended commands.\nDisc Filing System (DFS) is an optional component for the Acorn BBC Micro, as a kit with a disk controller chip, a ROM chip, and a few logic chips, to be installed inside the computer.\nAdvanced Disc Filing System (ADFS) is a successor to Acorn's DFS.\nAMSDOS is for the Amstrad CPC computers.\nGDOS and G+DOS is for the +D and DISCiPLE disk interfaces for the ZX Spectrum.","title":"OS extensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Master Control Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_MCP"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCP-3"},{"link_name":"B5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_large_systems"},{"link_name":"Chippewa Operating System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_Operating_System"},{"link_name":"SCOPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_SCOPE"},{"link_name":"KRONOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_Kronos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC-4"},{"link_name":"Control Data Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation"},{"link_name":"6000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_6000_series"},{"link_name":"7600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_7600"},{"link_name":"NOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"GECOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GECOS"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GECOS-5"},{"link_name":"GE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"Groupe Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Bull"},{"link_name":"600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE-600_series"},{"link_name":"mainframe computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPS-6"},{"link_name":"BOS/360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOS/360"},{"link_name":"Disk Operating System/360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/360_and_successors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOS-7"},{"link_name":"Operating System/360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360_and_successors"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS-8"},{"link_name":"System/360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360"},{"link_name":"360/67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360/67"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-67-9"},{"link_name":"CP-67/CMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-67/CMS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSS-10"},{"link_name":"TSS/360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS/360"},{"link_name":"z/VM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/VM"},{"link_name":"z/VSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/VSE"},{"link_name":"z/OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/OS"},{"link_name":"DOS-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11"},{"link_name":"DEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"PDP-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11"},{"link_name":"minicomputers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer"},{"link_name":"CP/M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M"},{"link_name":"Apple DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_DOS"},{"link_name":"Apple II series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series"},{"link_name":"floppy disk drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"ProDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProDOS"},{"link_name":"TRSDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRSDOS"},{"link_name":"TRS-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trsdos-11"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"IBM PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"x86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86"},{"link_name":"86-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86-DOS"},{"link_name":"CP/M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"},{"link_name":"PC DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS"},{"link_name":"DR-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS"}],"text":"Some disk operating systems are the operating systems for the entire computer system.The Burroughs (now Unisys) Master Control Program[3] (MCP) for the B5000 originally runs from a drum, but starting with the B5500 it runs from a disk. It is the basis for the MCP on the B6500, B7500, and successors.\nThe SIPROS, Chippewa Operating System (COS), SCOPE, MACE and KRONOS operating systems[4] on the Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6000 series and 7600 are all disk operating systems. KRONOS became NOS and SCOPE became NOS/BE.\nThe GECOS[5] operating system for the GE (later Honeywell and Groupe Bull) 600 family of mainframe computers (it later became GCOS).\nThe IBM Basic Operating System/360[6] (BOS/360), Disk Operating System/360[7] (DOS/360) and Operating System/360[8] (OS/360) are standard for all but the smallest System/360 installations; the 360/67 also has Control Program-67 /Cambridge Monitor System[9] (CP-67/CMS) and Time Sharing System/360 [10] (TSS/360). BOS is gone, CP-67/CMS has evolved into z/VM, DOS has evolved into z/VSE, OS has evolved into z/OS and TSS/360 evolved into TSS/370 PRPQ, which is now gone.\nThe DOS-11 operating system for DEC PDP-11 minicomputers.\nCP/M is a disk operating system, as the main or alternate operating system for numerous microcomputers of the 1970s and 1980s.\nApple DOS is the primary operating system for the Apple II series of computers, from 1979 with the introduction of the floppy disk drive, until 1983 when it was replaced by ProDOS.\nTRSDOS is the operating system for the TRS-80 line of computers from Tandy.[11]\nMS-DOS for IBM PC compatibles with Intel x86 CPUs. 86-DOS was modeled on CP/M, and then was adapted as the basis for Microsoft's MS-DOS. It was rebranded by IBM as PC DOS until 1993. Various compatible systems were later produced by different organizations, starting with DR-DOS in 1988.","title":"Main OSes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Live CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD"}]
[{"reference":"Dahmke, Mark (1983-07-01). \"CP/M Plus: The new disk operating system is faster and more efficient than CP/M\". BYTE Magazine. Vol. 8, no. 7. p. 360.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-07/page/n359/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"\"CP/M Plus: The new disk operating system is faster and more efficient than CP/M\""}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Bill (1982). Inside Atari DOS. Greensboro, NC: COMPUTE! Books. ISBN 0-942386-02-7. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://atariarchives.org/iad/","url_text":"Inside Atari DOS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942386-02-7","url_text":"0-942386-02-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120523/http://atariarchives.org/iad/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A Narrative Description of the Burroughs B5500 Disk File Master Control Program (PDF). Burroughs. October 1966. 1023579.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/B5000_5500_5700/1023579_Narrative_Description_Of_B5500_MCP_Oct66.pdf","url_text":"A Narrative Description of the Burroughs B5500 Disk File Master Control Program"}]},{"reference":"\"CDC Operating System History\" (PDF). CDC.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/CDC_Operating_System_History_Mar76.pdf","url_text":"\"CDC Operating System History\""}]},{"reference":"GE-635 Comprehensive Operating Supervisor (GECOS) (PDF). General Electricn. July 1964. CPB-1002.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ge/GE-6xx/CPB-1002_GECOS_Jul64.pdf","url_text":"GE-635 Comprehensive Operating Supervisor (GECOS)"}]},{"reference":"IBM System/360 Basic Programming Support and IBM Basic Operating System/360 Programming Systems Summary (PDF). IBM.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/bos_bps/C24-3420-0_BPS_BOS_Programming_Systems_Summary_Aug65.pdf","url_text":"IBM System/360 Basic Programming Support and IBM Basic Operating System/360 Programming Systems Summary"}]},{"reference":"IBM System/360 Disk and Tape Operating Systems Concepts and Facilities (PDF) (Ninth ed.). IBM. October 1970. GC24-5030-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/do/GC24-5030-8_Disk_and_Tape_Operating_Systems_Concepts_and_Facilities_Oct70.pdf","url_text":"IBM System/360 Disk and Tape Operating Systems Concepts and Facilities"}]},{"reference":"IBM Operating System/360 Concepts and Facilities (PDF). IBM. 1965. C28-6535-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/R01-08/C28-6535-0_OS360_Concepts_and_Facilities_1965.pdf","url_text":"IBM Operating System/360 Concepts and Facilities"}]},{"reference":"Control Program-67 /Cambridge Monitor System - (CP-67 /CMS) Version .3.1 - Program Number 3600-05.2.005 - System Description Manual (PDF) (Third ed.). IBM. September 1971. GH20-0802-2. Retrieved January 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/cp67/GH20-0802-2_CP-67_CMS_Version_3.1_System_Description_Manual_197109.pdf","url_text":"Control Program-67 /Cambridge Monitor System - (CP-67 /CMS) Version .3.1 - Program Number 3600-05.2.005 - System Description Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"}]},{"reference":"IBM System/360 Time Sharing System - Concepts and Facilities (PDF) (Fourth ed.). IBM. September 1968. C28-2003-3. Retrieved January 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/tss/C28-2003-3_TSS360Concepts.pdf","url_text":"IBM System/360 Time Sharing System - Concepts and Facilities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM","url_text":"IBM"}]},{"reference":"\"Definitive List of TRS-80 Model II Operating Systems\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://pski.net/definitive-list-of-trs-80-model-ii-operating-systems/","url_text":"\"Definitive List of TRS-80 Model II Operating Systems\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002115619/http://pski.net/definitive-list-of-trs-80-model-ii-operating-systems/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma_Argus-Courier
Argus-Courier
["1 History","2 National coverage and awards","3 References","4 External links"]
Weekly newspaper in Sonoma County, CaliforniaArgus-CourierTypeWeekly newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Sonoma Media InvestmentsFounder(s)W.M ShattuckPublisherEmily CharrierEditorDon FrancesSports editorJohn JacksonFounded1876 (1876)LanguageEnglishHeadquartersSonoma County, CaliforniaCirculation7,400Sister newspapersThe Press Democrat, Sonoma Index-TribuneWebsitewww.petaluma360.comFree online archivescdnc.ucr.edu (1950) The Argus-Courier is an American weekly paid newspaper which serves the city of Petaluma and surrounding Sonoma County, California. It is published weekly on Friday, with an estimated circulation of 7,400. It is edited by Don Frances. History The Courier traces its history to 1876, with its establishment by W. M. Shattuck, and after a series of sales was purchased in 1900 by the Olmsted family. The Argus dates back to 1859, founded by J. J. Pennypacker. The two papers co-existed for some time, with their respective leadership playing prominent roles in the newly formed North of Bay Counties Press Association. In 1928, the Olmsteds bought the Argus, and the Argus-Courier was first issued in July 1928 after the merger of the two papers. In 1995, the Olmsted family sold the paper to Scripps League Newspapers. In 1993, the paper, which had been daily since 1928, cut down to a two day a week schedule, citing financial pressures. The move left Santa Rosa's Press Democrat as the county's only daily. Pulitzer Publishing Company bought Scripps League for about $230 million in 1996. The New York Times Company bought the Argus-Courier in 2001. The New York Times Company sold its regional papers to Halifax Media in 2012; Halifax sold the Argus-Courier to Sonoma Media Investments later that year. National coverage and awards Argus-Courier reporting has been featured in national news reporting, as with the story of Petaluma resident Polly Klaas's murder, where the paper served as a source of reporting, and its staff served as commentators on the culture of the town. In 2017, the Petaluma Argus-Courier won 1st place in the General Excellence category in its division of California's Better Newspapers Contest, as well as awards in environmental reporting, breaking news, and online photo essays. References ^ Stevenson, Paula. "Research Newspapers by State: California" (PDF). gotoanr.com. American Newspaper Representatives. Retrieved 21 October 2018. ^ "Argus-Courier". USNPL. Retrieved 19 October 2018. ^ a b Muron-Fraser, J. P. (1880). History of Sonoma County, California. Oakland, California: Alley, Bowen & Company. pp. 341–346. ^ Wilson, Simone (2001). Petaluma, California. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738518992. ^ "Press Association Organized". Mill Valley Record. 2 December 1916. ^ "About Petaluma Argus-courier". Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Retrieved 19 October 2018. ^ "Argus-Courier celebrates 160 years of chronicling Petaluma's history". Argus-Courier. September 24, 2015. ^ KOVNER, GUY (15 Apr 1993). "Petaluma paper cuts publication to 2 days a week". Press Democrat. ^ "Pulitzer to Purchase Scripps Newspapers". Los Angeles Times. May 7, 1996. Retrieved 2 May 2012. ^ a b "Argus-Courier celebrates 160 years of chronicling Petaluma's history". Petaluma Argus-Courier. 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2020-07-18. ^ Associated Press (10 October 1993). "Winona Ryder lends $200,000 reward for girl". Reno Gazette-Journal. ^ Mandel, Bill (6 October 1993). "Petaluma plunges into modern times". The San Francisco Examiner. ^ "Better Newspapers Contest winners announced". California News Publishers Association. 20 May 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2018. External links Official site
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GW4_(universities)
GW4
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Consortium of universities in the United Kingdom GW4FormationJanuary 2013TypeConsortium of United Kingdom-based universitiesRegion served Wales and South West EnglandMembership University of BathUniversity of BristolCardiff UniversityUniversity of ExeterWebsitegw4.ac.uk BathBristolCardiffExeterclass=notpageimage| Map of South West England and South Wales showing the GW4 universities The GW4 Alliance (also known as GW4) is a consortium of four research intensive universities in South West England and Wales. It was formed in January 2013 by the universities of Bath, Bristol, Cardiff and Exeter to enhance research collaboration and innovation, and launched at the House of Commons in October 2014. It is the UK's first pan-regional partnership, involving an institution from a devolved nation. History The idea for the GW4 Alliance was first proposed in 2011 by Sir Eric Thomas, the then-Vice Chancellor of the University of Bristol. The concept was to bring together the research strengths of the four universities in order to achieve greater impact and competitiveness in research, innovation, and knowledge exchange. The GW4 universities contribute to the global knowledge economy with a combined annual research income of over £465 million and a £2.4 billion annual turnover. GW4 universities employ over 13,000 academic staff and educate over 33,000 postgraduate and 82,000 undergraduate students. GW4 institutions host over 40 externally funded Doctoral Training Centres and Partnerships and are home to over 7000 doctoral researchers. Of these, 14 are GW4 programmes covering a range of disciplines and include industry placements. Since the alliance's inception, multiple rounds of funding have been secured for projects spanning a range of disciplines. In 2014, the group launched a research project into the use of algae to clean up contaminated water at the Wheal Jane tin mine and extract the heavy metals. In 2015 the consortium secured £4.6M from the Medical Research Council for a collaborative PhD training programme in biomedical research. In 2016, in accordance with alliance's commitment to collaboration, the GW4 Alliance received funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council to carry out a project "GW4 Bridging the Gap" to encourage collaboration between universities, cultural organisations and local authorities with the aim of growing the creative and cultural economy in South West England and South Wales. In 2019, GW4 developed this project and partnered with the National Trust, the first regional partnership of its kind for the National Trust, involving multiple universities across the South West and Wales. GW4 provides seed funding for collaborative, interdisciplinary research and innovation research communities. The GW4 Alliance has invested over £3.2M in 105 collaborative research communities, which have generated £63.4M in research income. For every £1 GW4 spends on collaborative research communities, GW4 captures £20 in external research awards. In 2018, in collaboration with the Met Office, and global supercomputer leader Cray Inc., the GW4 announced the largest Arm-based Supercomputer in Europe, GW4 Isambard. In 2020, GW4 together with the Met Office, Hewlett Packard Enterprise and other partners, were awarded £4.1 million by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council to create Isambard 2, a £6.5 million facility, hosted by the Met Office in Exeter and utilised by the universities of Bath, Bristol, Cardiff and Exeter, and external researchers, doubling the size of GW4 Isambard. A strategic partnership between the GW4 Alliance and Western Gateway was announced in March 2022, aiming to strengthen collaborative activities to drive green and economic regional growth. The partnership will work together to level up communities and help the world achieve a net zero carbon economy. In August 2022, the partnership announced a vision for South West England and South Wales to become the UK's first Hydrogen Ecosystem. An interactive online map has been released, highlighting the numerous industries, universities, research organisations and local authorities involved in realising hydrogen's potential as a low carbon energy source. GW4 has also partnered with the Great South West, which covers Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset – an area whose economy is worth £64.4 billion – almost double the size of Greater Manchester or West Midlands. In 2023, the vice-chancellors of the GW4 Alliance institutions wrote to the science secretary, Michelle Donelan, and the education secretary, Gillian Keegan, calling on the government to expand childcare support schemes so they can be accessed by postgraduate researchers. This move reflected the GW4 Alliance's commitment to supporting researchers, further demonstrated by the number of GW4's various innovative programmes available supporting researchers from diverse backgrounds, notably GW4Connect. See also N8 Research Partnership Science and Engineering South M5 Eastern Arc References ^ a b "South West research intensive universities join forces for new collaboration". University of Bristol. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ "Our Vision". GW4. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ Gareth Evans (11 September 2013). "Cardiff University climbs league table of world's elite for first time in five years". Wales Online. Media Wales. ^ a b Bristol, University of. "March: GW4 Alliance and Western Gateway partnership | News and features | University of Bristol". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ "Doctoral Training Programmes". GW4. Retrieved 15 May 2023. ^ Jamie Doward (27 December 2014). "Groundbreaking biofuel project brings new life to Cornish mine". The Observer. ^ "£4.6M boost for future biomedical research leaders". University of Bristol. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ^ University of Bristol (23 November 2016). "New project aims to strengthen creative and cultural economy in South West England and South East Wales". ^ Bristol, University of. "November: GW4 National Trust | News and features | University of Bristol". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2023. ^ "University of Exeter". news-archive.exeter.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2023. ^ "GW4, the MET Office, and Cray Power Up the Largest ARM-based Supercomputer in Europe". HPCwire. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ Bristol, University of. "February: GW4 Isambard | News and features | University of Bristol". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ a b Bristol, University of. "August: hydrogen ecosystem | News and features | University of Bristol". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ "Great South West". greatsouthwest.co.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2023. ^ Parr, Chris (6 April 2023). "Postgrads should have access to childcare schemes, say VCs". Research Professional News. Retrieved 4 May 2023. External links Official website vteUniversity associations and groupings in the United KingdomFormal associationsCurrent Cathedrals Group Eastern ARC GuildHE GW4 Francis Crick Institute MedCity Midlands Innovation Million+ N8 Research Partnership NCUK Russell Group SES SETsquared Thomas Young Centre University Alliance Universities Scotland Universities UK Wallace Group White Rose University Consortium Defunct 1994 Group Global Medical Excellence Cluster North West Universities Association By age Ancient (pre-1600) Scotland (pre-1600) Red brick (1900–1963) Plate glass (1960–1969) New (since 1992) Informal groupings Campus university Golden triangle Doxbridge Oxbridge
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It was formed in January 2013 by the universities of Bath, Bristol, Cardiff and Exeter to enhance research collaboration and innovation, and launched at the House of Commons in October 2014.[1][2][3] It is the UK's first pan-regional partnership, involving an institution from a devolved nation.[4]","title":"GW4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wheal Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheal_Jane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Met Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Office"},{"link_name":"Cray Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Michelle Donelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Donelan"},{"link_name":"Gillian Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Keegan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The idea for the GW4 Alliance was first proposed in 2011 by Sir Eric Thomas, the then-Vice Chancellor of the University of Bristol.[1] The concept was to bring together the research strengths of the four universities in order to achieve greater impact and competitiveness in research, innovation, and knowledge exchange.The GW4 universities contribute to the global knowledge economy with a combined annual research income of over £465 million and a £2.4 billion annual turnover. GW4 universities employ over 13,000 academic staff and educate over 33,000 postgraduate and 82,000 undergraduate students. GW4 institutions host over 40 externally funded Doctoral Training Centres and Partnerships and are home to over 7000 doctoral researchers. Of these, 14 are GW4 programmes covering a range of disciplines and include industry placements.[5]Since the alliance's inception, multiple rounds of funding have been secured for projects spanning a range of disciplines. In 2014, the group launched a research project into the use of algae to clean up contaminated water at the Wheal Jane tin mine and extract the heavy metals.[6] In 2015 the consortium secured £4.6M from the Medical Research Council for a collaborative PhD training programme in biomedical research.[7]In 2016, in accordance with alliance's commitment to collaboration, the GW4 Alliance received funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council to carry out a project \"GW4 Bridging the Gap\" to encourage collaboration between universities, cultural organisations and local authorities with the aim of growing the creative and cultural economy in South West England and South Wales.[8] In 2019, GW4 developed this project and partnered with the National Trust, the first regional partnership of its kind for the National Trust, involving multiple universities across the South West and Wales.[9]GW4 provides seed funding for collaborative, interdisciplinary research and innovation research communities. The GW4 Alliance has invested over £3.2M in 105 collaborative research communities, which have generated £63.4M in research income. For every £1 GW4 spends on collaborative research communities, GW4 captures £20 in external research awards. [10]In 2018, in collaboration with the Met Office, and global supercomputer leader Cray Inc., the GW4 announced the largest Arm-based Supercomputer in Europe, GW4 Isambard.[11] In 2020, GW4 together with the Met Office, Hewlett Packard Enterprise and other partners, were awarded £4.1 million by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council to create Isambard 2, a £6.5 million facility, hosted by the Met Office in Exeter and utilised by the universities of Bath, Bristol, Cardiff and Exeter, and external researchers, doubling the size of GW4 Isambard.[12]A strategic partnership between the GW4 Alliance and Western Gateway was announced in March 2022, aiming to strengthen collaborative activities to drive green and economic regional growth. The partnership will work together to level up communities and help the world achieve a net zero carbon economy. [4] In August 2022, the partnership announced a vision for South West England and South Wales to become the UK's first Hydrogen Ecosystem.[13] An interactive online map has been released, highlighting the numerous industries, universities, research organisations and local authorities involved in realising hydrogen's potential as a low carbon energy source. [13]GW4 has also partnered with the Great South West, which covers Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset – an area whose economy is worth £64.4 billion – almost double the size of Greater Manchester or West Midlands. [14]In 2023, the vice-chancellors of the GW4 Alliance institutions wrote to the science secretary, Michelle Donelan, and the education secretary, Gillian Keegan, calling on the government to expand childcare support schemes so they can be accessed by postgraduate researchers.[15] This move reflected the GW4 Alliance's commitment to supporting researchers, further demonstrated by the number of GW4's various innovative programmes available supporting researchers from diverse backgrounds, notably GW4Connect.","title":"History"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"South West research intensive universities join forces for new collaboration\". University of Bristol. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2013/9074.html","url_text":"\"South West research intensive universities join forces for new collaboration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Vision\". GW4. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://gw4.ac.uk/about-gw4/","url_text":"\"Our Vision\""}]},{"reference":"Gareth Evans (11 September 2013). \"Cardiff University climbs league table of world's elite for first time in five years\". Wales Online. Media Wales.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-university-climbs-league-table-5896678","url_text":"\"Cardiff University climbs league table of world's elite for first time in five years\""}]},{"reference":"Bristol, University of. \"March: GW4 Alliance and Western Gateway partnership | News and features | University of Bristol\". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2022/march/gw4-alliance-and-western-gateway-partnership.html","url_text":"\"March: GW4 Alliance and Western Gateway partnership | News and features | University of Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctoral Training Programmes\". GW4. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gw4.ac.uk/doctoral-training-programmes/","url_text":"\"Doctoral Training Programmes\""}]},{"reference":"Jamie Doward (27 December 2014). \"Groundbreaking biofuel project brings new life to Cornish mine\". The Observer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/dec/27/algae-biofuel-wheal-jane-mine-cornwall","url_text":"\"Groundbreaking biofuel project brings new life to Cornish mine\""}]},{"reference":"\"£4.6M boost for future biomedical research leaders\". University of Bristol. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2015/december/biomedical-phd-funding.html","url_text":"\"£4.6M boost for future biomedical research leaders\""}]},{"reference":"University of Bristol (23 November 2016). \"New project aims to strengthen creative and cultural economy in South West England and South East Wales\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2016/november/creative-and-cultural-economy.html","url_text":"\"New project aims to strengthen creative and cultural economy in South West England and South East Wales\""}]},{"reference":"Bristol, University of. \"November: GW4 National Trust | News and features | University of Bristol\". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2019/november/gw4-national-trust-.html","url_text":"\"November: GW4 National Trust | News and features | University of Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Exeter\". news-archive.exeter.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news-archive.exeter.ac.uk/homepage/title_894644_en.html","url_text":"\"University of Exeter\""}]},{"reference":"\"GW4, the MET Office, and Cray Power Up the Largest ARM-based Supercomputer in Europe\". HPCwire. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/gw4-the-met-office-and-cray-power-up-the-largest-arm-based-supercomputer-in-europe/","url_text":"\"GW4, the MET Office, and Cray Power Up the Largest ARM-based Supercomputer in Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Bristol, University of. \"February: GW4 Isambard | News and features | University of Bristol\". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2020/february/gw4isambard-.html","url_text":"\"February: GW4 Isambard | News and features | University of Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"Bristol, University of. \"August: hydrogen ecosystem | News and features | University of Bristol\". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2022/august/hydrogen-ecosystem.html","url_text":"\"August: hydrogen ecosystem | News and features | University of Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great South West\". greatsouthwest.co.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://greatsouthwest.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Great South West\""}]},{"reference":"Parr, Chris (6 April 2023). \"Postgrads should have access to childcare schemes, say VCs\". Research Professional News. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-uk-universities-2023-4-postgrads-should-have-access-to-childcare-schemes-say-vcs/","url_text":"\"Postgrads should have access to childcare schemes, say VCs\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_the_Best
Lead the Best
["1 Information","2 Promotional activities","3 Commemorative performance","4 Track listing","5 Special release events","6 Charts","7 References"]
2022 compilation album by LeadLead the BestCompilation album by LeadReleasedJuly 31, 2022Recorded2002–2022Genre Hip hop pop R&B LabelPony CanyonLead chronology Joy Joy Home Mix(2020) Lead the Best(2022) Singles from Lead the Best "Tuxedo"Released: September 23, 2020 "Sonic Boom"Released: August 25, 2021 Lead the Best "Michishirube" (導標 (みちしるべ) / Guidepost) is the second compilation album by Japanese hip hop group Lead, released on July 31, 2022. The album debuted at No. 6 on Oricon. The collection includes their most recent singles "Tuxedo" and "Sonic Boom", along with a new song recorded for the album titled "Michishirube". Between April 29 and June 9, whichever songs were the most popular between twelve streaming platforms, including Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon Music, Rakuten Music and KKBOX, were included on the fourth CD. Information Lead the Best "Michishirube" was released on July 31, 2022, and is the group's first compilation album since Lead Tracks: Listener's Choice, which was released in 2008. The album debuted at No. 6 on the Oricon Albums Charts before reaching a peak of No. 5 on the second day. The album took No. 34 on the weekly charts with a first week sales of 2,482. The album was released in three editions: 3CD, 4CD+DVD and 4CD+DVD+Photobook. The first three discs house every single the group has released since their debut with "Manatsu no Magic" (2002) until their most recent single "Sonic Boom" (2021). The fourth disc contains a selection of the most popular songs that were streamed on various platforms between April 29 and June 9. The DVD contains a selection of live performances from various tours the group had performed throughout the years. The photobook edition was available through pre-orders on Pony Canyon's online shop between the months of April and June. Promotional activities Prior to the album's release, Lead released two singles, "Tuxedo" and "Sonic Boom". "Tuxedo" was the thirty-third single released Lead on September 23, 2020, and first post their ninth studio album Singularity. It debuted at No. 5 on Oricon. It was released as a standard CD, in two CD+DVD editions, and in a CD+booklet edition. Both CD+DVD editions include "Tuxedo" and coupling track "Kangoku Rokku", while the CD+Booklet contains "Tuxedo" and "Wild Fight". The Type A DVD includes the music video and making video of the title track. The Type B DVD carried their Lead Special Winter Live, which was performed on February 18, 2020, at Harevutai in Tokyo. The song "Kangoku Rokku" was a cover of Elvis Presley's 1957 song "Jailhouse Rock". It became the first time Lead had released a song completely performed in English since their debut in 2002. Its corresponding music video was later released on the streaming platform YouTube. "Sonic Boom" was their thirty-fourth single released on August 25, 2021, and was their only single released in 2021. It debuted at No. 10 on Oricon. The DVD contained excerpts from their Lead Special Winter Live, which was performed on February 18, 2020, at Harevutai in Tokyo. The song "Michishirube" from Lead the Best was used as the ending theme for the television show Machicomi beginning September 1. It would also receive a music video on the group's official YouTube on July 20. The music video consisted of the members singing in the studio with clips of the group throughout the years interspersed between cuts - including footage with former member and leader Hiroki Nakadoi. Commemorative performance On the album's day of release, Lead held their first public lives since 2019 due to COVID-19. They held two daytime performances and two nighttime performances at Tachikawa Stage Garden in Tachikawa, Tokyo. The songs performed at the venue were those chosen by fans, with the exception of the first song, "Manatsu no Magic". Hiroki Nakadoi, the group's previous leader who graduated in 2013, made an appearance during one of the evening shows. Track listing Disc 1No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1."Manatsu no Magic"Yasushi SasamotoYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto3:502."Show Me the Way"Yasushi SasamotoYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto4:033."Fly Away"Yasushi Sasamoto • KATSUYasushi Sasamoto • Gen IttetsuYasushi Sasamoto5:044."Funky Days!"Atsuyuki EnokidoShinji Tamura • Nozomi Furukawa • MATARO MISAWAShinji Tamura4:095."Get Wild Life"Shinji Tamura • KATSUShinji TamuraShinji Tamura3:396."Night Deluxe"Shōko FujibayashiDaisuke "D.I" ImaiDaisuke "D.I" Imai4:117."Tenohira o Taiyou ni"Takashi YanaseHisashi NawataIzumi Taku3:048."Delighted"Shōko Fujibayashi • Mr. Blistah (rap)Tatsuyuki OkawaTatsuyuki Okawa4:359."Atarashii Kisetsu e"Kyogo KawaguchiYoshiaki MutouKyogo Kwaguchi5:1810."Baby Runnin' Wild"Satori ShiraishiSatori ShiraishiSatori Shiraishi2:4711."Virgin Blue"Sagara YoshiakiHayaSuzuki Kisaburo3:4412."Summer Madness"Nice HashimotoMotonari MurakawaNice Hashimoto • Yasunori Tanaka4:3913."Drive Alive"LisaY.T.HKenji Ijima • Daisuke Kahara3:31Total length:52:34 Disc 2No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1."Umi"MJSeiji MotoyamaMJ5:232."Stand Up!"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira KagimotoSeiji MotoyamaSeiji Motoyama3:273."Sunnyday"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira KagimotoSeiji MotoyamaSeiji Motoyama4:154."GiraGira Romantic"leonnHirofumi Hibino • Toru WatanabeHiroaki Serizawa4:025."Speed Star"Lantana • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Yuki SakiSuzuki Kisaburo3:216."Hurricane"Hirofumi Asamoto • Shinya TanuichiSeiji MotoyamaHirofumi Asamoto4:037."Wanna Be With You"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira Kagimoto • Seiji MotoyamaVincent Degiorgio • David FrembergSeiji Motoyama3:348."Still"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira KagimotoSeiji MotoyamaVincent Degiorgio • Anderz Wrethov3:409."Upturn"Keita Furuya • Shinya TaniuchiVincent DeGiorgio • Johan RohrSeiji Motoyama4:3810."Green Days"AnDiSMAnDiSMMEG.ME4:0611."Strings"Shinya TaniuchiYUKIYOSHIYUKIYOSHI4:5912."Sakura"AnDiSMYUKIYOSHIYUKIYOSHI4:0513."Omoide Breaker"Satori ShiraishiSatori ShiraishiNao Harada4:31Total length:54:04 Disc 3No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1."My One"SHIBUSHIBUYōsuke Yamashita4:432."Yakusoku"AnDiSM • Shinya Taniuchinishi-kennishi-ken3:483."Tokyo Fever"Saeki Yuusuke • CLARABELL • Shinya TanuichiCLARABELLCLARABELL3:544."Beautiful Day"LeadDrew Ryan Scott • Sean AlexanderSean Alexander3:455."Bumblebee"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Drew Ryan Scott • Darren "Baby Dee Beats" Smith • Sean AlexanderSean Alexander3:316."Be the Naked"Saeki Yuusuke • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Coach & SendoObi Mhondera • Kyler Niko • Coach & Sendo4:057."Summer Vacation"shungo.Ryo 'LEFTY' MiyataFredrik "Figge" Boström • Ryo 'LEFTY' Miyata • Lars Säfsund3:528."Hide and Seek"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)MASAT • Drew Ryan ScottMASAT3:009."Sunset Refrain"shungo.KID STORM • MUSOH • SLIPKIDKID STORM3:0410."Tuxedo"shungo. • Shinya TaniuchiKAZKentaro Akutsu3:3811."Sonic Boom"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Akira Kagimoto • Nobuhiro DendaAkira Kagimoto3:5512."Michishirube" (導標 / Guidepost)Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchinishi-kenAkira Kagimoto6:07Total length:47:32 Disc 4No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1."Fuyuiro Girl"Kenji TokudaKenji TokudaKenji Tokuda5:112."Get Over"Keita FuruyaHIKARIErik Lidbom • HIKARI3:573."Kimi wa Nanika ga Dekiru"Michio YamagamiAkira SasakiToshiyuki Kimori3:104."Love or Love?"Funk UchinoSAMDELL • Funk UchinoSAMDELL • Funk Uchino4:035."Fairy tale"J. Bright • Shinya TaniuchiAkira KagimotoAkira Kagimoto4:496."Loud! Loud! Loud!"Keita Furuya • Shinya TaniuchiDrew Ryan Scott • Sean Alexander • Darren "Baby Dee Beats" SmithDrew Ryan Scott • Sean Alexander • Darren "Baby Dee Beats" Smith3:077."Depend On Me"Yuki TsujimuraErik Lidbom • Yuki TsujimuraErik Lidbom3:508."Dear"Makoto FuruyaHiroo YamaguchiREO4:589."Backpack"Akira KagimotoRicky Hanley • Peter Boyes • Sebastian ThottRicky Hanley • Peter Boyes • Sebastian Thott3:3610."Milk Tea"7chi子♪ • Shinya Tanuichi (rap)Albin Nordqvist • Eric NgAlbin Nordqvist3:1711."No Doubt"Yasushi Sasamoto • KATSUYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto3:5512."Anthem"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Akira KagimotoAkira Kagimoto3:0513."Voice"AnDisMAnDisMikutaMachine4:0214."Hateshinaku Hiroi Kono Sekai no Nakade"Susumu KawaguchiSusumu KawaguchiSadahiro Nakano • Mr. Blistah3:4715."Let's Get On It"7chi子♪ • John Acosta • Shinya TanuichiJohn AcostaJohn Acosta2:5916."Be Happy"Kentaro AkutsuYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto4:3917."With U"AnDisMAnDisMAnDisM4:2518."Give Me Your Best Shot"Keita FuruyaAlexander Holmgren • Command FreaksAlexander Holmgren • Command Freaks3:2319."Say Good-bye Say Hello"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya TaniuchiMatt Cab • RYUJAMatt Cab • RYUJA4:30Total length:1:14:43 DVD: Best Live SelectionNo.TitleLength1."One For Da Soul" (1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~) 2."Night Deluxe" (1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~) 3."Manatsu no Magic" (1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~) 4."Prism" (Lead Live Tour Upturn 2005) 5."Deep in My Heart" (Lead Upturn 2006: 4) 6."I Believe" (Lead Upturn 2006: 4) 7."Love Rain" (Lead Upturn 2007 ~BWR~) 8."What cha gonna?" (Lead Upturn 2007 ~B.W.R~) 9."Baby What Turns You On" (Lead Upturn 2008 ~Feel the Vibes~) 10."Sunnyday" (Lead Upturn 2008 ~Feel the Vibes~) 11."Thanks for..." (Lead Upturn 2008 ~Feel the Vibes~) 12."Hikari" (Lead Upturn 2010 ~I'll Be Around★~) 13."Hurricane" (Lead Upturn 2011 ~Sun×You~) 14."Stand and Fight" (10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012 ~Now or Never~) 15."Twilight" (Lead Upturn 2013 ~Leap~) 16."Ame-Nochi-kun" (Lead Upturn 2013 ~Leap~) 17."Lead Dance Performance" (Lead Upturn 2013 ~Leap~) 18."Dear" (Lead Upturn 2014 ~Attract~) 19."With U" (Lead Upturn 2014 ~Attract~) 20."Fairy Tale" (Lead Upturn 2015 ~Master Plan~) 21."Speechless" (Lead Upturn 2015 ~Master Plan~) 22."Loud!Loud!Loud!" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 23."Let's Get On It" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 24."Green Days" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 25."Kokorozashi ~KO.KO.RO.ZA.SHI~" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 26."Fly Away" (Lead 15th Anniversary Live ~Kan Ima Shirube-sai~) 27."Still" (Lead 15th Anniversary Live ~Kan Ima Shirube-sai~) 28."Love or Love?" (Lead Upturn 2018 ~Milestone~) 29."Give Me Your Best Shot" (Lead Upturn 2018 ~Milestone~) 30."Be the Naked" (Lead Upturn 2019 ~Sync~) 31."Wake me up" (Lead Upturn 2019 ~Sync~) 32."Singularity" (Lead Upturn 2020 Online Live ~Trick or Lead~) 33."Te Quiero Mucho" (Lead Upturn 2021 Online Live ~Sonic Boom~)  Special release events Special Album "Lead the Best" Launch Events September 3, 2022: Asunal Kanayama Aichi (Free Live/Autograph Session) September 4, 2022: Abeno Q's Mall Osaka (Free Live/Autograph Session) September 10, 2022: isME! Oheso Hiroba Miyagi (Free Live/Autograph Session) September 11, 2022: Queens Square Yokohama 1F Queen's Circle Kanagawa (Free Live/Autograph Session} October 8, 2022: Canal City Hakata Fukuoka (Free Live/Autograph Session) Charts Oricon chart performance for Lead the Best "Michishirube" Release Chart Peak position Total sales July 31, 2022 Oricon Daily Albums Chart 5 July 31, 2022 Oricon Weekly Albums Chart 34 2,482 Sales chart performance for singles from Lead the Best Date Title Peak position Sales September 23, 2020 "Tuxedo" 5 9,585 August 25, 2021 "Sonic Boom" 10 6,716 References ^ "デイリー アルバムランキング2022年07月29日付". Oricon. July 30, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ "【「Lead the Best "導標"」】Leadersと作るスペシャルディスク"Leaders Choice"！ストリーミング人気曲集計＆シェアキャンペーン実施！". Lead Official. April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ "楽天ブックス: Lead the Best "導標" (初回限定盤 4CD＋DVD)". Rakuten. Retrieved May 9, 2022. ^ "Lead Tracks ~listener's choice~ / Lead / ORICON NEWS". Oricon. Retrieved October 7, 2017. ^ "デイリー アルバムランキング2022年07月30日付". Oricon. July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ "週間 アルバムランキング2022年08月08日付（2022年07月25日～2022年07月31日）". Oricon Weekly. Retrieved August 4, 2022. ^ "【「Lead the Best "導標"」】Lead 20th Anniversaryスペシャルボックス盤/初回限定盤}". Lead Official Twitter. Retrieved June 26, 2022. ^ "【Ponycanyon Online Limited Version】Lead 20th Anniversary Special Box (4CD+DVD+PHOTOBOOK) Release on July 31st,2022". Pony Canyon Online Shop. Retrieved July 9, 2022. ^ "Lead、ニューシングル『Tuxedo〜タキシード〜』先行配信スタート！MVはDA PUMP TOMOが振付！". excite News. September 9, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ "デイリー シングルランキング2020年09月22日付". Oricon. September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020. ^ "2/18(火) Lead SPECIAL WINTER LIVE". ameblo. February 17, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ "Lead、TOMO（DA PUMP）振付による"ほうきダンス"が見所の「Tuxedo～タキシード～」MV公開". Yahoo! News. September 9, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ "「監獄ロック」 / Lead". Pony Canyon Official YouTube. September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020. ^ "Sonic Boom / Lead / ORICON NEWS". Oricon. Retrieved July 12, 2021. ^ "Oricon Singles Daily Ranking". Oricon. August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021. ^ "Lead、ニューシングル「Sonic Boom」詳細発表". Yahoo! Japan. July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021. ^ "New Album収録曲、「導標」タイアップ決定！". Lead Official. Retrieved September 2, 2022. ^ "導標 / Lead【Music Video】". Lead Official YouTube. July 20, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ "Lead 20th Anniversary Live 〜感今導祭〜". Tachikawa Stage Garden Official Twitter. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ "Lead 20周年記念日に昼夜2回公演 鍵本輝「そろってライブできて震えるぐらいうれしかった」". Chunichi Shimbun. July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022. ^ "New Album「Lead the Best "導標"」発売記念イベント開催！【イベント追加日程発表！】". Lead Official News. Retrieved September 2, 2022. ^ "月間 シングルランキング2020年09月度". Oricon. Retrieved October 15, 2020. ^ "月間 シングルランキング2021年08月度". Oricon. Retrieved September 12, 2021. vteLeadStudio albums Life On Da Beat Brand New Era Lead! Heat! Beat! 4 Feel the Vibes Now or Never The Showcase Milestone Singularity Compilation albums Lead Tracks: Listener's Choice Christmas Harmony: Vision Factory Presents Spring Harmony: Vision Factory Presents Flower Festival: Vision Factory Presents Heartbeat Lead the Best Remix albums Buddies Joy Joy Home Mix Video releases Lead Movies 1 1st Live Tour: Brand New Era Lead Movies 2 Lead Live Tour Upturn 2005 Lead Upturn 2006: 4 Lead Upturn 2007: B.W.R Movies 3 Lead Upturn 2008: Feel the Vibes In Blue Lead Upturn 2009: Summer Day & Night Fever Lead Upturn 2010: I'll Be Around Lead Dramabox Short Movie 4: Ignition Lead Upturn 2011: Sun×You 10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never Lead Upturn 2013: Leap Lead Upturn 2014: Attract Movies 4 Lead Upturn 2015: Master Plan Lead Upturn 2016: The Showcase Lead 15th Anniversary Live Box Lead Upturn 2018: Milestone Lead Upturn 2019: Sync Lead Upturn 2020 Online Live: Trick or Lead with Movies 5 Lead Upturn 2021 Online Live: Sonic Boom & GuiDance Lead 20th Anniversary Live: Kankin Dousai & Snow Magic Movies Best Related articles Discography Videography vteLead songs Discography • Videography Life On Da Beat "Manatsu no Magic" "Show Me the Way" "Fly Away" Brand New Era "Funky Days!" "Get Wild Life" "Night Deluxe" Lead! Heat! Beat! "Tenohira wo Taiyou ni/Delighted" "Atarashii Kisetsu e" "Baby Running Wild" 4 "Virgin Blue" "Summer Madness" Feel the Vibes "Drive Alive" "Umi" "Stand Up!" Lead Tracks: Listener's Choice "Sunnyday" Now or Never "GiraGira Romantic" "Speed Star" "Hurricane" "Wanna Be With You" The Showcase "Still" "Upturn" "Green Days" "Strings" "Sakura" "Omoide Breaker" "My One" "Yakusoku" Milestone "Tokyo Fever" "Beautiful Day" "Bumblebee" Singularity "Be the Naked" "Summer Vacation" "Hide and Seek/Sunset Refrain" Lead the Best "Tuxedo" "Sonic Boom"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(band)"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tuxedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Sonic Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Boom_(song)"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"Amazon Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Lead the Best \"Michishirube\" (導標 (みちしるべ) / Guidepost) is the second compilation album by Japanese hip hop group Lead, released on July 31, 2022. The album debuted at No. 6 on Oricon.[1]The collection includes their most recent singles \"Tuxedo\" and \"Sonic Boom\", along with a new song recorded for the album titled \"Michishirube\".Between April 29 and June 9, whichever songs were the most popular between twelve streaming platforms, including Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon Music, Rakuten Music and KKBOX, were included on the fourth CD.[2][3]","title":"Lead the Best"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lead Tracks: Listener's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Tracks:_Listener%27s_Choice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oricon Albums Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Manatsu no Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatsu_no_Magic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pony Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Lead the Best \"Michishirube\" was released on July 31, 2022, and is the group's first compilation album since Lead Tracks: Listener's Choice, which was released in 2008.[4]The album debuted at No. 6 on the Oricon Albums Charts before reaching a peak of No. 5 on the second day.[5] The album took No. 34 on the weekly charts with a first week sales of 2,482.[6]The album was released in three editions: 3CD, 4CD+DVD and 4CD+DVD+Photobook. The first three discs house every single the group has released since their debut with \"Manatsu no Magic\" (2002) until their most recent single \"Sonic Boom\" (2021). The fourth disc contains a selection of the most popular songs that were streamed on various platforms between April 29 and June 9. The DVD contains a selection of live performances from various tours the group had performed throughout the years.[7] The photobook edition was available through pre-orders on Pony Canyon's online shop between the months of April and June.[8]","title":"Information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuxedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Sonic Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Boom_(song)"},{"link_name":"Singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Jailhouse Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Nakadoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Nakadoi"}],"text":"Prior to the album's release, Lead released two singles, \"Tuxedo\" and \"Sonic Boom\".\"Tuxedo\" was the thirty-third single released Lead on September 23, 2020, and first post their ninth studio album Singularity.[9] It debuted at No. 5 on Oricon.[10] It was released as a standard CD, in two CD+DVD editions, and in a CD+booklet edition. Both CD+DVD editions include \"Tuxedo\" and coupling track \"Kangoku Rokku\", while the CD+Booklet contains \"Tuxedo\" and \"Wild Fight\". The Type A DVD includes the music video and making video of the title track. The Type B DVD carried their Lead Special Winter Live, which was performed on February 18, 2020, at Harevutai in Tokyo.[11] The song \"Kangoku Rokku\" was a cover of Elvis Presley's 1957 song \"Jailhouse Rock\". It became the first time Lead had released a song completely performed in English since their debut in 2002.[12] Its corresponding music video was later released on the streaming platform YouTube.[13]\"Sonic Boom\" was their thirty-fourth single released on August 25, 2021, and was their only single released in 2021.[14] It debuted at No. 10 on Oricon.[15] The DVD contained excerpts from their Lead Special Winter Live, which was performed on February 18, 2020, at Harevutai in Tokyo.[16]The song \"Michishirube\" from Lead the Best was used as the ending theme for the television show Machicomi beginning September 1.[17] It would also receive a music video on the group's official YouTube on July 20.[18] The music video consisted of the members singing in the studio with clips of the group throughout the years interspersed between cuts - including footage with former member and leader Hiroki Nakadoi.","title":"Promotional activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Tachikawa, Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Nakadoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Nakadoi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"On the album's day of release, Lead held their first public lives since 2019 due to COVID-19. They held two daytime performances and two nighttime performances at Tachikawa Stage Garden in Tachikawa, Tokyo.[19] The songs performed at the venue were those chosen by fans, with the exception of the first song, \"Manatsu no Magic\". \nHiroki Nakadoi, the group's previous leader who graduated in 2013, made an appearance during one of the evening shows.[20]","title":"Commemorative performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manatsu no Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatsu_no_Magic"},{"link_name":"Show Me the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_the_Way_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Fly Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Away_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Funky Days!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky_Days!"},{"link_name":"Get Wild Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Wild_Life"},{"link_name":"Night Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Deluxe"},{"link_name":"Shōko Fujibayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dko_Fujibayashi"},{"link_name":"Tenohira o Taiyou ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenohira_o_Taiy%C5%8D_ni_/_Delighted"},{"link_name":"Takashi Yanase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Yanase"},{"link_name":"Delighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenohira_o_Taiy%C5%8D_ni_/_Delighted"},{"link_name":"Atarashii Kisetsu e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarashii_Kisetsu_e"},{"link_name":"Kyogo Kawaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyogo_Kawaguchi"},{"link_name":"Baby Runnin' Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Runnin%27_Wild"},{"link_name":"Virgin Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Blue_(song)"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Kisaburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisabur%C5%8D_Suzuki_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Summer Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Madness_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Drive Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_Alive"},{"link_name":"Umi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi_(song)"},{"link_name":"Stand Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up!_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Nakadoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Nakadoi"},{"link_name":"Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira Kagimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sunnyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnyday"},{"link_name":"GiraGira Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiraGira_Romantic"},{"link_name":"Hiroaki Serizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroaki_Serizawa"},{"link_name":"Speed Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Star_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Wanna Be With You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanna_Be_with_You_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Degiorgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Degiorgio"},{"link_name":"Anderz Wrethov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrethov"},{"link_name":"Upturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upturn"},{"link_name":"Green Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Days/Strings"},{"link_name":"Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Days/Strings"},{"link_name":"Sakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Omoide Breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoide_Breaker"},{"link_name":"My One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_One_(song)"},{"link_name":"Yōsuke Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Yamashita"},{"link_name":"Yakusoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakusoku_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Fever"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Day_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Drew Ryan Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Be the Naked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_the_Naked"},{"link_name":"Obi Mhondera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi_Mhondera"},{"link_name":"Summer Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Vacation_(song)"},{"link_name":"shungo.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/shungo."},{"link_name":"Fredrik \"Figge\" Boström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figge_Bostr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Lars Säfsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_S%C3%A4fsund"},{"link_name":"Hide and Seek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_and_Seek_/_Sunset_Refrain"},{"link_name":"Sunset Refrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_and_Seek_/_Sunset_Refrain"},{"link_name":"Tuxedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxedo_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Sonic Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Boom_(song)"},{"link_name":"nishi-ken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/nishi-ken"},{"link_name":"Fuyuiro Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Get Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Boom_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Kimi wa Nanika ga Dekiru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi_(song)"},{"link_name":"Love or Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Fairy tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoide_Breaker"},{"link_name":"Loud! Loud! Loud!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showcase_(album)"},{"link_name":"Depend On Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Erik Lidbom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Lidbom"},{"link_name":"Dear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead!_Heat!_Beat!"},{"link_name":"Backpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Thott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Thott"},{"link_name":"Milk Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Eric Ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ng"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatsu_no_Magic"},{"link_name":"Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Vacation_(song)"},{"link_name":"Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Never_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Hateshinaku Hiroi Kono Sekai no Nakade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Era"},{"link_name":"Let's Get On It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showcase_(album)"},{"link_name":"Be Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_On_Da_Beat"},{"link_name":"With U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Give Me Your Best Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Say Good-bye Say Hello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Day_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"One For Da Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_On_Da_Beat"},{"link_name":"1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Live_Tour:_Brand_New_Era"},{"link_name":"Prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead!_Heat!_Beat!"},{"link_name":"Lead Live Tour Upturn 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Live_Tour_Upturn_2005"},{"link_name":"Deep in My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2006: 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2006:_4"},{"link_name":"I Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead!_Heat!_Beat!"},{"link_name":"Love Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_On_Da_Beat"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2007 ~BWR~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2007:_B.W.R"},{"link_name":"What cha gonna?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Era"},{"link_name":"Baby What Turns You On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel_the_Vibes"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2008 ~Feel the Vibes~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2008:_Feel_the_Vibes"},{"link_name":"Thanks for...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel_the_Vibes"},{"link_name":"Hikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Star_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2010 ~I'll Be Around★~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2010:_I%27ll_Be_Around"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2011 ~Sun×You~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2011:_Sun_x_You"},{"link_name":"Stand and Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Never_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012 ~Now or Never~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Anniversary_Tour_Lead_Upturn_2012:_Now_or_Never"},{"link_name":"Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upturn"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2013 ~Leap~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2013:_Leap"},{"link_name":"Ame-Nochi-kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Days_/_Strings"},{"link_name":"Dear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead!_Heat!_Beat!"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2014 ~Attract~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2014:_Attract"},{"link_name":"With U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Fairy Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omoide_Breaker"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2015 ~Master Plan~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2015:_Master_Plan"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Star_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Loud!Loud!Loud!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showcase_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2016:_The_Showcase"},{"link_name":"Let's Get On It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showcase_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kokorozashi ~KO.KO.RO.ZA.SHI~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Showcase_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lead 15th Anniversary Live ~Kan Ima Shirube-sai~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_15th_Anniversary_Live_Box"},{"link_name":"Love or Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2018 ~Milestone~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2018:_Milestone"},{"link_name":"Give Me Your Best Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2019 ~Sync~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2019:_Sync"},{"link_name":"Wake me up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakusoku_(Lead_song)"},{"link_name":"Singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_(Lead_album)"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2020 Online Live ~Trick or Lead~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2020_Online_Live:_Trick_or_Lead_with_Movies_5"},{"link_name":"Te Quiero Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Boom_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lead Upturn 2021 Online Live ~Sonic Boom~","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Upturn_2021_Online_Live:_Sonic_Boom_%26_GuiDance"}],"text":"Disc 1No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1.\"Manatsu no Magic\"Yasushi SasamotoYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto3:502.\"Show Me the Way\"Yasushi SasamotoYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto4:033.\"Fly Away\"Yasushi Sasamoto • KATSUYasushi Sasamoto • Gen IttetsuYasushi Sasamoto5:044.\"Funky Days!\"Atsuyuki EnokidoShinji Tamura • Nozomi Furukawa • MATARO MISAWAShinji Tamura4:095.\"Get Wild Life\"Shinji Tamura • KATSUShinji TamuraShinji Tamura3:396.\"Night Deluxe\"Shōko FujibayashiDaisuke \"D.I\" ImaiDaisuke \"D.I\" Imai4:117.\"Tenohira o Taiyou ni\"Takashi YanaseHisashi NawataIzumi Taku3:048.\"Delighted\"Shōko Fujibayashi • Mr. Blistah (rap)Tatsuyuki OkawaTatsuyuki Okawa4:359.\"Atarashii Kisetsu e\"Kyogo KawaguchiYoshiaki MutouKyogo Kwaguchi5:1810.\"Baby Runnin' Wild\"Satori ShiraishiSatori ShiraishiSatori Shiraishi2:4711.\"Virgin Blue\"Sagara YoshiakiHayaSuzuki Kisaburo3:4412.\"Summer Madness\"Nice HashimotoMotonari MurakawaNice Hashimoto • Yasunori Tanaka4:3913.\"Drive Alive\"LisaY.T.HKenji Ijima • Daisuke Kahara3:31Total length:52:34Disc 2No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1.\"Umi\"MJSeiji MotoyamaMJ5:232.\"Stand Up!\"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira KagimotoSeiji MotoyamaSeiji Motoyama3:273.\"Sunnyday\"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira KagimotoSeiji MotoyamaSeiji Motoyama4:154.\"GiraGira Romantic\"leonnHirofumi Hibino • Toru WatanabeHiroaki Serizawa4:025.\"Speed Star\"Lantana • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Yuki SakiSuzuki Kisaburo3:216.\"Hurricane\"Hirofumi Asamoto • Shinya TanuichiSeiji MotoyamaHirofumi Asamoto4:037.\"Wanna Be With You\"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira Kagimoto • Seiji MotoyamaVincent Degiorgio • David FrembergSeiji Motoyama3:348.\"Still\"Hiroki Nakadoi • Shinya Taniuchi • Keita Furuya • Akira KagimotoSeiji MotoyamaVincent Degiorgio • Anderz Wrethov3:409.\"Upturn\"Keita Furuya • Shinya TaniuchiVincent DeGiorgio • Johan RohrSeiji Motoyama4:3810.\"Green Days\"AnDiSMAnDiSMMEG.ME4:0611.\"Strings\"Shinya TaniuchiYUKIYOSHIYUKIYOSHI4:5912.\"Sakura\"AnDiSMYUKIYOSHIYUKIYOSHI4:0513.\"Omoide Breaker\"Satori ShiraishiSatori ShiraishiNao Harada4:31Total length:54:04Disc 3No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1.\"My One\"SHIBUSHIBUYōsuke Yamashita4:432.\"Yakusoku\"AnDiSM • Shinya Taniuchinishi-kennishi-ken3:483.\"Tokyo Fever\"Saeki Yuusuke • CLARABELL • Shinya TanuichiCLARABELLCLARABELL3:544.\"Beautiful Day\"LeadDrew Ryan Scott • Sean AlexanderSean Alexander3:455.\"Bumblebee\"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Drew Ryan Scott • Darren \"Baby Dee Beats\" Smith • Sean AlexanderSean Alexander3:316.\"Be the Naked\"Saeki Yuusuke • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Coach & SendoObi Mhondera • Kyler Niko • Coach & Sendo4:057.\"Summer Vacation\"shungo.Ryo 'LEFTY' MiyataFredrik \"Figge\" Boström • Ryo 'LEFTY' Miyata • Lars Säfsund3:528.\"Hide and Seek\"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)MASAT • Drew Ryan ScottMASAT3:009.\"Sunset Refrain\"shungo.KID STORM • MUSOH • SLIPKIDKID STORM3:0410.\"Tuxedo\"shungo. • Shinya TaniuchiKAZKentaro Akutsu3:3811.\"Sonic Boom\"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Akira Kagimoto • Nobuhiro DendaAkira Kagimoto3:5512.\"Michishirube\" (導標 / Guidepost)Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchinishi-kenAkira Kagimoto6:07Total length:47:32Disc 4No.TitleLyricsMusicArranger(s)Length1.\"Fuyuiro Girl\"Kenji TokudaKenji TokudaKenji Tokuda5:112.\"Get Over\"Keita FuruyaHIKARIErik Lidbom • HIKARI3:573.\"Kimi wa Nanika ga Dekiru\"Michio YamagamiAkira SasakiToshiyuki Kimori3:104.\"Love or Love?\"Funk UchinoSAMDELL • Funk UchinoSAMDELL • Funk Uchino4:035.\"Fairy tale\"J. Bright • Shinya TaniuchiAkira KagimotoAkira Kagimoto4:496.\"Loud! Loud! Loud!\"Keita Furuya • Shinya TaniuchiDrew Ryan Scott • Sean Alexander • Darren \"Baby Dee Beats\" SmithDrew Ryan Scott • Sean Alexander • Darren \"Baby Dee Beats\" Smith3:077.\"Depend On Me\"Yuki TsujimuraErik Lidbom • Yuki TsujimuraErik Lidbom3:508.\"Dear\"Makoto FuruyaHiroo YamaguchiREO4:589.\"Backpack\"Akira KagimotoRicky Hanley • Peter Boyes • Sebastian ThottRicky Hanley • Peter Boyes • Sebastian Thott3:3610.\"Milk Tea\"7chi子♪ • Shinya Tanuichi (rap)Albin Nordqvist • Eric NgAlbin Nordqvist3:1711.\"No Doubt\"Yasushi Sasamoto • KATSUYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto3:5512.\"Anthem\"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya Taniuchi (rap)Akira KagimotoAkira Kagimoto3:0513.\"Voice\"AnDisMAnDisMikutaMachine4:0214.\"Hateshinaku Hiroi Kono Sekai no Nakade\"Susumu KawaguchiSusumu KawaguchiSadahiro Nakano • Mr. Blistah3:4715.\"Let's Get On It\"7chi子♪ • John Acosta • Shinya TanuichiJohn AcostaJohn Acosta2:5916.\"Be Happy\"Kentaro AkutsuYasushi SasamotoYasushi Sasamoto4:3917.\"With U\"AnDisMAnDisMAnDisM4:2518.\"Give Me Your Best Shot\"Keita FuruyaAlexander Holmgren • Command FreaksAlexander Holmgren • Command Freaks3:2319.\"Say Good-bye Say Hello\"Akira Kagimoto • Shinya TaniuchiMatt Cab • RYUJAMatt Cab • RYUJA4:30Total length:1:14:43DVD: Best Live SelectionNo.TitleLength1.\"One For Da Soul\" (1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~) 2.\"Night Deluxe\" (1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~) 3.\"Manatsu no Magic\" (1st Live Tour ~Brand New Era~) 4.\"Prism\" (Lead Live Tour Upturn 2005) 5.\"Deep in My Heart\" (Lead Upturn 2006: 4) 6.\"I Believe\" (Lead Upturn 2006: 4) 7.\"Love Rain\" (Lead Upturn 2007 ~BWR~) 8.\"What cha gonna?\" (Lead Upturn 2007 ~B.W.R~) 9.\"Baby What Turns You On\" (Lead Upturn 2008 ~Feel the Vibes~) 10.\"Sunnyday\" (Lead Upturn 2008 ~Feel the Vibes~) 11.\"Thanks for...\" (Lead Upturn 2008 ~Feel the Vibes~) 12.\"Hikari\" (Lead Upturn 2010 ~I'll Be Around★~) 13.\"Hurricane\" (Lead Upturn 2011 ~Sun×You~) 14.\"Stand and Fight\" (10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012 ~Now or Never~) 15.\"Twilight\" (Lead Upturn 2013 ~Leap~) 16.\"Ame-Nochi-kun\" (Lead Upturn 2013 ~Leap~) 17.\"Lead Dance Performance\" (Lead Upturn 2013 ~Leap~) 18.\"Dear\" (Lead Upturn 2014 ~Attract~) 19.\"With U\" (Lead Upturn 2014 ~Attract~) 20.\"Fairy Tale\" (Lead Upturn 2015 ~Master Plan~) 21.\"Speechless\" (Lead Upturn 2015 ~Master Plan~) 22.\"Loud!Loud!Loud!\" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 23.\"Let's Get On It\" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 24.\"Green Days\" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 25.\"Kokorozashi ~KO.KO.RO.ZA.SHI~\" (Lead Upturn 2016 ~The Showcase~) 26.\"Fly Away\" (Lead 15th Anniversary Live ~Kan Ima Shirube-sai~) 27.\"Still\" (Lead 15th Anniversary Live ~Kan Ima Shirube-sai~) 28.\"Love or Love?\" (Lead Upturn 2018 ~Milestone~) 29.\"Give Me Your Best Shot\" (Lead Upturn 2018 ~Milestone~) 30.\"Be the Naked\" (Lead Upturn 2019 ~Sync~) 31.\"Wake me up\" (Lead Upturn 2019 ~Sync~) 32.\"Singularity\" (Lead Upturn 2020 Online Live ~Trick or Lead~) 33.\"Te Quiero Mucho\" (Lead Upturn 2021 Online Live ~Sonic Boom~)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Aichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Abeno Q's Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeno_Cues_Town"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Miyagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Queens Square Yokohama 1F Queen's Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa-ku,_Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Canal City Hakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_City_Hakata"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"}],"text":"Special Album \"Lead the Best\" Launch Events[21]September 3, 2022: Asunal Kanayama Aichi (Free Live/Autograph Session)\nSeptember 4, 2022: Abeno Q's Mall Osaka (Free Live/Autograph Session)\nSeptember 10, 2022: isME! Oheso Hiroba Miyagi (Free Live/Autograph Session)\nSeptember 11, 2022: Queens Square Yokohama 1F Queen's Circle Kanagawa (Free Live/Autograph Session}\nOctober 8, 2022: Canal City Hakata Fukuoka (Free Live/Autograph Session)","title":"Special release events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"デイリー アルバムランキング2022年07月29日付\". Oricon. July 30, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2022-07-29/","url_text":"\"デイリー アルバムランキング2022年07月29日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"【「Lead the Best \"導標\"」】Leadersと作るスペシャルディスク\"Leaders Choice\"！ストリーミング人気曲集計＆シェアキャンペーン実施！\". Lead Official. April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://lead.tv/news/6318/","url_text":"\"【「Lead the Best \"導標\"」】Leadersと作るスペシャルディスク\"Leaders Choice\"！ストリーミング人気曲集計＆シェアキャンペーン実施！\""}]},{"reference":"\"楽天ブックス: Lead the Best \"導標\" (初回限定盤 4CD＋DVD)\". Rakuten. Retrieved May 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.rakuten.co.jp/rb/17130132/?l-id=c-recommend-toho-reco&rtg=18ae4bbb6b821c6592261eb01e1b954f","url_text":"\"楽天ブックス: Lead the Best \"導標\" (初回限定盤 4CD＋DVD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lead Tracks ~listener's choice~ / Lead / ORICON NEWS\". Oricon. Retrieved October 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/304509/products/769614/1/","url_text":"\"Lead Tracks ~listener's choice~ / Lead / ORICON NEWS\""}]},{"reference":"\"デイリー アルバムランキング2022年07月30日付\". Oricon. July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/d/2022-07-30/","url_text":"\"デイリー アルバムランキング2022年07月30日付\""}]},{"reference":"\"週間 アルバムランキング2022年08月08日付（2022年07月25日～2022年07月31日）\". Oricon Weekly. Retrieved August 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/w/2022-08-08/p/4/","url_text":"\"週間 アルバムランキング2022年08月08日付（2022年07月25日～2022年07月31日）\""}]},{"reference":"\"【「Lead the Best \"導標\"」】Lead 20th Anniversaryスペシャルボックス盤/初回限定盤}\". Lead Official Twitter. Retrieved June 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobile.twitter.com/Lead_tv/status/1537362009523888128?cxt=HHwWgIDRzcam59UqAAAA","url_text":"\"【「Lead the Best \"導標\"」】Lead 20th Anniversaryスペシャルボックス盤/初回限定盤}\""}]},{"reference":"\"【Ponycanyon Online Limited Version】Lead 20th Anniversary Special Box (4CD+DVD+PHOTOBOOK) Release on July 31st,2022\". Pony Canyon Online Shop. Retrieved July 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://shop.ponycan.com/products/detail/2556","url_text":"\"【Ponycanyon Online Limited Version】Lead 20th Anniversary Special Box (4CD+DVD+PHOTOBOOK) Release on July 31st,2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lead、ニューシングル『Tuxedo〜タキシード〜』先行配信スタート！MVはDA PUMP TOMOが振付！\". excite News. September 9, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.excite.co.jp/news/article/WWS_wws_224024/","url_text":"\"Lead、ニューシングル『Tuxedo〜タキシード〜』先行配信スタート！MVはDA PUMP TOMOが振付！\""}]},{"reference":"\"デイリー シングルランキング2020年09月22日付\". Oricon. September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/d/2020-09-22/","url_text":"\"デイリー シングルランキング2020年09月22日付\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"2/18(火) Lead SPECIAL WINTER LIVE\". ameblo. February 17, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ameblo.jp/daflamelead/entry-12576044417.html","url_text":"\"2/18(火) Lead SPECIAL WINTER LIVE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lead、TOMO（DA PUMP）振付による\"ほうきダンス\"が見所の「Tuxedo～タキシード～」MV公開\". Yahoo! News. September 9, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/305de8189a4cce3a54f1d55003482610acc06843","url_text":"\"Lead、TOMO（DA PUMP）振付による\"ほうきダンス\"が見所の「Tuxedo～タキシード～」MV公開\""}]},{"reference":"\"「監獄ロック」 / Lead\". Pony Canyon Official YouTube. September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sy8TGu8GNw","url_text":"\"「監獄ロック」 / Lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonic Boom / Lead / ORICON NEWS\". Oricon. Retrieved July 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/304509/products/1419785/1/","url_text":"\"Sonic Boom / Lead / ORICON NEWS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"Oricon Singles Daily Ranking\". Oricon. August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/d/2021-08-24/","url_text":"\"Oricon Singles Daily Ranking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"\"Lead、ニューシングル「Sonic Boom」詳細発表\". Yahoo! Japan. July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/04e33e1d940573a21a73efbe6b4ab8ddc10a82d1","url_text":"\"Lead、ニューシングル「Sonic Boom」詳細発表\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Album収録曲、「導標」タイアップ決定！\". Lead Official. Retrieved September 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://lead.tv/news/6569/","url_text":"\"New Album収録曲、「導標」タイアップ決定！\""}]},{"reference":"\"導標 / Lead【Music Video】\". Lead Official YouTube. July 20, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8h7qPZfUy8","url_text":"\"導標 / Lead【Music Video】\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lead 20th Anniversary Live 〜感今導祭〜\". Tachikawa Stage Garden Official Twitter. Retrieved July 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/T_StageGarden/status/1553589239312310272?cxt=HHwWgICjgdLLuo8rAAAA","url_text":"\"Lead 20th Anniversary Live 〜感今導祭〜\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lead 20周年記念日に昼夜2回公演 鍵本輝「そろってライブできて震えるぐらいうれしかった」\". Chunichi Shimbun. July 31, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/518306","url_text":"\"Lead 20周年記念日に昼夜2回公演 鍵本輝「そろってライブできて震えるぐらいうれしかった」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunichi_Shimbun","url_text":"Chunichi Shimbun"}]},{"reference":"\"New Album「Lead the Best \"導標\"」発売記念イベント開催！【イベント追加日程発表！】\". Lead Official News. Retrieved September 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://lead.tv/news/6547/","url_text":"\"New Album「Lead the Best \"導標\"」発売記念イベント開催！【イベント追加日程発表！】\""}]},{"reference":"\"月間 シングルランキング2020年09月度\". Oricon. Retrieved October 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/m/2020-09/p/3/","url_text":"\"月間 シングルランキング2020年09月度\""}]},{"reference":"\"月間 シングルランキング2021年08月度\". Oricon. Retrieved September 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/m/2021-08/p/4/","url_text":"\"月間 シングルランキング2021年08月度\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianina
Chianina
["1 History","2 Breed description","3 Uses","3.1 Draught use","3.2 Meat production","3.3 Cross-breeding","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Breed of cattle ChianinaA Chianina cow and calf in TuscanyConservation statusFAO (2007): not at risk: 144 Other namesChianina della ValdichianaChianina del ValdarnoCalvanaPeruginaDistributionworld-wideStandardANABICUsedual-purpose, draught and beefTraitsWeightMale: 1200–1500 kg: 19 Female: 800–1000 kg: 19 HeightMale: 160–170 cm: 19 Female: 155–165 cm: 19 Skin colorblackCoatwhite hair, black switchHorn statushornedCattleBos primigenius The Chianina (Italian pronunciation: ) is an Italian breed of large white cattle. It was formerly principally a draught breed; it is now raised mainly for beef. It is the largest and one of the oldest cattle breeds in the world. The bistecca alla fiorentina is produced from its meat. History External image Photograph of Donetto, the heaviest bull in the world, c. 1955 The Chianina is one of the oldest breeds of cattle. It originates in the area of the Valdichiana, from which it takes its name, and the middle Tiber Valley. Chianina cattle have been raised in the Italian regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio for at least 2200 years. Columella, writing about types of oxen in about 55 AD, says "Umbria vastos et albos ..." (VI.I.2), which in the first English translation is "Umbria has such as are huge, and of a white colour".: 258  Chianina oxen were the principal source of agricultural power in the area until displaced by mechanisation and the collapse of the mezzadria system following the Second World War; they were in use in agriculture until at least 1970 and are still used in processions such as the corteo storico of the Palio di Siena. From 1931 breeders began to favour selection of animals more suited to meat production, with shorter limbs, longer bodies and more heavily muscled rump and thighs; recently, selection is based also on factors such as growth rate, meat yield and, in cows, maternal ability. While one source reports a herdbook dating from 1856, others date the institution of the Libro Genealogico ("genealogical herdbook") to 1933, when a breed standard was established and commissions were set up by the then Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste (ministry of agriculture and forestry) to identify, mark and register morphologically suitable animals; the standard of the Chianina breed was fixed by ministerial decree of 7 August 1935. A private register was previously kept by the largest cattle breeder of the Sienese Valdichiana, the Eredi del conte Bastogi of Abbadia di Montepulciano, and a group of breeders had in 1899 formed a society, the Società degli Agricoltori della Valdichiana (society of farmers of the Valdichiana), of which a principal aim was the establishment of a herdbook. Since the Second World War the Chianina has become a world breed, raised almost exclusively for its high quality meat. Through exportation of breeding stock, of frozen semen and of embryos, it has reached China, Russia, Asian countries and the Americas. Breed description A bull of the Chianina breed The Chianina is both the tallest and the heaviest breed of cattle. Mature bulls stand up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), and oxen may reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in). It is not unusual for bulls to exceed 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) in weight. Males standing over 1.51 m (4 ft 11 in) at 12 months are considered top-grade. A Chianina bull named Donetto holds the world record for the heaviest bull, reported by one source as 1,740 kg (3,840 lb) when exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955, but as 1,780 kg (3,920 lb) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall at the age of 8 by others including the Tenuta La Fratta, near Sinalunga in the province of Siena, where he was bred. Cows usually weigh 800–900 kg (1,800–2,000 lb), but commonly exceed 1,000 kg (2,200 lb); those standing over 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) are judged top-grade. Calves routinely weigh over 50 kg (110 lb) at birth. The coat of the Chianina is white; very slight grey shading round the eyes and on the foreparts is tolerated. The skin, muzzle, switch, hooves and the tips of the horns are black, as are the natural openings – the anus, vulva, eyelids, palate, tongue, and lower part of the scrotum.: 20  At the end of 2010 there were 47,236 head registered in Italy, of which more than 90% were in Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio; it is, after the Marchigiana, the second indigenous beef breed of Italy. Uses The Chianina is a dual purpose breed, raised both for meat and for draught use; the milk is barely sufficient for suckling. Draught use Until recent years, when it was replaced by machinery, the Chianina ox was used with excellent results both in agriculture and for road transport in its area of origin, the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Livorno, Perugia, Pisa (parts only) and Siena, and in some parts of the more distant provinces of Caserta, Latina and Terni. It was highly adapted to the steep hill terrain and entirely suitable to the farms of the time, to mixed agriculture and to the smallholdings of the mezzadri. A typical casa colonica or rural farmhouse in the area had substantial stabling for oxen on the ground floor, while the habitable part was on the floor above. At this time four varieties were distinguishable within the breed, based on phenotypic differences resulting from different environments: the Chianina of the Valdichiana, the Chianina of the Valdarno, the Calvana (since 1985 considered a separate breed) in the hilly country of the province of Florence, and the Perugina in the province of Perugia. The oxen, both male and female, were invariably worked in pairs, yoked with a type of neck yoke. Today Chianina oxen are rarely seen in Italy other than at public events such as the Palio di Siena. In North America Chianina oxen are trained for participation in ox-pulling contests. Conroy shows a pair pulling 6,045 kg (13,327 lb) on a stoneboat. Meat production In beef production, Chianina cattle are chosen for their growth rate, which may exceed 2 kg (4.4 lb) per day, the high yield and high quality of the meat, and their tolerance of heat and sunlight. They are good foragers and have better resistance to disease and insects than many other domestic cattle. The ideal slaughter weight is 650–700 kg (1,430–1,540 lb), reached at 16–18 months, where the yield may be 64–65%. The meat is renowned for its quality and nutritional values. In Italy it is sold by name at premium prices by approved butchers, the sales receipt detailing the breed, birth and slaughter dates, identification number and other data of the animal in order to guarantee its origin. Each of the 18 principal cuts is branded with the "5R" symbol of the Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane (consortium of producers of quality beef from Italian breeds), signifying the five indigenous beef breeds of Italy, the Chianina, the Marchigiana, the Maremmana, the Romagnola and the Podolica, in accordance with a ministerial decree of 5 July 1984. For the three breeds present in central Italy, the Chianina, the Marchigiana and the Romagnola, there is also an Indicazione Geografica Protetta, or certification of region of origin, in accordance with European Community regulation 2081/92. Cross-breeding The Chianina breed is widely used for cross-breeding. In the United States the Chianina has been cross-bred with British breeds to reduce the fat content of meat in line with current fashion; elsewhere it has been used to transmit size, growth-rate and its relatively low skeleton weight to local breeds. It has been found to transmit well qualities such as growth-rate, meat quality, resistance to heat and cold and to insects and disease, and adaptation to rough terrain.: 251  Stock cross-bred with the Chianina may reach slaughter weight a month earlier than normal. In 1971 semen was first exported to the United States, where there are now many half-blood and quarter-blood animals.: 251  The first American Chianina x Angus calf was born on 31 January 1972 at Tannehill Ranch, near King City, California. Within four years the American Chianina Association had established a Chiangus register, since then the Chiangus has achieved "all but total dominance" in U.S. steer shows. Chianina semen was first imported into Australia in 1973, from Canada; it has since been imported directly from Italy. The Chiangus is an established cross in Australia also. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chianina. ^ Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Accessed September 2017. ^ a b c d e Daniele Bigi, Alessio Zanon (2008). Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia (in Italian). Milan: Edagricole. ISBN 9788850652594. p. 18–20. ^ a b c d e La Chianina (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015. ^ a b Chianina (in Italian). Atlante delle razze bovine – Razze da carne. Accessed October 2015. ^ a b Standards di razza: Chianina (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015. ^ L. Iunius Moderatus Columella (c.55 AD). De Re Rustica, Liber Sextus (in Latin). The Latin Library. ^ Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, (1745). L. Junius Moderatus Columella of Husbandry, in Twelve Books: and his book, concerning Trees. Translated into English, with illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius and other ancient and modern authors. London: A. Millar. ^ Matthew Spender (1992). Within Tuscany. London : Viking. ISBN 0670838365. ^ William A. Beattie (1990). Beef Cattle Breeding & Management. Frenchs Forest: Popular Books. ISBN 0730100405. ^ a b Clara Sargentini La Razza Chianina (in Italian). La Razza Chianina: valore del passato–patrimonio del futuro. Archived 5 September 2010. ^ E. Marchi (1901). Relazione sull'indirizzo necessario per il miglioramento razionale della razza bovina di Val di Chiana (in Italian). Florence: ; cited in: Lucia Mazzetti (September 1996). La Fratta nel sistema della fattoria in Toscana Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (excerpt only, in Italian). Quaderni Sinalunghesi 7 (1). ^ Lucia Mazzetti (May 2008). Ezio Marchi – lo scienziato 'amico degli allevatori' (in Italian). Quaderni Sinalunghesi 18 (2). Accessed October 2015. Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e Aldo Focacci (June 2006). Storia e situazione attuale dei bovini chianini (in Italian). Eurocarni 2006 (6): 123. Edizioni Pubblicità Italia. ^ John B. Friend (1978). Cattle of the World. Blandford, Dorset: Blandford Press. ^ Lucia Mazzetti (September 1996). La Fratta nel sistema della fattoria in Toscana Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (excerpt only, in Italian). Quaderni Sinalunghesi 7 (1). Accessed October 2015. ^ a b La Razza Chianina: Le Origini (in Italian). razzachianina.it. Archived 22 November 2021. ^ Consistenze al 31.12.2014 (in Italian). Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (national association of breeders of Italian beef cattle breeds). Accessed October 2015. ^ a b La Razza Chianina: Le Caratteristiche (in Italian). razzachianina.it. Archived 22 November 2021. ^ Drew Conroy (2004). Ox Yokes: Culture, Comfort and Animal Welfare. World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies. Accessed October 2015. ^ Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Italian). Il mondo agricolo. Accessed October 2015. ^ a b James R. Gillespie, Frank B. Flanders (2010). Modern livestock and poultry production, eighth edition. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781428318083. ^ Chianina History. Chianina Society of Australia. Accessed October 2015. Further reading Elvio Borgioli, Aldo Olivetti (1975). Origini, evoluzione e prospettive attuali e future della razza bovina chianina (in Italian). Bologna: Edagricole. vteCattle breeds of Italy These are the cattle breeds considered in Italy to be wholly or partly of Italian origin. Inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Italian. Abruzzese Agerolese Bardigiana Bianca Modenese Bianca Val Padana Bruna Italiana Bruna Italiana Vecchio Ceppo Burlina Cabannina Calabrese Calvana Camandona Carniella Chianina Chianino-Maremmana Cinisara Demonte Frisona Italiana Friuli Garfagnina Grigia alpina Grigia di Val d'Adige Grigia di Val di Fiemme Grossetana Lucana Marchigiana Maremmana Modenese Modicana Mölltal Montana Mucca Pisana Ossolana Pasturina Perugina Pezzata Rossa d'Oropa Pezzata Rossa Italiana Piemontese Pinzgauer Podolica Pontremolese Pugliese del basso Veneto Pustertaler Sprinzen Reggiana Rendena Romagnola Romana Sarda Sardo Bruna Sardo Modicana Sicilian Valdarno Val di Chiana Valdostana Castana Valdostana Pezzata Nera Valdostana Pezzata Rossa Valtarese Varzese-Ottonese-Tortonese Other bovinesMediterranea Italiana buffalo
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kjaˈniːna]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cattle_breeds"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic-3"},{"link_name":"bistecca alla fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistecca_alla_fiorentina"}],"text":"The Chianina (Italian pronunciation: [kjaˈniːna]) is an Italian breed of large white cattle. It was formerly principally a draught breed; it is now raised mainly for beef. It is the largest and one of the oldest cattle breeds in the world.[3] The bistecca alla fiorentina is produced from its meat.","title":"Chianina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valdichiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdichiana"},{"link_name":"Tiber Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber_Valley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agraria-4"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic2-5"},{"link_name":"Columella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-col-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millar-7"},{"link_name":"mezzadria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metayage"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spender-8"},{"link_name":"corteo storico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteo_Storico"},{"link_name":"Palio di Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palio_di_Siena"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic2-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beattie-9"},{"link_name":"Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministero_dell%27Agricoltura_e_delle_Foreste"},{"link_name":"ministerial decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_decree"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarg-10"},{"link_name":"Sienese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"Abbadia di Montepulciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montepulciano"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarg-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marchi-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mazz2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroc-13"}],"text":"The Chianina is one of the oldest breeds of cattle. It originates in the area of the Valdichiana, from which it takes its name, and the middle Tiber Valley.[4] Chianina cattle have been raised in the Italian regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio for at least 2200 years.[5] Columella, writing about types of oxen in about 55 AD, says \"Umbria vastos et albos ...\" (VI.I.2),[6] which in the first English translation is \"Umbria has such as are huge, and of a white colour\".[7]: 258  Chianina oxen were the principal source of agricultural power in the area until displaced by mechanisation and the collapse of the mezzadria system following the Second World War; they were in use in agriculture until at least 1970[8] and are still used in processions such as the corteo storico of the Palio di Siena. From 1931 breeders began to favour selection of animals more suited to meat production, with shorter limbs, longer bodies and more heavily muscled rump and thighs; recently, selection is based also on factors such as growth rate, meat yield and, in cows, maternal ability.[5] While one source reports a herdbook dating from 1856,[9] others date the institution of the Libro Genealogico (\"genealogical herdbook\") to 1933, when a breed standard was established and commissions were set up by the then Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste (ministry of agriculture and forestry) to identify, mark and register morphologically suitable animals; the standard of the Chianina breed was fixed by ministerial decree of 7 August 1935.[10] A private register was previously kept by the largest cattle breeder of the Sienese Valdichiana, the Eredi del conte Bastogi of Abbadia di Montepulciano,[10] and a group of breeders had in 1899 formed a society, the Società degli Agricoltori della Valdichiana (society of farmers of the Valdichiana), of which a principal aim was the establishment of a herdbook.[11][12]Since the Second World War the Chianina has become a world breed, raised almost exclusively for its high quality meat. Through exportation of breeding stock, of frozen semen and of embryos, it has reached China, Russia, Asian countries and the Americas.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chianina_Bulle.jpg"},{"link_name":"oxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroc-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-friend-14"},{"link_name":"Sinalunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinalunga"},{"link_name":"province of Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mazz-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-razza-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic-3"},{"link_name":"anus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus"},{"link_name":"vulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva"},{"link_name":"scrotum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bigi-2"},{"link_name":"Marchigiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchigiana"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic3-17"}],"text":"A bull of the Chianina breedThe Chianina is both the tallest and the heaviest breed of cattle. Mature bulls stand up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), and oxen may reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in).[13] It is not unusual for bulls to exceed 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) in weight.[3] Males standing over 1.51 m (4 ft 11 in) at 12 months are considered top-grade. A Chianina bull named Donetto holds the world record for the heaviest bull, reported by one source as 1,740 kg (3,840 lb) when exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955,[14] but as 1,780 kg (3,920 lb) and 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) tall at the age of 8 by others including the Tenuta La Fratta, near Sinalunga in the province of Siena, where he was bred.[15][16] Cows usually weigh 800–900 kg (1,800–2,000 lb), but commonly exceed 1,000 kg (2,200 lb); those standing over 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) are judged top-grade. Calves routinely weigh over 50 kg (110 lb) at birth.[3]\nThe coat of the Chianina is white; very slight grey shading round the eyes and on the foreparts is tolerated. The skin, muzzle, switch, hooves and the tips of the horns are black, as are the natural openings – the anus, vulva, eyelids, palate, tongue, and lower part of the scrotum.[2]: 20At the end of 2010 there were 47,236 head registered in Italy, of which more than 90% were in Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio; it is, after the Marchigiana, the second indigenous beef breed of Italy.[17]","title":"Breed description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-razz2-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agraria-4"}],"text":"The Chianina is a dual purpose breed, raised both for meat and for draught use;[18] the milk is barely sufficient for suckling.[4]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Livorno"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Perugia"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Latina"},{"link_name":"Terni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Terni"},{"link_name":"mezzadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metayage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroc-13"},{"link_name":"phenotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"Valdarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdarno"},{"link_name":"Calvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroc-13"},{"link_name":"yoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke"},{"link_name":"stoneboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneboat"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conroy-19"}],"sub_title":"Draught use","text":"Until recent years, when it was replaced by machinery, the Chianina ox was used with excellent results both in agriculture and for road transport in its area of origin, the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Livorno, Perugia, Pisa (parts only) and Siena, and in some parts of the more distant provinces of Caserta, Latina and Terni. It was highly adapted to the steep hill terrain and entirely suitable to the farms of the time, to mixed agriculture and to the smallholdings of the mezzadri.[13] A typical casa colonica or rural farmhouse in the area had substantial stabling for oxen on the ground floor, while the habitable part was on the floor above.At this time four varieties were distinguishable within the breed, based on phenotypic differences resulting from different environments: the Chianina of the Valdichiana, the Chianina of the Valdarno, the Calvana (since 1985 considered a separate breed) in the hilly country of the province of Florence, and the Perugina in the province of Perugia.[13]The oxen, both male and female, were invariably worked in pairs, yoked with a type of neck yoke. Today Chianina oxen are rarely seen in Italy other than at public events such as the Palio di Siena.In North America Chianina oxen are trained for participation in ox-pulling contests. Conroy shows a pair pulling 6,045 kg (13,327 lb) on a stoneboat.[19]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anabic-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agr-20"},{"link_name":"Marchigiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchigiana"},{"link_name":"Maremmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maremmana"},{"link_name":"Romagnola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagnola"},{"link_name":"Podolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolica"},{"link_name":"Indicazione Geografica Protetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicazione_Geografica_Protetta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-razza-16"}],"sub_title":"Meat production","text":"In beef production, Chianina cattle are chosen for their growth rate, which may exceed 2 kg (4.4 lb) per day,[3] the high yield and high quality of the meat, and their tolerance of heat and sunlight. They are good foragers and have better resistance to disease and insects than many other domestic cattle.The ideal slaughter weight is 650–700 kg (1,430–1,540 lb), reached at 16–18 months, where the yield may be 64–65%. The meat is renowned for its quality and nutritional values.[3] In Italy it is sold by name at premium prices by approved butchers, the sales receipt detailing the breed, birth and slaughter dates, identification number and other data of the animal in order to guarantee its origin.[20] Each of the 18 principal cuts is branded with the \"5R\" symbol of the Consorzio Produttori Carne Bovina Pregiata delle Razze Italiane (consortium of producers of quality beef from Italian breeds), signifying the five indigenous beef breeds of Italy, the Chianina, the Marchigiana, the Maremmana, the Romagnola and the Podolica, in accordance with a ministerial decree of 5 July 1984. For the three breeds present in central Italy, the Chianina, the Marchigiana and the Romagnola, there is also an Indicazione Geografica Protetta, or certification of region of origin, in accordance with European Community regulation 2081/92.[16]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroc-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-razz2-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-21"},{"link_name":"King City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Chiangus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiangus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-22"}],"sub_title":"Cross-breeding","text":"The Chianina breed is widely used for cross-breeding. In the United States the Chianina has been cross-bred with British breeds to reduce the fat content of meat in line with current fashion; elsewhere it has been used to transmit size, growth-rate and its relatively low skeleton weight to local breeds.[13] It has been found to transmit well qualities such as growth-rate, meat quality, resistance to heat and cold and to insects and disease, and adaptation to rough terrain.[21]: 251  Stock cross-bred with the Chianina may reach slaughter weight a month earlier than normal.[18] In 1971 semen was first exported to the United States, where there are now many half-blood and quarter-blood animals.[21]: 251  The first American Chianina x Angus calf was born on 31 January 1972 at Tannehill Ranch, near King City, California. Within four years the American Chianina Association had established a Chiangus register, since then the Chiangus has achieved \"all but total dominance\" in U.S. steer shows. Chianina semen was first imported into Australia in 1973, from Canada; it has since been imported directly from Italy. The Chiangus is an established cross in Australia also.[22]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cattle_breeds_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cattle_breeds_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cattle_breeds_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Cattle breeds of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_cattle_breeds"},{"link_name":"cattle breeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_breed"},{"link_name":"Abruzzese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzese_cattle"},{"link_name":"Agerolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerolese"},{"link_name":"Bardigiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bardigiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bianca Modenese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Modenese"},{"link_name":"Bianca Val Padana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bianca_Val_Padana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bruna Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunvieh"},{"link_name":"Bruna Italiana Vecchio Ceppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruna_Italiana_Vecchio_Ceppo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burlina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlina_cattle"},{"link_name":"Cabannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabannina"},{"link_name":"Calabrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calabrese_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvana"},{"link_name":"Camandona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camandona_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carniella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carniella_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chianina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Chianino-Maremmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chianino-Maremmana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cinisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinisara"},{"link_name":"Demonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonte_cattle"},{"link_name":"Frisona Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frisona_Italiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friuli_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Garfagnina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfagnina"},{"link_name":"Grigia alpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grigia_alpina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grigia di Val d'Adige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grigia_di_Val_d%27Adige&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grigia di Val di Fiemme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grigia_di_Val_di_Fiemme&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grossetana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grossetana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marchigiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchigiana"},{"link_name":"Maremmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maremmana"},{"link_name":"Modenese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modenese"},{"link_name":"Modicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modicana"},{"link_name":"Mölltal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6lltal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montana_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mucca Pisana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucca_Pisana"},{"link_name":"Ossolana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ossolana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pasturina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasturina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Perugina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perugina_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pezzata Rossa d'Oropa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezzata_Rossa_d%27Oropa"},{"link_name":"Pezzata Rossa Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pezzata_Rossa_Italiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piemontese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmontese_cattle"},{"link_name":"Pinzgauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinzgauer_cattle"},{"link_name":"Podolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolica"},{"link_name":"Pontremolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontremolese"},{"link_name":"Pugliese del basso Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pugliese_del_basso_Veneto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pustertaler Sprinzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustertaler_Sprinzen"},{"link_name":"Reggiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggiana_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rendena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendena"},{"link_name":"Romagnola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagnola"},{"link_name":"Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romana_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarda_(cattle)"},{"link_name":"Sardo Bruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardo_Bruna"},{"link_name":"Sardo Modicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardo_Modicana"},{"link_name":"Sicilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sicilian_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valdarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valdarno_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Val di Chiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Val_di_Chiana_cattle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valdostana Castana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdostana_Castana"},{"link_name":"Valdostana Pezzata Nera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdostana_Pezzata_Nera"},{"link_name":"Valdostana Pezzata Rossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdostana_Pezzata_Rossa"},{"link_name":"Valtarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valtarese&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varzese-Ottonese-Tortonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varzese-Ottonese-Tortonese"},{"link_name":"bovines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovinae"},{"link_name":"Mediterranea Italiana buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranea_Italiana_buffalo"}],"text":"Elvio Borgioli, Aldo Olivetti (1975). Origini, evoluzione e prospettive attuali e future della razza bovina chianina (in Italian). Bologna: Edagricole.vteCattle breeds of Italy\nThese are the cattle breeds considered in Italy to be wholly or partly of Italian origin. Inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively Italian.\n\nAbruzzese\nAgerolese\nBardigiana\nBianca Modenese\nBianca Val Padana\nBruna Italiana\nBruna Italiana Vecchio Ceppo\nBurlina\nCabannina\nCalabrese\nCalvana\nCamandona\nCarniella\nChianina\nChianino-Maremmana\nCinisara\nDemonte\nFrisona Italiana\nFriuli\nGarfagnina\nGrigia alpina\nGrigia di Val d'Adige\nGrigia di Val di Fiemme\nGrossetana\nLucana\nMarchigiana\nMaremmana\nModenese\nModicana\nMölltal\nMontana\nMucca Pisana\nOssolana\nPasturina\nPerugina\nPezzata Rossa d'Oropa\nPezzata Rossa Italiana\nPiemontese\nPinzgauer\nPodolica\nPontremolese\nPugliese del basso Veneto\nPustertaler Sprinzen\nReggiana\nRendena\nRomagnola\nRomana\nSarda\nSardo Bruna\nSardo Modicana\nSicilian\nValdarno\nVal di Chiana\nValdostana Castana\nValdostana Pezzata Nera\nValdostana Pezzata Rossa\nValtarese\nVarzese-Ottonese-Tortonese\nOther bovinesMediterranea Italiana buffalo","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A bull of the Chianina breed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chianina_Bulle.jpg/300px-Chianina_Bulle.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Squadron
East India Squadron
["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 First Opium War","1.3 Opening of Japan","1.4 Johanna Expedition","1.5 Anti-piracy operations","1.6 Second Opium War","1.7 Bombardment of Qui Nhon","1.8 Formosan Expedition","2 Ships","3 Commanders","4 Served in squadron","5 References","6 Further reading"]
American 19th century military unit of the United States Navy This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "East India Squadron" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) East India SquadronUSS Vincennes and USS Columbus in Tokyo Bay, Japan, in July 1846.Active1835–1868Country United States of AmericaBranch United States NavyTypeNaval squadronMilitary unit The East India Squadron, or East Indies Squadron, was a squadron of American ships that existed in the nineteenth century. It focused on protecting American interests in the Far East, while the Pacific Squadron concentrated on the western coasts of the Americas and the South Pacific Ocean. Its duties included the Yangtze River Patrol in China. The East India Squadron was established in 1835 and existed until it became part of the Asiatic Squadron in 1868. History Further information: First Sumatran Expedition and Second Sumatran Expedition A sketch of USS Peacock during the Wilkes Expedition in 1838. Shortly before Senator Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire became secretary of the Navy in 1831, Edmund Roberts had sent him a letter detailing the neglected state of Far Eastern commerce and whaling. Near the end of that year, American pepper trader Friendship returned to her home port of Salem, to report that Sumatran pirates had killed the first officer and two crewmen, and plundered the cargo. In response to public outcry, President Andrew Jackson dispatched the Potomac on the first of what were to be two punitive expeditions to Sumatra. The sloop-of-war Peacock was also dispatched, and, on the recommendation of Woodbury, carried Roberts as envoy to Cochin-China, Siam and Muscat, to negotiate treaties to place American commerce on a surer basis, and on an equality with that of the most favored nations. Roberts succeeded with Siam and Muscat. Peacock returned in 1835–37 with Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger bearing ratifications of those treaties. Peacock, which in 1828 had been broken down and rebuilt as an exploration vessel, joined the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838. East India Squadron Columbia and John Adams had also joined the circumnavigating Expedition, and, without having to detour, executed the Second Sumatran Expedition. Formation Except for whaling and pepper, U.S. trade with the Far East was limited, but for those who risked long voyage to trade fur, sandalwood, and cotton goods for Chinese silks and tea, the results were very profitable. Indeed, stories about the riches of Far East created the national myth about the vast potential of the China market. In an effort to turn the myth into reality, the US sent envoy Roberts to Cochin-China in 1835 aboard the Peacock, escorted by the schooner Enterprise under the command of Commodore Edmund P. Kennedy. They called first at the port of Canton, and Roberts' account gives a vivid description of the state of affairs there.: pp. 63–74  Kennedy subsequently established the East India Squadron. First Opium War Main article: First Opium War Several American citizens living in China suffered personal attacks during the First Opium War from xenophobic locals. Commodore Kearny was given command of a squadron consisting of the 42-year-old frigate USS Constellation and the sloop USS Boston to protect American citizens in China. Kearny arrived in China in March 1842, a few months before the end of the conflict. Kearny first learned of the Treaty of Nanking when he arrived in Hong Kong. Kearny observed the treaty's provisions opening five Chinese ports to British trade, and sought equal trading opportunity for Americans merchants. The Viceroy of Canton offered Kearny a treaty giving Americans equal treatment. Kearny did not have authority to sign such a treaty, but tactfully informed Ke agreement would be forthcoming as soon as authorized negotiators arrived. In 1844, Caleb Cushing reached China where the Treaty of Wanghia was signed on 2 July and ratified the next year in December 1845. Opening of Japan Main article: Opening of Japan On July 20, 1846, he anchored with the two warships USS Columbus and USS Vincennes in Uraga Channel at the mouth to Edo Bay in an attempt to open up Japan to trade with the United States, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Biddle delivered his request that Japan agree to a similar treaty to that which he had just negotiated with China. Biddle eventually received the shogunate's response and was told that Japan forbade all commerce and communication with foreign nations besides that of the Dutch; also, he was informed that all foreign affairs were conducted through Nagasaki and that his ships should leave Uraga immediately. In 1852, Commodore Matthew C. Perry embarked from Norfolk, Virginia for Japan, in command of a squadron in search of a Japanese trade treaty. Aboard a black-hulled steam frigate, he ported Mississippi, Plymouth, Saratoga, and USS Susquehanna at Uraga Harbor near Edo (modern Tokyo) on July 8, 1853. His actions at this crucial juncture were informed by a careful study of Japan's previous contacts with Western ships and what could be known about the Japanese hierarchical culture. He was met by representatives of the Tokugawa Shogunate who told him to proceed to Nagasaki, where there was limited trade with the Netherlands and which was the only Japanese port open to foreigners at that time (see Sakoku). Perry returned in February 1854 with twice as many ships, finding that the delegates had prepared a treaty embodying virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. Perry signed the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, and departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives. The agreement was made with the Shogun, the de facto ruler of Japan. Johanna Expedition Main article: Johanna Expedition The Johanna Expedition was a naval operation that occurred in August 1851 during the American anti-slavery patrols in the Indian Ocean. It began in response the seizure of the merchant ship Maria and her captain, a man named Moores, in the small Sultanate of Johanna. The United States Navy sent the sloop-of-war USS Dale, under Captain William Pearson, to free Moores and to demand compensation for the incident. When the sultan refused, the Americans briefly bombarded a fort and blockhouse protecting the harbor of Matsamudu. Anti-piracy operations USS Powhatan Main article: Battle of Ty-ho Bay In July 1855, Chinese pirates in the Hong Kong area captured four merchant ships owned by British subjects. In response, on 4 August 1855, armed boats from the East India Squadron frigate USS Powhatan and the Royal Navy sloop-of-war HMS Rattler confronted the pirates at the Battle of Ty-ho Bay. HMS Eaglet towed the boats into position which then proceeded to destroy twenty of thirty-six junks. Seven merchant ships were also rescued. An estimated 500 pirates were killed or wounded and over 1,000 taken prisoner compared to an allied loss of nine dead and about a dozen wounded. Second Opium War Main article: Second Opium War The United States would see action again during the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860. Four of the squadron's ships were involved in at least two battles. At the beginning of the war, the United States Navy frigate, USS San Jacinto and two sloops-of-war, USS Portsmouth and USS Levant, launched an attack against a series of Chinese forts along Pearl River. The engagement became known as the Battle of the Pearl River Forts and was fought in 1856. The second involvement of an East India Squadron ship was during the Second Battle of Taku Forts in 1859. The American warship, USS Powhatan, assisted an Anglo-French attack by bombarding the Taku Forts. No further engagements between Chinese and American forces during the war are known to have happened though American citizens living in Canton fought as militia at the 1856 battle at Canton. USS Portsmouth Bombardment of Qui Nhon Main article: Bombardment of Qui Nhon On June 30, 1861, USS Saginaw, under James F. Schenck, silenced a fort at the entrance to Qui Nhon Bay, Cochinchina. This was after a Vietnamese artillery battery had fired upon her while she was searching for the missing boat and crew of an American merchant bark named Myrtle. After an engagement lasting just under an hour, the Vietnamese fort was destroyed and a large explosion was observed by the Americans. It became the only battle of the Cochinchina Campaign involving the United States which deployed the East India Squadron to protect American interests in the region. Formosan Expedition Main article: Formosan Expedition Following the Rover Incident of March 1867 in which the American bark Rover was wrecked and massacred by the Paiwan people of southern Formosa; the East India Squadron under Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell launched a punitive expedition in retaliation. On June 18, 1867, 181 officers, sailors and marines from two screw sloops-of-war landed with the intention of destroying the hostile threat. After six hours of marching through the hot tropical Formosan mountains and after several skirmishes, the Americans turned back to their ships. The expedition failed after the death of an American commander and the loss of several men due to the humid climate. They boarded USS Wyoming and USS Hartford and then set sail for Shanghai. A year later the squadron was merged into the new Asiatic Squadron. Ships USS Powhatan, under Commander William J. McCluney, was assigned to the East India Squadron and arrived on station via Cape of Good Hope 15 June 1853. Her arrival in Chinese waters coincided with an important phase of Commodore Matthew C. Perry's negotiations for commercial relations with the Japanese and the opening of two ports. She was Perry's flagship during his November visit to Whampoa. On 14 February 1854 she entered Yedo Bay with the rest of the squadron and the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed on her deck on 31 March 1854. Assigned to the East India Squadron under Commodore Matthew Perry, the USS Macedonian with Capt. Joel Abbot in command, was one of the six American ships arrayed off Uraga, Japan, 13 February 1854 during Perry's second visit to negotiate the opening of Japan to foreign trade. After completing her trials, which she began in January 1851, the side-wheel steamer USS Susquehanna sailed on 8 June for the Far East to become flagship of the East India Squadron. The USS Dolphin got underway 6 May 1848 to join the East India Squadron, protecting American citizens in Asiatic waters. Recommissioned on 12 August 1850, USS Saratoga got underway on 15 September and proceeded to the western Pacific for service in the East India Squadron. USS Levant sailed 13 November for Rio de Janeiro, the Cape of Good Hope, and Hong Kong, where she arrived to join the East India Squadron 12 May 1856. On 1 July she embarked the U.S. Commissioner to China for transportation to Shanghai, arriving 1 August. Departing Norfolk 4 August, the USS Germantown sailed via the Cape of Good Hope to Ceylon, where on 22 December she joined Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall's East India Squadron off Point de Gala. For 2 years she cruised Far Eastern waters and visited the principal ports of China and Japan, where she found "uniform friendly reception" as the squadron guarded American interests in the Orient. Sailing via the Cape of Good Hope, she returned to Norfolk in April 1860 After a four-day stop at Singapore, where Commodore Armstrong relieved Commodore Joel Abbot in command of the East India Squadron, the frigate USS San Jacinto reached the bar off the mouth of the Me Nam (later the Chao Phraya) River. The new side-wheel steamer USS Saginaw sailed from San Francisco Bay on 8 March 1860, headed for the western Pacific, and reached Shanghai, China, on 12 May. She then served in the East India Squadron, for the most part cruising along the Chinese coast to protect American citizens and to suppress pirates. She visited Japan in November but soon returned to Chinese waters. On 30 June 1861, she silenced a battery at the entrance to Qui Nhon Bay, Cochin China, which had fired upon her while she was searching for the missing boat and crew of American bark, Myrtle. On 3 January 1862, Saginaw was decommissioned at Hong Kong. On 3 July 1862, she returned to Mare Island for repairs. Commanders Successive Commanders-in-Chief of the East India Squadron were as follows. Edmund P. Kennedy, 3 March 1835 – 10 October 1837 George C. Read, 14 December 1837 – 13 June 1840 Lawrence Kearny, 4 February 1841 – 27 February 1843 Foxhall A. Parker Sr., 27 February 1843 – 21 April 1845 James Biddle, 21 April 1845 – 6 March 1848 William Shubrick, 6 March 1848 – 13 May 1848 David Geisinger, 13 May 1848 – 1 February 1850 Philip Voorhees, 1 February 1850 – 30 January 1851 John H. Aulick, 31 May 1851 – 20 November 1852 Matthew C. Perry, 20 November 1852 – 6 September 1854 Joel Abbot, 6 September 1854 – 15 October 1855 James Armstrong, 15 October 1855 – 29 January 1858 Josiah Tattnall III, 29 January 1858 – 20 November 1859 Cornelius Stribling, 20 November 1859 – 23 July 1861 Frederick K. Engle, 23 July 1861 – 23 September 1862 Cicero Price, 23 September 1862 – 11 August 1865 Henry H. Bell, 11 August 1865 – 11 January 1868 Served in squadron Also serving in the squadron at one time were: Thomas O. Selfridge John Pope Edward A. Terry served in the sloop Germantown, attached to the East India Squadron, from 1857 to 1859. William M. Wood served as fleet surgeon with the East India Squadron from 1856 to 1858 Montgomery Sicard James Glynn Andrew Hull Foote commanded USS Portsmouth on 20–21 November 1856. Foote led a landing party that seized the barrier forts at Canton, China, in reprisal for attacks on American ships. References ^ a b Roberts, Edmund (1837) . "Introduction". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4 (Digitized ed.). Harper & brothers. p. 5. Retrieved March 29, 2012. I addressed a letter to the Hon. Levi Woodbury. ^ Stephen B. Young (2003). "Book review" (Journal of the Siam Society, Volume 91). Two Yankee Diplomats In 1830s Siam by Edmund Roberts and W. S. W. Ruschenberger. Edited with an introduction by Michael Smithies. Orchid Press. Retrieved March 2, 2012. Also of some relevance for future Thai foreign policy are the various comments by Roberts and Ruschenberger as to how the Siamese seemed genuinely to like Americans and to prefer them over other Caucasian nations. ^ The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy By Craig L. Symonds, William J. Clipson, PG 64. ^ Hanks, Robert J., CAPT USN "Commodore Lawrence Kearny, the Diplomatic Seaman" United States Naval Institute Proceedings November 1970 pp.70–72 ^ Sewall, John S. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, p. xxxi. ^ Sewall, pp. xxxiv–xxxv, xlix, lvi. ^ Sewall, pp. 243–264. ^ "The Bombardment of Johanna". The New York Times. 4 February 1852. ^ www.history.navy.mil https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005840/http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20highlights/pirates/Suppression%20of%20Piracy%20on%20Johanna%20Island%2C%20August%201851%2C%20Amerman%2C%20USMC%20HD.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-10. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Kemp Tolley, Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China, pg 317 Further reading Long, David Foster (1988). "Chapter Nine". Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798–1883. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 207ff. ISBN 978-0-87021-228-4. LCCN 87034879. Lay summary in: Joyce S. Goldberg (February 1990). "Review: Gold Braid and Foreign Relations: Diplomatic Activities of U.S. Naval Officers, 1798-1883 by David F. Long". The American Historical Review. 95 (1): 253–254. JSTOR 2163133. vteUnited States Navy squadrons19th century Africa Squadron Brazil Squadron Chesapeake Bay Flotilla East India Squadron Home Squadron Mediterranean Squadron Mosquito Fleet New Orleans Squadron Pacific Squadron West Indies Squadron Civil War Atlantic Blockading Squadron East Gulf Blockading Squadron Mississippi River Squadron North Atlantic Blockading Squadron Potomac Flotilla South Atlantic Blockading Squadron West Gulf Blockading Squadron West India Squadron Post-Civil War Asiatic Squadron Bering Sea Squadron European Squadron Flying Squadron North Atlantic Squadron North Pacific Squadron Pacific Station South Atlantic Squadron South Pacific Squadron Special Service Squadron Squadron of Evolution Portal: American Civil War Authority control databases International VIAF 2 National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Pacific Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron"}],"text":"Military unitThe East India Squadron, or East Indies Squadron, was a squadron of American ships that existed in the nineteenth century. It focused on protecting American interests in the Far East, while the Pacific Squadron concentrated on the western coasts of the Americas and the South Pacific Ocean. Its duties included the Yangtze River Patrol in China. The East India Squadron was established in 1835 and existed until it became part of the Asiatic Squadron in 1868.","title":"East India Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Sumatran Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sumatran_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Second Sumatran Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sumatran_Expedition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Peacock_1813.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilkes Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Levi Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Woodbury"},{"link_name":"secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Edmund Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"whaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"pepper trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"first officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_mate"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Potomac_(1822)"},{"link_name":"sloop-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Peacock_(1828)"},{"link_name":"Cochin-China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan,_Sultan_of_Muscat_and_Oman"},{"link_name":"most favored nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_favored_nation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-1"},{"link_name":"Roberts succeeded with Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese-American_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States Exploring Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Columbia_(1836)"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(1799)"},{"link_name":"circumnavigating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation"}],"text":"Further information: First Sumatran Expedition and Second Sumatran ExpeditionA sketch of USS Peacock during the Wilkes Expedition in 1838.Shortly before Senator Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire became secretary of the Navy in 1831, Edmund Roberts had sent him a letter detailing the neglected state of Far Eastern commerce and whaling. Near the end of that year, American pepper trader Friendship returned to her home port of Salem, to report that Sumatran pirates had killed the first officer and two crewmen, and plundered the cargo. In response to public outcry, President Andrew Jackson dispatched the Potomac on the first of what were to be two punitive expeditions to Sumatra. The sloop-of-war Peacock was also dispatched, and, on the recommendation of Woodbury, carried Roberts as envoy to Cochin-China, Siam and Muscat, to negotiate treaties to place American commerce on a surer basis, and on an equality with that of the most favored nations.[1] Roberts succeeded with Siam and Muscat. Peacock returned in 1835–37 with Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger bearing ratifications of those treaties.[2] Peacock, which in 1828 had been broken down and rebuilt as an exploration vessel, joined the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838. East India Squadron Columbia and John Adams had also joined the circumnavigating Expedition, and, without having to detour, executed the Second Sumatran Expedition.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(1831)"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Edmund P. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_P._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"Except for whaling and pepper, U.S. trade with the Far East was limited, but for those who risked long voyage to trade fur, sandalwood, and cotton goods for Chinese silks and tea, the results were very profitable. Indeed, stories about the riches of Far East created the national myth about the vast potential of the China market. In an effort to turn the myth into reality, the US sent envoy Roberts to Cochin-China in 1835 aboard the Peacock, escorted by the schooner Enterprise under the command of Commodore Edmund P. Kennedy. They called first at the port of Canton, and Roberts' account gives a vivid description of the state of affairs there.[1]: pp. 63–74  Kennedy subsequently established the East India Squadron.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Opium War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War"},{"link_name":"xenophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia"},{"link_name":"USS Constellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constellation_(1797)"},{"link_name":"USS Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boston_(1825)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nanking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Caleb Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Wanghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"First Opium War","text":"Several American citizens living in China suffered personal attacks during the First Opium War from xenophobic locals. Commodore Kearny was given command of a squadron consisting of the 42-year-old frigate USS Constellation and the sloop USS Boston to protect American citizens in China. Kearny arrived in China in March 1842, a few months before the end of the conflict. Kearny first learned of the Treaty of Nanking when he arrived in Hong Kong. Kearny observed the treaty's provisions opening five Chinese ports to British trade, and sought equal trading opportunity for Americans merchants. The Viceroy of Canton offered Kearny a treaty giving Americans equal treatment. Kearny did not have authority to sign such a treaty, but tactfully informed Ke agreement would be forthcoming as soon as authorized negotiators arrived. In 1844, Caleb Cushing reached China where the Treaty of Wanghia was signed on 2 July[4] and ratified the next year in December 1845.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Columbus_(1819)"},{"link_name":"USS Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)"},{"link_name":"Uraga Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraga_Channel"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Matthew C. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(1841)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Plymouth_(1844)"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(1842)"},{"link_name":"USS Susquehanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Susquehanna_(1847)"},{"link_name":"Uraga Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraga_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Sakoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakoku"},{"link_name":"Convention of Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Opening of Japan","text":"On July 20, 1846, he anchored with the two warships USS Columbus and USS Vincennes in Uraga Channel at the mouth to Edo Bay in an attempt to open up Japan to trade with the United States, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Biddle delivered his request that Japan agree to a similar treaty to that which he had just negotiated with China. Biddle eventually received the shogunate's response and was told that Japan forbade all commerce and communication with foreign nations besides that of the Dutch; also, he was informed that all foreign affairs were conducted through Nagasaki and that his ships should leave Uraga immediately.[6]In 1852, Commodore Matthew C. Perry embarked from Norfolk, Virginia for Japan, in command of a squadron in search of a Japanese trade treaty. Aboard a black-hulled steam frigate, he ported\nMississippi,\nPlymouth,\nSaratoga,\nand\nUSS Susquehanna\nat Uraga Harbor near Edo (modern Tokyo) on July 8, 1853. His actions at this crucial juncture were informed by a careful study of Japan's previous contacts with Western ships and what could be known about the Japanese hierarchical culture. He was met by representatives of the Tokugawa Shogunate who told him to proceed to Nagasaki, where there was limited trade with the Netherlands and which was the only Japanese port open to foreigners at that time (see Sakoku).Perry returned in February 1854 with twice as many ships, finding that the delegates had prepared a treaty embodying virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. Perry signed the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, and departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives.[7] The agreement was made with the Shogun, the de facto ruler of Japan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johanna Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Expedition"},{"link_name":"anti-slavery patrols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Anti-Slavery_Operations_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Johanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros_Islands"},{"link_name":"USS Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dale_(1839)"},{"link_name":"William Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Pearson_(naval_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"},{"link_name":"blockhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockhouse"},{"link_name":"Matsamudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsamudu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Johanna Expedition","text":"The Johanna Expedition was a naval operation that occurred in August 1851 during the American anti-slavery patrols in the Indian Ocean. It began in response the seizure of the merchant ship Maria and her captain, a man named Moores, in the small Sultanate of Johanna. The United States Navy sent the sloop-of-war USS Dale, under Captain William Pearson, to free Moores and to demand compensation for the incident. When the sultan refused, the Americans briefly bombarded a fort and blockhouse protecting the harbor of Matsamudu.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurofune_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"USS Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Rattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Rattler_(1843)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ty-ho Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay"},{"link_name":"HMS Eaglet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Eaglet_(1855)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"junks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)"}],"sub_title":"Anti-piracy operations","text":"USS PowhatanIn July 1855, Chinese pirates in the Hong Kong area captured four merchant ships owned by British subjects. In response, on 4 August 1855, armed boats from the East India Squadron frigate USS Powhatan and the Royal Navy sloop-of-war HMS Rattler confronted the pirates at the Battle of Ty-ho Bay. HMS Eaglet towed the boats into position which then proceeded to destroy twenty of thirty-six junks. Seven merchant ships were also rescued. An estimated 500 pirates were killed or wounded and over 1,000 taken prisoner compared to an allied loss of nine dead and about a dozen wounded.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Opium War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War"},{"link_name":"USS San Jacinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)"},{"link_name":"sloops-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloops-of-war"},{"link_name":"USS Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Portsmouth_(1843)"},{"link_name":"USS Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Levant_(1837)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"},{"link_name":"Pearl River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Pearl River Forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pearl_River_Forts"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Taku Forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taku_Forts_(1859)"},{"link_name":"USS Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)"},{"link_name":"Anglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Taku Forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku_Forts"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Canton_(1856)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USSPortsmouth(1896).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Second Opium War","text":"The United States would see action again during the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860. Four of the squadron's ships were involved in at least two battles. At the beginning of the war, the United States Navy frigate, USS San Jacinto and two sloops-of-war, USS Portsmouth and USS Levant, launched an attack against a series of Chinese forts along Pearl River. The engagement became known as the Battle of the Pearl River Forts and was fought in 1856. The second involvement of an East India Squadron ship was during the Second Battle of Taku Forts in 1859. The American warship, USS Powhatan, assisted an Anglo-French attack by bombarding the Taku Forts. No further engagements between Chinese and American forces during the war are known to have happened though American citizens living in Canton fought as militia at the 1856 battle at Canton.USS Portsmouth","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Saginaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saginaw_(1859)"},{"link_name":"James F. Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Schenck"},{"link_name":"Qui Nhon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui_Nhon_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cochinchina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinchina"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Cochinchina Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign"}],"sub_title":"Bombardment of Qui Nhon","text":"On June 30, 1861, USS Saginaw, under James F. Schenck, silenced a fort at the entrance to Qui Nhon Bay, Cochinchina. This was after a Vietnamese artillery battery had fired upon her while she was searching for the missing boat and crew of an American merchant bark named Myrtle. After an engagement lasting just under an hour, the Vietnamese fort was destroyed and a large explosion was observed by the Americans. It became the only battle of the Cochinchina Campaign involving the United States which deployed the East India Squadron to protect American interests in the region.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rover Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_Incident"},{"link_name":"Paiwan people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_people"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Bell"},{"link_name":"punitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punitive_expedition"},{"link_name":"expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_Expedition"},{"link_name":"humid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid"},{"link_name":"USS Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(1859)"},{"link_name":"USS Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hartford_(1858)"}],"sub_title":"Formosan Expedition","text":"Following the Rover Incident of March 1867 in which the American bark Rover was wrecked and massacred by the Paiwan people of southern Formosa; the East India Squadron under Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell launched a punitive expedition in retaliation. On June 18, 1867, 181 officers, sailors and marines from two screw sloops-of-war landed with the intention of destroying the hostile threat. After six hours of marching through the hot tropical Formosan mountains and after several skirmishes, the Americans turned back to their ships. The expedition failed after the death of an American commander and the loss of several men due to the humid climate. They boarded USS Wyoming and USS Hartford and then set sail for Shanghai. A year later the squadron was merged into the new Asiatic Squadron.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"William J. McCluney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._McCluney"},{"link_name":"Matthew C. Perry's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"Yedo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"USS Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Macedonian_(1836)"},{"link_name":"Joel Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Abbot_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"USS Susquehanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Susquehanna_(1847)"},{"link_name":"USS Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(1836)"},{"link_name":"USS Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(1842)"},{"link_name":"USS Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Levant_(1837)"},{"link_name":"USS Germantown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Germantown_(1846)"},{"link_name":"USS San Jacinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)"},{"link_name":"Chao Phraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya"},{"link_name":"USS Saginaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saginaw_(1859)"},{"link_name":"Qui Nhon Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui_Nhon_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cochin China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_China"},{"link_name":"Mare Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island"}],"text":"USS Powhatan, under Commander William J. McCluney, was assigned to the East India Squadron and arrived on station via Cape of Good Hope 15 June 1853. Her arrival in Chinese waters coincided with an important phase of Commodore Matthew C. Perry's negotiations for commercial relations with the Japanese and the opening of two ports. She was Perry's flagship during his November visit to Whampoa. On 14 February 1854 she entered Yedo Bay with the rest of the squadron and the Treaty of Kanagawa was signed on her deck on 31 March 1854.Assigned to the East India Squadron under Commodore Matthew Perry, the USS Macedonian with Capt. Joel Abbot in command, was one of the six American ships arrayed off Uraga, Japan, 13 February 1854 during Perry's second visit to negotiate the opening of Japan to foreign trade.After completing her trials, which she began in January 1851, the side-wheel steamer USS Susquehanna sailed on 8 June for the Far East to become flagship of the East India Squadron.The USS Dolphin got underway 6 May 1848 to join the East India Squadron, protecting American citizens in Asiatic waters.Recommissioned on 12 August 1850, USS Saratoga got underway on 15 September and proceeded to the western Pacific for service in the East India Squadron.USS Levant sailed 13 November for Rio de Janeiro, the Cape of Good Hope, and Hong Kong, where she arrived to join the East India Squadron 12 May 1856. On 1 July she embarked the U.S. Commissioner to China for transportation to Shanghai, arriving 1 August.Departing Norfolk 4 August, the USS Germantown sailed via the Cape of Good Hope to Ceylon, where on 22 December she joined Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall's East India Squadron off Point de Gala. For 2 years she cruised Far Eastern waters and visited the principal ports of China and Japan, where she found \"uniform friendly reception\" as the squadron guarded American interests in the Orient. Sailing via the Cape of Good Hope, she returned to Norfolk in April 1860After a four-day stop at Singapore, where Commodore Armstrong relieved Commodore Joel Abbot in command of the East India Squadron, the frigate USS San Jacinto reached the bar off the mouth of the Me Nam (later the Chao Phraya) River.The new side-wheel steamer USS Saginaw sailed from San Francisco Bay on 8 March 1860, headed for the western Pacific, and reached Shanghai, China, on 12 May. She then served in the East India Squadron, for the most part cruising along the Chinese coast to protect American citizens and to suppress pirates. She visited Japan in November but soon returned to Chinese waters. On 30 June 1861, she silenced a battery at the entrance to Qui Nhon Bay, Cochin China, which had fired upon her while she was searching for the missing boat and crew of American bark, Myrtle. On 3 January 1862, Saginaw was decommissioned at Hong Kong. On 3 July 1862, she returned to Mare Island for repairs.","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Edmund P. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_P._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"George C. Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Read"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kearny"},{"link_name":"Foxhall A. Parker Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhall_A._Parker_Sr."},{"link_name":"James Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Biddle_(commodore)"},{"link_name":"William Shubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shubrick"},{"link_name":"David Geisinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Geisinger"},{"link_name":"Philip Voorhees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Voorhees"},{"link_name":"John H. Aulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Aulick"},{"link_name":"Matthew C. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry"},{"link_name":"Joel Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Abbot_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"James Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Armstrong_(Commodore)"},{"link_name":"Josiah Tattnall III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Tattnall_III"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Stribling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Stribling"},{"link_name":"Frederick K. Engle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_K._Engle"},{"link_name":"Cicero Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero_Price"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Bell"}],"text":"Successive Commanders-in-Chief of the East India Squadron were as follows.[10]Edmund P. Kennedy, 3 March 1835 – 10 October 1837\nGeorge C. Read, 14 December 1837 – 13 June 1840\nLawrence Kearny, 4 February 1841 – 27 February 1843\nFoxhall A. Parker Sr., 27 February 1843 – 21 April 1845\nJames Biddle, 21 April 1845 – 6 March 1848\nWilliam Shubrick, 6 March 1848 – 13 May 1848\nDavid Geisinger, 13 May 1848 – 1 February 1850\nPhilip Voorhees, 1 February 1850 – 30 January 1851\nJohn H. Aulick, 31 May 1851 – 20 November 1852\nMatthew C. Perry, 20 November 1852 – 6 September 1854\nJoel Abbot, 6 September 1854 – 15 October 1855\nJames Armstrong, 15 October 1855 – 29 January 1858\nJosiah Tattnall III, 29 January 1858 – 20 November 1859\nCornelius Stribling, 20 November 1859 – 23 July 1861\nFrederick K. Engle, 23 July 1861 – 23 September 1862\nCicero Price, 23 September 1862 – 11 August 1865\nHenry H. Bell, 11 August 1865 – 11 January 1868","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas O. Selfridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Selfridge"},{"link_name":"John Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pope_(naval_officer)"},{"link_name":"Edward A. Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Terry"},{"link_name":"William M. Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Maxwell_Wood"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Sicard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Sicard"},{"link_name":"James Glynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Glynn"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hull Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote"},{"link_name":"USS Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Portsmouth_(1843)"}],"text":"Also serving in the squadron at one time were:Thomas O. Selfridge\nJohn Pope\nEdward A. Terry served in the sloop Germantown, attached to the East India Squadron, from 1857 to 1859.\nWilliam M. Wood served as fleet surgeon with the East India Squadron from 1856 to 1858\nMontgomery Sicard\nJames Glynn\nAndrew Hull Foote commanded USS Portsmouth on 20–21 November 1856. Foote led a landing party that seized the barrier forts at Canton, China, in reprisal for attacks on American ships.","title":"Served in squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Chapter Nine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yv2sdjw4SIYC&q=Edmund+Roberts+royal%3B+navy&pg=PA209"},{"link_name":"Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 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States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Africa Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Brazil Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"East India Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Home Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Squadron_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mosquito Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Fleet"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Pacific Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Squadron"},{"link_name":"West Indies Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Squadron_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"East Gulf Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Gulf_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_Squadron"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Potomac Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"West Gulf Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gulf_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"West India Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Squadron_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Bering Sea Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Sea_Squadron"},{"link_name":"European Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Flying Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Squadron_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Squadron"},{"link_name":"North Pacific Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Pacific Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Squadron"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Squadron"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Special Service Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Service_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Squadron of Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_of_Evolution"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2035639#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/151278869"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/151463735"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269255205171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n81054580"}],"text":"Long, David Foster (1988). \"Chapter Nine\". Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798–1883. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 207ff. ISBN 978-0-87021-228-4. LCCN 87034879.\nLay summary in: Joyce S. Goldberg (February 1990). \"Review: Gold Braid and Foreign Relations: Diplomatic Activities of U.S. Naval Officers, 1798-1883 by David F. Long\". The American Historical Review. 95 (1): 253–254. JSTOR 2163133.vteUnited States Navy squadrons19th century\nAfrica Squadron\nBrazil Squadron\nChesapeake Bay Flotilla\nEast India Squadron\nHome Squadron\nMediterranean Squadron\nMosquito Fleet\nNew Orleans Squadron\nPacific Squadron\nWest Indies Squadron\nCivil War\nAtlantic Blockading Squadron\nEast Gulf Blockading Squadron\nMississippi River Squadron\nNorth Atlantic Blockading Squadron\nPotomac Flotilla\nSouth Atlantic Blockading Squadron\nWest Gulf Blockading Squadron\nWest India Squadron\nPost-Civil War\nAsiatic Squadron\nBering Sea Squadron\nEuropean Squadron\nFlying Squadron\nNorth Atlantic Squadron\nNorth Pacific Squadron\nPacific Station\nSouth Atlantic Squadron\nSouth Pacific Squadron\nSpecial Service Squadron\nSquadron of EvolutionPortal: American Civil WarAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A sketch of USS Peacock during the Wilkes Expedition in 1838.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USS_Peacock_1813.jpg/200px-USS_Peacock_1813.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Powhatan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kurofune_3.jpg/250px-Kurofune_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Portsmouth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/USSPortsmouth%281896%29.jpg/250px-USSPortsmouth%281896%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Roberts, Edmund (1837) [1837]. \"Introduction\". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4 (Digitized ed.). Harper & brothers. p. 5. Retrieved March 29, 2012. I addressed a letter to the Hon. Levi Woodbury.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog","url_text":"Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/embassytoeaster00unkngoog/page/n11","url_text":"5"}]},{"reference":"Stephen B. Young (2003). \"Book review\" (Journal of the Siam Society, Volume 91). Two Yankee Diplomats In 1830s Siam by Edmund Roberts and W. S. W. Ruschenberger. Edited with an introduction by Michael Smithies. Orchid Press. Retrieved March 2, 2012. Also of some relevance for future Thai foreign policy are the various comments by Roberts and Ruschenberger as to how the Siamese seemed genuinely to like Americans and to prefer them over other Caucasian nations.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orchidbooks.com/book_reviews/two_yank_dips.html","url_text":"\"Book review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bombardment of Johanna\". The New York Times. 4 February 1852.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40F14F93F55147B93C6A91789D85F468584F9","url_text":"\"The Bombardment of Johanna\""}]},{"reference":"www.history.navy.mil https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005840/http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20highlights/pirates/Suppression%20of%20Piracy%20on%20Johanna%20Island%2C%20August%201851%2C%20Amerman%2C%20USMC%20HD.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005840/http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20highlights/pirates/Suppression%20of%20Piracy%20on%20Johanna%20Island%2C%20August%201851%2C%20Amerman%2C%20USMC%20HD.pdf","url_text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005840/http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20highlights/pirates/Suppression%20of%20Piracy%20on%20Johanna%20Island%2C%20August%201851%2C%20Amerman%2C%20USMC%20HD.pdf"},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20highlights/pirates/Suppression%20of%20Piracy%20on%20Johanna%20Island,%20August%201851,%20Amerman,%20USMC%20HD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Long, David Foster (1988). \"Chapter Nine\". Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798–1883. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 207ff. ISBN 978-0-87021-228-4. LCCN 87034879.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yv2sdjw4SIYC&q=Edmund+Roberts+royal%3B+navy&pg=PA209","url_text":"\"Chapter Nine\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goldbraidforeign00long/page/207","url_text":"Gold braid and foreign relations : diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798–1883"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goldbraidforeign00long/page/207","url_text":"207ff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-228-4","url_text":"978-0-87021-228-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/87034879","url_text":"87034879"}]},{"reference":"Joyce S. Goldberg (February 1990). \"Review: Gold Braid and Foreign Relations: Diplomatic Activities of U.S. Naval Officers, 1798-1883 by David F. Long\". The American Historical Review. 95 (1): 253–254. JSTOR 2163133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2163133","url_text":"2163133"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howard_Ichord_Jr.
Richard Howard Ichord Jr.
["1 Background","2 Career","3 Later years","4 Death","5 Works","6 See also","7 References"]
American politician (1926–1992) Richard Howard Ichord Jr.Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Missouri's 8th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1961 – January 3, 1981Preceded byA. S. J. CarnahanSucceeded byR. Wendell BaileyMember of the Missouri House of RepresentativesIn office1952–1960 Personal detailsBorn(1926-06-27)June 27, 1926Licking, MissouriDiedDecember 25, 1992(1992-12-25) (aged 66)Houston, MissouriPolitical partyDemocraticAlma materUniversity of Missouri Richard Howard Ichord Jr. (June 27, 1926 – December 25, 1992) was U.S. representative from Missouri and a significant U.S. anti-Communist political figure. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the last chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee between 1969 and 1975 (called the House Internal Security Committee since 1969). Background Richard H. Ichord Jr. was born in Licking, Missouri. From 1944 to 1946 he served in the United States Navy. He attended the University of Missouri in Columbia, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in 1949, and a Juris Doctor in 1952. Career Ichord worked as a lawyer in private practice before entering government service. From 1952 to 1960, he was a member of the Missouri State House of Representatives, where he served as speaker pro tempore in 1957, and Speaker in 1959. Elected as the U.S. representative for Missouri's 8th district in 1960, he was re-elected nine times, serving in the Eighty-seventh through Ninety-sixth Congresses (1961–1980). Ichord voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In addition to the House Un-American Activities Committee, he also served on the House Armed Services Committee. He did not run for reelection in 1980. Later years After his retirement from office, Ichord became a professional advocate in Missouri and served as co-chairman of American Freedom Coalition with Congressman Bob Wilson. Death Ichord died in Houston, Missouri at age 66 on December 25, 1992. Works He co-authored the book Behind Every Bush: Treason or Patriotism (1979) with Boyd Upchurch. See also List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee References ^ "H.R. 7152. PASSAGE". ^ "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES". ^ "TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT". "ICHORD, Richard Howard, II, (1926–1992)", Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–Present. Retrieved January 12, 2006. The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: I to Ingersol". Retrieved January 12, 2006. "SHSMO--Ichord, Richard H. (1926–1992), Papers, 1960–1980 (C1269)--INVENTORY". Retrieved June 25, 2013. U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byA. S. J. Carnahan Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri's 8th congressional district 1961–1981 Succeeded byWendell Bailey Political offices Preceded byRoy Hamlin Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives 1959–1960 Succeeded byThomas D. Graham Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other NARA SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"anti-Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communist"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"House Un-American Activities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee"},{"link_name":"House Internal Security Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Internal_Security_Committee"}],"text":"Richard Howard Ichord Jr. (June 27, 1926 – December 25, 1992) was U.S. representative from Missouri and a significant U.S. anti-Communist political figure. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the last chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee between 1969 and 1975 (called the House Internal Security Committee since 1969).","title":"Richard Howard Ichord Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Licking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licking,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"}],"text":"Richard H. Ichord Jr. was born in Licking, Missouri. From 1944 to 1946 he served in the United States Navy. He attended the University of Missouri in Columbia, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in 1949, and a Juris Doctor in 1952.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri State House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_tempore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"U.S. representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"8th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts#Missouri"},{"link_name":"Eighty-seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty-seventh_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Ninety-sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-sixth_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Acts of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Voting Rights Act of 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"House Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Armed_Services_Committee"}],"text":"Ichord worked as a lawyer in private practice before entering government service. From 1952 to 1960, he was a member of the Missouri State House of Representatives, where he served as speaker pro tempore in 1957, and Speaker in 1959.[citation needed]Elected as the U.S. representative for Missouri's 8th district in 1960, he was re-elected nine times, serving in the Eighty-seventh through Ninety-sixth Congresses (1961–1980). Ichord voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968,[1][2] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[3] In addition to the House Un-American Activities Committee, he also served on the House Armed Services Committee. He did not run for reelection in 1980.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Freedom Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Freedom_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Bob Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wilson_(US_politician)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After his retirement from office, Ichord became a professional advocate in Missouri and served as co-chairman of American Freedom Coalition with Congressman Bob Wilson.[citation needed]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ichord died in Houston, Missouri at age 66 on December 25, 1992.[citation needed]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boyd Upchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_(author)"}],"text":"He co-authored the book Behind Every Bush: Treason or Patriotism (1979) with Boyd Upchurch.","title":"Works"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_Un-American_Activities_Committee"}]
[{"reference":"\"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128","url_text":"\"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113","url_text":"\"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87","url_text":"\"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128","external_links_name":"\"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE\""},{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113","external_links_name":"\"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES\""},{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87","external_links_name":"\"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=I000001","external_links_name":"ICHORD, Richard Howard, II, (1926–1992)"},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/iacino-ingerman.html#R9M0J1M8D","external_links_name":"The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: I to Ingersol"},{"Link":"http://shs.umsystem.edu/manuscripts/invent/1269.pdf","external_links_name":"SHSMO--Ichord, Richard H. (1926–1992), Papers, 1960–1980 (C1269)--INVENTORY"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000021499390","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52989734","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr3mCGrq36Pj7PkyJ6Yfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80090498","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=I000001","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568544","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tt6z0d","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wheelan
Ed Wheelan
["1 Comic strips","2 Comic books","3 Reprints","4 References","5 External links"]
American comic strip artist Ed WheelanBorn1888 (1888)San Francisco, California, U.S.Died1966 (aged 77–78)Fort Myers, Florida, U.S.NationalityAmericanArea(s)CartoonistNotable worksMinute Movies Edgar Stow Wheelan (1888–1966), who signed his work Ed Wheelan, was an American cartoonist best known for his comic strip Minute Movies, satirizing silent films, and his comic book Fat and Slat, published by EC Comics. He was one of the earliest writer-artists to introduce daily narrative continuity and cinematic techniques to comic strips. Born in San Francisco, Wheelan was the son of costume designer Albertine Randall, who drew the 1920s strip The Dumbunnies, and businessman Fairfax Henry Wheelan, a political reformer. Comic strips Installment of Wheelan's comic strip Old Man Experience. Prepared at the Thacher School and Phillips Exeter Academy, he graduating from Cornell University in 1911, Wheelan found employment at the San Francisco Examiner, moving on to the New York American, where he drew an eight-column comic strip about sports. For William Randolph Hearst's King Features, he created the strip Midget Movies in 1918, but he left in 1920 after a dispute with Hearst. To replace Midget Movies, Hearst launched The Thimble Theatre, drawn by Elzie Crisler Segar. Wheelan continued to mock movies in his Minute Movies for the George Matthew Adams Service. He drew the two-tiered Minute Movies from the early 1920s until 1935, developing one of the characters into a spin-off strip, Roy McCoy. Near the end of the 1930s, Wheelan teamed with Bill Walsh on Big Top, a circus strip. Comic books In the early 1940s, DC Comics brought back Minute Movies as a feature in 58 issues of Flash Comics. In 1944, Max Gaines published the Edgar Wheelan Joke Book with Wheelan's Fat and Slat characters, who returned in their own title, Fat and Slat, which ran for four quarterly issues in 1947 and 1948. The book also featured Wheelan's "Comics" McCormick ("The World's #1 Comic Book Fan"). In the late 1940s, Wheelan drew Foney Fairy Tales, fairy tale parodies that ran as a feature in Wonder Woman and Comic Cavalcade. After leaving comics, Wheelan created paintings of clowns. He died in 1966 in Fort Myers, Florida. Reprints In 1972, Woody Gelman reprinted Minute Movies in his Nostalgia Comics. Other reprints include: Minute Movies 1977 Hyperion Press, ISBN 0-88355-671-5 (reprints from 1927 & 1928). Let's Go to the Movies aka Murder City 1990 Malibu Graphics ISBN 0-944735-74-6 (reprints April 30, 1934 to August 4, 1934). References ^ a b c Lambiek ^ Grost, Michael E. "Ed Wheelan and His Humor Comics" External links Hairy Green Eyeball 2: Minute Movies: "Serpent of the City" Michael E. Grost's critical survey of Minute Movies Pappy's Golden Age: Minute Movies vteEC ComicsPublicationsPre-Trend Blackstone the Magician Gunfighter Land of the Lost Moon Girl New-Trend Tales from the Crypt The Haunt of Fear The Vault of Horror Weird Fantasy Weird Science Crime SuspenStories Shock SuspenStories Two-Fisted Tales Frontline Combat Mad Panic Piracy Weird Science-Fantasy Three Dimensional E.C. Classics New Direction Impact Valor Extra! Aces High Psychoanalysis M.D. Incredible Science Fiction PeoplePublishersand editors Johnny Craig Colin Dawkins Al Feldstein Max Gaines William Gaines Harvey Kurtzman John Severin Writers Robert Bernstein Otto Binder Ray Bradbury Johnny Craig Colin Dawkins Jerry DeFuccio Harlan Ellison Al Feldstein Gardner Fox Daniel Keyes Harvey Kurtzman Jack Mendelsohn Jack Oleck John Putnam John Severin Carl Wessler Artists Dave Berg Sid Check Gene Colan Johnny Craig Reed Crandall Jack Davis Will Elder Ric Estrada George Evans Al Feldstein Frank Frazetta Harry Harrison Russ Heath Graham Ingels Jack Kamen Roy Krenkel Bernard Krigstein Joe Kubert Harvey Kurtzman Howard Larsen Sheldon Moldoff Ben Oda Joe Orlando Fred Peters George Roussos John Severin Marie Severin Alex Toth Angelo Torres Ed Wheelan Al Williamson Basil Wolverton Tatjana Wood Wally Wood See also Russ Cochran Comics Code Authority EC Archives The EC Artists' Library Grant Geissman David Hajdu Maria Reidelbach Bhob Stewart Lyle Stuart Fred von Bernewitz Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"EC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_Comics"},{"link_name":"cinematic techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematic_techniques"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Albertine Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Randall"},{"link_name":"Fairfax Henry Wheelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Henry_Wheelan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lam-1"}],"text":"Edgar Stow Wheelan (1888–1966), who signed his work Ed Wheelan, was an American cartoonist best known for his comic strip Minute Movies, satirizing silent films, and his comic book Fat and Slat, published by EC Comics. He was one of the earliest writer-artists to introduce daily narrative continuity and cinematic techniques to comic strips.Born in San Francisco, Wheelan was the son of costume designer Albertine Randall, who drew the 1920s strip The Dumbunnies, and businessman Fairfax Henry Wheelan, a political reformer.[1]","title":"Ed Wheelan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Man_Experience_(1919-03-29).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thacher School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thacher_School"},{"link_name":"Phillips Exeter Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner"},{"link_name":"New York American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_American"},{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"King Features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features"},{"link_name":"The Thimble Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thimble_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Elzie Crisler Segar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elzie_Crisler_Segar"},{"link_name":"George Matthew Adams Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Matthew_Adams"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lam-1"}],"text":"Installment of Wheelan's comic strip Old Man Experience.Prepared at the Thacher School and Phillips Exeter Academy, he graduating from Cornell University in 1911, Wheelan found employment at the San Francisco Examiner, moving on to the New York American, where he drew an eight-column comic strip about sports.For William Randolph Hearst's King Features, he created the strip Midget Movies in 1918, but he left in 1920 after a dispute with Hearst. To replace Midget Movies, Hearst launched The Thimble Theatre, drawn by Elzie Crisler Segar.Wheelan continued to mock movies in his Minute Movies for the George Matthew Adams Service. He drew the two-tiered Minute Movies from the early 1920s until 1935, developing one of the characters into a spin-off strip, Roy McCoy. Near the end of the 1930s, Wheelan teamed with Bill Walsh on Big Top, a circus strip.[1]","title":"Comic strips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flash Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Comics"},{"link_name":"Max Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Gaines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lam-1"}],"text":"In the early 1940s, DC Comics brought back Minute Movies as a feature in 58 issues of Flash Comics. In 1944, Max Gaines published the Edgar Wheelan Joke Book with Wheelan's Fat and Slat characters, who returned in their own title, Fat and Slat, which ran for four quarterly issues in 1947 and 1948. The book also featured Wheelan's \"Comics\" McCormick (\"The World's #1 Comic Book Fan\").In the late 1940s, Wheelan drew Foney Fairy Tales, fairy tale parodies that ran as a feature in Wonder Woman and Comic Cavalcade.[2]After leaving comics, Wheelan created paintings of clowns. He died in 1966 in Fort Myers, Florida.[1]","title":"Comic books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woody Gelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Gelman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88355-671-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88355-671-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-944735-74-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944735-74-6"}],"text":"In 1972, Woody Gelman reprinted Minute Movies in his Nostalgia Comics.Other reprints include:Minute Movies 1977 Hyperion Press, ISBN 0-88355-671-5 (reprints from 1927 & 1928).\nLet's Go to the Movies aka Murder City 1990 Malibu Graphics ISBN 0-944735-74-6 (reprints April 30, 1934 to August 4, 1934).","title":"Reprints"}]
[{"image_text":"Installment of Wheelan's comic strip Old Man Experience.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_Man_Experience_%281919-03-29%29.jpg/220px-Old_Man_Experience_%281919-03-29%29.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://lambiek.net/artists/w/wheelan_e.htm","external_links_name":"Lambiek"},{"Link":"http://mikegrost.com/wheelan.htm","external_links_name":"Grost, Michael E. \"Ed Wheelan and His Humor Comics\""},{"Link":"http://hairygreeneyeball2.blogspot.com/2009/11/ed-wheelans-minute-movies-serpents-of.html","external_links_name":"Hairy Green Eyeball 2: Minute Movies: \"Serpent of the City\""},{"Link":"http://mikegrost.com/wheelan.htm","external_links_name":"Michael E. Grost's critical survey of Minute Movies"},{"Link":"http://pappysgoldenage.blogspot.com/2007/11/number-215-modest-maid-stalwart-soldier.html","external_links_name":"Pappy's Golden Age: Minute Movies"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083414655","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21380620","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcrfYFh4FFfxkbym4Dg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1049508483","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95002924","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurad%C3%B3
Juradó
["1 Climate","2 References"]
Coordinates: 7°06′41″N 77°46′17″W / 7.11139°N 77.7714°W / 7.11139; -77.7714Municipality and town in Chocó Department, ColombiaJuradóMunicipality and town FlagLocation of the municipality and town of Juradó in the Chocó Department of Colombia.Country ColombiaDepartmentChocó DepartmentArea • Total992 km2 (383 sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time) Juradó (Spanish pronunciation: ) is the most northwestern municipality and town in Chocó Department, Colombia. It borders on Panama and on the Pacific Ocean. Climate Juradó has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Köppen climate classification) with moderate rainfall from January to March and heavy to very heavy rainfall in the remaining months. The following climate data is for the town of Juradó. Climate data for Juradó Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.1(88.0) 31.7(89.1) 31.6(88.9) 31.5(88.7) 30.4(86.7) 30.2(86.4) 30.3(86.5) 30.1(86.2) 29.7(85.5) 29.2(84.6) 29.7(85.5) 30.0(86.0) 30.5(86.8) Daily mean °C (°F) 26.4(79.5) 26.7(80.1) 27.1(80.8) 27.2(81.0) 26.6(79.9) 26.4(79.5) 26.5(79.7) 26.3(79.3) 26.1(79.0) 25.7(78.3) 25.9(78.6) 26.1(79.0) 26.4(79.6) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.8(71.2) 21.8(71.2) 22.6(72.7) 23.0(73.4) 22.9(73.2) 22.7(72.9) 22.7(72.9) 22.5(72.5) 22.5(72.5) 22.3(72.1) 22.2(72.0) 22.3(72.1) 22.4(72.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 58(2.3) 50(2.0) 70(2.8) 181(7.1) 446(17.6) 412(16.2) 429(16.9) 440(17.3) 376(14.8) 635(25.0) 532(20.9) 311(12.2) 3,940(155.1) Source: Climate-Data.org References ^ "Climate: Juradó". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 28, 2020. vteMunicipalities in the Chocó Department Acandí Alto Baudó Atrato Bagadó Bahía Solano Bajo Baudó Bojayá Capurganá Cértegui Condoto El Cantón de San Pablo El Carmen de Atrato El Carmen del Darién Istmina Juradó Litoral del San Juan Lloró Medio Atrato Medio Baudó Medio San Juan Nóvita Nuquí Quibdó Río Iró Río Quito Riosucio San José del Palmar Sipí Tadó Unguía Unión Panamericana 7°06′41″N 77°46′17″W / 7.11139°N 77.7714°W / 7.11139; -77.7714 This Department of Chocó location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[xuɾaˈðo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Chocó Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Chocó Department, ColombiaJuradó (Spanish pronunciation: [xuɾaˈðo]) is the most northwestern municipality and town in Chocó Department, Colombia. It borders on Panama and on the Pacific Ocean.","title":"Juradó"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical monsoon climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Juradó has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Köppen climate classification) with moderate rainfall from January to March and heavy to very heavy rainfall in the remaining months. The following climate data is for the town of Juradó.Climate data for Juradó\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n30.5(86.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n26.4(79.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.4(72.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n58(2.3)\n\n50(2.0)\n\n70(2.8)\n\n181(7.1)\n\n446(17.6)\n\n412(16.2)\n\n429(16.9)\n\n440(17.3)\n\n376(14.8)\n\n635(25.0)\n\n532(20.9)\n\n311(12.2)\n\n3,940(155.1)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[1]","title":"Climate"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Climate: Juradó\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/37079/","url_text":"\"Climate: Juradó\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_McCalebb
Bo McCalebb
["1 High school","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Mersin BB","3.2 Partizan","3.3 Montepaschi Siena","3.4 Fenerbahçe Ülker","3.5 Bayern Munich","3.6 Pelicans / Limoges","3.7 Gran Canaria","3.8 Zaragoza","4 National team career","4.1 EuroBasket 2011","5 Career statistics","5.1 EuroLeague","5.2 Other leagues","5.3 College","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
American-Macedonian basketball player Bo McCalebbMcCalebb with Macedonia in 2011Personal informationBorn (1985-05-04) May 4, 1985 (age 39)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.NationalityAmerican / MacedonianListed height6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Listed weight183 lb (83 kg)Career informationHigh schoolO. Perry Walker(New Orleans, Louisiana)CollegeNew Orleans (2003–2008)NBA draft2008: undraftedPlaying career2008–2019PositionPoint guardCareer history2008–2009Mersin BB2009–2010Partizan2010–2012Montepaschi Siena2012–2014Fenerbahçe Ülker2014–2015Bayern Munich2016Limoges CSP2016–2017Gran Canaria2017–2019Zaragoza Career highlights and awards 2× All-EuroLeague Second Team (2010, 2012) Alphonso Ford EuroLeague Top Scorer Trophy (2012) 2× EuroLeague steals leader (2010, 2013) Serbian League champion (2010) Serbian Cup winner (2010) ABA League champion (2010) 2× LBA champion (2011, 2012) 2× Italian Cup winner (2011, 2012) Italian Supercup winner (2011) Turkish Super League champion (2014) Turkish Cup winner (2013) Turkish Supercup winner (2013) Spanish Supercup winner (2016) Serbian League Playoffs MVP (2010) Italian Supercup MVP (2010) 2× LBA Finals MVP (2011, 2012) LBA MVP (2012) Sun Belt Player of the Year (2007) 3× First-team All-Sun Belt (2005, 2007, 2008) Stats  at Basketball-Reference.com Lester "Bo" McCalebb (Macedonian: Лестер „Бо“ МекКејлеб; born May 4, 1985) is an American-Macedonian former professional basketball player. He represented the senior Macedonian national team internationally. Standing at 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in), he played at the point guard position. Born and raised in New Orleans, he attended the University of New Orleans. A two-time All-EuroLeague selection, McCalebb was part of the All-Tournament Team at EuroBasket 2011. High school McCalebb attended O. Perry Walker High School in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he played high school basketball. College career McCalebb played college basketball at the University of New Orleans. McCalebb was named the Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year in 2007. In his five-year career with the Privateers, he played in 128 games, averaging 20.9 points, 4.7 rebounds, and 3 assists per game. Professional career Mersin BB McCalebb started his professional career in Turkey with Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi. He had a lot of success in Mersin, averaging 17.4 points and 4.7 assists per game during the 2008–09 season. He was also the Turkish Super League leader in steals, with 2.7 per game. Partizan McCalebb with Partizan in 2009 On October 16, 2009, McCalebb signed a one-year contract with the Serbian club Partizan Belgrade, a week after the team released former point guard Milt Palacio for failure to join the team on time. He had an amazing season with Partizan winning the regional ABA League, Basketball League of Serbia and Cup titles. He also helped the team to reach the EuroLeague Final Four, and earned an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection. Montepaschi Siena In July 2010, McCalebb signed a three-year deal with the Italian club Montepaschi Siena. In his first season in Italy, he had even more success, helping his team to the EuroLeague Final Four, and winning the Italian League, Cup, and Supercup. In 2012, he was named the Italian League MVP. In April 2012, McCalebb won the EuroLeague's Alphonso Ford Trophy, the annual award given to the EuroLeague's top scorer of the season. He averaged 16.9 points, 2.6 assists, and 2.2 rebounds per game, during the season, while shooting .613 from the field and .526 on three-pointers. He also earned a selection to the All-EuroLeague Second Team, for the second time in his career. Fenerbahçe Ülker During the summer of 2012, San Antonio Spurs were interested in signing McCalebb, but they did not reach a buyout agreement with Montepaschi Siena. In August 2012, McCalebb signed a three-year contract with the Turkish club Fenerbahçe Ülker. In June 2014, he left Fenerbahçe and became a free agent. Bayern Munich On November 19, 2014, McCalebb signed a one-month deal with the German club Bayern Munich. Over 5 regular season EuroLeague games he played for the team, he averaged 9.8 points, and a career-high 3.6 assists per game. On December 26, 2014, he extended his contract with the club until the end of January 2015. On January 10, 2015, he tore ligaments in one of his thumbs, which sidelined him off the court for several weeks. After the injury, he never played with Bayern again. Pelicans / Limoges On October 15, 2015, McCalebb signed with the NBA's New Orleans Pelicans. However, he was later waived by the Pelicans on October 24, after appearing in four preseason games. On January 3, 2016, McCalebb signed with French club Limoges, for the rest of the season. Gran Canaria On August 24, 2016, McCalebb signed with Herbalife Gran Canaria of the Spanish Liga ACB and the EuroCup. Zaragoza On December 13, 2017, McCalebb signed with Spanish club Tecnyconta Zaragoza for the rest of the 2017–18 ACB season. National team career McCalebb with Macedonia in 2011 In 2010, McCalebb accepted an offer to play for the senior men's Macedonian national basketball team, after which he received a Macedonian passport. The "Macedonian MVP" was the second leading scorer in the qualifying for the EuroBasket 2011, with a strong showing against Great Britain, and its NBA star Luol Deng. EuroBasket 2011 On August 31, in the first tournament game for Macedonia, McCalebb scored 17 points in an overtime loss against Montenegro. On September 1, Macedonia played Croatia with McCalebb scoring 19 points. He had another strong showing versus Greece on September 3, scoring game-high 27 points and leading the team to a 72–58 win. On September 4, McCalebb scored 18 points against Finland in a 72–70 win. On September 5, McCalebb scored 22 points in a 75–63 win over Bosnia and Herzegovina, which qualified them to the second phase as the first place team in Group C. Then, on September 8 (Macedonia Independence Day), he led the team with 27 points in their 65–63 win over Georgia and thus placed Macedonia to the quarter-finals. In the last two games of the second phase, McCalebb scored 19 points in Macedonian victory against Slovenia, and 16 points in the dramatic loss against Russia. On September 14, Macedonia defeated the host nation Lithuania to qualify to the semi-finals. McCalebb scored 23 points. In the semi-finals Macedonia was defeated 92–80 by Spain, with McCalebb scoring 25 points. In the bronze medal battle, McCalebb scored 22 points, but Macedonia was defeated by Russia, in another dramatic game, 72–68. McCalebb earned an All Tournament Team selection. During the tournament, he averaged 21.4 points, 3.1 rebounds, and 3.7 assists per game, in 34.2 minutes played per game. With 235 total points scored, McCalebb was the best scorer of the tournament in total points, but in points per game average, he was second behind Tony Parker, who played in one game less. Career statistics Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field-goal percentage  3P%  3-point field-goal percentage  FT%  Free-throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  PIR  Performance Index Rating  Bold  Career high EuroLeague * Led the league Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG PIR 2009–10 Partizan 22 22 30.1 .457 .232 .759 2.9 3.4 2.0* — 13.4 12.7 2010–11 Mens Sana 15 9 20.8 .549 .438 .880 2.0 2.1 1.8 — 11.5 13.1 2011–12 17 17 27.7 .613 .526* .809 2.2 2.6 1.3 — 16.9* 17.3 2012–13 Fenerbahçe 23 20 27.6 .481 .255 .847 2.7 2.4 1.9* — 13.0 13.2 2013–14 24 15 27.0 .595 .359 .741 3.2 2.5 1.4 .1 11.9 14.1 2014–15 Bayern Munich 5 5 23.4 .345 .357 .833 2.4 3.6 .6 — 9.8 6.0 Career 106 88 26.8 .521 .336 .798 2.7 2.7 1.6 .0 13.1 13.5 Other leagues Season Team League GP MPG FG% 3PT FG% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2008–09 Mersin B.B. BSL 30 33.9 .584 .303 .729 3.3 4.6 2.7 .1 17.4 2009–10 Partizan NIS ABA 26 24.6 .541 .296 .759 2.6 2.8 2.2 .1 12.1 KLS 17 22.8 .667 .219 .853 3.0 3.4 2.1 .0 14.3 2010–11 Montepaschi Siena LBA 32 23.3 .660 .391 .816 2.8 2.8 2.4 .1 13.2 2011–12 43 26.0 .630 .390 .780 2.8 3.4 1.3 .1 14.2 2012–13 Fenerbahçe Ulker BSL 25 24.6 .557 .359 .812 2.6 3.2 1.6 .0 13.3 2013–14 40 22.5 .624 .309 .756 2.5 3.4 1.3 .1 10.4 2014–15 Bayern Munich BBL 8 26.6 .667 .368 .800 2.3 5.6 1.1 .0 13.6 College Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003–04 New Orleans 31 15 26.1 .441 .311 .606 3.5 2.0 1.4 .1 13.1 2004–05 30 30 34.9 .480 .260 .567 4.3 3.7 1.8 .2 22.6 2005–06 4 4 33.3 .379 .300 .657 2.5 1.5 3.8 .5 19.0 2006–07 31 31 34.5 .478 .333 .710 6.8 3.3 2.0 .2 25.0 2007–08 32 32 33.3 .506 .405 .772 4.5 3.1 2.4 .1 23.2 Career 128 112 32.2 .476 .333 .667 4.7 3.0 2.0 .1 20.9 See also List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders References ^ "Bo McCalebb". sports-reference.com. Retrieved November 21, 2014. ^ "Partizan adds playmaker McCalebb". Euroleague.net. October 16, 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Montepaschi Siena lands Bo McCalebb". Euroleague.net. July 25, 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Bo knows Italy: All-Euroleague second-teamer McCalebb gets with Montepaschi Siena". ballineurope.com. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Bo McCalebb named Serie A MVP, Meo Sacchetti is the best coach". Sportando.com. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Montepaschi Siena's Bo McCalebb wins Alphonso Ford Top Scorer Trophy". EuroLeague. August 12, 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Euroleague – Montepaschi Siena's Bo McCalebb wins Alphonso Ford Top Scorer Trophy". mlbb.gr. August 12, 2012. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Euroleague Basketball 2011–12 All-Euroleague Team nominees". schoenen-dunk.de. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Spurs interested in Bo McCalebb". Sportando. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Bo McCalebb Fenerbahçe Ülker'de". Fenerbahce.org. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2012. ^ "FENERBAHCE ULKER signs Ford Trophy winner McCalebb". Euroleague. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Bo McCalebb leaves Fenerbahce, is officially free agent". Sportando.com. June 30, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014. ^ "Bayern Munich signs Bo McCalebb to a one-month deal". Sportando.com. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014. ^ "FC Bayern brings Bo McCalebb to Munich". Euroleague.net. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014. ^ "BO MCCALEBB EXTENDS DEAL WITH BAYERN". fcb-basketball.de. 26 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 26 December 2014. ^ "Injury to Bo McCalebb". fcb-basketball.de. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 1 March 2015. ^ "Pelicans Sign Bo McCalebb". NBA.com. October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015. ^ "Pelicans waive Jeff Adrien, Bryce Dejean-Jones, Bo McCalebb". NBA.com. October 24, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2015. ^ "Limoges CSP lands Bo McCalebb". Sportando.com (in Spanish). January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016. ^ "Bo McCalebb ya es nuevo base del Herbalife Gran Canaria" (in Spanish). cbgrancanaria.net. 24 August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016. ^ "Bo McCalebb refuerza a Tecnyconta Zaragoza". basketzaragoza.net (in Spanish). December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017. ^ Helin, Kurt. "How New Orleans' Bo McCalebb became a Macedonian hero". probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Green and McCalebb to get passport from Macedonia". Sportando. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Macedonia defeat puts Great Britain's EuroBasket qualification on hold". The Daily Telegraph. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Another Masterpiece For MVP 'La Bomba'". eurobasket2011.com. 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Bo McCalebb". EuroBasket2011.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "Section Scoring Leaders". eurobasket2011.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bo McCalebb. Bo McCalebb at acb.com (in Spanish) Bo McCalebb – profile and statistics at Basketball Bundesliga (in German) Bo McCalebb at euroleague.net Bo McCalebb at FIBA Bo McCalebb at FIBA.com (game center) Bo McCalebb Archived 2012-05-07 at the Wayback Machine at legabasket.it (in Italian) Bo McCalebb at tblstat.net Bo McCalebb on Instagram Links to related articles vteEuroLeague Alphonso Ford Top Scorer TrophyAlphonso FordFIBA EuroLeague Top Scorer 1992: Galis 1993: Radulović 1994: Galis 1995: Danilović 1996: Arlauckas 1997: Myers 1998: Stojaković 1999: Kutluay 2000: Goljović FIBA SuproLeague Top Scorer 2001: Berić EuroLeague Top Scorer 2001: Ford 2002: Ford 2003: Vujanić 2004: Greer Alphonso Ford Trophy EuroLeague Top Scorer 2005: Smith 2006: Nicholas 2007: Rakočević (Alphonso Ford Trophy) & Navarro (Top Scorer) 2008: Salyers 2009: Rakočević 2010: Kleiza 2011: Rakočević 2012: McCalebb 2013: Brown 2014: Langford 2015: Rochestie 2016: de Colo 2017: Langford 2018: Shved 2019: James 2020: Not awarded 2021: Shved 2022: Micić 2023: Vezenkov 2024: Howard vteItalian Supercup MVP 1995: Woolridge 1996: Galanda 1997: Marconato 1998: Abbio 1999: Meneghin 2000: Allen 2001: Edney 2002: Edney 2003: Johnson 2004: Vanterpool 2005: Belinelli 2006: Goree 2007: Stonerook 2008: McIntyre 2009: Sato 2010: McCalebb 2011: Lavrinovič 2012: Markoishvili 2013: Hackett 2014: Dyson 2015: Della Valle 2016: Simon 2017: Theodore 2018: Micov 2019: Jerrells 2020: Delaney 2021: Pajola 2022: Ojeleye 2023: Shengelia vteLBA Finals MVP 2004: Andersen 2005: Basile 2006: Šiškauskas 2007: Kaukėnas 2008: McIntyre 2009: McIntyre 2010: McIntyre 2011: McCalebb 2012: McCalebb 2013: Hackett 2014: Gentile 2015: Sanders 2016: Sanders 2017: Ejim 2018: Goudelock 2019: Daye 2020: — 2021: Teodosić 2022: Shields 2023: Datome vteLBA Most Valuable Player 1994: Myers 1995: Rusconi 1996: Williams 1997: Myers 1998: Danilović 1999: Esposito 2000: Esposito 2001: Ginóbili 2002: Ginóbili 2003: Bulleri 2004: Basile 2005: Bulleri 2006: Greer 2007: McIntyre 2008: Gallinari 2009: McIntyre 2010: Sato 2011: Thomas 2012: McCalebb 2013: Datome 2014: Diener 2015: Mitchell 2016: Nunnally 2017: Landry 2018: Rich 2019: Crawford 2021: Tonut 2022: Della Valle 2023: Ross 2024: Belinelli vteSun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year 1977: Maxwell 1978: Cooper 1979: White 1980: Ray 1981: Rains 1982: O. Robinson 1983: Bradley & Duncan 1984: Catledge 1985: Catledge 1986: Gattison 1987: Frank 1988: Dinkins 1989: Hodge 1990: Gatling 1991: Gatling 1992: Ellis 1993: E. Johnson 1994: Allen & Clifton 1995: C. Robinson 1996: Fisher 1997: Dobbins 1998: Fletcher 1999: Fletcher 2000: Henderson 2001: Marcus 2002: Romero 2003: Moore 2004: Wells 2005: Nicholson 2006: Winchester 2007: McCalebb 2008: Lee 2009: Méndez-Valdez 2010: T. Johnson 2011: Bozeman 2012: Dendy 2013: Rubit 2014: Hunter 2015: Hunter 2016: Long 2017: Hervey 2018: Simonds 2019: Brown 2020: Pearson 2021: Jones 2022: Omier 2023: Kinsey 2024: Edwards vteABA League season steals leaders 2002: Anderson 2003: Weaks 2004: Ukić 2005: Popović 2006: Kojadinović 2007: Topić 2008: Cook 2009: Shannon 2010: McCalebb 2011: Draper 2012: Gay 2013: Strawberry 2014: Kinsey 2015: Armstead 2016: Cook 2017: Reynolds 2018: Oliver 2019: Ljubičić 2020: not awarded 2021: Jones 2022: Shorter
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Macedonian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"point guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_guard"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"University of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Privateers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"All-EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_All-Tournament_Team"},{"link_name":"EuroBasket 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_2011"}],"text":"Lester \"Bo\" McCalebb (Macedonian: Лестер „Бо“ МекКејлеб; born May 4, 1985) is an American-Macedonian former professional basketball player. He represented the senior Macedonian national team internationally. Standing at 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in), he played at the point guard position. Born and raised in New Orleans, he attended the University of New Orleans. A two-time All-EuroLeague selection, McCalebb was part of the All-Tournament Team at EuroBasket 2011.","title":"Bo McCalebb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O. Perry Walker High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Perry_Walker_High_School"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"McCalebb attended O. Perry Walker High School in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he played high school basketball.[citation needed]","title":"High school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"University of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Privateers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Privateers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"McCalebb played college basketball at the University of New Orleans. McCalebb was named the Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year in 2007. In his five-year career with the Privateers, he played in 128 games, averaging 20.9 points, 4.7 rebounds, and 3 assists per game.[1]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_S.K."},{"link_name":"Mersin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin"},{"link_name":"Turkish Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Basketball_Super_League"}],"sub_title":"Mersin BB","text":"McCalebb started his professional career in Turkey with Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi. He had a lot of success in Mersin, averaging 17.4 points and 4.7 assists per game during the 2008–09 season. He was also the Turkish Super League leader in steals, with 2.7 per game.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bo_McCalebb_with_Partizan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Partizan Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Milt Palacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Palacio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"regional ABA League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ABA"},{"link_name":"Basketball League of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kup_Radivoja_Kora%C4%87a"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Final_Four"},{"link_name":"All-EuroLeague Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-EuroLeague_Team"}],"sub_title":"Partizan","text":"McCalebb with Partizan in 2009On October 16, 2009, McCalebb signed a one-year contract with the Serbian club Partizan Belgrade, a week after the team released former point guard Milt Palacio for failure to join the team on time.[2] He had an amazing season with Partizan winning the regional ABA League, Basketball League of Serbia and Cup titles. He also helped the team to reach the EuroLeague Final Four, and earned an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montepaschi Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_Sana_Basket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Italian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Basketball_Supercup"},{"link_name":"Italian League MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A_MVP"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"Alphonso Ford Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso_Ford_Trophy"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011-12_Euroleague"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"All-EuroLeague Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-EuroLeague_Team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Montepaschi Siena","text":"In July 2010, McCalebb signed a three-year deal with the Italian club Montepaschi Siena.[3][4] In his first season in Italy, he had even more success, helping his team to the EuroLeague Final Four, and winning the Italian League, Cup, and Supercup. In 2012, he was named the Italian League MVP.[5] In April 2012, McCalebb won the EuroLeague's Alphonso Ford Trophy, the annual award given to the EuroLeague's top scorer of the season. He averaged 16.9 points, 2.6 assists, and 2.2 rebounds per game, during the season, while shooting .613 from the field and .526 on three-pointers.[6][7] He also earned a selection to the All-EuroLeague Second Team, for the second time in his career.[8]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Antonio Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs"},{"link_name":"Montepaschi Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens_Sana_Basket"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe Ülker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Men%27s_Basketball"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Fenerbahçe Ülker","text":"During the summer of 2012, San Antonio Spurs were interested in signing McCalebb, but they did not reach a buyout agreement with Montepaschi Siena.[9] In August 2012, McCalebb signed a three-year contract with the Turkish club Fenerbahçe Ülker.[10][11] In June 2014, he left Fenerbahçe and became a free agent.[12]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Euroleague"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Bayern Munich","text":"On November 19, 2014, McCalebb signed a one-month deal with the German club Bayern Munich.[13][14] Over 5 regular season EuroLeague games he played for the team, he averaged 9.8 points, and a career-high 3.6 assists per game. On December 26, 2014, he extended his contract with the club until the end of January 2015.[15] On January 10, 2015, he tore ligaments in one of his thumbs, which sidelined him off the court for several weeks.[16] After the injury, he never played with Bayern again.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Limoges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges_CSP"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Pelicans / Limoges","text":"On October 15, 2015, McCalebb signed with the NBA's New Orleans Pelicans.[17] However, he was later waived by the Pelicans on October 24, after appearing in four preseason games.[18] On January 3, 2016, McCalebb signed with French club Limoges, for the rest of the season.[19]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Liga ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"EuroCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Basketball"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Gran Canaria","text":"On August 24, 2016, McCalebb signed with Herbalife Gran Canaria of the Spanish Liga ACB and the EuroCup.[20]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tecnyconta Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"2017–18 ACB season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_ACB_season"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Zaragoza","text":"On December 13, 2017, McCalebb signed with Spanish club Tecnyconta Zaragoza for the rest of the 2017–18 ACB season.[21]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bo_McCalebb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Macedonian national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"qualifying for the EuroBasket 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_2011_qualification"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Luol Deng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luol_Deng"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"McCalebb with Macedonia in 2011In 2010, McCalebb accepted an offer to play for the senior men's Macedonian national basketball team, after which he received a Macedonian passport.[22][23] The \"Macedonian MVP\" was the second leading scorer in the qualifying for the EuroBasket 2011, with a strong showing against Great Britain, and its NBA star Luol Deng.[24]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Group C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_2011"},{"link_name":"Macedonia Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Republic_of_Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"All Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_All-Tournament_Team"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Tony Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Parker"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"EuroBasket 2011","text":"On August 31, in the first tournament game for Macedonia, McCalebb scored 17 points in an overtime loss against Montenegro. On September 1, Macedonia played Croatia with McCalebb scoring 19 points. He had another strong showing versus Greece on September 3, scoring game-high 27 points and leading the team to a 72–58 win. On September 4, McCalebb scored 18 points against Finland in a 72–70 win. On September 5, McCalebb scored 22 points in a 75–63 win over Bosnia and Herzegovina, which qualified them to the second phase as the first place team in Group C. Then, on September 8 (Macedonia Independence Day), he led the team with 27 points in their 65–63 win over Georgia and thus placed Macedonia to the quarter-finals. In the last two games of the second phase, McCalebb scored 19 points in Macedonian victory against Slovenia, and 16 points in the dramatic loss against Russia. On September 14, Macedonia defeated the host nation Lithuania to qualify to the semi-finals. McCalebb scored 23 points. In the semi-finals Macedonia was defeated 92–80 by Spain, with McCalebb scoring 25 points. In the bronze medal battle, McCalebb scored 22 points, but Macedonia was defeated by Russia, in another dramatic game, 72–68.McCalebb earned an All Tournament Team selection.[25] During the tournament, he averaged 21.4 points, 3.1 rebounds, and 3.7 assists per game, in 34.2 minutes played per game.[26] With 235 total points scored, McCalebb was the best scorer of the tournament in total points, but in points per game average, he was second behind Tony Parker, who played in one game less.[27]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EuroLeague","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other leagues","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Career statistics"}]
[{"image_text":"McCalebb with Partizan in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bo_McCalebb_with_Partizan.jpg/170px-Bo_McCalebb_with_Partizan.jpg"},{"image_text":"McCalebb with Macedonia in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bo_McCalebb.jpg/220px-Bo_McCalebb.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_career_scoring_leaders"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Asia_and_Australasia
Lists of World Heritage Sites
["1 General lists","2 Lists by continent","2.1 Africa","2.2 Americas","2.3 Asia","2.4 Europe","2.5 Oceania"]
Logo of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee This is a list of the lists of World Heritage Sites. A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having special cultural or physical significance. General lists Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites List of World Heritage in Danger List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription World Heritage Sites by country World Heritage Earthen Architecture Programme § Sites Lists by continent Africa List of World Heritage Sites in Africa List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia List of World Heritage Sites in Kenya List of World Heritage Sites in Madagascar List of World Heritage Sites in Mauritania List of World Heritage Sites in Morocco List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa List of World Heritage Sites in Tanzania List of World Heritage Sites in Tunisia List of World Heritage Sites in Zambia List of World Heritage Sites in Uganda List of World Heritage Sites in Togo Americas List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba List of World Heritage Sites in Central America List of World Heritage Sites in North America List of World Heritage Sites in Canada List of World Heritage Sites in the United States List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico List of World Heritage Sites in South America List of World Heritage Sites in Argentina List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil List of World Heritage Sites in Chile List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia List of World Heritage Sites in Peru Asia List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Asia List of World Heritage Sites in China List of World Heritage Sites in Japan List of World Heritage Sites in Mongolia List of World Heritage Sites in North Korea List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea List of World Heritage Sites in Northern and Central Asia List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan List of World Heritage Sites in Kyrgyzstan List of World Heritage Sites in Tajikistan List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia List of World Heritage Sites in Laos List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia List of World Heritage Sites in Myanmar List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines List of World Heritage Sites in Singapore List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand List of World Heritage Sites in Vietnam List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia List of World Heritage Sites in Afghanistan List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh List of World Heritage Sites in India List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states List of World Heritage Sites in Iran List of World Heritage Sites in Israel List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia List of World Heritage Sites in Palestine List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan List of World Heritage Sites in Yemen Europe List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe List of World Heritage Sites in Albania List of World Heritage Sites in Armenia List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria List of World Heritage Sites in Croatia List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro List of World Heritage Sites in Moldova List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia List of World Heritage Sites in Poland List of World Heritage Sites in Romania List of World Heritage Sites in Russia List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia List of World Heritage Sites in Slovenia List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine List of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe List of World Heritage Sites in Denmark List of World Heritage Sites in Estonia List of World Heritage Sites in Finland List of World Heritage Sites in Iceland List of World Heritage Sites in Latvia List of World Heritage Sites in Lithuania List of World Heritage Sites in Norway List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Europe List of World Heritage Sites in Andorra List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus List of World Heritage Sites in Greece List of World Heritage Sites in Italy List of World Heritage Sites in Malta List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal List of World Heritage Sites in San Marino List of World Heritage Sites in Spain List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey Vatican City is itself a World Heritage Site List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe List of World Heritage Sites in Austria List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium List of World Heritage Sites in France List of World Heritage Sites in Germany List of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom Oceania List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania (Australia, Kiribati, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and other Pacific Islands) vteLists of World Heritage SitesLocations Africa Americas North America Central America Caribbean South America Asia Eastern Northern and Central Southeast Southern Western Europe Eastern Northern Southern Western Oceania Related World Heritage in Danger Former sites By country By year of inscription World portal Portals: Politics Environment Society This article includes a protected areas-related list of lists.
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A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having special cultural or physical significance.","title":"Lists of World Heritage Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_year_of_inscription"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Earthen Architecture Programme § Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Earthen_Architecture_Programme#Sites"}],"text":"Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites\nList of World Heritage in 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Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Zambia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Togo"}],"sub_title":"Africa","text":"List of World Heritage Sites in Africa\nList of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States\nList of World Heritage Sites in Egypt\nList of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Kenya\nList of World Heritage Sites in Madagascar\nList of World Heritage Sites in Mauritania\nList of World Heritage Sites in Morocco\nList of World Heritage Sites in South Africa\nList of World Heritage Sites in Tanzania\nList of World Heritage Sites in Tunisia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Zambia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Uganda\nList of World Heritage Sites in Togo","title":"Lists by continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cuba"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Central_America"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in South 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in Canada\nList of World Heritage Sites in the United States\nList of World Heritage Sites in Mexico\nList of World Heritage Sites in South America\nList of World Heritage Sites in Argentina\nList of World Heritage Sites in Brazil\nList of World Heritage Sites in Chile\nList of World Heritage Sites in Colombia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Peru","title":"Lists by continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Eastern_Asia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea#World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Northern and Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Northern_and_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southern_Asia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Western_Asia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_states"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Jordan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Yemen"}],"sub_title":"Asia","text":"List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Asia\nList of World Heritage Sites in China\nList of World Heritage Sites in Japan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Mongolia\nList of World Heritage Sites in North Korea\nList of World Heritage Sites in South Korea\nList of World Heritage Sites in Northern and Central Asia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Kazakhstan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Kyrgyzstan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Tajikistan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Turkmenistan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Cambodia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Laos\nList of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Myanmar\nList of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines\nList of World Heritage Sites in Singapore\nList of World Heritage Sites in Thailand\nList of World Heritage Sites in Vietnam\nList of World Heritage Sites in Southern Asia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Afghanistan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh\nList of World Heritage Sites in India\nList of World Heritage Sites in Nepal\nList of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka\nList of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia\nList of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states\nList of World Heritage Sites in Iran\nList of World Heritage Sites in Israel\nList of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Palestine\nList of World Heritage Sites in Jordan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Yemen","title":"Lists by continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Moldova"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Northern_Europe"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iceland"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Andorra"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malta"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe\nList of World Heritage Sites in Albania\nList of World Heritage Sites in Armenia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan\nList of World Heritage Sites in Belarus\nList of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nList of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria\nList of World Heritage Sites in Croatia\nList of World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic\nList of World Heritage Sites in Georgia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Hungary\nList of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro\nList of World Heritage Sites in Moldova\nList of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Poland\nList of World Heritage Sites in Romania\nList of World Heritage Sites in Russia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Serbia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Slovenia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine\nList of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe\nList of World Heritage Sites in Denmark\nList of World Heritage Sites in Estonia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Finland\nList of World Heritage Sites in Iceland\nList of World Heritage Sites in Latvia\nList of World Heritage Sites in Lithuania\nList of World Heritage Sites in Norway\nList of World Heritage Sites in Sweden\nList of World Heritage Sites in Southern Europe\nList of World Heritage Sites in Andorra\nList of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus\nList of World Heritage Sites in Greece\nList of World Heritage Sites in Italy\nList of World Heritage Sites in Malta\nList of World Heritage Sites in Portugal\nList of World Heritage Sites in San Marino\nList of World Heritage Sites in Spain\nList of World Heritage Sites in Turkey\nVatican City is itself a World Heritage Site\nList of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe\nList of World Heritage Sites in Austria\nList of World Heritage Sites in Belgium\nList of World Heritage Sites in France\nList of World Heritage Sites in Germany\nList of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg\nList of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands\nList of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland\nList of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland\nList of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom","title":"Lists by continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Oceania"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lists_of_World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Central_America"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_America"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Eastern_Asia"},{"link_name":"Northern and Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Northern_and_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southern_Asia"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Western_Asia"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Northern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Heritage_Logo_global.svg"},{"link_name":"World Heritage in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"Former sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites"},{"link_name":"By country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country"},{"link_name":"By year of inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_year_of_inscription"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"link_name":"World portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"link_name":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"list of lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lists_of_lists"}],"sub_title":"Oceania","text":"List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania (Australia, Kiribati, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and other Pacific Islands)vteLists of World Heritage SitesLocations\nAfrica\nAmericas\nNorth America\nCentral America\nCaribbean\nSouth America\nAsia\nEastern\nNorthern and Central\nSoutheast\nSouthern\nWestern\nEurope\nEastern\nNorthern\nSouthern\nWestern\nOceania\nRelated\nWorld Heritage in Danger\nFormer sites\nBy country\nBy year of inscription\n World portalPortals: Politics Environment SocietyThis article includes a protected areas-related list of lists.","title":"Lists by continent"}]
[{"image_text":"Logo of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Welterbe.svg/150px-Welterbe.svg.png"}]
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[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBA_expansion_draft_history
WNBA expansion draft history
["1 1998: Detroit Shock, Washington Mystics","1.1 Initial player allocation","1.2 Expansion draft","2 1999: Minnesota Lynx, Orlando Miracle","2.1 Initial Expansion Player Allocation","2.2 Expansion Draft Selections","2.3 Post Expansion Draft Player Allocation","3 2000: Indiana Fever, Miami Sol, Portland Fire, Seattle Storm","4 2006: Chicago Sky","5 2008: Atlanta Dream","6 2024: Golden State Valkyries","7 2025 or 2026: Toronto WNBA Team","8 References"]
1998: Detroit Shock, Washington Mystics Initial player allocation Pick Player Nationality WNBA Team School/Club Team 1 Cindy Brown (F)  United States Detroit Shock Long Beach State (from Seattle Reign, ABL) 2 Razija Mujanović (C)  Bosnia and Herzegovina Detroit Shock Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Nikki McCray (G)  United States Washington Mystics Tennessee (from Columbus Quest, ABL) 4 Alessandra Santos de Oliveira (C)  Brazil Washington Mystics Pool Comense (Italy) Expansion draft Pick Player Nationality New Team Former Team 1 Rhonda Blades (G)  United States Detroit Shock New York Liberty 2 Heidi Burge (F)  United States Washington Mystics Los Angeles Sparks 3 Tajama Abraham (C)  United States Detroit Shock Sacramento Monarchs 4 Penny Moore (F)  United States Washington Mystics Charlotte Sting 5 Tara Williams (G)  United States Detroit Shock Phoenix Mercury 6 Deborah Carter (F)  United States Washington Mystics Utah Starzz 7 Lynette Woodard (G)  United States Detroit Shock Cleveland Rockers 8 Tammy Jackson (F/C)  United States Washington Mystics Houston Comets 1999: Minnesota Lynx, Orlando Miracle Initial Expansion Player Allocation Pick Player Nationality New WNBA Team Former WNBA Team College/Country/Team 1 Kristin Folkl (F)  United States Minnesota Lynx None Stanford 2 Nykesha Sales (G/F)  United States Orlando Miracle None Connecticut Expansion Draft Selections Pick Player Nationality New WNBA Team Former WNBA Team College/Country/Team 1 Brandy Reed (F)  United States Minnesota Lynx Phoenix Mercury Southern Mississippi 2 Andrea Congreaves (F)  United Kingdom Orlando Miracle Charlotte Sting Mercer 3 Kim Williams (G)  United States Minnesota Lynx Utah Starzz DePaul 4 Kisha Ford (G)  United States Orlando Miracle New York Liberty Georgia Tech 5 Octavia Blue (G)  United States Minnesota Lynx Los Angeles Sparks Miami (FL) 6 Yolanda Moore (F)  United States Orlando Miracle Houston Comets Mississippi 7 Adia Barnes (F)  United States Minnesota Lynx Sacramento Monarchs Arizona 8 Adrienne Johnson (G)  United States Orlando Miracle Cleveland Rockers Ohio State Post Expansion Draft Player Allocation Pick Player Nationality New WNBA Team Former WNBA Team College/Country/Team 1 Katie Smith (F)  United States Minnesota Lynx None Ohio Statefrom Columbus Quest, ABL 2 Shannon Johnson (G/F)  United States Orlando Miracle None South Carolina from Columbus Quest, ABL 2000: Indiana Fever, Miami Sol, Portland Fire, Seattle Storm Pick Player Nationality New WNBA Team Former WNBA Team College/Country/Team 1 Gordana Grubin (G)  FR Yugoslavia Indiana Fever Los Angeles Sparks MiZo Pecs (Hungary) 2 Edna Campbell (G)  United States Seattle Storm Phoenix Mercury Texas 3 Kate Starbird (G)  United States Miami Sol Sacramento Monarchs Stanford 4 Alisa Burras (F)  United States Portland Fire Cleveland Rockers Louisiana Tech 5 Sonja Henning (G)  United States Portland Fire Houston Comets Stanford 6 Sandy Brondello (G)  Australia Miami Sol Detroit Shock BTV Wuppertal (Germany) 7 Sophia Witherspoon (G)  United States Seattle Storm New York Liberty Florida 8 Stephanie McCarthy (G)  United States Indiana Fever Charlotte Sting Purdue 9 Nyree Roberts (C)  United States Indiana Fever Washington Mystics Old Dominion 10 Angela Aycock (F)  United States Seattle Storm Minnesota Lynx Kansas 11 Debbie Black (G)  United States Miami Sol Utah Starzz St. Joseph's 12 Tari Phillips (C)  United States Portland Fire Orlando Miracle Florida 13 Coquese Washington (G)  United States Portland Fire New York Liberty Notre Dame 14 Sharon Manning (F)  United States Miami Sol Charlotte Sting North Carolina State 15 Nina Bjedov (C)  FR Yugoslavia Seattle Storm Los Angeles Sparks Basket Bees Pavia (Italy) 16 Rita Williams (G)  United States Indiana Fever Washington Mystics Connecticut 17 Kara Wolters (C)  United States Indiana Fever Houston Comets Connecticut 18 Toni Foster (F)  United States Seattle Storm Phoenix Mercury Iowa 19 Lesley Brown (F)  United States Miami Sol Detroit Shock Virginia 20 Molly Goodenbour (G)  United States Portland Fire Sacramento Monarchs Stanford 21 Jamila Wideman (G)  United States Portland Fire Cleveland Rockers Stanford 22 Yolando Moore (F)  United States Miami Sol Orlando Miracle Mississippi 23 Charmin Smith (G)  United States Seattle Storm Minnesota Lynx Stanford 24 Chantel Tremitiere (G)  United States Indiana Fever Utah Starzz Auburn 2006: Chicago Sky Pick Player Nationality New WNBA Team Former WNBA Team College/Country/Team 1 Jia Perkins (G)  United States Chicago Sky Charlotte Sting Texas Tech 2 Brooke Wyckoff (F)  United States Chicago Sky Connecticut Sun Florida State 3 Elaine Powell (G)  United States Chicago Sky Detroit Shock LSU 4 Kiesha Brown (G)  United States Chicago Sky Houston Comets Georgia 5 Deanna Jackson (F)  United States Chicago Sky Indiana Fever Alabama-Birmingham 6 Laura Macchi (F)  Italy Chicago Sky Los Angeles Sparks Pool Comense (Italy) 7 Stacey Lovelace-Tolbert (F)  United States Chicago Sky Minnesota Lynx Purdue 8 DeTrina White (F)  United States Chicago Sky New York Liberty LSU 9 Ashley Robinson (C)  United States Chicago Sky Phoenix Mercury Tennessee 10 Chelsea Newton (G)  United States Chicago Sky Sacramento Monarchs Rutgers 11 Bernadette Ngoyisa (C)  Republic of the Congo Chicago Sky San Antonio Silver Stars Congo 12 Francesca Zara (G)  Italy Chicago Sky Seattle Storm Napoli Basket Vomero (Italy) 13 Stacey Dales-Schuman (G)  Canada Chicago Sky Washington Mystics Oklahoma 2008: Atlanta Dream Pick Player Nationality New WNBA Team Former WNBA Team College/Country/Team 1 Carla Thomas (F)  United States Atlanta Dream Chicago Sky Vanderbilt 2 Érika de Souza (F)  Brazil Atlanta Dream Connecticut Sun Spain 3 Katie Feenstra (C)  United States Atlanta Dream Detroit Shock Liberty 4 Roneeka Hodges (F)  United States Atlanta Dream Houston Comets Florida State 5 Ann Strother (G)  United States Atlanta Dream Indiana Fever Connecticut 6 LaToya Thomas (G)  United States Atlanta Dream Los Angeles Sparks Mississippi State 7 Kristen Mann (F)  United States Atlanta Dream Minnesota Lynx UC Santa Barbara 8 Ann Wauters (C)  Belgium Atlanta Dream New York Liberty Valenciennes Olympic (France) 9 Jennifer Lacy (F)  United States Atlanta Dream Phoenix Mercury Pepperdine 10 Kristin Haynie (G)  United States Atlanta Dream Sacramento Monarchs Michigan State 11 Chantelle Anderson (C)  United States Atlanta Dream San Antonio Silver Stars Vanderbilt 12 Betty Lennox (G)  United States Atlanta Dream Seattle Storm Louisiana Tech 13 Yelena Leuchanka (F)  Belarus Atlanta Dream Washington Mystics West Virginia Source: 2024: Golden State Valkyries In December 2024 an expansion draft will occur to help fill the roster for the expansion Golden State Valkyries and the team will also participate in the 2025 WNBA draft. The details and rules for this expansion draft are unknown. 2025 or 2026: Toronto WNBA Team Some time following the 2025 season an expansion draft will occur that will help fill the roaster for the currently unnamed expansion Toronto WNBA team. The details and rules for this draft are currently unknown. References ^ WNBA.com: Atlanta Dream ^ Ingemi, Marisa. "What's next for Golden State WNBA team? Timeline for name, GM, coach, roster". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2024-05-15. vteWNBA drafts Draft lottery Expansion drafts First overall picks 1990s 1997 1998 19992000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 20192020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteWomen's National Basketball Association (2024)TeamsEast Atlanta Dream Chicago Sky Connecticut Sun Indiana Fever New York Liberty Washington Mystics West Dallas Wings Las Vegas Aces Los Angeles Sparks Minnesota Lynx Phoenix Mercury Seattle Storm Future teams Golden State Valkyries Toronto Annual events Seasons Draft All-Star Game Commissioner's Cup Playoffs List of series Finals Statistics Records All-time win–loss Regular season Playoffs Career: Scoring Rebounding Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Free throws Free throw percentage 3-point scoring Season: Scoring Rebounding Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Other Arenas Attendance Awards Coaches Defunct teams Expansion draft history LiveAccess MVP NBA Media (NBA TV, ABC, ESPN, CBSSN, Twitter, Current broadcasters, All-Star Game broadcasters, Finals broadcasters) Players (Current rosters, Foreign players) Rookie of the Year Teams (All-Decade Team, Top 15 Team, Top 20 Team, Top 25 Team) WNBA Players Association
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WNBA expansion draft history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1998: Detroit Shock, Washington Mystics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Initial player allocation","title":"1998: Detroit Shock, Washington Mystics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Expansion draft","title":"1998: Detroit Shock, Washington Mystics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1999: Minnesota Lynx, Orlando Miracle"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Initial Expansion Player Allocation","title":"1999: Minnesota Lynx, Orlando Miracle"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Expansion Draft Selections","title":"1999: Minnesota Lynx, Orlando Miracle"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Post Expansion Draft Player Allocation","title":"1999: Minnesota Lynx, Orlando Miracle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000: Indiana Fever, Miami Sol, Portland Fire, Seattle Storm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2006: Chicago Sky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Source:[1]","title":"2008: Atlanta Dream"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden State Valkyries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Valkyries"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In December 2024 an expansion draft will occur to help fill the roster for the expansion Golden State Valkyries and the team will also participate in the 2025 WNBA draft. The details and rules for this expansion draft are unknown.[2]","title":"2024: Golden State Valkyries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto WNBA team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_WNBA_team"}],"text":"Some time following the 2025 season an expansion draft will occur that will help fill the roaster for the currently unnamed expansion Toronto WNBA team. The details and rules for this draft are currently unknown.","title":"2025 or 2026: Toronto WNBA Team"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ingemi, Marisa. \"What's next for Golden State WNBA team? Timeline for name, GM, coach, roster\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2024-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/article/what-s-next-golden-state-wnba-team-timeline-18640134.php","url_text":"\"What's next for Golden State WNBA team? Timeline for name, GM, coach, roster\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.wnba.com/dream/expansiondraft_080206.html","external_links_name":"WNBA.com: Atlanta Dream"},{"Link":"https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/article/what-s-next-golden-state-wnba-team-timeline-18640134.php","external_links_name":"\"What's next for Golden State WNBA team? Timeline for name, GM, coach, roster\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_V%C3%A1zquez_(bishop)
Jorge Vázquez (bishop)
["1 Early life and education","2 Pastoral and administrative work","3 Prelate","4 References"]
Jorge VázquezDiocesan Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of MorónChurchRoman Catholic ChurchAppointed30 June 2017PredecessorLuis Guillermo EichhornSuccessorIncumbentOrdersOrdination31 March 1983 (Priest)by Desiderio Elso CollinoConsecration29 December 2013 (Bishop)by Jorge Rubén LugonesPersonal detailsBornJorge Vázquez (1950-03-13) 13 March 1950 (age 74)Lomas de Zamora, ArgentinaPrevious post(s)Titular Bishop of Castra Nova (2013–2017), Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Lomas de Zamora (2013–2017), Coadjutor Bishop of Diocese of Morón (2017)Alma materPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Bishop Jorge Vázquez (born 13 March 1950) is an Argentine Roman Catholic prelate, who is currently serving as a Diocesan Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Morón since 30 June 2017. Previously he served as the Titular Bishop of Castra Nova and an Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Lomas de Zamora from 3 December 2013 until 3 February 2017) and as a Coadjutor Bishop of the Diocese of Morón from 3 February 2017 until 30 June 2017. Early life and education Bishop Vázquez was born into a Roman Catholic family in Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires Province, in 1950. He completed his secondary studies at the Minor Seminery of Nuestra Señora de Luján in La Plata. After several years of a secular work, he joined the Major Theological Seminary of the Holy Cross, of the Diocese of Lomas de Zamora. At the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Lomas de Zamora, where he served as a deacon, he was ordained a priest on 31 March 1983 for his native Diocese of Lomas de Zamora by the Diocesan Bishop Desiderio Elso Collino Pastoral and administrative work After his ordination, he served as a parish priest of Christ the Redeemer in Villa Jardín from 1985 to 1994; a parish priest of the Immaculate Conception in Monte Grande, from 1994 to 2003 and a parish priest Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Lomas de Zamora from 2003 to 2009. Also from 2009 until 2017 he served as a vicar general for this Diocese. Simultaneously from 2009 until 2010 he was a Rector of the Major Theological Seminary of the Holy Cross in Lomas de Zamora. In this time he graduated the Instituto Presbítero Antonio Sáenz in Lomas de Zamora, and graduated with a Bachelor of Sacred Theology from the Faculty of Theology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina in Buenos Aires, where he also studied Dogmatic Theology with orientation in Spirituality. Prelate On 3 December 2013, he was appointed by Pope Francis as the Titular Bishop of Castra Nova and an Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Lomas de Zamora. On 29 December 2013, he was consecrated a bishop by the Diocesan Bishop Jorge Rubén Lugones and other prelates of the Roman Catholic Church in the Santa Inés college in Turdera and on 3 February 2017 was transferred as a Coadjutor Bishop of the Diocese of Morón, until 30 June 2017, when he succeeded his predecessor. References ^ a b c "OBISPO DIOCESANO Monseñor Jorge Vázquez". Official Website of the Diocese of Morón (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 May 2022. ^ a b "Bishop Jorge Vázquez". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 30 May 2022. ^ "NOMINA DI AUSILIARI DI LOMAS DE ZAMORA (ARGENTINA)". Official Website of the Holy See press office (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2022. Catholic Church titles Preceded byJames Joseph Daly Titular Bishop of Castra Nova 2013–2017 Succeeded byVicente de Paula Ferreira Preceded byLuis Guillermo Eichhorn Diocesan Bishop of Morón 2017–current Succeeded byIncumbent
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Morón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mor%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Castra Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_Nova_(Mauretania)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Lomas de Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lomas_de_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Morón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mor%C3%B3n"}],"text":"Bishop Jorge Vázquez (born 13 March 1950) is an Argentine Roman Catholic prelate, who is currently serving as a Diocesan Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Morón since 30 June 2017. Previously he served as the Titular Bishop of Castra Nova and an Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Lomas de Zamora from 3 December 2013 until 3 February 2017) and as a Coadjutor Bishop of the Diocese of Morón from 3 February 2017 until 30 June 2017.","title":"Jorge Vázquez (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lomas de Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomas_de_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IV-1"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Lomas de Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lomas_de_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Desiderio Elso Collino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desiderio_Elso_Collino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-2"}],"text":"Bishop Vázquez was born into a Roman Catholic family in Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires Province, in 1950. He completed his secondary studies at the Minor Seminery of Nuestra Señora de Luján in La Plata. After several years of a secular work, he joined the Major Theological Seminary of the Holy Cross, of the Diocese of Lomas de Zamora.[1]At the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Lomas de Zamora, where he served as a deacon, he was ordained a priest on 31 March 1983 for his native Diocese of Lomas de Zamora by the Diocesan Bishop Desiderio Elso Collino[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monte Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Grande"},{"link_name":"Lomas de Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomas_de_Zamora"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IV-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V-3"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IV-1"}],"text":"After his ordination, he served as a parish priest of Christ the Redeemer in Villa Jardín from 1985 to 1994; a parish priest of the Immaculate Conception in Monte Grande, from 1994 to 2003 and a parish priest Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Lomas de Zamora from 2003 to 2009. Also from 2009 until 2017 he served as a vicar general for this Diocese.[1] Simultaneously from 2009 until 2010 he was a Rector of the Major Theological Seminary of the Holy Cross in Lomas de Zamora.[3]In this time he graduated the Instituto Presbítero Antonio Sáenz in Lomas de Zamora, and graduated with a Bachelor of Sacred Theology from the Faculty of Theology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina in Buenos Aires, where he also studied Dogmatic Theology with orientation in Spirituality.[1]","title":"Pastoral and administrative work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Castra Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_Nova_(Mauretania)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Lomas de Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lomas_de_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Jorge Rubén Lugones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rub%C3%A9n_Lugones"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CH-2"},{"link_name":"Turdera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdera"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Morón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mor%C3%B3n"}],"text":"On 3 December 2013, he was appointed by Pope Francis as the Titular Bishop of Castra Nova and an Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Lomas de Zamora. On 29 December 2013, he was consecrated a bishop by the Diocesan Bishop Jorge Rubén Lugones and other prelates of the Roman Catholic Church[2] in the Santa Inés college in Turdera and on 3 February 2017 was transferred as a Coadjutor Bishop of the Diocese of Morón, until 30 June 2017, when he succeeded his predecessor.","title":"Prelate"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"OBISPO DIOCESANO Monseñor Jorge Vázquez\". Official Website of the Diocese of Morón (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://diocesisdemoron.org.ar/obispos/","url_text":"\"OBISPO DIOCESANO Monseñor Jorge Vázquez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Jorge Vázquez\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bvazqj.html","url_text":"\"Bishop Jorge Vázquez\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"\"NOMINA DI AUSILIARI DI LOMAS DE ZAMORA (ARGENTINA)\". Official Website of the Holy See press office (in Italian). Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2013/12/03/0805/01804.html#NOMINA%20DI%20AUSILIARI%20DI%20LOMAS%20DE%20ZAMORA%20(ARGENTINA)","url_text":"\"NOMINA DI AUSILIARI DI LOMAS DE ZAMORA (ARGENTINA)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_Fit_Adventure
Ring Fit Adventure
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","3.1 Sales","3.2 Awards","3.3 Potential benefits of Exergames","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
2019 video gameRing Fit AdventureRing Fit Adventure icon, depicting the female playable character, enemies and the Ring-Con accessoryDeveloper(s)Nintendo EPDPublisher(s)NintendoDirector(s)Hiroshi MatsunagaProducer(s)Kouichi KawamotoDesigner(s)Naoya YamamotoRyosuke SuzukiProgrammer(s)Shinji OkaneArtist(s)Takafumi KiuchiWriter(s)Mari ShirakawaYuichiro ItoComposer(s)Shinji UshirodaMaasa MiyoshiShiho FujiiAsuka HayazakiPlatform(s)Nintendo SwitchReleaseOctober 18, 2019Genre(s)Exergame, role-playingMode(s)Single-player Ring Fit Adventure is an exercising action role-playing game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. The game comes with two physical components: the Ring-Con, a Pilates ring that the user holds and one Joy-Con slots into, and a Leg Strap, a piece of fabric affixed to the user's leg that holds the other Joy-Con. The game's main mode has the player complete a turn-based role-playing game, where player movements and battle actions are based on performing certain physical activities using the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, with the motion controls within the Joy-Con sensing the player's movement, and a strain sensor in the Ring-Con detecting bending of that accessory. Other modes include general guided fitness routines and party-style games. These activities are centered around common fitness exercises, making the game part of Nintendo's "quality of life" goals in line with the spiritual predecessor of this game, Wii Fit. The game was released worldwide on October 18, 2019, and received generally positive reviews from critics. As of March 31, 2023, the game has sold over 15.38 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling games on the system. Demand for the game increased drastically during 2020, largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related closures of gyms and other exercise facilities, causing shortages in many countries. This led to resellers in America selling the game for over $300, up from its retail price of $80. Gameplay Combat in Ring Fit Adventure has the player complete an exercise move (shown on left) to defeat enemies in game. Ring Fit Adventure ships with the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, which have docks to hold the Switch's Joy-Con. These accessories are required to play the game, as the player's interactions with them are tracked by the motion controls built into the Joy-Con. The game's main mode is a role-playing game, in which the player takes the role of a young athlete that meets a sentient Ring, and they team up to take down an evil, bodybuilding dragon named Dragaux. The player moves their character across the game's overworld and into various dungeons, where they encounter monsters to fight. Moving across the game world is similar to a rail shooter; the player moves along a fixed path by running in place, jumps over obstacles by squeezing and releasing the Ring-Con, and can fire projectiles at items by squeezing the Ring-Con in the target direction. When the player encounters monsters, the game uses turn-based combat as in many role-playing games. The player attacks the enemies by performing one of about thirty different exercises, with the amount of damage they deal based on how effectively they completed the exercise. When the monsters attack, the player can defend by pressing and holding the Ring-Con into their abdomen for as long as possible during the attack. Defeating monsters earn the player-character experience points, and as they level up, they can unlock additional exercises with more potent damage. Exercises are classified by color, each color corresponding to a general part of the body the exercise is geared towards: red for arms, blue for legs, yellow for core muscles and green for yoga positions. Monsters are also marked by colors, and exercises of the same color are more effective against them, but only after that specific ability is unlocked early in the game. In addition to the adventure mode, the game includes a general fitness routine mode that allows one to perform the exercises, assisted by the game, but without the gamification elements. The game also has several mini-games based on certain exercises, which can be used by a single player to challenge themselves or can be used with multiple players each taking a turn to beat the others. An update in late March 2020 also added a "Rhythm Mode", which allows the user to move along to soundtrack from the game. This mode also includes some music from other Nintendo games such as Super Mario Odyssey, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, Splatoon 2, and Wii Fit. The game includes the option to enable only quiet exercises to avoid disturbing others nearby. For example, in quiet mode, the running-in-place in the adventure mode is replaced by performing squats. Development The game was first teased in early September 2019 with a video showing people using the Ring-Con and Leg Strap without showing the game, with a full announcement of the game a week later. Several journalists observed that the game fits into Nintendo's long-running "quality of life" program, to introduce more physical activity into the playing of video games, that had been started by Satoru Iwata with the introduction of the Wii console, particularly in the game Wii Fit. Parts of the design of the Nintendo Switch had been from player feedback from Wii Fit looking to make the controllers smaller so they could be strapped to the body and used in more possible ways. Ring Fit Adventure was released in North America on October 18, 2019. The game, shipping with the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, costs slightly more than a typical game. On March 26, 2020, a free update was released, adding a rhythm game mode. Reception This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2019) ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10Digital TrendsGameSpot9/10GamesRadar+IGN7.8/10Jeuxvideo.com16/20Nintendo Life8/10RPGamer4.0/5Shacknews8/10VG247 Ring Fit Adventure received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, with a score of 83/100. It has also been rated on IGN as 7.8/10. Many critics agree that while Ring Fit Adventure is not designed for strength training, it is effective exercise for maintaining fitness. The RPG elements of the game are very simplistic, which allows casual players to play the game with ease, but which can be disappointing for fans of RPGs who want more of a strategic challenge. Sales Ring Fit Adventure debuted at #3 in the UK, and #1 in Japan and South Korea. In Japan, it sold 68,497 copies within its first week on sale, which placed it at number one on the all format sales chart. By December 2019, the game had shipped 2.73 million units worldwide. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for the game increased significantly, creating shortages. On June 18, 2020, it was confirmed that Ring Fit Adventure had sold over one million copies in Japan, where it shipped a total of 1,006,069 copies across the region. From launch to September 2020, the game has sold 5.84 million units worldwide. As of March 31, 2022, the game sold 14.09 million copies making it one of the best-selling Nintendo Switch games. By March 31, 2023, 15.38 million copies of the game were sold worldwide. Awards The game was nominated for "Best Family Game" at The Game Awards 2019, for "Family Game of the Year" at the 23rd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and for "Game Beyond Entertainment" at the 16th British Academy Games Awards. Potential benefits of Exergames Exergames such as Wii Fit, Kinect, and Ring Fit itself have received research in recent years due to their potential for therapeutic aid and for health benefit. Studies have shown potential use of exergaming in lowering B.M.I and improving mobility especially in older individuals. Notes ^ Additional work by 1-Up Studio, Mario Club and SRD ^ Japanese: リングフィット アドベンチャー, Hepburn: Ringu Fitto Adobenchā References ^ Gartenburg, Chaim (March 19, 2020). "People Are Driving for Hours And Paying $300 to Buy Nintendo's Fitness Game". Vice. Retrieved May 1, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Webster, Andrew (September 12, 2019). "Nintendo's Ring Fit Adventure is Wii Fit meets Final Fantasy on the Switch". The Verge. Retrieved September 12, 2019. ^ Gartenburg, Chaim (September 5, 2019). "Nintendo teases strange new motion control experience for Switch". The Verge. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ Good, Owen S. (September 12, 2019). "Nintendo Switch's new ring controller game is Ring Fit Adventure". Polygon. Retrieved September 12, 2019. ^ Dayus, Oscar (September 12, 2019). "Nintendo Switch's Weird New Fitness Device Detailed: Ring Fit Adventure Releases Soon". GameSpot. Retrieved September 12, 2019. ^ McAloon, Alissa (February 9, 2018). "The Nintendo Switch, Joy-Cons, and even Labo are the result of Wii-era feedback". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ McWhertor, Michael (March 26, 2020). "Ring Fit Adventure adds a rhythm game mode with music from Splatoon 2, Breath of the Wild". Polygon. Retrieved March 30, 2020. ^ "Ring Fit Adventure for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ Andriessen, CJ (November 3, 2019). "Review: Ring Fit Adventure". Destructoid. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ Miranda, Felicia (December 12, 2019). "Ring Fit Adventure Review: A sweaty week in Nintendo's ring". Digital Trends. Retrieved May 19, 2024. ^ Sitzes, Jenae (October 18, 2020). "Ring Fit Adventure Review: One Year Later". GameSpot. Retrieved October 18, 2020. ^ Loveridge, Sam (October 18, 2019). "Ring Fit Adventure Review". GamesRadar+. Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (October 17, 2019). "Ring Fit Adventure for Nintendo Switch Review". IGN. Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ "Test: Ring Fit Adventure: When sport and video games become one". Jeuxvideo.com. October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ Scullion, Chris (October 22, 2019). "Ring Fit Adventure Review". Nintendo Life. Retrieved October 23, 2019. ^ Tekaia, Pascal (April 17, 2020). "Ring Fit Adventure Review". RPGamer. Retrieved May 19, 2024. ^ Erskine, Donovan (January 14, 2020). "Ring Fit Adventure review - Slaying monsters and calories". Shacknews. Retrieved May 19, 2024. ^ Donaldson, Alex (October 26, 2019). "Ring Fit Adventure review: Nintendo's fitness RPG is one of the most pleasant surprises of the year". VG247. Retrieved May 2, 2020. ^ "The Legend of Zelda: Ring Fit Adventure for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 18, 2019. ^ Batchelor, James (October 21, 2019). "UK Charts: Switch dominates as The Witcher 3 leads slew of new releases". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved October 21, 2019. ^ a b Romano, Sal (June 18, 2020). "Famitsu Sales: 6/8/20 – 6/14/20 ". Gematsu. Retrieved June 21, 2020. ^ "MediaCreate 10 月 14 日～10 月 20 日一週銷售排行榜 《健身環大冒險》再掀體感熱潮" . 巴哈姆特電玩資訊站 (in Traditional Chinese). October 28, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019. ^ Romano, Sal (October 23, 2019). "Famitsu Sales: 10/14/19 – 10/20/19 ". Gematsu. Retrieved January 2, 2020. ^ "Million Sellers Titles of Nintendo Products" (PDF). p. 7. Retrieved January 30, 2020. ^ D'Anastasio, Cecilia (March 10, 2020). "Coronavirus Fears Spark a Run on Nintendo's Ring Fit Adventure". Wired. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ Yu, Sophie; Lee, Joyce (February 25, 2020). "Chinese consumers snap up yoga mats, video games, condoms as coronavirus keeps them at home". Reuters. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2020/201105e.pdf ^ "Financial Results Explanatory Material 1st Quarter of Fiscal Year Ending March 2022" (PDF). Nintendo. Retrieved August 5, 2021. ^ "Financial Results Explanatory Material" (PDF). Nintendo. May 9, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023. ^ Winslow, Jeremy (November 19, 2019). "The Game Awards 2019 Nominees Full List". GameSpot. Retrieved November 24, 2019. ^ Chalk, Andy (January 13, 2020). "Control and Death Stranding get 8 nominations each for the 2020 DICE Awards". PC Gamer. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ Stuart, Keith (March 3, 2020). "Death Stranding and Control dominate Bafta games awards nominations". The Guardian. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ Sato, Takashi; Shimizu, Keisuke; Shiko, Yuki; Kawasaki, Yohei; Orita, Sumihisa; Inage, Kazuhide; Shiga, Yasuhiro; Suzuki, Masahiro; Sato, Masashi; Enomoto, Keigo; Takaoka, Hiromitsu; Mizuki, Norichika; Kim, Geundong; Hozumi, Takashi; Tsuchiya, Ryuto (June 2021). "Effects of Nintendo Ring Fit Adventure Exergame on Pain and Psychological Factors in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain". Games for Health Journal. 10 (3): 158–164. doi:10.1089/g4h.2020.0180. ISSN 2161-7856. PMID 33891508. S2CID 233382037. ^ Sween, Jennifer; Wallington, Sherrie Flynt; Sheppard, Vanessa; Taylor, Teletia; Llanos, Adana A.; Adams-Campbell, Lucile Lauren (May 2014). "The Role of Exergaming in Improving Physical Activity: A Review". Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 11 (4): 864–870. doi:10.1123/jpah.2011-0425. ISSN 1543-3080. PMC 4180490. PMID 25078529. External links Official website (UK) Official website vteNintendo SwitchHardware Nintendo Game Card Joy-Con Pro Controller Amiibo Nintendo Labo Poké Ball Plus Services System software Mii Nintendo eShop Switch Online Nintendo Account My Nintendo Games 0-A B C–G H–P Q–Z Best-selling Switch Online Emulation Ryujinx Yuzu (discontinued) Related Switch Player Predecessor: Wii U and Nintendo 3DS Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"exercising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergaming"},{"link_name":"action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"Pilates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilates"},{"link_name":"Joy-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy-Con"},{"link_name":"turn-based role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-based_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"motion controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_control"},{"link_name":"exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"},{"link_name":"Wii Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Fit"},{"link_name":"best-selling games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Nintendo_Switch_video_games"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"2019 video gameRing Fit Adventure[b] is an exercising action role-playing game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. The game comes with two physical components: the Ring-Con, a Pilates ring that the user holds and one Joy-Con slots into, and a Leg Strap, a piece of fabric affixed to the user's leg that holds the other Joy-Con.The game's main mode has the player complete a turn-based role-playing game, where player movements and battle actions are based on performing certain physical activities using the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, with the motion controls within the Joy-Con sensing the player's movement, and a strain sensor in the Ring-Con detecting bending of that accessory. Other modes include general guided fitness routines and party-style games. These activities are centered around common fitness exercises, making the game part of Nintendo's \"quality of life\" goals in line with the spiritual predecessor of this game, Wii Fit. The game was released worldwide on October 18, 2019, and received generally positive reviews from critics. As of March 31, 2023, the game has sold over 15.38 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling games on the system.Demand for the game increased drastically during 2020, largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related closures of gyms and other exercise facilities, causing shortages in many countries. This led to resellers in America selling the game for over $300, up from its retail price of $80.[1]","title":"Ring Fit Adventure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ring_Fit_Adventure_Screenshot.jpg"},{"link_name":"motion controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_control"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge_announce-4"},{"link_name":"rail shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_shooter"},{"link_name":"experience points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"core muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_exercise"},{"link_name":"yoga positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge_announce-4"},{"link_name":"mini-games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-game"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge_announce-4"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Odyssey"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Breath_of_the_Wild"},{"link_name":"Splatoon 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_2"},{"link_name":"Wii Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Fit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge_announce-4"}],"text":"Combat in Ring Fit Adventure has the player complete an exercise move (shown on left) to defeat enemies in game.Ring Fit Adventure ships with the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, which have docks to hold the Switch's Joy-Con. These accessories are required to play the game, as the player's interactions with them are tracked by the motion controls built into the Joy-Con.[2]The game's main mode is a role-playing game, in which the player takes the role of a young athlete that meets a sentient Ring, and they team up to take down an evil, bodybuilding dragon named Dragaux. The player moves their character across the game's overworld and into various dungeons, where they encounter monsters to fight. Moving across the game world is similar to a rail shooter; the player moves along a fixed path by running in place, jumps over obstacles by squeezing and releasing the Ring-Con, and can fire projectiles at items by squeezing the Ring-Con in the target direction. When the player encounters monsters, the game uses turn-based combat as in many role-playing games. The player attacks the enemies by performing one of about thirty different exercises, with the amount of damage they deal based on how effectively they completed the exercise. When the monsters attack, the player can defend by pressing and holding the Ring-Con into their abdomen for as long as possible during the attack. Defeating monsters earn the player-character experience points, and as they level up, they can unlock additional exercises with more potent damage. Exercises are classified by color, each color corresponding to a general part of the body the exercise is geared towards: red for arms, blue for legs, yellow for core muscles and green for yoga positions. Monsters are also marked by colors, and exercises of the same color are more effective against them, but only after that specific ability is unlocked early in the game.[2]In addition to the adventure mode, the game includes a general fitness routine mode that allows one to perform the exercises, assisted by the game, but without the gamification elements. The game also has several mini-games based on certain exercises, which can be used by a single player to challenge themselves or can be used with multiple players each taking a turn to beat the others.[2] An update in late March 2020 also added a \"Rhythm Mode\", which allows the user to move along to soundtrack from the game. This mode also includes some music from other Nintendo games such as Super Mario Odyssey, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, Splatoon 2, and Wii Fit.The game includes the option to enable only quiet exercises to avoid disturbing others nearby. For example, in quiet mode, the running-in-place in the adventure mode is replaced by performing squats.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge_announce-4"},{"link_name":"quality of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life"},{"link_name":"Satoru Iwata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoru_Iwata"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Wii Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Fit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge_announce-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verge_announce-4"},{"link_name":"rhythm game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The game was first teased in early September 2019 with a video showing people using the Ring-Con and Leg Strap without showing the game,[3] with a full announcement of the game a week later.[2]Several journalists observed that the game fits into Nintendo's long-running \"quality of life\" program, to introduce more physical activity into the playing of video games, that had been started by Satoru Iwata with the introduction of the Wii console, particularly in the game Wii Fit.[2][4][5] Parts of the design of the Nintendo Switch had been from player feedback from Wii Fit looking to make the controllers smaller so they could be strapped to the body and used in more possible ways.[6]Ring Fit Adventure was released in North America on October 18, 2019. The game, shipping with the Ring-Con and Leg Strap, costs slightly more than a typical game.[2]On March 26, 2020, a free update was released, adding a rhythm game mode.[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Digital Trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlife_review-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Shacknews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"VG247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100[8]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid8/10[9]Digital Trends[10]GameSpot9/10[11]GamesRadar+[12]IGN7.8/10[13]Jeuxvideo.com16/20[14]Nintendo Life8/10[15]RPGamer4.0/5[16]Shacknews8/10[17]VG247[18]Ring Fit Adventure received \"generally favorable\" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, with a score of 83/100. It has also been rated on IGN as 7.8/10. Many critics agree that while Ring Fit Adventure is not designed for strength training, it is effective exercise for maintaining fitness. The RPG elements of the game are very simplistic, which allows casual players to play the game with ease, but which can be disappointing for fans of RPGs who want more of a strategic challenge.[19]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gematsu-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gematsu-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"best-selling Nintendo Switch games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Nintendo_Switch_video_games"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-june2021-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"Ring Fit Adventure debuted at #3 in the UK,[20] and #1 in Japan and South Korea.[21][22] In Japan, it sold 68,497 copies within its first week on sale, which placed it at number one on the all format sales chart.[23] By December 2019, the game had shipped 2.73 million units worldwide.[24]Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for the game increased significantly, creating shortages.[25][26]On June 18, 2020, it was confirmed that Ring Fit Adventure had sold over one million copies in Japan, where it shipped a total of 1,006,069 copies across the region.[21]From launch to September 2020, the game has sold 5.84 million units worldwide.[27]As of March 31, 2022, the game sold 14.09 million copies making it one of the best-selling Nintendo Switch games.[28]By March 31, 2023, 15.38 million copies of the game were sold worldwide.[29]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Game Awards 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2019"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Family Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Family_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"23rd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Annual_D.I.C.E._Awards"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"16th British Academy Games Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_British_Academy_Games_Awards"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"The game was nominated for \"Best Family Game\" at The Game Awards 2019,[30] for \"Family Game of the Year\" at the 23rd Annual D.I.C.E. Awards,[31] and for \"Game Beyond Entertainment\" at the 16th British Academy Games Awards.[32]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Potential benefits of Exergames","text":"Exergames such as Wii Fit, Kinect, and Ring Fit itself have received research in recent years due to their potential for therapeutic aid and for health benefit. Studies[33][34] have shown potential use of exergaming in lowering B.M.I and improving mobility especially in older individuals.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"1-Up Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Up_Studio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Additional work by 1-Up Studio, Mario Club and SRD\n\n^ Japanese: リングフィット アドベンチャー, Hepburn: Ringu Fitto Adobenchā","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Combat in Ring Fit Adventure has the player complete an exercise move (shown on left) to defeat enemies in game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Ring_Fit_Adventure_Screenshot.jpg/220px-Ring_Fit_Adventure_Screenshot.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Gartenburg, Chaim (March 19, 2020). \"People Are Driving for Hours And Paying $300 to Buy Nintendo's Fitness Game\". Vice. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/m7q448/people-are-driving-for-hours-and-paying-hundreds-ring-fit","url_text":"\"People Are Driving for Hours And Paying $300 to Buy Nintendo's Fitness Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"Webster, Andrew (September 12, 2019). \"Nintendo's Ring Fit Adventure is Wii Fit meets Final Fantasy on the Switch\". The Verge. 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Retrieved November 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gnn.gamer.com.tw/detail.php?sn=187740","url_text":"\"MediaCreate 10 月 14 日～10 月 20 日一週銷售排行榜 《健身環大冒險》再掀體感熱潮\""}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (October 23, 2019). \"Famitsu Sales: 10/14/19 – 10/20/19 [Update]\". Gematsu. Retrieved January 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gematsu.com/2019/10/famitsu-sales-10-14-19-10-20-19","url_text":"\"Famitsu Sales: 10/14/19 – 10/20/19 [Update]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Million Sellers Titles of Nintendo Products\" (PDF). p. 7. Retrieved January 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2020/200130_3e.pdf","url_text":"\"Million Sellers Titles of Nintendo Products\""}]},{"reference":"D'Anastasio, Cecilia (March 10, 2020). \"Coronavirus Fears Spark a Run on Nintendo's Ring Fit Adventure\". Wired. 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S2CID 233382037.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33891508/","url_text":"\"Effects of Nintendo Ring Fit Adventure Exergame on Pain and Psychological Factors in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fg4h.2020.0180","url_text":"10.1089/g4h.2020.0180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2161-7856","url_text":"2161-7856"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33891508","url_text":"33891508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233382037","url_text":"233382037"}]},{"reference":"Sween, Jennifer; Wallington, Sherrie Flynt; Sheppard, Vanessa; Taylor, Teletia; Llanos, Adana A.; Adams-Campbell, Lucile Lauren (May 2014). \"The Role of Exergaming in Improving Physical Activity: A Review\". Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 11 (4): 864–870. doi:10.1123/jpah.2011-0425. ISSN 1543-3080. PMC 4180490. PMID 25078529.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4180490","url_text":"\"The Role of Exergaming in Improving Physical Activity: A Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1123%2Fjpah.2011-0425","url_text":"10.1123/jpah.2011-0425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-3080","url_text":"1543-3080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4180490","url_text":"4180490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25078529","url_text":"25078529"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Thornycroft
Helen Thornycroft
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
British artist (1848–1937) Helen ThornycroftHelen Thornycroft (Portrait of the Artist), attributed to Edith MartineauBorn1848 (1848)London, EnglandDied11 November 1937(1937-11-11) (aged 88–89)Kensington, LondonNationalityBritishKnown forPainting One two three and away, 1872 Helen Thornycroft (1848 – 11 November 1937) was an English painter and watercolourist of the Victorian era. Biography Born in London, she was a member of the Thornycroft family of sculptors, which included her maternal grandfather John Francis, her father Thomas Thornycroft, her mother Mary Thornycroft, and her younger brother Hamo Thornycroft. Hamo and Helen's sisters Alyce (1844–1906) and Theresa (1853–1947) were both artists as well. Edmund Gosse was a relative by marriage. (The family had strong multiple connections with the English art world of the nineteenth century; Theresa Thornycroft and Ellen Thornycroft Gosse studied painting under Ford Madox Brown.) Helen's brother John Isaac Thornycroft began his shipbuilding career by constructing a steam launch at home in his late teens. Helen, nicknamed "Nello," was reportedly his "only helper" in this endeavor. While helping John Isaac, she was "nearly scalped" when her hair tangled in his machinery; she wore her hair short from then on, in defiance of the reigning custom. Helen, Hamo, Alyce, and Theresa were all trained in the Royal Academy schools starting in the 1860s, when the institution was only beginning to take female students. The date and circumstances of Helen's entry are disputed; by one account, she applied in 1862, but was rejected by Sir Edwin Landseer because of her youth (she was 14 at the time). Helen started out as a sculptor like previous generations of her family; she exhibited a statue of Ophelia in the Royal Academy summer show of 1864. Within a year or two, however, she abandoned sculpture to concentrate on painting. Helen travelled abroad with Hamo and Alyce in 1871; the siblings studied art with and modeled for each other through the 1870s. Hamo's journals, kept during this period, provide ample evidence on the family's affairs. By Hamo's account, the young Helen enjoyed a "wonderful" supply of natural energy. His journals record an evening when the two of them walked home at 2:00 AM; Helen was up by 6:30 to go swimming, then worked at the Royal Academy schools until 2:00 PM. "Helen was a more prolific and committed artist than her sisters" — by the late 1880s she had her own studio and her own apartment, which was again unusual for the time. She became known primarily as a flower painter, a genre long associated with women; yet she also worked in other genres, including landscape and portraiture. Thornycroft exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. She spent a decade (1899–1909) as vice-president of the Society of Women Artists. She never married. Many sources mistakenly give the year of her death as 1912. References ^ Penny McCracken, "Sculptor Mary Thornycroft and her artist children", Woman's Art Journal, 1996 ^ a b Sara Gray (2019). British Women Artists. A Biographical Dictionary of 1000 Women Artists in the British Decorative Arts. Dark River. ISBN 978-1-911121-63-3. ^ Caroline Dakers, The Holland Park Circle, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1999; pp. 177-83 and ff. ^ Deborah Cherry, Painting Women: Victorian Women Artists, London, Routledge, 1993; p. 228. ^ Penny McCracken, "Mary Thornycroft and Her Artist Children," Woman's Art Journal, Vol. 17 No. 2 (Autumn 1996 — Winter 1997), pp. 3-8; see p. 6. ^ McCracken, p. 5. ^ McCracken, p. 6. ^ McCracken, pp. 6-7. ^ Nichols, K. L. "Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893". Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ McCracken, p. 8 n. 10. External links Media related to Helen Thornycroft at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases: Artists Musée d'Orsay 2 RKD Artists
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Traverse
Jackie Traverse
["1 Biography","2 Artwork","2.1 Film","3 Activism","4 References"]
Canadian Ojibwe artist and activist Jackie TraverseBorn (1969-09-30) September 30, 1969 (age 54)Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaEducationSchool of Fine Arts at the University of ManitobaKnown forPainter in acrylic, oil and mixed media, stop-motion animator Jackie Traverse (born September 30, 1969) is an Indigenous (or Aboriginal) artist and activist from Winnipeg, Manitoba. Biography Traverse in an Anishinaabe, specifically Ojibwe, from Winnipeg, Manitoba. She spent her early years with her biological father living in Winnipeg, MB. Her father encouraged her early interest in art, buying her art supplies. Her early life was difficult growing up in Winnipeg's North End when her mother died at a young age and her siblings were apprehended in the Sixties Scoop. Traverse draws inspiration in her art and activism from her experience growing up as an indigenous woman in one of Winnipeg's toughest neighbourhoods. She studied at the School of Fine Arts at the University of Manitoba and graduated in 2009. Traverse is currently working out of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Artwork Traverse is known for her acrylic/oil paintings and stop-motion animated films that feature indigenous women, the sacred feminine, motherhood, urban indigenous lifestyle and traditional native american spiritual themes, including the seven Grandfather teachings of the Anishinaabe. She has also created artwork for schools in Winnipeg to inspire and educate youth on indigenous culture and worldviews. Traverse has displayed her paintings at The Wah-Sa Gallery and The Winnipeg Art Gallery in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2009, Coca-Cola announced the Aboriginal Art Bottle Program as part of a mission to showcase indigenous art at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Out of hundreds of submissions from professional and amateur indigenous artists from across Canada, 15 sculptures were selected to be showcased across Canada and in Vancouver during the 2010 Winter Olympics. Jackie Traverse's submission was selected and displayed across Canada and in Vancouver during the Olympics. The 15 winning submissions were auctioned off with proceeds going to the Aboriginal Youth Legacy Fund. On November 3, 2016, Traverse released a colouring book entitled Sacred Feminine: An Indigenous Art Colouring Book published by Fernwood Publishing. She also creates murals, including the mural entitled Sweet Grass (Wiingash), painted in 2017 who was also included in the billboard project Resilience, curated by Lee-Ann Martin and produced by MAWA during Summer 2018. Film Traverse created three stop-motion animation films: Butterfly (2007), Two Scoops (2008) and Empty (2009). Two Scoops tells the story of a traumatizing moment in her childhood when she witnessed Manitoba's Child and Family Services apprehend her siblings as part of the Sixties Scoop. The film was shown at the Winnipeg Aboriginal Film Festival in 2008 and in Toronto, Canada and Kathmandu, Nepal at the Imaginative Film Festival in 2009. Two Scoops was screened at the National Museum of the American Indian (George Gustav Heye Center) in New York City in 2008. Activism Traverse is an Indigenous activist and supporter of the empowerment of indigenous women in Canada. The strength and power of women often depicted in her artwork and is reflected in her activism. She is the founder of a ride-share program in Winnipeg called Ikwe Safe Ride, designed to provide a safe alternative to taxi cabs after a string a reported sexual assaults on women in Winnipeg taxi cabs. In 2015, Traverse was the founder of the Indigenous Rock the Vote movement in Winnipeg. The Indigenous Rock the Vote movement inspired indigenous people across Canada to challenge historical low voter turnout rates by voting in the 2015 Canadian Federal Election. References ^ Shelley, Cook (December 29, 2009). "Aboriginal artist earns unique Olympic spotlight". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ "Gallery Showcase - Jackie Traverse". Uniquely Manitoba. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ Traverse, Jackie (2016). Sacred Feminine: An Indigenous Art Colouring Book. Manitoba: Roseway Publishing an imprint of Fernwood Publishing. ISBN 9781552669198. ^ "Jackie Traverse". The Wah-sa Gallery. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ "Jackie Traverse". The Winnipeg Art Gallery. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ Macleod, Duncan. "Aboriginal Coke Bottle Art at Vancouver 2010". Inspiration Room. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017. ^ Cook, Shelley (December 29, 2009). "Aboriginal Artist Earns Unique Olympic Spotlight". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017. ^ "The Murals of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: 141 Sherbrook Street". www.themuralsofwinnipeg.com. Retrieved 2019-10-18. ^ "Jackie Traverse, Mother Earth". resilienceproject.ca. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2019-10-18. ^ "Film Makers - Jackie Traverse". Winnipeg Film Group. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ "American Indian Magazine" (PDF). Spring 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019. ^ "Winnipeg Facebook group offers safe rides to aboriginal women". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ "Volunteers launch ride sharing service for indigenous women". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. ^ "Indigenous Rock the Vote Organizers Celebrate". CBC News. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous (or Aboriginal) artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"}],"text":"Jackie Traverse (born September 30, 1969) is an Indigenous (or Aboriginal) artist and activist from Winnipeg, Manitoba.","title":"Jackie Traverse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anishinaabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"Sixties Scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixties_Scoop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Traverse in an Anishinaabe, specifically Ojibwe, from Winnipeg, Manitoba. She spent her early years with her biological father living in Winnipeg, MB. Her father encouraged her early interest in art, buying her art supplies. Her early life was difficult growing up in Winnipeg's North End when her mother died at a young age and her siblings were apprehended in the Sixties Scoop.[1] Traverse draws inspiration in her art and activism from her experience growing up as an indigenous woman in one of Winnipeg's toughest neighbourhoods. She studied at the School of Fine Arts at the University of Manitoba and graduated in 2009.[2][3] Traverse is currently working out of Winnipeg, Manitoba.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fernwood Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernwood_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"MAWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentoring_Artists_for_Women%27s_Art"}],"text":"Traverse is known for her acrylic/oil paintings and stop-motion animated films that feature indigenous women, the sacred feminine, motherhood, urban indigenous lifestyle and traditional native american spiritual themes, including the seven Grandfather teachings of the Anishinaabe. She has also created artwork for schools in Winnipeg to inspire and educate youth on indigenous culture and worldviews.Traverse has displayed her paintings at The Wah-Sa Gallery[4] and The Winnipeg Art Gallery[5] in Winnipeg, Manitoba.In 2009, Coca-Cola announced the Aboriginal Art Bottle Program as part of a mission to showcase indigenous art at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. Out of hundreds of submissions from professional and amateur indigenous artists from across Canada, 15 sculptures were selected to be showcased across Canada and in Vancouver during the 2010 Winter Olympics. Jackie Traverse's submission was selected and displayed across Canada and in Vancouver during the Olympics.[6][7] The 15 winning submissions were auctioned off with proceeds going to the Aboriginal Youth Legacy Fund.On November 3, 2016, Traverse released a colouring book entitled Sacred Feminine: An Indigenous Art Colouring Book published by Fernwood Publishing.She also creates murals, including the mural entitled Sweet Grass (Wiingash), painted in 2017[8] who was also included in the billboard project Resilience,[9] curated by Lee-Ann Martin and produced by MAWA during Summer 2018.","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sixties Scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixties_Scoop"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian,_George_Gustav_Heye_Center"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Traverse created three stop-motion animation films: Butterfly (2007), Two Scoops (2008) and Empty (2009).[10]Two Scoops tells the story of a traumatizing moment in her childhood when she witnessed Manitoba's Child and Family Services apprehend her siblings as part of the Sixties Scoop. The film was shown at the Winnipeg Aboriginal Film Festival in 2008 and in Toronto, Canada and Kathmandu, Nepal at the Imaginative Film Festival in 2009. Two Scoops was screened at the National Museum of the American Indian (George Gustav Heye Center) in New York City in 2008.[11]","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2015 Canadian Federal Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election"}],"text":"Traverse is an Indigenous activist and supporter of the empowerment of indigenous women in Canada. The strength and power of women often depicted in her artwork and is reflected in her activism. She is the founder of a ride-share program in Winnipeg called Ikwe Safe Ride, designed to provide a safe alternative to taxi cabs after a string a reported sexual assaults on women in Winnipeg taxi cabs.[12][13]In 2015, Traverse was the founder of the Indigenous Rock the Vote movement in Winnipeg.[14] The Indigenous Rock the Vote movement inspired indigenous people across Canada to challenge historical low voter turnout rates by voting in the 2015 Canadian Federal Election.","title":"Activism"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved March 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wahsa.mb.ca/products-page/jackie-traverse/","url_text":"\"Jackie Traverse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170802211631/http://www.wahsa.mb.ca/products-page/jackie-traverse/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie Traverse\". The Winnipeg Art Gallery. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wag.ca/visit/shop/indigenous-art/paintings/jackie-traverse","url_text":"\"Jackie Traverse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061956/http://wag.ca/visit/shop/indigenous-art/paintings/jackie-traverse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Macleod, Duncan. \"Aboriginal Coke Bottle Art at Vancouver 2010\". Inspiration Room. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/aboriginal-coke-bottle-art-at-vancouver-2010/","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Coke Bottle Art at Vancouver 2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170411220800/http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2010/aboriginal-coke-bottle-art-at-vancouver-2010/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Shelley (December 29, 2009). \"Aboriginal Artist Earns Unique Olympic Spotlight\". Winnipeg Free Press. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. 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Retrieved 2019-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://resilienceproject.ca/en/artists/jackie-traverse","url_text":"\"Jackie Traverse, Mother Earth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191018215350/https://resilienceproject.ca/en/artists/jackie-traverse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Film Makers - Jackie Traverse\". Winnipeg Film Group. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winnipegfilmgroup.com/film-makers/film-makers-jackie-traverse/","url_text":"\"Film Makers - Jackie Traverse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061402/https://www.winnipegfilmgroup.com/film-makers/film-makers-jackie-traverse/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"American Indian Magazine\" (PDF). Spring 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2019. 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Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/Volunteers-launch-ride-sharing-service-for-indigenous-women-367163821.html","url_text":"\"Volunteers launch ride sharing service for indigenous women\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061730/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/Volunteers-launch-ride-sharing-service-for-indigenous-women-367163821.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous Rock the Vote Organizers Celebrate\". CBC News. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/indigenous-rock-the-vote-organizers-celebrate-1.3282358","url_text":"\"Indigenous Rock the Vote Organizers Celebrate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412061451/http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/indigenous-rock-the-vote-organizers-celebrate-1.3282358","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thignica
Thignica
["1 The town","2 The bishopric","3 References"]
ThignicaThignica was a town in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. It served as a Latin Catholic titular see. The town Detail of the Tabula Peutingeriana showing ancient Numidia Thignica's stone ruins are called Aïn Tounga, located southwest of Testour, Tunisia. They are very extensive and cover the summit and slopes of a series of hills. One inscription calls the town "Civitas Thignicensis" (the city of Thignica) and states that it was divided into three parts, another that it became a municipium at the beginning of the 3rd century under the name of "municipium Septimium Aurelium Antoninianum Herculeum Frugiferum Thignica". Towards the centre of the ruins is a Byzantine fortress, trapezoidal in shape, flanked by five square towers. Here an inscription makes mention of the proconsul Domitius Zenophilus (326-32), famous in the annals of Christian Africa. Among the other ruins are a small triumphal arch, a temple, a Christian church, the remains of the enclosure, etc., as well as an amphitheatre. Byzantine fortress Aïn Tounga Roman thermae Roman-era temple Roman theater Street in Aïn Tounga The bishopric Despite the splendour and importance of this town we know only one bishop, Aufidius, who assisted at the Conference of Carthage (411), where he had a Donatist rival. References ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Thignica" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-hydroxycholesterol
25-Hydroxycholesterol
["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
25-Hydroxycholesterol Identifiers CAS Number 2140-46-7 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:42977 ChemSpider 58604 DrugBank 04705 ECHA InfoCard 100.163.612 EC Number 635-752-4 KEGG C15519 PubChem CID 65094 UNII 767JTD2N31 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID5044023 InChI InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-18(7-6-14-25(2,3)29)22-10-11-23-21-9-8-19-17-20(28)12-15-26(19,4)24(21)13-16-27(22,23)5/h8,18,20-24,28-29H,6-7,9-17H2,1-5H3/t18-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24+,26+,27-/m1/s1Key: INBGSXNNRGWLJU-ZHHJOTBYSA-N SMILES CC(CCCC(C)(C)O)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C Properties Chemical formula C27H46O2 Molar mass 402.7 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound25-Hydroxycholesterol is a derivative of cholesterol, which plays a role in various biological processes in humans and other species. It is involved in cholesterol metabolism, antivirus process, inflammatory and immune response, and survival signaling pathway. 25-hydroxycholesterol is biosynthesized from cholesterol by adding a hydroxyl group at the position 25-carbon of a steroid nucleus. This reaction is catalyzed by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, a family of enzymes that use oxygen and a di-iron cofactor to catalyze hydroxylation reaction. The CYP3A4 enzyme, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, can catalyze the oxidation of 25-hydroxycholesterol to 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, whereas 25-hydroxycholesterol can inhibit CYP4F2 mRNA expression, so that members of the cytochrome P450 family are also involved in the metabolism of 25-hydroxycholesterol besides cholesterol 25-hydroxylase. 25-hydroxycholesterol has been found in various organisms such as mice, rats, rabbits, and cows. As of 2023, its presence in other species has not been extensively studied. See also cholesterol – sterol biosynthesized by all animal cells; cholesterol 25-hydroxylase – class of enzymes; 27-hydroxycholesterol – chemical compoundPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback. References ^ a b Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wang J (2023). "25-hydroxycholesterol: an integrator of antiviral ability and signaling". Front Immunol. 14: 1268104. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268104. PMC 10533924. PMID 37781400. ^ a b Cao Q, Liu Z, Xiong Y, Zhong Z, Ye Q (2020). "Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival". Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020: 8893305. doi:10.1155/2020/8893305. PMC 7695496. PMID 33274010. ^ Hsu MH, Savas U, Griffin KJ, Johnson EF (February 2007). "Regulation of human cytochrome P450 4F2 expression by sterol regulatory element-binding protein and lovastatin". J Biol Chem. 282 (8): 5225–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608176200. PMID 17142457. Further reading Zu S, Deng YQ, Zhou C, Li J, Li L, Chen Q, Li XF, Zhao H, Gold S, He J, Li X, Zhang C, Yang H, Cheng G, Qin CF (November 2020). "25-Hydroxycholesterol is a potent SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor". Cell Research. 30 (11): 1043–1045. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-00398-1. ISSN 1748-7838. PMC 7431750. PMID 32811977. S2CID 221146053.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8%2B5
G8+5
["1 February 2007 declaration","2 Foundation","3 Institutionalization","4 Leaders in March 2014","5 See also","6 References"]
Organization Group of Eight + Five Map of G8 countries  Canada  France  Germany  Italy  Japan  Russia (Suspended)  United Kingdom  United States  European Union  Brazil  China  India  Mexico  South Africa The Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) was an international group that consisted of the leaders of the heads of government from the G8 nations (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States), plus the heads of government of the five leading emerging economies (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa). In March 2014, Russia was cast out of the Group of 8 due to its involvement in the 2014 Crimea crisis in Ukraine, so the G8+5 in its original form is unlikely to reconvene with Russia present. February 2007 declaration See also: Post–Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions On February 16, 2007, The Global Legislators Organisation (GLOBE International) held a meeting of the G8+5 Climate Change Dialogue at the GLOBE Washington Legislators Forum in Washington, D.C., where a non-binding agreement was reached to cooperate on tackling global warming. The group accepted that the existence of man-made climate change was beyond doubt, and that there should be a global system of emission caps and carbon emissions trading applying to both industrialized nations and developing countries. The group hoped this policy to be in place by 2009, to supersede the Kyoto Protocol, the first phase of which expires in 2012. Foundation The G8+5 group was formed in 2005 when Tony Blair, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in his role as host of the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, invited the leading emerging countries to join the talks. The hope was that this would form a stronger and more representative group that would inject fresh impetus into the trade talks at Doha, and the need to achieve a deeper cooperation on climate change. Following the meeting, the countries issued a joint statement looking to build a "new paradigm for international cooperation" in the future. The G8+5 Climate Change Dialogue was launched on February 24, 2006, by the (GLOBE) in partnership with the Com+ alliance of communicators for sustainable development. Institutionalization Following the 33rd G8 summit Heiligendamm 2007, German chancellor Angela Merkel announced the establishment of the "Heiligendamm Process" through which the full institutionalization of the permanent dialogue between the G8 countries and the five greatest emerging economies will be implemented. This will include the establishment of a common G8 and G5 platform at the OECD. Most recently on August 28, 2007, former French president Nicolas Sarkozy in a foreign policy statement proposed that Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa should become members of G8: "The G8 can't meet for two days and the G13 for just two hours.... That doesn't seem fitting, given the power of these five emerging countries." Nevertheless, as of 2008, a formal enlargement of the G8 is not a realistic political option, since the G8 member states have diverging positions on this issue. The United States and Japan have been against enlargement, the United Kingdom and France actively in favour, and Italy, Germany, Russia and Canada are reserved on the issue.. Leaders in March 2014 The following list is a list of leaders of G8+5 in March 2014, when Russia was suspended from the G8. It is in alphabetical order by nation. BrazilDilma Rousseff, President CanadaStephen Harper, Prime Minister ChinaXi Jinping, President FranceFrançois Hollande,President GermanyAngela Merkel, Chancellor IndiaManmohan Singh, Prime Minister ItalyMatteo Renzi,Prime Minister JapanShinzo Abe, Prime Minister MexicoEnrique Peña Nieto, President RussiaVladimir Putin, President South AfricaJacob Zuma, President  United KingdomDavid Cameron, Prime Minister United StatesBarack Obama, President European UnionHerman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council European UnionJosé Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission See also Politics portal Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Gleneagles Dialogue List of country groupings List of multilateral free-trade agreements References ^ Smale, Alison; Shear, Michael D. (2014-03-24). "Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-15. ^ BBC: Politicians sign new climate pact, February 16, 2007 ^ Guardian Unlimited: Global leaders reach climate change agreement ^ GLOBE international Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Com+ alliance". Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2007-02-17. ^ "Die G8 – Akteure in einer globalen Entwicklungspartnerschaft". Archived from the original on 2008-02-17. vteGroup of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)G8 members Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia (suspended) United Kingdom United States Representative European Union G8+5 Brazil China India Mexico South Africa See also G6 G7 G7+1 G4 (Europe) G4 (UN) vtePower in international relationsTypes Climate Economic Energy Food Hard Maritime National Politics Realpolitik Sharp Smart Soft Status Small Middle Regional Emerging Least Great Great Potential Super Geopolitics American (Pax) Asian Chinese (Pax) Indian History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations (1814–1919) Theory Balance of power European Deterrence theory Hegemonic stability theory multilateralism internationalism Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by regionAfrica African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa–Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Americas Association of Caribbean States (ACS) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Organization of American States (OAS) Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Europe Council of Europe (CoE) European Union (EU) Nordic Council Visegrád Group (V4) Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) Organization of Turkic States North America–Europe Arctic Council North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Africa–Asia–Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa–South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania–Pacific Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) Non–regional Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) Commonwealth of Nations Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries E9 G4 G7 G8 G8+5 G20 G24 G77 India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations (UN)
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In March 2014, Russia was cast out of the Group of 8 due to its involvement in the 2014 Crimea crisis in Ukraine,[1] so the G8+5 in its original form is unlikely to reconvene with Russia present.","title":"G8+5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post–Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Kyoto_Protocol_negotiations_on_greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"GLOBE International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOBE"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"carbon emissions trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissions_trading"},{"link_name":"industrialized nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"See also: Post–Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissionsOn February 16, 2007, The Global Legislators Organisation (GLOBE International) held a meeting of the G8+5 Climate Change Dialogue at the GLOBE Washington Legislators Forum in Washington, D.C., where a non-binding agreement was reached to cooperate on tackling global warming. The group accepted that the existence of man-made climate change was beyond doubt, and that there should be a global system of emission caps and carbon emissions trading applying to both industrialized nations and developing countries. The group hoped this policy to be in place by 2009, to supersede the Kyoto Protocol, the first phase of which expires in 2012.[2][3]","title":"February 2007 declaration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"31st G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"Gleneagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleneagles_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"GLOBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOBE"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The G8+5 group was formed in 2005 when Tony Blair, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in his role as host of the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, invited the leading emerging countries to join the talks. The hope was that this would form a stronger and more representative group that would inject fresh impetus into the trade talks at Doha, and the need to achieve a deeper cooperation on climate change.Following the meeting, the countries issued a joint statement looking to build a \"new paradigm for international cooperation\" in the future.The G8+5 Climate Change Dialogue was launched on February 24, 2006, by the (GLOBE)[4] in partnership with the Com+ alliance of communicators for sustainable development.[5]","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"33rd G8 summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_G8_summit"},{"link_name":"Heiligendamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligendamm"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"Heiligendamm Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligendamm_Process"},{"link_name":"emerging economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_economies"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Following the 33rd G8 summit Heiligendamm 2007, German chancellor Angela Merkel announced the establishment of the \"Heiligendamm Process\" through which the full institutionalization of the permanent dialogue between the G8 countries and the five greatest emerging economies will be implemented. This will include the establishment of a common G8 and G5 platform at the OECD.[6]Most recently on August 28, 2007, former French president Nicolas Sarkozy in a foreign policy statement proposed that Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa should become members of G8: \"The G8 can't meet for two days and the G13 for just two hours.... That doesn't seem fitting, given the power of these five emerging countries.\" Nevertheless, as of 2008, a formal enlargement of the G8 is not a realistic political option, since the G8 member states have diverging positions on this issue. The United States and Japan have been against enlargement, the United Kingdom and France actively in favour, and Italy, Germany, Russia and Canada are reserved on the issue.[citation needed].","title":"Institutionalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dilma_Rousseff_-_foto_oficial_2011-01-09.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Dilma Rousseff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Harper_by_Remy_Steinegger_Infobox.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"Prime 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Nieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_(13-11-2021)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malcolm_Turnbull_and_Jacob_Zuma_in_Jakarta_2017_11_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Jacob Zuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_(8947770804)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herman_Van_Rompuy_675.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Herman Van Rompuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy"},{"link_name":"President of the European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"José Manuel Barroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso"},{"link_name":"President of the European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission"}],"text":"The following list is a list of leaders of G8+5 in March 2014, when Russia was suspended from the G8. It is in alphabetical order by nation.BrazilDilma Rousseff, President\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t CanadaStephen Harper, Prime Minister\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t ChinaXi Jinping, President\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t FranceFrançois Hollande,President\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t GermanyAngela Merkel, Chancellor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t IndiaManmohan Singh, Prime Minister\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t ItalyMatteo Renzi,Prime Minister\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t JapanShinzo Abe, Prime Minister\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t MexicoEnrique Peña Nieto, President\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t RussiaVladimir Putin, President\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t South AfricaJacob Zuma, President\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t United KingdomDavid Cameron, Prime Minister\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t United StatesBarack Obama, President\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t European UnionHerman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t European UnionJosé Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission","title":"Leaders in March 2014"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of G8 countries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/G8%2B5countries.svg/220px-G8%2B5countries.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Smale, Alison; Shear, Michael D. (2014-03-24). \"Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/obama-russia-crimea.html","url_text":"\"Russia Is Ousted From Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Com+ alliance\". Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2007-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202133023/http://www.complusalliance.org/","url_text":"\"Com+ alliance\""},{"url":"http://www.complusalliance.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Die G8 – Akteure in einer globalen Entwicklungspartnerschaft\". Archived from the original on 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080217222220/http://www.bmz.de/de/service/infothek/fach/spezial/index.html","url_text":"\"Die G8 – Akteure in einer globalen Entwicklungspartnerschaft\""},{"url":"http://www.bmz.de/de/service/infothek/fach/spezial/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ
Carcinoma in situ
["1 Terminology","2 Examples","3 Treatment","4 References","5 External links"]
Pre-cancerous abnormal growth of tissue Medical conditionCarcinoma in situOther namesin situ neoplasmSpecialtyOncology Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a group of abnormal cells. While they are a form of neoplasm, there is disagreement over whether CIS should be classified as cancer. This controversy also depends on the exact CIS in question (i.e. cervical, skin, breast). Some authors do not classify them as cancer, however, recognizing that they can potentially become cancer. Others classify certain types as a non-invasive form of cancer. The term "pre-cancer" has also been used. These abnormal cells grow in their normal place, thus "in situ" (from Latin for "in its place"). For example, carcinoma in situ of the skin, also called Bowen's disease, is the accumulation of dysplastic epidermal cells within the epidermis only, that has failed to penetrate into the deeper dermis. For this reason, CIS will usually not form a tumor. Rather, the lesion is flat (in the skin, cervix, etc.) or follows the existing architecture of the organ (in the breast, lung, etc.). Exceptions include CIS of the colon (polyps), the bladder (preinvasive papillary cancer), or the breast (ductal carcinoma in situ or lobular carcinoma in situ). Many forms of CIS have a high probability of progression into cancer, and therefore removal may be recommended; however, progression of CIS is known to be highly variable and not all CIS becomes invasive cancer. In the TNM classification, carcinoma in situ is reported as TisN0M0 (stage 0). Terminology These terms are related since they represent the steps of the progression toward cancer: Dysplasia is the earliest form of precancerous lesion recognizable in a biopsy. Dysplasia can be low-grade or high-grade. High-grade dysplasia may also be referred to as carcinoma in situ. Invasive carcinoma, usually simply called cancer, has the potential to invade and spread to surrounding tissues and structures, and may eventually be lethal. Examples High-grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ) in the uterine cervix: The abnormal epithelium is extending into a mucous gland to the left of center. This disease can progress to invasive cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of the cervix. Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), previously called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), is a form of dysplasia that can progress to cervical cancer. The term carcinoma in situ may be used interchangeably with high-grade SIL. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is the most common precancer in women. Bowen's disease is a squamous carcinoma in situ of the skin. Colon polyps often contain areas of CIS that will almost always transform into colon cancer if left untreated. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is equivalent to CIS of the prostate. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) of the lung is the only form of CIS that can kill directly because, in rare cases (the "pneumonic form"), it expands greatly and fills the lungs, preventing breathing and causing other dire effects on the host. Thus, the pneumonic form of BAC is a true malignant entity, but is not "invasive" in the classical sense. For this reason, it is considered a form of CIS by pathologists, but not by oncologists or surgeons, and inclusion of this form of cancer among the types of CIS is controversial. Treatment Carcinoma in situ is, by definition, a localized phenomenon, with no potential for metastasis unless it progresses into cancer. Therefore, its removal eliminates the risk of subsequent progression into a life-threatening condition. Some forms of CIS (e.g., colon polyps and polypoid tumours of the bladder) can be removed using an endoscope, without conventional surgical resection. Dysplasia of the uterine cervix is removed by excision (cutting it out) or by burning with a laser. Bowen's disease of the skin is removed by excision. Other forms require major surgery, the best known being intraductal carcinoma of the breast (also treated with radiotherapy). References ^ a b Chang A (2007). Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-387-31056-5. ^ "II Neoplams". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 June 2014. ^ World Health Organization (2004). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10. rev., 2. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 38. ISBN 9789241546492. ^ Myers JA, Millikan KW, Saclarides TJ (2008). Common surgical diseases an algorithmic approach to problem solving (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-75246-4. ^ Allred DC (2010). "Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2010 (41): 134–138. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035. PMC 5161057. PMID 20956817. ^ Ridge JA, Glisson BS, Lango MN, et al. "Head and Neck Tumors" Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. 11 ed. 2008. ^ "Cancer Staging Fact Sheet". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved June 24, 2014. ^ "Understanding Cervical Changes" (PDF). National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health. Retrieved 17 June 2014. External links ClassificationDICD-O: M8010/2MeSH: D002278SNOMED CT: 68956006 vteOverview of tumors, cancer and oncologyConditionsBenign tumors Hyperplasia Cyst Pseudocyst Hamartoma Malignant progression Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Cancer Metastasis Primary tumor Sentinel lymph node Topography Head and neck oral oropharyngeal laryngeal nasopharyngeal Digestive system Respiratory system Bone Skin Blood Urogenital Nervous system Endocrine system Histology Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Papilloma Adenoma Other Precancerous condition Paraneoplastic syndrome Staging/grading TNM Ann Arbor Prostate cancer staging Gleason grading system Dukes classification Carcinogenesis Cancer cell Carcinogen Tumor suppressor genes/oncogenes Clonally transmissible cancer Oncovirus Carcinogenic bacteria Misc. Research Index of oncology articles History Cancer pain Cancer and nausea Diet
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang2007-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"neoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chang2007-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pre-cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precancerous_condition"},{"link_name":"Bowen's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"ductal carcinoma in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma_in_situ"},{"link_name":"lobular carcinoma in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma_in_situ"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"TNM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNM_staging_system"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_staging"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Medical conditionCarcinoma in situ (CIS) is a group of abnormal cells.[1][2] While they are a form of neoplasm,[3] there is disagreement over whether CIS should be classified as cancer. This controversy also depends on the exact CIS in question (i.e. cervical, skin, breast). Some authors do not classify them as cancer, however, recognizing that they can potentially become cancer.[1] Others classify certain types as a non-invasive form of cancer.[4][5] The term \"pre-cancer\" has also been used.These abnormal cells grow in their normal place, thus \"in situ\" (from Latin for \"in its place\"). For example, carcinoma in situ of the skin, also called Bowen's disease, is the accumulation of dysplastic epidermal cells within the epidermis only, that has failed to penetrate into the deeper dermis. For this reason, CIS will usually not form a tumor. Rather, the lesion is flat (in the skin, cervix, etc.) or follows the existing architecture of the organ (in the breast, lung, etc.). Exceptions include CIS of the colon (polyps), the bladder (preinvasive papillary cancer), or the breast (ductal carcinoma in situ or lobular carcinoma in situ).Many forms of CIS have a high probability of progression into cancer,[6] and therefore removal may be recommended; however, progression of CIS is known to be highly variable and not all CIS becomes invasive cancer.In the TNM classification, carcinoma in situ is reported as TisN0M0 (stage 0).[7]","title":"Carcinoma in situ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia"},{"link_name":"biopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"}],"text":"These terms are related since they represent the steps of the progression toward cancer:Dysplasia is the earliest form of precancerous lesion recognizable in a biopsy. Dysplasia can be low-grade or high-grade. High-grade dysplasia may also be referred to as carcinoma in situ.\nInvasive carcinoma, usually simply called cancer, has the potential to invade and spread to surrounding tissues and structures, and may eventually be lethal.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ca_in_situ,_cervix_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"squamous intraepithelial lesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia"},{"link_name":"dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysplasia"},{"link_name":"cervical cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ductal carcinoma in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma_in_situ"},{"link_name":"Bowen's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"squamous carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"Colon polyps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"colon cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer"},{"link_name":"High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-grade_prostatic_intraepithelial_neoplasia"},{"link_name":"Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchioloalveolar_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"malignant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant"},{"link_name":"pathologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologist"},{"link_name":"oncologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncologist"},{"link_name":"surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"}],"text":"High-grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ) in the uterine cervix: The abnormal epithelium is extending into a mucous gland to the left of center. This disease can progress to invasive cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of the cervix.Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), previously called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), is a form of dysplasia that can progress to cervical cancer. The term carcinoma in situ may be used interchangeably with high-grade SIL.[8]\nDuctal carcinoma in situ of the breast is the most common precancer in women.\nBowen's disease is a squamous carcinoma in situ of the skin.\nColon polyps often contain areas of CIS that will almost always transform into colon cancer if left untreated.\nHigh-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is equivalent to CIS of the prostate.\nBronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) of the lung is the only form of CIS that can kill directly because, in rare cases (the \"pneumonic form\"), it expands greatly and fills the lungs, preventing breathing and causing other dire effects on the host. Thus, the pneumonic form of BAC is a true malignant entity, but is not \"invasive\" in the classical sense. For this reason, it is considered a form of CIS by pathologists, but not by oncologists or surgeons, and inclusion of this form of cancer among the types of CIS is controversial.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metastasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"},{"link_name":"colon polyps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoma"},{"link_name":"tumours of the bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer"},{"link_name":"endoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscope"},{"link_name":"resection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_resection"},{"link_name":"Dysplasia of the uterine cervix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia"},{"link_name":"intraductal carcinoma of the breast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary_ductal_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"}],"text":"Carcinoma in situ is, by definition, a localized phenomenon, with no potential for metastasis unless it progresses into cancer. Therefore, its removal eliminates the risk of subsequent progression into a life-threatening condition.Some forms of CIS (e.g., colon polyps and polypoid tumours of the bladder) can be removed using an endoscope, without conventional surgical resection. Dysplasia of the uterine cervix is removed by excision (cutting it out) or by burning with a laser. Bowen's disease of the skin is removed by excision. Other forms require major surgery, the best known being intraductal carcinoma of the breast (also treated with radiotherapy).","title":"Treatment"}]
[{"image_text":"High-grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ) in the uterine cervix: The abnormal epithelium is extending into a mucous gland to the left of center. This disease can progress to invasive cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of the cervix.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ca_in_situ%2C_cervix_2.jpg/220px-Ca_in_situ%2C_cervix_2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Chang A (2007). Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-387-31056-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vxh6u1-ETk0C&pg=PA162","url_text":"Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31056-5","url_text":"978-0-387-31056-5"}]},{"reference":"\"II Neoplams\". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en","url_text":"\"II Neoplams\""}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization (2004). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10. rev., 2. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 38. ISBN 9789241546492.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ylb6Qw8PVEC&pg=PA38","url_text":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241546492","url_text":"9789241546492"}]},{"reference":"Myers JA, Millikan KW, Saclarides TJ (2008). Common surgical diseases an algorithmic approach to problem solving (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-75246-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ysPs3kwe0h0C&pg=PA347","url_text":"Common surgical diseases an algorithmic approach to problem solving"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-75246-4","url_text":"978-0-387-75246-4"}]},{"reference":"Allred DC (2010). \"Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history\". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2010 (41): 134–138. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035. PMC 5161057. PMID 20956817.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161057","url_text":"\"Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjncimonographs%2Flgq035","url_text":"10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161057","url_text":"5161057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20956817","url_text":"20956817"}]},{"reference":"\"Cancer Staging Fact Sheet\". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved June 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/staging","url_text":"\"Cancer Staging Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding Cervical Changes\" (PDF). National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health. Retrieved 17 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understanding-cervical-changes/understandingcervicalchanges.pdf","url_text":"\"Understanding Cervical Changes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodge_Glass
Rodge Glass
["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Publications","3.1 As editor","3.2 Biographies","3.3 Novels","3.4 Short story collections","3.5 Select short stories","4 References","5 External links"]
British writer Rodge Glass (born 17 January 1978 in Cheshire) is a British writer. Biography Glass was born in Cheshire, England. He attended an "Orthodox Jewish Primary School, an 11+ All Boys Grammar School, a Co-Ed Private School, a Monk-sponsored Catholic College, Hebrew University in Jerusalem." In 1997, Glass moved to Scotland to receive an undergraduate degree from Strathclyde University. For graduate school, he attended Glasgow University, where he was tutored by Alasdair Gray, James Kelman, Janice Galloway, and received a Master of Philosophy degree in Creative Writing. Between 2002 and 2005, Glass worked as a personal assistant to Alasdair Gray, which inspired his later biography of the writer. In 2008, he received a Doctor of Literature and Philosophy degree from the University of Glasgow. Glass has worked as an editor for multiple publications and written for The Guardian, The Paris Review, The Herald, The Scotsman, and others. In 2013, he began working as a "Reader in Literary Fiction at Edge Hill University and Fiction Editor at Freight Books." He is currently a Senior Lecturer in Creative Writing at the University of Strathclyde, where he also serves as the Convener of the Master of Letters program in Creative Writing. Awards Awards for Glass's writing Year Title Award Result Ref. 2006 No Fireworks Authors’ Club First Novel Award Nominee 2006 No Fireworks Dylan Thomas Prize Nominee 2006 No Fireworks Glen Dimplex First Book Award Shortlist No Fireworks Saltire Award Nominee 2009 Alasdair Gray Scottish Arts Council Award for Non-Fiction Nominee 2009 Alasdair Gray Somerset Maugham Award Winner 2013 LoveSexTravelMusik Frank O’Connor Award Nominee Publications As editor The Year of Open Doors (Cargo, 2011) Second Lives: Tales From Two Cities with Jane Bernstein (Cargo, 2012) Articles of Faith by Michael Cannon (Freight, 2014) Head Land (Edge Hill University Press, 2016) The Storey's Story: Memories, Stories, Poems, Images Biographies Alasdair Gray: A Secretary's Biography (2008) Michel Faber: The Writer & His Work (Liverpool University Press, 2023) Novels No Fireworks (Faber & Faber, 2005) Hope for Newborns (Faber & Faber, 2008) Dougie's War with Dave Turbitt (Freight, 2010) Short story collections LoveSexTravelMusik: Stories for the EasyJet Generation (Freight, 2013) Select short stories "We're All Gonna Have the Blues," in Beacons: Stories for our Not So Distant Future, edited by Gregory Norminton (Oneworld, 2013) References ^ a b c d e f "Rodge Glass". The Short Story Project. 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ a b "Rodge Glass". Cove Park. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ a b "Rodge Glass". Faber. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ a b "Spinning Scotland". University of Glasgow. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ "Roger Glass". University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ "Rodge Glass". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ "Dr Roger Glass". University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ a b c d e f "Rodge Glass". Jenny Brown Associates. 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ a b "Contemporary fiction & non-fiction". University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 2023-02-09. ^ "Somerset Maugham Awards". The Society of Authors. 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2023-02-09. External links Personal website
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For graduate school, he attended Glasgow University, where he was tutored by Alasdair Gray, James Kelman, Janice Galloway,[4] and received a Master of Philosophy degree in Creative Writing.[3] Between 2002 and 2005, Glass worked as a personal assistant to Alasdair Gray, which inspired his later biography of the writer.[4] In 2008, he received a Doctor of Literature and Philosophy degree from the University of Glasgow.[5]Glass has worked as an editor for multiple publications and written for The Guardian,[6] The Paris Review, The Herald, The Scotsman, and others. In 2013, he began working as a \"Reader in Literary Fiction at Edge Hill University and Fiction Editor at Freight Books.\"[1]He is currently a Senior Lecturer in Creative Writing at the University of Strathclyde, where he also serves as the Convener of the Master of Letters program in Creative Writing.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jane Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Bernstein"}],"sub_title":"As editor","text":"The Year of Open Doors (Cargo, 2011)\nSecond Lives: Tales From Two Cities with Jane Bernstein (Cargo, 2012)\nArticles of Faith by Michael Cannon (Freight, 2014)\nHead Land (Edge Hill University Press, 2016)\nThe Storey's Story: Memories, Stories, Poems, Images","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press"}],"sub_title":"Biographies","text":"Alasdair Gray: A Secretary's Biography (2008)\nMichel Faber: The Writer & His Work (Liverpool University Press, 2023)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Turbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Turbitt&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"No Fireworks (Faber & Faber, 2005)\nHope for Newborns (Faber & Faber, 2008)\nDougie's War with Dave Turbitt (Freight, 2010)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short story collections","text":"LoveSexTravelMusik: Stories for the EasyJet Generation (Freight, 2013)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Norminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Norminton"}],"sub_title":"Select short stories","text":"\"We're All Gonna Have the Blues,\" in Beacons: Stories for our Not So Distant Future, edited by Gregory Norminton (Oneworld, 2013)","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Liu
Rene Liu
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Compilation albums","3.3 Live albums","3.4 Soundtrack albums","3.5 Singles and EPs","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television series","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu. Rene LiuRene Liu in 2008Born (1970-06-01) 1 June 1970 (age 54)Taipei, TaiwanAlma materCalifornia State University, FullertonOccupation(s)Singer, songwriter, actress, writer, film directorYears active1995-presentSpouse Zhong Shi ​(m. 2011)​Children1Chinese nameTraditional Chinese劉若英Simplified Chinese刘若英TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLiú RuòyīngSouthern MinHokkien POJLâu Jio̍k-eng Musical careerAlso known asLiu Jo-ying奶茶 (Nǎichá; milk tea)GenresMandopopInstrument(s)Guitar, VocalsLabelsRock RecordsMusic Nation GroupAsiaMuseB'in Music Musical artistWebsitewww.bin-music.com.tw/artist/1006/劉若英-RENÉ%20LIU Rene Liu Ruo-ying (Chinese: 劉若英; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lâu Jio̍k-eng; born 1 June, 1969) is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter, actress, director and writer. In the Sinophone world, Liu is widely known by her affectionate nickname "Milk Tea". Her music often focuses on love stories and has built an image around herself as a single woman. She is known for her mature, professional, urbane, single woman persona. She has released 20 albums since 1995 and held hundreds of solo concerts worldwide. She has also had a remarkable acting career, having won numerous awards throughout Asia including Best Actress twice at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival. Career Rene Liu was born in Taipei City, Taiwan on June 1, 1969. She was born to an affluent family in Taipei. Her family from Liling, Hunan. Her grandfather served as a Class 1 general in the Army of the Nationalist Party of Taiwan. Liu's parents divorced when she was young and she grew up in her grandparents' house. In college, Liu attended California State University and has a bachelor's degree in music. After returning to Taiwan from her studies in the USA, Liu became the assistant of Bobby Chen (Chen Sheng), a pop music composer, producer, and singer. The two began working together for the release of Liu's album in 1995, with Chen as her music producer. In 2012, Liu directed her first short film, "Love Limited Edition," where she wrote, produced, directed, and starred in. The film was released on December 18, 2012 and the story is about a woman embarking on a romantic trip to Paris alone, and her introspection and growth towards an understanding of love while traveling. This was the first project that she completed alone during her trip to Paris in 2010. In 2018, Liu made her directorial debut with her film, Us and Them, a story is about two strangers who meet on a train and fall in love. Their struggles led to their breakup, but 10 years later, they reunite and pick up their story. Us and Them started out as a short story written by Rene Liu and eventually adapted into a movie. The Netflix original film was a huge success in the Chinese box office, making Rene Liu the highest grossing female director for Chinese films. The film became the fifth highest-grossing Chinese movie in 2018, making $157 million in revenue. Personal life On August 8, 2011, Rene Liu married businessman Zhong Xiaojiang (Zhong Shi) in Beijing. In 2015, she gave birth to a son. Discography Studio albums 1995: René's Selected Theme Songs (少女小漁的美麗與哀愁) 1995: Raining Season (雨季) 1996: Walk Around (到處亂走) 1998: Love You More & More (很愛很愛你) 2000: Waiting for You (我等你) 2001: Those Were the Days (年華) 2002: Love and the City 2003: My Failures and Glory (我的失敗與偉大) 2004: I've Heard? (聽說?) 2005: All Night Long (一整夜) 2008: I'm Fine (我很好) 2010: Together (在一起) 2013: For The Loved (親愛的路人) 2015: Wish You Well (我要你好好的) 2021: Each Well (各自安好) Compilation albums 2001: Harvest (收穫) 2003: Rock Hong Kong 10th Anniversary - René Liu Greatest Hits (滾石香港黃金十年-劉若英精選) 2008: René Live albums 2003: 單身日誌 演唱會LIVE全紀錄 2012: 劉若英脫掉高跟鞋世界巡迴演唱會 (One Night Stand by Rene 2010-2011) 2017: 劉若英 Renext 我敢 世界巡迴演唱會 LIVE 2020: 2020劉若英陪你 獻上錄音專輯 Soundtrack albums 2004: 20 30 40 (20.30.40 愛得精采) 2007: Happy Birthday (《生日快樂》 電影原聲帶) 2008: Run Papa Run (《一個好爸爸》 電影原聲帶) 2012: C'est Quoi L'Amour? (愛情限量版) Singles and EPs 1992: 在這恬靜的暗晡頭 (featuring Ayugo Huang) 1992: 遊子 1992: 思鄉 (featuring Bobby Chen) 1992: 達邦!我的鄉 (featuring Bobby Chen, Ayugo Huang, 劉佳慧) 1992: 黑水溝 (featuring Bobby Chen) 1995: 兩個世界 1997: 男人港 (featuring Bobby Chen) 1998: 大地之歌 (featuring Alex To, Bobby Chen, Chyi Yu, Fish Leong, Karen Mok, Mayday, Michael Wong, Richie Jen, Victor Wong, Wakin Chau, Wanfang, Winnie Hsin, Angelica Lee, Fengie Wang, Bobby Dou, Tarcy Su, Walkie Talkie) 1998: 種子 (featuring Bobby Chen, Michael Wong, Victor Wong, Sylvia Chang, 蕭言中, 阿von, 陳傑漢) 2001: 候鳥 2001: 年華(unplugged) 2002: 一輩子的孤單 2002: 大家來戀愛 (featuring Jeffrey Kung, Yuki Hsu) 2004: 聽!是誰在唱歌? (featuring Kay Huang) 2004: 聽說? (台灣預購限定盤) 2007: 不能跟情人說的話 (featuring FanFan) 2007: 最好的未來 (featuring 乔木楠) 2008: 分开旅行(Remixed) (featuring Stanley Huang) 2011: 沒有旋律配得上你 (featuring Yen-j) 2014: 半路 2015: 念念 (電影原聲帶) 2015: 我敢在你懷裡孤獨 2016: 你有沒有深愛過 (湖南衛視《青雲志》主題曲) 2017: 粉絲 (電影《二代妖精之今生有幸》片尾曲) 2020: 媽媽 2020: 快樂天堂 2020: 不營業的日常 2020: 每天的不理想 (featuring Kowen Ko) 2021: 黃金年代 2021: 人潮裡 2021: 所有相愛的人啊(熱情版) Filmography Film Year English title Original title Role Notes 1995 Peony Pavilion 我的美麗與哀愁 Liu Yu-mei Siao Yu 少女小漁 Lin Siao-yu Don't Cry, Nanking 南京1937 Shuqin 1996 Tonight Nobody Goes Home 今天不回家 Xiaoqi Accidental Legend 飛天 Red Persimmon 紅柿子 Wang Kuang-hui Cameo Thunder Cop 新喋血雙雄/ 狹路險情 Liu Mei-ying 1997 Murmur of Youth 美麗在唱歌 Chen Mei-li A Chinese Ghost Story: The Tsui Hark Animation 小倩 Xiaodie Mandarin dub 1998 The Personals 征婚啟事 Dr. Du Jia-zhen 2000 Fleeing by Night 夜奔 Wei Ying-er Also known as Feeling by Night 2001 Migratory Bird 侯鳥 Chen Fang-ning X-Roads 新十字街頭 Yang Shao 2002 Double Vision 雙瞳 Ching-fang 2004 A World Without Thieves 天下無賊 Wang Li 20 30 40 20:30:40 Xiang Xiang The Butterfly Lovers 蝴蝶夢－梁山伯與祝英台 Zhu Yingtai Voice 2007 Kidnap 綁架 Inspector Ho Yuan-chun The Matrimony 心中有鬼 Sansan Happy Birthday 生日快樂 Mi 2008 Run Papa Run 一個好爸爸 Mabel Chan 2010 Hot Summer Days 全城熱戀 Li Yan 2011 Speed Angels 極速天使 Han Bing Mayday 3DNA 3DNA: 五月天 3D 演唱會電影 Xiao Nai Love in Space 全球熱戀 Rose Huang Mr. and Mrs. Single 隱婚男女 Mandy Starry Starry Night 星空 Mei's mother 2017 Love Education 相愛相親 Mrs. Wang Cameo 2018 Us and Them 後來的我們 — Director 2022 Welcome home 家家 Lo Chia-chia Television series Year English title Original title Role Notes 1996 Sunset in Forbidden City 日落紫禁城 Shanggong Yiner Cracker — Su Lin Tang Series 4, episode "White Ghost" 2000 April Rhapsody 人間四月天 Zhang Youyi Daily Growing 住在十字架裡的母親 Hsia Bi-he 2002 Hot Ladies 澀女郎 Fang Hsiao-ping 2003 Si Shui Nian Hua 似水年華 Ying Pink Ladies 粉红女郎 Jie Hunkuang 2004 The Legend of Eileen Chang 她從海上來 - 張愛玲傳奇 Eileen Chang Double Sounding Cannon 雙響炮 Sherry 2006 New Age Of Marriage 新結婚時代 Gu Xiaoxi 2014 He and His Sons 半路父子 Jiang Xin Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result 1995 32nd Golden Horse Awards Best Leading Actress Siao Yu Nominated Asia-Pacific Film Festival Best Actress Won 1997 Tokyo International Film Festival Best Actress Murmur of Youth Won 1998 35th Golden Horse Awards Best Leading Actress The Personals Nominated Special Jury Award Won Taipei Film Awards Best Actress Won 2000 Paris Film Festival Press Award-Special Mention Won 1999 Asia-Pacific Film Festival Best Actress Won 2000 35th Golden Bell Awards Best Actress Daily Growing Won 2003 22nd Hong Kong Film Awards Best Supporting Actress Double Vision Won Asian Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Actress Won 2004 Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards Best Actress 20 30 40 Nominated 2005 10th Golden Bauhinia Awards Best Actress A World Without Thieves Won 5th Chinese Film Media Awards Best Actress Won 12th Beijing College Student Film Festival Best Actress Nominated 2006 28th Hundred Flowers Awards Best Actress Won 2007 26th Hong Kong Film Awards Best Actress Happy Birthday Nominated Best Original Film Song Happy Birthday - "Happy Birthday"(as performer) Nominated 26th Golden Rooster Awards Best Actress Kidnap Nominated 44th Golden Horse Awards Best Leading Actress Nominated 12th Golden Bauhinia Awards Best Actress Nominated 13th Shanghai Television Festival Best Actress New Age Of Marriage Won 2008 27th Hong Kong Film Awards Best Actress Kidnap Nominated Hong Kong Society of Cinematographers Awards Most Charismatic Actress Won 2016 35th Hong Kong Film Awards Best Original Film Song Murmur of the Hearts - "Murmur of the Hearts" (as performer) Nominated 2018 55th Golden Horse Awards Best New Director Us and Them Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated 2019 32nd Golden Rooster Awards Best Directorial Debut Nominated Best Picture Nominated Best Writing Nominated References ^ Rene Liu own Weibo page ^ 2013.07.07【台灣演義】劉若英 (biography with Rene Liu interview) ^ 刘若英晒少女选美照 衬衫长裤英气十足 ^ "Rene Liu". chinesemov.com. Retrieved April 12, 2010. ^ Chai, Peter (2011-12-27). "Rene Liu may be pregnant". Yahoo! Singapore. ^ Zhang, Michelle (2010-10-24). "Milk tea actress leaves love to stew". Shanghai Daily. ^ a b c d e Cai, Shenshen (2017). "Talented Celebrity Rene Liu: Spokesperson of the Left-Over Women (Sheng Nu)". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 38 (3): 68–87. doi:10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068. ISSN 0160-9009. JSTOR 10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068. ^ "Rene Liu Tickets, Tour Dates & Concerts 2018". ^ "Rene Liu's love micro film "Love Limited Edition"". vmovier. Retrieved March 16, 2021. ^ "Us and Them | Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2021-03-17. ^ ClickTheCity (2018-06-22). "INTERVIEW: The Cast of 'Us and Them' on Chasing Dreams and Working With Director Rene Liu". ClickTheCity. Retrieved 2021-03-17. ^ "Rene Liu's directorial debut breaks Chinese box office record". South China Morning Post. 2018-05-11. Retrieved 2021-03-17. ^ "Singer-actress Rene Liu announces marriage|Celebrities|chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2022-03-24. ^ "Rene Liu welcomes first baby". sg.news.yahoo.com. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2022-03-24. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rene Liu. Rene Liu at IMDb Rene Liu at the Hong Kong Movie Database Rene Liu on Facebook (in Chinese) Official site Rene Liu Introduction and Her Music Awards for Rene Liu vteChinese Film Media Awards for Best ActressChina Maggie Cheung (2001) Lü Liping (2002) Huang Suying (2003) Zhang Ziyi (2004) Rene Liu (2005) Zhang Jingchu (2006) Jin Yaqin (2007) Yu Nan (2008) Zhou Xun (2009) Kara Hui (2010) Tang Wei (2011) Deanie Ip (2012) Yan Bingyan (2013) Zhang Ziyi (2014) Zhao Wei (2015) Lü Zhong (2016) Zhou Dongyu (2017) Kara Hui (2018) Song Jia (2019) Hong Kong / Taiwan Anita Mui (2002) Angelica Lee (2003) Cecilia Cheung (2004) vteGolden Bell Award for Best Actress in a Television Series1980s Liu Ming (1980) Josephine Siao (1981) Chang Hsiao-yen (1982) Lee Chih-lin (1983) Wu Ching-hsien (1984) Ma Chi-chun (1985) Fang Fang (1986) Tseng Ya-chun (1987) Ku Yin (1988) Lee Lee-feng (1989) 1990s Lee Ming-yi (1990) Gua Ah-leh (1991) Leanne Liu (1992) Hsiao Ai (1993) Wang Mei-hsueh (1995) Gua Ah-leh (1997) Yang Kuei-mei (1999) 2000s Rene Liu (2000) Tang Mei-yun (2001) Lily Tien (2002) Ko Shu-chin (2003) Wanfang (2004) Wang Chuan (2005) Yang Li-yin (2006) Francesca Kao (2007) Ariel Lin (2008) Linda Liu (2009) 2010s Rainie Yang (2010) Tien Hsin (2011) Ariel Lin (2012) Miao Ke-li (2013) Chung Hsin-ling (2014) Zhu Zhi-ying (2015) Ko Chia-yen (2016) Samantha Ko (2017) Huang Pei-jia (2018) Alyssa Chia (2019) 2020s Ko Chia-yen (2020) Chung Hsin-ling (2021) Hsieh Ying-xuan (2022) Janel Tsai (2023) Best Actor Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Actor (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Actress (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Supporting Actor (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Supporting Actress (Miniseries or Television Film) Best Newcomer in a Television Series Best Host in a Variety Show Best Host in a Reality or Game Show vteHong Kong Film Award for Best Supporting Actress Anita Mui (1985) Deanie Ip (1986) Elaine Jin (1987) Elaine Jin (1988) Sara Lee (1989) Cecilia Yip (1990) Rain Lau (1991) Deanie Ip (1992) Fung Bo Bo (1993) Fung Bo Bo (1994) Law Koon-Lan (1995) Karen Mok (1996) Shu Qi (1997) Anita Mui (1998) Shu Qi (1999) Carrie Ng (2000) Cheng Pei-pei (2001) Karena Lam (2002) Rene Liu (2003) Josie Ho (2004) Bai Ling (2005) Teresa Mo (2006) Zhou Xun (2007) Siu Yam-yam (2008) Chan Lai-Wun (2009) Michelle Ye (2010) Siu Yam-yam (2011) So Hung Shuen (2012) Dada Chan (2013) Kara Wai (2014) Ivana Wong (2015) Elaine Jin (2016) Elaine Jin (2017) Deanie Ip (2018) Kara Wai (2019) Patra Au (2020) Fish Liew (2021/2022) Ivana Wong (2023) Rachel Leung (2024) vteHundred Flowers Award for Best Actress1962–1963 Zhu Xijuan (1962) Zhang Ruifang (1963) 1980–2004 Joan Chen (1980) Zhang Yu (1981) Li Xiuming (1982) Siqin Gaowa (1983) Gong Xue (1984) Wu Yufang (1985) Fang Shu (1986) Liu Xiaoqing (1987) Liu Xiaoqing (1988) Liu Xiaoqing (1989) Song Jia (1990) Song Jia (1991) Zhao Lirong (1992) Gong Li (1993) Pan Hong (1994) Shen Danping (1995) Guo Keyu (1996) Ning Jing (1997) Liu Bei (1998) Liu Xin (1999) Zhang Ziyi (2000) Gong Li (2001) Zhou Xun (2002) Xu Jinglei (2003) Fan Bingbing (2004) 2006–present Rene Liu (2006) Li Bingbing (2008) Zhao Wei (2010) Bai Baihe (2012) Zhang Ziyi (2014) Xu Qing (2016) Chen Jin (2018) Zhou Dongyu (2020) Yuan Quan (2022) vteMagnolia Award for Best Actress in a Television Series N/A (1986) Angelina Stepanova (1988) Wang Pin (1990) Eszter Nagy-Kálózy (1992) Ingrid Timková (1994) Catherine Jacob (1996) Sa Rina (1998) Chen Jin (2000) Anne-Marie Duff (2002) Anat Waxman (2004) Zhang Shaohua (2005) Emma Lung (2006) Rene Liu (2007) Jiang Wenli (2008) Song Dandan (2009) Bai Han (2010) Chen Shu (2011) Song Jia (2012) Song Dandan (2013) Sun Li (2014) Zhou Xun (2015) Sun Li (2016) Yin Tao (2017) Ma Yili (2018) Jiang Wenli (2019) Yan Ni (2020) Tong Yao (2021) Wu Yue (2023) vteTaipei Film Award for Best Actress Rene Liu (1998) Tsai Tsan-te (1999) Lee Kang-i (2000) Janine Chang (2008) Sandrine Pinna (2009) Ivy Chen (2010) Nikki Hsieh (2011) Sandrine Pinna (2012) Lin Yen-cheng (2013) Chen Shiang-chyi (2014) Hiromi Nagasaku (2015) Hsu Wei-ning (2016) Ivy Yin (2017) Hsieh Ying-xuan (2018) Liu Yin-shang and Lee Yi-chieh (2019) Gingle Wang (2020) Peace Yang (2021) Chen Shiang-chyi (2022) Lu Hsiao-fen (2023) vteTokyo International Film Festival – Best Actress1980s Rachel Ward (1987) Elena Yakovleva (1989) 1990s Zhao Lirong (1991) Lumi Cavazos (1992) Lü Liping (1993) Debra Winger (1994) Yasuko Tomita (1995) Hildegunn Riise (1996) Rene Liu / Tseng Jing (1997) Maki Miyamoto (1998) María Galiana (1999) 2000s Jennifer Jason Leigh (2000) Luiza Xhuvani (2001) Donatella Finocchiaro (2002) Shinobu Terajima / Khristy Jean Hulslander (2003) Mirella Pascual (2004) Helena Bonham Carter (2005) Abigail Breslin (2006) Shefali Shah (2007) Félicité Wouassi (2008) Julie Gayet (2009) 2010s Fan Bingbing (2010) Glenn Close (2011) Neslihan Atagül (2012) Eugene Domingo (2013) Rie Miyazawa (2014) Glória Pires (2015) Lene Cecilia Sparrok (2016) Adeline D'Hermy (2017) Pina Turco (2018) Nadia Tereszkiewicz (2019) No Award (2020) 2020s Julia Chávez (2021) Aline Küppenheim (2022) Zar Amir Ebrahimi (2023) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-4"},{"link_name":"Sinophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinophone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Asia-Pacific Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Film_Festival"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.Rene Liu Ruo-ying (Chinese: 劉若英; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lâu Jio̍k-eng; born 1 June, 1969)[1][2][3] is a Taiwanese singer-songwriter, actress, director and writer.[4] In the Sinophone world, Liu is widely known by her affectionate nickname \"Milk Tea\".[5][6] Her music often focuses on love stories and has built an image around herself as a single woman. She is known for her mature, professional, urbane, single woman persona.[7]She has released 20 albums[8] since 1995 and held hundreds of solo concerts worldwide. She has also had a remarkable acting career, having won numerous awards throughout Asia including Best Actress twice at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival.","title":"Rene Liu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liling"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Us and Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_and_Them_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Rene Liu was born in Taipei City, Taiwan on June 1, 1969. She was born to an affluent family in Taipei. Her family from Liling, Hunan. Her grandfather served as a Class 1 general in the Army of the Nationalist Party of Taiwan.[7] Liu's parents divorced when she was young and she grew up in her grandparents' house.[7] In college, Liu attended California State University and has a bachelor's degree in music.After returning to Taiwan from her studies in the USA, Liu became the assistant of Bobby Chen (Chen Sheng), a pop music composer, producer, and singer. The two began working together for the release of Liu's album in 1995, with Chen as her music producer.[7]In 2012, Liu directed her first short film, \"Love Limited Edition,\" where she wrote, produced, directed, and starred in.[7] The film was released on December 18, 2012 and the story is about a woman embarking on a romantic trip to Paris alone, and her introspection and growth towards an understanding of love while traveling.[9] This was the first project that she completed alone during her trip to Paris in 2010.In 2018, Liu made her directorial debut with her film, Us and Them, a story is about two strangers who meet on a train and fall in love. Their struggles led to their breakup, but 10 years later, they reunite and pick up their story.[10] Us and Them started out as a short story written by Rene Liu and eventually adapted into a movie. The Netflix original film was a huge success in the Chinese box office, making Rene Liu the highest grossing female director for Chinese films.[11] The film became the fifth highest-grossing Chinese movie in 2018, making $157 million in revenue.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On August 8, 2011, Rene Liu married businessman Zhong Xiaojiang (Zhong Shi) in Beijing.[13] In 2015, she gave birth to a son.[14]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"1995: René's Selected Theme Songs (少女小漁的美麗與哀愁)\n1995: Raining Season (雨季)\n1996: Walk Around (到處亂走)\n1998: Love You More & More (很愛很愛你)\n2000: Waiting for You (我等你)\n2001: Those Were the Days (年華)\n2002: Love and the City\n2003: My Failures and Glory (我的失敗與偉大)\n2004: I've Heard? (聽說?)\n2005: All Night Long (一整夜)\n2008: I'm Fine (我很好)\n2010: Together (在一起)\n2013: For The Loved (親愛的路人)\n2015: Wish You Well (我要你好好的)\n2021: Each Well (各自安好)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","text":"2001: Harvest (收穫)\n2003: Rock Hong Kong 10th Anniversary - René Liu Greatest Hits (滾石香港黃金十年-劉若英精選)\n2008: René","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"2003: 單身日誌 演唱會LIVE全紀錄\n2012: 劉若英脫掉高跟鞋世界巡迴演唱會 (One Night Stand by Rene 2010-2011)\n2017: 劉若英 Renext 我敢 世界巡迴演唱會 LIVE\n2020: 2020劉若英陪你 獻上錄音專輯","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soundtrack albums","text":"2004: 20 30 40 (20.30.40 愛得精采)\n2007: Happy Birthday (《生日快樂》 電影原聲帶)\n2008: Run Papa Run (《一個好爸爸》 電影原聲帶)\n2012: C'est Quoi L'Amour? (愛情限量版)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayugo Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%80%A3%E7%85%9C"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chen"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chen"},{"link_name":"Ayugo Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%80%A3%E7%85%9C"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chen"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chen"},{"link_name":"Alex To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_To"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chen"},{"link_name":"Chyi Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyi_Yu"},{"link_name":"Fish Leong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_Leong"},{"link_name":"Karen Mok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Mok"},{"link_name":"Mayday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Taiwanese_band)"},{"link_name":"Michael Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wong_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Richie Jen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Jen"},{"link_name":"Victor Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Wong_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Wakin Chau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakin_Chau"},{"link_name":"Wanfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanfang"},{"link_name":"Winnie Hsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Hsin"},{"link_name":"Angelica Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Lee"},{"link_name":"Fengie Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E4%BD%A9%E8%93%89"},{"link_name":"Bobby Dou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%87%E6%99%BA%E5%AD%94"},{"link_name":"Tarcy Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcy_Su"},{"link_name":"Walkie Talkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie_Talkie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Chen"},{"link_name":"Michael Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wong_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Victor Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Wong_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Chang"},{"link_name":"蕭言中","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%AD"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Kung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E4%BB%A4%E5%A5%87"},{"link_name":"Yuki Hsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Hsu"},{"link_name":"Kay Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%9F%BB%E7%8E%B2"},{"link_name":"FanFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FanFan"},{"link_name":"Stanley Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Huang"},{"link_name":"Yen-j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen-j"},{"link_name":"Kowen Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%99%BA%E6%A3%A0"}],"sub_title":"Singles and EPs","text":"1992: 在這恬靜的暗晡頭 (featuring Ayugo Huang)\n1992: 遊子\n1992: 思鄉 (featuring Bobby Chen)\n1992: 達邦!我的鄉 (featuring Bobby Chen, Ayugo Huang, 劉佳慧)\n1992: 黑水溝 (featuring Bobby Chen)\n1995: 兩個世界\n1997: 男人港 (featuring Bobby Chen)\n1998: 大地之歌 (featuring Alex To, Bobby Chen, Chyi Yu, Fish Leong, Karen Mok, Mayday, Michael Wong, Richie Jen, Victor Wong, Wakin Chau, Wanfang, Winnie Hsin, Angelica Lee, Fengie Wang, Bobby Dou, Tarcy Su, Walkie Talkie)\n1998: 種子 (featuring Bobby Chen, Michael Wong, Victor Wong, Sylvia Chang, 蕭言中, 阿von, 陳傑漢)\n2001: 候鳥\n2001: 年華(unplugged)\n2002: 一輩子的孤單\n2002: 大家來戀愛 (featuring Jeffrey Kung, Yuki Hsu)\n2004: 聽!是誰在唱歌? (featuring Kay Huang)\n2004: 聽說? (台灣預購限定盤)\n2007: 不能跟情人說的話 (featuring FanFan)\n2007: 最好的未來 (featuring 乔木楠)\n2008: 分开旅行(Remixed) (featuring Stanley Huang)\n2011: 沒有旋律配得上你 (featuring Yen-j)\n2014: 半路\n2015: 念念 (電影原聲帶)\n2015: 我敢在你懷裡孤獨\n2016: 你有沒有深愛過 (湖南衛視《青雲志》主題曲)\n2017: 粉絲 (電影《二代妖精之今生有幸》片尾曲)\n2020: 媽媽\n2020: 快樂天堂\n2020: 不營業的日常\n2020: 每天的不理想 (featuring Kowen Ko)\n2021: 黃金年代\n2021: 人潮裡\n2021: 所有相愛的人啊(熱情版)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rene Liu\". chinesemov.com. Retrieved April 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://chinesemov.com/actors/Rene.html","url_text":"\"Rene Liu\""}]},{"reference":"Chai, Peter (2011-12-27). \"Rene Liu may be pregnant\". Yahoo! Singapore.","urls":[{"url":"https://sg.news.yahoo.com/rene-liu-may-pregnant-035200697.html","url_text":"\"Rene Liu may be pregnant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Michelle (2010-10-24). \"Milk tea actress leaves love to stew\". Shanghai Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shine.cn/archive/feature/Milk-tea-actress-leaves-love-to-stew/shdaily.shtml","url_text":"\"Milk tea actress leaves love to stew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Daily","url_text":"Shanghai Daily"}]},{"reference":"Cai, Shenshen (2017). \"Talented Celebrity Rene Liu: Spokesperson of the Left-Over Women (Sheng Nu)\". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 38 (3): 68–87. doi:10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068. ISSN 0160-9009. JSTOR 10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068","url_text":"\"Talented Celebrity Rene Liu: Spokesperson of the Left-Over Women (Sheng Nu)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.3.0068","url_text":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0160-9009","url_text":"0160-9009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068","url_text":"10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.3.0068"}]},{"reference":"\"Rene Liu Tickets, Tour Dates & Concerts 2018\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereoboard.com/rene-liu-tickets","url_text":"\"Rene Liu Tickets, Tour Dates & Concerts 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rene Liu's love micro film \"Love Limited Edition\"\". vmovier. Retrieved March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vmovier.com/16291","url_text":"\"Rene Liu's love micro film \"Love Limited Edition\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Us and Them | Netflix Official Site\". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2021-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/80993655","url_text":"\"Us and Them | Netflix Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"ClickTheCity (2018-06-22). \"INTERVIEW: The Cast of 'Us and Them' on Chasing Dreams and Working With Director Rene Liu\". ClickTheCity. Retrieved 2021-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clickthecity.com/uncategorized/article/9093/interview-the-cast-of-us-and-them-on-chasing-dreams-and-working-with-rene-liu-2/","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW: The Cast of 'Us and Them' on Chasing Dreams and Working With Director Rene Liu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rene Liu's directorial debut breaks Chinese box office record\". South China Morning Post. 2018-05-11. Retrieved 2021-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/people-events/article/2145564/rene-lius-us-and-them-first-film-female-chinese","url_text":"\"Rene Liu's directorial debut breaks Chinese box office record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singer-actress Rene Liu announces marriage|Celebrities|chinadaily.com.cn\". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2022-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2011-08/10/content_13087770.htm","url_text":"\"Singer-actress Rene Liu announces marriage|Celebrities|chinadaily.com.cn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rene Liu welcomes first baby\". sg.news.yahoo.com. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2022-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://sg.news.yahoo.com/rene-liu-welcomes-first-baby-092200508.html","url_text":"\"Rene Liu welcomes first baby\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drimys_granadensis
Drimys granadensis
["1 Description","2 Range and habitat","3 Subspecies","4 References","5 External links"]
Species of flowering plant Drimys granadensis Flowers - Drimys granadensis Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Magnoliids Order: Canellales Family: Winteraceae Genus: Drimys Species: D. granadensis Binomial name Drimys granadensisL.f. Synonyms Drimys winteri f. granadensis (L.f.) Eichler Wintera granadensis (L.f.) Murray Drimys granadensis is a broadleaf evergreen tree of family Winteraceae. it is native to tropical montane forests from Peru to southern Mexico. Common names in Mexico include al-ca-puc, cashiquec, chachaca, chilillo, palo picante, palo de chile, yaga-bziga, and vaya-yiña. Description Drimys granadensis is an evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 12 meters tall, with large white flowers. Range and habitat Drimys granadensis ranges from Peru through Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Central America to southern Mexico. It is typical of mature montane cloud forests of the Northern Andes, Central American Cordillera, and the mountains of southern Mexico. In southern Mexico it is found in cloud forests, and in riparian zones and well-watered ravines in humid oak forests and pine–oak forests, from 1,100 to 3,300 meters elevation. Stem shoots and leaves - Drimys granadensis Subspecies There are five accepted varieties: Drimys granadensis var. chiriquiensis A.C.Sm. – Panama Drimys granadensis var. granadensis – Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, northwest Venezuela Drimys granadensis var. mexicana (DC.) A.C.Sm. – Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas states), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica Drimys granadensis var. peruviana A.C.Sm. – Peru Drimys granadensis var. uniflora (Turcz.) A.C.Sm. – northwest Venezuela References ^ a b c "Drimys granadensis L.f." Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 8 August 2022. ^ a b c d Mario González-Espinosa, Jorge A. Meave, Francisco G. Lorea-Hernández, Guillermo Ibarra-Manríquez and Adrian C. Newton, eds (2011). The Red List of Mexican Cloud Forest Trees. Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK. 2011. ISBN 9781903703281 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drimys granadensis. "Drimys granadensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Taxon identifiersDrimys granadensis Wikidata: Q599914 Wikispecies: Drimys granadensis CoL: 37PC9 EoL: 5037150 GBIF: 7288441 GRIN: 14691 iNaturalist: 273902 IPNI: 554396-1 NCBI: 224735 Open Tree of Life: 628855 Plant List: kew-2777925 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:84100-2 Tropicos: 34200005 WFO: wfo-0000656687
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winteraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winteraceae"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redlist-2"}],"text":"Drimys granadensis is a broadleaf evergreen tree of family Winteraceae. it is native to tropical montane forests from Peru to southern Mexico.Common names in Mexico include al-ca-puc, cashiquec, chachaca, chilillo, palo picante, palo de chile, yaga-bziga, and vaya-yiña.[2]","title":"Drimys granadensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redlist-2"}],"text":"Drimys granadensis is an evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 12 meters tall, with large white flowers.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redlist-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redlist-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stem_shoots_and_leaves_of_Drimys_granadensis.jpg"}],"text":"Drimys granadensis ranges from Peru through Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Central America to southern Mexico.[1] It is typical of mature montane cloud forests of the Northern Andes, Central American Cordillera, and the mountains of southern Mexico.[2]In southern Mexico it is found in cloud forests, and in riparian zones and well-watered ravines in humid oak forests and pine–oak forests, from 1,100 to 3,300 meters elevation.[2]Stem shoots and leaves - Drimys granadensis","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-1"}],"text":"There are five accepted varieties:[1]Drimys granadensis var. chiriquiensis A.C.Sm. – Panama\nDrimys granadensis var. granadensis – Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, northwest Venezuela\nDrimys granadensis var. mexicana (DC.) A.C.Sm. – Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas states), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica\nDrimys granadensis var. peruviana A.C.Sm. – Peru\nDrimys granadensis var. uniflora (Turcz.) A.C.Sm. – northwest Venezuela","title":"Subspecies"}]
[{"image_text":"Stem shoots and leaves - Drimys granadensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Stem_shoots_and_leaves_of_Drimys_granadensis.jpg/220px-Stem_shoots_and_leaves_of_Drimys_granadensis.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Drimys granadensis\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14691","url_text":"\"Drimys granadensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammana
Hammana
["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Facilities","4 Ecotourism","5 Events & Festivals","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°49′31″N 35°44′0″E / 33.82528°N 35.73333°E / 33.82528; 35.73333This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hammana" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in Mount Lebanon GovernorateHammanaCityHammana, 2009HammanaLocation within LebanonCoordinates: 33°49′31″N 35°44′0″E / 33.82528°N 35.73333°E / 33.82528; 35.73333Country LebanonGovernorateMount Lebanon GovernorateDistrictBaabda DistrictElevation1,200 m (3,900 ft)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Dialing code+961(0)553 Hammana (Arabic: حمانا) is a town in Lebanon, about 26 km (16 miles) east of Beirut. At an altitude of 1200 m (about 4000 ft) above sea level, Hammana is in the Mount Lebanon Governorate in the district (or Caza) of Baabda. Hammana is bordered by the towns of Falougha, Shbaniye, Khraybe, Bmariam, Khalwet and Mdeirej. Etymology The word "Hammana" may have come from the name of the Phoenecian sun god "Hammon", or "Hamman". Both names are derived from the word "Hama", which means heat of the sun. History The 19th-century French poet, novelist and statesman Alphonse de Lamartine visited Lebanon and spent some time in Hammana. He described the town and its surrounding lush valley in his Voyages en Orient (1835) as "one of the most beautiful prospects ever presented to the human eye to scan in the works of God". Hammana has a rich diversity of religious communities consisting of Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics, Muslims and Druze. It is a popular summer resort destination for many Lebanese and non-Lebanese tourists. Facilities The village has multiple water sources like the Shaghour fall, Ain-al-Hosa spring, Al-Kadaneh spring, Ain Soltan spring, Ain Maytri spring and many more. Evergreen trees such as pines, firs, spruce as well as some cedar trees are found everywhere in the town. Hammana is known regionally for its cherries, apples and fasolia beans (lubieh hammanieh). The Sohat spring water bottling plant (now owned by Nestlé) is located nearby in Falougha. Ecotourism On 25 November 2011, Municipality of Hammana and Barcelona/Cercs Bergueda signed the agreement of the second phase for the Ecotourism Project. Around 25 residents of Hammana signed on to be part of the project, and received training to be able to run different activities for the project. Around 5 households in Hammana signed on to have their homes serve as guest houses to receive and host visitors for the project. The official ecotourism launching and certificates distribution ceremony was held at the municipality public garden on Saturday July 9, 2011. Events & Festivals Hammana is known for its cherries, and every year the municipality holds a cherry festival, between end of May and June. This event is usually 2 to 3 days, families visit Hammana to enjoy the activities for grown ups as for kids. from cherry picking to games and small excursions around the village. Of course local cherries and homemade goods are sold in this event. Some people even create recipes with the cherries, like kebab cherry, cherry cheesecake, and some delicious cherry jam and butter crepes. References ^ https://www.spnl.org/hima-hammana/ External links Town page Hammana, Localiban vte Baabda District, Mount Lebanon GovernorateCapital: BaabdaTowns and villages Abadiyeh Ain El Remmaneh Btekhnay Bzebdine Chbaniyeh Chiyah Falougha-Khalouat Ghobeiry Hammana Haret Hreik Hazmiyeh Jouar el-Haouz Kfar Silwan Kfarshima Qarnayel Ras el-Matn Salima Yarze
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Friends_(1980_TV_series)
Super Friends (1980 TV series)
["1 Format","1.1 Main characters","2 Guest characters and villains","3 Cast","4 Episodes","4.1 Season 1 (1980)","4.2 Season 2 (1981)","4.3 Season 3 (1983)","5 Reruns, cancellation, and lost episodes","6 Home media","7 References","8 External links"]
American TV series or program Super FriendsAlso known asSuper Friends V (season 1)Super Friends VI (season 2)GenreActionAdventureScience fictionBased onJustice LeaguebyGardner FoxWritten byHaskell BarkinDick ConwayWillie GilbertDonald F. GlutMark JonesElana LesserDick RobbinsCliff RubyDirected byOscar DufauGeorge GordonCharles A. NicholsRay PattersonCarl UrbanoVoices ofJack AngelMichael BellWally BurrWilliam CallawayDanny DarkShannon FarnonBuster JonesStan JonesCasey KasemMichael RyeOlan SouleFrank WelkerLouise WilliamsNarrated byWilliam WoodsonTheme music composerHoyt CurtinComposerHoyt CurtinCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons3No. of episodes22 (66 segments) (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersJoseph BarberaWilliam HannaProducerGerard BaldwinEditorJeffrey ScottRunning time21–23 minutes (7 minutes per segment)Production companiesHanna-Barbera ProductionsDC ComicsOriginal releaseNetworkABCReleaseSeptember 13, 1980 (1980-09-13) –October 29, 1983 (1983-10-29)Related Super Friends (1973) The All-New Super Friends Hour Challenge of the Superfriends The World's Greatest SuperFriends Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians Super Friends is an American animated television series about a team of superheroes which ran from 1980 to 1983 on ABC. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and is based on the Justice League and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics. It was the fifth incarnation of the Super Friends series following Super Friends (1973), The All-New Super Friends Hour (1977), Challenge of the Superfriends (1978) and The World's Greatest Super Friends (1979). Format With Super Friends, the series abandoned the production of half-hour episodes (which was the case for the previous two Super Friends series), in favor of the production of seven-minute shorts. During the original airings, each episode would be followed by a half-hour rerun from one of the previous six years. Meanwhile, the second season from 1981–1982 was a shorter season due to a writers' strike. Main characters These new adventures featured appearances by the core group of the five classic Super Friends (Aquaman, Batman, Robin, Superman and Wonder Woman) along with Zan, Jayna, and Gleek. A 1981 episode titled "Evil from Krypton" depicted the Superman's Fortress of Solitude with a somewhat crystalline exterior and without the giant key, reminiscent of its film appearances. There were also guest appearances from members previously depicted in Challenge of the Superfriends as well as the original Hanna Barbera created hero El Dorado (debuting in the second season), who was added to the show to make the Super Friends more culturally diverse. In El Dorado's debut episode "Alien Mummy", it is revealed that he is of a Mexican descent. The narrator sets the scene by describing the location as 'ancient Aztec ruins in the Mexican wilderness'. One of El Dorado's lines is "these are the mysterious ruins of my people". Black Vulcan is able to spot-weld microelectronics as demonstrated in the episode "Dive to Disaster". Guest characters and villains The Riddler made his only solo appearance in a short episode entitled "Around The World In 80 Riddles" again voiced by Michael Bell. Queen Hippolyta as well as Paradise Island appear in the 1980 episode "Return of Atlantis". In her first two appearances, Hippolyta was a brunette however in her last appearance, she was blonde and wore a blue toga. Gorilla Grodd appeared in the short episodes "Two Gleeks Are Deadlier Than One" and "Revenge of Doom" again voiced by Stanley Ralph Ross. In "Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One", he and Giganta capture Gleek and replace him with a robot duplicate in order to infiltrate the Super Friends and learn what they are planning. In "Revenge of Doom", Gorilla Grodd was seen with the Legion of Doom when they got back together (after salvaging the Legion of Doom headquarters from the swamp and refurbishing it). While all 13 LOD members appear in "Revenge of Doom", only Lex Luthor, Sinestro (voiced this time by Jeff Winkless) and Solomon Grundy (again voiced by Jimmy Weldon) speak. The three Phantom Zone villains, who first appeared in the 1978 episode "Terror from the Phantom Zone", later return in a "lost season" episode from 1983 titled "Return of the Phantoms". In it they hijack an alien's time-space conveyor and go back in time to Smallville and attack Superboy (voiced by Jerry Dexter) to prevent him from becoming Superman. Fortunately, the pilot of that craft went to warn the Super Friends about what the trio would be attempting and guided Superman and Green Lantern to the proper time period to help the boy. The Super Friends version of the Phantom Zone is described as: "Far beyond the boundaries of the Milky Way. In the uncharted void of deep space. An incredible 5th dimension of space and time, lies parallel to the universe that we know. This interesting interstellar warp which holds the most sinister and ruthless criminals in the galaxy is the infamous Phantom Zone". The molecular structure of any person exiled in the Zone appears white and black. Batman's devices and the Wonder Twins' Exxor Powers are useless within the Phantom Zone. Cast Norman Alden - N/A (credit only) Michael Ambrosini - Dr. Rashid Ardri (in "Scorpio") Jack Angel - Hawkman, Samurai, Flash (Barry Allen), Chief (in "Bigfoot"), J. S. Snyder (in "The Make-Up Monster"), Spike (in "Cycle Gang"), Gramps (in "Cycle Gang"), Submarine Captain (in Dive To Disaster"), Mayor Summers (in "An Unexpected Treasure") Marlene Aragon - Cathleen (in "Attack of the Cats") Lewis Bailey - N/A (credit only) Jered Barclay - Diamond Jack (in "The Sink Hole"), Octoman (in "Warpland") Michael Bell - Zan, Riddler (in "Around the World In 80 Riddles"), Gleek, Bobby (in "Cycle Gang"), Rom-Lok (in "Return of the Phantoms"), Glook (in "Invasion of the Gleeks") Wally Burr - Atom Greg Burson - Keelhaul Kelly (in "The Scaraghosta Sea") Bill Callaway - Aquaman, Bizarro Kathy Carver - Rima (in "Return of Atlantis"), Ocina (in "Return of Atlantis") Ted Cassidy - N/A (credit only) Melanie Chartoff - N/A (credit only) Philip Lewis Clarke - Jor-El (in "The Krypton Syndrome"), Frank (in "Prisoners of Sleep") Henry Corden - N/A (credit only) Regis Cordic - N/A (credit only) Peter Cullen - John Palette (in "Palette's Perils"), Slarum Leader (in "Day of the Dinosaurs") Danny Dark - Superman/Clark Kent Jerry Dexter - Superboy (in "Return of the Phantoms"), Frankie (in "The Roller Coaster"), Eric (in "An Unexpected Treasure") Takayo Doran - Witch (in "The Witch's Arcade) Jeff Doucette - Hippo Hulk (in "Warpland") Patty Dworkin - Hippolyta (in "Return of Atlantis"), Divina (in "Return of Atlantis") Richard Erdman - Grimes (in "Garden of Doom"), Space Genie (in "Three Wishes") Fernando Escandon - El Dorado Al Fann - N/A (credit only) Shannon Farnon - Wonder Woman Aileen Fitzpatrick - Yuna (in "Yuna the Terrible") Ruth Forman - N/A (credit only) Pat Fraley - N/A (credit only) Peggy Frees - Girl (in "The Make-Up Monster") Brian Fuld - Frankie and Dennis' Friend (in "The Roller Coaster") Joan Gerber - Giganta (in "Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One") Nicholas Guest - Dennis (in "The Roller Coaster") Phil Hartman - Stardust (in "Outlaws of Orion") Bob Hastings - N/A (credit only) Bob Holt - Holmes (in "Haunted House"), Logar (in "Return of the Phantoms") John Hostetter - Blob (in "The Malusian Blob"), Fax (in "Space Racers") Erv Immerman - Professor Stevens (in "Attack of the Cats") Jane James - N/A (credit only) Joyce Jameson - Judy (in "Garden of Doom") David Jolliffe - Alien Time Traveler (in "Return of the Phantoms") Buster Jones - Black Vulcan Stanley Jones - Lex Luthor (in "Revenge of Doom"), Hul (in "Return of the Phantoms") Casey Kasem - Robin Zale Kessler - Mohawk Spirit (in "Once Upon a Poltergeist"), Bat Computer (in "Once Upon a Poltergeist") Morgan Lofting - Dr. Gibbs (in "The Scaraghosta Sea") Allan Lurie - Zi-Kree (in "The Evil From Krypton") Joyce Mancini - N/A (credit only) Larry D. Mann - Itsy/Iron Cyclops (in "The Iron Cyclops") Kenneth Mars - Bud (in "The Make-Up Monster"), Warlord (in "The Warlord's Amulet") Bill Martin - Technos (in "Day of the Dinosaurs") Ross Martin - N/A (credit only) Amanda McBroom - Vampiress (in "Voodoo Vampire"), Tigress (in "The Circus of Horror") Chuck McCann - Colossus (in "Colossus") Chuck McClennan - N/A (credit only) Julie McWhirter - Lois Lane (in "The Ice Demon"), Kate (in "The Ice Demon"), Toni (in "Eruption") Don Messick - N/A (credit only) Pat Parris Richard Paul - N/A (credit only) Vic Perrin - Sailor ("Return of Atlantis"), Justice League Computer (in "Video Victims") Barney Phillips - N/A (credit only) Patrick Pinney - Ernie Wilcox (in "Bully for You") Tony Pope - Vinnie (in "Bully for You") William Ratner - Recruiter (in "The Recruiter") James Reynolds - N/A (credit only) Andy Rivas - Professor Nazca (in "The Alien Mummy") Mike Road - Security Guard (in "Palette's Perils") Renny Roker - N/A (credit only) Paul Ross - Aircraft Carrier Captain (in "The Aircraft Terror") Stanley Ralph Ross - Brainiac (in "Superclones"), Gorilla Grodd (in "Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One") Dick Ryal - N/A (credit only) Michael Rye - Apache Chief, Green Lantern, Novarian Leader (in "Bigfoot"), Bulgor the Behemoth (in "Bulgor the Behemoth"), Pack (in "Outlaws of Orion"), Romac (in "The Killer Machines"), Dr. Olin (in "The Killer Machines") Rick Segall Michael Sheeham - Truck Driver (in "The Iron Cyclops") Olan Soule - Batman, Repair Man Andre Stojka - Scorpio (in "Scorpio"), Sleep (in "Prisoners of Sleep"), Coal Miner (in "Prisoners of Sleep") Robert Strom - Judge (in "Superclones") Lee Thomas - Captain Hood (in "The Stowaways From Space") Matthew Tobin - Jacques (in "Terror on the Titanic") Janet Waldo - Hawkgirl Janis Ward Vernee Watson - N/A (credit only) Jimmy Weldon - Solomon Grundy (in "Revenge of Doom") Frank Welker - Mister Mxyzptlk, Dr. Wells (in "Elevator to Nowhere"), Elephant (in "Circus of Horrors") Louise Williams - Jayna Jeff Winkless - Sinestro (in "The Revenge of Doom"), Surgeon (in "A Pint of Life") William Woodson - Narrator, Volti Guard (in "Day of the Dinosaurs") Lynnanne Zager Marian Zajac Episodes Season 1 (1980) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air date56a1a"Big Foot"September 13, 1980 (1980-09-13) Apache Chief and few of his fellow braves are captured by alien creatures resembling the legendary Bigfoot. Batman and Robin try to help, but are also captured. After they escape and defeat the creatures, the Super Friends learn that they were merely trying to seek information to repair their spacecraft. Cameos: Superman, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman 56b1b"The Ice Demon"September 13, 1980 (1980-09-13) While on a skiing vacation, the Wonder Twins literally bump into a pair of reckless teenagers and wind up in an ice cave inhabited by an Ice Demon. Only Superman can save them. Luckily, Clark Kent and Lois Lane are nearby. 56c1c"The Make-Up Monster"September 13, 1980 (1980-09-13) A disgruntled make-up man on the set of a movie discovers a formula that allows him to make himself up into any powerful monster he chooses. With the formula, he wreaks havoc and wrecks the movie studio and only Batman, Robin, and the Flash dare to challenge him. 57a2a"Journey Into Blackness"September 20, 1980 (1980-09-20) While monitoring the galaxy from his impenetrable Fortress of Solitude, Superman notices a black hole that is going to suck up the Earth. Superman attempts to stop it, but gets himself pulled into the black hole. Using the Bat-Rocket, Batman and Samurai set out to accomplish what Superman failed to do. However, the two heroes end up getting pulled into an asteroid planet in the center of the black hole. Upon finding Superman imprisoned, the heroes are attacked by a Star Energy Creature. The Super Friends must break free and stop the Star Creature from absorbing Earth. Note: This is the first out of ten episodes where Batman began appearing in various episodes without Robin. 57b2b"The Cycle Gang"September 20, 1980 (1980-09-20) The Highway Angels, a motorcycle gang, start tormenting a senior citizen and his grandson. When Zan, Janya, and Gleek try to help them, they were having a hard time dealing with the cycle gang and the danger at hand. Wonder Woman sees the Wonder Twins and gives them assistance. 57c2c"Dive to Disaster"September 20, 1980 (1980-09-20) Several miles off the coast of Hawaii, a routine Navy mission becomes a nightmare when a submarine's controls short circuits and the nuclear reactor starts to overload. Black Vulcan and Aquaman try to help, but are attacked by nuclear mutated sea creatures. Black Vulcan actually gets eaten by a mutated whale in which Aquaman must come to his rescue. When the two heroes get free, they make it aboard the submarine, whose communication transmitter went dead. Now their only chance is to launch Aquaman out of a torpedo tube to clear the beach, while Black Vulcan uses his electrical powers. Cameos: Superman and Wonder Woman 58a3a"Yuna the Terrible"September 27, 1980 (1980-09-27) A group of archaeologists accidentally releases Yuna the Terrible and her barbarian warriors. Batman and Robin responds to a distress call but get captured by Yuna's warriors. Wonder Woman and Apache Chief respond to the Batman's distress call. During an encounter with Yuna, Apache Chief gets put into a trance and joins Yuna and her warriors. Wonder Woman tries to save them and must prove her strength against Yuna. Cameos: Superman 58b3b"Rock and Roll Space Bandits"September 27, 1980 (1980-09-27) A group of Rock and Roll Space Bandits paralyze the Super Friends and invade a major city on Earth using their hypnotic music. The Wonder Twins come to the rescue, but get hypnotized. Wonder Woman helps the rest of the Super Friends get free and they rush off to stop the musical menaces. Batman uses a device to stop the sound waves. 58c3c"Elevator to Nowhere"September 27, 1980 (1980-09-27) Streaking in the Invisible Jet, Wonder Woman and the Atom answer a distress call on the emergency scanner from a Dr. Wells. Wells' call was actually a trap to get Wonder Woman and the Atom to test out his new time machine. Wonder Woman starts pressing buttons attempting to escape, but actually starts the time machine to send the Atom and herself to the American Revolution in 1776. General George Washington mistakes Wonder Woman for a British spy. The two heroes escape (but the Atom gives a quick message to George Washington to keep fighting in the Revolution), then move further back into the past to a 17th-century galleon, where they are confronted by Blackbeard. After saving the Atom, Wonder Woman and Atom escape in the time machine. The Atom decides to shrink down to microscopic size to rewire the circuits in the time machine to go back to 1980. When they come back, Dr. Wells tries to elude them by using the time machine to escape. The heroes travel millions of years into the prehistoric past to capture him. 59a4a"One Small Step for Mars"October 4, 1980 (1980-10-04) Green Lantern and Superman must stop the reign of terror caused by Martians who traveled to Earth in a returning space probe. They are finally tricked into returning to Mars. Cameos: Batman, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman. 59b4b"Haunted House"October 4, 1980 (1980-10-04) A group of teens dare each other to go into the old Brimstone mansion in the cemetery, a place that is said to be haunted. Two of them go in the mansion and get trapped inside. The other two ask the Wonder Twins go inside to look for the other boys, but get captured by old man Holmes, the cemetery's paranoid caretaker. Gleek informs Batman and Robin who come to the rescue and stop Holmes cold in his tracks. 59c4c"The Incredible Crude Oil Monster"October 4, 1980 (1980-10-04) Not far off the Alaska coastline, millions of gallons of crude oil spill out from a ruptured supertanker. Suddenly, the crude oil comes alive in the form of a giant monster. Aquaman sees the oil monster and helps the supertanker to stop the creature by using a harpoon with a net wrapped around to contain the monster. When that plain did not work, the captain called Hawkman and Hawkgirl for assistance, while Aquaman handles the creature. Hawkman and Hawkgirl arrive, but by the time they got there, the oil monster had already taken off for the coast. Later, the oil monster attacks the Alaskan Pipeline and grows even larger. Hawkman and Hawkgirl try to stop the monster, but they get covered in oil and get captured and eaten by the monster. Aquaman acts fast and saves the winged avengers by going inside the monster and using his telepathy as radar. After Hawkman gets an idea of how to stop the monster, the three heroes go to a small general store to get all of the detergent soap so they can put the plan in motion. They arrive at the nearby harbor to find the monster feeding on the first storage tank. Aquaman leads the monster to the empty storage tank, while Hawkman and Hawkgirl pour the detergent on the monster, turning it back into plain crude oil. 60a5a"Voodoo Vampire"October 11, 1980 (1980-10-11) Vampiress, the Voodoo Vampire from Africa, goes after the Super Friends and seeks to make them her vampire slaves. It is now up to Wonder Woman and Black Vulcan to go to her underground tomb and stop her. 60b5b"Invasion of the Gleeks"October 11, 1980 (1980-10-11) A group of Exxorian monkeys arrive on Earth to invade the planet. The monkeys want to defeat the Super Friends by putting Gleek under their control. The Wonder Twins must use their powers to help Gleek and the Super Friends. 60c5c"Mxyzptlk Strikes Again"October 11, 1980 (1980-10-11) The impish villain Mr. Mxyzptlk uses his magic typewriter to force Superman, Aquaman, and the Green Lantern into destroying each other. 61a6a"The Man in the Moon"October 18, 1980 (1980-10-18) Superman, Batman, and Apache Chief must save Earth from a giant alien beast that "hatched" out of the moon like an "egg". Absent: Robin 61b6b"Circus of Horrors"October 18, 1980 (1980-10-18) While at the circus, the Wonder Twins and Gleek witness the revenge of circus animals as they zap the audience in a trance. The animals capture Gleek and zap the Wonder Twins as well, who they send off to lure Superman and Wonder Woman into a trap at the circus. The circus animals eventually turn the Super Friends into Super Animals. Gleek frees the Wonder Twins from the trance, and now it is up to them to save their friends and put an end to this circus once and for all. Cameos: Batman and Robin 61c6c"Around the World in 80 Riddles"October 18, 1980 (1980-10-18) Superman brings a new engine for the Bat-jet to the Bat-Cave. However, when Batman opens it up, he finds the Riddler hiding inside. He hops out and spritzes Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Robin with stupid spray. There is only one antidote and the Riddler has hidden it somewhere. If the Super Friends do not find it before the time limit is up, they will be super-stupid forever. Before he hops away, the Riddler gives the Super Friends their first riddle clue. The Super Friends arrive at the Mayan ruins in Chichen Itza; there Superman spots what he believes is the antidote in the pyramid by using his X-ray vision. The Super Friends enter the pyramid, only to be caught in a Riddler trap. They escape the trap, then find the Riddler's second clue, but by that time they need the assistance of the Bat-Computer because they have become too stupid to figure out the riddles. The computer tells them to go to Mt. Everest and there they defeat the Riddler, who is in a zeppelin, and get the antidote. 62a7a"Termites from Venus"October 25, 1980 (1980-10-25) Termites come from a meteorite sent from Venus to Earth by a volcanic eruption. They start consuming the world. Superman, Batman and Robin, and Samurai defeat them, finally sending them into space. 62b7b"Eruption"October 25, 1980 (1980-10-25) The Wonder Twins rescue a part of reckless hang gliders who fell into a volcano. Soon after the volcano starts erupting. Jayna calls Batman and Robin, who help the Wonder Twins rescue the rest of the town and stop the lava flow. 62c7c"Return of Atlantis"October 25, 1980 (1980-10-25) Hundreds of miles off the East Coast of North America, a routine Trans-Atlantic trip turns into a nightmare when a ship gets caught between some jagged rocks and takes on water. Aquaman was in the area assists by using his telepathy to summon two manta rays to seal the hole as he pushes the ship out of danger. As he attempts to head back to the Hall of Justice, a larger island arises from the sea. Aquaman recognizes it as the Lost Island of Ancient Atlantis (not to be confused with Aquaman's home in modern Atlantis) that has thought to have been destroyed thousands of years ago. Upon checking out the island, Aquaman is captured by female Atlantean Warriors who seek world domination. The U.S. Coast Guards who were on the ship Aquaman saved send a distress call to Wonder Woman and Rima about an island moving towards shore. Meanwhile, the Atlantean Warriors arrive at Washington D.C. and attack the Army. Wonder Woman and Rima arrive and are confronted by Ocina, Queen of Atlantis, and are offered to join the group of Warriors. When the two heroes refuse, they are captured and put in the water dungeon where Aquaman is imprisoned. Wonder Woman uses her telepathic mind line to summon help from her mother Hippolyta and the Amazons of Paradise Island. The Amazons of Paradise Island travel to Washington D.C. to fight an epic battle against these femme fatales. 63a8a"The Killer Machines"November 1, 1980 (1980-11-01) The IBN computer research facility creates Romac, the most advanced computer the world has ever known. When tested, Romac turns on his IBN creators and tries to destroy the Super Friends by turning the Justice League Computer and the Supermobile against them. Batman, Robin, and Black Vulcan have to shut Romac down before he can do any more damage. 63b8b"Garden of Doom"November 1, 1980 (1980-11-01) A scientific experiment accidentally turns plants into monsters. 63c8c"Revenge of Bizarro"November 1, 1980 (1980-11-01) Bizarro takes revenge on Batman, Robin, Wonder Woman, Hawkman, and Hawkgirl by turning them into his "Super Bizarro slaves" and exposing Superman to red kryptonite. The red kryptonite's horrible effects cause Superman to grow extra arms and legs. Now Superman's only chance to stop Bizarro and return to normal is blue kryptonite, which affects only Bizarros adversely. Season 2 (1981) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air date64a1a"The Outlaws of Orion"September 26, 1981 (1981-09-26) When chasing a burglar in Gotham City, Batman and Robin are captured by Pack and Stardust, bounty hunters from Orion. Batman attempts to call for help using the Justice League beeper, but he did not realize the Bounty Hunters know help is coming and are ready to ambush them. Wonder Woman and Green Lantern come to save Batman and Robin but instead gets captured and imprisoned as well. The Bounty Hunters tries to take their captives to The Orion Territorial Prison but on the way the Super Friends make a break and go after the Bounty Hunters. 64b1b"Three Wishes"September 26, 1981 (1981-09-26) The Wonder Twins find a magic lamp, the evil Space Genie of it gives them three wishes, which lead to trouble. However with the last wish, they never used the lamp. 64c1c"Scorpio"September 26, 1981 (1981-09-26) Wonder Woman receives a distress call from a scientist who was working on a way to end world hunger by a substance that makes vegetables grow to huge proportions. However, the scientist also says that an earlier failed experiment on a scorpion make it grow and gave it the power of speech. Scorpio is also stealing the growth formula to use on insects for his bug army, with intent of overthrowing humanity as Earth's dominant species. Scorpio learns of Wonder Woman's presence and orders another attack from his bug army to steal the rest of the growth serum. Wonder Woman and the Flash goes after the bugs to save Robin while Batman and the scientist must create an antidote to return the bugs back to normal. 65a2a"Mxyzptlk's Flick"October 3, 1981 (1981-10-03) Batman, Robin, and the Wonder Twins are thrown into a movie by Mr. Mxyzptlk. 65b2b"The Sink Hole"October 3, 1981 (1981-10-03) Wonder Woman arrives to help a sheriff from the hills of West Virginia and investigate why a giant cobra is creating sink holes. Shortly after, Wonder Woman and the Sheriff are captured by a giant mechanical cobra. Diamond Jack invents the mechanical Cobra to change coal into diamonds. Superman and The Atom rush to the aid of Wonder Woman and help her defeat Diamond Jack and his mechanical cobra. 65c2c"The Alien Mummy"October 3, 1981 (1981-10-03) While accompanying Professor Naska and his students on a field trip to Ancient Aztec ruins in Mexico, El Dorado is attacked by alien invaders. When El Dorado scares them off, an angered Alien Mummy attacks El Dorado and the others. Meanwhile at the Hall of Justice, Superman and Wonder Woman receive a U.F.O. alert and head out to Mexico. When the two Super Friends arrived, they saw the Alien Mummy having El Dorado and the others have been put under mind control. When Superman and Wonder Woman confront the Alien Mummy, he turns both of them into golden statues. Wonder Woman's attempt to communicate telepathically with El Dorado was a success when he breaks free of the Alien Mummy's mind control and distracts the Alien Mummy with a hologram Beast. Meanwhile he transports himself to find his Super Friends turned to gold. El Dorado brings them back to the Alien Mummy who gets his power source broken by Superman's X-Ray vision which returns everyone to normal. El Dorado leads the Alien Mummy into his spacecraft and Superman sends him off. 66a3a"The Evil from Krypton"October 10, 1981 (1981-10-10) Zy-Kree, an escapee from the Phantom Zone (who is very similar to General Zod in his appearance and backstory) seeks revenge on Superman by turning the Earth's sun red and thus depowering the man of steel while hiding in the Fortress of Solitude. It's up to Green Lantern and Aquaman to help their friend defeat the evil Kryptonian who has the same powers as Superman. Finally, he is sent back to the Phantom Zone. 66b3b"The Creature from the Dump"October 10, 1981 (1981-10-10) A junk creature forms after two kids hanging around a dump inadvertently made a mysterious chemical reaction occur. When Batman gets infected by the chemicals, he also turns into a junk creature. The Junior Super Friends try to find a way to get Batman back to normal. 66c3c"The Aircraft Terror"October 10, 1981 (1981-10-10) A meteor hits an aircraft and turns it into a winged beast. When the Wonder Twins respond to a Trouble Alert, they find out that the aircraft creatures had the ability to turn other aircraft into living beasts. Batman and Robin trailed the beasts from the Batjet and try to stop the attack by taking out the ringleader of the beasts. 67a4a"The Lava Men"October 17, 1981 (1981-10-17) After saving a killer whale, Aquaman notices the water is on fire and radios Wonder Woman for help who then tells Superman. Meanwhile, Aquaman, with the help of his whale friend, helps move a ship from the path of the flaming water. Superman arrives stops the flames with a concrete road and his super breath. The Super Friends find out that a group of Lava Men are the ones who are causing the trouble. Solderath, King of the Lava Men, wreaks havoc on the surface world because he feels that the Lava Men have been living underground for too long while the humans occupy the surface. While Wonder Woman fights the Lava Men, Superman stops a fire ball over the North Pole and Aquaman stops a giant whirlpool from draining the ocean. When the three Super Friends rejoin each other they defeat the Lava Men and return them back to the center of the Earth. 67b4b"Bazarowurld"October 17, 1981 (1981-10-17) Superman and Black Vulcan are tricked by Bizarro into going to Bizarro-World. Black Vulcan is tricked into a Maze of Mirrors, while Superman is tricked into a Red Kryptonite Mine, turning him into a skinny figure while Bizarro is immune to it. However he uses the rays passing through his blue suit to his advantage, turning them to Blue Kryptonite, which weakens Bizarro, and restores Superman. Black Vulcan smashes through the mirrors, he and Superman leave Bizarro-World. 67c4c"The Warlord's Amulet"October 17, 1981 (1981-10-17) After receiving a Trouble Alert from Samurai's homeland, Samurai responds to the call at once and finds an ancient fugitive warlord that escaped his time period using his Amulet. When the warlord tries to steal the village treasures and causes havoc, Samurai calls Batman and Robin to handle the disasters while he sends the warlord back to 13th-century Japan. 68a5a"The Iron Cyclops"October 24, 1981 (1981-10-24) Superman finds a mysterious purple ray that is lifting objects in downtown Metropolis. Batman uses the Justice League computer from the Hall of Justice and try to control the beam while Black Vulcan and the Atom joins Superman in Metropolis. They find out that the Iron Cyclops who is projecting the ray lives on a planet which has no gravity and he wants to steal the Earth's. Absent: Robin 68b5b"Palette's Perils"October 24, 1981 (1981-10-24) Wonder Woman and El Dorado responds a series of art gallery robberies in Metropolis. They confront John Palette, a painter whose invention can turn paintings of his design into real life monsters that can steal for him. 68c5c"Colossus"October 24, 1981 (1981-10-24) Colossus, a reckless and destructive cosmic barbarian many times larger than the Earth, turns his attention to Earth's solar system. Apache Chief charges into action using a shrink ray to reduce the giant to ordinary Earth mortal size; Colossus then plummets to Earth. Still very strong, Colossus goes on a rampage and tries to destroy the Hall of Justice, prompting Superman and Apache Chief to send him back to space. 69a6a"The Stowaways from Space"October 31, 1981 (1981-10-31) The Wonder Twins encounter two hostile aliens that were stowaways on an unmanned space station returning to Earth. The Wonder Twins join Superman to put the aliens out of commission for good. 69b6b"The Scaraghosta Sea"October 31, 1981 (1981-10-31) Two scientists encounter a whirlpool and call the Justice League for help. The whirlpool throws them into an eerie undersea harbor deep beneath the ocean floor. A pirate ghost named Keelhaul Kelly hijacks the scientists' mini-sub with plans to escape from his ghost world to resume his piracy in today's above water world. Aquaman, Batman and Robin arrived to save the innocent scientists from the clutches of those who would do them harm. 69c6c"The Witch's Arcade"October 31, 1981 (1981-10-31) In an arcade, the Wonder Twins and Gleek encountered a witch who shrinks them. As Zan and Jayna elude danger, they called Wonder Woman for help. Now Wonder Woman and the Wonder Twins must stop the witch before she shrinks all of the customers. Season 3 (1983) This season didn't air during a regularly scheduled Saturday morning time-slot, but did get aired when the series began to get aired in repeats/reruns on other networks. In prior series, The Wonder Twins were only paired up with Superman, Batman and Robin or Wonder Woman. This series found them teaming up with other Justice Leaguers. In "Roller Coaster", they're paired with Atom. In "Two Gleeks", they're paired with Wonder Woman and Green Lantern. In "Unexpected Treasure", they're paired with Hawkman and Hawkgirl. In "Space Racers", they're paired with Wonder Woman & Flash. In "Pint of Life", they're paired with Aquaman. In "Invasion of The Space Dolls" and "Bully for You", they're paired with Batman and Robin. In "One Small Step for Superman", they're paired with Superman and Batman. This is the final season that Olan Soule voices Batman and Shannon Farnon voices Wonder Woman. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air date70a1a"Mxyzptlk's Revenge"September 10, 1983 (1983-09-10) (AU) A doorway appears inside the Hall of Justice. Superman and Batman wonder where it originated from and where it leads. Then the voice of Mxyzptlk is heard and Superman realizes who's responsible. The door opens up, sucking everything inside, including Batman and Superman. The doorway is a warp between Earth and the Fifth Dimension. Once in the mixed up world of Mr. Mxyzptlk, the two heroes are put through a series of comical and offbeat challenges once the imp removes Superman's cape and Batman's utility belt. Superman is "sentenced" to life in a vegetable garden where green beans are the equivalent to kryptonite. Batman is "sentenced" to life upside down. Superman eventually finds a way to get himself and Batman out of the Fifth Dimension and back to Earth. Absent: Robin 70b1b"Roller Coaster"September 10, 1983 (1983-09-10) (AU) Three kids ride a condemned roller coaster that gradually falls apart. The Wonder Twins and Gleek, exiting a movie theater, respond to the crisis. After Zan accidentally breaks a rusted power control and realizing that they need additional help in the rescue attempt they send Gleek to the Hall of Justice and find Atom. Atom soon arrives and shrinks himself even more smaller so he can enter the power box and manually shut down the roller coaster. Note: As the Wonder Twins and Gleek made their way outside the theater, they passed by a movie poster promoting Superman. 70c1c"Once Upon a Poltergeist"September 10, 1983 (1983-09-10) (AU) At the Wayne Building in Gotham City, a confused spirit of a Mohawk Indian terrorizes the area due to his belief that the building sits on top of an ancient burial site. Batman, Robin, and Apache Chief battle the spirit but its power is greater. Apache Chief eventually finds the true burial ground and instantly the Indian spirit apologizes for his destruction and peacefully fades away. 71a2a"Warpland"September 17, 1983 (1983-09-17) (AU) Superman and Batman are pulled into a space warp where they come across a strange planet inhabited by aliens known as Zoons. The leader of the group, Super Frog, plans on keeping who he sees as invaders as prisoners. He then turns Superman into an eagle and Batman into a real bat. The aliens' headquarters is referred to as the Hall of Zoon. Fortunately Batman and Superman are able to warp into their own galaxy and the effects wear off. Batman remarks that Superman would have made a great eagle. Absent: Robin 71b2b"Two Gleeks Are Deadlier Than One"September 17, 1983 (1983-09-17) (AU) Wonder Woman and Green Lantern think the Legion of Doom will strike since the entire Justice League is going to meet in the Hall of Justice the next day. Jayna and Zan are put in charge of security during the night. Giganta sets a trap and captures Gleek with bananas and takes him to Gorillia Grodd miles away on the outskirts of Metropolis. Because so many Justice League members were going to meet in one place, they tried to take precautions but a mechanical duplicate of Gleek arrives at the Hall of Justice to use his killer laser eyes on the Justice League and help Grodd and Giganta take over the Hall of Justice. However, the Super Friends then reveal they used androids, knowing such a meeting would probably cause an attack by villains. 71c2c"Bulgor the Behemoth"September 17, 1983 (1983-09-17) (AU) A writer turns into the creature he created after a lightning bolt electrocutes an electrical tower nearby. Apache Chief and Superman are on hand to stop the behemoth from continuing his destructive ways. 72a3a"The Krypton Syndrome"September 24, 1983 (1983-09-24) (AU) Superman travels through a time warp and is taken back to the hours leading up to Krypton's explosion. He saves the planet by stopping the solar flares using the Super-Mobile core and then returns to the present to find Earth a very different place. Robin confronts him and has no idea who Superman is and then remarks that the Justice League was defeated by the Legion of Doom, he is the only one alive. He soon realizes that by saving Krypton that it erased his time on Earth and that nobody had ever heard of Superman before. He goes back into the time warp and makes sure Krypton explodes by removing the Super-Mobile Core because he figures that Earth would need a person like Superman to protect it. Note: This marks the first episode that Robin appears without Batman. 72b3b"Invasion of the Space Dolls"September 24, 1983 (1983-09-24) (AU) Space dolls try to take over the world but run out of batteries. 72c3c"Terror on the Titanic"September 24, 1983 (1983-09-24) (AU) Two divers find the Titanic which has become inhabited by a mutated form of Algae. Aquaman and Black Vulcan respond to the danger. After a lightning blast from Black Vulcan, the Titanic comes alive from the result of the mutated Algae and begins to destroy everything in its path. Ultimately, the ship sinks back into the ocean after the two heroes were tricked it into slamming into a jagged iceberg. 73a4a"Revenge of Doom"October 1, 1983 (1983-10-01) (AU) Batman and Robin foil some building constructors' plans to revive a destroyed Hall of Doom and turn it into a Museum. When Batman figures something is wrong, the building constructors reveal themselves to be Lex Luthor, Soloman Grundy, Sinestro and the rest of the Legion of Doom. Batman and Robin are captured immediately. The Legion restores the Hall of Doom and they pick up where they left off, plotting crimes and world domination. When the Legion of Doom attacks Metropolis, Superman and Wonder Woman attempt to stop them only to get crystallized by Lex Luthor's Crystallization Ray. With the Super Friends defeated, the Legion of Doom take over the Hall of Justice to make their demands. Meanwhile, Superman and Wonder Woman are able to move again, thanks to Superman's X-Ray vision, and are off to stop the Legion of Doom. Batman and Robin must find a way to reverse the polarity of Luthor's Crystallization Ray to transform Superman and Wonder Woman back to normal so the Legion of Doom's raid on Fort Knox can be put to an end. 73b4b"A Pint of Life"October 1, 1983 (1983-10-01) (AU) The Wonder Twins and Aquaman search the Amazon River for Doctor Marks who's on an expedition. The doctor's son needs a blood transfusion and there's only a moment of hours left for the Super Friends to locate the doctor. 73c4c"Day of the Dinosaurs"October 1, 1983 (1983-10-01) (AU) The Hall of Justice, with Wonder Woman and Samurai inside, gets swallowed up into the Earth. After tumbling through layers of rock, the Hall of Justices comes to a stop at a strange forgotten world beneath our own. When Wonder Woman and Samurai explore the strange subterranean world, they are attacked by prehistoric creatures called Slarums. Technos saves the two Super Friends and offers to show them the world of the Volti. During the tour Technos gets mad because the two Super Friends asked him why the Volti have not helped the Slarums and as a result, Technos imprisons them. Wonder Woman and Samurai escaped and headed over to the Hall of Justice to contact the other Super Friends only to be met by Slarums. Wonder Woman, Samurai, and the Slarums decide to pay the Volti a visit to unite the two races and lift the Hall of Justice back to the surface. 74a5a"Return of the Phantoms"October 8, 1983 (1983-10-08) (AU) The three Phantom Zone villains: Logar, Hol, and Romlok are freed by an alien who doesn't realize they are criminals. In this episode they force the alien to travel back in time with them in an attempt to alter Superboy's life—hoping that he will never grow up to become Superman. Meanwhile, in the future, Superman and Green Lantern learn of the plot from the alien and travel back in time to save Superman's own past and capture the Phantom Zone villains. 74b5b"Bully for You"October 8, 1983 (1983-10-08) (AU) Teen angst and bullying are spotlighted at the start of this episode. In the meantime, after a daring mission on a skyscraper, Batman loses his utility belt. The boy who was being bullied finds the belt and seeks revenge. However, the boy doesn't know what all power that the belt contains and he accidentally switches on a high frequency signal that leads to Earth shaking effects and building destruction. 74c5c"Superclones"October 8, 1983 (1983-10-08) (AU) After obtaining living cells from Aquaman and El Dorado's skin, Brainiac creates clones of the two heroes. Brainiac programs the Aquaman and El Dorado clones to their counterparts bring them back to Brainiac's laboratory. After attempting to rob a ship, the clones are apprehended. The next day in court the clones say the Super Friends have turned against the people. The real El Dorado and Aquaman trick Brainiac into freeing them and they're all transported to the Metropolis courthouse. There, they clear up the situation and incarcerate Brainiac. Cameos: Superman, Batman, Robin, Wonder Woman, Wonder Twins, Green Lantern, Flash, Hawkman, Atom, Black Vulcan, and the Atom Note 1: Superman has a small speaking role despite his cameo. Note 2: Stanley Ralph Ross takes over for the late Ted Cassidy as the voice of Brainiac, and in a rare instance of show created characters returning for a second appearance, the Kryptonian villains from "Terror from the Phantom Zone" return, although their appearance was drastically altered from their previous appearance. 75a6a"Prisoners of Sleep"October 15, 1983 (1983-10-15) (AU) While investigating a strange electrified spiked metal pod, Superman and Batman unwittingly unleashed the cloud-like prisoner inside named Sleep, and are then trapped in a dream world. Superman dreams that everything he touches turns to kryptonite. Batman's nightmare involves a building's ledge turning to dust as he falls into the awaiting jaws of the vicious monster. Wonder Woman tries to save them by wrapping her golden lasso around her waist and entering the dream world. She instructs a miner to wake her in five minutes by tugging on the lasso and it works. Superman then breathes the creature into his lungs and blows him back into the pod. Absent: Robin 75b6b"An Unexpected Treasure"October 15, 1983 (1983-10-15) (AU) Two teenagers discover an ancient warship buried underneath the desert sands and they take off in it. The Wonder Twins and Gleek attempt to rescue the teens and they ultimately seek the help of Hawkman and Hawkgirl. The teens, the Wonder Twins, and Gleek are trapped inside the ship as it makes its way to its own galaxy. Zan eventually discovers how to open up the ship's hatch and everyone is safe from certain danger. 75c6c"The Malusian Blob"October 15, 1983 (1983-10-15) (AU) Space shuttle astronauts unwittingly load an alien chemical blob into their cargo bay (assuming it to be space junk). The blob starts eating metal and the astronauts call for help. Batman, Robin, and Black Vulcan arrived and rescued the astronauts. Assuming the blob burned up in the atmosphere, they return to Earth, but then the blob reappears and after some failed attempts, they figure out that the substance may have an unstable reaction to sugar. 76a7a"Attack of the Cats"October 22, 1983 (1983-10-22) (AU) Batman, Robin, and El Dorado investigate a series of crimes which lead them to the conclusion that the culprits are not human. 76b7b"One Small Step for Superman"October 22, 1983 (1983-10-22) (AU) A boy loses his pet dog during an accident in the wilderness. After being taken to the hospital, he's given a clean bill of health, but yet he insists he's paralyzed. It's then up to Batman and the Wonder Twins to convince the boy that his paralysis isn't real and that it is more than likely an emotional response to the traumatic incident and the loss of his pet dog. During a bird's eye view of the city, courtesy of Superman, a gigantic metallic monster starts to destroy the city. It ultimately fires out kryptonite, which leaves Superman weakened. Superman pleads for the boy, who still believes he can't walk, to get rid of the kryptonite. The boy struggles to make himself walk again in an attempt to save Superman. There's an emotional twist at the end of the story, though. Absent: Robin 76c7c"Video Victims"October 22, 1983 (1983-10-22) (AU) Bizarro creates trouble by zapping several of the Super Friends into an arcade game reminiscent of Pac-Man and Bizarro is in control of the hungry muncher. Midway through the game, the giant creature turns green—a kryptonite creature that swallows a severely weakened Superman. Ultimately, Bizarro becomes a victim of his own plan. 77a8a"Playground of Doom"October 29, 1983 (1983-10-29) (AU) Giant children arrive on Earth and create destruction all over the city. Superman, Batman and Robin have their hands full while trying to prevent them from causing trouble. A call to the children's home planet and a visit from some influential individuals put a stop to the children's pranks. Note: This is the final episode that Olan Soule voices Batman. 77b8b"Space Racers"October 29, 1983 (1983-10-29) (AU) The Wonder Twins and Gleek are on weekend patrol duty when the Justice League patrol craft is invaded by space racing punks. After the Wonder Twins decide to teach them to respect the law, the space racing punks decide to retreat by dematerializing. They take Jayna along with them and hold her hostage. At the Hall of Justice, Wonder Woman and The Flash notice there are three spacecraft violating lightspeed in the Saturn sector and decide to check it out. When they arrive they see the space punks have hit a space mining ship. Wonder Woman and The Flash save the two space miners and The Wonder Twins saves the out of control space ship. 77c8c"The Recruiter"October 29, 1983 (1983-10-29) (AU) Superman and Wonder Woman are abducted by a race of alien beings and are forced to play intergalactic football which is referred to as space ball in this episode. By the end of the episode, the heroes teach the aliens that the key to success is to work together. Reruns, cancellation, and lost episodes For the 1982–1983 season, ABC continued to run a half-hour of reruns called The Best of the Super Friends, but none of the seven minute shorts were rebroadcast. By 1983, Hanna-Barbera had a syndication package of the earlier Super Friends episodes, distributed by LBS Communications and run from 1983–1986. These episodes were picked up by various stations across the US and were typically broadcast on weekday afternoons. Not wishing to compete with the syndicated programming, ABC dropped the series from the 1983–1984 Saturday morning line-up, and Super Friends was canceled for the second time. However, during this period of time, Hanna-Barbera continued to produce new episodes of Super Friends. In total, 8 episodes (24 cartoons) of the "lost episodes" were made, but not aired in the US that season. The series did appear in Australia uninterrupted. One of these episodes were aired when Super Friends returned to Saturday morning ABC television the following year. The remainder of the episodes finally aired in syndication in 1995 as part of the Superman/Batman Adventures show on USA Network. The series also aired on Cartoon Network and Boomerang. Home media Warner Home Video (via Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, DC Comics Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) released the 1983 lost episodes of this series in August 2009. They were released as a DVD set, titled Super Friends: The Lost Episodes. Warner Home Video released season one episodes on DVD as "Super Friends - Season 5: A Dangerous Fate", on July 23, 2013, and later "Super Friends: Legacy of Super Powers - Season 6" on DVD on October 8 the same year. With the release of Season 6, the entire Super Friends series is available on DVD. References ^ Woolery, George W. (1983). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part I: Animated Cartoon Series. Scarecrow Press. pp. 275-278. ISBN 0-8108-1557-5. Retrieved 9 April 2020. ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 802–804. ISBN 978-1476665993. ^ a b "Super Friends (II) Episode Guide -Hanna-Barbera @ BCDB". ^ a b Misiroglu, Gina (2012), The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood, Visible Ink Press, p. 326, ISBN 9781578593972 External links Super Friends at Big Cartoon DataBase Super Friends at IMDb vteSuper FriendsTelevision series Super Friends (1973) episodes The All-New Super Friends Hour (1977) Challenge of the Superfriends (1978) The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979) SuperFriends (1980) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Original characters Members Apache Chief Black Vulcan El Dorado Gleek Samurai Tasmanian Devil (DC Comics) Wendy, Marvin and Wonder Dog Wonder Twins Villains Legion of Doom Supporting characters Related Super Powers Collection Super Powers minicomics The Superman/Batman Adventures Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law Category vteHanna-Barbera Super HeroesShows Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles (The Impossibles) Birdman and the Galaxy Trio Dynomutt, Dog Wonder The Herculoids Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor Samson & Goliath Space Ghost and Dino Boy Shazzan Spin-offs Hanna–Barbera's World of Super Adventure Space Stars The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera Brak Presents the Brak Show Starring Brak The Brak Show Cartoon Planet Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law Space Ghost Coast to Coast Jellystone! The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour Birdgirl Related shows Aqua Teen Hunger Force The Adventures of Jonny Quest Challenge of the Gobots The Fantastic Four Fred and Barney Meet the Thing Fantastic Max The Further Adventures of SuperTed Galtar and the Golden Lance Godzilla Mystery Island The New Adventures of Captain Planet The New Adventures of Jonny Quest The Pirates of Dark Water The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest Sky Commanders Super Friends The All-New Super Friends Hour Challenge of the Superfriends The World's Greatest SuperFriends SuperFriends Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians The Superman/Batman Adventures SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron Young Robin Hood The Skatebirds Danger Island Films Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters Harvey Birdman: Attorney General Jonny's Golden Quest Jonny Quest vs. The Cyber Insects Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Scoob! Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too! Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest Creators Alex Toth William Hanna Joseph Barbera Misc. characters Apache Chief Black Vulcan El Dorado Gleek Jana of the Jungle Samurai Wendy, Marvin and Wonder Dog Wonder Twins Teen Force vteChildren's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1980sFirst-runanimated series The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979–80) The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show (Mighty Man and Yukk Fangface Rickety Rocket) (1979–80) Spider-Woman (1979–80) Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979–80) Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels (1977–80) Super Friends (1980-82) The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang (1980–82) Richie Rich (1980–84) Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (shorts) (1980–82) Thundarr the Barbarian (1980–82) The Heathcliff and Dingbat Show (1980–82) Laverne & Shirley in the Army (1981–82) Goldie Gold and Action Jack (1981–82) Pac-Man (1982–84) The Little Rascals (1982–84) Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour (1982–83) The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour (1982–83) The Puppy's Further Adventures (1982–84) Monchhichis (1983–84) Rubik, the Amazing Cube (1983–84, 1985) The Littles (1983–86) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984–85) Mighty Orbots (1984–85) Turbo Teen (1984–85) Dragon's Lair (1984–85) Wolf Rock TV (1984) The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show/The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries (1983–85) Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1985–90) Ewoks (1985–87) Droids (1985–86) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985–86) The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo (1985) Pound Puppies (1986–88) The Care Bears Family (1986–88) The Flintstone Kids (1986–89) The Real Ghostbusters (1986–91) My Pet Monster (1987–88) The Little Clowns of Happytown (1987-88) Little Wizards (1987-88) The New Adventures of Beany and Cecil (1988) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988–1991) A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (1988–91) Beetlejuice (1989–92) First-runlive-action series ABC Weekend Special (1977–97) American Bandstand (1957–87) Animals, Animals, Animals (1976–81) Kids Are People Too (1978–82) Menudo on ABC (1983–85) ABC Funfit (1985) ABC Fun Facts (1988) Rebroadcasts The Best of Scooby-Doo (1983–84) The Bugs Bunny Show (1985–2000) Scary Scooby Funnies (1984–85) Scooby's Mystery Funhouse (1985–86) Pink Panther and Sons (1986) The Wuzzles (1986–87) Related Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States vteAnimated TV series based on DC Comics publicationsFormer1960s debuts The New Adventures of Superman (1966–70) The Adventures of Superboy (1966–69) The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure (1967–68) Aquaman (1968–70) The Batman/Superman Hour (1968–69) The Adventures of Batman (1968–69) 1970s debuts Super Friends (1973) The New Adventures of Batman (1977) The All-New Super Friends Hour (1977) The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour (1977–78) Challenge of the Superfriends (1978) The World's Greatest SuperFriends (1979) The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show (1979–81) 1980s debuts Super Friends (1980–83) The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam! (1981–82) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Superman (1988) 1990s debuts Swamp Thing (1990–91) Batman: The Animated Series (1992–95) The Superman/Batman Adventures (1995–97) Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000) The New Batman/Superman Adventures (1997–2000) The New Batman Adventures (1997–99) Batman Beyond (1999–2001) 2000s debuts Static Shock (2000–04) The Zeta Project (2001–02) Justice League (2001–04) Teen Titans (2003–06) Justice League Unlimited (2004–06) The Batman (2004–08) Krypto the Superdog (2005–06) Legion of Super Heroes (2006–08) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–11) 2010s debuts Mad (2010–13) Young Justice (2010–13; 2019–22) Green Lantern: The Animated Series (2011–13) Beware the Batman (2013–14) Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles (2015) Vixen (2015–16) DC Super Hero Girls (2015–18) Justice League Action (2016–18) Freedom Fighters: The Ray (2017–18) Constantine: City of Demons (2018–19) DC Super Hero Girls (2019–21) 2020s debuts Aquaman: King of Atlantis (2021) The Boys Presents: Diabolical (2022) Current Teen Titans Go! (since 2013) Harley Quinn (since 2019) Batwheels (since 2022) My Adventures with Superman (since 2023) Upcoming Batman: Caped Crusader Creature Commandos Suicide Squad Isekai See also DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Animation List of unproduced projects
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_television_series"},{"link_name":"superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Super Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Friends"},{"link_name":"Super Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Friends_(1973_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The All-New Super Friends Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_All-New_Super_Friends_Hour"},{"link_name":"Challenge of the Superfriends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_Superfriends"},{"link_name":"The World's Greatest Super Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Greatest_Super_Friends"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson-2"}],"text":"Super Friends is an American animated television series about a team of superheroes which ran from 1980 to 1983 on ABC.[1] It was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and is based on the Justice League and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics. It was the fifth incarnation of the Super Friends series following Super Friends (1973), The All-New Super Friends Hour (1977), Challenge of the Superfriends (1978) and The World's Greatest Super Friends (1979).[2]","title":"Super Friends (1980 TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"writers' strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike"}],"text":"With Super Friends, the series abandoned the production of half-hour episodes (which was the case for the previous two Super Friends series), in favor of the production of seven-minute shorts. During the original airings, each episode would be followed by a half-hour rerun from one of the previous six years. Meanwhile, the second season from 1981–1982 was a shorter season due to a writers' strike.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Fortress of Solitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_Solitude"},{"link_name":"film appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Challenge of the Superfriends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_Superfriends"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"These new adventures featured appearances by the core group of the five classic Super Friends (Aquaman, Batman, Robin, Superman and Wonder Woman) along with Zan, Jayna, and Gleek. A 1981 episode titled \"Evil from Krypton\" depicted the Superman's Fortress of Solitude with a somewhat crystalline exterior and without the giant key, reminiscent of its film appearances. There were also guest appearances from members previously depicted in Challenge of the Superfriends as well as the original Hanna Barbera created hero El Dorado (debuting in the second season), who was added to the show to make the Super Friends more culturally diverse.In El Dorado's debut episode \"Alien Mummy\", it is revealed that he is of a Mexican descent. The narrator sets the scene by describing the location as 'ancient Aztec ruins in the Mexican wilderness'. One of El Dorado's lines is \"these are the mysterious ruins of my people\". Black Vulcan is able to spot-weld microelectronics as demonstrated in the episode \"Dive to Disaster\".","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddler"},{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Queen Hippolyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Hippolyta"},{"link_name":"Paradise Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themyscira_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Grodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Grodd"},{"link_name":"Stanley Ralph Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Ralph_Ross"},{"link_name":"Giganta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganta"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Sinestro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinestro"},{"link_name":"Jeff Winkless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Winkless"},{"link_name":"Solomon Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_(character)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Weldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Weldon"},{"link_name":"Phantom Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Zone"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy_(Kal-El)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Wonder Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Twins"}],"text":"The Riddler made his only solo appearance in a short episode entitled \"Around The World In 80 Riddles\" again voiced by Michael Bell. Queen Hippolyta as well as Paradise Island appear in the 1980 episode \"Return of Atlantis\". In her first two appearances, Hippolyta was a brunette however in her last appearance, she was blonde and wore a blue toga. Gorilla Grodd appeared in the short episodes \"Two Gleeks Are Deadlier Than One\" and \"Revenge of Doom\" again voiced by Stanley Ralph Ross. In \"Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One\", he and Giganta capture Gleek and replace him with a robot duplicate in order to infiltrate the Super Friends and learn what they are planning. In \"Revenge of Doom\", Gorilla Grodd was seen with the Legion of Doom when they got back together (after salvaging the Legion of Doom headquarters from the swamp and refurbishing it). While all 13 LOD members appear in \"Revenge of Doom\", only Lex Luthor, Sinestro (voiced this time by Jeff Winkless) and Solomon Grundy (again voiced by Jimmy Weldon) speak.The three Phantom Zone villains, who first appeared in the 1978 episode \"Terror from the Phantom Zone\", later return in a \"lost season\" episode from 1983 titled \"Return of the Phantoms\". In it they hijack an alien's time-space conveyor and go back in time to Smallville and attack Superboy (voiced by Jerry Dexter) to prevent him from becoming Superman. Fortunately, the pilot of that craft went to warn the Super Friends about what the trio would be attempting and guided Superman and Green Lantern to the proper time period to help the boy. The Super Friends version of the Phantom Zone is described as: \"Far beyond the boundaries of the Milky Way. In the uncharted void of deep space. An incredible 5th dimension of space and time, lies parallel to the universe that we know. This interesting interstellar warp which holds the most sinister and ruthless criminals in the galaxy is the infamous Phantom Zone\". The molecular structure of any person exiled in the Zone appears white and black. Batman's devices and the Wonder Twins' Exxor Powers are useless within the Phantom Zone.","title":"Guest characters and villains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Alden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Alden"},{"link_name":"Michael Ambrosini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Ambrosini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jack Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Angel"},{"link_name":"Hawkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkman"},{"link_name":"Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_(Super_Friends)"},{"link_name":"Flash (Barry Allen)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(Barry_Allen)"},{"link_name":"Marlene Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marlene_Aragon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Jered Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jered_Barclay"},{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Zan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Twins"},{"link_name":"Riddler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddler"},{"link_name":"Wally Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Burr"},{"link_name":"Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Ray_Palmer)"},{"link_name":"Greg Burson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Burson"},{"link_name":"Bill Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Callaway"},{"link_name":"Aquaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaman"},{"link_name":"Bizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarro"},{"link_name":"Kathy Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Garver"},{"link_name":"Rima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima"},{"link_name":"Ted Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Melanie Chartoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Chartoff"},{"link_name":"Philip Lewis Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_L._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Henry Corden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Corden"},{"link_name":"Regis Cordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Cordic"},{"link_name":"Peter Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Danny Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Dark"},{"link_name":"Superman/Clark Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Jerry Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Superboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superboy"},{"link_name":"Takayo Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayo_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Jeff Doucette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Doucette"},{"link_name":"Patty Dworkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patty_Dworkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hippolyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyta_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Richard Erdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Erdman"},{"link_name":"Fernando Escandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Escandon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_(Super_Friends)"},{"link_name":"Al Fann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Fann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shannon Farnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Farnon"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"Aileen Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aileen_Fitzpatrick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruth Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Forman"},{"link_name":"Pat Fraley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Fraley"},{"link_name":"Peggy Frees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peggy_Frees&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brian Fuld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Fuld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joan Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Gerber"},{"link_name":"Giganta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giganta"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Guest"},{"link_name":"Phil Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hartman"},{"link_name":"Bob Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Bob Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Holt_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Hostetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hostetter"},{"link_name":"Erv Immerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erv_Immeman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jane James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Jones_(voice_actress)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joyce Jameson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Jameson"},{"link_name":"Buster Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Jones"},{"link_name":"Black Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"Stanley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Casey Kasem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Kasem"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Morgan Lofting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Lofting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Allan Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Lurie"},{"link_name":"Joyce Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joyce_Mancini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Larry D. Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_D._Mann"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Mars"},{"link_name":"Bill Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Martin"},{"link_name":"Ross Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Martin"},{"link_name":"Amanda McBroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_McBroom"},{"link_name":"Chuck McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_McCann"},{"link_name":"Julie McWhirter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_McWhirter"},{"link_name":"Don Messick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Messick"},{"link_name":"Pat Parris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Parris"},{"link_name":"Richard Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Paul_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vic Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Perrin"},{"link_name":"Barney Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Patrick Pinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Pinney"},{"link_name":"Tony Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pope"},{"link_name":"William Ratner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Ratner"},{"link_name":"James Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reynolds_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Andy Rivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Rivas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mike Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Road"},{"link_name":"Renny Roker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renny_Roker"},{"link_name":"Paul Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ross_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanley Ralph Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Ralph_Ross"},{"link_name":"Brainiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainiac_(character)"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Grodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Grodd"},{"link_name":"Michael Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rye"},{"link_name":"Apache Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Chief"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Rick Segall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Segall"},{"link_name":"Michael Sheeham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Sheehan_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olan Soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olan_Soule"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Andre Stojka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Stojka"},{"link_name":"Robert Strom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Strom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lee Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Thomas_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matthew Tobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Tobin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janet Waldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Waldo"},{"link_name":"Hawkgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkgirl"},{"link_name":"Janis Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janis_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vernee Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernee_Watson_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Weldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Weldon"},{"link_name":"Solomon Grundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_(character)"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"Mister Mxyzptlk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Mxyzptlk"},{"link_name":"Jayna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Twins"},{"link_name":"Jeff Winkless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Winkless"},{"link_name":"William Woodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Woodson"},{"link_name":"Lynnanne Zager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynnanne_Zager&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marian Zajac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marian_Zajac&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Norman Alden - N/A (credit only)\nMichael Ambrosini - Dr. Rashid Ardri (in \"Scorpio\")\nJack Angel - Hawkman, Samurai, Flash (Barry Allen), Chief (in \"Bigfoot\"), J. S. Snyder (in \"The Make-Up Monster\"), Spike (in \"Cycle Gang\"), Gramps (in \"Cycle Gang\"), Submarine Captain (in Dive To Disaster\"), Mayor Summers (in \"An Unexpected Treasure\")\nMarlene Aragon - Cathleen (in \"Attack of the Cats\")\nLewis Bailey - N/A (credit only)\nJered Barclay - Diamond Jack (in \"The Sink Hole\"), Octoman (in \"Warpland\")\nMichael Bell - Zan, Riddler (in \"Around the World In 80 Riddles\"), Gleek, Bobby (in \"Cycle Gang\"), Rom-Lok (in \"Return of the Phantoms\"), Glook (in \"Invasion of the Gleeks\")\nWally Burr - Atom\nGreg Burson - Keelhaul Kelly (in \"The Scaraghosta Sea\")\nBill Callaway - Aquaman, Bizarro\nKathy Carver - Rima (in \"Return of Atlantis\"), Ocina (in \"Return of Atlantis\")\nTed Cassidy - N/A (credit only)\nMelanie Chartoff - N/A (credit only)\nPhilip Lewis Clarke - Jor-El (in \"The Krypton Syndrome\"), Frank (in \"Prisoners of Sleep\")\nHenry Corden - N/A (credit only)\nRegis Cordic - N/A (credit only)\nPeter Cullen - John Palette (in \"Palette's Perils\"), Slarum Leader (in \"Day of the Dinosaurs\")\nDanny Dark - Superman/Clark Kent\nJerry Dexter - Superboy (in \"Return of the Phantoms\"), Frankie (in \"The Roller Coaster\"), Eric (in \"An Unexpected Treasure\")\nTakayo Doran - Witch (in \"The Witch's Arcade)\nJeff Doucette - Hippo Hulk (in \"Warpland\")\nPatty Dworkin - Hippolyta (in \"Return of Atlantis\"), Divina (in \"Return of Atlantis\")\nRichard Erdman - Grimes (in \"Garden of Doom\"), Space Genie (in \"Three Wishes\")\nFernando Escandon - El Dorado\nAl Fann - N/A (credit only)\nShannon Farnon - Wonder Woman\nAileen Fitzpatrick - Yuna (in \"Yuna the Terrible\")\nRuth Forman - N/A (credit only)\nPat Fraley - N/A (credit only)\nPeggy Frees - Girl (in \"The Make-Up Monster\")\nBrian Fuld - Frankie and Dennis' Friend (in \"The Roller Coaster\")\nJoan Gerber - Giganta (in \"Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One\")\nNicholas Guest - Dennis (in \"The Roller Coaster\")\nPhil Hartman - Stardust (in \"Outlaws of Orion\")\nBob Hastings - N/A (credit only)\nBob Holt - Holmes (in \"Haunted House\"), Logar (in \"Return of the Phantoms\")\nJohn Hostetter - Blob (in \"The Malusian Blob\"), Fax (in \"Space Racers\")\nErv Immerman - Professor Stevens (in \"Attack of the Cats\")\nJane James - N/A (credit only)\nJoyce Jameson - Judy (in \"Garden of Doom\")\nDavid Jolliffe - Alien Time Traveler (in \"Return of the Phantoms\")\nBuster Jones - Black Vulcan\nStanley Jones - Lex Luthor (in \"Revenge of Doom\"), Hul (in \"Return of the Phantoms\")\nCasey Kasem - Robin\nZale Kessler - Mohawk Spirit (in \"Once Upon a Poltergeist\"), Bat Computer (in \"Once Upon a Poltergeist\")\nMorgan Lofting - Dr. Gibbs (in \"The Scaraghosta Sea\")\nAllan Lurie - Zi-Kree (in \"The Evil From Krypton\")\nJoyce Mancini - N/A (credit only)\nLarry D. Mann - Itsy/Iron Cyclops (in \"The Iron Cyclops\")\nKenneth Mars - Bud (in \"The Make-Up Monster\"), Warlord (in \"The Warlord's Amulet\")\nBill Martin - Technos (in \"Day of the Dinosaurs\")\nRoss Martin - N/A (credit only)\nAmanda McBroom - Vampiress (in \"Voodoo Vampire\"), Tigress (in \"The Circus of Horror\")\nChuck McCann - Colossus (in \"Colossus\")\nChuck McClennan - N/A (credit only)\nJulie McWhirter - Lois Lane (in \"The Ice Demon\"), Kate (in \"The Ice Demon\"), Toni (in \"Eruption\")\nDon Messick - N/A (credit only)\nPat Parris\nRichard Paul - N/A (credit only)\nVic Perrin - Sailor (\"Return of Atlantis\"), Justice League Computer (in \"Video Victims\")\nBarney Phillips - N/A (credit only)\nPatrick Pinney - Ernie Wilcox (in \"Bully for You\")\nTony Pope - Vinnie (in \"Bully for You\")\nWilliam Ratner - Recruiter (in \"The Recruiter\")\nJames Reynolds - N/A (credit only)\nAndy Rivas - Professor Nazca (in \"The Alien Mummy\")\nMike Road - Security Guard (in \"Palette's Perils\")\nRenny Roker - N/A (credit only)\nPaul Ross - Aircraft Carrier Captain (in \"The Aircraft Terror\")\nStanley Ralph Ross - Brainiac (in \"Superclones\"), Gorilla Grodd (in \"Two Gleeks are Deadlier Than One\")\nDick Ryal - N/A (credit only)\nMichael Rye - Apache Chief, Green Lantern, Novarian Leader (in \"Bigfoot\"), Bulgor the Behemoth (in \"Bulgor the Behemoth\"), Pack (in \"Outlaws of Orion\"), Romac (in \"The Killer Machines\"), Dr. Olin (in \"The Killer Machines\")\nRick Segall\nMichael Sheeham - Truck Driver (in \"The Iron Cyclops\")\nOlan Soule - Batman, Repair Man\nAndre Stojka - Scorpio (in \"Scorpio\"), Sleep (in \"Prisoners of Sleep\"), Coal Miner (in \"Prisoners of Sleep\")\nRobert Strom - Judge (in \"Superclones\")\nLee Thomas - Captain Hood (in \"The Stowaways From Space\")\nMatthew Tobin - Jacques (in \"Terror on the Titanic\")\nJanet Waldo - Hawkgirl\nJanis Ward\nVernee Watson - N/A (credit only)\nJimmy Weldon - Solomon Grundy (in \"Revenge of Doom\")\nFrank Welker - Mister Mxyzptlk, Dr. Wells (in \"Elevator to Nowhere\"), Elephant (in \"Circus of Horrors\")\nLouise Williams - Jayna\nJeff Winkless - Sinestro (in \"The Revenge of Doom\"), Surgeon (in \"A Pint of Life\")\nWilliam Woodson - Narrator, Volti Guard (in \"Day of the Dinosaurs\")\nLynnanne Zager\nMarian Zajac","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1980)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1981)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1983)","text":"This season didn't air during a regularly scheduled Saturday morning time-slot, but did get aired when the series began to get aired in repeats/reruns on other networks. In prior series, The Wonder Twins were only paired up with Superman, Batman and Robin or Wonder Woman. This series found them teaming up with other Justice Leaguers. In \"Roller Coaster\", they're paired with Atom. In \"Two Gleeks\", they're paired with Wonder Woman and Green Lantern. In \"Unexpected Treasure\", they're paired with Hawkman and Hawkgirl. In \"Space Racers\", they're paired with Wonder Woman & Flash. In \"Pint of Life\", they're paired with Aquaman. In \"Invasion of The Space Dolls\" and \"Bully for You\", they're paired with Batman and Robin. In \"One Small Step for Superman\", they're paired with Superman and Batman. This is the final season that Olan Soule voices Batman and Shannon Farnon voices Wonder Woman.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"LBS Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Broadcast_Services_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misiroglu2012-4"},{"link_name":"Superman/Batman Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Superman/Batman_Adventures"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misiroglu2012-4"}],"text":"For the 1982–1983 season, ABC continued to run a half-hour of reruns called The Best of the Super Friends, but none of the seven minute shorts were rebroadcast. By 1983, Hanna-Barbera had a syndication package of the earlier Super Friends episodes, distributed by LBS Communications and run from 1983–1986. These episodes were picked up by various stations across the US and were typically broadcast on weekday afternoons. Not wishing to compete with the syndicated programming, ABC dropped the series from the 1983–1984 Saturday morning line-up, and Super Friends was canceled for the second time. However, during this period of time, Hanna-Barbera continued to produce new episodes of Super Friends.[4]In total, 8 episodes (24 cartoons) of the \"lost episodes\" were made, but not aired in the US that season. The series did appear in Australia uninterrupted. One of these episodes were aired when Super Friends returned to Saturday morning ABC television the following year. The remainder of the episodes finally aired in syndication in 1995 as part of the Superman/Batman Adventures show on USA Network. The series also aired on Cartoon Network and Boomerang.[4]","title":"Reruns, cancellation, and lost episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Warner Home Video (via Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, DC Comics Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) released the 1983 lost episodes of this series in August 2009. They were released as a DVD set, titled Super Friends: The Lost Episodes. Warner Home Video released season one episodes on DVD as \"Super Friends - Season 5: A Dangerous Fate\", on July 23, 2013, and later \"Super Friends: Legacy of Super Powers - Season 6\" on DVD on October 8 the same year. With the release of Season 6, the entire Super Friends series is available on DVD.","title":"Home media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Woolery, George W. (1983). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part I: Animated Cartoon Series. Scarecrow Press. pp. 275-278. ISBN 0-8108-1557-5. Retrieved 9 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool","url_text":"Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part I: Animated Cartoon Series"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool/page/275","url_text":"275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1557-5","url_text":"0-8108-1557-5"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 802–804. ISBN 978-1476665993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476665993","url_text":"978-1476665993"}]},{"reference":"\"Super Friends (II) Episode Guide -Hanna-Barbera @ BCDB\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Hanna-Barbera_Studios/S/Super_Friends_II_/","url_text":"\"Super Friends (II) Episode Guide -Hanna-Barbera @ BCDB\""}]},{"reference":"Misiroglu, Gina (2012), The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood, Visible Ink Press, p. 326, ISBN 9781578593972","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgVlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326","url_text":"The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Ink_Press","url_text":"Visible Ink Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578593972","url_text":"9781578593972"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool","external_links_name":"Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part I: Animated Cartoon Series"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool/page/275","external_links_name":"275"},{"Link":"https://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Hanna-Barbera_Studios/S/Super_Friends_II_/","external_links_name":"\"Super Friends (II) Episode Guide -Hanna-Barbera @ BCDB\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgVlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326","external_links_name":"The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood"},{"Link":"https://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Hanna-Barbera_Studios/S/Super_Friends_II_/","external_links_name":"Super Friends"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069641/","external_links_name":"Super Friends"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongwian_Yai_station
Wongwian Yai BTS station
["1 Station layout","2 See also"]
Coordinates: 13°43′16″N 100°29′43″E / 13.72111°N 100.49528°E / 13.72111; 100.49528This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wongwian Yai BTS station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wongwian Yaiวงเวียนใหญ่ BTS General informationLocationKhlong San, Bangkok, ThailandCoordinates13°43′16″N 100°29′43″E / 13.72111°N 100.49528°E / 13.72111; 100.49528Owned byBangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA)Operated byBangkok Mass Transit SystemPublic Company Limited (BTSC)Other informationStation codeS8HistoryOpened15 May 2009; 15 years ago (2009-05-15)Previous namesYaek TaksinPassengers20211,490,293 Services Preceding station BTS Skytrain Following station Krung Thon Buritowards National Stadium Silom Line Pho Nimittowards Bang Wa Proposed Preceding station Metropolitan Rapid Transit Following station Memorial Bridgetowards Tao Poon Purple LineSouthern Extension Samretowards Khru Nai Preceding station SRT Red Lines Following station Talat Phlutowards Bang Bon Dark Red LinePhase IV Khlong SanTerminus Wongwian Yai Station Traditional signNot to be confused with Wongwian Yai railway station. Wongwian Yai station (Thai: สถานีวงเวียนใหญ่, pronounced ) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Silom line in Khlong San District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is on Krung Thon Buri Road to the west of Taksin intersection. It is located in a different location to Wongwian Yai railway station operated by the State Railway of Thailand. The station opened on 15 May 2009, together with Krung Thonburi station on the 2.2 km (1.4 mi) Skytrain extension reaching Thonburi on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. Station layout U3Platform Side platform, doors will open on the left Platform 4 Silom Line toward National Stadium (Krung Thon Buri) Platform 3 Silom Line toward Bang Wa (Pho Nimit) Side platform, doors will open on the left U2ticket sales class ticket sales floor Exit 1–4, Passenger Service CenterTicket Office, Ticket Machine, Shop GStreet level - Bus StopWongwian Yai Market, Wongwian Yai Railway Station See also BTS Skytrain Wongwian Yai MRT Purple Line SRT Dark Red Line vte Silom LineStationsYotse Extension (planned) Yotse National Stadium - Bang Wa (operational) National Stadium Siam Ratchadamri Sala Daeng Chong Nonsi Saint Louis Surasak Saphan Taksin Krung Thon Buri Wongwian Yai Pho Nimit Talat Phlu Wutthakat Bang Wa Taling Chan Extension (planned) Bang Waek Bang Chueak Nang Bang Phrom Inthrawat Borommaratchachonnani Taling Chan Rolling stock Siemens Modular Metro Changchun Train BTS Skytrain M-Map vteBangkok Metropolitan Mass Rapid Transit stations     Silom Line National Stadium Siam Ratchadamri Sala Daeng Chong Nonsi Saint Louis Surasak Saphan Taksin Krung Thon Buri Wongwian Yai Pho Nimit Talat Phlu Wutthakat Bang Wa     Purple Line Khlong Bang Phai Talad Bang Yai Sam Yaek Bang Yai Bang Phlu Bang Rak Yai Bang Rak Noi Tha It Sai Ma Phra Nang Klao Bridge Yaek Nonthaburi 1 Bang Krasor Nonthaburi Civic Center Ministry of Public Health Yaek Tiwanon Wong Sawang Bang Son Tao Poon     Dark Red Line Rangsit Lak Hok (Rangsit University) Don Mueang Kan Kheha Lak Si Thung Song Hong Bang Khen Wat Samian Nari Chatuchak Krung Thep Aphiwat vtePublic transport systems in Bangkok Metropolitan Region Transport in Bangkok List of rapid transit stations in Bangkok Rail transport in Bangkok Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region RailwaysInter-city rail and High-speed railOpen State Railway of Thailand   Northern Line   Northeastern Line   Southern Line   Eastern Line   Maeklong Railway Under construction Eastern HSR (2029) Northeastern HSR (2026) Planned Northern HSR Southern HSR Commuter rail  SRT   SRT   ARL  State Railway of Thailand Lopburi Kaeng Khoi Prachinburi Ratchaburi Suphan Buri Rapid transit  BTS   BTS   MRT   MRT   MRT  (under construction, 2025) Monorail  MRT   MRT   MRT  (planned)  MRL  (planned)  MRL  (planned) People mover  BTS  Suvarnabhumi APM Don Mueang APM (planned) Light rail and Tram  BTS  (planned) Trams in Bangkok (defunct) Main stations Krung Thep Aphiwat (Bang Sue) Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) Makkasan RoadsExpressways Chaloem Maha Nakhon Si Rat Chalong Rat Burapha Withi Udon Ratthaya Prachim Ratthaya Uttaraphimuk S1 Kanchanaphisek Motorways () () National highways () () () () BusesOperator Bangkok BRT BMTA Major terminals Bangkok Bus Terminal Water transportRiver Chao Phraya Express Boat  OrangeFlag   YellowFlag  Mine Smart Ferry Canals Khlong Saen Saep boat service Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem boat service Khlong Phasi Charoen boat service This article related to the city of Bangkok, Thailand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Thai railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BTS_S8_Traditional_station_sign.svg"},{"link_name":"Wongwian Yai railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongwian_Yai_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[sā.tʰǎː.nīː wōŋ.wīa̯n jàj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"BTS skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Silom line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silom_line"},{"link_name":"Khlong San District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_San_District"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Krung Thon Buri Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krung_Thon_Buri_Road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wongwian Yai railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongwian_Yai_railway_station"},{"link_name":"State Railway of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Krung Thonburi station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krung_Thonburi_station"},{"link_name":"Thonburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonburi"},{"link_name":"Chao Phraya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River"}],"text":"Wongwian Yai Station Traditional signNot to be confused with Wongwian Yai railway station.Wongwian Yai station (Thai: สถานีวงเวียนใหญ่, pronounced [sā.tʰǎː.nīː wōŋ.wīa̯n jàj]) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Silom line in Khlong San District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is on Krung Thon Buri Road to the west of Taksin intersection. It is located in a different location to Wongwian Yai railway station operated by the State Railway of Thailand.The station opened on 15 May 2009, together with Krung Thonburi station on the 2.2 km (1.4 mi) Skytrain extension reaching Thonburi on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River.","title":"Wongwian Yai BTS station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station layout"}]
[{"image_text":"Wongwian Yai Station Traditional sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BTS_S8_Traditional_station_sign.svg/220px-BTS_S8_Traditional_station_sign.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"BTS Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS_Skytrain"},{"title":"Wongwian Yai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wongwian_Yai"},{"title":"MRT Purple Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRT_Purple_Line"},{"title":"SRT Dark Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRT_Dark_Red_Line"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Silom_Line_navbox"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Silom_Line_navbox"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silom_Line_navbox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BTSbangkok.svg"},{"title":"Silom Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silom_Line"},{"title":"Yotse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yotse_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stadium_BTS_station"},{"title":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_BTS_station"},{"title":"Ratchadamri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchadamri_BTS_station"},{"title":"Sala Daeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala_Daeng_BTS_station"},{"title":"Chong Nonsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chong_Nonsi_BTS_station"},{"title":"Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_BTS_station"},{"title":"Surasak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surasak_BTS_station"},{"title":"Saphan Taksin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphan_Taksin_BTS_station"},{"title":"Krung Thon Buri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krung_Thon_Buri_BTS_station"},{"title":"Wongwian Yai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Pho Nimit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho_Nimit_BTS_station"},{"title":"Talat Phlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talat_Phlu_BTS_station"},{"title":"Wutthakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutthakat_BTS_station"},{"title":"Bang Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Wa_station"},{"title":"Bang Waek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bang_Waek_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bang Chueak Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bang_Chueak_Nang_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bang Phrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bang_Phrom_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Inthrawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inthrawat_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Borommaratchachonnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borommaratchachonnani_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Taling Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taling_Chan_BTS_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_Skytrain_06.jpg"},{"title":"Siemens Modular Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Modular_Metro"},{"title":"Changchun Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC_Changchun_Railway_Vehicles"},{"title":"BTS Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS_Skytrain"},{"title":"M-Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_Master_Plan_in_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bangkok_Rapid_Transit_stations"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bangkok_Rapid_Transit_stations"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangkok_Rapid_Transit_stations"},{"title":"Bangkok Metropolitan Mass Rapid 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Nasty_in_the_Vault
Something Nasty in the Vault
["1 Synopsis","2 Plot","3 Cast","4 Notes","5 Radio episode","6 Further reading","7 External links","8 References"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 5th episode of the 3rd series of Dad's Army "Something Nasty in the Vault"Dad's Army episodeEpisode no.Series 3Episode 5Directed byDavid CroftStory byJimmy Perry and David CroftProduced byDavid CroftOriginal air date9 October 1969 (1969-10-09)Running time30 minutesEpisode chronology ← Previous"The Bullet is Not for Firing" Next →"Room at the Bottom" List of episodes "Something Nasty in the Vault" is the fifth episode of the third series of the British comedy series Dad's Army. It was originally transmitted on Thursday 9 October 1969. Synopsis Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson find themselves trapped in the bank vault with an unexploded bomb. Plot Walker arrives to pay some money into the bank, and a rather posh looking gentleman is standing behind him. As Pike prepares to cash his money, he discovers one of Walker's £5 notes is a forgery. Mainwaring is shocked to learn that the money came from him, and decides to hush it up. As Walker leaves, the posh gentleman introduces himself as Mr West, a Bank Inspector. Mainwaring's face falls. He takes him into the office, where West tells him that his monthly report to Head Office has become irregular. Mainwaring blames it on his Home Guard duties. West is shocked to see a Lewis gun Mk1 perched on the windowsill, and berates Mainwaring for putting the bank in danger. Mainwaring points out that the Lewis gun covers the High Street from Stead and Simpson's to Timothy Whites (referring to chain stores of the period). Suddenly, the air raid siren sounds and their meeting is cut short. West is less than pleased when they return two hours later, complaining that it could have been one of their planes they heard. Suddenly, he notices a hole in the roof, and flies into a fit of rage, believing that while they were in the Anderson shelter, someone broke into the bank. As he picks up loose notes, both Mainwaring and Wilson vanish. West searches for them, and is shocked to see a massive hole in the floor, where Mainwaring and Wilson are stranded, clutching an unexploded bomb on their laps. West rushes off to get help, bumping into Jones, who quickly takes charge and puts the bank under martial law. He rushes off to get the rest of the platoon and ring the Bomb Disposal Unit, while Pike and ARP Warden Hodges dither about in the office. Eventually, Jones returns with the platoon, but Mainwaring orders him to get them all out, as he feels there is no point in the platoon risking their lives as well. Initially, Walker agrees with the idea, only to be upbraided for it by an outraged Jones. Jones then asks the rest of the platoon if they want to leave as well, which all the men refuse to do (Godfrey reminds the platoon that Mainwaring would not leave any of them if they were in the same situation; while Pike adds that he could not leave his "Uncle Arthur", as his mother would not like it if he did). Walker then tells Jones that he is not going to leave either. Shortly afterwards, Hodges returns and has a brief argument with Jones as to who is in charge of the situation; this is quickly resolved when Captain Rogers of the Bomb Disposal Unit arrives and takes charge. Unfortunately, both the keys to the strongroom are still in Mainwaring and Wilson's possession, so Frazer uses a fishing rod to yank up one of the keys. Rogers enters the strongroom, and identifies the bomb's fuse as a 'trembler'. He exasperates Mainwaring and Wilson by saying he has to go back to GHQ to pick up some special equipment. After Rogers leaves, Jones and Godfrey bring Mainwaring and Wilson each a cup of tea, with Godfrey helping them to drink it. Jones realises that Mainwaring and Wilson cannot hang on much longer, so he proposes an elaborate plan to remove the bomb from them. He and the others build a makeshift pulley in the office and tie the bomb to a piece of rope to pull it up, but in the process, it takes Jones with it. Later, they all have a drink in the pub, and West congratulates the platoon for saving the bank. Mrs Pike rushes in and offers her compliments to Mainwaring and Wilson. West offers to pay for the drinks, but the note he uses is a dud, so Walker pays it with some money he nabbed from the bank. Cast Arthur Lowe as Captain Mainwaring John Le Mesurier as Sergeant Wilson Clive Dunn as Lance Corporal Jones John Laurie as Private Frazer James Beck as Private Walker Arnold Ridley as Private Godfrey Ian Lavender as Private Pike Bill Pertwee as ARP Warden Hodges Janet Davies as Mrs Pike Robert Dorning as Mr West, the Bank Inspector Norman Mitchell as Captain Rogers Notes This episode was originally titled "Don't Let Go". According to a cut scene (reinstated in the radio adaptation), this episode is set exactly one year after "The Man and the Hour", placing it on 14 May 1941. Jones slips up at one point when he refers to Captain Rogers as Major Rogers, although he is clearly wearing the three pips of a captain. Captain Rogers identifies the bomb as an SC50. Mr West, who appears here played by Robert Dorning, would later appear in the Series 4 episode A. Wilson (Manager)? played by Blake Butler. As the staff return from the air raid Mr West tries to hang his hat on the hat stand but it falls down the back. Radio episode In addition to John Snagge's regular role as announcer and newsreader, John Barron featured as Mr West, Frank Thornton as Captain Rogers, and Elizabeth Morgan as Janet King. Rather than Walker's dud £5 note, Mr West is simply made to wait outside Mainwaring's office. The scene with the platoon refusing to leave was omitted, together with the characters of Privates Godfrey and Walker, and the episode ends with Wilson telling Mainwaring and Jones they should get the hell out of there, the visual gag of Jones getting caught up with the bomb and the pub scene being omitted. Further reading Croft, David; Perry, Jimmy; Webber, Richard (2000). The Complete A-Z of Dad's Army. Orion. ISBN 0-7528-4637-X. External links "Something Nasty in the Vault" at BBC Online "Something Nasty in the Vault" at IMDb References ^ BBC Radio 4 Extra – Dad's Army, Series 1, Something Nasty in the Vault – note that cast list on this page is incorrect, cast notes gathered from listening to audio vteDad's ArmyCharacters Captain Mainwaring Sergeant Wilson Lance Corporal Jones Private Frazer Private Godfrey Private Walker Private Pike Chief ARP Warden Hodges Episodes Episode list Missing episodes Radio episodes "Present Arms" Adaptations & spinoffs 1971 film 2016 film Stage show The Rear Guard It Sticks Out Half a Mile High & Dry Merchandise Audio releases Books and memorabilia Other articles Blitz and Pieces Dad's Army Appreciation Society Dad's Army Museum Jones's van Walmington-on-Sea Bressingham Steam and Gardens EpisodesSeries 1 "The Man and the Hour" "Museum Piece" "Command Decision" "The Enemy Within the Gates" "The Showing Up of Corporal Jones" "Shooting Pains" Series 2 "Operation Kilt" "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage" "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker"†‡ "Sgt. Wilson's Little Secret" "A Stripe for Frazer"†‡ "Under Fire"†‡ Series 3 "The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones" "Battle School" "The Lion Has 'Phones" "The Bullet Is Not for Firing" "Something Nasty in the Vault" "Room at the Bottom" "Big Guns" "The Day the Balloon Went Up" "War Dance" "Menace from the Deep" "Branded" "Man Hunt" "No Spring for Frazer" "Sons of the Sea" Series 4 "The Big Parade" "Don't Forget the Diver" "Boots, Boots, Boots" "Sgt – Save My Boy!" "Don't Fence Me In" "Absent Friends" "Put That Light Out!" "The Two and a Half Feathers" "Mum's Army" "The Test" "A. Wilson (Manager)?" "Uninvited Guests" "Fallen Idol" Series 5 "Asleep in the Deep" "Keep Young and Beautiful" "A Soldier's Farewell" "Getting the Bird" "The Desperate Drive of Corporal Jones" "If the Cap Fits..." "The King Was in His Counting House" "All is Safely Gathered In" "When Did You Last See Your Money?" "Brain Versus Brawn" "A Brush with the Law" "Round and Round Went the Great Big Wheel" "Time on My Hands" Series 6 "The Deadly Attachment" "My British Buddy" "The Royal Train" "We Know Our Onions" "The Honourable Man" "Things that Go Bump in the Night" "The Recruit" Series 7 "Everybody's Trucking" "A Man of Action" "Gorilla Warfare" "The Godiva Affair" "The Captain's Car" "Turkey Dinner" Series 8 "Ring Dem Bells" "When You've Got to Go" "Is There Honey Still for Tea?" "Come In, Your Time Is Up" "High Finance" "The Face on the Poster" Series 9 "Wake Up Walmington" "The Making of Private Pike" "Knights of Madness" "The Miser's Hoard" "Number Engaged" "Never Too Old" 000!!Specials "Santa on Patrol"† "Resisting the Aggressor Down the Ages" "Cornish Floral Dance"† "Battle of the Giants!" "Broadcast to the Empire" "My Brother and I" "The Love of Three Oranges" † Missing episode has been reconstructed using animation. ‡ Missing episode has been recreated with new cast
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It was originally transmitted on Thursday 9 October 1969.","title":"Something Nasty in the Vault"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unexploded bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance"}],"text":"Captain Mainwaring and Sergeant Wilson find themselves trapped in the bank vault with an unexploded bomb.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"forgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"link_name":"Bank Inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_examiner"},{"link_name":"Lewis gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_gun"},{"link_name":"Stead and Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stead_and_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Timothy Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Whites"},{"link_name":"Anderson shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_shelter"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"Bomb Disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_Disposal"},{"link_name":"ARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Raid_Precautions"},{"link_name":"trembler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-handling_device"},{"link_name":"pulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"},{"link_name":"dud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_money"}],"text":"Walker arrives to pay some money into the bank, and a rather posh looking gentleman is standing behind him. As Pike prepares to cash his money, he discovers one of Walker's £5 notes is a forgery. Mainwaring is shocked to learn that the money came from him, and decides to hush it up. As Walker leaves, the posh gentleman introduces himself as Mr West, a Bank Inspector. Mainwaring's face falls.He takes him into the office, where West tells him that his monthly report to Head Office has become irregular. Mainwaring blames it on his Home Guard duties. West is shocked to see a Lewis gun Mk1 perched on the windowsill, and berates Mainwaring for putting the bank in danger. Mainwaring points out that the Lewis gun covers the High Street from Stead and Simpson's to Timothy Whites (referring to chain stores of the period). Suddenly, the air raid siren sounds and their meeting is cut short.West is less than pleased when they return two hours later, complaining that it could have been one of their planes they heard. Suddenly, he notices a hole in the roof, and flies into a fit of rage, believing that while they were in the Anderson shelter, someone broke into the bank. As he picks up loose notes, both Mainwaring and Wilson vanish. West searches for them, and is shocked to see a massive hole in the floor, where Mainwaring and Wilson are stranded, clutching an unexploded bomb on their laps. West rushes off to get help, bumping into Jones, who quickly takes charge and puts the bank under martial law. He rushes off to get the rest of the platoon and ring the Bomb Disposal Unit, while Pike and ARP Warden Hodges dither about in the office.Eventually, Jones returns with the platoon, but Mainwaring orders him to get them all out, as he feels there is no point in the platoon risking their lives as well. Initially, Walker agrees with the idea, only to be upbraided for it by an outraged Jones. Jones then asks the rest of the platoon if they want to leave as well, which all the men refuse to do (Godfrey reminds the platoon that Mainwaring would not leave any of them if they were in the same situation; while Pike adds that he could not leave his \"Uncle Arthur\", as his mother would not like it if he did). Walker then tells Jones that he is not going to leave either. Shortly afterwards, Hodges returns and has a brief argument with Jones as to who is in charge of the situation; this is quickly resolved when Captain Rogers of the Bomb Disposal Unit arrives and takes charge. Unfortunately, both the keys to the strongroom are still in Mainwaring and Wilson's possession, so Frazer uses a fishing rod to yank up one of the keys. Rogers enters the strongroom, and identifies the bomb's fuse as a 'trembler'. He exasperates Mainwaring and Wilson by saying he has to go back to GHQ to pick up some special equipment. After Rogers leaves, Jones and Godfrey bring Mainwaring and Wilson each a cup of tea, with Godfrey helping them to drink it.Jones realises that Mainwaring and Wilson cannot hang on much longer, so he proposes an elaborate plan to remove the bomb from them. He and the others build a makeshift pulley in the office and tie the bomb to a piece of rope to pull it up, but in the process, it takes Jones with it.Later, they all have a drink in the pub, and West congratulates the platoon for saving the bank. Mrs Pike rushes in and offers her compliments to Mainwaring and Wilson. West offers to pay for the drinks, but the note he uses is a dud, so Walker pays it with some money he nabbed from the bank.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Captain Mainwaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Mainwaring"},{"link_name":"John Le Mesurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Le_Mesurier"},{"link_name":"Sergeant Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Clive Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Lance Corporal Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Corporal_Jones"},{"link_name":"John Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Private Frazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Frazer"},{"link_name":"James Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beck"},{"link_name":"Private Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Walker"},{"link_name":"Arnold Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Ridley"},{"link_name":"Private Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Ian Lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lavender"},{"link_name":"Private Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Pike"},{"link_name":"Bill Pertwee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pertwee"},{"link_name":"ARP Warden Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_ARP_Warden_Hodges"},{"link_name":"Janet Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Davies_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Mrs Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Pike"},{"link_name":"Robert Dorning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dorning"},{"link_name":"Norman Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mitchell"}],"text":"Arthur Lowe as Captain Mainwaring\nJohn Le Mesurier as Sergeant Wilson\nClive Dunn as Lance Corporal Jones\nJohn Laurie as Private Frazer\nJames Beck as Private Walker\nArnold Ridley as Private Godfrey\nIan Lavender as Private Pike\nBill Pertwee as ARP Warden Hodges\nJanet Davies as Mrs Pike\nRobert Dorning as Mr West, the Bank Inspector\nNorman Mitchell as Captain Rogers","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Man and the Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_and_the_Hour"},{"link_name":"SC50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC50_bomb"},{"link_name":"Robert Dorning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dorning"},{"link_name":"A. Wilson (Manager)?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Wilson_(Manager)%3F"},{"link_name":"Blake Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Butler"}],"text":"This episode was originally titled \"Don't Let Go\".\nAccording to a cut scene (reinstated in the radio adaptation), this episode is set exactly one year after \"The Man and the Hour\", placing it on 14 May 1941.\nJones slips up at one point when he refers to Captain Rogers as Major Rogers, although he is clearly wearing the three pips of a captain.\nCaptain Rogers identifies the bomb as an SC50.\nMr West, who appears here played by Robert Dorning, would later appear in the Series 4 episode A. Wilson (Manager)? played by Blake Butler.\nAs the staff return from the air raid Mr West tries to hang his hat on the hat stand but it falls down the back.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Snagge's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snagge"},{"link_name":"John Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barron_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Morgan_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In addition to John Snagge's regular role as announcer and newsreader, John Barron featured as Mr West, Frank Thornton as Captain Rogers, and Elizabeth Morgan as Janet King.Rather than Walker's dud £5 note, Mr West is simply made to wait outside Mainwaring's office. The scene with the platoon refusing to leave was omitted, together with the characters of Privates Godfrey and Walker, and the episode ends with Wilson telling Mainwaring and Jones they should get the hell out of there, the visual gag of Jones getting caught up with the bomb and the pub scene being omitted.[1]","title":"Radio episode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7528-4637-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-4637-X"}],"text":"Croft, David; Perry, Jimmy; Webber, Richard (2000). The Complete A-Z of Dad's Army. Orion. ISBN 0-7528-4637-X.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Croft, David; Perry, Jimmy; Webber, Richard (2000). The Complete A-Z of Dad's Army. Orion. ISBN 0-7528-4637-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-4637-X","url_text":"0-7528-4637-X"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007bcxp","external_links_name":"\"Something Nasty in the Vault\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0552313/","external_links_name":"\"Something Nasty in the Vault\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007k48l","external_links_name":"BBC Radio 4 Extra – Dad's Army, Series 1, Something Nasty in the Vault"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volos_F.C.
Volos F.C.
["1 History","2 Stadium","3 Sponsorship","4 Season to season","4.1 Notable wins","5 Players","5.1 Current squad","5.2 Out on loan","6 Coaching staff","7 Honours","7.1 Domestic","8 References","9 External links"]
Football clubVolos NFCFull nameVolos New Football ClubFounded2 June 2017; 7 years ago (2017-06-02)GroundPanthessaliko StadiumCapacity22,700ChairmanGiorgos SpiridopoulosManagerJoaquín GómezLeagueSuper League Greece2023–24Super League Greece, 12th of 14WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Volos New Football Club (Greek: Π.Α.Ε. Νέος Ποδοσφαιρικός Σύλλογος Βόλου) is a Greek professional football club based in Volos, Magnesia, Greece. The club currently competes in the Super League, the first tier of football in Greece. Volos plays its home matches at the Panthessaliko Stadium. History After years of unsuccessful efforts and negotiations between the two older football clubs of Volos (Niki and Olympiakos) to be merged to create a strong football club for the city, finally in April 2017 discussions and efforts by Achilleas Beos, mayor of Volos, led to the creation of a new football club. It was decided Pydna Kitros to be dissolved and renamed and thus, Volos New Football Club was created, the official presentation of which was held on June 2. The team, which took the position of Pydna Kitros in Gamma Ethniki for the 2017–18 season, began its preparation with significant transcriptional movements. Volos eventually won first place in Group 4 and 2nd in Group 1 of the Promotion Play-Offs, and they were promoted to the Football League. In the 2022–23 season, Volos had an excellent run in the Super League, finishing the regular season in fifth place in the Championship, but the inexperience of its players cost them and they finished the playoffs with only one point and a total of nine defeats and one draw. Paolo Fernandes was voted Volos' best player of the season, even though he only played 13 matches. Stadium For its participations in the third and second division leagues, Volos NFC used the stadium located in the Neapoli area in Volos, at the edge of Neapoli. Neapoli Municipal Stadium was constructed several years ago, but in the summer of 2017 the Municipality of Volos refurbished it on behalf of Volos NFC who later used it as their seat. It has a capacity of 2,500 tiers, while there is a roof on the northwest side. After promotion to the Super League, the team uses the Panthessaliko Stadium of Volos, constructed for the 2004 Olympic Games, which has a capacity of 22,700. Sponsorship Shirt Sponsor: Novibet Sport Clothing Manufacturer: Admiral Golden Sponsor: INTERKAT Season to season Season Played Greek League Clubs competed Position finished Points W – D – L 2017–18 Gamma Ethniki 13 1st 63 20 – 3 – 1 2018–19 Football League 16 1st 60 18 – 6 – 6 2019–20 Super League 14 11th 31 8 – 7 – 18 2020–21 Super League 14 7th 43 10 – 13 – 10 2021–22 Super League 14 10th 40 10 – 10 – 13 2022–23 Super League 14 6th 40 11 – 7 – 18 2023–24 Super League 14 12th 33 8 – 9 – 16 Notable wins Season Match Score 2021–22 Volos NFC – Panathinaikos 3–1 2020–21 Volos NFC – AEK Athens (for Greek Cup) 1–0 2020–21 Volos NFC – AEK Athens 1–0 2021 Volos NFC – AEK Athens (friendly match) 4–3 2021–22 AEK Athens – Volos NFC 1–2 2022–23 AEK Athens – Volos NFC 0–1 2019–20 Volos NFC – Aris 1–0 2021–22 Aris – Volos NFC 0–2 2022–23 Volos NFC – Aris 2–0 Players Current squad As of 21 May 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  GRE Marios Siampanis 2 DF  DEN Luka Racic 4 DF  GRE Kyriakos Aslanidis 5 DF  GRE Alexis Kalogeropoulos (on loan from Olympiacos) 6 DF  GRE Tasos Tsokanis (captain) 8 MF  NED Joeri de Kamps 9 MF  ROU Călin Popescu 10 MF  FRA Alexis Trouillet (on loan from Panathinaikos) 11 MF  SRB Nemanja Glavčić 13 DF  ESP Antonio Luna 16 DF  CYP Christos Shelis 17 DF  GRE Fotis Kitsos (on loan from Olympiacos) No. Pos. Nation Player 18 MF  ARG Facundo Bertoglio 19 MF  URU Bryan Olivera 20 MF  ARG Maximiliano Comba 22 DF  GRE Georgios Mygas 23 GK  GRE Panagiotis Kalampoukas 30 GK  GRE Symeon Papadopoulos 31 FW  ARG Juan Manuel García 32 DF  GRE Stathis Tachatos 45 FW  GRE Panagiotis Moraitis 63 GK  HUN Dániel Kovács 77 FW  FIN Jasin-Amin Assehnoun (on loan from Vejle) Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — DF  GRE Athanasios Triantafyllou (at Eolikos until 30 June 2024) Coaching staff Position Staff Manager Joaquín Gómez Assistant manager Fitness coach Triantafyllos Ikonomou Goalkeeper coach Filippos Bolovinis Analyst Konstantinos Paraskevopoulos Source: Volos F.C. Honours Domestic Leagues: Football League (Second Division) Winners (1): 2018–19 Gamma Ethniki (Third Division) Winners (1): 2017–18 References ^ "Αλλάζει όψη το γήπεδο της Νεάπολης για χάρη του Βόλου Π.Σ." www.magnesiasports.gr. 7 July 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017. ^ "Neapoli, home ground of Volos" (in Greek). taxydromos.gr. Retrieved 8 July 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volos F.C.. Official website (in Greek) Media Volos F.C. on Facebook News sites Current results of Volos matches vteVolos Football Club Players Managers History History of Volos F.C. Home Stadium Panthessaliko Stadium Website volosfc.com Volos F.C. templates vteVolos F.C. – current squad 1 Siampanis 2 Racic 3 Alho 4 Aslanidis 5 Kalogeropoulos 6 Tsokanis (c) 8 de Kamps 9 Popescu 10 Trouillet 11 Glavčić 12 Kostić 13 Luna 14 Barrientos 16 Shelis 17 Kitsos 18 Bertoglio 19 Olivera 20 Comba 22 Mygas 23 Kalampoukas 30 Papadopoulos 31 García 32 Tachatos 45 Moraitis 63 Kovács 70 Karagiannis 77 Assehnoun Manager: Gómez vteVolos F.C. – managers Ferrando (2017–20) Basadrec (2020) Gallego (2020) Xirofotos (2020) Tsiolis (2020) López (2020–21) Bratsosc (2021) Abascal (2021) Bratsosc (2021–22) Tanchot (2022) Bratsos (2022–23) López (2023–24) Kontis (2024) Gómez (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteSuper League Greece2024–25 clubs AEK Athens Aris Asteras Tripolis Atromitos Kallithea Lamia Levadiakos OFI Olympiacos Panathinaikos Panetolikos Panserraikos PAOK Volos Former clubs AEL Akratitos Apollon Kalamarias Apollon Smyrnis Aspida Xanthi Athinaikos Atromitos Piraeus Chalkida Chalkidona Diagoras Doxa Drama Edessaikos Egaleo Ergotelis Ethnikos Asteras Ethnikos Athens* Ethnikos Piraeus Fostiras Ionikos Iraklis Kalamata Kalloni Kastoria Kavala Kerkyra Kifisia Korinthos Makedonikos Megas Alexandros Megas Alexandros Katerini Naoussa Niki Volos Olympiacos Volos Panachaiki Panargiakos Panegialios Panelefsiniakos Panionios Paniliakos Panthrakikos PAS Giannina Peiraikos Syndesmos* Pierikos Platanias Proodeftiki Rodos Thermaikos Thrasyvoulos Trikala Veria Vyzas Megara Xanthi *only in pre-HFF championships Former clubs (from Cyprus) AEL Limassol APOEL EPA Larnaca Olympiacos Nicosia Omonia Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Players foreign Managers Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All-time table PSAP Awards Top Scorers Golden Star Foreign Player of the Season Greek Player of the Season Young Player of the Season Goalkeeper of the Season Manager of the Season Referee of the Season Associated competitions Greek Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Europa Conference League Super League Greece Youth Leagues Category vte Football in GreeceOverview Hellenic Football Federation List of Unions Awards By number of titles List of clubs List of venues National teams Greece men U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 Greece women W U–19 W U–17 Greece Beach Soccer men Military football team League competitions Super League 1 Super League 2 Football League (defunct) Gamma Ethniki Delta Ethniki (defunct) Local Championships FCA Winners' Championship Panhellenic Championship (defunct) Champions Youth Leagues Top goalscorers Super League Football League Women's top division Cup competitions Greek Cup Super Cup League Cup (defunct) Gamma Ethniki Cup Amateurs' Super Cup Amateurs Cup Women's Cup Miscellaneous P.O.K. Greek football clubs in European competitions
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Volos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volos"},{"link_name":"Magnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"Panthessaliko Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthessaliko_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Volos New Football Club (Greek: Π.Α.Ε. Νέος Ποδοσφαιρικός Σύλλογος Βόλου) is a Greek professional football club based in Volos, Magnesia, Greece. The club currently competes in the Super League, the first tier of football in Greece. Volos plays its home matches at the Panthessaliko Stadium.[1]","title":"Volos F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volos"},{"link_name":"Niki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Volos"},{"link_name":"Olympiakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_Volos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pydna Kitros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAS_Pydna_Kitros_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gamma Ethniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Ethniki"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Gamma_Ethniki"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Paolo Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Fernandes"}],"text":"After years of unsuccessful efforts and negotiations between the two older football clubs of Volos (Niki and Olympiakos) to be merged to create a strong football club for the city, finally in April 2017 discussions and efforts by Achilleas Beos, mayor of Volos, led to the creation of a new football club. It was decided Pydna Kitros to be dissolved and renamed and thus, Volos New Football Club was created, the official presentation of which was held on June 2.The team, which took the position of Pydna Kitros in Gamma Ethniki for the 2017–18 season, began its preparation with significant transcriptional movements. Volos eventually won first place in Group 4 and 2nd in Group 1 of the Promotion Play-Offs, and they were promoted to the Football League.In the 2022–23 season, Volos had an excellent run in the Super League, finishing the regular season in fifth place in the Championship, but the inexperience of its players cost them and they finished the playoffs with only one point and a total of nine defeats and one draw. Paolo Fernandes was voted Volos' best player of the season, even though he only played 13 matches.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Greece"},{"link_name":"Panthessaliko Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthessaliko_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2004 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Olympic_Games"}],"text":"For its participations in the third and second division leagues, Volos NFC used the stadium located in the Neapoli area in Volos, at the edge of Neapoli. Neapoli Municipal Stadium was constructed several years ago, but in the summer of 2017 the Municipality of Volos refurbished it on behalf of Volos NFC who later used it as their seat.[2] It has a capacity of 2,500 tiers, while there is a roof on the northwest side.[citation needed]After promotion to the Super League, the team uses the Panthessaliko Stadium of Volos, constructed for the 2004 Olympic Games, which has a capacity of 22,700.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear"}],"text":"Shirt Sponsor: Novibet\nSport Clothing Manufacturer: Admiral\nGolden Sponsor: INTERKAT","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season to season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable wins","title":"Season to season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 21 May 2024Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volos F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.volosfc.com/proponitiko-team"}],"text":"Source: Volos F.C.","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Football_League_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Gamma Ethniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Ethniki"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Gamma_Ethniki#Group_4"}],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"Leagues:Football League (Second Division)\nWinners (1): 2018–19\nGamma Ethniki (Third Division)\nWinners (1): 2017–18","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ro%C5%A1
Skároš
["1 History","2 Geography","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°35′N 21°23′E / 48.583°N 21.383°E / 48.583; 21.383Village and municipality in Slovakia Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region Skároš (Hungarian: Eszkáros) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1270 (Skarus), when it belonged to Trstené pri Hornáde. Geography The village lies at an altitude of 244 metres and covers an area of 38.877 km2. The municipality has a population of 1052 people. External links http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html http://www.cassovia.sk/obce/skaros/ vteMunicipalities of Košice–okolie District Medzev Moldava nad Bodvou Bačkovík Baška Belža Beniakovce Bidovce Blažice Bočiar Bohdanovce Boliarov Budimír Bukovec Bunetice Buzica Cestice Čakanovce Čaňa Čečejovce Čižatice Debraď Drienovec Družstevná pri Hornáde Dvorníky-Včeláre Ďurďošík Ďurkov Geča Gyňov Hačava Háj Haniska Herľany Hodkovce Hosťovce Hrašovík Hýľov Chorváty Chrastné Janík Jasov Kalša Kecerovce Kecerovský Lipovec Kechnec Kokšov-Bakša Komárovce Kostoľany nad Hornádom Košická Belá Košická Polianka Košické Oľšany Košický Klečenov Kráľovce Kysak Malá Ida Malá Lodina Milhosť Mokrance Mudrovce Nižná Hutka Nižná Kamenica Nižná Myšľa Nižný Čaj Nižný Klátov Nižný Lánec Nová Polhora Nováčany Nový Salaš Obišovce Olšovany Opátka Opiná Paňovce Peder Perín-Chym Ploské Poproč Rákoš Rankovce Rešica Rozhanovce Rudník Ruskov Sady nad Torysou Seňa Skároš Slančík Slanec Slanská Huta Slanské Nové Mesto Sokoľ Sokoľany Svinica Šemša Štós Trebejov Trstené pri Hornáde Trsťany Turnianska Nová Ves Turňa nad Bodvou Vajkovce Valaliky Veľká Ida Veľká Lodina Vtáčkovce Vyšná Hutka Vyšná Kamenica Vyšná Myšľa Vyšný Čaj Vyšný Klátov Vyšný Medzev Zádiel Zlatá Idka Žarnov Ždaňa 48°35′N 21°23′E / 48.583°N 21.383°E / 48.583; 21.383 This Košice-okolie District geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okres_kosice-okolie.png"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Košice-okolie District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice-okolie_District"},{"link_name":"Kosice Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosice_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"Village and municipality in SlovakiaKošice-okolie District in the Kosice RegionSkároš (Hungarian: Eszkáros) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia.","title":"Skároš"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"}],"text":"In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1270 (Skarus), when it belonged to Trstené pri Hornáde.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"}],"text":"The village lies at an altitude of 244 metres and covers an area of 38.877 km2. The municipality has a population of 1052 people.","title":"Geography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Island
Pebble Island
["1 Description","2 Settlement","3 History","4 Important bird area","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°18′11″S 59°37′46″W / 51.30306°S 59.62944°W / -51.30306; -59.62944 Island in Falkland IslandsPebble IslandIslandLocation of Pebble IslandCoordinates: 51°18′11″S 59°37′46″W / 51.30306°S 59.62944°W / -51.30306; -59.62944CountryFalkland IslandsMain settlementPebble Island SettlementArea • Total103.36 km2 (39.91 sq mi)Highest elevation277 m (909 ft)Population (circa 1982) • Total25Time zoneUTC−3 (FKST)If shown, area and population ranks are for all islands and all inhabited islands in the Falklands respectively. Pebble Island is one of the Falkland Islands, situated north of West Falkland. It is possibly named after the peculiarly spherical pebbles found at its western tip. Description The island, the fifth largest in the Falklands archipelago, stretches for 35 kilometres (22 mi) and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) at its widest point, with a total area of 103.36 km2 (39.91 sq mi). Its three high points are First Mountain 277 m (909 ft), Middle Mountain 214 m (702 ft) and Marble Mountain 237 m (778 ft), all of which lie in the western part of the island. The eastern part of the island has lakes and wetlands and is of high conservation value. The two halves are joined by an isthmus on which lies Pebble Island Settlement where the inhabitants live. The island has been a sheep farm since 1846; 6,000 Corriedale sheep are farmed, along with 125 head of beef and dairy cattle. Settlement Pebble Island Settlement (Spanish/Argentine name: Puerto Calderón)(51°18′32″S 59°36′37″W / 51.30889°S 59.61028°W / -51.30889; -59.61028) is the headquarters of the Pebble Island farm, and is located on the island's isthmus. There is a shop (open three days a week), a one classroom school, an airstrip, a hotel and a golf course. History The settlement's Spanish name "Puerto Calderón" (meaning "port of the cauldron ") reflects the area's early history in sealing, and hunting penguins for oil. The farm was established in 1846 by John Markham Dean (elsewhere, John Henry Dean), an Englishman who bought Pebble and three neighbouring islands for £400. Dean's family concern passed on to Dean Brothers Ltd, but it is currently managed locally by Raymond Evans, the great nephew of Johnny Evans who introduced sheep to the island and slaughtered the first feral cattle. During the Falklands War, the island was occupied by Argentine forces which created the Estación Aeronaval Calderón (naval air station Calderon), protected by elements of 2nd Naval Infantry Battalion, which was assaulted successfully by the British Special Air Service in the "Raid on Pebble Island". Thirty to one-hundred and fifty Argentine soldiers were based here to protect the airfield. HMS Coventry was sunk off the coast of Pebble Island. According to the inquiry into its loss, the ship sank 10 miles (16 km) north of Pebble Island in May 1982. The co-ordinates of the sinking are 51 03.6S, 59 42.2W and this is about 11.5 nautical miles (21.3 km; 13.2 mi) from the nearest point on Pebble Island. There are memorials on the island to the British destroyer HMS Coventry and to an Argentinian Lear Jet, both destroyed during the conflict. More recently, Pebble Island Settlement became one of the first in the Falkland Islands to use wind turbines to generate most of its electricity. In October 2018, it was announced that Pebble Island was up for sale by Claire Harris, descendant of John Markham Dean. The new buyer would need to obtain a licence from the Falklands Government to ensure that the island is kept in line with the rest of the islands. Important bird area Pebble Island can be divided into a marshy east, known for its waterfowl and wading birds as well as a hilly west, known for its penguins. The Pebble Island group, including the much smaller White Island and some islets, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA). Birds for which the site is of conservation significance include Falkland steamer ducks (100 breeding pairs), ruddy-headed geese (175 pairs), gentoo penguins (1700 pairs), southern rockhopper penguins (6800 pairs), macaroni penguins (10 pairs), southern giant petrels (20 pairs), sooty shearwaters (100 pairs), striated caracaras, white-bridled finches, blackish cinclodes and Cobb's wrens. black-necked and Coscoroba swans breed on the main island. References ^ "The Raid on Pebble Island". ^ a b Witherow, John, ed. (17 October 2018). "Name your price for a Falkland isle". The Times. No. 72668. p. 21. ISSN 0140-0460. ^ a b "Pebble Island Group". Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012. ^ a b c "For sale: Falklands penguin island". BBC News. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b c d Wigglesworth, Angela. (1992) Falkland People. Pub. Peter Owen. ISBN 0-7206-0850-3. ^ Wagstaff, William (2001). Falkland Islands : the Bradt travel guide. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 133. ISBN 1-84162-037-8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) page 1 ^ "Royal Navy". ^ "Weather-beaten Falklands memorials restored in time for season of remembrance". www.royalnavy.mod.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2018. ^ Bergey Windpower site for Pebble Island ^ Clements, Laura (11 December 2018). "A Welshman and his family are selling an island filled with thousands of penguins". Wales Online. Retrieved 11 December 2018. Stonehouse, B. (ed). (2002). Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans ISBN 0-471-98665-8 External links Pebble Island travel guide from Wikivoyage vteFalkland IslandsCapital: Port StanleyHistory 1770 Falklands crisis 1833 British Reassertion Hope Place Port Egmont Puerto Soledad 1982 invasion Falklands War GeographyIslands Arch Bald Barclay Barren Beaver Becher Beauchene Beef Bird Bleaker Bobs Box Brandy Broken Burdwood Bank Burnt Carcass Cochon Coffin Dunbar Dyke Ear East Falkland Lafonia East Eddystone Rock Elephant Cays Eddystone Rock Fox George Golding Great Green Halt High Hog Hummock Jason Kelp Keppel Kidney Lively Long New North East North Point Passage Pebble Penn Phillimore Pleasant Quaker Rabbit Ruggles Rum Samuel Sandy Bay Saunders Sea Dog Sea Lion Seal Rocks Shag Speedwell Split Staats Swan Tea Tussac Tyssen Weddell West Falkland West Point Whisky Locations Airport Ajax Bay Bay of Harbours Bertha's Beach Brenton Loch Bull Point Byron Heights Camp Cape Bougainville Cape Pembroke Chatham Circum Peak Darwin Eagle Passage Falkland Sound Fox Bay French Goose Green Grantham Sound Green Patch Gull Hill Cove Hope Harbour Hornby Mountains Horse Johnson's Harbour Lafonia Loop Mount Adam Mount Alice Mount Maria Mount Usborne Mount Weddell New Haven New Year Cove North Arm Pebble Island Settlement Pillar Pleasant Peak Port Albemarle Port Howard Port Louis Port Patterson Port San Carlos Port Stephens Quaker Harbour Race Salvador San Carlos Seal Bay Smylie Channel Stanley Stanley Harbour Swan Volunteer Point Weddell Point Weddell Settlement Military Falkland Islands Defence Force Mare Harbour RAF Mount Pleasant RRH Mount Kent RRH Byron Heights RRH Mount Alice Politics Chief Executive Constitution Falkland Islands pound (currency) Government House Governor list Legislative Assembly Representative Office, London Sovereignty dispute Economy Falkland Islands Company Falkland Islands Development Corporation Falkland Islands General Employees Union Falkland Landholdings Corporation Falklands Oil and Gas Society Education Falkland Islands Community School Falkland Islanders Origins Falklands Conservation Human rights LGBT Languages Falkland Islands English Telecommunications Internet domain Transport Law Enforcement Culture Anglican parish Coat of arms Flag Motto Religion Christ Church Cathedral Roman Catholicism Scouting and Guiding Sport Commonwealth Games Cricket team Football team Rifle Association Rugby union (*) Sixth-formers attend Peter Symonds College in England and national diploma/NVQ students attend Chichester College in England
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands"},{"link_name":"West Falkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Falkland"}],"text":"Island in Falkland IslandsPebble Island is one of the Falkland Islands, situated north of West Falkland. It is possibly named after the peculiarly spherical pebbles found at its western tip.","title":"Pebble Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-3"},{"link_name":"isthmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus"},{"link_name":"Pebble Island Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Island_Settlement"},{"link_name":"sheep farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_farm"},{"link_name":"Corriedale sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriedale_sheep"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle"},{"link_name":"dairy cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_cattle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"}],"text":"The island, the fifth largest in the Falklands archipelago, stretches for 35 kilometres (22 mi) and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) at its widest point,[2] with a total area of 103.36 km2 (39.91 sq mi). Its three high points are First Mountain 277 m (909 ft), Middle Mountain 214 m (702 ft) and Marble Mountain 237 m (778 ft), all of which lie in the western part of the island. The eastern part of the island has lakes and wetlands and is of high conservation value.[3] The two halves are joined by an isthmus on which lies Pebble Island Settlement where the inhabitants live. The island has been a sheep farm since 1846; 6,000 Corriedale sheep are farmed, along with 125 head of beef and dairy cattle.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"51°18′32″S 59°36′37″W / 51.30889°S 59.61028°W / -51.30889; -59.61028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pebble_Island&params=51_18_32_S_59_36_37_W_source:eswiki_region:FK"},{"link_name":"isthmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus"},{"link_name":"one classroom school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-room_school"},{"link_name":"airstrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airstrip"},{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"golf course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_course"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wigglesworth-6"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Pebble Island Settlement (Spanish/Argentine name: Puerto Calderón[5])(51°18′32″S 59°36′37″W / 51.30889°S 59.61028°W / -51.30889; -59.61028) is the headquarters of the Pebble Island farm, and is located on the island's isthmus. There is a shop (open three days a week), a one classroom school, an airstrip, a hotel and a golf course.[6][needs update]","title":"Settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauldron"},{"link_name":"sealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wigglesworth-6"},{"link_name":"Falklands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Raid on Pebble Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Pebble_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"HMS Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Coventry_(D118)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"HMS Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Coventry_(D118)"},{"link_name":"Lear Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lear_Jet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pebble Island Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_Island_Settlement"},{"link_name":"wind turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wigglesworth-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The settlement's Spanish name \"Puerto Calderón\" (meaning \"port of the cauldron [or vat]\") reflects the area's early history in sealing, and hunting penguins for oil.The farm was established in 1846 by John Markham Dean (elsewhere, John Henry Dean), an Englishman who bought Pebble and three neighbouring islands for £400.[4] Dean's family concern passed on to Dean Brothers Ltd, but it is currently managed locally by Raymond Evans, the great nephew of Johnny Evans who introduced sheep to the island and slaughtered the first feral cattle.[6]During the Falklands War, the island was occupied by Argentine forces which created the Estación Aeronaval Calderón (naval air station Calderon), protected by elements of 2nd Naval Infantry Battalion, which was assaulted successfully by the British Special Air Service in the \"Raid on Pebble Island\".[4] Thirty to one-hundred and fifty Argentine soldiers were based here to protect the airfield.[7]HMS Coventry was sunk off the coast of Pebble Island. According to the inquiry into its loss, the ship sank 10 miles (16 km) north of Pebble Island in May 1982.[8] The co-ordinates of the sinking are 51 03.6S, 59 42.2W[9] and this is about 11.5 nautical miles (21.3 km; 13.2 mi) from the nearest point on Pebble Island. There are memorials on the island to the British destroyer HMS Coventry and to an Argentinian Lear Jet, both destroyed during the conflict.[10]More recently, Pebble Island Settlement became one of the first in the Falkland Islands to use wind turbines to generate most of its electricity.[6][11]In October 2018, it was announced that Pebble Island was up for sale by Claire Harris, descendant of John Markham Dean.[2] The new buyer would need to obtain a licence from the Falklands Government to ensure that the island is kept in line with the rest of the islands.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waterfowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfowl"},{"link_name":"wading birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wader"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wigglesworth-6"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"Important Bird Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Bird_Area"},{"link_name":"Falkland steamer ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_steamer_duck"},{"link_name":"ruddy-headed geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruddy-headed_goose"},{"link_name":"gentoo penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_penguin"},{"link_name":"southern rockhopper penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_rockhopper_penguin"},{"link_name":"macaroni penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_penguin"},{"link_name":"southern giant petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_giant_petrel"},{"link_name":"sooty shearwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooty_shearwater"},{"link_name":"striated caracaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striated_caracara"},{"link_name":"white-bridled finches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bridled_finch"},{"link_name":"blackish cinclodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackish_cinclodes"},{"link_name":"Cobb's wrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%27s_wren"},{"link_name":"black-necked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_swan"},{"link_name":"Coscoroba swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscoroba_swan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bli-3"}],"text":"Pebble Island can be divided into a marshy east, known for its waterfowl and wading birds as well as a hilly west, known for its penguins.[6] The Pebble Island group, including the much smaller White Island and some islets, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA). Birds for which the site is of conservation significance include Falkland steamer ducks (100 breeding pairs), ruddy-headed geese (175 pairs), gentoo penguins (1700 pairs), southern rockhopper penguins (6800 pairs), macaroni penguins (10 pairs), southern giant petrels (20 pairs), sooty shearwaters (100 pairs), striated caracaras, white-bridled finches, blackish cinclodes and Cobb's wrens. black-necked and Coscoroba swans breed on the main island.[3]","title":"Important bird area"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Raid on Pebble Island\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/raid-pebble-island/","url_text":"\"The Raid on Pebble Island\""}]},{"reference":"Witherow, John, ed. (17 October 2018). \"Name your price for a Falkland isle\". The Times. No. 72668. p. 21. ISSN 0140-0460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Pebble Island Group\". Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birdlife.org/","url_text":"\"Pebble Island Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"For sale: Falklands penguin island\". BBC News. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-46540282","url_text":"\"For sale: Falklands penguin island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022063956/http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Falkland%20Islands-July2006.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Falkland%20Islands-July2006.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wagstaff, William (2001). Falkland Islands : the Bradt travel guide. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 133. ISBN 1-84162-037-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84162-037-8","url_text":"1-84162-037-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120930073019/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/F5811078-B4DB-42B9-8D3E-47BFB86D4B50/0/boi_hms_coventry.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/F5811078-B4DB-42B9-8D3E-47BFB86D4B50/0/boi_hms_coventry.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Navy\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/type-42-destroyers/hms-edinburgh/news/hms-edinburgh-commemorates-coventry-sinking/*/changeNav/00h001001004001003/outputFormat/print","url_text":"\"Royal Navy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weather-beaten Falklands memorials restored in time for season of remembrance\". www.royalnavy.mod.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2017/october/19/171019-falklands-memorials-restored-in-time-for-season-of-remembrance","url_text":"\"Weather-beaten Falklands memorials restored in time for season of remembrance\""}]},{"reference":"Clements, Laura (11 December 2018). \"A Welshman and his family are selling an island filled with thousands of penguins\". Wales Online. Retrieved 11 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welshman-family-selling-island-filled-15517549","url_text":"\"A Welshman and his family are selling an island filled with thousands of penguins\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Erkenschwick
SpVgg Erkenschwick
["1 History","2 Honours","3 External links"]
German football club Football clubSpVgg ErkenschwickFull nameSpielvereingung 1916 Erkenschwick e.V.Founded9 June 1916GroundStimbergstadionCapacity14,380ChairmanHermann SilversManagerMagnus NiemöllerLeagueOberliga Westfalen (V)2015–162nd Home colours Away colours SpVgg Erkenschwick is a German football club based in Oer-Erkenschwick in North Rhine-Westphalia. History Founded as Sportverein Erkenschwick in 1916, they joined Emscher-Lippe-Spielverband to form Sportfreunde Erkenschwick in 1918, which in then merged with Turn- und Leichtathletikverein TV Erkenschwick in 1921 to form the sports club still known today as TuS 09 Erkenschwick. The football side separated from this club and joined the footballers from Blau-Weiss Oer to form SpVgg Erkenschwick. The side was competitive from 1943 through to 1953, playing top-flight football in the Gauliga Westfalen until the end of World War II and in the Oberliga West (I) immediately after the war. Through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Erkenschwick played as a third division side with just three seasons spent in the 2. Bundesliga (1974–75, 1975–76, and 1980–81). At the turn of the century they slipped to fourth and fifth level competition, and, since 2012, play in Oberliga Westfalen (V) again. Honours The club's honours: Oberliga Westfalen (III) Champions: 1980, 1987 Verbandsliga Westfalen Nordost (IV) Champions: 1965, 1967, 1968 Verbandsliga Westfalen Südwest (V) Champions: 2004 Westphalia Cup Winners: 1987, 1993 External links Official website (in German) Abseits Guide to German Soccer vteOberliga Westfalen (V) 2023–24 clubs TuS Bövinghausen FC Brünninghausen Victoria Clarholz ASC 09 Dortmund Türkspor Dortmund TuS Ennepetal SpVgg Erkenschwick SG Finnentrop/Bamenohl 1. FC Gievenbeck Sportfreunde Lotte SC Preußen Münster II FC Eintracht Rheine Westfalia Rhynern SV Schermbeck Sportfreunde Siegen TSG Sprockhövel SpVgg Vreden SG Wattenscheid 09 List of clubs in the Oberliga Westfalen vte2. BundesligaSeasons 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2024–25 clubs Eintracht Braunschweig Darmstadt 98 Fortuna Düsseldorf SV Elversberg Greuther Fürth Hamburger SV Hannover 96 Hertha BSC 1. FC Kaiserslautern Karlsruher SC 1. FC Köln 1. FC Magdeburg Preußen Münster 1. FC Nürnberg SC Paderborn Jahn Regensburg Schalke 04 SSV Ulm 1846 Former clubs2. Bundesliga (1981–present) Alemannia Aachen VfR Aalen Rot Weiss Ahlen Viktoria Aschaffenburg Erzgebirge Aue FC Augsburg SV Babelsberg 03 SpVgg Bayreuth Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin Tennis Borussia Berlin Union Berlin Arminia Bielefeld VfL Bochum Stahl Brandenburg Werder Bremen Wacker Burghausen VfR Bürstadt SC Charlottenburg Chemnitzer FC Energie Cottbus Dynamo Dresden MSV Duisburg Rot-Weiß Erfurt Rot-Weiss Essen Eintracht Frankfurt FSV Frankfurt Freiburger FC SC Freiburg FC Gütersloh Hallescher FC TSV Havelse 1. FC Heidenheim 1899 Hoffenheim FC Homburg FC Ingolstadt Carl Zeiss Jena Hessen Kassel Holstein Kiel TuS Koblenz Fortuna Köln RB Leipzig VfB Leipzig VfB Lübeck 1. FSV Mainz 05 Waldhof Mannheim SV Meppen Borussia Mönchengladbach TSV 1860 Munich Kickers Offenbach Rot-Weiß Oberhausen VfB Oldenburg VfL Osnabrück FC Remscheid SSV Reutlingen Hansa Rostock 1. FC Saarbrücken FSV Salmrohr SV Sandhausen TuS Schloß Neuhaus 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 Sportfreunde Siegen Union Solingen FC St. Pauli VfB Stuttgart Stuttgarter Kickers Eintracht Trier KFC Uerdingen 05 SpVgg Unterhaching Wattenscheid 09 Wehen Wiesbaden VfL Wolfsburg Wormatia Worms Wuppertaler SV Würzburger Kickers FSV Zwickau 2. Bundesliga Nord (1974–1981) HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst Wacker 04 Berlin 1. FC Bocholt Bonner SC OSC Bremerhaven Borussia Dortmund SpVgg Erkenschwick Schwarz-Weiß Essen 1. SC Göttingen 05 DJK Gütersloh Arminia Hannover OSV Hannover SC Herford Westfalia Herne Viktoria Köln Bayer Leverkusen Rot-Weiß Lüdenscheid 1. FC Mülheim Spandauer SV DSC Wanne-Eickel Olympia Wilhelmshaven 2. Bundesliga Süd (1974–1981) Eintracht Bad Kreuznach KSV Baunatal VfB Eppingen FC Hanau 93 VfR Heilbronn Bayern Hof ESV Ingolstadt MTV Ingolstadt VfR Mannheim Borussia Neunkirchen FK Pirmasens BSV 07 Schwenningen Röchling Völklingen Würzburger FV Clubs Introduction Promotion to 2. Bundesliga Promotion to Bundesliga Top scorers Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Oer-Erkenschwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oer-Erkenschwick"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"}],"text":"Football clubSpVgg Erkenschwick is a German football club based in Oer-Erkenschwick in North Rhine-Westphalia.","title":"SpVgg Erkenschwick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gauliga Westfalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Westfalen"},{"link_name":"Oberliga West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_West"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Westfalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Westfalen"}],"text":"Founded as Sportverein Erkenschwick in 1916, they joined Emscher-Lippe-Spielverband to form Sportfreunde Erkenschwick in 1918, which in then merged with Turn- und Leichtathletikverein TV Erkenschwick in 1921 to form the sports club still known today as TuS 09 Erkenschwick. The football side separated from this club and joined the footballers from Blau-Weiss Oer to form SpVgg Erkenschwick.The side was competitive from 1943 through to 1953, playing top-flight football in the Gauliga Westfalen until the end of World War II and in the Oberliga West (I) immediately after the war.Through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Erkenschwick played as a third division side with just three seasons spent in the 2. Bundesliga (1974–75, 1975–76, and 1980–81). At the turn of the century they slipped to fourth and fifth level competition, and, since 2012, play in Oberliga Westfalen (V) again.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberliga Westfalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Westfalen"},{"link_name":"Westphalia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia_Cup"}],"text":"The club's honours:Oberliga Westfalen (III)\nChampions: 1980, 1987\nVerbandsliga Westfalen Nordost (IV)\nChampions: 1965, 1967, 1968\nVerbandsliga Westfalen Südwest (V)\nChampions: 2004\nWestphalia Cup\nWinners: 1987, 1993","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.spvgg-erkenschwick.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.abseits-soccer.com/clubs/erken.html","external_links_name":"Abseits Guide to German Soccer"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/219156674","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Helmond
Katherine Helmond
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Award nominations","4 Personal life","5 Death","6 Selected filmography","6.1 Film","6.2 Television","7 References","8 External links"]
American actress (1929–2019) Katherine HelmondHelmond at the 41st Primetime Emmy Awards in 1989BornKatherine Marie Helmond(1929-07-05)July 5, 1929Galveston, Texas, U.S.DiedFebruary 23, 2019(2019-02-23) (aged 89)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1955–2019Known forSoapWho's the Boss?CoachEverybody Loves RaymondSpouses George N. Martin ​ ​(m. 1957; div. 1962)​ David Christian ​ ​(m. 1962)​ Katherine Marie Helmond (July 5, 1929 – February 23, 2019) was an American actress. Over an acting career spanning six decades, she was best known for her starring role as Jessica Tate on the sitcom Soap (1977–1981) and her co-starring role as Mona Robinson on Who's the Boss? (1984–1992). Helmond also played Doris Sherman on Coach (1995–1997) and Lois Whelan (the mother of Debra Barone) on Everybody Loves Raymond (1996–2004). She also appeared as a guest on several talk and variety shows. Helmond had featured roles in a number of films including Alfred Hitchcock's Family Plot (1976), Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits (1981) and Brazil (1985), and Garry Marshall's Overboard (1987). She also voiced Lizzie in the Cars film franchise by Disney/Pixar between 2006 and 2017. Early life Helmond was born on July 5, 1929, in Galveston, Texas, the only child of Thelma (née Malone) and Joseph P. Helmond. She was raised by her mother and grandmother, both devout Catholics. She attended a Catholic primary school and appeared in school plays. For a semester, she attended Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, and appeared in its film (Unusual Films Production) Wine of Morning. Career After her stage debut in As You Like It, Helmond began working in New York City in 1955. She later ran a summer theatre in the Catskills for three seasons and taught acting in university theatre programs. She made her uncredited television debut in 1962, but did not begin to appear on television regularly until 1973. She also acted on stage, earning a Tony award nomination for her performance on Broadway in Eugene O'Neill's The Great God Brown (1973). Her other appearances in Broadway productions included roles in Private Lives, Don Juan, and Mixed Emotions. Helmond appeared in such feature films as Family Plot, Time Bandits, Brazil, in which she played the mother of Jonathan Pryce's character, and Overboard. In 1983, she studied at the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop. She picked up Emmy nominations for her role as Mona Robinson in Who's the Boss and as Lois Whelan in Everybody Loves Raymond. She also received acclaim for her stage performance in Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues. Helmond in 1979 Helmond appeared in The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975) as Emma Borden, the title character's sister. She appeared in an episode of the short-lived 1976 CBS adventure series, Spencer's Pilots, starring Gene Evans. Helmond gained prominence as Jessica Tate, the ditzy matriarch of the Tate family in Soap (1977–1981) on ABC. From 1984 to 1992, she played the role of Mona Robinson on the ABC sitcom Who's the Boss?. Helmond also appeared in a 1993 episode of The Upper Hand, the British version of Who's the Boss?. From 1995 to 1997, she starred in the ABC sitcom Coach as Doris Sherman, eccentric owner of the fictional Orlando Breakers professional football team. From 1996 to 2004, she had a recurring role on Everybody Loves Raymond as Lois Whelan (Ray Barone's mother-in-law). On July 25, 2010, she guest-starred on A&E Network's The Glades and as Caroline Bellefleur on HBO's True Blood. She was also the voice of Lizzie in the Cars film franchise. Award nominations Helmond was nominated for Broadway's 1973 Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actress (Dramatic) for Eugene O'Neill's The Great God Brown. She was nominated for an Emmy for her role on Soap four times in a row (1978–1981) as Best Actress in a Comedy Series. In 1988 and 1989, she was nominated as Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role on Who's the Boss?. In 2002, she was nominated as Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in Everybody Loves Raymond. She won two Golden Globe awards for Who's the Boss? and Soap. Personal life In 1957, Helmond married George N. Martin. After their divorce in 1962, she married her second husband, David Christian; they remained married until her death, residing in Los Angeles, New York City, Long Island, and London. She and Christian had a history as students of Zen. Death Helmond died on February 23, 2019, from Alzheimer's disease at her home in Los Angeles, aged 89. Her death was announced a week later. Selected filmography Main article: Katherine Helmond filmography Film Year Film Role Notes 1971 Believe in Me Saleslady The Hospital Mrs. Marilyn Mead 1975 The Hindenburg Mrs. Mildred Breslau 1976 Family Plot Mrs. Maloney 1981 Time Bandits Mrs. Ogre 1985 Brazil Mrs. Ida Lowry Shadey Lady Constance Landau British film 1987 Overboard Edith Mintz 1988 Lady in White Amanda Harper Nominated — Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress (1990) 1992 Inside Monkey Zetterland Honor Zetterland 1998 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Desk Clerk at Mint Hotel 2006 Cars Lizzie Voice role 2011 Cars 2 Voice role 2017 Cars 3 Voice role 2018 Frank & Ava Betty Burns Final film role Television Year Title Role Notes 1962 Car 54, Where Are You? Betty Lou Creco (uncredited) 1 episode 1972 Gunsmoke Ena Spratt in "The Judgment." 1 Episode 1973 The Bob Newhart Show Dr. A.J. Webster 1 episode 1974 Mannix Mrs. Sylvia Jarrud/Martha Cole 1974 The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman Lady at House TV film 1974 Larry Maureen Whitten TV film 1975 The Legend of Lizzie Borden Emma Borden TV film 1975 The Six Million Dollar Man Middy Episode: "The White Lightning War" 1977–81 Soap Jessica Tate 85 episodesWon — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy (1980)Nominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series (1978–1981) 1979 $weepstake$ Sarah Episode: "Lynn and Grover and Joey" 1979–83 Benson Jessica Tate 2 episodesalso as director 1982 Rosie: The Rosemary Clooney Story Frances Clooney TV film 1983 Faerie Tale Theatre Jack's mother 1 episode 1984–92 Who's the Boss? Mona Robinson 196 episodesWon — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (1989)Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (1986)Nominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (1988–1989) 1986 Girls on Top Mrs DuPont 1 episode “Mr Yummie Brownie” 1993 The Upper Hand Madame Alexandra 1 episode "Tunnel of Love" 1995–97 Coach Doris Sherman 11 episodes 1996–2004 Everybody Loves Raymond Lois Whelan 14 episodesNominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (2002) 2002 Mr. St. Nick Queen Carlotta TV film 2007 A Grandpa for Christmas Roxanne "Roxie" Ritter TV film 2010 The Glades Evelyn 1 episode Melissa & Joey Mrs. Geller 1 episode 2011 True Blood Caroline Bellefleur 1 episode Harry's Law Mrs. Gold 1 episode 2012 Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales Lizzie (voice) Episode: "Time Travel Mater" References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Katherine Helmond Biography". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved December 9, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Actress Katherine Helmond dies aged 89". BBC News. March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019. ^ "Katherine Helmond: Credits". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "Helmond, Lee and Mills Joins Vagina Monologues OB, May 15 – June 24". Playbill. May 15, 2001. Retrieved December 9, 2018. ^ "54th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners: Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series – 2002". Television Academy. Retrieved December 9, 2018. ^ Wilson, Amy (May 18, 1986). "She's The Boss". Texas Weekly Magazine. pp. 4–7. Retrieved December 11, 2021. ^ Burstein, Patricia (December 12, 1977). "Katherine Helmond Cleans Up on 'Soap' While Her Sculptor Husband Takes a Sabbatical". People. Retrieved December 11, 2021. ^ Barnes, Mike (March 1, 2019). "Katherine Helmond, the Man-Crazy Mother on 'Who's the Boss?' Dies at 89". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 11, 2021. ^ "'Soap', 'Who's the Boss?' Star Katherine Helmond Dies at 89: Reports". WMAQ News. March 1, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2021. ^ "Katherine Helmond of 'Soap,' 'Brazil,' 'Who's the Boss?' Dead at 89". Extra. Retrieved March 2, 2019. ^ ""The Six Million Dollar Man" The White Lightning War (TV Episode 1975)". IMDb. Retrieved October 11, 2020. ^ "Nominees/Winners 1978". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "Nominees/Winners 1979". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "Nominees/Winners 1980". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "Nominees/Winners 1981". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "Winners & Nominees 1986". Golden Globes. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "Nominees/Winners". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019. ^ "Nominees/Winners 1989". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Katherine Helmond. Katherine Helmond at IMDb Katherine Helmond at the Internet Broadway Database Katherine Helmond at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Katherine Helmond at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Awards for Katherine Helmond vteGolden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy1962–1979 Donna Reed (1962) Inger Stevens (1963) Mary Tyler Moore (1964) Anne Francis (1965) Marlo Thomas (1966) Carol Burnett (1967) Diahann Carroll (1968) Carol Burnett / Julie Sommars (1969) Mary Tyler Moore (1970) Carol Burnett (1971) Jean Stapleton (1972) Cher / Jean Stapleton (1973) Valerie Harper (1974) Cloris Leachman (1975) Carol Burnett (1976) Carol Burnett (1977) Linda Lavin (1978) Linda Lavin (1979) 1980–1999 Katherine Helmond (1980) Eileen Brennan (1981) Debbie Allen (1982) Joanna Cassidy (1983) Shelley Long (1984) Estelle Getty / Cybill Shepherd (1985) Cybill Shepherd (1986) Tracey Ullman (1987) Candice Bergen (1988) Jamie Lee Curtis (1989) Kirstie Alley (1990) Candice Bergen (1991) Roseanne Barr (1992) Helen Hunt (1993) Helen Hunt (1994) Cybill Shepherd (1995) Helen Hunt (1996) Calista Flockhart (1997) Jenna Elfman (1998) Sarah Jessica Parker (1999) 2000–2019 Sarah Jessica Parker (2000) Sarah Jessica Parker (2001) Jennifer Aniston (2002) Sarah Jessica Parker (2003) Teri Hatcher (2004) Mary-Louise Parker (2005) America Ferrera (2006) Tina Fey (2007) Tina Fey (2008) Toni Collette (2009) Laura Linney (2010) Laura Dern (2011) Lena Dunham (2012) Amy Poehler (2013) Gina Rodriguez (2014) Rachel Bloom (2015) Tracee Ellis Ross (2016) Rachel Brosnahan (2017) Rachel Brosnahan (2018) Phoebe Waller-Bridge (2019) 2020–present Catherine O'Hara (2020) Jean Smart (2021) Quinta Brunson (2022) Ayo Edebiri (2023) vteGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television1970–1989 Gail Fisher (1970) Sue Ane Langdon (1971) Ruth Buzzi (1972) Ellen Corby (1973) Betty Garrett (1974) Hermione Baddeley (1975) Josette Banzet (1976) No Award (1977) Polly Holliday (1978) Polly Holliday (1979) Valerie Bertinelli / Diane Ladd (1980) Valerie Bertinelli (1981) Shelley Long (1982) Barbara Stanwyck (1983) Faye Dunaway (1984) Sylvia Sidney (1985) Olivia de Havilland (1986) Claudette Colbert (1987) Katherine Helmond (1988) Amy Madigan (1989) 1990–2009 Piper Laurie (1990) Amanda Donohoe (1991) Joan Plowright (1992) Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1993) Miranda Richardson (1994) Shirley Knight (1995) Kathy Bates (1996) Angelina Jolie (1997) Faye Dunaway / Camryn Manheim (1998) Nancy Marchand (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) Rachel Griffiths (2001) Kim Cattrall (2002) Mary-Louise Parker (2003) Anjelica Huston (2004) Sandra Oh (2005) Emily Blunt (2006) Samantha Morton (2007) Laura Dern (2008) Chloë Sevigny (2009) 2010–present Jane Lynch (2010) Jessica Lange (2011) Maggie Smith (2012) Jacqueline Bisset (2013) Joanne Froggatt (2014) Maura Tierney (2015) Olivia Colman (2016) Laura Dern (2017) Patricia Clarkson (2018) Patricia Arquette (2019) Gillian Anderson (2020) Sarah Snook (2021) Jennifer Coolidge / Julia Garner (2022) Elizabeth Debicki (2023) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Who's the Boss?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F"},{"link_name":"Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Debra Barone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Everybody_Loves_Raymond_characters#Debra_Barone"},{"link_name":"Everybody Loves Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Family Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Plot"},{"link_name":"Terry Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gilliam"},{"link_name":"Time Bandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Bandits"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Garry Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Overboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overboard_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Lizzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cars_characters#Lizzie"},{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"}],"text":"Katherine Marie Helmond (July 5, 1929 – February 23, 2019) was an American actress. Over an acting career spanning six decades, she was best known for her starring role as Jessica Tate on the sitcom Soap (1977–1981) and her co-starring role as Mona Robinson on Who's the Boss? (1984–1992). Helmond also played Doris Sherman on Coach (1995–1997) and Lois Whelan (the mother of Debra Barone) on Everybody Loves Raymond (1996–2004). She also appeared as a guest on several talk and variety shows.Helmond had featured roles in a number of films including Alfred Hitchcock's Family Plot (1976), Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits (1981) and Brazil (1985), and Garry Marshall's Overboard (1987).[1] She also voiced Lizzie in the Cars film franchise by Disney/Pixar between 2006 and 2017.","title":"Katherine Helmond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Bob Jones University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jones_University"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"}],"text":"Helmond was born on July 5, 1929, in Galveston, Texas, the only child of Thelma (née Malone) and Joseph P. Helmond.[1] She was raised by her mother and grandmother, both devout Catholics. She attended a Catholic primary school and appeared in school plays.[1]For a semester, she attended Bob Jones University in Greenville, South Carolina, and appeared in its film (Unusual Films Production) Wine of Morning.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"As You Like It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It"},{"link_name":"Catskills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskills"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Tony award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_award"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"The Great God Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_God_Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_death-2"},{"link_name":"Private Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Lives"},{"link_name":"Don Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibdb-3"},{"link_name":"Family Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Plot"},{"link_name":"Time Bandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Bandits"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pryce"},{"link_name":"Overboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overboard_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"Eve Ensler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Ensler"},{"link_name":"The Vagina Monologues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katherine_Helmond_1979.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Lizzie Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Lizzie_Borden"},{"link_name":"Emma Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Borden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Spencer's Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer%27s_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Gene Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Evans"},{"link_name":"Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Who's the Boss?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"The Upper Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upper_Hand_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Orlando Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Breakers"},{"link_name":"Everybody Loves Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Ray Barone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Barone"},{"link_name":"The Glades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glades_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"True Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm_bio-1"},{"link_name":"Lizzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cars_characters#Lizzie"},{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(franchise)"}],"text":"After her stage debut in As You Like It, Helmond began working in New York City in 1955. She later ran a summer theatre in the Catskills for three seasons and taught acting in university theatre programs. She made her uncredited television debut in 1962, but did not begin to appear on television regularly until 1973.[1] She also acted on stage, earning a Tony award nomination for her performance on Broadway in Eugene O'Neill's The Great God Brown (1973).[2] Her other appearances in Broadway productions included roles in Private Lives, Don Juan, and Mixed Emotions.[3]Helmond appeared in such feature films as Family Plot, Time Bandits, Brazil, in which she played the mother of Jonathan Pryce's character, and Overboard. In 1983, she studied at the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop. She picked up Emmy nominations for her role as Mona Robinson in Who's the Boss and as Lois Whelan in Everybody Loves Raymond. She also received acclaim for her stage performance in Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues.[4]Helmond in 1979Helmond appeared in The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975) as Emma Borden, the title character's sister.[1] She appeared in an episode of the short-lived 1976 CBS adventure series, Spencer's Pilots, starring Gene Evans. Helmond gained prominence as Jessica Tate, the ditzy matriarch of the Tate family in Soap (1977–1981) on ABC.[1] From 1984 to 1992, she played the role of Mona Robinson on the ABC sitcom Who's the Boss?.[1] Helmond also appeared in a 1993 episode of The Upper Hand, the British version of Who's the Boss?.From 1995 to 1997, she starred in the ABC sitcom Coach as Doris Sherman, eccentric owner of the fictional Orlando Breakers professional football team. From 1996 to 2004, she had a recurring role on Everybody Loves Raymond as Lois Whelan (Ray Barone's mother-in-law). On July 25, 2010, she guest-starred on A&E Network's The Glades and as Caroline Bellefleur on HBO's True Blood.[1] She was also the voice of Lizzie in the Cars film franchise.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_death-2"}],"text":"Helmond was nominated for Broadway's 1973 Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actress (Dramatic) for Eugene O'Neill's The Great God Brown. She was nominated for an Emmy for her role on Soap four times in a row (1978–1981) as Best Actress in a Comedy Series. In 1988 and 1989, she was nominated as Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role on Who's the Boss?. In 2002, she was nominated as Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role in Everybody Loves Raymond.[5] She won two Golden Globe awards for Who's the Boss? and Soap.[2]","title":"Award nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_death-2"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1957, Helmond married George N. Martin. After their divorce in 1962, she married her second husband, David Christian; they remained married until her death, residing in Los Angeles, New York City, Long Island, and London.[2] She and Christian had a history as students of Zen.[6][7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_death-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-9"}],"text":"Helmond died on February 23, 2019, from Alzheimer's disease at her home in Los Angeles, aged 89.[8][2] Her death was announced a week later.[9]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Helmond in 1979","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Katherine_Helmond_1979.jpg/170px-Katherine_Helmond_1979.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Katherine Helmond Biography\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved December 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/84405%7C0/Katherine-Helmond/biography.html","url_text":"\"Katherine Helmond Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies","url_text":"Turner Classic Movies"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress Katherine Helmond dies aged 89\". BBC News. March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47423586","url_text":"\"Actress Katherine Helmond dies aged 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Katherine Helmond: Credits\". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved July 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=72782","url_text":"\"Katherine Helmond: Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database","url_text":"Internet Broadway Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Helmond, Lee and Mills Joins Vagina Monologues OB, May 15 – June 24\". Playbill. May 15, 2001. Retrieved December 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/helmond-lee-and-mills-joins-vagina-monologues-ob-may-15-june-24-com-96625","url_text":"\"Helmond, Lee and Mills Joins Vagina Monologues OB, May 15 – June 24\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"}]},{"reference":"\"54th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners: Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series – 2002\". Television Academy. Retrieved December 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2002/outstanding-guest-actress-in-a-comedy-series","url_text":"\"54th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners: Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series – 2002\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Amy (May 18, 1986). \"She's The Boss\". Texas Weekly Magazine. pp. 4–7. Retrieved December 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19860518&id=Uo1dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a1wNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5379,5540174&hl=en","url_text":"\"She's The Boss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victoria_Advocate","url_text":"Texas Weekly Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Burstein, Patricia (December 12, 1977). \"Katherine Helmond Cleans Up on 'Soap' While Her Sculptor Husband Takes a Sabbatical\". People. Retrieved December 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/katherine-helmond-cleans-up-on-soap-while-her-sculptor-husband-takes-a-sabbatical-vol-8-no-24/","url_text":"\"Katherine Helmond Cleans Up on 'Soap' While Her Sculptor Husband Takes a Sabbatical\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Mike (March 1, 2019). \"Katherine Helmond, the Man-Crazy Mother on 'Who's the Boss?' Dies at 89\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/katherine-helmond-dead-whos-the-boss-star-89-877766","url_text":"\"Katherine Helmond, the Man-Crazy Mother on 'Who's the Boss?' Dies at 89\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Soap', 'Who's the Boss?' Star Katherine Helmond Dies at 89: Reports\". WMAQ News. March 1, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcchicago.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/Soap-Whos-the-Boss-Star-Katherine-Helmond-Dies-at-89-506558861.html","url_text":"\"'Soap', 'Who's the Boss?' Star Katherine Helmond Dies at 89: Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV","url_text":"WMAQ News"}]},{"reference":"\"Katherine Helmond of 'Soap,' 'Brazil,' 'Who's the Boss?' Dead at 89\". Extra. Retrieved March 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://extratv.com/2019/03/01/katherine-helmond-of-soap-brazil-whos-the-boss-dead-at-89/","url_text":"\"Katherine Helmond of 'Soap,' 'Brazil,' 'Who's the Boss?' Dead at 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_(American_TV_program)","url_text":"Extra"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Six Million Dollar Man\" The White Lightning War (TV Episode 1975)\". IMDb. Retrieved October 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1089479/fullcredits","url_text":"\"\"The Six Million Dollar Man\" The White Lightning War (TV Episode 1975)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners 1978\". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1978","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners 1978\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners 1979\". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1979","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners 1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners 1980\". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1980","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners 1980\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners 1981\". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1981","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners 1981\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners & Nominees 1986\". Golden Globes. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1986/all#category-1900","url_text":"\"Winners & Nominees 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners\". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1988","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees/Winners 1989\". Television Academy. Retrieved March 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/1989","url_text":"\"Nominees/Winners 1989\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabjelo_Stadium
Zabjelo Stadium
["1 History","2 Pitch and conditions","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
Coordinates: 42°25′54″N 19°14′40″E / 42.431782°N 19.244467°E / 42.431782; 19.244467Zabjelo StadiumFull nameStadion Nikola ŠćepovićLocationPodgorica, MontenegroCoordinates42°25′54″N 19°14′40″E / 42.431782°N 19.244467°E / 42.431782; 19.244467OwnerCity of PodgoricaCapacity750Field size105x65SurfacegrassConstructionBuilt1973TenantsFK Zabjelo Stadion Nikola Šćepović, known as Zabjelo Stadium is a football stadium in Podgorica, Montenegro. It is situated in the Zabjelo neighbourhood, near the Morača riverbank. It is used for football matches and is the home ground of FK Zabjelo. History Zabjelo Stadium was built in 1973, as a home ground of FK Zabjelo. Through the decades, on stadium were built small stands, with the overall capacity of 750 seats. Historical highest attendance on Zabjelo Stadium was recorded on 2003 with 3,000 spectators on a game FK Zabjelo - FK Budućnost (1:1), Tenant of stadium, FK Zabjelo, revealed plans for reconstruction of the stadium, which will have a proposed capacity of 10,000 seats. In December 2022. stadium was renamed in Stadion Nikola Šćepović, in memory of the former captain Nikola Šćepović who died in 2016. from a heart attack at the age 20. Pitch and conditions The pitch measures 105 x 65 meters. The stadium didn't met UEFA criteria for European competitions. In addition to the main field was an auxiliary field, but it was destroyed during 2004. See also FK Zabjelo Podgorica External links Stadium information References ^ a b "Stadion Zabjela nosiće naziv "Nikola Šćepović"". glaszabjela.me. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2023. ^ "Sportski objekti na teritoriji Glavnog grada Podgorica". ^ "Yugoslavia 2001/02". ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 2017-04-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Kapiten zauvijek". glaszabjela.me. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2023. vte Football in MontenegroFootball Association of MontenegroNational teams Men's players captains matches U-21 U-19 U-17 Women's matches League system First League Second League Third League Women's League Futsal League Domestic cups Montenegrin Cup Montenegrin Regional Cups Montenegrin Cup (women) International Montenegrin clubs in UEFA competitions UEFA rankings Balkans Cup Montenegrin women's clubs in UEFA competitions Defunct Montenegrin Football Championship (1922–1940) Montenegrin clubs in Yugoslav football competitions (1946–2006) Montenegrin Republic League Montenegrin Republic Cup Venues List of football stadiums in Montenegro First League Stadiums Second League Stadiums Awards Montenegrin Footballer of the Year Radio Montenegro Trophy List of clubs List of venues vteSport in MontenegroFootball Men First League Second League Third League Montenegrin Cup Regional Cups Montenegrin Derby Women First League Montenegrin Cup Futsal First League Basketball Men First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Women First A League Montenegrin Cup Handball Men First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Women First League Montenegrin Cup Volleyball Men First League Montenegrin Cup Women First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Water polo Men First League Second League Montenegrin Cup Regional leagues ABA League BIBL WABA League SEHA League WRH League Adriatic WP League European competitions Football clubs in UEFA Women's football clubs in UEFA Basketball clubs in FIBA/ULEB Women's basketball clubs in FIBA Handball clubs in EHF Women's handball clubs in EHF Volleyball clubs in CEV Women's volleyball clubs in CEV Water polo clubs in LEN National teams Basketball Women Men Football Women Men Handball Women Men Volleyball Women Men Water polo National team games Basketball Women's team games Men's team games Football Women's team games Men's team games Men's team statistics Handball Women's team games Men's team games Volleyball Women's team games Men's team games vte City of Podgorica Administrative divisions Podgorica Capital City Zeta Municipality Tuzi Municipality Neighborhoods See: List of Podgorica neighbourhoods and suburbs Municipality settlements List Balabani Baloči Begova Glavica Beri Berislavci Bezjovo Bigor Bijelo Polje Bioče Bistrice Blizna Bolesestra Botun Brežine Briđe Brskut Buronji Ćafa Ćepetići Crnci Crvena Paprat Cvilin Dolovi Donje Stravče Donji Kokoti Draževina Dučići Duga Đurkovići Duške Farmaci Fundina Goljemadi Golubovci Goričani Gornje Stravče Gornji Kokoti Gostilj Gradac Grbavci Grbi Do Kiselica Klopot Kopilje Kornet Kosor Kruse Kržanja Kurilo Lekići Liješnje Liješta Lijeva Rijeka Ljajkovići Lopate Lutovo Lužnica Mahala Mataguži Medun Mileti Mitrovići Mojanovići Momče Mrke Opasanica Oraovice Orasi Orahovo Ožezi Parci Pelev Brijeg Petrovići Podgorica Ponari Prisoja Progonovići Raći Radeća Radovče Releza Rijeka Piperska Selište Seoca Seoštica Sjenice Slacko Srpska Staniselići Stanjevića Rupa Stijena Stupovi Šušunja Trmanje Tuzi Ljevorečke Ubalac Ubli Velje Brdo Veruša Vidijenje Vilac Vranjina Vrbica Vukovci Zagreda Zaugao Geography Cijevna Mareza Morača Ribnica Sitnica Zeta Lake Skadar Komovi Zeta plain Landmarks Adži-paša's bridge Blažo Jovanović Bridge Clock Tower Dajbabska Gora Tower Ribnica Fortress Duklja Millennium Bridge Medun Moscow Bridge Republic Square Roman Square Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ Dajbabe Monastery Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus Culture Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts Matica crnogorska Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts Montenegrin National Theatre Montenegrin PEN Center Montenegrin Symphony Orchestra Sports venues Morača Sports Center Podgorica City Stadium Camp FSCG Stadion Malih Sportova Stadion Trešnjica Stadion Cvijetni Brijeg Stadion na Koniku DG Arena Tološi Stadium Stadion Zlatica Zabjelo Stadium Stadion Masline Stadion Ljajkovići University Sports Center Donji Kokoti Tennis Courts Sport clubs SD Budućnost FK Budućnost KK Budućnost RK Budućnost OK Budućnost ŽRK Budućnost ŽOK Budućnost ŽFK Budućnost FK Blue Star FK Bratstvo FK Crvena Stijena FK Drezga FK Grafičar FK Internacional FK Kom OFK Mladost DG FK Podgorica FK Napredak FK Ribnica OFK Titograd FK Zabjelo FK Zeta KK Studentski centar Rugby Podgorica Rugby Budućnost Events Podgorica Marathon Podgorica Book Fair WTA Podgorica 1989 EKF Eurobasket 2005 FINA World League 2009 2019 GSSE EHF Euro 2022 FINA World Cup 2023 Education Gymnasium "Slobodan Škerović" University of Montenegro University of Donja Gorica University Mediteran Media RTCG Altlas Pink M 1Prva TV Vijesti Dan Dnevne Novine Pobjeda Vijesti Monitor Shopping malls Delta City Mall of Montenegro Companies VOLI Plantaže Transportation Podgorica Airport Podgorica railway station
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[]
[{"title":"FK Zabjelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Zabjelo"},{"title":"Podgorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotian_helmet
Boeotian helmet
["1 Characteristics","2 Use","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
Boeotian bronze helmet found in the Tigris River in Iraq; the front of the helmet is to the right. Displayed at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. The Boeotian helmet was a type of combat helmet used in Ancient Greece during the classical and Hellenistic periods, as well as in Ancient Rome; it possibly originated in the Greek region of Boeotia. Characteristics Thessalian cavalryman from the Alexander Sarcophagus wearing a Boeotian helmet. The Boeotian helmet was modelled on the shape of a folded-down Boeotian variant of the petasos, a type of Greek sun hat, usually made of felt. As an open helmet, it allowed good peripheral vision and unimpaired hearing. It had a domed skull surrounded by a wide, flaring, down-sloping brim. The brim came down at the rear to protect the back of the neck, projected forward over the forehead and was worked into a complex shape at the sides, with downward pointing folds affording some lateral protection to the face. A long falling plume was sometimes attached to this type of helmet. The need for unimpeded vision and good hearing was particularly acute for cavalrymen, therefore this type of helmet was used primarily by mounted troops. This type of helmet was beaten from a single sheet of bronze using a helmet-shaped "former," one of which, made of limestone, is extant. An excellently-preserved example of a Boeotian helmet, which may have belonged to one of Alexander the Great's cavalrymen, was recovered from the Tigris River in Iraq, and is now in the Ashmolean Museum. In the late Hellenistic period, the helmet evolved into a type with a taller, more conical skull and often a reduced brim. Use Roman altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus (late 2nd century BC); the soldier holding his horse at the right wears a plumed Boeotian helmet. The Athenian military expert and author Xenophon particularly recommended the Boeotian helmet for cavalry, saying "...the Boeotian type . For this not only gives the greatest protection to all the parts above the cuirass, but allows free vision." This piece of advice was taken up by Alexander the Great, who equipped his cavalry with this helmet. Both the Alexander Sarcophagus and the Alexander Mosaic show cavalrymen of the Ancient Macedonian army wearing Boeotian helmets. As a specialised cavalry helmet, its use was not as widespread as some other ancient helmets such as the Corinthian or Phrygian types. The helmet was used by Roman citizen cavalry in the Republican period. On the altar of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (a consul in 122 BC), a Roman cavalryman is depicted wearing it with the later more conical skull and furnished with a falling horsehair plume. The naming conventions and typology of ancient helmets are largely of modern origin and do not reflect contemporary usage. The term "Boeotian helmet", however, is an exception since it was employed by Xenophon and is therefore of contemporary usage. Another piece of martial equipment linked to the region of Boeotia is the Boeotian shield; however, no surviving examples have been found, and its association with the region is largely through depictions on local coinage. References ^ Sekunda 2002, p. 69. ^ Anderson 1961, pp. 147–148. ^ Connolly 1998, p. 73. ^ Xenophon. Hippike, XII.3; Fraser 1922, p. 99. ^ Anderson 1961, p. 147. ^ Connolly 1998, p. 72. ^ Connolly 1998, p. 60: "Terms such as 'Illyrian' and 'Attic' are used in archaeology for convenience to denote a particular type of helmet and do not imply its origin.") Bibliography Anderson, John Kinloch (1961). Ancient Greek Horsemanship. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Connolly, Peter (1998). Greece and Rome at War. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-303-0. Fraser, A.D. (1922). "Xenophon and the Boeotian Helmet". The Art Bulletin. 4 (3): 99–108. doi:10.2307/3046411. JSTOR 3046411. Sekunda, Nick (2002). Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-27-598836-4. External links Media related to Boeotian helmets at Wikimedia Commons vteHelmetsIndividualhistoricalhelmets Agighiol Agris Benty Grange Broe Canterbury Ciumeşti Coppergate Coțofenești Coventry Sallet Crosby Garrett Emesa Gevninge Gjermundbu Guilden Morden Guisborough Hallaton Hellvi Henry VIII's Horned Horncastle Iron Gates Lokrume Meyrick Nemiya Newstead Nijmegen Peretu Pioneer Ribchester Shorwell Staffordshire Sutton Hoo Tjele Veksø Venetian Waterloo Witcham Gravel Yarm CombatAncient Attic Boar's tusk Boeotian Chalcidian Coolus Corinthian Galea Illyrian Imperial Kegelhelm Konos Late Roman ridge Montefortino Negau Phrygian Pilos Shmarjet Medieval andEarly Modern Armet Aventail Barbute Bascinet Burgonet Cervelliere Close Dragoon Enclosed Falling buffe Frog-mouth Germanic boar Great Hounskull Jingasa Kabuto Katapu Kettle Kulah khud Lamellenhelm Lobster-tailed pot Mempo Morion Nasal Paseki Pickelhaube Sallet Secrete Spangenhelm Takula tofao Turban Viking Late Modern Dragoon Pickelhaube Pith helmet Tarleton helmet 1914–1945 Adrian Brodie M36 (Bulgaria) M32 (Czechoslovakia) M1923 (Denmark) Stahlhelm (Germany) M1934/39 (Greece) Helmet Steel Airborne Troop M33 (Italy) M42 Duperite M1 M1C Mk II talker helmet Mk III Netherlands M34 Hełm wz. 31 M1940 (Portugal) RAC SSh-36 SSh-39 and SSh-40 M1921 (Spain) M1926 (Spain) M1934 (Spain) M1942 Modelo Z SSK 90 M1926 (Sweden) M1937 (Sweden) L'Eplattenier M1918 (Switzerland) Type 92 Tetsubo 1945–1980 Bangtan Helmet CABAL II Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet GK80 Hungarian M70 Romanian M73 helmet JK 96 Mº 44 E.T.A. M59/85 Hełm wz. 50 Hełm wz. 63 Hełm wz. 67 M63 M76 Para Mk IV Mk 6 Modèle 1951 Modèle 1978 MPC-1 OR-201 Paratrooper SSh-60 SSh-68 Swiss M71 Type 66 1980–2000 CG634 M92 GOLFO M90 (Iraq) M59/85 M87 PASGT Hełm wz. 93 Hełm wz. 2000 Sfera SPECTRA 6B7 2001–present A2 Helmet Advanced Combat Helmet BK-3 helmet QGF03 ECH (Australia) ECH (US) FAST 6B47 Hełm wz. 2005 IHPS KH-B2000 Lightweight Helmet MICH Mk 7 Athletic Batting Coolflo Boxing / Martial Arts Bicycle Cricket Equestrian Gridiron football Eyeshield Revolution Hockey Lacrosse Motorcycle Racing Scrum cap Ski Work Custodian Diving Firefighter's Hard hat Riot protection Welding Other Flight Helmet cover Mitznefet Heraldic use Horned Mahiole Tarnhelm Pith American fiber Winged Zuckerman
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"combat helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_helmet"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Boeotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia"}],"text":"The Boeotian helmet was a type of combat helmet used in Ancient Greece during the classical and Hellenistic periods, as well as in Ancient Rome; it possibly originated in the Greek region of Boeotia.","title":"Boeotian helmet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_Army_Thessalian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thessalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Alexander Sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"petasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petasos"},{"link_name":"felt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"cavalrymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Tigris River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_River"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Thessalian cavalryman from the Alexander Sarcophagus wearing a Boeotian helmet.The Boeotian helmet was modelled on the shape of a folded-down Boeotian variant of the petasos, a type of Greek sun hat, usually made of felt.[1] As an open helmet, it allowed good peripheral vision and unimpaired hearing. It had a domed skull surrounded by a wide, flaring, down-sloping brim. The brim came down at the rear to protect the back of the neck, projected forward over the forehead and was worked into a complex shape at the sides, with downward pointing folds affording some lateral protection to the face. A long falling plume was sometimes attached to this type of helmet. The need for unimpeded vision and good hearing was particularly acute for cavalrymen, therefore this type of helmet was used primarily by mounted troops.[2]This type of helmet was beaten from a single sheet of bronze using a helmet-shaped \"former,\" one of which, made of limestone, is extant. An excellently-preserved example of a Boeotian helmet, which may have belonged to one of Alexander the Great's cavalrymen, was recovered from the Tigris River in Iraq, and is now in the Ashmolean Museum. In the late Hellenistic period, the helmet evolved into a type with a taller, more conical skull and often a reduced brim.[3]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altar_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_Louvre_n3bis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xenophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alexander Sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"Alexander Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Ancient Macedonian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_helmet"},{"link_name":"Phrygian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_helmet"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"altar of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_of_Domitius_Ahenobarbus"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Boeotian shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotian_shield"}],"text":"Roman altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus (late 2nd century BC); the soldier holding his horse at the right wears a plumed Boeotian helmet.The Athenian military expert and author Xenophon particularly recommended the Boeotian helmet for cavalry, saying \"...the Boeotian type [of helmet]. For this not only gives the greatest protection to all the parts above the cuirass, but allows free vision.\"[4] This piece of advice was taken up by Alexander the Great, who equipped his cavalry with this helmet.[5] Both the Alexander Sarcophagus and the Alexander Mosaic show cavalrymen of the Ancient Macedonian army wearing Boeotian helmets.[6] As a specialised cavalry helmet, its use was not as widespread as some other ancient helmets such as the Corinthian or Phrygian types. The helmet was used by Roman citizen cavalry in the Republican period. On the altar of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (a consul in 122 BC), a Roman cavalryman is depicted wearing it with the later more conical skull and furnished with a falling horsehair plume.The naming conventions and typology of ancient helmets are largely of modern origin and do not reflect contemporary usage.[7] The term \"Boeotian helmet\", however, is an exception since it was employed by Xenophon and is therefore of contemporary usage. Another piece of martial equipment linked to the region of Boeotia is the Boeotian shield; however, no surviving examples have been found, and its association with the region is largely through depictions on local coinage.","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson, John Kinloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kinloch_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek Horsemanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XJ7wnnaaMMoC"},{"link_name":"Connolly, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Connolly"},{"link_name":"Greece and Rome at War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=k_LbAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85367-303-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-303-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3046411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3046411"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3046411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3046411"},{"link_name":"Sekunda, Nick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Sekunda"},{"link_name":"Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4zNoAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-27-598836-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-27-598836-4"}],"text":"Anderson, John Kinloch (1961). Ancient Greek Horsemanship. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.\nConnolly, Peter (1998). Greece and Rome at War. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-303-0.\nFraser, A.D. (1922). \"Xenophon and the Boeotian Helmet\". The Art Bulletin. 4 (3): 99–108. doi:10.2307/3046411. JSTOR 3046411.\nSekunda, Nick (2002). Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-27-598836-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Boeotian bronze helmet found in the Tigris River in Iraq; the front of the helmet is to the right. Displayed at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boeotian_helmet%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/215px-Boeotian_helmet%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thessalian cavalryman from the Alexander Sarcophagus wearing a Boeotian helmet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Macedonian_Army_Thessalian.jpg/200px-Macedonian_Army_Thessalian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus (late 2nd century BC); the soldier holding his horse at the right wears a plumed Boeotian helmet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Altar_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_Louvre_n3bis.jpg/220px-Altar_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_Louvre_n3bis.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Anderson, John Kinloch (1961). Ancient Greek Horsemanship. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kinloch_Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, John Kinloch"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ7wnnaaMMoC","url_text":"Ancient Greek Horsemanship"}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Peter (1998). Greece and Rome at War. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-303-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Connolly","url_text":"Connolly, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k_LbAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Greece and Rome at War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-303-0","url_text":"978-1-85367-303-0"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, A.D. (1922). \"Xenophon and the Boeotian Helmet\". The Art Bulletin. 4 (3): 99–108. doi:10.2307/3046411. JSTOR 3046411.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3046411","url_text":"10.2307/3046411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046411","url_text":"3046411"}]},{"reference":"Sekunda, Nick (2002). Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-27-598836-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Sekunda","url_text":"Sekunda, Nick"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4zNoAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-27-598836-4","url_text":"978-0-27-598836-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ7wnnaaMMoC","external_links_name":"Ancient Greek Horsemanship"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k_LbAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Greece and Rome at War"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3046411","external_links_name":"10.2307/3046411"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046411","external_links_name":"3046411"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4zNoAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphins_cricket_team
Dolphins (cricket team)
["1 History","2 Playing kit","3 Sponsors","4 Honours","5 Squad","6 Team management","7 Former players","8 References"]
Cricket team Hollywoodbets DolphinsPersonnelCaptainKeshav MaharajCoachImraan KhanTeam informationColours  Black   GreenFounded2003; 21 years ago (2003)Home groundKingsmead Cricket Ground, DurbanCapacity25,000Official websitehttp://www.dolphinscricket.co.za First-class ODI/T20 Away ODI/T20 Home The Hollywoodbets Dolphins are a cricket team representing the KwaZulu-Natal (Coastal) province in South Africa. They take part in the CSA 4-Day Series first-class competition, the Momentum One-Day Cup and the Mzansi Super League T20 competition. The team's home venues are Kingsmead Cricket Ground, Durban and the Pietermaritzburg Oval in Pietermaritzburg. History The Dolphins were originally created as an entirely professional franchise team after the South African domestic format was restructured in 2004-05. Up until then eleven provincial teams, with various small changes, had competed in the Currie Cup since 1893-94. Natal (as the province was then called) was one of the most successful teams in the 20th century provincial era with twenty title wins. In 1998-99, Natal became KwaZulu-Natal to reflect the political changes that were taking place in the country. The team won one more final title in 2001-02. In 2004-05, the eleven provincial teams were rationalised into six new, entirely professional franchises, in all three formats. The Dolphins were the only squad that did not merge several other provincial teams to form the new side. In the Franchise-era, the Dolphins won only one outright title, with two others being shared wins. In 2020, domestic cricket in South Africa was restructured and the six former franchise teams were dropped. In its place was a return to the more traditional two-division league format, with a total of fifteen professional teams competing due to the previously semi-professional provincial cricket being subsumed (effectively becoming Division 2). The former name of KwaZulu-Natal (Coastal) could have returned during this time (KwaZulu-Natal (Inland) was granted first class provincial status in 2009), however the KwaZulu-Natal Cricket Union decided to maintain the brand recognition from the franchise era, with the new team continuing to be called the Dolphins. Playing kit The Hollywoodbets Dolphins home kit consists of black shirts and black trousers with green trim during limited overs competitions. The away strip for limited overs competitions is purple shirts and purple trousers with yellow trim. Sponsors Hollywoodbets are the Dolphins' primary shirt sponsors until the end of the 2019/20 season, with local radio station East Coast Radio (ECR 94.5FM) their associate sponsor. Honours CSA 4-Day Series (1) – 2020-21 ; shared (2) – 2004–05, 2005–06 Momentum One Day Cup Winners (1) - 2019-20 ; shared (1) 2017/18 (shared with Warriors) Ram Slam T20 Challenge Winners 2013/14 The Hollywoodbets Dolphins finished as runners-up in the 2017/18 Ram Slam T20 Challenge, after losing to the Multiply Titans in the final at Centurion. The Hollywoodbets Dolphins reached the final of the 2017/18 Momentum One Day Cup after beating the Cape Cobras in the semi-final. The Dolphins played the Warriors in the final at Kingsmead, however the match was abandoned halfway through the Dolphins first innings due to persistent rain. The rain continued on the reserve day forcing the final to be abandoned, and the trophy was shared between the two teams. Squad Bold denotes players with international caps. Name Birth date Batting style Bowling style Notes Batsmen Marques Ackerman (1996-03-01) 1 March 1996 (age 28) Left-handed Right arm off break First-class Captain Khaya Zondo (1990-03-07) 7 March 1990 (age 34) Right-handed Right arm off break Sarel Erwee (1989-11-10) 10 November 1989 (age 34) Left-handed Right arm off break Thamsanqa Khumalo (1999-09-23) 23 September 1999 (age 24) Left-handed Right arm off break David Miller (1989-06-10) 10 June 1989 (age 35) Left-handed Right arm off break All-Rounders Jason Smith (1994-10-11) 11 October 1994 (age 29) Right-handed Right-arm medium-fast Bryce Parsons (2001-02-13) 13 February 2001 (age 23) Left-handed Slow left-arm orthodox Andile Phehlukwayo (1996-03-03) 3 March 1996 (age 28) Left-handed Right arm fast Ruan de Swardt (1998-01-21) 21 January 1998 (age 26) Left-handed Right-arm medium-fast Wicket-keepers Keegan Petersen (1993-08-08) 8 August 1993 (age 30) Right-handed Grant Roelofsen (1996-07-26) 26 July 1996 (age 27) Right-handed Spin Bowlers Prenelan Subrayen (1993-09-23) 23 September 1993 (age 30) Right-handed Right arm off break Twenty20 Captain Keshav Maharaj (1990-02-07) 7 February 1990 (age 34) Right-handed Slow left-arm orthodox List A Captain Seam Bowlers Eathan Bosch (1998-04-27) 27 April 1998 (age 26) Right-handed Right arm fast Ottniel Baartman (1993-03-18) 18 March 1993 (age 31) Right-handed Right arm medium-fast Kerwin Mungroo (1994-07-31) 31 July 1994 (age 29) Right-handed Right arm fast Daryn Dupavillon (1994-07-15) 15 July 1994 (age 29) Right-handed Right arm fast Team management Imraan Khan (Head Coach), Quinton Friend (Bowling Coach), Mduduzi Mbatha (Fielding Coach), Devon Van Onselen (Strength & Conditioning), Nicholas Moffitt (Physiotherapist), Anderson Ndovela (Manager). Former players Former Dolphins cricketers include Proteas players Shaun Pollock, Jonty Rhodes, Pat Symcox, Lance Klusener, Andrew Hudson, Errol Stewart, Dale Benkenstein, Imraan Khan, Morné van Wyk, Dane Vilas and Mthokozisi Shezi. Hashim Amla played for the Dolphins for many seasons before moving to the Cape Cobras. Kyle Abbott played for the Dolphins before moving to Hampshire on a Kolpak deal. International players to play for the Dolphins include Malcolm Marshall, Collis King, Hartley Alleyne, Nixon McLean, Eldine Baptiste, Neil Johnson, Sanath Jayasuriya, Ravi Bopara, Graham Onions and Kevin Pietersen. Current Proteas cricketers in the Hollywoodbets Dolphins squad include Keshav Maharaj, David Miller, Imran Tahir, Andile Phehlukwayo, Robert Frylinck, Vaughn van Jaarsveld, Khaya Zondo, Senuran Muthusamy and Daryn Dupavillon. References South African Cricket Annual – various editions Wisden Cricketers' Almanack – various editions ^ "Hollywoodbets signs new three year deal with Dolphins | Hollywoodbets Dolphins". Dolphinscricket.co.za. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017. ^ DEL CARME, LIAM. "Titans beat Dolphins by seven wickets to clinch the RAM SLAM T20". Times Live. Retrieved 16 December 2017. ^ "Dolphins, Warriors share Momentum Cup title". cricket.co.za. Cricket South Africa. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ "Hampshire: Kyle Abbott & Rilee Rossouw content with Kolpak move decisions". BBC. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2020. ^ "Jayasuriya to play for Dolphins". ESPNCricinfo. Retrieved 9 September 2008. vte Cricket in South Africa Cricket South Africa National teams Men Women South Africa A M U-19 W U-19 Franchise cricketTeams Cape Cobras Dolphins Knights Lions Titans Warriors Competitions Sunfoil Series (first-class) Momentum One Day Cup (List A) SA20 (Twenty20) T20 Challenge (Twenty20) T20 Global League (Twenty20) SeasonsFirst-class 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 List A 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 SA20 2022–23 2023–24 T20 Challenge 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 Provincial cricketTeams Boland Border Eastern Province Easterns Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Inland Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape Northerns North West South Western Districts Western Province Competitions Three-Day Competition 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 One-Day Competition 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 Pro20 Competition Africa T20 Cup 2015 2016 2017 2018 CSA Provincial T20 Cup 2019–20 Howa Bowl Kei, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Uganda and Zimbabwe have also competed in major South African domestic competitionsMzansi Super LeagueTeams Cape Town Blitz Durban Heat Jozi Stars Nelson Mandela Bay Giants Paarl Rocks Tshwane Spartans Seasons 2018 2019 Women's cricketProvincial Teams Boland Border Central Gauteng Eastern Province Easterns Free State Kei KwaZulu-Natal Coastal KwaZulu-Natal Inland Limpopo Mpumalanga Northern Cape Northerns North West South Western Districts Western Province Super League Teams Coronations Duchesses Starlights Thistles Competitions Simon Trophy Women's One-Day Cup Women's T20 Challenge Women's T20 Super League OtherGrounds East London Paarl Port Elizabeth Benoni Bloemfontein Johannesburg Kimberley Durban Potchefstroom Centurion Cape Town Others Lists Test cricket records Test cricketers Captains Test wicket-keepers ODI cricket records ODI cricketers T20I cricket records T20I cricketers Women Test Women ODI Women T20I vte2014 Champions League Twenty20Waiting in thegroup stage Cape Cobras Dolphins Hobart Hurricanes Perth Scorchers Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Chennai Super Kings Waiting in thequalifying stage Northern Knights Southern Express Mumbai Indians Lahore Lions Team squads Qualifying stage Group stage Knockout stage
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal (Coastal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"CSA 4-Day Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSA_4-Day_Domestic_Series"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Momentum One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_1_Day_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mzansi Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzansi_Super_League"},{"link_name":"T20 competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Kingsmead Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmead_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"}],"text":"The Hollywoodbets Dolphins are a cricket team representing the KwaZulu-Natal (Coastal) province in South Africa. They take part in the CSA 4-Day Series first-class competition, the Momentum One-Day Cup and the Mzansi Super League T20 competition. The team's home venues are Kingsmead Cricket Ground, Durban and the Pietermaritzburg Oval in Pietermaritzburg.","title":"Dolphins (cricket team)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KwaZulu-Natal (Inland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Inland_(cricket_team)"}],"text":"The Dolphins were originally created as an entirely professional franchise team after the South African domestic format was restructured in 2004-05. Up until then eleven provincial teams, with various small changes, had competed in the Currie Cup since 1893-94.Natal (as the province was then called) was one of the most successful teams in the 20th century provincial era with twenty title wins. In 1998-99, Natal became KwaZulu-Natal to reflect the political changes that were taking place in the country. The team won one more final title in 2001-02.In 2004-05, the eleven provincial teams were rationalised into six new, entirely professional franchises, in all three formats. The Dolphins were the only squad that did not merge several other provincial teams to form the new side. In the Franchise-era, the Dolphins won only one outright title, with two others being shared wins.In 2020, domestic cricket in South Africa was restructured and the six former franchise teams were dropped. In its place was a return to the more traditional two-division league format, with a total of fifteen professional teams competing due to the previously semi-professional provincial cricket being subsumed (effectively becoming Division 2).The former name of KwaZulu-Natal (Coastal) could have returned during this time (KwaZulu-Natal (Inland) was granted first class provincial status in 2009), however the KwaZulu-Natal Cricket Union decided to maintain the brand recognition from the franchise era, with the new team continuing to be called the Dolphins.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Hollywoodbets Dolphins home kit consists of black shirts and black trousers with green trim during limited overs competitions. The away strip for limited overs competitions is purple shirts and purple trousers with yellow trim.","title":"Playing kit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hollywoodbets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywoodbets"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"East Coast Radio (ECR 94.5FM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Radio_(South_Africa)"}],"text":"Hollywoodbets are the Dolphins' primary shirt sponsors until the end of the 2019/20 season,[1] with local radio station East Coast Radio (ECR 94.5FM) their associate sponsor.","title":"Sponsors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Momentum One Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_One_Day_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cape Cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cobras"},{"link_name":"Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warriors_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"CSA 4-Day Series (1) – 2020-21 ; shared (2) – 2004–05, 2005–06\nMomentum One Day Cup Winners (1) - 2019-20 ; shared (1) 2017/18 (shared with Warriors)\nRam Slam T20 Challenge Winners 2013/14The Hollywoodbets Dolphins finished as runners-up in the 2017/18 Ram Slam T20 Challenge, after losing to the Multiply Titans in the final at Centurion.[2]The Hollywoodbets Dolphins reached the final of the 2017/18 Momentum One Day Cup after beating the Cape Cobras in the semi-final. The Dolphins played the Warriors in the final at Kingsmead, however the match was abandoned halfway through the Dolphins first innings due to persistent rain. The rain continued on the reserve day forcing the final to be abandoned, and the trophy was shared between the two teams.[3]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bold denotes players with international caps.","title":"Squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Imraan Khan (Head Coach), Quinton Friend (Bowling Coach), Mduduzi Mbatha (Fielding Coach), Devon Van Onselen (Strength & Conditioning), Nicholas Moffitt (Physiotherapist), Anderson Ndovela (Manager).","title":"Team management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaun Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Pollock"},{"link_name":"Jonty Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonty_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Pat Symcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Symcox"},{"link_name":"Lance Klusener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Klusener"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hudson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Errol Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Stewart_(South_African_sportsman)"},{"link_name":"Dale Benkenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Benkenstein"},{"link_name":"Imraan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imraan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Morné van Wyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morn%C3%A9_van_Wyk"},{"link_name":"Dane Vilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Vilas"},{"link_name":"Mthokozisi Shezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthokozisi_Shezi"},{"link_name":"Hashim Amla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim_Amla"},{"link_name":"Cape Cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cobras"},{"link_name":"Kyle Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Abbott_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Collis King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collis_King"},{"link_name":"Hartley Alleyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_Alleyne"},{"link_name":"Nixon McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_McLean"},{"link_name":"Eldine Baptiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldine_Baptiste"},{"link_name":"Neil Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Johnson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Sanath Jayasuriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanath_Jayasuriya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ravi Bopara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Bopara"},{"link_name":"Graham Onions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Onions"},{"link_name":"Kevin Pietersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen"},{"link_name":"Keshav Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshav_Maharaj"},{"link_name":"David Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Miller_(South_African_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Imran Tahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Tahir"},{"link_name":"Andile Phehlukwayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andile_Phehlukwayo"},{"link_name":"Robert Frylinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frylinck"},{"link_name":"Vaughn van Jaarsveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughn_van_Jaarsveld"},{"link_name":"Khaya Zondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaya_Zondo"},{"link_name":"Senuran Muthusamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuran_Muthusamy"},{"link_name":"Daryn Dupavillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryn_Dupavillon"}],"text":"Former Dolphins cricketers include Proteas players Shaun Pollock, Jonty Rhodes, Pat Symcox, Lance Klusener, Andrew Hudson, Errol Stewart, Dale Benkenstein, Imraan Khan, Morné van Wyk, Dane Vilas and Mthokozisi Shezi. Hashim Amla played for the Dolphins for many seasons before moving to the Cape Cobras. Kyle Abbott played for the Dolphins before moving to Hampshire on a Kolpak deal.[4]International players to play for the Dolphins include Malcolm Marshall, Collis King, Hartley Alleyne, Nixon McLean, Eldine Baptiste, Neil Johnson, Sanath Jayasuriya,[5] Ravi Bopara, Graham Onions and Kevin Pietersen.Current Proteas cricketers in the Hollywoodbets Dolphins squad include Keshav Maharaj, David Miller, Imran Tahir, Andile Phehlukwayo, Robert Frylinck, Vaughn van Jaarsveld, Khaya Zondo, Senuran Muthusamy and Daryn Dupavillon.","title":"Former players"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_The_Last_Knight
Transformers: The Last Knight
["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Humans","2.2 Voices","2.3 Non-speaking characters","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting","3.3 Filming","3.4 Effects","3.5 Music","3.6 Controversy","4 Release","4.1 Theatrical","4.2 Home media","5 Reception","5.1 Box office","5.2 Critical response","5.3 Accolades","6 Future","6.1 Potential sequel","6.2 Bumblebee (2018)","6.3 Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023)","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
2017 film by Michael Bay Transformers: The Last KnightTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael BayScreenplay by Art Marcum Matt Holloway Ken Nolan Story by Akiva Goldsman Art Marcum Matt Holloway Ken Nolan Based onTransformersby HasbroProduced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Tom DeSanto Don Murphy Ian Bryce Starring Mark Wahlberg Josh Duhamel Stanley Tucci Anthony Hopkins CinematographyJonathan SelaEdited by Mark Sanger John Refoua Debra Neil-Fisher Roger Barton Adam Gerstel Calvin Wimmer Music bySteve JablonskyProductioncompanies Paramount Pictures Huahua Media The Weying Galaxy The H Collective Hasbro Studios Di Bonaventura Pictures Distributed byParamount PicturesRelease dates June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18) (Odeon Leicester Square) June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21) (United States) Running time149 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$217–260 millionBox office$605.4 million Transformers: The Last Knight is a 2017 American science fiction action film based on Hasbro's Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) and the fifth installment in the Transformers film series. The film is directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay by Art Marcum, Matt Holloway, and Ken Nolan. It stars Mark Wahlberg reprising his role from Age of Extinction, while Josh Duhamel reprises his role from the first three films, and Stanley Tucci and Anthony Hopkins join the cast. Inventor Cade Yeager is gifted a Talisman by a dying Transformer knight, and is soon recruited by an eccentric British professor to save the world from the impending threat of Unicron. It premiered on June 18, 2017, at the Odeon Leicester Square in London and was released in the United States on June 21, by Paramount Pictures. The film received negative reviews from critics, grossing $605.4 million worldwide against a production budget between $217–260 million and losing Paramount an estimated $100 million on the theatrical release with marketing and distribution costs factored in. A prequel, titled Bumblebee, was released in December 2018. Plot In 484 AD, Merlin finds the Knights of Iacon, a group of Transformers hiding on Earth, seeking their help to aid King Arthur and his knights. They hand him a staff and help Arthur defeat the Saxons, but warn Merlin to hide the staff. In the present following the events of Hong Kong, Optimus Prime arrives on the ruins of Cybertron and meets the Cybertronian goddess Quintessa, who brainwashes him into Nemesis Prime and sends him to Earth to retrieve Merlin's staff, which will restore Cybertron by taking Earth's energy core. On Earth, a new paramilitary task force called the Transformers Reaction Force (TRF) continues to hunt Transformers, while some of its U.S. military personnel, including former NEST members Colonel William Lennox and General Morshower, are reluctantly against its actions. Cade Yeager, an ally to the Autobots, hides Transformer refugees in his junkyard. In a war-torn Chicago, Cade and Bumblebee meet a scavenger Izabella and her Transformer companion, Sqweeks, before encountering a dying Transformer who gives them a talisman. The TRF confronts Cade, only to be stopped by Bumblebee, Lennox, and Hound. Megatron, having abandoned his Galvatron identity, his remaining Decepticons, and the U.S. government learn of the talisman's value and reluctantly join forces to retrieve it and track Bumblebee to Cade's scrapyard. While the Autobots and the Dinobots fend off the Decepticons and the TRF, Cade, his assistant Jimmy, Izabella, and Sqweeks deal with a swarm of TRF drones sent after them. Cogman, a human-sized Transformer, appears and invites Cade to the United Kingdom to meet his employer, Sir Edmund Burton, who is connected to the Transformers. Burton asks another Transformer, Hot Rod, to find Viviane Wembly, a University of Oxford professor. Burton explains to Cade, Viviane, and Bumblebee that Transformers have been living amongst mankind for centuries, their existence once guarded by a secret society called the Order of Witwiccans, of which he is the last living member. The talisman can lead to Merlin's staff, buried in a Cybertronian spacecraft under the sea. Viviane is revealed to be the direct descendant of Merlin's bloodline and the only one who can activate the staff. The authorities discover them, forcing the group to flee. Following clues, while evading their pursuers, the group heads to the Royal Navy Museum, where they commandeer the submarine HMS Alliance, also a Transformer, to find the spacecraft while the TRF and the Navy SEALs tail them. Burton contacts Seymour Simmons, both learning that Earth is Unicron, and the staff will drain the planet's life via an access point under Stonehenge. Locating the ship, Cade and Viviane find Merlin's tomb with Viviane activating Merlin's buried staff, awakening the Knights of Iacon. The TRF and Navy SEALs ambush Cade and Viviane to take the staff, but Viviane is forced to surrender it to Optimus, who has arrived to take the staff. Bumblebee, Cade, and Lennox engage Optimus, during which Bumblebee speaks in his voice for the first time after he is given a spare voice box, stirring Optimus's memories and freeing him from Quintessa's control. The Decepticons ambush Optimus and Cade and steal the staff, having aligned themselves with Quintessa. The Knights arrive to execute Optimus but yield to Cade and join the humans and the Autobots upon seeing Cade's talisman turn into Excalibur. Burton tries to stop Megatron from activating the staff at Stonehenge, only to be killed in the ensuing blast. As Cybertron's remains ravage Earth, using its thermal energy to reconstitute itself, the Autobots, Dragonstorm, and the humans launch a direct assault on Cybertron to defeat the Decepticons and Quintessa. Viviane removes the staff and stops the transfer. Optimus defeats Megatron while Bumblebee seemingly kills Quintessa. With both worlds saved but now attached, the Autobots leave Earth to rebuild Cybertron. Meanwhile, Quintessa, who has survived, disguises herself as a human and approaches a group of scientists inspecting one of Unicron's horns and offers them a way to destroy him. Cast Main article: List of Transformers film series cast and characters Humans Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager: A single father and inventor who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction. Josh Duhamel as William Lennox: A former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Dark of the Moon, and now a Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformers Reaction Force (TRF). Stanley Tucci as Wizard Merlin: A wizard who knew the secret of the Guardian Knights and called on them in a moment of need. He previously portrayed Joshua Joyce in Age of Extinction. Anthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton, 12th Earl of Folgan: An astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth. Laura Haddock as Viviane Wembly: A professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player, who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin. Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane. Isabela Moner as Izabella: A street-wise who was orphaned by the Battle of Chicago in Dark of the Moon and now lives in the city ruins with Sqweeks and Canopy, her only friends, until meeting Cade. Jerrod Carmichael as Jimmy: A young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired through a want ad. Santiago Cabrera as Santos: A former Delta Force operative an commander of the TRF, who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction. He also tries to capture or kill Cade Yeager as he knows he's working with the Autobots. John Turturro as Seymour Simmons: A former government agent of Sector 7 and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba, and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Dark of the Moon. Glenn Morshower as General Morshower: A former leader of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations. Liam Garrigan as King Arthur: The legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon. Garrigan previously portrayed a different iteration of King Arthur in the fifth season of the TV series Once Upon a Time. Additionally, Mitch Pileggi, Tony Hale, and Gil Birmingham appear as a TRF group leader, an arrogant JPL engineer, and Chief Sherman, respectively. Former Navy SEAL Remi Adeleke also stars in the film as an unnamed TRF operator working for Santos, alongside other Navy SEAL veterans who play TRF operators in the movie's climax. Nicola Peltz has a vocal cameo as Tessa Yeager, Cade's daughter, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction and is seen in a photograph in Cade's trailer, while Shia LaBeouf is seen as Sam Witwicky, who allied with the Autobots in events prior to Age of Extinction, in a photograph spotted in Burton's mansion as a member of the Witwickens. Stephen Hogan plays Viviane's father in flashback scenes. Voices The Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4 is an alternate form used by Hot Rod. Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime / Nemesis Prime: The leader of the Autobots, who is searching for the truth about his Creators. In this film, he transforms into a blue and red 2014 Western Star 5700 Custom semi-trailer truck. Frank Welker as Megatron: The leader of the Decepticons, who possessed a KSI Drone in Age of Extinction and transforms into a Cybertronian jet. Gemma Chan as Quintessa: A Cybertronian Sorceress, the "Prime of Life" and the creator of the Cybertronians who wants to destroy Unicron (and Earth) and rebuild Cybertron through whatever way possible. Chan appears on-screen briefly as Quintessa in a disguised human form, at the end of the film. Erik Aadahl as Bumblebee / ZB-7: An Autobot scout and Optimus Prime's second-in-command, who transforms into a custom-built yellow and black 2017 Chevrolet Camaro with a body kit. Jim Carter as Cogman: A polite but sociopathic, human-sized autobot. He serves as the faithful butler to Sir Edmund Burton, and while despite not having a larger robot mode, he transforms into an 2017 Aston Martin DB11 in the toyline. Omar Sy as Hot Rod: An Autobot who transforms into a 1975 Citroën DS, before upgrading into a 2017 Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4. He is brother-in-arms with Bumblebee and speaks in a thick French accent which he's ashamed of and wishes to remove. Ken Watanabe as Drift: A Samurai-motif Autobot tactician and former Decepticon who transforms into a black and red 2017 Mercedes-AMG GT R. John Goodman as Hound: A trigger-happy Autobot commando and field medic who transforms into an olive green Mercedes-Benz Unimog military tactical ambulance. John DiMaggio as: Crosshairs: A cocky Autobot paratrooper and sniper who transforms into a green and black 2017 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray, equipped with a custom split-spoiler. His ego lends him a misplaced belief in his future command of the Autobots. Nitro Zeus: A showboating Decepticon hunter who transforms into a JAS 39 Gripen Fighter Jet. Reno Wilson as: Sqweeks: A small Autobot and Izabella's closest friend who can transform into a blue Vespa and only says "Chihuahua" due to prior damage. Mohawk: A talkative and psychotic Decepticon foot soldier who transforms into a Confederate P51 Combat Fighter Motorcycle. His spark is in his head due to his body being skinny. Jess Harnell as Barricade: A Decepticon scout who was thought to have been killed in Dark of the Moon. He now transforms into a 2016 Ford Mustang police car, featuring a new, sleeker robot mode. Tom Kenny as Wheelie: An Autobot and former Decepticon who survived the Chicago battle in Dark of the Moon who transforms into a remote-controlled monster truck. Steve Buscemi as Daytrader: An Autobot scavenger who transforms into a cloaked rusty Mercedes-Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck. Steven Barr as Topspin: An Autobot Wrecker who resides in Cuba with Simmons that once transformed into a #48 Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's/Kobalt car. In the film he is credited as "Volleybot" and grew a metallic beard that resembles his fallen comrade, Leadfoot. Mark Ryan as: Bulldog: An Autobot veteran of World War I and a sentry for Burton's castle, who transforms into an army green Mark IV tank and suffers from 'robot dementia' Lieutenant: An elderly Autobot that transforms into a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane that cameos at Burton's castle. Various uncredited actors voice: The Knights of Iacon: a group of twelve Cybertronian Knights that protects the Staff and merge to form the three-headed dragon, Dragonstorm. They include Dragonicus, Stormreign, Steelbane, and Skullitron. Canopy: An Autobot refugee and a friend of Izabella who transforms into a shielding pile of rubble. Berserker: A monstrous Decepticon commando who transforms into a 2017 Chevy Tahoe emergency vehicle. Onslaught: A Decepticon tactician who transforms into a green Western Star 4900SF tow truck. Non-speaking characters Grimlock The leader of the Dinobots, who transforms into a mechanical horned, fire-breathing Tyrannosaurus. Slug The savage Dinobot destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops. Mini-Dinobots The Mini versions of Grimlock, Slug, and Strafe named: Sharp T! (mini Grimlock), 'Tops (mini Slug), Pterry (mini strafe with only one head) A Transformer who takes the form of the submarine HMS Alliance appears, though not seen in robot mode as it can't transform. Trench An Autobot who resembles Constructicon Scrapper and transforms into a Cat 320 excavator. Dreadbot A Decepticon thug who transforms into a rusty 1960 Volkswagen Type 2. Infernocons Quintessa's demonic guardians who combine to form Infernocus. Unicron A giant planet-destroying Transformer appearing as Planet Earth and six of his mechanical horns are seen. Production Development Michael Bay announced that it would be the last Transformers film he would direct. In March 2015, Deadline Hollywood reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Akiva Goldsman to pitch new ideas and plans for the future of the series. The studio intended to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels, and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars, with sequels and spin-offs. Paramount wanted to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers, similar to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). Goldsman became the head of future projects, and worked with franchise director Michael Bay, executive producer Steven Spielberg, and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a "writers' room" or "brain trust" to incubate ideas for potential Transformers sequels. The writers' room members included Christina Hodson, Ken Nolan, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari, Robert Kirkman, Zak Penn, Art Marcum, Matt Holloway, Jeff Pinkner, and Steven DeKnight. Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery. In July 2015, Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film's screenwriters. On November 20, due to Goldsman's commitments creating a writers' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties, Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway, as well as Ken Nolan, to write the film. Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties. I think I brought the concern to the movie studio and certainly to the writers. Perhaps...Transformers 5 and 6 movies will go back more to its roots. There was an occasion where one line which Optimus Prime had, I did not want to say. It was my gut instinct and certainly my commitment to the character... not to say the line. But I was told to say. You can't fight the big boys. I think you all know what that line was.  — Peter Cullen on a question from a fan on the future of the franchise from Sac-Anime 2015 After Transformers: Age of Extinction, Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films. But in early January 2016, in an interview with Rolling Stone, he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film, and that it would be his last Transformers film. Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan, in return for $21 million in state incentives, under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015. In April 2016, Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela. On May 17, Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account, where he also posted a production video showing a close-up of Optimus Prime's face with purple eyes instead of blue, and his face mostly discolored. The official Twitter account showed a 19-second short video in morse code that translates to "I'm coming for you May 31". On May 31, it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel. Casting In December 2014, Mark Wahlberg confirmed that he would return in the sequel. In February 2016, there were casting calls for new lead and supporting roles in Los Angeles and London, and Peter Cullen was announced as returning to voice Optimus Prime. Approximately 850 cast and crew were hired, 450 of whom were Michigan residents, equating to 228 full-time positions. Additionally, 700 extras were hired from among Detroit residents, as part of Paramount's incentive deal with the state. On April 13, TheWrap reported that Isabela Moner was in talks to star as Izabella. The site also reported that Bay was eyeing Jean Dujardin, Stephen Merchant, and Jerrod Carmichael for supporting roles. On May 17, 2016, it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film, and Jerrod Carmichael was cast. In June 2016, Anthony Hopkins, Mitch Pileggi, Santiago Cabrera, and Laura Haddock joined the cast, and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps. In August 2016, Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur, a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time. On September 4, 2016, Stanley Tucci confirmed his return. On October 14, 2016, Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films, and that John Goodman would return to voice Hound. A month before the film's release, Bay revealed that the character Cogman would be voiced by Downton Abbey actor Jim Carter, at the request of co-writer Matt Holloway, who is a fan of the series. On June 9, 2017, Reno Wilson confirmed he would have a voice role in the film. On June 16, 2017, Gibson revealed that despite closing a deal for the film, he was unable to appear as Epps due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious. Longtime Transformers voice actor Frank Welker voices Megatron for the first time in the live-action film series, reprising the role from The Transformers and various other media. Filming Alnwick Castle in Alnwick, Northumberland, one of the many locations used in the film Principal photography began on May 25, 2016, in Havana, Cuba, with a few scenes shot by a "small team". Filming continued on June 6, 2016, in Phoenix, Arizona, and on June 19, 2016, in Detroit, Michigan, under the working title E75, with additional filming taking place in Chicago, Illinois. In Detroit, filming took place in the Michigan Motion Pictures Studio, Packard Plant, Michigan Central Station, Cafe D'Mongo's Speakeasy, and MGM Grand Detroit. Production moved to Europe on August 21, and filming commenced on August 22 in Scotland and Wales. In England, filming took place in North Yorkshire, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, London, Gosport and Stonehenge. Between August and October, filming occurred in Northern Ireland, and Preikestolen, Trolltunga and Atlanterhavsveien in Norway. The Trinity Library Oxford scene was filmed in the Old Library, Trinity College Dublin. In early September 2016, filming took place in Alnwick Castle in Alnwick Northumberland in England, including car chase scenes. Production continued at St Aidan's Church, Seahouses, where Wahlberg spent an hour inside the church and reportedly donated £200. Rev Father Des McGiven said: "I didn't even know he was in church until he left. One of my parishioners, Danielle Love, recognized him and explained who he was. It's great that we had him in for the service, and we appreciate his generosity towards our church." Car chases were also filmed at the Monument area of Newcastle upon Tyne, where Josh Duhamel was filming, while Wahlberg and Sir Anthony Hopkins continued at Alnwick, Seahouses and the Bamburgh Region of Northumberland. In late September 2016, filming was spotted in Gosport, Hampshire at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum. On October 5, 2016, filming was spotted at St Bartholomew-the-Great, London. London filming wrapped on October 27, 2016. Principal photography wrapped on December 4, 2016. Scenes were shot in at least four different aspect ratios, including 1.90:1 (IMAX), 2.00:1 (Univisium), 2.28:1, & 2.39:1 (Panavision). This has been stated by the movie's director of photography, Jonathan Sela, to be due to a large number of different types of cameras on set, including the Red 6K Weapon Dragon, the Alexa IMAX 3-D rig and the IMAX 3-D Phantom 65. Effects As with previous Transformers installments, Industrial Light & Magic served as the main visual effects company for Transformers: The Last Knight. In early 2016, the company showed Bay an underwater rendering of a crash-landed alien spaceship and a new dump-truck Transformer with a cloak. Music Main article: Transformers: The Last Knight – Music from the Motion Picture On September 27, it was confirmed that Steve Jablonsky would return to write the score, having composed the music for the first four films. The score was released digitally on the film's original release date, Friday June 23, 2017, and a limited-edition two-disc CD set of 3,000 units were released by La-La Land Records on July 25, 2017. Unlike the previous films' scores, which contained anywhere from fourteen to twenty-three tracks, the film's soundtrack contains thirty-four tracks, amounting to over two hours of music. On the score, Jablonsky said, "I met with Michael before he started shooting 'Transformers: The Last Knight.' He showed me some amazing concept art and explained how the story connects the history of Transformers all the way back to the times of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. I loved the idea because it gave me the opportunity to explore new musical ideas. The storyline allowed me to write melodies that are a bit more 'classical' than I've written for the other Transformers films, which was a lot of fun for me. Another important aspect of the story revolves around massive skyscraper-sized 'horns from hell' that start emerging from the Earth. They look like gigantic animal horns, but no one knows what they are or why they have appeared. I wanted to create an unsettling sense of mystery and tension with the music." Controversy Blenheim Palace, where Britain's former wartime Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill was born, was draped in huge Nazi flags. On September 21, 2016, shooting for a particular scene took place in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire in England, the home of Sir Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister during World War II. The mansion was dressed as a Nazi swastika-draped headquarters for Adolf Hitler for filming. Tony Hayes of the UK Veterans Association stated that surviving World War II ex-servicemen and women would be "appalled". Churchill's grandson and British Parliament member Sir Nicholas Soames dismissed the controversy entirely, stating, "They've no idea what my grandfather would have thought!" Churchill is buried less than a mile away, at St Martin's Church, Bladon. Release Theatrical Transformers: The Last Knight was released on June 21, 2017, after being moved up from its original June 23 release date. Home media Transformers: The Last Knight was released on Digital HD on September 12, 2017, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 4K, Blu-ray 3D and DVD on September 26, 2017, in North America. It was also released in a collection with the four previous films. The film grossed $36.3 million in home sales. Reception Box office Transformers: The Last Knight grossed $130.1 million in the United States and Canada and $475.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $605.4 million, against a production budget of $217–260 million. The film reportedly lost Paramount over $100 million and was deemed a commercial failure due to competition from Despicable Me 3, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man: Homecoming, War for the Planet of the Apes, and Dunkirk with the latter making the least in worldwide earnings when comparing the five films but Transformers: The Last Knight had the least total in North America. In North America, The Last Knight was originally projected to gross $70–75 million from 4,069 theaters over its first five days, which would have been the lowest debut of the franchise. However, after the film grossed a franchise-low $15.7 million on its first day (including $5.5 million from Tuesday night previews), opening estimates were lowered to $60–65 million. On Thursday, it grossed $8.1 million, potentially dropping the five-day debut to under $60 million. It ended up having an opening weekend of $44.7 million, the lowest debut of the franchise by $25 million (and lowest since the first film's $70.5 million). The film's five-day gross of $68.5 million was also lower than every three-day opening of the previous four films. The film grossed $16.9 million in its second weekend, dropping 62.2% and finishing third at the box office, and $6.4 million in its third, dropping an identical 62.2% and finishing 5th. Internationally, The Last Knight opened in its first 42 international territories alongside its United States debut, including major markets China, the UK, Russia, Australia, Germany, Italy, South Korea, and Hong Kong, and was projected to have an opening of $167–200 million. Due to its predecessor's success in China, expectations were high for the film in the country. Box office observers and trackers believed the film would open to $80–100 million, and end its run there with anywhere between $290 to $400 million. The film ended up having a global debut of $265.3 million ($196.2 million from other territories), including $123.4 million from China, representing 63% of the film's international opening. In the film's second week in China, it fell 76% and had a running cumulative total of $147.6 million. The film's largest markets outside North America were: China ($228.8 million), South Korea ($19.2 million), Russia ($15.9 million), Germany ($15.4 million), Mexico ($15.3 million), U.K. ($12.2 million), Brazil ($13.7 million), Indonesia ($11.7 million), Japan ($15.7 million) and France ($11 million). Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 16% based on 256 reviews and an average rating of 3.5/10, the lowest of the seven films in the Transformers series. The site's critical consensus reads, "Cacophonous, thinly plotted, and boasting state-of-the-art special effects, The Last Knight is pretty much what you'd expect from the fifth installment of the Transformers franchise." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 27 out of 100 based on 47 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same as Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave a 75% overall positive score and a 55% "definite recommend". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a zero-star review (as he did to the previous films), saying "Every time Michael Bay directs another Transformers abomination (this is the fifth), the movies die a little. This one makes the summer's other blockbuster misfires look like masterpieces." Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, criticizing its running time and incoherent plot, writing: "I have no proof Transformers: The Last Knight will kill your brain cells, but I wouldn't be surprised to learn that it does and I'd proceed with caution just in case. But I can say with absolute certainty that after watching, your head will hurt." Emily Yoshida of Vulture.com gave the film a negative review but wrote: "I feel slightly worried about how little I hated it." Yoshida thought it was marginally better than the previous film: "The Last Knight remains barely coherent. But it's more fun than "Age of Extinction", though both movies are so drunk on money and effects they accidentally go weird." Yoshida grudgingly praised the "visual and sonic imagination" shown by the filmmakers. Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film's sloppiness, saying, "...fear not, fans of the franchise: if you're here for the director's trademark chaos editing (where fights go from points A to D to Q), comedy scenes rendered tragic (and vice versa), and general full-volume confusion, you'll get all those things in abundance." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave it 1 out of 5, complained about the long runtime, and suggested the film was "competing with Marvel movies for spectacle" but without the "wit and fun". Christopher Orr of The Atlantic criticized the film for attempting to connect the Transformers to Stonehenge and World War II, and called it the worst retelling of Arthurian legend of the year, even worse than Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword. Rebecca Farley of Refinery29 and Dana Schwartz of Marie Claire were critical of the underdeveloped female characters. Farley noted the marketing made Moner appear to have a prominent role in the film, when she does not. Farley also labeled Haddock's character the film's "textbook Strong Woman" cliché. Schwartz criticizes Wahlberg's character for referring to Moner's as "Little J. Lo" because of her Latina heritage, and Haddock being portrayed as the "British Megan Fox". Schwartz also criticized the film for the frequent aspect ratio changes, and the runtime being too long. Ian Freer of Empire magazine rated the film 2 out of 5 stars. Freer said that like the previous films it "is bogged down in backstory, lacks a real feel for its characters and still can't find a way to make its robot-on-robot action exhilarating... It is amazing how a series with so much nostalgic goodwill, technical finesse and behind the scenes talent have led so often to experiences that are so joyless." Variety's Owen Gleiberman gave the film a mixed review stating, "The fifth time may not quite be the charm, but the latest entry in Michael Bay's crunched-metal robot-war mega-series is badder, and therefore better." Richard Brody of The New Yorker acknowledged the film's flaws but noted there was almost something impressive about them, saying: "The absolute tastelessness of Bay's images, their stultifying service to platitudes and to merchandise, doesn't at all diminish their wildly imaginative power." Robbie Collin of The Telegraph wrote "If you're not staggered by the technique on display here – the stuff that sets Bay's work miles above the Fast & Furiouses, X-Men: Apocalypses and Tom Cruise-chasing Mummies of this world – you're not paying attention" and called it "a cinematic experience of earth-shattering preposterousness". Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "Bay's visual sensibility has, if anything, matured, to the point of demanding and earning your exasperated surrender." Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out New York gave it 3 out of 5, calling it "Clangorous and nonsensical" but "Regardless of our opinions, we all know what a Michael Bay film is. This one's his most Baysome." Accolades Transformers: The Last Knight led the 38th Golden Raspberry Awards season with 10 nominations (including The Razzie Nominee So Rotten You Loved It, Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screen Combo, and Worst Screenplay) but did not win in any category, setting the record for most Razzie nominations without a win. It was nominated for Choice Action Movie, Choice Summer Movie, Choice Summer Movie Actor, and Choice Summer Movie Actress at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards. The film received nominations for Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer, Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot (for a Feature Film), and Best TrailerByte for a Feature Film at the 2017 Golden Trailer Awards. At the Golden Reel Awards 2017, The Last Knight was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Feature Underscore. Future Potential sequel Akiva Goldsman was tasked with developing a multi-part sequel storyline, prequels, and spin-off films. Andrew Barrer and Gabriel Ferrari were hired to co-write a film that would explore the origins of Cybertron, with a working title of Transformers One. Before the release of The Last Knight, Michael Bay said it would be his last film as director in the franchise but expressed interest in remaining as a producer to continue the series with another director. Following the critical and commercial failure of The Last Knight, the series' future was uncertain. By August 2017, Akiva Goldsman revealed he was no longer leading the writer's room and had left the franchise. Producer Lorenzo Di Bonaventura later said that the follow-up to The Last Knight would not be a sequel. In an interview in September 2021, when asked about the possibility of a film taking place after The Last Knight, Josh Duhamel had expressed interest in reprising his role as Colonel William Lennox. Bumblebee (2018) Main article: Bumblebee (film) A prequel to the film series titled Bumblebee, starring Hailee Steinfeld and John Cena, was released on December 21, 2018, to a successful critical and financial reception. In December 2018, producer Lorenzo Di Bonaventura announced that there will be further films in the series following the release of Bumblebee, acknowledging that the franchise will make some changes in their tone and style after the success of Bumblebee. Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023) Main article: Transformers: Rise of the Beasts A sequel to Bumblebee titled Transformers: Rise of the Beasts, starring Anthony Ramos and Dominique Fishback, was released on June 9, 2023. By January 2020, a follow-up to Bumblebee, and an adaptation of Transformers: Beast Wars was in development, written separately by Joby Harold and James Vanderbilt, respectively. 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Official website Transformers: The Last Knight at IMDb Transformers: The Last Knight at the TCM Movie Database Transformers: The Last Knight vteTransformers film seriesFilms Transformers (2007) Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Dark of the Moon (2011) Age of Extinction (2014) The Last Knight (2017) Bumblebee (2018) Rise of the Beasts (2023) Transformers One (2024) MusicAudio releases Transformers soundtrack score Revenge of the Fallen soundtrack score Dark of the Moon soundtrack score Age of Extinction score The Last Knight score Bumblebee score Rise of the Beasts score Songs "What I've Done" "Doomsday Clock" "Before It's Too Late (Sam and Mikaela's Theme)" "Pretty Handsome Awkward" "New Divide" "Never Say Never" "Iridescent" "Monster" "All That You Are" "Battle Cry" "Until It's Gone" "Back to Life" Video games The Game Autobots and Decepticons Revenge of the Fallen Autobots and Decepticons Dark of the Moon Human Alliance Rise of the Dark Spark Related Cast and characters Comic series The Ride 3D Category vteMichael Bay Filmography Awards and nominations Unrealized projects Films directed Bad Boys (1995) The Rock (1996) Armageddon (1998) Pearl Harbor (2001) Bad Boys II (2003) The Island (2005) Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Pain & Gain (2013) Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2016) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) 6 Underground (2019) Ambulance (2022) Other works "Aaron Burr" (1993 commercial) Related Platinum Dunes The Institute Category vteAkiva GoldsmanFilms directed Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Films written The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Films produced Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) TV series created Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Category Portals: United States United Kingdom London Film Science fiction Speculative fiction 2010s
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_(toy_line)"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Age of Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Age_of_Extinction"},{"link_name":"Transformers film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bay"},{"link_name":"Art Marcum, Matt Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Marcum_and_Matt_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Ken Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Mark Wahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg"},{"link_name":"Josh Duhamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Duhamel"},{"link_name":"Stanley Tucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Tucci"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Unicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicron"},{"link_name":"Odeon Leicester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_Leicester_Square"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee_(film)"}],"text":"2017 film by Michael BayTransformers: The Last Knight is a 2017 American science fiction action film based on Hasbro's Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) and the fifth installment in the Transformers film series. The film is directed by Michael Bay from a screenplay by Art Marcum, Matt Holloway, and Ken Nolan. It stars Mark Wahlberg reprising his role from Age of Extinction, while Josh Duhamel reprises his role from the first three films, and Stanley Tucci and Anthony Hopkins join the cast. Inventor Cade Yeager is gifted a Talisman by a dying Transformer knight, and is soon recruited by an eccentric British professor to save the world from the impending threat of Unicron.It premiered on June 18, 2017, at the Odeon Leicester Square in London and was released in the United States on June 21, by Paramount Pictures. The film received negative reviews from critics, grossing $605.4 million worldwide against a production budget between $217–260 million and losing Paramount an estimated $100 million on the theatrical release with marketing and distribution costs factored in. A prequel, titled Bumblebee, was released in December 2018.","title":"Transformers: The Last Knight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timeline-7"},{"link_name":"Optimus Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_Prime"},{"link_name":"Quintessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessons"},{"link_name":"U.S. military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._military"},{"link_name":"NEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEST_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Autobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobots"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Megatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatron"},{"link_name":"Decepticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepticons"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._government"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"for centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronauts"},{"link_name":"secret society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMS Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alliance_(P417)"},{"link_name":"Navy SEALs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs"},{"link_name":"Unicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicron"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur"}],"text":"In 484 AD, Merlin finds the Knights of Iacon, a group of Transformers hiding on Earth, seeking their help to aid King Arthur and his knights. They hand him a staff and help Arthur defeat the Saxons, but warn Merlin to hide the staff.In the present following the events of Hong Kong,[a] Optimus Prime arrives on the ruins of Cybertron and meets the Cybertronian goddess Quintessa, who brainwashes him into Nemesis Prime and sends him to Earth to retrieve Merlin's staff, which will restore Cybertron by taking Earth's energy core.On Earth, a new paramilitary task force called the Transformers Reaction Force (TRF) continues to hunt Transformers, while some of its U.S. military personnel, including former NEST members Colonel William Lennox and General Morshower, are reluctantly against its actions. Cade Yeager, an ally to the Autobots, hides Transformer refugees in his junkyard. In a war-torn Chicago, Cade and Bumblebee meet a scavenger Izabella and her Transformer companion, Sqweeks, before encountering a dying Transformer who gives them a talisman. The TRF confronts Cade, only to be stopped by Bumblebee, Lennox, and Hound.Megatron, having abandoned his Galvatron identity, his remaining Decepticons, and the U.S. government learn of the talisman's value and reluctantly join forces to retrieve it and track Bumblebee to Cade's scrapyard. While the Autobots and the Dinobots fend off the Decepticons and the TRF, Cade, his assistant Jimmy, Izabella, and Sqweeks deal with a swarm of TRF drones sent after them. Cogman, a human-sized Transformer, appears and invites Cade to the United Kingdom to meet his employer, Sir Edmund Burton, who is connected to the Transformers. Burton asks another Transformer, Hot Rod, to find Viviane Wembly, a University of Oxford professor.Burton explains to Cade, Viviane, and Bumblebee that Transformers have been living amongst mankind for centuries, their existence once guarded by a secret society called the Order of Witwiccans, of which he is the last living member. The talisman can lead to Merlin's staff, buried in a Cybertronian spacecraft under the sea. Viviane is revealed to be the direct descendant of Merlin's bloodline and the only one who can activate the staff. The authorities discover them, forcing the group to flee. Following clues, while evading their pursuers, the group heads to the Royal Navy Museum, where they commandeer the submarine HMS Alliance, also a Transformer, to find the spacecraft while the TRF and the Navy SEALs tail them.Burton contacts Seymour Simmons, both learning that Earth is Unicron, and the staff will drain the planet's life via an access point under Stonehenge. Locating the ship, Cade and Viviane find Merlin's tomb with Viviane activating Merlin's buried staff, awakening the Knights of Iacon. The TRF and Navy SEALs ambush Cade and Viviane to take the staff, but Viviane is forced to surrender it to Optimus, who has arrived to take the staff. Bumblebee, Cade, and Lennox engage Optimus, during which Bumblebee speaks in his voice for the first time after he is given a spare voice box, stirring Optimus's memories and freeing him from Quintessa's control. The Decepticons ambush Optimus and Cade and steal the staff, having aligned themselves with Quintessa. The Knights arrive to execute Optimus but yield to Cade and join the humans and the Autobots upon seeing Cade's talisman turn into Excalibur. Burton tries to stop Megatron from activating the staff at Stonehenge, only to be killed in the ensuing blast.As Cybertron's remains ravage Earth, using its thermal energy to reconstitute itself, the Autobots, Dragonstorm, and the humans launch a direct assault on Cybertron to defeat the Decepticons and Quintessa. Viviane removes the staff and stops the transfer. Optimus defeats Megatron while Bumblebee seemingly kills Quintessa. With both worlds saved but now attached, the Autobots leave Earth to rebuild Cybertron.Meanwhile, Quintessa, who has survived, disguises herself as a human and approaches a group of scientists inspecting one of Unicron's horns and offers them a way to destroy him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Wahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg"},{"link_name":"Autobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobot"},{"link_name":"Josh Duhamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Duhamel"},{"link_name":"NEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEST_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duhamel-8"},{"link_name":"Stanley Tucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Tucci"},{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodreporter.com-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Laura Haddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Haddock"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddock-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider.com-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Isabela Moner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_Moner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWR-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jerrod Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrod_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duhamel-8"},{"link_name":"Santiago Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"Delta Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider.com-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Turturro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turturro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfw-turturro-18"},{"link_name":"Glenn Morshower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Morshower"},{"link_name":"Liam Garrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Garrigan"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mashable1-19"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mitch Pileggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Pileggi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twitter1-20"},{"link_name":"Tony Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hale"},{"link_name":"Gil Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"JPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL"},{"link_name":"Navy SEAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_SEAL"},{"link_name":"Nicola Peltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Peltz"},{"link_name":"Autobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Shia LaBeouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf"},{"link_name":"Sam Witwicky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Witwicky"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hogan"},{"link_name":"flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)"}],"sub_title":"Humans","text":"Mark Wahlberg as Cade Yeager: A single father and inventor who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction.\nJosh Duhamel as William Lennox: A former NEST commander and U.S. Army Ranger who partnered with the Autobots prior to the events of Dark of the Moon, and now a Colonel and reluctant member of the Transformers Reaction Force (TRF).[7]\nStanley Tucci as Wizard Merlin: A wizard who knew the secret of the Guardian Knights and called on them in a moment of need. He previously portrayed Joshua Joyce in Age of Extinction.\nAnthony Hopkins as Sir Edmund Burton, 12th Earl of Folgan: An astronomer and historian who knows about the history of the Transformers on Earth.[8][9]\nLaura Haddock as Viviane Wembly: A professor of English Literature at the University of Oxford and a polo player, who turns out to be a descendant of Merlin.[10][11][12] Minti Gorne portrays a younger Viviane.\nIsabela Moner as Izabella: A street-wise who was orphaned by the Battle of Chicago in Dark of the Moon and now lives in the city ruins with Sqweeks and Canopy, her only friends, until meeting Cade.[13][14]\nJerrod Carmichael as Jimmy: A young man from South Dakota whom Cade hired through a want ad.[7]\nSantiago Cabrera as Santos: A former Delta Force operative an commander of the TRF, who seeks to eradicate every Transformer and their human allies regardless of faction. He also tries to capture or kill Cade Yeager as he knows he's working with the Autobots.[15][11][16]\nJohn Turturro as Seymour Simmons: A former government agent of Sector 7 and NEST turned successful writer who hides out in Cuba, and was allied with the Autobots prior to the events of Dark of the Moon.[17]\nGlenn Morshower as General Morshower: A former leader of NEST in Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon who now supervises TRF operations.\nLiam Garrigan as King Arthur: The legendary knight who first fought with the Knights of Iacon.[18] Garrigan previously portrayed a different iteration of King Arthur in the fifth season of the TV series Once Upon a Time.Additionally, Mitch Pileggi,[19] Tony Hale, and Gil Birmingham appear as a TRF group leader, an arrogant JPL engineer, and Chief Sherman, respectively. Former Navy SEAL Remi Adeleke also stars in the film as an unnamed TRF operator working for Santos, alongside other Navy SEAL veterans who play TRF operators in the movie's climax. Nicola Peltz has a vocal cameo as Tessa Yeager, Cade's daughter, who helped the Autobots during the events of Age of Extinction and is seen in a photograph in Cade's trailer,[20] while Shia LaBeouf is seen as Sam Witwicky, who allied with the Autobots in events prior to Age of Extinction, in a photograph spotted in Burton's mansion as a member of the Witwickens.[21] Stephen Hogan plays Viviane's father in flashback scenes.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamborghini_Centenario_Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Centenario"},{"link_name":"Peter Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Optimus Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_Prime"},{"link_name":"Autobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobot"},{"link_name":"Western Star 5700 Custom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Star_Trucks"},{"link_name":"semi-trailer truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"Megatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatron"},{"link_name":"Decepticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepticon"},{"link_name":"KSI Drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvatron"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfw2005.com-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Gemma Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Chan"},{"link_name":"Unicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicron"},{"link_name":"Erik Aadahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Aadahl"},{"link_name":"Bumblebee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Camaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro_(sixth_generation)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instagram.com-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jim Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"sociopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociopathic"},{"link_name":"autobot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobot"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin DB11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB11"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explosive-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfw1-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Omar Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sy"},{"link_name":"Citroën DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS"},{"link_name":"Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini_Centenario"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ken 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Motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Motors"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Jess Harnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Harnell"},{"link_name":"2016 Ford Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mustang_(sixth_generation)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Steve Buscemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Buscemi"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_short_bonnet_trucks"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Steven Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Barr"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Leadfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadfoot_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Mark Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ryan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Mark IV tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_IV_tank"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Decepticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepticon"},{"link_name":"Chevy Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DecepticonProfiles-37"},{"link_name":"Western Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Star_Trucks"},{"link_name":"tow truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_truck"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DecepticonProfiles-37"}],"sub_title":"Voices","text":"The Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4 is an alternate form used by Hot Rod.Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime / Nemesis Prime: The leader of the Autobots, who is searching for the truth about his Creators. In this film, he transforms into a blue and red 2014 Western Star 5700 Custom semi-trailer truck.[22]\nFrank Welker as Megatron: The leader of the Decepticons, who possessed a KSI Drone in Age of Extinction and transforms into a Cybertronian jet.[23][24]\nGemma Chan as Quintessa: A Cybertronian Sorceress, the \"Prime of Life\" and the creator of the Cybertronians who wants to destroy Unicron (and Earth) and rebuild Cybertron through whatever way possible. Chan appears on-screen briefly as Quintessa in a disguised human form, at the end of the film.\nErik Aadahl as Bumblebee / ZB-7: An Autobot scout and Optimus Prime's second-in-command, who transforms into a custom-built yellow and black 2017 Chevrolet Camaro with a body kit.[25][26]\nJim Carter as Cogman: A polite but sociopathic, human-sized autobot. He serves as the faithful butler to Sir Edmund Burton, and while despite not having a larger robot mode, he transforms into an 2017 Aston Martin DB11 in the toyline.[27][28][29]\nOmar Sy as Hot Rod: An Autobot who transforms into a 1975 Citroën DS, before upgrading into a 2017 Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4. He is brother-in-arms with Bumblebee and speaks in a thick French accent which he's ashamed of and wishes to remove.[30][31][32]\nKen Watanabe as Drift: A Samurai-motif Autobot tactician and former Decepticon who transforms into a black and red 2017 Mercedes-AMG GT R.[33]\nJohn Goodman as Hound: A trigger-happy Autobot commando and field medic who transforms into an olive green Mercedes-Benz Unimog military tactical ambulance.[34]\nJohn DiMaggio as:\nCrosshairs: A cocky Autobot paratrooper and sniper who transforms into a green and black 2017 Chevrolet Corvette C7 Stingray, equipped with a custom split-spoiler. His ego lends him a misplaced belief in his future command of the Autobots.[35]\nNitro Zeus: A showboating Decepticon hunter who transforms into a JAS 39 Gripen Fighter Jet.[36]\nReno Wilson as:\nSqweeks: A small Autobot and Izabella's closest friend who can transform into a blue Vespa and only says \"Chihuahua\" due to prior damage.[37]\nMohawk: A talkative and psychotic Decepticon foot soldier who transforms into a Confederate P51 Combat Fighter Motorcycle. His spark is in his head due to his body being skinny.[38]\nJess Harnell as Barricade: A Decepticon scout who was thought to have been killed in Dark of the Moon. He now transforms into a 2016 Ford Mustang police car, featuring a new, sleeker robot mode.[39]\nTom Kenny as Wheelie: An Autobot and former Decepticon who survived the Chicago battle in Dark of the Moon who transforms into a remote-controlled monster truck.\nSteve Buscemi as Daytrader: An Autobot scavenger who transforms into a cloaked rusty Mercedes-Benz LK Model 1920 dump truck.[40]\nSteven Barr as Topspin: An Autobot Wrecker who resides in Cuba with Simmons that once transformed into a #48 Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's/Kobalt car. In the film he is credited as \"Volleybot\" and grew a metallic beard that resembles his fallen comrade, Leadfoot.\nMark Ryan as:\nBulldog: An Autobot veteran of World War I and a sentry for Burton's castle, who transforms into an army green Mark IV tank and suffers from 'robot dementia'[41]\nLieutenant: An elderly Autobot that transforms into a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane that cameos at Burton's castle.\nVarious uncredited actors voice:\nThe Knights of Iacon: a group of twelve Cybertronian Knights that protects the Staff and merge to form the three-headed dragon, Dragonstorm. They include Dragonicus, Stormreign, Steelbane, and Skullitron.[42]\nCanopy: An Autobot refugee and a friend of Izabella who transforms into a shielding pile of rubble.[43]\nBerserker: A monstrous Decepticon commando who transforms into a 2017 Chevy Tahoe emergency vehicle.[36]\nOnslaught: A Decepticon tactician who transforms into a green Western Star 4900SF tow truck.[44][36]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimlock"},{"link_name":"Tyrannosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider.com-12"},{"link_name":"Triceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Grimlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimlock"},{"link_name":"Grimlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimlock"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"HMS Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Alliance_(P417)"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Type 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfw2005-infernocus-50"},{"link_name":"Unicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicron"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"sub_title":"Non-speaking characters","text":"Grimlock The leader of the Dinobots, who transforms into a mechanical horned, fire-breathing Tyrannosaurus.[11]\nSlug The savage Dinobot destroyer who transforms into a mechanical spiked and bestial Triceratops.[45]\nMini-Dinobots The Mini versions of Grimlock, Slug, and Strafe named: Sharp T! (mini Grimlock), 'Tops (mini Slug), Pterry (mini strafe with only one head)[46]\nA Transformer who takes the form of the submarine HMS Alliance appears, though not seen in robot mode as it can't transform.\nTrench An Autobot who resembles Constructicon Scrapper and transforms into a Cat 320 excavator.\nDreadbot A Decepticon thug who transforms into a rusty 1960 Volkswagen Type 2.[47][48]\nInfernocons Quintessa's demonic guardians who combine to form Infernocus.[49]\nUnicron A giant planet-destroying Transformer appearing as Planet Earth and six of his mechanical horns are seen.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael.bay.png"},{"link_name":"Michael Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bay"},{"link_name":"Deadline Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Akiva Goldsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiva_Goldsman"},{"link_name":"James Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Marvel Cinematic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe"},{"link_name":"DC Extended Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe"},{"link_name":"Michael Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bay"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo di Bonaventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Bonaventura"},{"link_name":"Christina Hodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Hodson"},{"link_name":"Ken Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Robert Kirkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kirkman"},{"link_name":"Zak Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Penn"},{"link_name":"Art Marcum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Marcum"},{"link_name":"Matt Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Holloway_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pinkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pinkner"},{"link_name":"Steven DeKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_S._DeKnight"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M2015-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transformers_writers.room-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeKnight_joins.writer's.room-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe"},{"link_name":"Micronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronauts"},{"link_name":"Geneva Robertson-Dworet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Robertson-Dworet"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Peter Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Sac-Anime 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sac-Anime"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Age of Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Age_of_Extinction"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-58"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"state incentives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_incentives"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Sela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Sela"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sela-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfw2005.com-24"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Michael Bay announced that it would be the last Transformers film he would direct.In March 2015, Deadline Hollywood reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Akiva Goldsman to pitch new ideas and plans for the future of the series. The studio intended to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels, and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars, with sequels and spin-offs. Paramount wanted to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers, similar to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). Goldsman became the head of future projects, and worked with franchise director Michael Bay, executive producer Steven Spielberg, and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a \"writers' room\" or \"brain trust\" to incubate ideas for potential Transformers sequels. The writers' room members included Christina Hodson, Ken Nolan, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari, Robert Kirkman, Zak Penn, Art Marcum, Matt Holloway, Jeff Pinkner, and Steven DeKnight.[50][51][52] Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery.[53] In July 2015, Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film's screenwriters.[54] On November 20, due to Goldsman's commitments creating a writers' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties, Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway, as well as Ken Nolan, to write the film. Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties.[55]I think I brought the concern to the movie studio and certainly to the writers.\nPerhaps...Transformers 5 and 6 movies will go back more to its roots. There was an occasion where one line [in Transformers: Age of Extinction] which Optimus Prime had, I did not want to say. It was my gut instinct and certainly my commitment to the character... not to say the line. But I was told to say. You can't fight the big boys. I think you all know what that line was.\n\n\n — Peter Cullen on a question from a fan on the future of the franchise from Sac-Anime 2015[56]After Transformers: Age of Extinction, Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films. But in early January 2016, in an interview with Rolling Stone, he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film, and that it would be his last Transformers film.[57] Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan, in return for $21 million in state incentives, under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015.[58] In April 2016, Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela.[59][60] On May 17, Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account, where he also posted a production video showing a close-up of Optimus Prime's face with purple eyes instead of blue, and his face mostly discolored.[61] The official Twitter account showed a 19-second short video in morse code that translates to \"I'm coming for you May 31\".[62] On May 31, it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel.[23]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"casting calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfw-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VVf-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-67"},{"link_name":"TheWrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap"},{"link_name":"Isabela Moner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabela_Moner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TWR-14"},{"link_name":"Jean Dujardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dujardin"},{"link_name":"Stephen Merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Merchant"},{"link_name":"Jerrod Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrod_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Josh Duhamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Duhamel"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JD-70"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duhamel-8"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Mitch Pileggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Pileggi"},{"link_name":"Santiago Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"Laura Haddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Haddock"},{"link_name":"Tyrese Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrese_Gibson"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instagram1-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET-72"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twitter1-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddock-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollywoodreporter.com-9"},{"link_name":"Liam Garrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Garrigan"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_Series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mashable1-19"},{"link_name":"Stanley Tucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Tucci"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety1-73"},{"link_name":"John Turturro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turturro"},{"link_name":"John Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfw-turturro-18"},{"link_name":"Downton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Jim Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carter_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explosive-28"},{"link_name":"Reno Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"The Fate of the Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Furious"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_Tyrese-75"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"The Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"In December 2014, Mark Wahlberg confirmed that he would return in the sequel.[63] In February 2016, there were casting calls for new lead and supporting roles in Los Angeles and London, and Peter Cullen was announced as returning to voice Optimus Prime.[64] Approximately 850 cast and crew were hired, 450 of whom were Michigan residents, equating to 228 full-time positions.[65] Additionally, 700 extras were hired from among Detroit residents, as part of Paramount's incentive deal with the state.[66] On April 13, TheWrap reported that Isabela Moner was in talks to star as Izabella.[13] The site also reported that Bay was eyeing Jean Dujardin, Stephen Merchant, and Jerrod Carmichael for supporting roles.[67][68] On May 17, 2016, it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film, and Jerrod Carmichael was cast.[69][7] In June 2016, Anthony Hopkins, Mitch Pileggi, Santiago Cabrera, and Laura Haddock joined the cast, and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps.[70][71][19][10][8] In August 2016, Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur, a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time.[18] On September 4, 2016, Stanley Tucci confirmed his return.[72] On October 14, 2016, Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films, and that John Goodman would return to voice Hound.[17] A month before the film's release, Bay revealed that the character Cogman would be voiced by Downton Abbey actor Jim Carter, at the request of co-writer Matt Holloway, who is a fan of the series.[27] On June 9, 2017, Reno Wilson confirmed he would have a voice role in the film.[73] On June 16, 2017, Gibson revealed that despite closing a deal for the film, he was unable to appear as Epps due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious.[74] Longtime Transformers voice actor Frank Welker voices Megatron for the first time in the live-action film series, reprising the role from The Transformers and various other media.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alnwick_Castle_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alnwick Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick_Castle"},{"link_name":"Alnwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Principal 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Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Preikestolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preikestolen"},{"link_name":"Trolltunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolltunga"},{"link_name":"Atlanterhavsveien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanterhavsveien"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TransformersEuropeFilming-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"the Old Library, Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Alnwick Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick_Castle"},{"link_name":"Alnwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew-the-Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew-the-Great"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainment-Weekly-88"},{"link_name":"aspect ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)"},{"link_name":"IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"},{"link_name":"Univisium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univisium"},{"link_name":"Panavision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavision"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Alnwick Castle in Alnwick, Northumberland, one of the many locations used in the filmPrincipal photography began on May 25, 2016, in Havana, Cuba, with a few scenes shot by a \"small team\".[75][76][77] Filming continued on June 6, 2016, in Phoenix, Arizona, and on June 19, 2016, in Detroit, Michigan, under the working title E75,[64][65][78] with additional filming taking place in Chicago, Illinois.[79] In Detroit, filming took place in the Michigan Motion Pictures Studio, Packard Plant, Michigan Central Station, Cafe D'Mongo's Speakeasy, and MGM Grand Detroit.[80] Production moved to Europe on August 21, and filming commenced on August 22 in Scotland and Wales. In England, filming took place in North Yorkshire, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, London, Gosport and Stonehenge. Between August and October, filming occurred in Northern Ireland, and Preikestolen, Trolltunga and Atlanterhavsveien in Norway.[81][82] The Trinity Library Oxford scene was filmed in the Old Library, Trinity College Dublin.[83]In early September 2016, filming took place in Alnwick Castle in Alnwick Northumberland in England, including car chase scenes.[84] Production continued at St Aidan's Church, Seahouses, where Wahlberg spent an hour inside the church and reportedly donated £200. Rev Father Des McGiven said: \"I didn't even know he was in church until he left. One of my parishioners, Danielle Love, recognized him and explained who he was. It's great that we had him in for the service, and we appreciate his generosity towards our church.\" Car chases were also filmed at the Monument area of Newcastle upon Tyne, where Josh Duhamel was filming, while Wahlberg and Sir Anthony Hopkins continued at Alnwick, Seahouses and the Bamburgh Region of Northumberland.[85] In late September 2016, filming was spotted in Gosport, Hampshire at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum. On October 5, 2016, filming was spotted at St Bartholomew-the-Great, London. London filming wrapped on October 27, 2016.[86] Principal photography wrapped on December 4, 2016.[87]Scenes were shot in at least four different aspect ratios, including 1.90:1 (IMAX), 2.00:1 (Univisium), 2.28:1, & 2.39:1 (Panavision). This has been stated by the movie's director of photography, Jonathan Sela, to be due to a large number of different types of cameras on set, including the Red 6K Weapon Dragon, the Alexa IMAX 3-D rig and the IMAX 3-D Phantom 65.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Light & Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-58"}],"sub_title":"Effects","text":"As with previous Transformers installments, Industrial Light & Magic served as the main visual effects company for Transformers: The Last Knight. In early 2016, the company showed Bay an underwater rendering of a crash-landed alien spaceship and a new dump-truck Transformer with a cloak.[57]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Jablonsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jablonsky"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"On September 27, it was confirmed that Steve Jablonsky would return to write the score, having composed the music for the first four films. The score was released digitally on the film's original release date, Friday June 23, 2017, and a limited-edition two-disc CD set of 3,000 units were released by La-La Land Records on July 25, 2017. Unlike the previous films' scores, which contained anywhere from fourteen to twenty-three tracks, the film's soundtrack contains thirty-four tracks, amounting to over two hours of music.On the score, Jablonsky said, \"I met with Michael before he started shooting 'Transformers: The Last Knight.' He showed me some amazing concept art and explained how the story connects the history of Transformers all the way back to the times of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. I loved the idea because it gave me the opportunity to explore new musical ideas. The storyline allowed me to write melodies that are a bit more 'classical' than I've written for the other Transformers films, which was a lot of fun for me. Another important aspect of the story revolves around massive skyscraper-sized 'horns from hell' that start emerging from the Earth. They look like gigantic animal horns, but no one knows what they are or why they have appeared. I wanted to create an unsettling sense of mystery and tension with the music.\"[88]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blenheim_Palace_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blenheim Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palace"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Nazi flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_symbolism"},{"link_name":"Blenheim Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palace"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi swastika-draped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_symbolism"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TGNazi-90"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Soames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Soames"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"St Martin's Church, Bladon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Bladon"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THRNazi-92"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"Blenheim Palace, where Britain's former wartime Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill was born, was draped in huge Nazi flags.On September 21, 2016, shooting for a particular scene took place in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire in England, the home of Sir Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister during World War II. The mansion was dressed as a Nazi swastika-draped headquarters for Adolf Hitler for filming. Tony Hayes of the UK Veterans Association stated that surviving World War II ex-servicemen and women would be \"appalled\".[89] Churchill's grandson and British Parliament member Sir Nicholas Soames dismissed the controversy entirely, stating, \"They've no idea what my grandfather would have thought!\"[90] Churchill is buried less than a mile away, at St Martin's Church, Bladon.[91]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Release-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"Transformers: The Last Knight was released on June 21, 2017, after being moved up from its original June 23 release date.[92][93][94]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Transformers: The Last Knight was released on Digital HD on September 12, 2017, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 4K, Blu-ray 3D and DVD on September 26, 2017, in North America.[95][96] It was also released in a collection with the four previous films. The film grossed $36.3 million in home sales.[97]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017FFS-5"},{"link_name":"Despicable Me 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despicable_Me_3"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man: Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man:_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"War for the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CEO-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening2-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-open2-104"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeadOpen-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeadOpen-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening2-103"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Transformers: The Last Knight grossed $130.1 million in the United States and Canada and $475.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $605.4 million, against a production budget of $217–260 million.[6][5]\nThe film reportedly lost Paramount over $100 million and was deemed a commercial failure due to competition from Despicable Me 3, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man: Homecoming, War for the Planet of the Apes, and Dunkirk with the latter making the least in worldwide earnings when comparing the five films but Transformers: The Last Knight had the least total in North America.[98][99]In North America, The Last Knight was originally projected to gross $70–75 million from 4,069 theaters over its first five days, which would have been the lowest debut of the franchise.[100] However, after the film grossed a franchise-low $15.7 million on its first day (including $5.5 million from Tuesday night previews), opening estimates were lowered to $60–65 million. On Thursday, it grossed $8.1 million, potentially dropping the five-day debut to under $60 million.[101] It ended up having an opening weekend of $44.7 million, the lowest debut of the franchise by $25 million (and lowest since the first film's $70.5 million). The film's five-day gross of $68.5 million was also lower than every three-day opening of the previous four films.[102] The film grossed $16.9 million in its second weekend, dropping 62.2% and finishing third at the box office,[103] and $6.4 million in its third, dropping an identical 62.2% and finishing 5th.[104]Internationally, The Last Knight opened in its first 42 international territories alongside its United States debut, including major markets China, the UK, Russia, Australia, Germany, Italy, South Korea, and Hong Kong, and was projected to have an opening of $167–200 million.[105][106] Due to its predecessor's success in China, expectations were high for the film in the country. Box office observers and trackers believed the film would open to $80–100 million,[106] and end its run there with anywhere between $290[107] to $400 million.[108] The film ended up having a global debut of $265.3 million ($196.2 million from other territories), including $123.4 million from China, representing 63% of the film's international opening. In the film's second week in China, it fell 76% and had a running cumulative total of $147.6 million.[102] The film's largest markets outside North America were: China ($228.8 million), South Korea ($19.2 million), Russia ($15.9 million), Germany ($15.4 million), Mexico ($15.3 million), U.K. ($12.2 million), Brazil ($13.7 million), Indonesia ($11.7 million), Japan ($15.7 million) and France ($11 million).[109]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rt-111"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Revenge_of_the_Fallen"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-102"},{"link_name":"PostTrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostTrak"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening2-103"},{"link_name":"Peter Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Uproxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Vulture.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Alonso Duralde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Duralde"},{"link_name":"TheWrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Peter Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bradshaw"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradshaw-117"},{"link_name":"Christopher Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Orr_(film_critic)"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"King Arthur: Legend of the Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur:_Legend_of_the_Sword"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Refinery29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinery29"},{"link_name":"Marie Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire"},{"link_name":"J. Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Megan Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Fox"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marieclaire-120"},{"link_name":"Ian Freer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Freer"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Robbie Collin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Collin"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Justin Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Chang"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 16% based on 256 reviews and an average rating of 3.5/10, the lowest of the seven films in the Transformers series. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Cacophonous, thinly plotted, and boasting state-of-the-art special effects, The Last Knight is pretty much what you'd expect from the fifth installment of the Transformers franchise.\"[110] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 27 out of 100 based on 47 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[111] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale, the same as Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009),[101] while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave a 75% overall positive score and a 55% \"definite recommend\".[102]Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a zero-star review (as he did to the previous films), saying \"Every time Michael Bay directs another Transformers abomination (this is the fifth), the movies die a little. This one makes the summer's other blockbuster misfires look like masterpieces.\"[112] Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, criticizing its running time and incoherent plot, writing: \"I have no proof Transformers: The Last Knight will kill your brain cells, but I wouldn't be surprised to learn that it does and I'd proceed with caution just in case. But I can say with absolute certainty that after watching, your head will hurt.\"[113] Emily Yoshida of Vulture.com gave the film a negative review but wrote: \"I feel slightly worried about how little I hated it.\" Yoshida thought it was marginally better than the previous film: \"The Last Knight remains barely coherent. But it's more fun than \"Age of Extinction\", though both movies are so drunk on money and effects they accidentally go weird.\" Yoshida grudgingly praised the \"visual and sonic imagination\" shown by the filmmakers.[114] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film's sloppiness, saying, \"...fear not, fans of the franchise: if you're here for the director's trademark chaos editing (where fights go from points A to D to Q), comedy scenes rendered tragic (and vice versa), and general full-volume confusion, you'll get all those things in abundance.\"[115]Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave it 1 out of 5, complained about the long runtime, and suggested the film was \"competing with Marvel movies for spectacle\" but without the \"wit and fun\".[116] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic criticized the film for attempting to connect the Transformers to Stonehenge and World War II, and called it the worst retelling of Arthurian legend of the year, even worse than Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword.[117] Rebecca Farley of Refinery29 and Dana Schwartz of Marie Claire were critical of the underdeveloped female characters. Farley noted the marketing made Moner appear to have a prominent role in the film, when she does not. Farley also labeled Haddock's character the film's \"textbook Strong Woman\" cliché. Schwartz criticizes Wahlberg's character for referring to Moner's as \"Little J. Lo\" because of her Latina heritage, and Haddock being portrayed as the \"British Megan Fox\". Schwartz also criticized the film for the frequent aspect ratio changes, and the runtime being too long.[118][119] Ian Freer of Empire magazine rated the film 2 out of 5 stars. Freer said that like the previous films it \"is bogged down in backstory, lacks a real feel for its characters and still can't find a way to make its robot-on-robot action exhilarating... It is amazing how a series with so much nostalgic goodwill, technical finesse and behind the scenes talent have led so often to experiences that are so joyless.\"[120]Variety's Owen Gleiberman gave the film a mixed review stating, \"The fifth time may not quite be the charm, but the latest entry in Michael Bay's crunched-metal robot-war mega-series is badder, and therefore better.\"[121] Richard Brody of The New Yorker acknowledged the film's flaws but noted there was almost something impressive about them, saying: \"The absolute tastelessness of Bay's images, their stultifying service to platitudes and to merchandise, doesn't at all diminish their wildly imaginative power.\"[122] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph wrote \"If you're not staggered by the technique on display here – the stuff that sets Bay's work miles above the Fast & Furiouses, X-Men: Apocalypses and Tom Cruise-chasing Mummies of this world – you're not paying attention\" and called it \"a cinematic experience of earth-shattering preposterousness\".[123] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote: \"Bay's visual sensibility has, if anything, matured, to the point of demanding and earning your exasperated surrender.\"[124] Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out New York gave it 3 out of 5, calling it \"Clangorous and nonsensical\" but \"Regardless of our opinions, we all know what a Michael Bay film is. This one's his most Baysome.\"[125]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38th Golden Raspberry Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Golden_Raspberry_Awards"},{"link_name":"Worst Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Picture"},{"link_name":"Worst Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Director"},{"link_name":"Worst Screen Combo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Screen_Combo"},{"link_name":"Worst Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Choice Action Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award_for_Choice_Movie_%E2%80%93_Action"},{"link_name":"2017 Teen Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Teen_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeenChoiceAwards-128"},{"link_name":"Golden Trailer Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Trailer_Awards"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Golden Reel Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Reel_Award_(Motion_Picture_Sound_Editors)"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Feature Underscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Reel_Award_for_Outstanding_Achievement_in_Sound_Editing_%E2%80%93_Feature_Underscore"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Transformers: The Last Knight led the 38th Golden Raspberry Awards season with 10 nominations (including The Razzie Nominee So Rotten You Loved It, Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screen Combo, and Worst Screenplay) but did not win in any category, setting the record for most Razzie nominations without a win.[126] It was nominated for Choice Action Movie, Choice Summer Movie, Choice Summer Movie Actor, and Choice Summer Movie Actress at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards.[127] The film received nominations for Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer, Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot (for a Feature Film), and Best TrailerByte for a Feature Film at the 2017 Golden Trailer Awards.[128][129] At the Golden Reel Awards 2017, The Last Knight was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Feature Underscore.[130]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transformers_One_Deadline-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Potential sequel","text":"Akiva Goldsman was tasked with developing a multi-part sequel storyline, prequels, and spin-off films. Andrew Barrer and Gabriel Ferrari were hired to co-write a film that would explore the origins of Cybertron, with a working title of Transformers One.[131] Before the release of The Last Knight, Michael Bay said it would be his last film as director in the franchise but expressed interest in remaining as a producer to continue the series with another director. Following the critical and commercial failure of The Last Knight, the series' future was uncertain. By August 2017, Akiva Goldsman revealed he was no longer leading the writer's room and had left the franchise.[132][133] Producer Lorenzo Di Bonaventura later said that the follow-up to The Last Knight would not be a sequel.[134] In an interview in September 2021, when asked about the possibility of a film taking place after The Last Knight, Josh Duhamel had expressed interest in reprising his role as Colonel William Lennox.[135]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hailee Steinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailee_Steinfeld"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"Bumblebee (2018)","text":"A prequel to the film series titled Bumblebee, starring Hailee Steinfeld and John Cena, was released on December 21, 2018, to a successful critical and financial reception.[136]In December 2018, producer Lorenzo Di Bonaventura announced that there will be further films in the series following the release of Bumblebee, acknowledging that the franchise will make some changes in their tone and style after the success of Bumblebee.[137]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ramos_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dominique Fishback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Fishback"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Beast Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Beast_Wars"},{"link_name":"Joby Harold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joby_Harold"},{"link_name":"James Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Vanderbilt"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadline-new2022-140"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"sub_title":"Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023)","text":"A sequel to Bumblebee titled Transformers: Rise of the Beasts, starring Anthony Ramos and Dominique Fishback, was released on June 9, 2023.[138]By January 2020, a follow-up to Bumblebee, and an adaptation of Transformers: Beast Wars was in development, written separately by Joby Harold and James Vanderbilt, respectively.[139][140] The title Transformers: Rise of the Beasts was announced, and it was revealed that the story would include parts of both storylines.","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Timeline_7-0"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Age of Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Age_of_Extinction"}],"text":"^ As depicted in Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014)","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Lamborghini Centenario LP770-4 is an alternate form used by Hot Rod.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lamborghini_Centenario_Paris.jpg/220px-Lamborghini_Centenario_Paris.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michael Bay announced that it would be the last Transformers film he would direct.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Michael.bay.png/220px-Michael.bay.png"},{"image_text":"Alnwick Castle in Alnwick, Northumberland, one of the many locations used in the film","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Alnwick_Castle_02.jpg/220px-Alnwick_Castle_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Blenheim Palace, where Britain's former wartime Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill was born, was draped in huge Nazi flags.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Blenheim_Palace_cropped.jpg/220px-Blenheim_Palace_cropped.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Transformers: The Last Knight (2017)\". The Numbers. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Transformers-The-Last-Knight#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Transformers: The Last Knight (2017)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230203022516/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Transformers-The-Last-Knight#tab=summary","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scheck, Frank (June 20, 2017). \"'Transformers: The Last Knight': Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. 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Transformers 5 - \"Wreck-Gar\" TV Spot – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faXJyDezFcE","url_text":"Transformers 5 - \"Wreck-Gar\" TV Spot"}]},{"reference":"Ancient Robot (May 8, 2017). Transformers 5 : The Last Knight Hot Rod and Bulldog Revealed – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sw3uPLebnyI/","url_text":"Transformers 5 : The Last Knight Hot Rod and Bulldog Revealed"}]},{"reference":"\"Transformers Movie Toys Revealed — Cybertron (Planet), Leader Dragonstorm, Voyager Nitro and More! - Transformers News — TFW2005\". Transformer World 2005 - TFW2005.COM. June 1, 2017. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. 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Retrieved May 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/film/news/transformers-franchise-revamp-bumblebee-james-vanderbilt-joby-harold-1203482496","url_text":"\"'Transformers' Franchise Gets a Revamp With Two Separate Films in the Works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200510213123/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/transformers-franchise-revamp-bumblebee-james-vanderbilt-joby-harold-1203482496/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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Offing?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200109062033/https://deadline.com/2015/05/transformers-ant-man-andrew-barrer-gabriel-ferrari-cybertron-1201433402/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/akiva-goldsman-transformers/","external_links_name":"\"Akiva Goldsman No Longer Involved in Transformers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200608101402/https://www.slashfilm.com/akiva-goldsman-transformers/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://weliveentertainment.com/welivefilm/franchise-fred-news-akiva-goldsmans/","external_links_name":"\"Franchise Fred News: Akiva Goldsman's Transformers Writers Room Is Closed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200608101356/https://weliveentertainment.com/welivefilm/franchise-fred-news-akiva-goldsmans/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/lorenzo-di-bonaventura-pet-sematary-interview/3/","external_links_name":"\"'Pet Sematary' Producer Lorenzo Di Bonaventura on Making Big Changes to Stephen King's Book and the Current Status of 'Snake Eyes,' 'McClane,' and 'Transformers' [Interview]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200525165904/https://www.slashfilm.com/lorenzo-di-bonaventura-pet-sematary-interview/3/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://comicbookmovie.com/transformers/transformers-star-josh-duhamel-on-possibly-returning-to-the-franchise-as-colonel-lennox-exclusive-a188179","external_links_name":"\"TRANSFORMERS Star Josh Duhamel On Possibly Returning To The Franchise As Colonel Lennox (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221117030224/https://comicbookmovie.com/transformers/transformers-star-josh-duhamel-on-possibly-returning-to-the-franchise-as-colonel-lennox-exclusive-a188179","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2467064/looks-like-bumblebee-is-officially-the-start-of-a-new-transformers-movie-universe","external_links_name":"\"Looks Like 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharkawshchyna_District
Sharkawshchyna District
["1 Notable residents","2 References"]
Coordinates: 55°22′N 27°28′E / 55.367°N 27.467°E / 55.367; 27.467District of Vitebsk Region, Belarus District in Vitebsk Region, BelarusSharkawshchyna District Шаркаўшчынскі раён (Belarusian)Шарковщинский район (Russian)District FlagCoat of armsCoordinates: 55°22′N 27°28′E / 55.367°N 27.467°E / 55.367; 27.467CountryBelarusRegionVitebsk RegionAdministrative centerSharkawshchynaArea • Total1,196.98 km2 (462.16 sq mi)Population (2023) • Total13,362 • Density11/km2 (29/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK) Sharkawshchyna District (Belarusian: Шаркаўшчынскі раён; Russian: Шарковщинский район) is a district (raion) of Vitebsk Region in Belarus. The administrative center of the district is the town of Sharkawshchyna. Notable residents Helen Michaluk (born 1930), prominent figure of the Belarusian diaspora who was a long-standing (and the only female) head of the Association of Belarusians in Great Britain. References ^ "Численность населения на 1 января 2023 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2022 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023. ^ "Vitebsk Region government website" (in Belarusian). vitebsk-region.gov.by. Retrieved 11 November 2011. ^ Гардзіенка, Наталля (2010). Беларусы ў Вялікабрытаніі . Minsk: Згуртаванне беларусаў свету Бацькаўшчына. pp. 550-551. ISBN 978-985-6887-63-8. vte Subdivisions of Vitebsk Region, BelarusDistricts(raiony) Beshankovichy Braslaw Chashniki Dokshytsy Dubrowna Haradok Hlybokaye Lyepyel Lyozna Miory Orsha Pastavy Polotsk Rasony Sharkawshchyna Shumilina Syanno Talachyn Ushachy Vitebsk Vyerkhnyadzvinsk Cities and towns Baran Beshankovichy Braslaw Chashniki Dzisna Dokshytsy Dubrowna Haradok Hlybokaye Lyepyel Lyozna Miory Novolukoml Novopolotsk Orsha Pastavy Polotsk Syanno Talachyn Vitebsk Vyerkhnyadzvinsk Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National United States
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay
Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
["1 Results","1.1 Heats","1.2 Final","2 References"]
Men's 4 × 100 metres relayat the Games of the X OlympiadVenueLos Angeles Memorial ColiseumDatesAugust 6 and August 7Medalists Bob KieselEmmett ToppinoHec DyerFrank Wykoff United States Helmut KörnigFritz HendrixErich BorchmeyerArthur Jonath Germany Giuseppe CastelliRuggero MaregattiGabriele SalviatiEdgardo Toetti Italy← 19281936 → Athletics at the1932 Summer OlympicsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmen400 mmen800 mmen1500 mmen5000 mmen10,000 mmenSprint hurdles (110m/80w)menwomen400 m hurdlesmen3000 m steeplemen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenRoad eventsMarathonmen50 km walkmenField eventsLong jumpmenTriple jumpmenHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenShot putmenDiscus throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenHammer throwmenCombined eventsDecathlonmenvte The men's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 1932 Summer Olympics took place on August 6 and August 7 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Results Heats Two heats were held; the fastest three times advanced to the final round. Heat one Rank Name Nationality Time Notes 1 Helmut KörnigFritz HendrixErich BorchmeyerArthur Jonath  Germany 41.22 Q 2 Takayoshi YoshiokaChuhei NanbuIzu AnnoItaro Nakajima  Japan 41.8 Q 3 Don FinlayStanley FullerStanley EngelhartErnie Page  Great Britain 42.0 Q 4 Angelos LambrouKhristos MantikasEvangelos MoiropoulosRenos Frangoudis  Greece 42.9 5 Bunoo SuttonRonald VernieuxMehar Chand DhawanDickie Carr  India 43.7 Heat Two Rank Name Nationality Time Notes 1 Bob KieselEmmett ToppinoHec DyerFrank Wykoff  United States 40.61 WR, Q 2 Giuseppe CastelliRuggero MaregattiGabriele Salviati Edgardo Toetti  Italy 42.8 Q 3 Percy WilliamsJim BrownHarold WrightBert Pearson  Canada 45.0 Q Final Rank Name Nationality Time Notes Bob KieselEmmett ToppinoHec DyerFrank Wykoff  United States 40.10 WR Helmut KörnigFritz HendrixErich BorchmeyerArthur Jonath  Germany 40.9 Giuseppe CastelliRuggero MaregattiGabriele SalviatiEdgardo Toetti  Italy 41.2 4 Percy WilliamsJim BrownHarold Wright Bert Pearson  Canada 41.3 5 Takayoshi YoshiokaChuhei NanbuIzuo AnnoItaro Nakajima  Japan 41.3 6 Don FinlayStanley FullerStanley EngelhartErnie Page  Great Britain 41.4 Key: WR = world record; DNF = did not finish References ^ "Athletics at the 1932 Los Angeles Summer Games: Men's 4 × 100 metres Relay". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2017. vte4 × 100 metres relay at the Summer OlympicsSummaryMen 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 Women 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaner_(2007_film)
Cleaner (2007 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]
For the Cedric the Entertainer, Lucy Liu, and Mark Dacascos action-comedy movie, see Code Name: The Cleaner. 2007 American filmCleanerPromotional posterDirected byRenny HarlinWritten byMatthew AldrichProduced bySteve GolinAvi LernerMichael P. FlanniganSamuel L. JacksonAlix MadiganLati GrobmanStarringSamuel L. JacksonEd HarrisEva MendesKeke PalmerLuis GuzmánJose Pablo CantilloRobert ForsterCinematographyScott KevanEdited byBrian BerdanMusic byRichard GibbsDistributed byScreen GemsMillennium FilmsRelease date May 27, 2007 (2007-05-27) Running time88 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$25 millionBox office$5.8 million Cleaner is a 2007 American thriller film directed by Renny Harlin. It stars Samuel L. Jackson as a crime scene cleaner who thinks he has become part of a cover-up; Ed Harris, Keke Palmer, and Eva Mendes also star. The film was released on May 27, 2007. Plot This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Single father and retired police officer Tom Cutler runs his own crime scene cleaning service. Eight years earlier, Tom’s wife was murdered during a home invasion and robbery, which their young daughter Rose witnessed. Tom receives an order from a Detective Jones to clean the scene of a wealthy home. He enters using a key hidden under a potted plant, catalogues the crime scene and proceeds to clean up the blood and tissue using his own special mixture of chemicals. The next morning, he realizes he kept the key and goes back to return it. The home owner, Ann Norcut, seemingly does not know that Tom had been there the previous day, nor why his services would be needed. Tom reasons he misremembered the address. Nevertheless, the two grow suspicious of the situation. Tom asks his assistant about the work order and learns that the police never placed such an order, nor is there a detective named Jones. Tom stashes the order, the photos, his audio notes, and the house key in an envelope and locks them away. Enlisting the help of his friend and former partner Eddie Lorenzo, he learns that Ann’s husband John is missing. Eddie suspects foul play, as John’s disappearance occurred the day before he was set to testify to a grand jury against corrupt former police commissioner Robert Vaughn. The next day, Ann visits Tom at his office. As he never answered what sort of cleaning services he provides, Ann deduces it was a crime scene, and asks whether her husband was killed. Tom declines to give a clear answer. Eddie later finds Tom cleaning a scene in a hotel room, and tells him that while the forensic team found no traces of DNA at the scene, they did find professional cleaning chemicals. Tom reveals he has not contacted the police, unsure of how far and wide Vaughn's corruption goes. Later, Tom meets with Ann, who shows him a list John kept of the badge numbers of every corrupt officer on Vaughn’s payroll; including Tom’s. Years earlier, Tom had agreed to do a job for Vaughn, believing it would keep Rose safe. Tom tells Eddie about the list, who urges him destroy it as it suggests motive for Tom to murder John. Tom returns to Ann, who is suffering from PTSD. She asks to be taken somewhere, so Tom takes her to his employee Miguel’s home, where they have dinner with him and his family. Tom learns that Ann has been asked to visit the morgue by Detective Jim Vargas, who has been investigating John’s murder. She is able to identify John’s remains. The coroner privately tells Tom that John had a vasectomy several years prior, indicating Ann’s previous pregnancy, which she had miscarried, was not his. Tom deduces that Ann was having an affair, and that the key left on the porch belonged to her boyfriend. He divulges this information to Eddie before noticing a plaque above Eddie’s fireplace with Ann’s name inscribed at the bottom. Tom realizes Eddie is Ann’s lover, and that the child was his. Tom decides to hand Eddie over to Vargas, but Eddie instead goes to Tom's home with Rose. Tom hurries home and confronts Eddie, who admits he killed John, believing that Ann had lied about miscarrying and that John had forced her to have an abortion. Holding Tom at gunpoint, he angrily pleads for support, but when patrol vehicles arrive, he aims to shoot Tom. Instead, Rose shoots Eddie in the head and kills him, having run and retrieved Tom’s sidearm. Vargas thanks Tom and takes the ledger, promising to burn it. Miguel proceeds to clean up the crime scene. Cast Samuel L. Jackson as Thomas "Tom" Cutler Ed Harris as Det. Edward "Eddie" Lorenzo Eva Mendes as Ann Norcut Keke Palmer as Rose Cutler Luis Guzmán as Det. James "Jim" Vargas Maggie Lawson as Cherie, Tom secretary Jose Pablo Cantillo as Miguel, Tom employee Robert Forster as Arlo Grange Christa Campbell as Coach Beth Jensen Reception On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 17% based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a positive review and wrote: "A neatly contained crime whodunit with a nifty setup and an expert lead performance from Samuel L. Jackson." Eddie Cockrell of Variety wrote: "Scrub away a needlessly fussy visual style, trendy narrative tweaks and a climax both morally repugnant and logically absurd, and there's a tough little noir about buried transgressions coming out of the past in Renny Harlin's lackluster thriller Cleaner. Too mainstream to attract genre interest, and too tangled in its character motivations to sit well with the multiplex crowd, this is a minor stain that should fade quickly and leave only faint traces in ancillary." Home media Cleaner was released on May 27, 2008, in the U.S. and opened at #5 and sold 75,312 DVD units, which gathered revenue of $1.5 million. It went on to sell 402,010 DVDs, which translated to revenues of $7.8 million. References ^ "Cleaner (2007) on Netflix USA :: New on Netflix USA". ^ "Cleaner". ^ "Cleaner (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "Cleaner Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "Cleaner". The Hollywood Reporter. 11 September 2007. ^ Cockrell, Eddie (13 September 2007). "Cleaner". Variety. ^ "Cleaner (2008) - Financial Information". The Numbers. External links Cleaner at IMDb vteFilms directed by Renny Harlin Born American (1986) Prison (1987) A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) Die Hard 2 (1990) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990) Cliffhanger (1993) Cutthroat Island (1995) The Long Kiss Goodnight (1996) Deep Blue Sea (1999) Driven (2001) Mindhunters (2004) Exorcist: The Beginning (2004) The Covenant (2006) Cleaner (2007) 12 Rounds (2009) 5 Days of War (2011) Devil's Pass (2013) The Legend of Hercules (2014) Skiptrace (2016) Legend of the Ancient Sword (2018) Bodies at Rest (2019) The Misfits (2021) Reunion 3: Singles Cruise (2021) The Bricklayer (2024) The Strangers: Chapter 1 (2024) The Strangers: Chapter 2 (TBA) The Strangers: Chapter 3 (TBA) Deep Water (TBA)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Code Name: The Cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Name:_The_Cleaner"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Renny Harlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renny_Harlin"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"crime scene cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_scene_cleanup"},{"link_name":"Ed Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harris"},{"link_name":"Keke Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Eva Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Mendes"}],"text":"For the Cedric the Entertainer, Lucy Liu, and Mark Dacascos action-comedy movie, see Code Name: The Cleaner.2007 American filmCleaner is a 2007 American thriller film directed by Renny Harlin. It stars Samuel L. Jackson as a crime scene cleaner who thinks he has become part of a cover-up; Ed Harris, Keke Palmer, and Eva Mendes also star. The film was released on May 27, 2007.","title":"Cleaner (2007 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime scene cleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_scene_cleanup"},{"link_name":"PTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"}],"text":"Single father and retired police officer Tom Cutler runs his own crime scene cleaning service. Eight years earlier, Tom’s wife was murdered during a home invasion and robbery, which their young daughter Rose witnessed.Tom receives an order from a Detective Jones to clean the scene of a wealthy home. He enters using a key hidden under a potted plant, catalogues the crime scene and proceeds to clean up the blood and tissue using his own special mixture of chemicals.The next morning, he realizes he kept the key and goes back to return it. The home owner, Ann Norcut, seemingly does not know that Tom had been there the previous day, nor why his services would be needed. Tom reasons he misremembered the address. Nevertheless, the two grow suspicious of the situation.Tom asks his assistant about the work order and learns that the police never placed such an order, nor is there a detective named Jones. Tom stashes the order, the photos, his audio notes, and the house key in an envelope and locks them away. Enlisting the help of his friend and former partner Eddie Lorenzo, he learns that Ann’s husband John is missing. Eddie suspects foul play, as John’s disappearance occurred the day before he was set to testify to a grand jury against corrupt former police commissioner Robert Vaughn.The next day, Ann visits Tom at his office. As he never answered what sort of cleaning services he provides, Ann deduces it was a crime scene, and asks whether her husband was killed. Tom declines to give a clear answer.Eddie later finds Tom cleaning a scene in a hotel room, and tells him that while the forensic team found no traces of DNA at the scene, they did find professional cleaning chemicals. Tom reveals he has not contacted the police, unsure of how far and wide Vaughn's corruption goes. Later, Tom meets with Ann, who shows him a list John kept of the badge numbers of every corrupt officer on Vaughn’s payroll; including Tom’s. Years earlier, Tom had agreed to do a job for Vaughn, believing it would keep Rose safe. Tom tells Eddie about the list, who urges him destroy it as it suggests motive for Tom to murder John.Tom returns to Ann, who is suffering from PTSD. She asks to be taken somewhere, so Tom takes her to his employee Miguel’s home, where they have dinner with him and his family.Tom learns that Ann has been asked to visit the morgue by Detective Jim Vargas, who has been investigating John’s murder. She is able to identify John’s remains. The coroner privately tells Tom that John had a vasectomy several years prior, indicating Ann’s previous pregnancy, which she had miscarried, was not his.Tom deduces that Ann was having an affair, and that the key left on the porch belonged to her boyfriend. He divulges this information to Eddie before noticing a plaque above Eddie’s fireplace with Ann’s name inscribed at the bottom. Tom realizes Eddie is Ann’s lover, and that the child was his.Tom decides to hand Eddie over to Vargas, but Eddie instead goes to Tom's home with Rose. Tom hurries home and confronts Eddie, who admits he killed John, believing that Ann had lied about miscarrying and that John had forced her to have an abortion. Holding Tom at gunpoint, he angrily pleads for support, but when patrol vehicles arrive, he aims to shoot Tom. Instead, Rose shoots Eddie in the head and kills him, having run and retrieved Tom’s sidearm.Vargas thanks Tom and takes the ledger, promising to burn it. Miguel proceeds to clean up the crime scene.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel L. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Ed Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harris"},{"link_name":"Eva Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Keke Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Luis Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Maggie Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Lawson"},{"link_name":"Jose Pablo Cantillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Pablo_Cantillo"},{"link_name":"Robert Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Forster"},{"link_name":"Christa Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa_Campbell"}],"text":"Samuel L. Jackson as Thomas \"Tom\" Cutler\nEd Harris as Det. Edward \"Eddie\" Lorenzo\nEva Mendes as Ann Norcut\nKeke Palmer as Rose Cutler\nLuis Guzmán as Det. James \"Jim\" Vargas\nMaggie Lawson as Cherie, Tom secretary\nJose Pablo Cantillo as Miguel, Tom employee\nRobert Forster as Arlo Grange\nChrista Campbell as Coach Beth Jensen","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 17% based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10.[3] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[4]Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a positive review and wrote: \"A neatly contained crime whodunit with a nifty setup and an expert lead performance from Samuel L. Jackson.\"[5]Eddie Cockrell of Variety wrote: \"Scrub away a needlessly fussy visual style, trendy narrative tweaks and a climax both morally repugnant and logically absurd, and there's a tough little noir about buried transgressions coming out of the past in Renny Harlin's lackluster thriller Cleaner. Too mainstream to attract genre interest, and too tangled in its character motivations to sit well with the multiplex crowd, this is a minor stain that should fade quickly and leave only faint traces in ancillary.\"[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-7"}],"text":"Cleaner was released on May 27, 2008, in the U.S. and opened at #5 and sold 75,312 DVD units, which gathered revenue of $1.5 million. It went on to sell 402,010 DVDs, which translated to revenues of $7.8 million.[7]","title":"Home media"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Paperno
Dmitry Paperno
["1 References","2 External links"]
Dmitry Paperno (1929 in Kyiv – 2020 in Northbrook, IL) was a Soviet and American concert pianist. In 1955, Paperno won 6th Prize in the V International Chopin Piano Competition, and then recorded and performed widely throughout the Soviet Union. He attended the Moscow Conservatory where he studied under Alexander Goldenweiser. Paperno recorded for Melodiya and prior to recording with Cedille Records. Paperno became a tenured professor at DePaul University after moving to the United States in 1976. He is the author of the book Notes of a Moscow Pianist. References ^ a b "Pianist impressive but chilly in recital". Milwaukee Journal. 15 October 1980. Retrieved 22 June 2010. ^ Gold, Gerald (7 April 1991). "Small Labels, Eternal Hope". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 June 2010. External links Artist profile at bach-cantatas.com Cedille Records biography Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz This article on a Ukrainian classical pianist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V International Chopin Piano Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_International_Chopin_Piano_Competition"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Moscow Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Alexander Goldenweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Goldenweiser_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-1"},{"link_name":"Melodiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodiya"},{"link_name":"Cedille Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedille_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"DePaul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePaul_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Journal-1"}],"text":"In 1955, Paperno won 6th Prize in the V International Chopin Piano Competition, and then recorded and performed widely throughout the Soviet Union. He attended the Moscow Conservatory where he studied under Alexander Goldenweiser.[1] Paperno recorded for Melodiya and prior to recording with Cedille Records.[2] Paperno became a tenured professor at DePaul University after moving to the United States in 1976.[1] He is the author of the book Notes of a Moscow Pianist.","title":"Dmitry Paperno"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Pianist impressive but chilly in recital\". Milwaukee Journal. 15 October 1980. Retrieved 22 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OHEaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tisEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6481,3709361&dq=dmitry-paperno&hl=en","url_text":"\"Pianist impressive but chilly in recital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal"}]},{"reference":"Gold, Gerald (7 April 1991). \"Small Labels, Eternal Hope\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/07/arts/record-notes-small-labels-eternal-hope.html?pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"Small Labels, Eternal Hope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boys_(DeBarge_album)
DeBarge discography
["1 Albums and singles","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Compilation albums","1.3 Singles","2 References","3 External links"]
The following is the discography of American music group DeBarge. Albums and singles Studio albums Year Album details Peak chart positions Certifications(sales threshold) US US R&B AUS CAN NZ UK 1981 The DeBarges Release date: April 6, 1981 Label: Gordy Records — — — — — — 1982 All This Love Release date: July 22, 1982 Label: Gordy Records 24 3 — — — — RIAA: Gold 1983 In a Special Way Release date: September 24, 1983 Label: Gordy Records 36 4 — — — — RIAA: Gold 1985 Rhythm of the Night Release date: March 14, 1985 Label: Gordy Records 19 3 46 19 21 94 RIAA: Gold 1987 Bad Boys Release date: October 25, 1987 Label: Striped Horse Records — — — — — — 1991 Back on Track Release date: July 1, 1991 Label: Truth Ministries Records — — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart Compilation albums Year Album details 1986 Greatest Hits Release date: October 1, 1986 Label: Gordy Records 1997 The Ultimate Collection Release date: March 25, 1997 Label: Motown Records 2000 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of DeBarge Release date: November 21, 2000 Label: Motown Records 2008 The Definitive Collection Release date: September 23, 2008 Label: Motown Records 2011 Time Will Reveal: The Complete Motown Albums Release date: September 2011 Label: Motown Records, Hip-O Select Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Certifications Album US USR&B USA/C USDance AUS CAN CANA/C GER NED NZ UK 1981 "What's Your Name" — — — — — — — — — — — The DeBarges 1982 "Stop! Don't Tease Me" — 46 — — — — — — — — — All This Love "I Like It" 31 2 — — — — — — — — — 1983 "All This Love" 17 5 1 — — — 2 — — — — "Time Will Reveal" 18 1 12 — — — — — — — — In a Special Way 1984 "Love Me in a Special Way" 45 11 — — — — — — — — — 1985 "Rhythm of the Night" 3 1 1 3 5 3 1 19 4 3 4 BPI: Silver Rhythm of the Night "Who's Holding Donna Now" 6 2 1 — 57 9 2 — — 44 83 "You Wear It Well" 46 7 — 1 — — — — — — 54 "The Heart Is Not So Smart" 75 29 17 — — — — — — — — 1987 "Dance All Night" — 33 — — — — — — 55 — — Bad Boys "I Got You Babe" — 73 — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart A Credited to El DeBarge with DeBarge. References ^ a b c d e f "DeBarge > Charts & Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2009. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 85. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Canadian album peaks". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017. ^ "charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal". charts.nz. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^ a b "The Official Charts Company - DeBarge". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2009. ^ a b c "American certifications – De Barge". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 13, 2022. ^ David Kent (1993). Australian Charts Book 1970—1992. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Canadian peaks". Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017. ^ "charts.de - Germany charts portal". charts.de. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^ "dutchcharts.nl - Netherlands charts portal". dutchcharts.nl. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^ "charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal". charts.nz. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^ "British certifications – Debarge". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 13, 2022. Type Debarge in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter. External links DeBarge discography at Discogs vteDeBarge Bunny DeBarge Bobby DeBarge Randy DeBarge Marty DeBarge El DeBarge James DeBarge Chico DeBarge Studio albums The DeBarges All This Love In a Special Way Rhythm of the Night Bad Boys Compilation albums Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Soundtracks The Last Dragon Singles "Stop! Don't Tease Me" "I Like It" "All This Love" "Time Will Reveal" "Love Me in a Special Way" "Rhythm of the Night" "Who's Holding Donna Now" "You Wear It Well" "The Heart Is Not So Smart" "Dance All Night" "You Babe" Related topics DeBarge family Etterlene DeBarge Kristinia DeBarge Switch Discography Category
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"DeBarge > Charts & Awards\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121008012334/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/debarge-mn0000816517/awards","url_text":"\"DeBarge > Charts & Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/debarge-mn0000816517/awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 85. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album peaks\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071220/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=dcn81lnvd5er9dosm4r6gpd5k7&q1=debarge&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=50","url_text":"\"Canadian album peaks\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=dcn81lnvd5er9dosm4r6gpd5k7&q1=debarge&q2=Top+Albums%2FCDs&interval=50","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal\". charts.nz. Retrieved June 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/search.asp?cat=a&search=debarge","url_text":"\"charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Charts Company - DeBarge\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/22420/debarge/","url_text":"\"The Official Charts Company - DeBarge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – De Barge\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=De+Barge&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – De Barge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"David Kent (1993). Australian Charts Book 1970—1992. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian peaks\". Archived from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021411/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=4vmrfj8vr8qcs2cpo5i9fh0e50&q1=debarge&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","url_text":"\"Canadian peaks\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=4vmrfj8vr8qcs2cpo5i9fh0e50&q1=debarge&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"charts.de - Germany charts portal\". charts.de. Retrieved June 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=debarge&x=0&y=0&country=de","url_text":"\"charts.de - Germany charts portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"dutchcharts.nl - Netherlands charts portal\". dutchcharts.nl. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328195045/http://dutchcharts.nl//jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2013&cat=s","url_text":"\"dutchcharts.nl - Netherlands charts portal\""},{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl//search.asp?search=debarge&cat=s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal\". charts.nz. Retrieved June 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/search.asp?cat=s&search=debarge","url_text":"\"charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"British certifications – Debarge\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/","url_text":"\"British certifications – Debarge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrington_Square
Harrington Square
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 51°31′59″N 0°8′20″W / 51.53306°N 0.13889°W / 51.53306; -0.13889 Garden square in Central London Harrington SquareTypeGarden squareLocationLondon, NW1United KingdomCoordinates51°31′59″N 0°8′20″W / 51.53306°N 0.13889°W / 51.53306; -0.13889Area0.5 hectares (1.2 acres)Created1843Public transit access Mornington Crescent The Ampthill Square Estate as pictured from Harrington Square. The Carreras Cigarette Factory as pictured from Harrington Square. Harrington Square is a garden square in the Camden Town area of London, England. It is located at the northern end of Hampstead Road and next to Mornington Crescent tube station. Despite its name, Harrington Square is a triangle, bordered to the west by Hampstead Road and bordered to the north-east by south by properties addressed as 'Harrington Square' itself. In the middle is Harrington Square Gardens which is a public green space. Numbers 15 to 24, which form the entirety of the north-eastern side except Hurdwick House, are grade II listed buildings. The south side of the square is dominated by the Ampthill Square Estate. The square was laid out in 1843 as part of the Bedford Estate. Soon after being built, it was home to William Mudford and to Margaret Oliphant. Alexander Graham Bell lived in Harrington Square with his grandfather when a teenager, in what Bell called "the turning point of my whole career". Oliver Lodge lived in the square. Harrington Square was originally part of a pair of squares, with Mornington Crescent Gardens on the other side of Hampstead Road, but Mornington Crescent Gardens were built on to create the Carreras Cigarette Factory, which fronts on to Harrington Square, in the 1920s. The south side of the square originally had terraces similar to the listed north-eastern side, but was bombed in World War II and replaced by the modern Ampthill Square Estate. Harrington Square has been the location of a number of murders recently, including one in 2012, one in 2018 and one in 2020. See also Oakley Square, another garden square a little to the east References ^ "NUMBER 15 TO 24 AND AREA RAILINGS, Camden - 1378736 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. ^ a b Costella, John (12 July 2014). Walk With Me Charles Dickens. Author House. ISBN 9781491889121 – via Google Books. ^ Oliphant, Margaret (13 March 2015). Delphi Works of Margaret Oliphant with Complete Stories of the Seen and Unseen. Delphi Classics. ISBN 9781910630822 – via Google Books. ^ Bruce, Robert V. (15 March 2020). "Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude". Plunkett Lake Press – via Google Books. ^ Lodge, Oliver (12 July 2012). Past Years: An Autobiography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108052702 – via Google Books. ^ "London stab central: Check how many knife attacks were reported in your postcode". International Business Times UK. 20 November 2015. ^ "Hundreds join march against knife violence in wake of Camden murders". Camden New Journal. ^ "Man dies after suffering stab injuries". Camden New Journal. This London location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harrington_Square_Camden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1593060.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carreras_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"garden square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_square"},{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Road,_London"},{"link_name":"Mornington Crescent tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Crescent_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ampthill Square Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampthill_Square_Estate"},{"link_name":"Bedford Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Estate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"William Mudford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mudford"},{"link_name":"Margaret Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oliphant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Graham Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oliver Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Lodge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carreras Cigarette Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreras_Cigarette_Factory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Garden square in Central LondonThe Ampthill Square Estate as pictured from Harrington Square.The Carreras Cigarette Factory as pictured from Harrington Square.Harrington Square is a garden square in the Camden Town area of London, England. It is located at the northern end of Hampstead Road and next to Mornington Crescent tube station.Despite its name, Harrington Square is a triangle, bordered to the west by Hampstead Road and bordered to the north-east by south by properties addressed as 'Harrington Square' itself. In the middle is Harrington Square Gardens which is a public green space. Numbers 15 to 24, which form the entirety of the north-eastern side except Hurdwick House, are grade II listed buildings.[1] The south side of the square is dominated by the Ampthill Square Estate.The square was laid out in 1843 as part of the Bedford Estate.[2] Soon after being built, it was home to William Mudford and to Margaret Oliphant.[3] Alexander Graham Bell lived in Harrington Square with his grandfather when a teenager, in what Bell called \"the turning point of my whole career\".[4] Oliver Lodge lived in the square.[5]Harrington Square was originally part of a pair of squares, with Mornington Crescent Gardens on the other side of Hampstead Road, but Mornington Crescent Gardens were built on to create the Carreras Cigarette Factory, which fronts on to Harrington Square, in the 1920s. The south side of the square originally had terraces similar to the listed north-eastern side, but was bombed in World War II and replaced by the modern Ampthill Square Estate.[2]Harrington Square has been the location of a number of murders recently, including one in 2012,[6] one in 2018[7] and one in 2020.[8]","title":"Harrington Square"}]
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[{"title":"Oakley Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley_Square"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Nayar
Territorial Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar
["1 Bishops","1.1 Coadjutor bishop","2 External links and references"]
Coordinates: 20°40′39″N 104°17′03″W / 20.67750°N 104.28417°W / 20.67750; -104.28417Roman Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Mexico Territorial Prelature of Jesús María del NayarPraelatura Territorialis Nayariana de Iesu et MariaPrélature Territoriale de Jesús María del NayarLocationCountry MexicoEcclesiastical provinceProvince of GuadalajaraMetropolitanJesús María, NayaritStatisticsArea9,656 sq mi (25,010 km2)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2006)140,000128,000 (91.4%)Parishes15InformationDenominationRoman CatholicRiteRoman RiteEstablished13 January 1962 (62 years ago)CathedralCathedral of Jesus and MaryCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopJesús González Hernández, O.F.M.Metropolitan ArchbishopFrancisco Robles OrtegaMap The Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar) (Latin: Praelatura Territorialis Nayariana de Iesu et Maria) (erected 13 January 1962) is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Guadalajara in Mexico. The episcopal see is in Jesús María, Nayarit. Bishops Manuel Arvizu, O.F.M. (1962-1992) José Antonio Pérez Sánchez, O.F.M. (1992-2010) José de Jesús González Hernández, O.F.M. (2010- Coadjutor bishop José Antonio Pérez Sánchez, O.F.M. (1990-1992) External links and references "Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar)". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-11. 20°40′39″N 104°17′03″W / 20.67750°N 104.28417°W / 20.67750; -104.28417 vteCatholic Church in MexicoCatholic Bishops Conference of MexicoTimelineHistory History of the Catholic Church in Mexico Contemporary Pastoral Visits (Pope Francis) Archdioceses Archdiocese of Acapulco Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca Archdiocese of Chihuahua Archdiocese of Durango Archdiocese of Guadalajara Archdiocese of Hermosillo Archdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa) Archdiocese of León Archdiocese of Mexico Archdiocese of Monterrey Archdiocese of Morelia Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí Archdiocese of Tijuana Archdiocese of Toluca Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla Archdiocese of Tulancingo Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez Archdiocese of Yucatán Dioceses Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano Diocese of Tlapa Diocese of Puerto Escondido Diocese of Tehuantepec Diocese of Tuxtepec Prelature of Huautla Prelature of Mixes Diocese of Ciudad Juárez Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes Diocese of Parral Diocese of Tarahumara Diocese of Mazatlán Diocese of Torreón Prelature of El Salto Diocese of Aguascalientes Diocese of Autlán Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán Diocese of Colima Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos Diocese of Tepic Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar Diocese of Ciudad Obregón Diocese of Culiacán Diocese of Nogales Diocese of Coatzacoalcos Diocese of Córdoba Diocese of Orizaba Diocese of Papantla Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla Diocese of Tuxpan Diocese of Veracruz Diocese of Celaya Diocese of Irapuato Diocese of Querétaro Diocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela Diocese of Cuernavaca Diocese of Ciudad Victoria Diocese of Linares Diocese of Matamoros Diocese of Nuevo Laredo Diocese of Piedras Negras Diocese of Saltillo Diocese of Tampico Diocese of Apatzingan Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas Diocese of Tacámbaro Diocese of Zamora Diocese of Huajuapan de León Diocese of Tehuacán Diocese of Tlaxcala Diocese of Ciudad Valles Diocese of Matehuala Diocese of Zacatecas Diocese of Ensenada Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur Diocese of Mexicali Diocese of Cuautitlán Diocese of Ecatepec Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl Diocese of Texcoco Diocese of Valle de Chalco Diocese of Huejutla Diocese of Tula Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas Diocese of Tapachula Diocese of Campeche Diocese of Tabasco Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal Prelates (TBA) Saints St. Felipe de Jesús, Franciscan cleric St. Peter Baptist, Franciscan priest St. Mateo Correa Magallanes St. Atilano Cruz Alvarado St. José María Robles Hurtado St. Toribio Romo González St. Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo St. José Maria de Yermo y Parres St. Miguel Pro St. Anacleto González Flores St. José Sánchez del Río St. Rafael Guízar y Valencia ReligiousPriests and brothers Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl Sisters La Merced Cloister University of the Cloister of Sor Juana DevotionsJesus (TBA) Marian Our Lady of Guadalupe (TBA) CultureChristmas Nochebuena Navidad Holy Week Fasting and abstinence Others (TBA) Catholicism portal Mexico portal This article on a Roman Catholic diocese in Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Jesús María, Nayarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa,_Nayarit"}],"text":"Roman Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction in MexicoThe Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar) (Latin: Praelatura Territorialis Nayariana de Iesu et Maria) (erected 13 January 1962) is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Guadalajara in Mexico. The episcopal see is in Jesús María, Nayarit.","title":"Territorial Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuel Arvizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Arvizu"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Pérez Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"José de Jesús González Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Hern%C3%A1ndez"}],"text":"Manuel Arvizu, O.F.M. (1962-1992)\nJosé Antonio Pérez Sánchez, O.F.M. (1992-2010)\nJosé de Jesús González Hernández, O.F.M. (2010-","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Antonio Pérez Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_S%C3%A1nchez"}],"sub_title":"Coadjutor bishop","text":"José Antonio Pérez Sánchez, O.F.M. (1990-1992)","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djesu.html"},{"link_name":"20°40′39″N 104°17′03″W / 20.67750°N 104.28417°W / 20.67750; -104.28417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Territorial_Prelature_of_Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Nayar&params=20_40_39_N_104_17_03_W_source:kolossus-plwiki"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Catholic Bishops Conference of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mexican_history"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"History of the Catholic Church in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_history"},{"link_name":"Pastoral Visits (Pope Francis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Francis_outside_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg"},{"link_name":"Archdioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Acapulco"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Antequera,_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chihuahua"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Durango"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Hermosillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hermosillo"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Xalapa"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Morelia"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Puebla_de_los_%C3%81ngeles"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of San Luis Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tijuana"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Toluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toluca"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tlalnepantla"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Tulancingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tulancingo"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tuxtla"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Yucatán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chilpancingo-Chilapa"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Altamirano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Altamirano"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tlapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tlapa"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Puerto Escondido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Puerto_Escondido"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tehuantepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tehuantepec"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tuxtepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tuxtepec"},{"link_name":"Prelature of Huautla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Huautla"},{"link_name":"Prelature of Mixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Mixes"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cuauht%C3%A9moc-Madera"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nuevo_Casas_Grandes"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Parral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Parral"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tarahumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tarahumara"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Mazatlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mazatl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Torreón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Torre%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Prelature of El Salto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_El_Salto"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Aguascalientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aguascalientes"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Autlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Autl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Colima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Colima"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Juan de los Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Juan_de_los_Lagos"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tepic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tepic"},{"link_name":"Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Nayar"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Obregón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Obreg%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Culiacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Culiac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nogales"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Coatzacoalcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coatzacoalcos"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Orizaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orizaba"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Papantla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Papantla"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Andrés Tuxtla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s_Tuxtla"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tuxpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tuxpan"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Celaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Celaya"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Irapuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Irapuato"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Querétaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quer%C3%A9taro"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Atlacomulco"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cuernavaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cuernavaca"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Linares_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Matamoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Matamoros"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nuevo Laredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nuevo_Laredo"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Piedras Negras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Piedras_Negras"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Saltillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saltillo"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tampico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tampico"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Apatzingan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Apatzingan"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tacámbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tac%C3%A1mbaro"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zamora_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Huajuapan de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Huajuapan_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tehuacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tehuac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tlaxcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tlaxcala"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ciudad Valles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Valles"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Matehuala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Matehuala"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ensenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ensenada"},{"link_name":"Diocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Paz_en_la_Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Mexicali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mexicali"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cuautitlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cuautitl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ecatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ecatepec"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Netzahualcóyotl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Netzahualc%C3%B3yotl"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Texcoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Texcoco"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Valle de Chalco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Valle_de_Chalco"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Huejutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Huejutla"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tula"},{"link_name":"Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Las_Casas"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tapachula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tapachula"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Campeche"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Tabasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tabasco"},{"link_name":"Prelature of Cancún-Chetumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Canc%C3%BAn-Chetumal"},{"link_name":"Prelates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mexican_Saints,_Blesseds,_and_Servants_of_God&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felipe de Jesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Peter Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Mateo Correa Magallanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateo_Correa_Magallanes"},{"link_name":"Atilano Cruz Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War#Atilano_Cruz_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"José María Robles Hurtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Robles_Hurtado"},{"link_name":"Toribio Romo González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toribio_Romo_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenaro_S%C3%A1nchez_Delgadillo"},{"link_name":"José Maria de Yermo y Parres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_de_Yermo_y_Parres"},{"link_name":"Miguel Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Pro"},{"link_name":"Anacleto González Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacleto_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores"},{"link_name":"José Sánchez del Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_del_R%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Rafael Guízar y Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Gu%C3%ADzar_y_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest#Catholicism_and_Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl"},{"link_name":"Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"La Merced Cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Merced_Cloister"},{"link_name":"University of the Cloister of Sor Juana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Cloister_of_Sor_Juana"},{"link_name":"Devotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_devotions"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_devotions_to_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Marian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_devotions"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nochebuena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nochebuena"},{"link_name":"Navidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Fasting and abstinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Mexico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitre_(plain).svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_Prelature_of_Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Nayar&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mexico-RC-diocese-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico-RC-diocese-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico-RC-diocese-stub"}],"text":"\"Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar)\". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-11.20°40′39″N 104°17′03″W / 20.67750°N 104.28417°W / 20.67750; -104.28417vteCatholic Church in MexicoCatholic Bishops Conference of MexicoTimelineHistory\nHistory of the Catholic Church in Mexico\nContemporary\nPastoral Visits (Pope Francis)\nArchdioceses\nArchdiocese of Acapulco\nArchdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca\nArchdiocese of Chihuahua\nArchdiocese of Durango\nArchdiocese of Guadalajara\nArchdiocese of Hermosillo\nArchdiocese of Jalapa (Xalapa)\nArchdiocese of León\nArchdiocese of Mexico\nArchdiocese of Monterrey\nArchdiocese of Morelia\nArchdiocese of Puebla de los Angeles\nArchdiocese of San Luis Potosí\nArchdiocese of Tijuana\nArchdiocese of Toluca\nArchdiocese of Tlalnepantla\nArchdiocese of Tulancingo\nArchdiocese of Tuxtla Gutiérrez\nArchdiocese of Yucatán\nDioceses\nDiocese of Chilpancingo-Chilapa\nDiocese of Ciudad Altamirano\nDiocese of Tlapa\nDiocese of Puerto Escondido\nDiocese of Tehuantepec\nDiocese of Tuxtepec\nPrelature of Huautla\nPrelature of Mixes\nDiocese of Ciudad Juárez\nDiocese of Cuauhtémoc-Madera\nDiocese of Nuevo Casas Grandes\nDiocese of Parral\nDiocese of Tarahumara\nDiocese of Mazatlán\nDiocese of Torreón\nPrelature of El Salto\nDiocese of Aguascalientes\nDiocese of Autlán\nDiocese of Ciudad Guzmán\nDiocese of Colima\nDiocese of San Juan de los Lagos\nDiocese of Tepic\nPrelature of Jesús María del Nayar\nDiocese of Ciudad Obregón\nDiocese of Culiacán\nDiocese of Nogales\nDiocese of Coatzacoalcos\nDiocese of Córdoba\nDiocese of Orizaba\nDiocese of Papantla\nDiocese of San Andrés Tuxtla\nDiocese of Tuxpan\nDiocese of Veracruz\nDiocese of Celaya\nDiocese of Irapuato\nDiocese of Querétaro\nDiocese of Atlacomulco de Fabela\nDiocese of Cuernavaca\nDiocese of Ciudad Victoria\nDiocese of Linares\nDiocese of Matamoros\nDiocese of Nuevo Laredo\nDiocese of Piedras Negras\nDiocese of Saltillo\nDiocese of Tampico\nDiocese of Apatzingan\nDiocese of Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas\nDiocese of Tacámbaro\nDiocese of Zamora\nDiocese of Huajuapan de León\nDiocese of Tehuacán\nDiocese of Tlaxcala\nDiocese of Ciudad Valles\nDiocese of Matehuala\nDiocese of Zacatecas\nDiocese of Ensenada\nDiocese of La Paz en la Baja California Sur\nDiocese of Mexicali\nDiocese of Cuautitlán\nDiocese of Ecatepec\nDiocese of Netzahualcóyotl\nDiocese of Texcoco\nDiocese of Valle de Chalco\nDiocese of Huejutla\nDiocese of Tula\nDiocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas\nDiocese of Tapachula\nDiocese of Campeche\nDiocese of Tabasco\nPrelature of Cancún-Chetumal\nPrelates\n(TBA)\nSaints\nSt. Felipe de Jesús, Franciscan cleric\nSt. Peter Baptist, Franciscan priest\nSt. Mateo Correa Magallanes\nSt. Atilano Cruz Alvarado\nSt. José María Robles Hurtado\nSt. Toribio Romo González\nSt. Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo\nSt. José Maria de Yermo y Parres\nSt. Miguel Pro\nSt. Anacleto González Flores\nSt. José Sánchez del Río\nSt. Rafael Guízar y Valencia\nReligiousPriests and brothers\nMonasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl\nSisters\nLa Merced Cloister\nUniversity of the Cloister of Sor Juana\nDevotionsJesus\n(TBA)\nMarian\nOur Lady of Guadalupe\n(TBA)\nCultureChristmas\nNochebuena\nNavidad\nHoly Week\nFasting and abstinence\nOthers\n(TBA)\n\n Catholicism portal\n Mexico portalThis article on a Roman Catholic diocese in Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and references"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar)\". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djesu.html","url_text":"\"Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Territorial_Prelature_of_Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Nayar&params=20_40_39_N_104_17_03_W_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"20°40′39″N 104°17′03″W / 20.67750°N 104.28417°W / 20.67750; -104.28417"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/djesu.html","external_links_name":"\"Territorial Prelature of Jesús María (del Nayar)\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Territorial_Prelature_of_Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Nayar&params=20_40_39_N_104_17_03_W_source:kolossus-plwiki","external_links_name":"20°40′39″N 104°17′03″W / 20.67750°N 104.28417°W / 20.67750; -104.28417"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_Prelature_of_Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Nayar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melite_(naiad)
Melite (naiad)
["1 Mythology","2 References"]
Nymph of Greek mythology For other uses, see Melite (mythology).Greek deitiesseries Primordial deities Titans and Olympians Chthonic deities Personified concepts Water deities Amphitrite Ceto Glaucus Nereus Oceanus Phorcys Pontus Poseidon Potamoi Proteus Tethys Thetis Triton Nymphs Alseid Anthousai Auloniad Aurae Crinaeae Daphnaie Dryads Eleionomae Epimeliads Hamadryads Hesperides Hyades Lampads Leimakids Limnades Meliae Melinoë Naiads Napaeae Nephele Nereids Oceanids Oreads Pegaeae Pegasides Pleiades Potamides vteIn Greek mythology, Melite (/ˈmɛlɪtiː/; Ancient Greek: Μελίτη) was one of the Naiads, daughter of the river god Aegaeus, and one of the many loves of Zeus and his son Heracles. Given the choice, she chose Heracles over Zeus who went off in search of other pursuits. She gave birth to Hercules's son Hyllus; some suggest that he was a figure distinct from Hyllus, the son of Heracles by Deianeira. Mythology Heracles tried to find refuge on the mythical island of Scheria, widely considered to be the island of Corfu in modern Greece, after the murder of his children. He decided to rest near a lake. This lake happened to be the place in which Melite and her sisters were currently residing. When Melite saw Hercules she hid him away from her siblings in a deeper and darker part of the lake where she lay with him. The two then traveled to another part of the island and stayed there until Melite gave birth to Hyllus. Zeus was in a rage over her choice of a mortal over him, and so he appealed to her father who would not let her have anymore children with Hercules or any sexual contact whatsoever. Hercules promptly left Melite for other mortals. She was one of the women who were there mourning the death of Hercules. Hyllus did not want to be a mere subject to King Nausithous, so he traveled to the far north of Greece, where he became king and eponym of a Dorian tribe, the Hylleis. References ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 4. 1149 ^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 4. 538 ff ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, 4. 524, 540, 1125, 1149; Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v. Hylleis; Etymologicum Magnum 776. 40 under Hylēōn vteAncient Greek deitiesPrimordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Phanes Pontus Tartarus Uranus TitansTitans (male) Coeus Crius Kronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Titanides (female) Dione Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Children of Hyperion Eos Helios Selene Children of Coeus Asteria Leto Children of Crius Astraeus Pallas Perses Children of Iapetus Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Olympian deitiesTwelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Olympian Gods Asclepius Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Muses Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Boeotian Muses Aoide Melete Mneme Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites (Graces) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae (Hours) Dike Eirene Eunomia Children of Styx Bia Kratos Nike Zelus Water deitiesSea deities Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calliste Calypso Ceto Eurybia Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Old Man of the Sea Phorcys Pontus Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thalassa Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Amalthea Asia Callirhoe Ceto Clymene (consort of Helios) Clymene (wife of Iapetus) Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia (consort of Apollo) Melia (consort of Inachus) Metis Perse Philyra Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Theia Zeuxo Nereids Amatheia Amphithoe Amphitrite Arethusa Cymatolege Cymo Dynamene Galatea Galene Protomedeia Psamathe Sao Spio Thalia Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapus Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Cleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deitiesTheoi Chthonioi Angelos Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes (Furies) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Aeacus Minos Orpheus Rhadamanthus Triptolemus Trophonius PersonificationsChildren of Eris Algos Amphillogiai The Androktasiai Atë Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Logoi Limos Machai Neikea Phonoi Ponos Pseudea Children of Nyx Apate Eleos Eris Geras Hesperides Hypnos The Keres The Moirai Atropos Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Nemesis Oizys The Oneiroi Philotes Thanatos Children of Phorcys Echidna The Graeae Deino Enyo Pemphredo The Gorgons Medusa Stheno and Euryale The Sirenes Aglaopheme Leucosia Ligeia Molpe Parthenope Peisinoe Thelxiepeia Children of Thaumas Arke The Harpies Aello Celaeno Ocypete Podarge Iris Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Astraea Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Pothos Ersa Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus The Litae Peitho Phobos Tyche Others Achlys Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Chrysus Eiresione Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Phrike Phthonus Poine Polemos Poros Praxidice Proioxis Prophasis Soter Soteria Thrasos Other deitiesSky The Anemoi Boreas Eurus Notus Zephyrus The Astra Planeti Stilbon Hesperus Phosphorus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Astrape and Bronte Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Sirius Tritopatores Agriculture Aphaea Demeter Despoina Eunostus Opora Philomelus Plutus Health Asclepius Aceso Darrhon Epione Iaso Hygieia Paean Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna Agdistis The Alseids Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis The Auloniads Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Cyllene Echo Helice Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Enodia Circe Enyalius Palaestra Pasiphaë Sosipolis
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melite (mythology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melite_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"/ˈmɛlɪtiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Naiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiads"},{"link_name":"Aegaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegaeus"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"Hyllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyllus"},{"link_name":"Deianeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deianeira"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Melite (mythology).In Greek mythology, Melite (/ˈmɛlɪtiː/; Ancient Greek: Μελίτη) was one of the Naiads, daughter of the river god Aegaeus, and one of the many loves of Zeus and his son Heracles. Given the choice, she chose Heracles over Zeus who went off in search of other pursuits. She gave birth to Hercules's son Hyllus; some suggest that he was a figure distinct from Hyllus, the son of Heracles by Deianeira.[1]","title":"Melite (naiad)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheria"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nausithous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausithous"},{"link_name":"eponym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Heracles tried to find refuge on the mythical island of Scheria, widely considered to be the island of Corfu in modern Greece, after the murder of his children. He decided to rest near a lake. This lake happened to be the place in which Melite and her sisters were currently residing. When Melite saw Hercules she hid him away from her siblings in a deeper and darker part of the lake where she lay with him. The two then traveled to another part of the island and stayed there until Melite gave birth to Hyllus.[2]Zeus was in a rage over her choice of a mortal over him, and so he appealed to her father who would not let her have anymore children with Hercules or any sexual contact whatsoever. Hercules promptly left Melite for other mortals. She was one of the women who were there mourning the death of Hercules.Hyllus did not want to be a mere subject to King Nausithous, so he traveled to the far north of Greece, where he became king and eponym of a Dorian tribe, the Hylleis.[3]","title":"Mythology"}]
[]
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[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Germanic_Army
Norwegian Germanic Army
["1 Hadeland murders","2 References","3 External links"]
For the World War II German army, see Army of Norway (Wehrmacht). The Norwegian Germanic Army (Norwegian: Norges Germanske Armé, NGA) was a Norwegian neo-Nazi paramilitary guerrilla led by Espen Lund, an army sergeant. Formed as a secret group in 1980, the group was exposed and subsequently banned in 1981 following the "Hadeland murders". Hadeland murders The NGA was exposed in 1981, when Lund and two other members of the group, Johnny Olsen and Jon Charles Hoff were charged with the murders of two other affiliates to prevent them from reporting a large theft of weapons from a Home Guard depot to the police. Lund had reportedly ordered them murdered after they had demanded payment for the weapons stolen. The two murder victims were shot multiple times with a pistol and a submachine gun on 21 February at a bridge in Hadeland, followed by a police car chase in which Olsen and Hoff were apprehended. Lund was later arrested at his cabin for psychological co-conspiracy. Lund claimed that he had been recruited by the ODESSA organisation, and that the organisation had at least fifty members in the Norwegian Armed Forces. According to their sentencing the group only consisted of the three men. In an interview with Swedish journalist Jan Guillou in 1985, Olsen said that the group in reality was just a couple youths with "boyhood dreams and fantasies about creating something exciting". The NGA aimed to train members in sabotage and guerrilla warfare for a far-right takeover in Norway, and sought to exterminate all foreign guest workers in Norway. In 1982 Lund and Olsen were sentenced to eighteen years imprisonment, and Hoff to twelve years for what became known as the "Hadeland murders". In 2010 it was revealed that the two murder victims at the time were agents or informants for the Norwegian Police Surveillance Agency (POT). One of the two had in fact reported the weapons theft some days ahead of the murders, which had caused the group to come under surveillance of over fifty undercover agents. The lawyer of one of the convicted murderers responded to the new information that the police should have been able to prevent the murders. He however said that he did not believe the two murder victims were infiltrators from the agency, but rather that they were original members who had gotten cold feet after two large weapons thefts. The case remains classified. References ^ a b Ó Maoláin, Ciarán (1987). The radical right: a world directory. Longman. pp. 215–216. ISBN 9780874365146. ^ a b c d e Jongman, Albert J. (1988). Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature. Transaction Publishers. p. 635. ISBN 9781412815666. ^ "Det rystende dobbeltdrapet". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). 22 February 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2015. ^ Haakenstad, Jørn (20 February 2011). "Drapene som rystet Norge". Hadeland (in Norwegian). ^ a b c d e f Persen, Kjell (12 April 2010). "Tidligere PST-sjef: – Nynazister likviderte politiagenter". TV 2 (in Norwegian). ^ "John Edvin Lie begikk dobbeltdrap av venner i 1981 av frykt for å bli tystet på for våpentyverier". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). 19 July 2018. ^ "Hadelandsdrapene: Et dobbeltdrap som rystet Norge". NRK (in Norwegian). 20 July 2018. ^ "Norske høyreekstremister drapstiltalt". NRK (in Norwegian). 13 January 1982. External links Photos of the murder scene and trial (Verdens Gang) vteNeo-NazismGroupsExtantGermany and Austria Autonome Nationalisten Artgemeinschaft The III. Path The Right National Democratic Party of Germany Nipsters Europe Alliance for Peace and Freedom Alliansen Authentic Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride British Movement Combat 18 Dutch People's Union Ethnic National Union Golden Dawn Kohti Vapautta! Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia Imperium Europa Leviathan Movement Metapedia National Alliance National Socialism / White Power National Socialist Movement of Denmark Nordic Resistance Movement November 9th Society Order of Nine Angles Republic Vigrid Workers' Party of Social Justice International Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging American Front Anti-Communist Action Antipodean Resistance Aryan Brotherhood Aryan Freedom Network Aryan Guard Aryan Nations Atomwaffen Division The Barnes Review The Base Black Order Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging Blood & Honour Creativity The Daily Stormer Hammerskins/Hammerskin Nation and Crew 38 Identity Evropa Imperial Klans of America Iron March Keystone United Lads Society Misanthropic Division National Socialism Association National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party National Socialist Movement (United States) National Vanguard NSDAP/AO (1972) Patriot Front Renegade Tribune Rise Above Movement The Right Stuff Stormfront Tsagaan Khas Vanguard America White Aryan Resistance White power skinheads World Union of National Socialists DefunctGermany and Austria Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Deutsche Heidnische Front Deutsche Reichspartei Free German Workers' Party Gesinnungsgemeinschaft der Neuen Front German Alternative German Social Union The Immortals Landig Group National Democratic Party (Austria) Nationalist Front (Germany) National Offensive National Socialist Underground Socialist Reich Party Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Europe Avanguardia Nazionale Bloed, Bodem, Eer en Trouw Boot Boys CEDADE European Liberation Front Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Format18 French and European Nationalist Party Hungarian National Front Heathen Front Nacionalni stroj National Action National Socialist Action Party National Socialist Front National Socialist Irish Workers Party National Socialist Movement (UK) National Socialist Movement of Norway Northern Brotherhood Russian National Socialist Party Nordic Realm Party Norwegian Front Norwegian Germanic Army Order of Flemish Militants Ordine Nero Ordine Nuovo Party of the Danes Party of the Swedes Pax Hungarica Movement Patriot of Ukraine Slavic Union Pamyat Russian National Union Russian National Unity Volkspartei der Schweiz White Aryan Resistance (Sweden) Workers' Party International American Nazi Party Aryan Republican Army Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Australia First Party Canadian Nazi Party The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord Heritage Front National Action (Australia) National Alliance National Renaissance Party National Socialist Party of America National Socialist League National Socialist Liberation Front National Socialist Party of Australia National Socialist Party of New Zealand National Unity Party of Canada Nationalist Front (United States) New Triumph Party The Order Patrol 36 SUMKA Traditionalist Worker Party Unit 88 United Patriots Front White Revolution People Curtis Allgier Bela Ewald Althans Gaston-Armand Amaudruz Andrew Anglin Andrew Auernheimer/Weev Alexander Barkashov Louis Beam William John Beattie René Binet Don Black Kerry Bolton Salvador Borrego Anders Behring Breivik James von Brunn George Burdi Richard Butler Christopher Cantwell Willis Carto Patrick Casey Kyle Chapman Craig Cobb Mark Collett Frank Collin Blair Cottrell Harold Covington Daniel Cowart Nicky Crane Peter Cvjetanovic Nathan Damigo Léon Degrelle Savitri Devi Françoise Dior Ian Stuart Donaldson David Duke John Timothy Earnest James Ellison Michael Peinovich Neil Erikson Bert Eriksson Leo Felton James Alex Fields Haakon Forwald Jef François Roy Frankhouser Joseph Paul Franklin Christopher Paul Hasson Franco Freda Mark Fredriksen Paul Fromm Anthime "Tim" Gionet/Baked Alaska Erich Gliebe Joop Glimmerveen Joshua Ryne Goldberg István Győrkös Matthew F. Hale Jan Hartman Matthew Heimbach Michael Hill Heath Hitler David Irving Arthur J. Jones Colin Jordan Wyatt Kaldenberg Virginia Kapić Konstantin Kasimovsky Jason Kessler Colin King-Ansell Matthias Koehl August Kreis III Michael Kühnen Gottfried Küssel Constant Kusters Robert E. Kuttner David Lane Gary Lauck Alex Linder Princess Marie Adelheid of Lippe Lana Lokteff Norman Lowell Klas Lund James H. Madole Jacques de Mahieu Horst Mahler Charles Manson Clark Martell James Mason Robert Jay Mathews Michael McLaughlin Tom Metzger Frazier Glenn Miller Jr. Davud Monshizadeh Tim Mudde Eustace Mullins Mindaugas Murza David Myatt Revilo P. Oliver Wade Michael Page John Patler William Luther Pierce Vasillios Pistolis J. T. Ready Otto Ernst Remer Jack Renshaw Bill Riccio Brandon Russell Povl Riis-Knudsen Jacob D. Robida George Lincoln Rockwell Manfred Roeder Dylann Roof Horst Rosenkranz Fritz Rössler Florentine Rost van Tonningen Hans-Ulrich Rudel Jim Saleam Kurt Saxon Gary Schipper Paul Schlesselman Hans Schmidt Jeff Schoep Miguel Serrano Thomas Sewell Simon Sheppard Otto Skorzeny Michiel Smit Benjamin Nathaniel Smith Otto Strasser Richard B. Spencer Kevin Alfred Strom Rocky Suhayda Brenton Harrison Tarrant Tila Tequila Eugène Terre'Blanche H. Keith Thompson Paul van Tienen Joseph Tommasi Terry Tremaine John Tyndall Jack van Tongeren Russell Veh Siegfried Verbeke Varg Vikernes Martin Webster Kanye West Bill White Jan Wolthuis Samuel Woodward Christian Worch Francis Parker Yockey Ernst Zündel Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army of Norway (Wehrmacht)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Norway_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism"},{"link_name":"paramilitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMaolain-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jongman-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMaolain-1"}],"text":"For the World War II German army, see Army of Norway (Wehrmacht).The Norwegian Germanic Army (Norwegian: Norges Germanske Armé, NGA) was a Norwegian neo-Nazi paramilitary guerrilla[1] led by Espen Lund, an army sergeant.[2] Formed as a secret group in 1980, the group was exposed and subsequently banned in 1981 following the \"Hadeland murders\".[1]","title":"Norwegian Germanic Army"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jongman-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nettavisen-3"},{"link_name":"Hadeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV2-5"},{"link_name":"ODESSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODESSA"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jongman-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jan Guillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Guillou"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrk-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jongman-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jongman-2"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Police Surveillance Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV2-5"}],"text":"The NGA was exposed in 1981, when Lund and two other members of the group, Johnny Olsen and Jon Charles Hoff were charged with the murders of two other affiliates to prevent them from reporting a large theft of weapons from a Home Guard depot to the police.[2] Lund had reportedly ordered them murdered after they had demanded payment for the weapons stolen.[3] The two murder victims were shot multiple times with a pistol and a submachine gun on 21 February at a bridge in Hadeland, followed by a police car chase in which Olsen and Hoff were apprehended. Lund was later arrested at his cabin for psychological co-conspiracy.[4][5]Lund claimed that he had been recruited by the ODESSA organisation, and that the organisation had at least fifty members in the Norwegian Armed Forces.[2] According to their sentencing the group only consisted of the three men.[6] In an interview with Swedish journalist Jan Guillou in 1985, Olsen said that the group in reality was just a couple youths with \"boyhood dreams and fantasies about creating something exciting\".[7] The NGA aimed to train members in sabotage and guerrilla warfare for a far-right takeover in Norway,[2] and sought to exterminate all foreign guest workers in Norway.[8] In 1982 Lund and Olsen were sentenced to eighteen years imprisonment, and Hoff to twelve years for what became known as the \"Hadeland murders\".[2]In 2010 it was revealed that the two murder victims at the time were agents or informants for the Norwegian Police Surveillance Agency (POT).[5] One of the two had in fact reported the weapons theft some days ahead of the murders, which had caused the group to come under surveillance of over fifty undercover agents.[5] The lawyer of one of the convicted murderers responded to the new information that the police should have been able to prevent the murders.[5] He however said that he did not believe the two murder victims were infiltrators from the agency, but rather that they were original members who had gotten cold feet after two large weapons thefts.[5] The case remains classified.[5]","title":"Hadeland murders"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Ó Maoláin, Ciarán (1987). The radical right: a world directory. Longman. pp. 215–216. ISBN 9780874365146.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d9wPAQAAMAAJ&q=%22norwegian-german+army%22","url_text":"The radical right: a world directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874365146","url_text":"9780874365146"}]},{"reference":"Jongman, Albert J. (1988). Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature. Transaction Publishers. p. 635. ISBN 9781412815666.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NgDks1hUjhMC&q=%22norwegian-german+army%22&pg=PA635","url_text":"Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412815666","url_text":"9781412815666"}]},{"reference":"\"Det rystende dobbeltdrapet\". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). 22 February 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104210/http://pub.nettavisen.no/nettavisen/innenriks/article566374.ece","url_text":"\"Det rystende dobbeltdrapet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettavisen","url_text":"Nettavisen"},{"url":"http://pub.nettavisen.no/nettavisen/innenriks/article566374.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haakenstad, Jørn (20 February 2011). \"Drapene som rystet Norge\". Hadeland (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hadeland.no/lokale-nyheter/drapene-som-rystet-norge/s/1-59-5499847","url_text":"\"Drapene som rystet Norge\""}]},{"reference":"Persen, Kjell (12 April 2010). \"Tidligere PST-sjef: – Nynazister likviderte politiagenter\". TV 2 (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tv2.no/a/3180694","url_text":"\"Tidligere PST-sjef: – Nynazister likviderte politiagenter\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Edvin Lie begikk dobbeltdrap av venner i 1981 av frykt for å bli tystet på for våpentyverier\". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/innenriks/john-edvin-lie-begikk-dobbeltdrap-av-venner-i-1981-av-frykt-for-a-bli-tystet-pa-for-vapentyverier/s/12-95-3423515965","url_text":"\"John Edvin Lie begikk dobbeltdrap av venner i 1981 av frykt for å bli tystet på for våpentyverier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hadelandsdrapene: Et dobbeltdrap som rystet Norge\". NRK (in Norwegian). 20 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrk.no/norge/xl/hadelandsdrapene_-et-dobbeltdrap-som-rystet-norge-1.14134353","url_text":"\"Hadelandsdrapene: Et dobbeltdrap som rystet Norge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norske høyreekstremister drapstiltalt\". NRK (in Norwegian). 13 January 1982.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrk.no/skole/klippdetalj?topic=nrk:klipp/775440","url_text":"\"Norske høyreekstremister drapstiltalt\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Ferschtman
Liza Ferschtman
["1 Education","2 Solo performances","3 Chamber music","4 Awards","5 Selected recordings","6 References","7 External links"]
Dutch classical violinist Liza FerschtmanFerschtman in concert in 2004, conducted by Arjan Tien Born1979 (age 44–45)Hilversum, NetherlandsEducation Royal Conservatory of The Hague Conservatorium van Amsterdam Curtis Institute of Music Guildhall School of Music and Drama Occupations Classical violinist Music festival director AwardsNederlandse Muziekprijs Liza Ferschtman (born 1979) is a Dutch classical violinist who appears internationally, both as a soloist with orchestra and in chamber music. She received the Nederlandse Muziekprijs in 2006 and has directed the Delft Chamber Music Festival  since 2007. Education Ferschtman was born in Hilversum in a musical family of Russian Jews, the daughter of the cellist Dmitri Ferschtman  and the pianist Mila Baslawskaja . At the age of five she began studying with the violinist Philippe Hirschhorn, a friend of the family, and thereafter with Ivry Gitlis, Igor Oistrach and Aaron Rosand. She studied later at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague with Qui van Woerdekom, at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam with Herman Krebbers, at the Curtis Institute of Music with Ida Kavafian, and at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama with David Takeno. Solo performances Ferschtman has appeared as a soloist with the Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestre National de Belgique, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra, Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, the Schleswig-Holstein Festival Orchestra and the Bremer Philharmoniker. She also played with the Prague Philharmonia, Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra, the Netherlands Student Orchestra  and the Sweelinck Orchestra . She has collaborated with conductors such as Frans Brüggen, Christoph von Dohnányi, Iván Fischer, Neeme Järvi, Lev Markiz , Shlomo Mintz, Mendi Rodan, Leonard Slatkin and Jaap van Zweden, among others. In 2017, she played Alban Berg's Violin Concerto "To the memory of an angel" with the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, conducted by Dirk Kaftan. Chamber music In 2005 and 2006 Ferschtman performed the complete violin sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven in the Concertgebouw with pianist Inon Barnatan. The duo also played in Europe, including Austria, Belgium, England, France, Germany, Russia and Switzerland. In 2006 the duo played recitals in New York City. Concerts in the Concertgebouw for the 10th anniversary of the Zondagochtendconcert and an open-air solo concert were broadcast on Dutch television. Since 2007 Ferschtman has been artistic director of the Delft Chamber Music Festival , which was founded by the violinist Isabelle van Keulen in 1996. She has added vocal music and contemporary music to the program, such as in 2016 Weill's Die sieben Todsünden, a new string octet and a concert of the Tallis Scholars. In 2014, she performed with members of the Beethoven Orchester Bonn a chamber music concert in the Beethoven House, works for string trio by Schubert, Ernst von Dohnányi and György Kurtág, and the piano quartet in C minor, Op. 60, by Johannes Brahms. With harpsichord player Jonathan Cohen, she performed the entirety of Heinrich Biber's Rosary Sonatas in 2016, to positive acclaim. The different violin tunings required Ferschtman to have seven violins on stage; the performance was deemed a "rare tour de force". Awards In 1994 Ferschtman was awarded first prize at the competition Iordens Viooldagen. In 1997 she was awarded a prize at the Nationaal Vioolconcours Oskar Back . In 2003 she was awarded second prize at the International violin competition in Sion. On 24 November 2006, she was awarded the Nederlandse Muziekprijs. Selected recordings Her first recording was in 2004; chamber music with the pianist Bas Verheijden , including César Franck's Violin Sonata, Poulenc's Violin Sonata, Debussy's Violin Sonata, and music by Stravinsky, Tchaikovsky and Shostakovitch. Ferschtman recorded in 2007 Beethoven's Violin Sonata in G major, Op. 96 (1812) and Schubert's Fantasia for piano and violin in C major "Sei mir gegrüßt", D 934, with the pianist Inon Barnatan. A reviewer wrote: "Their playing has that rare combination of freshness and unanimity, as though two like-minded friends are conversing about something dear to their hearts." In 2009, she recorded violin concertos by Julius Röntgen with the Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz, conducted by David Porcelijn. Her tone was described as "nimble but never narrow", and her playing as "infusing every phrase with life and energy". She recorded in 2010 Beethoven's Violin Concerto and his Romances with the Netherlands Symphony Orchestra conducted by Jan Willem de Vriend . A reviewer noted that, on top of her "purity of tone and absolute singing quality" there is also "a sense of collaboration and amicable teamwork" based on her work as a chamber musician. References ^ a b Putten, Bas van (9 February 2007). "Interview met Liza Ferschtman / Beethoven is de testcase". De Groene Ansterdammer (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ a b "Rückblick: 5. Internationales Festival der Kammermusik, 15.09.-19.09.2010" (in German). classix-kempten.de. 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016. ^ "Sonntag, 5. Februar 2017 / Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Herford" (in German). Marburger Konzertverein. 5 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Zondagochtendconcert / Liza Ferschtman & Inon Barnatan / Alleen maar Beethoven" (in Dutch). Concertgebouw. 22 January 2006. ^ "Ferschtman geeft Delft lef en eigen gezicht". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 29 July 2016. ^ "Der Spiegel der Zeit" (PDF) (in German). Beethoven Orchester Bonn. 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ Christenhusz, Joep (23 December 2016). "Verrassend en doorleefd huzarenstukje van Ferschtman en Cohen". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 March 2017. ^ "Concours international de violon Tibor Varga, Sion (Valais)". Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2017. ^ "Debussy, Franck, Poulenc, Tchaikovsky, etc / Ferschtman". arkivmusic.com. 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Perry, Tim (2007). "Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Sonata for piano and violin in G major, Op.96 (1812) / Franz Schubert (1797–1828) / Fantasia for piano and violin in C major "Sei mir gegrüsst" D 934" (in German). musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ Dixon, Gavin (17 June 2011). "Röntgen Violin Concertos Liza Ferschtman" (in German). classical-cd-reviews.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ a b Clements, Dominy (2011). "Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Violin Concerto in D major Op.61" (in German). musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liza Ferschtman. Official website Delft Chamber Music Festival Nederlandse Muziekprijs fondspodiumkunsten.nl Duncan Druce: Liza Ferschtman; Tamsin Waley-Cohen Recitals Gramophone 2015 Cara Lieurance: A Conversation with KSO Guest Soloist Liza Ferschtman WMUK 27 October 2016 Peter Krause: Porträt Liza Ferschtman / "Man muss aufpassen, nicht nur schön Geige zu spielen" (in German) concerti.de 15 January 2017 Peter Krause: Porträt Liza Ferschtman / "Wie man ist, so spielt man" (in German) concerti.de 24 October 2012 Liza Ferschtman brengt vers bloed naar Delft (in Dutch) Volkskrant 6 August 2007 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
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She received the Nederlandse Muziekprijs in 2006 and has directed the Delft Chamber Music Festival [nl] since 2007.","title":"Liza Ferschtman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilversum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilversum"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Ferschtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Ferschtman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Ferschtman"},{"link_name":"Mila Baslawskaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mila_Baslawskaja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mila_Baslawskaja"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Putten-1"},{"link_name":"Philippe Hirschhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Hirschhorn"},{"link_name":"Ivry Gitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivry_Gitlis"},{"link_name":"Igor Oistrach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Oistrach"},{"link_name":"Aaron Rosand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Rosand"},{"link_name":"Royal Conservatory of The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Conservatorium van Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatorium_van_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Herman Krebbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Krebbers"},{"link_name":"Curtis Institute of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Ida Kavafian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Kavafian"},{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"David Takeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Takeno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kempten-2"}],"text":"Ferschtman was born in Hilversum in a musical family of Russian Jews, the daughter of the cellist Dmitri Ferschtman [nl] and the pianist Mila Baslawskaja [nl].[1] At the age of five she began studying with the violinist Philippe Hirschhorn, a friend of the family, and thereafter with Ivry Gitlis, Igor Oistrach and Aaron Rosand. She studied later at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague with Qui van Woerdekom, at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam with Herman Krebbers, at the Curtis Institute of Music with Ida Kavafian, and at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama with David Takeno.[2]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concertgebouw Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertgebouw_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Orchestre National de Belgique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_Belgique"},{"link_name":"Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomiuri_Nippon_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Bremer Philharmoniker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_Philharmoniker"},{"link_name":"Prague Philharmonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Philharmonia"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt_Chamber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Student Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netherlands_Student_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Studenten_Orkest"},{"link_name":"Sweelinck Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweelinck_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UvA-Orkest_J._Pzn_Sweelinck"},{"link_name":"Frans Brüggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Br%C3%BCggen"},{"link_name":"Christoph von Dohnányi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi"},{"link_name":"Iván Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Neeme Järvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeme_J%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"Lev Markiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lev_Markiz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Markiz"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Mintz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Mintz"},{"link_name":"Mendi Rodan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendi_Rodan"},{"link_name":"Leonard Slatkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Slatkin"},{"link_name":"Jaap van Zweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_van_Zweden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kempten-2"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Berg)"},{"link_name":"Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestdeutsche_Philharmonie"},{"link_name":"Dirk Kaftan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Kaftan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marburg-3"}],"text":"Ferschtman has appeared as a soloist with the Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestre National de Belgique, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra, Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, the Schleswig-Holstein Festival Orchestra and the Bremer Philharmoniker. She also played with the Prague Philharmonia, Franz Liszt Chamber Orchestra, the Netherlands Student Orchestra [nl] and the Sweelinck Orchestra [nl]. She has collaborated with conductors such as Frans Brüggen, Christoph von Dohnányi, Iván Fischer, Neeme Järvi, Lev Markiz [nl], Shlomo Mintz, Mendi Rodan, Leonard Slatkin and Jaap van Zweden, among others.[2] In 2017, she played Alban Berg's Violin Concerto \"To the memory of an angel\" with the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie, conducted by Dirk Kaftan.[3]","title":"Solo performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Concertgebouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Inon Barnatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inon_Barnatan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Delft Chamber Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delft_Chamber_Music_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_Chamber_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Die sieben Todsünden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)"},{"link_name":"string octet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_octet"},{"link_name":"Tallis Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallis_Scholars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Beethoven Orchester Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_Orchester_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Beethoven House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_House"},{"link_name":"Ernst von Dohnányi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Dohn%C3%A1nyi"},{"link_name":"György Kurtág","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g"},{"link_name":"piano quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Quartet_No._3_(Brahms)"},{"link_name":"Op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonn-6"},{"link_name":"harpsichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Biber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Biber"},{"link_name":"Rosary Sonatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosary_Sonatas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2005 and 2006 Ferschtman performed the complete violin sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven in the Concertgebouw with pianist Inon Barnatan.[4] The duo also played in Europe, including Austria, Belgium, England, France, Germany, Russia and Switzerland. In 2006 the duo played recitals in New York City. Concerts in the Concertgebouw for the 10th anniversary of the Zondagochtendconcert and an open-air solo concert were broadcast on Dutch television.Since 2007 Ferschtman has been artistic director of the Delft Chamber Music Festival [nl], which was founded by the violinist Isabelle van Keulen in 1996. She has added vocal music and contemporary music to the program, such as in 2016 Weill's Die sieben Todsünden, a new string octet and a concert of the Tallis Scholars.[5]In 2014, she performed with members of the Beethoven Orchester Bonn a chamber music concert in the Beethoven House, works for string trio by Schubert, Ernst von Dohnányi and György Kurtág, and the piano quartet in C minor, Op. 60, by Johannes Brahms.[6] With harpsichord player Jonathan Cohen, she performed the entirety of Heinrich Biber's Rosary Sonatas in 2016, to positive acclaim. The different violin tunings required Ferschtman to have seven violins on stage; the performance was deemed a \"rare tour de force\".[7]","title":"Chamber music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nationaal Vioolconcours Oskar Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationaal_Vioolconcours_Oskar_Back&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Vioolconcours_Oskar_Back"},{"link_name":"Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nederlandse Muziekprijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Muziekprijs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Putten-1"}],"text":"In 1994 Ferschtman was awarded first prize at the competition Iordens Viooldagen. In 1997 she was awarded a prize at the Nationaal Vioolconcours Oskar Back [nl]. In 2003 she was awarded second prize at the International violin competition in Sion.[8] On 24 November 2006, she was awarded the Nederlandse Muziekprijs.[1]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bas Verheijden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Verheijden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_Verheijden"},{"link_name":"Violin Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Sonata_(Franck)"},{"link_name":"Violin Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Sonata_(Poulenc)"},{"link_name":"Violin Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Sonata_(Poulenc)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arkiv-9"},{"link_name":"Violin Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._10_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Inon Barnatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inon_Barnatan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-10"},{"link_name":"Julius Röntgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_R%C3%B6ntgen"},{"link_name":"Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_Rheinland-Pfalz"},{"link_name":"David Porcelijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Porcelijn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dixon-11"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Romances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Romance_No._1_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Jan Willem de Vriend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Willem_de_Vriend&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Willem_de_Vriend"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clements-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clements-12"}],"text":"Her first recording was in 2004; chamber music with the pianist Bas Verheijden [nl], including César Franck's Violin Sonata, Poulenc's Violin Sonata, Debussy's Violin Sonata, and music by Stravinsky, Tchaikovsky and Shostakovitch.[9] Ferschtman recorded in 2007 Beethoven's Violin Sonata in G major, Op. 96 (1812) and Schubert's Fantasia for piano and violin in C major \"Sei mir gegrüßt\", D 934, with the pianist Inon Barnatan.[10] A reviewer wrote: \"Their playing has that rare combination of freshness and unanimity, as though two like-minded friends are conversing about something dear to their hearts.\" In 2009, she recorded violin concertos by Julius Röntgen with the Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz, conducted by David Porcelijn. Her tone was described as \"nimble but never narrow\", and her playing as \"infusing every phrase with life and energy\".[11] She recorded in 2010 Beethoven's Violin Concerto and his Romances with the Netherlands Symphony Orchestra conducted by Jan Willem de Vriend [nl]. A reviewer noted that, on top of her \"purity of tone and absolute singing quality\"[12] there is also \"a sense of collaboration and amicable teamwork\" based on her work as a chamber musician.[12]","title":"Selected recordings"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Putten, Bas van (9 February 2007). \"Interview met Liza Ferschtman / Beethoven is de testcase\". De Groene Ansterdammer (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.groene.nl/artikel/beethoven-is-de-testcase","url_text":"\"Interview met Liza Ferschtman / Beethoven is de testcase\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rückblick: 5. Internationales Festival der Kammermusik, 15.09.-19.09.2010\" (in German). classix-kempten.de. 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116191444/http://www.classix-kempten.de/Rueckblick/Festival-2010/Kuenstler/tabid/113/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/29/Liza-Ferschtman-Violine.aspx","url_text":"\"Rückblick: 5. Internationales Festival der Kammermusik, 15.09.-19.09.2010\""},{"url":"http://www.classix-kempten.de/Rueckblick/Festival-2010/Kuenstler/tabid/113/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/29/Liza-Ferschtman-Violine.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonntag, 5. Februar 2017 / Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Herford\" (in German). Marburger Konzertverein. 5 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marburger-konzertverein.de/konzert.php?Saison=2016&ID=05","url_text":"\"Sonntag, 5. Februar 2017 / Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Herford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zondagochtendconcert / Liza Ferschtman & Inon Barnatan / Alleen maar Beethoven\" (in Dutch). Concertgebouw. 22 January 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaterdeveste.nl/programma/83/Liza_Ferschtman_Inon_Barnatan/Zondagochtendconcert/","url_text":"\"Zondagochtendconcert / Liza Ferschtman & Inon Barnatan / Alleen maar Beethoven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ferschtman geeft Delft lef en eigen gezicht\". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 29 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/07/29/ferschtman-geeft-delft-lef-en-eigen-gezicht-3447276-a1513843","url_text":"\"Ferschtman geeft Delft lef en eigen gezicht\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad","url_text":"NRC Handelsblad"}]},{"reference":"\"Der Spiegel der Zeit\" (PDF) (in German). Beethoven Orchester Bonn. 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beethoven-orchester.de/2014-15/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/BEETHOVEN3-web.pdf","url_text":"\"Der Spiegel der Zeit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven_Orchester_Bonn","url_text":"Beethoven Orchester Bonn"}]},{"reference":"Christenhusz, Joep (23 December 2016). \"Verrassend en doorleefd huzarenstukje van Ferschtman en Cohen\". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/12/23/rozenkranssonates-verrassend-en-doorleefd-huzarenstukje-van-ferschtman-en-cohen-5902354-a1538178","url_text":"\"Verrassend en doorleefd huzarenstukje van Ferschtman en Cohen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad","url_text":"NRC Handelsblad"}]},{"reference":"\"Concours international de violon Tibor Varga, Sion (Valais)\". Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180506155032/http://varga-sion-concours.ch/en/presentation","url_text":"\"Concours international de violon Tibor Varga, Sion (Valais)\""},{"url":"http://varga-sion-concours.ch/en/presentation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Debussy, Franck, Poulenc, Tchaikovsky, etc / Ferschtman\". arkivmusic.com. 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=102411","url_text":"\"Debussy, Franck, Poulenc, Tchaikovsky, etc / Ferschtman\""}]},{"reference":"Perry, Tim (2007). \"Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Sonata for piano and violin in G major, Op.96 (1812) / Franz Schubert (1797–1828) / Fantasia for piano and violin in C major \"Sei mir gegrüsst\" D 934\" (in German). musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/Oct07/Beethoven_Schubert_CC72174.htm","url_text":"\"Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Sonata for piano and violin in G major, Op.96 (1812) / Franz Schubert (1797–1828) / Fantasia for piano and violin in C major \"Sei mir gegrüsst\" D 934\""}]},{"reference":"Dixon, Gavin (17 June 2011). \"Röntgen Violin Concertos Liza Ferschtman\" (in German). classical-cd-reviews.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classical-cd-reviews.com/2011/06/rontgen-violin-concertos-liza.html","url_text":"\"Röntgen Violin Concertos Liza Ferschtman\""}]},{"reference":"Clements, Dominy (2011). \"Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Violin Concerto in D major Op.61\" (in German). musicweb-international.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2011/Mar11/Beethoven_VC_CC72834.htm","url_text":"\"Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Violin Concerto in D major Op.61\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.groene.nl/artikel/beethoven-is-de-testcase","external_links_name":"\"Interview met Liza Ferschtman / Beethoven is de testcase\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116191444/http://www.classix-kempten.de/Rueckblick/Festival-2010/Kuenstler/tabid/113/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/29/Liza-Ferschtman-Violine.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Rückblick: 5. Internationales Festival der Kammermusik, 15.09.-19.09.2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.classix-kempten.de/Rueckblick/Festival-2010/Kuenstler/tabid/113/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/29/Liza-Ferschtman-Violine.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.marburger-konzertverein.de/konzert.php?Saison=2016&ID=05","external_links_name":"\"Sonntag, 5. Februar 2017 / Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie Herford\""},{"Link":"https://www.theaterdeveste.nl/programma/83/Liza_Ferschtman_Inon_Barnatan/Zondagochtendconcert/","external_links_name":"\"Zondagochtendconcert / Liza Ferschtman & Inon Barnatan / Alleen maar Beethoven\""},{"Link":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/07/29/ferschtman-geeft-delft-lef-en-eigen-gezicht-3447276-a1513843","external_links_name":"\"Ferschtman geeft Delft lef en eigen gezicht\""},{"Link":"http://www.beethoven-orchester.de/2014-15/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/BEETHOVEN3-web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Der Spiegel der Zeit\""},{"Link":"https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/12/23/rozenkranssonates-verrassend-en-doorleefd-huzarenstukje-van-ferschtman-en-cohen-5902354-a1538178","external_links_name":"\"Verrassend en doorleefd huzarenstukje van Ferschtman en Cohen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180506155032/http://varga-sion-concours.ch/en/presentation","external_links_name":"\"Concours international de violon Tibor Varga, Sion (Valais)\""},{"Link":"http://varga-sion-concours.ch/en/presentation","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/album.jsp?album_id=102411","external_links_name":"\"Debussy, Franck, Poulenc, Tchaikovsky, etc / Ferschtman\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/Oct07/Beethoven_Schubert_CC72174.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Sonata for piano and violin in G major, Op.96 (1812) / Franz Schubert (1797–1828) / Fantasia for piano and violin in C major \"Sei mir gegrüsst\" D 934\""},{"Link":"http://www.classical-cd-reviews.com/2011/06/rontgen-violin-concertos-liza.html","external_links_name":"\"Röntgen Violin Concertos Liza Ferschtman\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2011/Mar11/Beethoven_VC_CC72834.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) / Violin Concerto in D major Op.61\""},{"Link":"http://lizaferschtman.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20160116181611/http://delftmusicfestival.nl/en/musici/liza-ferschtman-2/","external_links_name":"Delft Chamber Music Festival"},{"Link":"http://fondspodiumkunsten.nl/nl/fondsinitiatieven/nederlandse_muziekprijs/","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Muziekprijs"},{"Link":"http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/liza-ferschtman-tamsin-waley-cohen-recitals","external_links_name":"Liza Ferschtman; Tamsin Waley-Cohen Recitals"},{"Link":"http://wmuk.org/post/conversation-kso-guest-soloist-liza-ferschtman","external_links_name":"A Conversation with KSO Guest Soloist Liza Ferschtman"},{"Link":"http://www.concerti.de/portraets/liza-ferschtman-man-muss-aufpassen-nicht-nur-schoen-geige-zu-spielen/","external_links_name":"Porträt Liza Ferschtman / \"Man muss aufpassen, nicht nur schön Geige zu spielen\""},{"Link":"http://www.concerti.de/portraets/liza-ferschtman-man-muss-aufpassen-nicht-nur-schoen-geige-zu-spielen/","external_links_name":"Porträt Liza Ferschtman / \"Wie man ist, so spielt man\""},{"Link":"https://www.volkskrant.nl/recensies/liza-ferschtman-brengt-vers-bloed-naar-delft~a866102/","external_links_name":"Liza Ferschtman brengt vers bloed naar Delft"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119100325","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/170253014","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhyDfk3VtxwTbWTDYByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16528945n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16528945n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1011266415","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007320607205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004092112","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p406393907","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810684556705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9034097c-3263-42e6-90df-85c449d1e665","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/182210499","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_Luminarias
Siete Luminarias
["1 Geography","2 Flora and fauna","3 Conservation","4 References"]
Group of extinct volcanoes in central Mexico Siete Luminarias (Seven Luminaries) Natural MonumentLa Region Volcanica Siete LuminariasHoya la Alberca craterLocation of Siete Luminarias in MexicoLocationGuanajuato, MexicoNearest cityValle de SantiagoCoordinates20°23′25.8″N 101°12′09.6″W / 20.390500°N 101.202667°W / 20.390500; -101.202667Area89.28 km2 (34.47 sq mi)DesignationNatural MonumentDesignated1997AdministratorNational Commission of Natural Protected Areas Siete Luminarias (the Seven Luminarias) is a group of seven extinct volcanoes in central Mexico, located in and around the town of Valle de Santiago in the state of Guanajuato. Geography The Siete Luminarias are low-rimmed volcanoes, or maars, with steep-sided, flat-bottomed central craters up to one kilometer in diameter. The seven craters are Hoya la Alberca (1672 meters elevation), Hoya de Cíntora (1703 m), Hoya de Flores or Hoya de Alvarez (2100 m), Rincón de Parangueo (2050 m), Hoya de San Nicolás de Parangueo (1820 m), Hoya Blanca (1819 m), and Hoya Solís (1787 m). The volcanoes are part of the Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field. The Siete Luminarias are in the Bajío region, a fertile agricultural region in the southwestern portion of the Mexican Plateau. The Bajío is in the basin of the Lerma River, which flows from east to west to the north of the volcanoes. Four craters – Rincón de Parangueo, San Nicolás de Parangono, La Alberca, and Cíntora – were formerly home to crater lakes, but over-extraction of groundwater has caused all these lakes to dry up. Flora and fauna Siete Luminarias is in the Bajío dry forests ecoregion. Conservation In 1997 Siete Luminarias was declared a natural monument by the government of Mexico. It covers an area of 89.28 km2 to the south, west, and northwest of the city of Valle de Santiago. References ^ a b c UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for La Region Volcanica Siete Luminarias from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 23 July 2022. ^ "The Seven Luminaries. Craters Between Villages". Volcano Active Foundation. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ "Las Siete Luminarias del Valle de Santiago". Destinos Mexico. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ a b "Michoacán-Guanajuato". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ Alcocer, J., Bernal-Brooks, F.W. (2019). Physical and Chemical Characterization of Inland Waters. In: Ibáñez, A. (eds) Mexican Aquatic Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11126-7_1 ^ "La Region Volcanica Siete Luminarias". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 23 July 2022. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siete Luminarias.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luminarias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminaria"},{"link_name":"Valle de Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Guanajuato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unep-1"}],"text":"Siete Luminarias (the Seven Luminarias) is a group of seven extinct volcanoes in central Mexico, located in and around the town of Valle de Santiago in the state of Guanajuato.[1]","title":"Siete Luminarias"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volcano-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destinos-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian-4"},{"link_name":"Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Guanajuato_volcanic_field"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian-4"},{"link_name":"Bajío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Mexican Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Lerma River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerma_River"},{"link_name":"crater lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alcocer-5"}],"text":"The Siete Luminarias are low-rimmed volcanoes, or maars, with steep-sided, flat-bottomed central craters up to one kilometer in diameter.[2] The seven craters are Hoya la Alberca (1672 meters elevation), Hoya de Cíntora (1703 m), Hoya de Flores or Hoya de Alvarez (2100 m), Rincón de Parangueo (2050 m), Hoya de San Nicolás de Parangueo (1820 m), Hoya Blanca (1819 m), and Hoya Solís (1787 m).[3][4] The volcanoes are part of the Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field.[4]The Siete Luminarias are in the Bajío region, a fertile agricultural region in the southwestern portion of the Mexican Plateau. The Bajío is in the basin of the Lerma River, which flows from east to west to the north of the volcanoes.Four craters – Rincón de Parangueo, San Nicolás de Parangono, La Alberca, and Cíntora – were formerly home to crater lakes, but over-extraction of groundwater has caused all these lakes to dry up.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bajío dry forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo_dry_forests"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dopa-6"}],"text":"Siete Luminarias is in the Bajío dry forests ecoregion.[6]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monuments_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unep-1"}],"text":"In 1997 Siete Luminarias was declared a natural monument by the government of Mexico. It covers an area of 89.28 km2 to the south, west, and northwest of the city of Valle de Santiago.[1]","title":"Conservation"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Seven Luminaries. Craters Between Villages\". Volcano Active Foundation. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcanofoundation.org/the-seven-luminaries/","url_text":"\"The Seven Luminaries. Craters Between Villages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Las Siete Luminarias del Valle de Santiago\". Destinos Mexico. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://programadestinosmexico.com/articulos-contenido/lugares-magicos/las-siete-luminarias-de-valle-de-santiago.html","url_text":"\"Las Siete Luminarias del Valle de Santiago\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michoacán-Guanajuato\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=341060","url_text":"\"Michoacán-Guanajuato\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siete_Luminarias&params=20_23_25.8_N_101_12_09.6_W_type:landmark_dim:9km","external_links_name":"20°23′25.8″N 101°12′09.6″W / 20.390500°N 101.202667°W / 20.390500; -101.202667"},{"Link":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/555621906","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://volcanofoundation.org/the-seven-luminaries/","external_links_name":"\"The Seven Luminaries. Craters Between Villages\""},{"Link":"https://programadestinosmexico.com/articulos-contenido/lugares-magicos/las-siete-luminarias-de-valle-de-santiago.html","external_links_name":"\"Las Siete Luminarias del Valle de Santiago\""},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=341060","external_links_name":"\"Michoacán-Guanajuato\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11126-7_1","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11126-7_1"},{"Link":"https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wdpa/555621906","external_links_name":"\"La Region Volcanica Siete Luminarias\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Webster
Alexander Webster
["1 Life","2 Family","3 References","4 Sources"]
This article is about the Scottish writer. For the New York politician, see Alexander Webster (New York politician). For the American football player, see Alex Webster (American football). For the Australian cricketer, see Alexander Webster (cricketer). For the South African boxer, see Alexander Webster (boxer). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alexander Webster" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Caricature (published 1785) by John Kay depicting Alexander Webster preaching to a congregation filled with people notorious for never coming to church. Culross Parish Church, Fife St Giles' from Parliament Square Alexander Webster (1707 – 25 January 1784) was a Scottish writer and minister of the Church of Scotland, who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1753. After his service as Moderator he was addressed as Very Rev Dr Alexander Webster. Life He was born in Edinburgh in 1707, the son of Rev James Webster, second charge of Tolbooth parish in St Giles Cathedral and a covenanting minister, originally from Fife. Alexander was educated at the High School of Edinburgh then studied at Edinburgh University. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Haddington in March 1733. In September 1733 Alexander was ordained as minister of the Church of Scotland at Culross Parish Church in western Fife. On 2 June 1737 he was translated to Tolbooth parish, one of the four parishes contained in St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh. He propounded a scheme in 1742 for providing pensions for the widows of ministers. The tables which he drew up from information obtained from all the presbyteries of Scotland were based on a system of actuarial calculation that supplied a precedent followed by insurance companies in modern times for reckoning averages of longevity. Webster published in 1748 his Calculations, setting forth the principles on which his scheme for widows' pensions was based; he also wrote a defence of the Methodist movement in 1742, and Zeal for the Civil and Religious Interests of Mankind Commended (1754). In 1755 the government commissioned Webster to obtain data for the first census of Scotland, which he carried out in the same year. In 1753 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In 1771 he was appointed a Dean of the Chapel Royal and Chaplain in Ordinary to George III in Scotland. In 1775 he is listed as living on Castlehill, at the top of the Royal Mile. Socially, despite his 'High Flying' Evangelical position in the Kirk, he was a convivial man, known as Bonum Magnum for his capacity for claret. His wife's nephew Boswell often mentions dining with the family. He died in Edinburgh on 25 January 1784 and is buried beside Mary in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh, in a now-unmarked grave. Family James Boswell and Samuel Johnson plaque, Edinburgh In June 1737 he was married to Mary Erskine (d.1766), daughter of Col. John Erskine of Alva. They had several children. His two eldest sons, John (b. 1738) and James (b. 1740), served in the American Revolutionary War. John was a Captain in the 4th Regiment of Foot. James ('Jamie') was especially well regarded as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 33rd Foot, Lord Cornwallis's own regiment, and acting Brigadier. When he died of wounds after the battle of Guilford Courthouse in 1781, Cornwallis wrote a touching letter of condolence to Alexander Webster. The third son, George Webster (1744-1794) served as paymaster in the HEICS and died in Bengal. William Webster (1750-1767) died in his youth. His eldest daughter Ann (1752-1786) married Captain Eyre Robert Mingay of the 66th Regiment of Foot Alexander Webster (1754-1782) first mate on the East Indiaman "Dutton" - died at sea Basil Webster (1757-1759) died in infancy Mary's sister Euphemia Erskine, was the mother of James Boswell and Boswell visited the family on Castlehill with his friend Dr Johnson. A plaque on the building makes reference to Boswell but not to Webster. Webster wrote of his wife Mary: When I see thee, I love thee, but hearing adore, I wonder, and think you a woman no more; Till, mad with admiring, I cannot contain, And, kissing those lips, find you woman again. References ^ Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae; by Hew Scott ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Webster, Alexander". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 459. ^ National Records of Scotland Web Team (31 May 2013). "National Records of Scotland". National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ "Volume 44 - Scottish population statistics, including Webster's Analysis of population, 1755 - Series 3 - National Library of Scotland". digital.nls.uk. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ Williamson, Peter (9 June 1775). "Williamson's directory for the city of Edinburgh, Canongate, Leith, and suburbs, from June 1775, to June 1776 ..." Edinburgh: : Printed by and for Peter Williamson ... – via Internet Archive. ^ The London Gazette. Issue 10796 Sources Robert Chambers, Traditions of Edinburgh, 1824. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Belgium United States Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Webster (New York politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Webster_(New_York_politician)"},{"link_name":"Alex Webster (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Webster_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Webster (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Webster_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Webster (boxer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Webster_(boxer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Webster_Caricature.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kay_(caricaturist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Culross_Abbey_(Parish_Church),_Fife.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Giles%27_from_Parliament_Square.png"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland"}],"text":"This article is about the Scottish writer. For the New York politician, see Alexander Webster (New York politician). For the American football player, see Alex Webster (American football). For the Australian cricketer, see Alexander Webster (cricketer). For the South African boxer, see Alexander Webster (boxer).Caricature (published 1785) by John Kay depicting Alexander Webster preaching to a congregation filled with people notorious for never coming to church.Culross Parish Church, FifeSt Giles' from Parliament SquareAlexander Webster (1707 – 25 January 1784) was a Scottish writer and minister of the Church of Scotland, who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1753. After his service as Moderator he was addressed as Very Rev Dr Alexander Webster.","title":"Alexander Webster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"St Giles Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University"},{"link_name":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culross"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"St Giles Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"actuarial calculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Chapel Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Royal"},{"link_name":"Chaplain in Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Household"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Greyfriars Kirkyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars_Kirkyard"}],"text":"He was born in Edinburgh in 1707, the son of Rev James Webster, second charge of Tolbooth parish in St Giles Cathedral and a covenanting minister, originally from Fife. Alexander was educated at the High School of Edinburgh then studied at Edinburgh University. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Haddington in March 1733.[1]In September 1733 Alexander was ordained as minister of the Church of Scotland at Culross Parish Church in western Fife. On 2 June 1737 he was translated to Tolbooth parish, one of the four parishes contained in St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh.He propounded a scheme in 1742 for providing pensions for the widows of ministers. The tables which he drew up from information obtained from all the presbyteries of Scotland were based on a system of actuarial calculation that supplied a precedent followed by insurance companies in modern times for reckoning averages of longevity.[2]Webster published in 1748 his Calculations, setting forth the principles on which his scheme for widows' pensions was based; he also wrote a defence of the Methodist movement in 1742, and Zeal for the Civil and Religious Interests of Mankind Commended (1754).[2]In 1755 the government commissioned Webster to obtain data for the first census of Scotland, which he carried out in the same year.[3][4] In 1753 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. In 1771 he was appointed a Dean of the Chapel Royal and Chaplain in Ordinary to George III in Scotland.[2]In 1775 he is listed as living on Castlehill, at the top of the Royal Mile.[5]Socially, despite his 'High Flying' Evangelical position in the Kirk, he was a convivial man, known as Bonum Magnum for his capacity for claret. His wife's nephew Boswell often mentions dining with the family.He died in Edinburgh on 25 January 1784 and is buried beside Mary in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh, in a now-unmarked grave.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Boswell_and_Samuel_Johnson_plaque,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva,_Clackmannanshire"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Webster_(officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Lord Cornwallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis"},{"link_name":"battle of Guilford Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"66th Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"first mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_mate"},{"link_name":"East Indiaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indiaman"},{"link_name":"James Boswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Boswell"}],"text":"James Boswell and Samuel Johnson plaque, EdinburghIn June 1737 he was married to Mary Erskine (d.1766), daughter of Col. John Erskine of Alva. They had several children.His two eldest sons, John (b. 1738) and James (b. 1740), served in the American Revolutionary War. John was a Captain in the 4th Regiment of Foot. James ('Jamie') was especially well regarded as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 33rd Foot, Lord Cornwallis's own regiment, and acting Brigadier. When he died of wounds after the battle of Guilford Courthouse in 1781, Cornwallis wrote a touching letter of condolence to Alexander Webster.\nThe third son, George Webster (1744-1794) served as paymaster in the HEICS and died in Bengal.\nWilliam Webster (1750-1767) died in his youth.\nHis eldest daughter Ann (1752-1786) married Captain Eyre Robert Mingay of the 66th Regiment of Foot[6]\nAlexander Webster (1754-1782) first mate on the East Indiaman \"Dutton\" - died at sea\nBasil Webster (1757-1759) died in infancyMary's sister Euphemia Erskine, was the mother of James Boswell and Boswell visited the family on Castlehill with his friend Dr Johnson. A plaque on the building makes reference to Boswell but not to Webster.Webster wrote of his wife Mary:When I see thee, I love thee, but hearing adore,\nI wonder, and think you a woman no more;\nTill, mad with admiring, I cannot contain,\nAnd, kissing those lips, find you woman again.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chambers_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4720349#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/169468/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000115998852"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/16194664"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRWxTt9XQtYv44MVvrbd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10648129z"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10648129z"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14187369"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85067256"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p339713984"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rb77pm"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/133243656"}],"text":"Robert Chambers, Traditions of Edinburgh, 1824.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nBelgium\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laleh_Pourkarim
Laleh (singer)
["1 Background and personal life","2 Music career","2.1 2003–2005: Early career and Laleh","2.2 2006–2010: Prinsessor and Me and Simon","2.3 2011–2012: Så mycket bättre and Sjung","2.4 2013–2015: Colors and working in the United States","2.5 2016–2021: Kristaller, Vänta! and Postcards","2.6 2022-present: New record label and Vatten","3 Discography","4 Awards and nominations","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Swedish singer (born 1982) LalehLaleh in 2014Background informationBirth nameLaleh PourkarimBorn (1982-06-10) 10 June 1982 (age 42)Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan, IranOriginHammarkullen, Gothenburg, SwedenGenresPopfolkOccupation(s)Singersongwriterrecord producerguitaristpianistrecord company managerInstrument(s)VocalsguitarpianokeyboardssaxophonedrumsYears active2000–2006 (actress)2003–present (singer)LabelsWarner Music SwedenIslandUniversal Music SwedenWebsitelaleh.seMusical artist Laleh Pourkarim (Persian: لاله پورکریم, IPA: ; born 10 June 1982), known mononymously as Laleh (Swedish: ), is a Swedish singer-songwriter, record producer, guitarist, pianist, and record company manager. Following a short acting career, she entered the music industry in 2005 with her self-titled debut album, which peaked at number one in Sweden and went on to become that country's highest selling album of the year. She has since released eight further studio albums. She has sung in both English and Swedish, in addition to her parents' native tongue, Persian. In 2011, she participated in the Swedish television show Så mycket bättre, which sees a number of artists create new interpretations of the others' songs. Her performances on the show were lauded by both critics and the public. Following the show, it was noted in the media that she had been given "a second breakthrough". Her 2012 album, Sjung, yielded the international hit "Some Die Young", which became closely associated as a song of remembrance in the aftermath of the 2011 Norwegian attacks, and was certified fourteen times platinum in Norway, double platinum in Sweden and provided Laleh her second chart-hit in Denmark and first in Austria, Finland and Germany. Colors, was released across Scandinavia in October 2013. She signed an international deal with Island Records in January 2014, leading to the release of the Boom EP and a number of songwriting and production credits for artists including Shawn Mendes, Adam Lambert, Demi Lovato, and Ellie Goulding. In 2016 she released the album Kristaller and in 2019 the album Vänta!. Her most recent album, 2022's Vatten, was her first release in conjunction with Universal Music Sweden. Background and personal life Laleh was born in the Northern Iranian harbour town of Bandar-e Anzali, but fled the country in 1983 with her parents to live in Azerbaijan, and later moving on to Minsk and a refugee camp in Tidaholm. Laleh (لاله) is the Persian word for tulip, a popular girl's name as well a common symbol in Iranian culture. She moved to Sweden when she was eight (she has dual citizenship), and in her teenage years moved to Gothenburg to attend school in the multicultural district of Angered. At Hvitfeldtska High School she was enrolled in the music program, growing up with classical music, ballet and circus music. She was later interested in punk, reggae and jazz music. She also learned to play guitar, and as a teenager formed a jazz ensemble with her music teacher named Bejola. She went on to teach herself to play percussion and saxophone. She is the daughter of Houshang Pourkarim, who died in 1994. An opponent of the Islamic regime in Tehran, he was an artist, journalist and prominent Iranian ethnologist and rural sociologist from Bandar-e Anzali. During her appearance on Så mycket bättre, she discussed her tough childhood, moving from country to country, and how she witnessed her father's death. At a summer camp in 1994, he tried to rescue a woman who had fallen from her canoe into the water. As Houshang paddled out to help her, the canoe overturned. The woman survived but Laleh's father drowned. Laleh's mother, Atefe, was a refugee from Georgia via Azerbaijan before she went to Iran to study comparative literature at the University of Tehran. Once the family arrived in Sweden, Laleh learned Swedish in eleven days, according to a media account of her biography. Beginning her career in acting, she had a major role in the Swedish movie Jalla! Jalla!, directed by Josef Fares, which was a big success at the Swedish box office in 2000. Laleh moved to Stockholm in 2010 after living in Skellefteå for two years. Until 2011 she was known for her reluctance to give interviews, but more recently she has been more accessible to the media, including appearing on talk shows and other TV programs, a move that has benefited her career. Music career 2003–2005: Early career and Laleh Laleh began her music career in 2003. She founded her own production and publishing company 'Lost Army' and signed a recording and distribution contract with Warner Music Sweden before recording her first studio album. The sound of her early songs have been compared to adult contemporary artists such as Sting and Seal. She wrote, performed, and produced her self-titled debut, which was released in the spring of 2005 and saw a percentage of the proceeds go to charity. It became the highest selling album of the year with a recorded seventy-one weeks in the top sixty and reached number one on the Swedish chart. Critical praise was heaped on the album upon its release, although some noted that the album was too sprawling and genre-hopping. The first single from the album was "Invisible (My Song)", which peaked at number seven in Sweden in February 2012. Follow-up "Storebror" failed to chart, but next single, "Live Tomorrow" had even greater success than "Invisible" and ended up at the top of Sveriges Radio P3's radio show "Tracks" (Trackslistan) for several weeks. It peaked at number twenty on the Sverigetopplistan and also charted in Denmark. During 2005 she won numerous awards, including at the Swedish Grammis, where she received seven nominations and picked up three wins, including Artist of the Year, Producer of the Year, and New Artist of the Year. She was also nominated four times at the 2006 P3 Guld Awards and won Newcomer of the Year and Best Female Artist. 2006–2010: Prinsessor and Me and Simon Laleh on stage in June 2009 Laleh performing at Landskrona in 2010 In 2006, Prinsessor ("Princesses") was released and peaked at number three on the Swedish album chart. The album stayed on the chart for twenty-nine weeks, but failed to yield any charting singles, despite four releases. Unlike its predecessor which won numerous awards, Prinsessor, was met with mixed reviews from Swedish critics, who saw the album as far too sprawling and sensed a loss of her "uniqueness". After taking a break, Laleh returned to release her third studio album in 2009, Me and Simon. It contained a more folk pop sound than previous rock or soul-tinged tracks which has been attributed to the surroundings of moving from a big city to the northern Swedish town of Skellefteå in 2006. One of the nature reserves in the town was her inspiration for "Bjurö klubb". It was met with mixed to positive reviews by Swedish critics. The first single released from the album "Simon Says" peaked at number forty-one on the Swedish Singles Chart. Due to strong downloads from the album, the first track from the LP, "Big City Love", also charted at number thirty-two. It was later released as a single in May 2009 but failed to return to the chart. Two further releases, "Bjurö klubb" and "Mysteries" failed to chart at the time. During these years, Laleh toured in several Scandinavian countries, Britain and Germany but has previously hinted that she is hesitant to launch overseas, saying she wants to be more prepared and develop fully as an artist. 2011–2012: Så mycket bättre and Sjung In 2011 she took part in the second season of Swedish reality TV show Så mycket bättre (So much better) on TV4. The show puts well-known Swedish musicians up against each other to create new interpretations of the other artists songs. She participated along with Timbuktu, Eva Dahlgren, Lena Philipsson, E-Type, Tomas Ledin and Mikael Wiehe and soon emerged as the favourite with her cover versions regularly topping the Swedish iTunes download charts and the official Sverigetopplistan downloads chart following the release of the weekly compilations of the week's covers from the show. Laleh's cover of Eva Dahlgren "Ängeln I Rummet" (Angel in the Room) reached number six on the official Swedish Singles Chart whilst topping the downloads chart in December 2011 to become her most successful song in Sweden to date in terms of peak chart position and until the release of "Some Die Young" sales too. Similarly her renditions of Tomas Ledin's "Just Nu" (Right Now) and Timbuktu's "Alla vill till himmelen men ingen vill dö" (Everyone wants to go to heaven but nobody wants to die) peaked at number 25, whilst "Here I Go Again" peaked at number one on the digital chart. During the showings of Så mycket bättre, Laleh broke a Swedish digital chart record by having ten songs on the top sixty list, including nine inside the top 40, as a number of catalogue songs returned to the chart, including the first placement for "Bjurö klubb". Additionally two interpretations of her songs by other artists appeared, bringing a total of twelve songs with her involvement in the chart at once. Tolkningarna (Interpretations), an extended play of all of the songs she performed on the show was released digitally on 25 December 2011 and was also bundled with the physical release of her following studio album. Her fourth studio album was originally due to be released in December 2011 to coincide with her appearance on Så mycket bättre, but was postponed due to scheduling difficulties with the show. The name, artwork, release date and track listing of the album were announced in December. Sjung ("Sing") was released on 25 January 2012 across Scandinavia to positive reviews, with "Some Die Young" serving as the lead single, released three days earlier. The album peaked at number one on the Swedish chart for four weeks, and also charted at number one in Norway. The single peaked at number nine on the Swedish Singles Chart and number one in Norway for eight consecutive weeks, later certified fourteen times platinum in the latter country by IFPI. The song became closely associated with the period of national mourning amidst the 2011 Norway attacks, with newspaper articles, university lectures and a number of fan videos to this effect emerging. Laleh was invited to perform as one of only two international artists at the official memorial concert in Oslo on the first anniversary of the event in 2012, and later performed the song at the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert. "Vårens Första Dag" was released as the album's second single in May 2012. A tour to promote the album included fifteen dates across Sweden between March and April 2012, and one event in Oslo, Norway. The tour was successful, with generally sold-out venues, with the Gothenburg concert with 6.400 attendants as the top event. She did a festival tour in Sweden and Norway during the summer of 2012. 2013–2015: Colors and working in the United States Her fifth studio album, Colors, was released in the autumn of 2013 across Scandinavia, achieving success across Sweden and Norway. In interviews before the album, she stated her intention to challenge herself to create a more cohesive record that didn't spread as much as previous productions. However, Laleh was unable to promote the album as intended. Three days after the album release, her mother passed away from cancer, and large parts of the promotional plans had to be cancelled. In the autumn of 2014, the documentary Jag är inte beredd att dö än (I am not ready to die yet) premiered in cinemas. The film, directed by Fredrik Egerstrand and Kalle Gustafsson Jerneholm, is a 75-minute long portrait of Laleh's music, background, relationship with their mother and thoughts about life and creation. The film was recorded over two years. This period marked the first steps of launching Laleh's career outside of Scandinavia. In July 2013, Laleh signed with Universal Music Germany. Her first release in the German-speaking territories was a re-worked version of "Some Die Young", issued on 30 August 2013 alongside a new version of the music video. It became her first song to chart in Germany and achieved top ten success in Austria. In 2014 she moved to Los Angeles, signing with Island Records and releasing the EP Boom in September of the same year. In November 2014 she was invited to record a version of "Chiquitita" as part of a project by ABBA The Museum in support of UNICEF, subsequently performing the interpretation at the UN General Assembly on 20 November 2014. In 2015 she played a series of concerts at The Hotel Café in Los Angeles and at South by Southwest in Austin. Her song "Speaking of Truth" was featured in the E! Channel original scripted series The Royals in March 2015. In 2015, Laleh co-wrote "Stone Cold", "Yes" and "Father" from Demi Lovato's fifth studio album, Confident, and two songs for Tori Kelly's first album Unbreakable Smile. She co-wrote, produced and featured on Adam Lambert's 2016 single "Welcome to the Show". Lambert and Laleh performed the single live on American Idol. 2016–2021: Kristaller, Vänta! and Postcards While living in US, she wrote, recorded, and produced a new album, Kristaller ("Crystals"), with ten songs, five of which were in Swedish. The album's lead single, "Bara få va mig själv" ("Just be myself"), became Laleh's most successful release in Sweden, gaining 4x Platinum certification. The song was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2017 Grammis, whilst Laleh was nominated for Composer of the Year, won Producer of the Year for the second time in her career, and also won Pop of the Year for the album. In late 2016 she toured in Sweden, performing in indoor arenas, including selling out the Globen. Her show included a symphony orchestra. Two further studio albums were released in 2019 and 2020, Vänta! ("Wait!") and Postcards respectively. The latter is a collection of songs previously written and produced with established international artists in newly acoustic arrangements. 2022-present: New record label and Vatten In 2022, Laleh established a new production company, publishing company, and label, Palang, which is the Persian word for Leopard. The company is backed by the Universal Music Group, marking the end of Laleh's relationship with Warner Music Sweden that had remained since her debut. Laleh has explained that the intention of the new company is to create a producer/songwriter hub supporting other Swedish artists, in particular women who are under-represented in pop music production. The first signing was Swedish duo Grandi. Laleh's first release under this new arrangement was the single "Leopard", followed by the album Vatten ("Water") on 25 March 2022, becoming her third number one on the Swedish album chart. On her 40th birthday in 2022, Laleh became the first Swedish female to headline the Ullevi stadium in Gothenburg. When the tickets were released, 15,000 were sold in the first hour. The concert, which featured orchestration from the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, was broadcast on SVT1 on 2 January 2023 and made available on SVT Play on 28 December 2022. An accompanying documentary directed by Sara Aren going behind the scenes of the concert preparations was also broadcast on SVT2 on 30 December 2022 under the title Laleh – välkommen hem (Laleh - Welcome Home). In the summer of 2023, Laleh will go on tour for the first time in four years, with a further concert at the Ullevi, alongside a similarly historic show at Tele2 Arena in Stockholm, once again becoming the first Swedish female solo act to headline at the venue. Discography Main article: Laleh Pourkarim discography Studio albums 2005: Laleh 2006: Prinsessor 2009: Me and Simon 2012: Sjung 2013: Colors 2016: Kristaller 2019: Vänta! 2019: Postcards (Songs Created For and With Friends) 2022: Vatten Extended plays 2011: Tolkningarna 2014: Boom 2020: Vatten Awards and nominations Year Ceremony Category Title Result 2005 Rockbjörnen Awards Swedish Song of the Year "Live Tomorrow" Nominated Swedish Female Artist of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Won Swedish Album of the Year "Laleh" Nominated Swedish Newcomer Laleh Pourkarim Won Grammis Awards Album of the Year "Laleh" Nominated Artist of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Won New Artist of the Year Won Composer of the Year Nominated Producer of the Year Won Lyricist of the Year Nominated Ballad of the Year "Live Tomorrow" Nominated 2006 P3 Guld Awards Newcomer of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Won Gold Fox Award (Best Live Act) Nominated Year's Female Artist "Laleh" Won Year's Best Single "Live Tomorrow" Nominated Taubesällskapet Evert Taube Scholarship Laleh Pourkarim Won 2008 Grammis Awards Female Artist of the Year Laleh Pourkarim (for Princessor) Nominated Producer of the Year Laleh Pourkarim (for Princessor) Nominated 2010 Female Artist of the Year Laleh Pourkarim (for Me and Simon) Nominated 2012 Gaygalan Awards Artist of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Won Swedish Song of the Year "Ängeln I Rummet" Nominated Ulla Billquist Prize Ulla Billquist Scholarship Laleh Pourkarim Won Swedish Publisher Prize Lyricist of the year Won 2013 P3 Guld Awards The Gold MIc (Best Live Act) Laleh Nominated Grammis Awards Song of the Year "Some Die Young" Nominated Composer of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Nominated Pop Artist of the Year Nominated Lyricist of the Year Nominated Swedish Radio Chart Prize Artist of the Year Laleh Won Song of the Year "Some Die Young" Won Composer of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Won 2016 STIM Platinum Guitar songwriters' award Laleh Pourkarim Won Sten A. Olsson cultural scholarship Musician Award Laleh Pourkarim Won 2017 P3 Guld Awards Artist of the Year Laleh Nominated Song of the Year "Bara få va mig själv" Nominated Gaygalan Awards Swedish Song of the Year "Bara få va mig själv" Won Grammis Awards Song of the Year "Bara få va mig själv" Nominated Composer of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Nominated Pop of the Year Kristaller Won Producer of the Year Laleh Pourkarim Won 2019 Natur & Kultur cultural award Cultural prize Laleh Pourkarim Won See also List of famous Persian women List of Swedes in music List of Universal Music Group artists Swedish pop music Notes 1 This refers to the Swedish DigiListan chart which counts music sold and distributed online only. The record on the Sverigetopplistan belongs to songs from Satan i gatan by Veronica Maggio which managed eleven simultaneously charting songs in the top thirty six months earlier. References ^ "Drums & Så Mkt Bättre" (in Swedish). Laleh.se. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h Letmark, Peter (11 December 2011). "Jag är både helgon och djävul" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 4 January 2012. ^ Fredriksson, Karin (9 April 2005). "Begåvad men spretig debut". Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Helsingborgs Dagblad. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ "Laleh gör succé med låtarna från "Så mycket bättre"". Expressen (in Swedish). Bonnier Group. 13 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ Backman, Dan (25 January 2012). "Laleh är så mycket bättre". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Schibsted. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ Ommundsen, Åse Marie (31 December 2013). "Nasjonal traumebearbeiding i sanglyrikk for barn og unge etter 22/7". Barnelitterært forskningstidsskrift (in Norwegian). 4. doi:10.3402/blft.v4i0.23537. hdl:10642/1821. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Best Of All Time". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2013. ^ a b "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Some Die Young". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 16 January 2013. ^ "About Palang". Palang. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Laleh – Vatten". Discogs. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Beauty unbound: Flowers in Iranian culture". Tehran Times. 15 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ a b "Laleh Pourkarim: A girl from northern Iran". Shomaliha (in Persian). Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "laleh pa Nojestorget". Nojestorget. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ a b "Laleh". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ "Svenska filminstitutet – Laleh Pourkarim". sfi.se. Retrieved 14 June 2009. ^ "Laleh kommer till P3 Guld". Sveriges Radio P3 (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ "Laleh: "Laleh"". Expressen (in Swedish). Bonnier Group. 7 April 2005. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Laleh". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "6 recensioner av Laleh: Laleh" (in Swedish). Kritiker.se. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Invisible (My Song)". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ "Trackslistan 1 Oktober 2005". sr.se. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2009. ^ "danishcharts.dk – Laleh – Live Tomorrow". danishcharts.dk. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ a b "Fler artister till "Så mycket bättre"" (in Swedish). Gaffa. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ^ a b "Vinnare & nominerade artister 2006 – P3 Guld 2006 – P3 Guld 2012". Sveriges Radio. 3 January 2012. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Discography Laleh". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2011. ^ "12 recensioner av Laleh: Prinsessor" (in Swedish). Kritiker.se. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "29 recensioner av Laleh: Me and Simon" (in Swedish). Kritiker.se. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Simon Says". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Big City Love". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ a b "DigiListan 2011-12-04". Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Änglen I Rummet". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Just nu". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Alla vill till himmelen men ingen vill dö". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011. ^ "Nu har Laleh slagit rekord!". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 11 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011. ^ "25 recensioner av Laleh: Sjung" (in Swedish). Kritiker.se. Retrieved 27 January 2012. ^ "iTunes – Music – Some Die Young – Single by Laleh". iTunes (in Swedish). 22 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012. ^ "swedishcharts.com – Laleh – Some Die Young". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 February 2012. ^ "IFPI". IFPI Norge. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ Ommundsen, Åse Marie (31 December 2013). "Nasjonal traumebearbeiding i sanglyrikk for barn og unge etter 22/7". Barnelitterært forskningstidsskrift (in Norwegian). 4. doi:10.3402/blft.v4i0.23537. hdl:10642/1821. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ "Hennes låt blev hela Norges tröstelåt – här besöker Laleh Utøya för första gången" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ Laleh "Some die young" 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert (Television production). Oslo, Norway: Nobel Peace Prize Concert. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ Wigren, Helene (1 December 2011). "Laleh släpper skiva och åker på turné i vår". MyNewsdesk (in Swedish). Warner Music Sweden AB. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ^ "På fredagskvällen kom Laleh hem. Med en hejdundrande kraft" (in Swedish). Gp.se. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012. ^ "Laleh til Norwegian Wood!". Warner Music Norway (in Norwegian). Warner Music Norway. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ "Laleh: 'Colors'". Scandipop. London. 15 September 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ Brännström, Linus (11 September 2013). "Laleh utmanar sig själv" . Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). Gothenburg. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ Björk, Anna (21 November 2014). "Grattis Laleh, du är Årets Göteborgare!" . Expressen. Stockholm. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ "Jag är inte beredd att dö än" (in Swedish). Swedish Film Institute. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ Bengtsson, Tove (27 November 2014). "Jag är inte beredd att dö än: Personligt porträtt kommer nära Laleh" . Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ Lillemägi, David (1 October 2014). "Laleh släpper nytt - satsar nu på USA" . Expressen. Stockholm. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ "Herzlich willkommen Laleh!" (in German). Universal Music Germany. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013. ^ "Laleh - Some Die Young" (in German). Universal Music Germany. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ Feeney, Nolan (25 September 2014). "Hear Swedish Singer Laleh Go 'Boom': Song Premiere". TIME. New York City. Retrieved 2 January 2023. ^ "Laleh tolkar Chiquitita och alla intäkter går till UNICEFs arbete" (in Swedish). UNICEF. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Swedish pop sensation Laleh (Laleh Pourkarim) performs on stage inside the UN General Assembly Hall at the UNICEF Launch Of The #IMAGINE Project to Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of The Rights of a Child at the United Nations in New York, NY, on November 20, 2014. (Photo by Anthony Behar/Sipa USA)". Alamy. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ @IslandRecords (9 January 2015). "Laleh's LA show last night was magical. She'll be performing @ Hotel Cafe each Wednesday in Jan.- don't miss her!" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Laleh - SXBW schedule". South by Southwest. 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ "Laleh - Past concerts". Songkick. Retrieved 3 January 2023. ^ Adam Lambert Performs "Welcome to The Show" feat. Laleh (Television production). American Idol. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Sverigetopplistan (link leads to search results. Scroll down to find the relevant information)" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ a b Anderberg, Emelie (28 February 2017). "Grammisgalan 2017 – alla vinnare" . Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ a b Horn, Daniel (15 December 2016). "De kan vinna Grammis – Kent och Laleh ligger bäst till" . GAFFA (in Swedish). Falköping. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Horn, Daniel (15 December 2016). "Lalehs konsert i Stockholm flyttas" . GAFFA (in Swedish). Falköping. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "Laleh släpper ny singel "Leopard" och startar PALANG ett nytt produktionsbolag och label med uppbackning av Universal Music" (in Swedish). MyNewsDesk. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Palang homepage". Palang. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Popduon GRANDI släpper debutsingeln "Everyone"" (in Swedish). MyNewsDesk. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "Lalehs nya album "Vatten" ute nu. Lyssna här!" (in Swedish). MyNewsDesk. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ "swedishcharts.com - Laleh - Vatten (album)". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 December 2022. ^ a b Gustafsson, Amanda (10 June 2022). "Laleh redo för historiska konserten – första svenska kvinnliga soloartist på Ullevi i Göteborg" . Sveriges Television (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ Waldeck, Lovisa (28 December 2022). "Följ med bakom kulisserna på Lalehs historiska spelning" . Sveriges Television (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Laleh på Ullevi" (in Swedish). 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Laleh – välkommen hem" . tv.nu (in Swedish). Sweden. 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Laleh presenterar sommarturné 2023 - hennes största någonsin - första svenska kvinnliga artist på Tele2 Arena" . MyNewsDesk (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Två Rockbjörnar till Laleh" . Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "Tidigare vinnare i Rockbjörnen" . Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "Evert Taube-stipendiet". Taubesallskapet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012. ^ "Laleh prisad på Gaygalan". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 7 February 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012. ^ "Laleh får Ulla Billquist-stipendium". svt.se (in Swedish). 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012. ^ "Lyricist of the year 2012". Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013. ^ "P3 Guld Awards" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 21 February 2013. ^ "Här är nomineringarna till Grammis 2013". Expressen (in Swedish). 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013. ^ "Laleh – Queen of the Swedish Charts 2012". Retrieved 21 February 2013. ^ "Laleh får Stims Platinagitarr 2016" (in Swedish). STIM. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "Pressinformation och pressinbjudan – Sten A Olssons Kulturstipendium 2016" (in Swedish). Sten A. Olssons Stiftelse för Forskning och Kultur. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "Alla nominerade till P3 Guld 2017" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio P3. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "QX-galan 2017 – Vinnarna i alla kategorier!". QX Sweden (in Swedish). 20 February 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Lindström, Frida (11 April 2019). "Laleh tilldelas stort kulturpris" . GAFFA (in Swedish). Falköping. Retrieved 6 January 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laleh. Official website vteLaleh Discography Studio albums Laleh Prinsessor Me and Simon Sjung Colors Kristaller Vänta! Postcards Vatten Singles "Live Tomorrow" "Snö" "Simon Says" "Bjurö klubb" "Some Die Young" "Vårens första dag" "Chiquitita" "Sol, vind och vatten" "Bara få va mig själv" Featured singles "Welcome to the Show" Other songs "Just nu" "Ängeln i rummet" Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany Sweden Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[lɒːˈle puːɾkæˈɾiːm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian"},{"link_name":"mononymously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mononym"},{"link_name":"[ˈlɑ̌ːlɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laleh_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HD_Laleh_review-3"},{"link_name":"Så mycket bättre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5_mycket_b%C3%A4ttre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Svenska_Dagbladet_review-5"},{"link_name":"Sjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjung"},{"link_name":"Some Die Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Die_Young"},{"link_name":"2011 Norwegian attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norway2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllTime-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdyswedishchart-8"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"Shawn Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Adam Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Demi Lovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"Ellie Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Goulding"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-songwriting-9"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vatten-10"}],"text":"Musical artistLaleh Pourkarim (Persian: لاله پورکریم, IPA: [lɒːˈle puːɾkæˈɾiːm]; born 10 June 1982), known mononymously as Laleh (Swedish: [ˈlɑ̌ːlɛ]), is a Swedish singer-songwriter, record producer, guitarist, pianist, and record company manager. Following a short acting career, she entered the music industry in 2005 with her self-titled debut album, which peaked at number one in Sweden and went on to become that country's highest selling album of the year.[2]She has since released eight further studio albums. She has sung in both English and Swedish, in addition to her parents' native tongue, Persian.[3] In 2011, she participated in the Swedish television show Så mycket bättre, which sees a number of artists create new interpretations of the others' songs. Her performances on the show were lauded by both critics and the public.[4] Following the show, it was noted in the media that she had been given \"a second breakthrough\".[5]Her 2012 album, Sjung, yielded the international hit \"Some Die Young\", which became closely associated as a song of remembrance in the aftermath of the 2011 Norwegian attacks, and was certified fourteen times platinum in Norway, double platinum in Sweden and provided Laleh her second chart-hit in Denmark and first in Austria, Finland and Germany.[6][7][8] Colors, was released across Scandinavia in October 2013. She signed an international deal with Island Records in January 2014, leading to the release of the Boom EP and a number of songwriting and production credits for artists including Shawn Mendes, Adam Lambert, Demi Lovato, and Ellie Goulding.[9] In 2016 she released the album Kristaller and in 2019 the album Vänta!. Her most recent album, 2022's Vatten, was her first release in conjunction with Universal Music Sweden.[10]","title":"Laleh (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandar-e Anzali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Tidaholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidaholm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"tulip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tt-11"},{"link_name":"common symbol in Iranian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip#Iran"},{"link_name":"dual citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Angered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angered"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shomaliha1-12"},{"link_name":"Hvitfeldtska High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitfeldtska_gymnasiet"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nojestorget-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rovi-14"},{"link_name":"ethnologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shomaliha1-12"},{"link_name":"Så mycket bättre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5_mycket_b%C3%A4ttre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"University of Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tehran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Jalla! Jalla!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalla!_Jalla!"},{"link_name":"Josef Fares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Fares"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Skellefteå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Laleh was born in the Northern Iranian harbour town of Bandar-e Anzali, but fled the country in 1983 with her parents to live in Azerbaijan, and later moving on to Minsk and a refugee camp in Tidaholm.[2] Laleh (لاله) is the Persian word for tulip, a popular girl's name[11] as well a common symbol in Iranian culture. She moved to Sweden when she was eight (she has dual citizenship), and in her teenage years moved to Gothenburg to attend school in the multicultural district of Angered.[12]At Hvitfeldtska High School she was enrolled in the music program, growing up with classical music, ballet and circus music. She was later interested in punk, reggae and jazz music.[13] She also learned to play guitar, and as a teenager formed a jazz ensemble with her music teacher named Bejola. She went on to teach herself to play percussion and saxophone.[14]She is the daughter of Houshang Pourkarim, who died in 1994. An opponent of the Islamic regime in Tehran, he was an artist, journalist and prominent Iranian ethnologist and rural sociologist from Bandar-e Anzali.[12] During her appearance on Så mycket bättre, she discussed her tough childhood, moving from country to country, and how she witnessed her father's death. At a summer camp in 1994, he tried to rescue a woman who had fallen from her canoe into the water. As Houshang paddled out to help her, the canoe overturned. The woman survived but Laleh's father drowned.[2] Laleh's mother, Atefe, was a refugee from Georgia via Azerbaijan before she went to Iran to study comparative literature at the University of Tehran. Once the family arrived in Sweden, Laleh learned Swedish in eleven days, according to a media account of her biography.[2]Beginning her career in acting, she had a major role in the Swedish movie Jalla! Jalla!, directed by Josef Fares, which was a big success at the Swedish box office in 2000.[15] Laleh moved to Stockholm in 2010 after living in Skellefteå for two years. Until 2011 she was known for her reluctance to give interviews,[2] but more recently she has been more accessible to the media, including appearing on talk shows and other TV programs, a move that has benefited her career.[citation needed]","title":"Background and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rovi-14"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laleh_(album)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kritiker_Laleh-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Live Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Sveriges Radio P3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio_P3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Grammis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammis_2005-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P3_Guld_2006-24"}],"sub_title":"2003–2005: Early career and Laleh","text":"Laleh began her music career in 2003.[16] She founded her own production and publishing company 'Lost Army' and signed a recording and distribution contract with Warner Music Sweden before recording her first studio album. The sound of her early songs have been compared to adult contemporary artists such as Sting and Seal.[14] She wrote, performed, and produced her self-titled debut, which was released in the spring of 2005 and saw a percentage of the proceeds go to charity.[17] It became the highest selling album of the year with a recorded seventy-one weeks in the top sixty and reached number one on the Swedish chart.[2][18] Critical praise was heaped on the album upon its release, although some noted that the album was too sprawling and genre-hopping.[19] The first single from the album was \"Invisible (My Song)\", which peaked at number seven in Sweden in February 2012.[20] Follow-up \"Storebror\" failed to chart, but next single, \"Live Tomorrow\" had even greater success than \"Invisible\" and ended up at the top of Sveriges Radio P3's radio show \"Tracks\" (Trackslistan) for several weeks.[21] It peaked at number twenty on the Sverigetopplistan and also charted in Denmark.[22] During 2005 she won numerous awards, including at the Swedish Grammis, where she received seven nominations and picked up three wins, including Artist of the Year, Producer of the Year, and New Artist of the Year.[23] She was also nominated four times at the 2006 P3 Guld Awards and won Newcomer of the Year and Best Female Artist.[24]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laleh_2009_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laleh_100710_(Landskrona)(edit).jpg"},{"link_name":"Landskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona"},{"link_name":"Prinsessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsessor"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swedishalbumchart-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kritiker_Prinsessor-26"},{"link_name":"Me and Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_Simon"},{"link_name":"Skellefteå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Bjurö klubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjur%C3%B6_klubb"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kritiker_Me_and_Simon-27"},{"link_name":"Simon Says","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Says_(Laleh_song)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"2006–2010: Prinsessor and Me and Simon","text":"Laleh on stage in June 2009Laleh performing at Landskrona in 2010In 2006, Prinsessor (\"Princesses\") was released and peaked at number three on the Swedish album chart.[25] The album stayed on the chart for twenty-nine weeks, but failed to yield any charting singles, despite four releases. Unlike its predecessor which won numerous awards, Prinsessor, was met with mixed reviews from Swedish critics, who saw the album as far too sprawling and sensed a loss of her \"uniqueness\".[26]After taking a break, Laleh returned to release her third studio album in 2009, Me and Simon. It contained a more folk pop sound than previous rock or soul-tinged tracks which has been attributed to the surroundings of moving from a big city to the northern Swedish town of Skellefteå in 2006. One of the nature reserves in the town was her inspiration for \"Bjurö klubb\".[2] It was met with mixed to positive reviews by Swedish critics.[27] The first single released from the album \"Simon Says\" peaked at number forty-one on the Swedish Singles Chart.[28] Due to strong downloads from the album, the first track from the LP, \"Big City Love\", also charted at number thirty-two.[29] It was later released as a single in May 2009 but failed to return to the chart. Two further releases, \"Bjurö klubb\" and \"Mysteries\" failed to chart at the time.During these years, Laleh toured in several Scandinavian countries, Britain and Germany but has previously hinted that she is hesitant to launch overseas, saying she wants to be more prepared and develop fully as an artist.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Så mycket bättre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5_mycket_b%C3%A4ttre"},{"link_name":"TV4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV4_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Eva Dahlgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Dahlgren"},{"link_name":"Lena Philipsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Philipsson"},{"link_name":"E-Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Type_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tomas Ledin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Ledin"},{"link_name":"Mikael Wiehe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Wiehe"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digi-30"},{"link_name":"Some Die Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Die_Young"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Just Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_nu!"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digi-30"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_reference_name_A1"},{"link_name":"Bjurö klubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjur%C3%B6_klubb"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digirecord-34"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-2"},{"link_name":"Sjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjung"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kritiker_Sjung-35"},{"link_name":"Some Die Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Die_Young"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Some_Die_Young-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Some_Die_Charting-37"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2011 Norway attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Vårens Första Dag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5rens_F%C3%B6rsta_Dag"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sjung_press_release-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norwegian_wood-44"}],"sub_title":"2011–2012: Så mycket bättre and Sjung","text":"In 2011 she took part in the second season of Swedish reality TV show Så mycket bättre (So much better) on TV4. The show puts well-known Swedish musicians up against each other to create new interpretations of the other artists songs. She participated along with Timbuktu, Eva Dahlgren, Lena Philipsson, E-Type, Tomas Ledin and Mikael Wiehe and soon emerged as the favourite with her cover versions regularly topping the Swedish iTunes download charts and the official Sverigetopplistan downloads chart following the release of the weekly compilations of the week's covers from the show.[30] Laleh's cover of Eva Dahlgren \"Ängeln I Rummet\" (Angel in the Room) reached number six on the official Swedish Singles Chart whilst topping the downloads chart in December 2011 to become her most successful song in Sweden to date in terms of peak chart position and until the release of \"Some Die Young\" sales too.[31] Similarly her renditions of Tomas Ledin's \"Just Nu\" (Right Now) and Timbuktu's \"Alla vill till himmelen men ingen vill dö\" (Everyone wants to go to heaven but nobody wants to die) peaked at number 25,[32][33] whilst \"Here I Go Again\" peaked at number one on the digital chart.[30] During the showings of Så mycket bättre, Laleh broke a Swedish digital chart record[a] by having ten songs on the top sixty list, including nine inside the top 40, as a number of catalogue songs returned to the chart, including the first placement for \"Bjurö klubb\". Additionally two interpretations of her songs by other artists appeared, bringing a total of twelve songs with her involvement in the chart at once.[34] Tolkningarna (Interpretations), an extended play of all of the songs she performed on the show was released digitally on 25 December 2011 and was also bundled with the physical release of her following studio album.Her fourth studio album was originally due to be released in December 2011 to coincide with her appearance on Så mycket bättre, but was postponed due to scheduling difficulties with the show.[2] The name, artwork, release date and track listing of the album were announced in December. Sjung (\"Sing\") was released on 25 January 2012 across Scandinavia to positive reviews,[35] with \"Some Die Young\" serving as the lead single, released three days earlier.[36] The album peaked at number one on the Swedish chart for four weeks, and also charted at number one in Norway. The single peaked at number nine on the Swedish Singles Chart and number one in Norway for eight consecutive weeks,[37] later certified fourteen times platinum in the latter country by IFPI.[38] The song became closely associated with the period of national mourning amidst the 2011 Norway attacks, with newspaper articles, university lectures and a number of fan videos to this effect emerging.[39] Laleh was invited to perform as one of only two international artists at the official memorial concert in Oslo on the first anniversary of the event in 2012, and later performed the song at the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert.[40][41] \"Vårens Första Dag\" was released as the album's second single in May 2012.A tour to promote the album included fifteen dates across Sweden between March and April 2012,[42] and one event in Oslo, Norway. The tour was successful, with generally sold-out venues, with the Gothenburg concert with 6.400 attendants as the top event.[43]\nShe did a festival tour in Sweden and Norway during the summer of 2012.[44]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_(Laleh_album)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gp130911-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expressen2014award-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jag_%C3%A4r_inte_beredd_att_d%C3%B6_%C3%A4n-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jag_%C3%A4r_inte_beredd_att_d%C3%B6_%C3%A4n_2-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expressen_US_launch-50"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalehgermany-51"},{"link_name":"German-speaking territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDY_Germany-52"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdyswedishchart-8"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Chiquitita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitita"},{"link_name":"ABBA The Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA_The_Museum"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"UN General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"The Hotel Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hotel_Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"South by Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sxsw-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-songkick-58"},{"link_name":"The Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royals_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stone Cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cold_(Demi_Lovato_song)"},{"link_name":"Demi Lovato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"Confident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confident_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tori Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_Smile"},{"link_name":"Adam Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Show_(song)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"2013–2015: Colors and working in the United States","text":"Her fifth studio album, Colors, was released in the autumn of 2013 across Scandinavia, achieving success across Sweden and Norway.[45] In interviews before the album, she stated her intention to challenge herself to create a more cohesive record that didn't spread as much as previous productions.[46] However, Laleh was unable to promote the album as intended. Three days after the album release, her mother passed away from cancer, and large parts of the promotional plans had to be cancelled.[47]In the autumn of 2014, the documentary Jag är inte beredd att dö än (I am not ready to die yet) premiered in cinemas.[48] The film, directed by Fredrik Egerstrand and Kalle Gustafsson Jerneholm, is a 75-minute long portrait of Laleh's music, background, relationship with their mother and thoughts about life and creation. The film was recorded over two years.[49]This period marked the first steps of launching Laleh's career outside of Scandinavia.[50] In July 2013, Laleh signed with Universal Music Germany.[51] Her first release in the German-speaking territories was a re-worked version of \"Some Die Young\", issued on 30 August 2013 alongside a new version of the music video.[52] It became her first song to chart in Germany and achieved top ten success in Austria.[8]In 2014 she moved to Los Angeles, signing with Island Records and releasing the EP Boom in September of the same year.[53] In November 2014 she was invited to record a version of \"Chiquitita\" as part of a project by ABBA The Museum in support of UNICEF, subsequently performing the interpretation at the UN General Assembly on 20 November 2014.[54][55] In 2015 she played a series of concerts at The Hotel Café in Los Angeles and at South by Southwest in Austin.[56][57][58] Her song \"Speaking of Truth\" was featured in the E! Channel original scripted series The Royals in March 2015. In 2015, Laleh co-wrote \"Stone Cold\", \"Yes\" and \"Father\" from Demi Lovato's fifth studio album, Confident, and two songs for Tori Kelly's first album Unbreakable Smile. She co-wrote, produced and featured on Adam Lambert's 2016 single \"Welcome to the Show\". Lambert and Laleh performed the single live on American Idol.[59]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Grammis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammis"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammis17win-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammis17nominations-62"},{"link_name":"Globen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicii_Arena"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globen2016-63"}],"sub_title":"2016–2021: Kristaller, Vänta! and Postcards","text":"While living in US, she wrote, recorded, and produced a new album, Kristaller (\"Crystals\"), with ten songs, five of which were in Swedish. The album's lead single, \"Bara få va mig själv\" (\"Just be myself\"), became Laleh's most successful release in Sweden, gaining 4x Platinum certification.[60] The song was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2017 Grammis, whilst Laleh was nominated for Composer of the Year, won Producer of the Year for the second time in her career, and also won Pop of the Year for the album.[61][62] In late 2016 she toured in Sweden, performing in indoor arenas, including selling out the Globen. Her show included a symphony orchestra.[63]Two further studio albums were released in 2019 and 2020, Vänta! (\"Wait!\") and Postcards respectively. The latter is a collection of songs previously written and produced with established international artists in newly acoustic arrangements.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palang-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PalangWebsite-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grandi-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vatten-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Ullevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullevi"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalehUllevi-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalehUllevi-69"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"SVT1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVT1"},{"link_name":"SVT Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVT_Play"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalehsvt1-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalehsvtplayconcert-71"},{"link_name":"SVT2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVT2"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lalehdocSVT2-72"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laleh2023tour-73"}],"sub_title":"2022-present: New record label and Vatten","text":"In 2022, Laleh established a new production company, publishing company, and label, Palang, which is the Persian word for Leopard.[64] The company is backed by the Universal Music Group, marking the end of Laleh's relationship with Warner Music Sweden that had remained since her debut. Laleh has explained that the intention of the new company is to create a producer/songwriter hub supporting other Swedish artists, in particular women who are under-represented in pop music production.[65] The first signing was Swedish duo Grandi.[66] Laleh's first release under this new arrangement was the single \"Leopard\", followed by the album Vatten (\"Water\") on 25 March 2022, becoming her third number one on the Swedish album chart.[67][68]On her 40th birthday in 2022, Laleh became the first Swedish female to headline the Ullevi stadium in Gothenburg.[69] When the tickets were released, 15,000 were sold in the first hour.[69] The concert, which featured orchestration from the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, was broadcast on SVT1 on 2 January 2023 and made available on SVT Play on 28 December 2022.[70][71] An accompanying documentary directed by Sara Aren going behind the scenes of the concert preparations was also broadcast on SVT2 on 30 December 2022 under the title Laleh – välkommen hem (Laleh - Welcome Home).[72]In the summer of 2023, Laleh will go on tour for the first time in four years, with a further concert at the Ullevi, alongside a similarly historic show at Tele2 Arena in Stockholm, once again becoming the first Swedish female solo act to headline at the venue.[73]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laleh_(album)"},{"link_name":"Prinsessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsessor"},{"link_name":"Me and Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_Simon"},{"link_name":"Sjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjung"},{"link_name":"Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_(Laleh_album)"}],"text":"Studio albums2005: Laleh\n2006: Prinsessor\n2009: Me and Simon\n2012: Sjung\n2013: Colors\n2016: Kristaller\n2019: Vänta!\n2019: Postcards (Songs Created For and With Friends)\n2022: VattenExtended plays2011: Tolkningarna\n2014: Boom\n2020: Vatten","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_reference_name_A1"},{"link_name":"DigiListan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiListan"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"Satan i gatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan_i_gatan"},{"link_name":"Veronica Maggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Maggio"}],"text":"1 This refers to the Swedish DigiListan chart which counts music sold and distributed online only. The record on the Sverigetopplistan belongs to songs from Satan i gatan by Veronica Maggio which managed eleven simultaneously charting songs in the top thirty six months earlier.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Laleh on stage in June 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Laleh_2009_4.jpg/250px-Laleh_2009_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laleh performing at Landskrona in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Laleh_100710_%28Landskrona%29%28edit%29.jpg/250px-Laleh_100710_%28Landskrona%29%28edit%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of famous Persian women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famous_Persian_women"},{"title":"List of Swedes in music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedes_in_music"},{"title":"List of Universal Music Group artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Universal_Music_Group_artists"},{"title":"Swedish pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_pop_music"}]
[{"reference":"\"Drums & Så Mkt Bättre\" (in Swedish). Laleh.se. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207122504/http://laleh.se.loopiadns.com/videos/tru/","url_text":"\"Drums & Så Mkt Bättre\""},{"url":"http://laleh.se.loopiadns.com/videos/tru/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Letmark, Peter (11 December 2011). \"Jag är både helgon och djävul\" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 4 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dn.se/livsstil/intervjuer/jag-ar-bade-helgon-och-djavul/","url_text":"\"Jag är både helgon och djävul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter","url_text":"Dagens Nyheter"}]},{"reference":"Fredriksson, Karin (9 April 2005). \"Begåvad men spretig debut\". Helsingborgs Dagblad (in Swedish). Helsingborgs Dagblad. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. 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Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/hennes-lat-blev-hela-norges-trostelat-har-besoker-laleh-ut-ya-for-forsta-gangen","url_text":"\"Hennes låt blev hela Norges tröstelåt – här besöker Laleh Utøya för första gången\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"Sveriges Television"}]},{"reference":"Laleh \"Some die young\" 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert (Television production). Oslo, Norway: Nobel Peace Prize Concert. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP8j9Bx5ero","url_text":"Laleh \"Some die young\" 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Concert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert","url_text":"Nobel Peace Prize Concert"}]},{"reference":"Wigren, Helene (1 December 2011). \"Laleh släpper skiva och åker på turné i vår\". MyNewsdesk (in Swedish). Warner Music Sweden AB. 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Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/Item/?type=film&itemid=80149","url_text":"\"Jag är inte beredd att dö än\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Film_Institute","url_text":"Swedish Film Institute"}]},{"reference":"Bengtsson, Tove (27 November 2014). \"Jag är inte beredd att dö än: Personligt porträtt kommer nära Laleh\" [Jag är inte beredd att dö än: Personal portrait comes close to Laleh]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svd.se/a/6f5b13ba-a00e-389b-9dda-a59c1555ea4d/personligt-portratt-kommer-nara-laleh","url_text":"\"Jag är inte beredd att dö än: Personligt porträtt kommer nära Laleh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet","url_text":"Svenska Dagbladet"}]},{"reference":"Lillemägi, David (1 October 2014). \"Laleh släpper nytt - satsar nu på USA\" [Laleh's new release - now betting on the USA]. Expressen. Stockholm. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressen.se/noje/laleh-slapper-nytt-satsar-nu-pa-usa-9/","url_text":"\"Laleh släpper nytt - satsar nu på USA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen","url_text":"Expressen"}]},{"reference":"\"Herzlich willkommen Laleh!\" (in German). Universal Music Germany. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.universal-music.de/laleh/news/detail/article:223056/herzlich-willkommen-laleh","url_text":"\"Herzlich willkommen Laleh!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music","url_text":"Universal Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh - Some Die Young\" (in German). Universal Music Germany. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.universal-music.de/laleh/musik/some-die-young-192530","url_text":"\"Laleh - Some Die Young\""}]},{"reference":"Feeney, Nolan (25 September 2014). \"Hear Swedish Singer Laleh Go 'Boom': Song Premiere\". TIME. New York City. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/3429742/laleh-boom-premiere/","url_text":"\"Hear Swedish Singer Laleh Go 'Boom': Song Premiere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"TIME"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh tolkar Chiquitita och alla intäkter går till UNICEFs arbete\" [Laleh interprets Chiquitita and all proceeds go to UNICEF's work] (in Swedish). UNICEF. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.unicef.se/2014/11/18/laleh-tolkar-chiquitita-och-alla-intakter-gar-till-unicefs-arbete/","url_text":"\"Laleh tolkar Chiquitita och alla intäkter går till UNICEFs arbete\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF","url_text":"UNICEF"}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish pop sensation Laleh (Laleh Pourkarim) performs on stage inside the UN General Assembly Hall at the UNICEF Launch Of The #IMAGINE Project to Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of The Rights of a Child at the United Nations in New York, NY, on November 20, 2014. (Photo by Anthony Behar/Sipa USA)\". Alamy. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/swedish-pop-sensation-laleh-laleh-pourkarim-performs-on-stage-inside-the-un-general-assembly-hall-at-the-unicef-launch-of-the-imagine-project-to-celebrate-the-25th-anniversary-of-the-rights-of-a-child-at-the-united-nations-in-new-york-ny-on-november-20-2014-photo-by-anthony-beharsipa-usa-image412569260.html","url_text":"\"Swedish pop sensation Laleh (Laleh Pourkarim) performs on stage inside the UN General Assembly Hall at the UNICEF Launch Of The #IMAGINE Project to Celebrate the 25th Anniversary of The Rights of a Child at the United Nations in New York, NY, on November 20, 2014. (Photo by Anthony Behar/Sipa USA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamy","url_text":"Alamy"}]},{"reference":"@IslandRecords (9 January 2015). \"Laleh's LA show last night was magical. She'll be performing @ Hotel Cafe each Wednesday in Jan.- don't miss her!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/IslandRecords/status/553370610470883328","url_text":"\"Laleh's LA show last night was magical. She'll be performing @ Hotel Cafe each Wednesday in Jan.- don't miss her!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh - SXBW schedule\". South by Southwest. 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://schedule.sxsw.com/2015/events/event_MS32001","url_text":"\"Laleh - SXBW schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh - Past concerts\". Songkick. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songkick.com/artists/380886-laleh/gigography","url_text":"\"Laleh - Past concerts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkick","url_text":"Songkick"}]},{"reference":"Adam Lambert Performs \"Welcome to The Show\" feat. Laleh (Television production). American Idol. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/AmericanIdol/videos/adam-lambert-performs-welcome-to-the-show-feat-laleh/10156770364140601/","url_text":"Adam Lambert Performs \"Welcome to The Show\" feat. Laleh"}]},{"reference":"\"Sverigetopplistan (link leads to search results. Scroll down to find the relevant information)\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/search?query=laleh","url_text":"\"Sverigetopplistan (link leads to search results. Scroll down to find the relevant information)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"Anderberg, Emelie (28 February 2017). \"Grammisgalan 2017 – alla vinnare\" [Grammy Awards 2017 - all the winners]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/ooMXW/grammisgalan-2017--alla-vinnare","url_text":"\"Grammisgalan 2017 – alla vinnare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"}]},{"reference":"Horn, Daniel (15 December 2016). \"De kan vinna Grammis – Kent och Laleh ligger bäst till\" [They can win Grammys - Kent and Laleh are the best]. GAFFA (in Swedish). Falköping. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaffa.se/nyheter/2016/december/de-kan-vinna-grammis-kent-och-laleh-ligger-bast-till/","url_text":"\"De kan vinna Grammis – Kent och Laleh ligger bäst till\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffa_(magazine)","url_text":"GAFFA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falk%C3%B6ping","url_text":"Falköping"}]},{"reference":"Horn, Daniel (15 December 2016). \"Lalehs konsert i Stockholm flyttas\" [Laleh's concert in Stockholm is moved]. GAFFA (in Swedish). Falköping. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaffa.se/nyheter/2016/maj/lalehs-konsert-i-stockholm-flyttas/","url_text":"\"Lalehs konsert i Stockholm flyttas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffa_(magazine)","url_text":"GAFFA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falk%C3%B6ping","url_text":"Falköping"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh släpper ny singel \"Leopard\" och startar PALANG ett nytt produktionsbolag och label med uppbackning av Universal Music\" (in Swedish). MyNewsDesk. 1 February 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/universalmusic/pressreleases/laleh-slaepper-ny-singel-leopard-och-startar-palang-ett-nytt-produktionsbolag-och-label-med-uppbackning-av-universal-music-3158856","url_text":"\"Laleh släpper ny singel \"Leopard\" och startar PALANG ett nytt produktionsbolag och label med uppbackning av Universal Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palang homepage\". Palang. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://palang.se/","url_text":"\"Palang homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popduon GRANDI släpper debutsingeln \"Everyone\"\" (in Swedish). MyNewsDesk. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/universalmusic/pressreleases/popduon-grandi-slaepper-debutsingeln-everyone-3189407","url_text":"\"Popduon GRANDI släpper debutsingeln \"Everyone\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lalehs nya album \"Vatten\" ute nu. Lyssna här!\" (in Swedish). MyNewsDesk. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/helenewigrenprbeyond/pressreleases/lalehs-nya-album-vatten-ute-nu-lyssna-haer-3171380","url_text":"\"Lalehs nya album \"Vatten\" ute nu. Lyssna här!\""}]},{"reference":"\"swedishcharts.com - Laleh - Vatten (album)\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Laleh&titel=Vatten&cat=a","url_text":"\"swedishcharts.com - Laleh - Vatten (album)\""}]},{"reference":"Gustafsson, Amanda (10 June 2022). \"Laleh redo för historiska konserten – första svenska kvinnliga soloartist på Ullevi i Göteborg\" [Laleh ready for the historic concert - first Swedish female solo artist at Ullevi in Gothenburg]. Sveriges Television (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/vast/laleh-ar-forsta-svenska-kvinnliga-artisten-att-inta-ullevi","url_text":"\"Laleh redo för historiska konserten – första svenska kvinnliga soloartist på Ullevi i Göteborg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"Sveriges Television"}]},{"reference":"Waldeck, Lovisa (28 December 2022). \"Följ med bakom kulisserna på Lalehs historiska spelning\" [Join us behind the scenes at Laleh's historic gig]. Sveriges Television (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svt.se/kultur/folj-med-bakom-kulisserna-pa-lalehs-historiska-spelning-pa-ullevi-i-goteborg","url_text":"\"Följ med bakom kulisserna på Lalehs historiska spelning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"Sveriges Television"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh på Ullevi\" [Laleh at Ullevi] (in Swedish). 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svtplay.se/video/e4gyo1b/laleh-pa-ullevi","url_text":"\"Laleh på Ullevi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh – välkommen hem\" [Laleh - Welcome home]. tv.nu (in Swedish). Sweden. 28 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tv.nu/program/laleh-valkommen-hem","url_text":"\"Laleh – välkommen hem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schibsted","url_text":"tv.nu"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh presenterar sommarturné 2023 - hennes största någonsin - första svenska kvinnliga artist på Tele2 Arena\" [Laleh presents summer tour 2023 - her biggest ever - first Swedish female artist at Tele2 Arena.]. MyNewsDesk (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/united-stage/pressreleases/laleh-presenterar-sommarturne-2023-hennes-stoersta-naagonsin-foersta-svenska-kvinnliga-artist-paa-tele2-arena-3214286","url_text":"\"Laleh presenterar sommarturné 2023 - hennes största någonsin - första svenska kvinnliga artist på Tele2 Arena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Två Rockbjörnar till Laleh\" [Two Rock Bears for Laleh]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svd.se/a/58dc0c95-015e-30ac-b94e-fd85e0ae91d5/tva-rockbjornar-till-laleh","url_text":"\"Två Rockbjörnar till Laleh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet","url_text":"Svenska Dagbladet"}]},{"reference":"\"Tidigare vinnare i Rockbjörnen\" [Previous winners of the Rockbjörnen]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/musik/rockbjornen/a/yvg9GA/tidigare-vinnare-i-rockbjornen","url_text":"\"Tidigare vinnare i Rockbjörnen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"}]},{"reference":"\"Evert Taube-stipendiet\". Taubesallskapet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207152825/http://www.taubesallskapet.se/Evert%20Taube-stipendiet.html","url_text":"\"Evert Taube-stipendiet\""},{"url":"http://www.taubesallskapet.se/Evert%20Taube-stipendiet.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh prisad på Gaygalan\". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 7 February 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svd.se/kultur/laleh-prisad-pa-gaygalan_6828945.svd","url_text":"\"Laleh prisad på Gaygalan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet","url_text":"Svenska Dagbladet"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh får Ulla Billquist-stipendium\". svt.se (in Swedish). 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://svt.se/2.27170/1.2784996/laleh_far_ulla_billquist-stipendium","url_text":"\"Laleh får Ulla Billquist-stipendium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"svt.se"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyricist of the year 2012\". Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130418090548/http://www.musikforlaggarnaspris.se/bilder/musikforlaggarnas-pris-2012-nagra-av-vinnarna/16843273","url_text":"\"Lyricist of the year 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.musikforlaggarnaspris.se/bilder/musikforlaggarnas-pris-2012-nagra-av-vinnarna/16843273","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"P3 Guld Awards\" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. Retrieved 21 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=3964&artikel=5368387","url_text":"\"P3 Guld Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Här är nomineringarna till Grammis 2013\". Expressen (in Swedish). 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.expressen.se/noje/musik/har-ar-nomineringarna-till-grammis-2013/","url_text":"\"Här är nomineringarna till Grammis 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen","url_text":"Expressen"}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh – Queen of the Swedish Charts 2012\". Retrieved 21 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sverigesradio.se/sida/gruppsida.aspx?programid=2023&grupp=14863&artikel=5397508","url_text":"\"Laleh – Queen of the Swedish Charts 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laleh får Stims Platinagitarr 2016\" [Laleh receives Stim's Platinum Guitar 2016] (in Swedish). STIM. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stim.se/sv/nyheter/laleh-far-stims-platinagitarr-2016-1","url_text":"\"Laleh får Stims Platinagitarr 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STIM","url_text":"STIM"}]},{"reference":"\"Pressinformation och pressinbjudan – Sten A Olssons Kulturstipendium 2016\" [Press information and press invitation - Sten A Olsson's Culture Scholarship 2016] (in Swedish). Sten A. Olssons Stiftelse för Forskning och Kultur. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.cision.com/se/sten-a-olssons-stiftelse-for-forskning-och-kultur/r/pressinformation-och-pressinbjudan---sten-a-olssons-kulturstipendium-2016,c2124199","url_text":"\"Pressinformation och pressinbjudan – Sten A Olssons Kulturstipendium 2016\""},{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_A._Olssons_Stiftelse_f%C3%B6r_Forskning_och_Kultur","url_text":"Sten A. Olssons Stiftelse för Forskning och Kultur"}]},{"reference":"\"Alla nominerade till P3 Guld 2017\" [All nominations for P3 Guld 2017] (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio P3. 2 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6600178","url_text":"\"Alla nominerade till P3 Guld 2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio_P3","url_text":"Sveriges Radio P3"}]},{"reference":"\"QX-galan 2017 – Vinnarna i alla kategorier!\". QX Sweden (in Swedish). 20 February 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qx.se/noje/138576/qx-galan-2017-vinnarna-i-alla-kategorier/","url_text":"\"QX-galan 2017 – Vinnarna i alla kategorier!\""}]},{"reference":"Lindström, Frida (11 April 2019). \"Laleh tilldelas stort kulturpris\" [Laleh is awarded a major cultural award]. GAFFA (in Swedish). Falköping. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gaffa.se/nyheter/2019/april/laleh-tilldelas-stort-kulturpris/","url_text":"\"Laleh tilldelas stort kulturpris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffa_(magazine)","url_text":"GAFFA"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Mito%C5%84
Kamil Mitoń
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Polish chess grandmaster (born 1984) Kamil MitońKamil Mitoń (2013)Country PolandBorn (1984-04-12) April 12, 1984 (age 40)Kraków, PolandTitleGrandmaster (2002)FIDE rating2568 (June 2024)Peak rating2655 (January 2007)Peak rankingNo. 50 (January 2007) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kamil Mitoń. Kamil Mitoń (born 12 April 1984, in Kraków) is a Polish chess Grandmaster (2002). Career In 1996, he won the World Chess U12 Championship, in Menorca. He won the tournaments 2000 in Cannes/France and 2005 in Bajade de la Virgen (ahead of Kolev, Damljanovic, Fridman, Krivoshey, Spassov, Avrukh and others). In 2005 he tied for first with Magesh Chandran Panchanathan in the 33rd World Open, played in Philadelphia over the Independence Day weekend. In the same year he tied for 2nd–5th with Lazaro Bruzon, Zhang Pengxiang and Artyom Timofeev in the Samba Cup in Skanderborg. In December 2007, he came first in the 17th Magistral de Elgoibar tournament. In 2010 he tied for 1st–6th with Lázaro Bruzón, Bojan Kurajica, Yuri Gonzalez Vidal, Evgeny Gleizerov and Bartłomiej Heberla in the 4th Torneo Internacional de Ajedrez Ciudad de La Laguna and won the event on tie-break. In 2011, he tied for 1st–6th with Ivan Sokolov, Vladimir Baklan, Yuriy Kuzubov, Jon Ludvig Hammer and Illia Nyzhnyk in the MP Reykjavík Open. In 2008 he played in the chess Olympiad in Dresden scoring 4 points in 8 games on the second board. In September 2010 he played for the Polish team at the Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk scoring 7.5 points out of 10 games. References ^ "Live 8 and chess in Philadelphia". ChessBase. 2005-07-06. Retrieved 21 May 2010. ^ Crowther, Mark (2005-10-24). "TWIC 572: 2nd Samba Cup". London Chess Center. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2010. ^ Crowther, Mark (2007-12-17). "THE WEEK IN CHESS 684: 17th Magistral de Elgoibar". London Chess Center. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2010. ^ "Torneo Internacional de Ajedrez Ciudad de La Laguna". Chessdom.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2010. ^ "Reykjavík Open – six players win with 7.0-9 points". ChessBase. 2011-03-17. Retrieved 17 March 2011. ^ "39th Olympiad Khanty-Mansiysk 2010 Open tournament". Chess-Results.com. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 17 March 2011. External links Kamil Miton player profile and games at Chessgames.com vtePolish GrandmastersChess players for Poland with the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM) Rafał Antoniewski Mateusz Bartel Paweł Blehm Piotr Bobras Krzysztof Bulski Łukasz Cyborowski Paweł Czarnota Kamil Dragun Jan-Krzysztof Duda Marcin Dziuba Grzegorz Gajewski Jacek Gdański Mirosław Grabarczyk Szymon Gumularz Bartłomiej Heberla Artur Jakubiec Krzysztof Jakubowski Igor Janik Paweł Jaracz Łukasz Jarmuła Radosław Jedynak Marcin Kamiński Marcel Kanarek Robert Kempiński Maciej Klekowski Michał Krasenkow Marcin Krzyżanowski Robert Kuczyński Adam Kuligowski Arkadiusz Leniart Bartłomiej Macieja Mieczysław Najdorf Tomasz Markowski Michał Matuszewski Aleksander Miśta Kamil Mitoń Wojciech Moranda Grzegorz Nasuta Michał Olszewski Zbigniew Pakleza Kacper Piorun Akiba Rubinstein Daniel Sadzikowski Włodzimierz Schmidt Bartosz Soćko Monika Soćko Jacek Stopa Bogdan Śliwa Dariusz Świercz Ksawery Tartakower Marcin Tazbir Paweł Teclaf Jacek Tomczak Tomasz Warakomski Oskar Wieczorek Radosław Wojtaszek Jurij Zezulkin See also: List of chess grandmasters List of Polish chess masters Category:Polish chess players
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leland
David Leland
["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Actor","2.2 Screenwriter","2.3 Director","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]
British film director (1941–2023) For other people named David Leland, see David Leland (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "David Leland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David LelandBorn(1941-04-20)20 April 1941Cambridge, EnglandDied24 December 2023(2023-12-24) (aged 82)Alma materRoyal Central School of Speech and DramaOccupation(s)Film director, screenwriter, actor David Leland (20 April 1941 – 24 December 2023) was a British film director, screenwriter and actor who came to international fame with his directorial debut Wish You Were Here in 1987. Life and career Leland initially trained as an actor at Central School of Speech and Drama. In 1963, he was part of the breakaway group of Central staff and students who formed Drama Centre London along with fellow students including actor and later theatre director Jack Shepherd and Jon Lord, later keyboard player and co-founder of rock band Deep Purple and Whitesnake. After several small parts as actor he began his collaboration with British television director Alan Clarke in 1981. Their film Made in Britain was well received and featured the first screen role of actor Tim Roth. Made in Britain won the Prix Italia (an international Television award) in 1984. In 1986, Leland and director Neil Jordan co-wrote the screenplay for the thriller-drama Mona Lisa, featuring Bob Hoskins. With Jordan, he was nominated for BAFTA, Golden Globe and Writers Guild of America awards. Leland then wrote Personal Services in 1986. It was directed by Terry Jones and concerned Cynthia Payne, a real-life British madam who ran a private brothel. Julie Walters took the leading role. While Personal Services dealt with the adult life of Cynthia Payne, Leland's next film, Wish You Were Here, concerned her teenage years. This film was a success at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival and it made the young British actress Emily Lloyd a star. It was awarded the FIPRESCI-Award at Cannes and the BAFTA for best screenplay. In 1991, Leland directed the successful stage musical A Tribute to the Blues Brothers, which played on the West End and then toured for ten years in the UK and Australia. Leland's next two films, Checking Out (with Jeff Daniels) and The Big Man (with Liam Neeson), failed at the box office and with the critics but have since been successful in the private market. In 1997, Leland co-wrote and directed The Land Girls starring Rachel Weisz and Anna Friel and, in 2000, wrote and directed Episode 6 of the HBO Miniseries Band of Brothers. In 2012, Leland joined the Showtime series The Borgias as co-showrunner and executive producer (alongside Neil Jordan, whom he had worked with on Mona Lisa), writing the last five episodes of its second season and directing its last two episodes. He described his stint as co-showrunner and executive producer as a "hands-on" experience and having to commit to extensive research on the Renaissance. After the death of his friend George Harrison, Leland was closely involved in the former Beatle's memorial, Concert for George, and directed a cinematic documentary of the night to be put on general release, the DVD of which went platinum. The documentary also won a Grammy Award. His also directed the Dino De Laurentiis produced Virgin Territory, released in 2007. Leland died on 24 December 2023, at the age of 82. Filmography Actor Big Breadwinner Hog (television series) (1969) as Grange 1917 (1970) as Felix Scars of Dracula (1970) as 1st Policeman One Brief Summer (1970) as Peter The Pied Piper (1972) as Officer Gawain and the Green Knight (1973) as Humphrey Time Bandits (1981) as Puppeteer The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1981) (television series; episode #4) as Majikthise The Missionary (1982) as Long Haired Man at Gin Palace The Jewel in the Crown (1984) (television series; season 1, episode #10: An Evening at the Maharanee's) as Captain Purvis Personal Services (1987) as Mr. Pilkington When Saturday Comes (1996) as Priest Screenwriter Made in Britain (Director: Alan Clarke) R.H.I.N.O.; Really Here in Name Only (Director: Jane Howell) Birth of a Nation (Director: Mike Newell) Flying Into the Wind (Director: Edward Bennett) Mona Lisa (Director: Neil Jordan) Personal Services (Director: Terry Jones) The White River Kid (Director: Arne Glimcher) The Borgias (TV series, also executive producer and episode director; creator: Neil Jordan) Director Films Wish You Were Here (1987) Checking Out (1988) The Big Man (1990) The Land Girls (1998) Concert for George (2003) Virgin Territory a.k.a. Mediaeval Pie (2007) Television Band of Brothers (part No. 6 "Bastogne") (2001) The Borgias (episode 9; also writer and executive producer of the series; 2012) Awards and nominations 2005 Grammy Award for best long form music video (Concert for George) 2002 Emmy Award for directing a miniseries (Band of Brothers) 2002 Christopher Award for best miniseries (Band of Brothers) 1988 BAFTA Award for best screenplay (Wish You Were Here) 1987 FIPRESCI Award International Cannes Film Festival (Wish You Were Here) 1987 Peter Sellers Award for Comedy (Evening Standard British Film Awards) (Wish You Were Here and Personal Services) 1986 Writers Guild of America Nomination (Mona Lisa) 1986 Golden Globe Nomination (Mona Lisa) References ^ Maslin, Janet (24 July 1987). "Wish You Were Here (1987)". The New York Times. ^ "Soham Grammarians - David Leland (1952 entry)". Sohamgrammar.org.uk. ^ a b c Whitney, Hilary (2 July 2011). "Q&A: Writer/Director David Leland". The Arts Desk. Retrieved 16 June 2012. ^ a b c "BFI Screenonline: Leland, David (1947-) Biography". Screenonline.org.uk. ^ "Made in Britain (1981) - Alan Clarke". AllMovie. ^ "Mona Lisa (1986)". BFI. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. ^ "BAFTA Awards". Awards.bafta.org. ^ "Personal Services (1987)". BFI. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. ^ "Personal Services (1987) - Terry Jones | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related". AllMovie. ^ Ebert, Roger. "Wish You Were Here movie review (1987) | Roger Ebert". Rogerebert.com/. ^ "Wish You Were Here (1987) - David Leland | Review". AllMovie. ^ "Movies". Dipresci.org. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ "Wish You Were Here (1987) - David Leland | Awards". AllMovie. ^ "The Official Tribute to the Blues Brothers - Live On Stage". Users.monash.edu. Retrieved 21 August 2023. ^ "David Leland | TV, Documentary and Other Appearances". AllMovie. ^ "Concert for George (2003)". BFI. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. ^ "Concert for George". Concord.com. ^ "The DECAMERON: ANGELS AND VIRGINS (2005)". BFI. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. ^ Whittock, Jesse (27 December 2023). "David Leland Dies: 'Wish You Were Here' Director & 'The Borgias' Co-Showrunner Was 82". Deadline. Retrieved 27 December 2023. ^ Etan Vlessing (27 December 2023). "David Leland, 'Wish You Were Here' Director, Dies at 82". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 December 2023. ^ "Flying into the Wind (1983)". BFI. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. External links David Leland at IMDb David Leland at the BFI's Screenonline vteFilms directed by David Leland Wish You Were Here (1987) Checking Out (1988) The Big Man (1990) The Land Girls (1998) Concert for George (2003) Virgin Territory (2007) Awards for David Leland vteBAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay1983–2000 Paul D. Zimmerman (1983) Woody Allen (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Woody Allen (1986) David Leland (1987) Shawn Slovo (1988) Nora Ephron (1989) Giuseppe Tornatore (1990) Anthony Minghella (1991) Woody Allen (1992) Harold Ramis and Danny Rubin (1993) Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994) Christopher McQuarrie (1995) Mike Leigh (1996) Gary Oldman (1997) Andrew Niccol (1998) Charlie Kaufman (1999) Cameron Crowe (2000) 2001–present Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Guillaume Laurant (2001) Pedro Almodóvar (2002) Tom McCarthy (2003) Charlie Kaufman (2004) Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005) Michael Arndt (2006) Diablo Cody (2007) Martin McDonagh (2008) Mark Boal (2009) David Seidler (2010) Michel Hazanavicius (2011) Quentin Tarantino (2012) Eric Warren Singer and David O. Russell (2013) Wes Anderson and Hugo Guinness (2014) Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Martin McDonagh (2017) Deborah Davis and Tony McNamara (2018) Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019) Emerald Fennell (2020) Paul Thomas Anderson (2021) Martin McDonagh (2022) Justine Triet and Arthur Harari (2023) vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie1970s Fielder Cook (1971) Tom Gries (1972) Joseph Sargent (1973) John Korty (1974) George Cukor (1975) Daniel Petrie (1976) Daniel Petrie (1977) David Lowell Rich (1978) David Greene (1979) 1980s Marvin J. Chomsky (1980) James Goldstone (1981) Marvin J. Chomsky (1982) John Erman (1983) Jeff Bleckner (1984) Lamont Johnson (1985) Joseph Sargent (1986) Glenn A. Jordan (1987) Lamont Johnson (1988) Simon Wincer (1989) 1990s Joseph Sargent (1990) Brian Gibson (1991) Joseph Sargent (1992) James Steven Sadwith (1993) John Frankenheimer (1994) John Frankenheimer (1995) John Frankenheimer (1996) Andrei Konchalovsky (1997) John Frankenheimer (1998) Allan Arkush (1999) 2000s Charles S. Dutton (2000) Mike Nichols (2001) David Frankel, Tom Hanks, David Leland, Richard Loncraine, David Nutter, Phil Alden Robinson, Mikael Salomon and Tony To (2002) Steven Schachter (2003) Mike Nichols (2004) Stephen Hopkins (2005) Tom Hooper (2006) Philip Martin (2007) Jay Roach (2008) Dearbhla Walsh (2009) 2010s Mick Jackson (2010) Brian Percival (2011) Jay Roach (2012) Steven Soderbergh (2013) Colin Bucksey (2014) Lisa Cholodenko (2015) Susanne Bier (2016) Jean-Marc Vallée (2017) Ryan Murphy (2018) Johan Renck (2019) 2020s Maria Schrader (2020) Scott Frank (2021) Mike White (2022) Lee Sung Jin (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Artists Grammy Awards People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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and co-founder of rock band Deep Purple and Whitesnake.[3] After several small parts as actor he began his collaboration with British television director Alan Clarke in 1981.[4] Their film Made in Britain was well received and featured the first screen role of actor Tim Roth.[5] Made in Britain won the Prix Italia (an international Television award) in 1984.[4] In 1986, Leland and director Neil Jordan co-wrote the screenplay for the thriller-drama Mona Lisa, featuring Bob Hoskins.[6] With Jordan, he was nominated for BAFTA, Golden Globe and Writers Guild of America awards.[7]Leland then wrote Personal Services in 1986.[8] It was directed by Terry Jones and concerned Cynthia Payne, a real-life British madam who ran a private brothel.[9] Julie Walters took the leading role. While Personal Services dealt with the adult life of Cynthia Payne, Leland's next film, Wish You Were Here, concerned her teenage years.[10] This film was a success at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival and it made the young British actress Emily Lloyd a star.[11] It was awarded the FIPRESCI-Award at Cannes and the BAFTA for best screenplay.[12][13]In 1991, Leland directed the successful stage musical A Tribute to the Blues Brothers, which played on the West End and then toured for ten years in the UK and Australia.[14]Leland's next two films, Checking Out (with Jeff Daniels) and The Big Man (with Liam Neeson), failed at the box office and with the critics but have since been successful in the private market. In 1997, Leland co-wrote and directed The Land Girls starring Rachel Weisz and Anna Friel and, in 2000, wrote and directed Episode 6 of the HBO Miniseries Band of Brothers.[4][15]In 2012, Leland joined the Showtime series The Borgias as co-showrunner and executive producer (alongside Neil Jordan, whom he had worked with on Mona Lisa), writing the last five episodes of its second season and directing its last two episodes.[3] He described his stint as co-showrunner and executive producer as a \"hands-on\" experience and having to commit to extensive research on the Renaissance.[3]After the death of his friend George Harrison, Leland was closely involved in the former Beatle's memorial, Concert for George, and directed a cinematic documentary of the night to be put on general release, the DVD of which went platinum.[16][17] The documentary also won a Grammy Award. His also directed the Dino De Laurentiis produced Virgin Territory, released in 2007.[18]Leland died on 24 December 2023, at the age of 82.[19][20]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Breadwinner Hog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Breadwinner_Hog"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_(1970_film)"},{"link_name":"Scars of Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scars_of_Dracula"},{"link_name":"One Brief Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Brief_Summer"},{"link_name":"The Pied Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pied_Piper_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"Gawain and the Green Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Time Bandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Bandits"},{"link_name":"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Majikthise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majikthise"},{"link_name":"The Missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Missionary"},{"link_name":"The Jewel in the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewel_in_the_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Personal Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Services"},{"link_name":"When Saturday Comes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Saturday_Comes_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Actor","text":"Big Breadwinner Hog (television series) (1969) as Grange\n1917 (1970) as Felix\nScars of Dracula (1970) as 1st Policeman\nOne Brief Summer (1970) as Peter\nThe Pied Piper (1972) as Officer\nGawain and the Green Knight (1973) as Humphrey\nTime Bandits (1981) as Puppeteer\nThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1981) (television series; episode #4) as Majikthise\nThe Missionary (1982) as Long Haired Man at Gin Palace\nThe Jewel in the Crown (1984) (television series; season 1, episode #10: An Evening at the Maharanee's) as Captain Purvis\nPersonal Services (1987) as Mr. Pilkington\nWhen Saturday Comes (1996) as Priest","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Made in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Alan Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clarke"},{"link_name":"R.H.I.N.O.; Really Here in Name Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R.H.I.N.O.;_Really_Here_in_Name_Only&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jane Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Howell"},{"link_name":"Birth of a Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_of_a_Nation_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Mike Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)"},{"link_name":"Flying Into the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Into_the_Wind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bennett_(director)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(1986_film)"},{"link_name":"Neil Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Personal Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Services"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones"},{"link_name":"The White River Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_River_Kid"},{"link_name":"Arne Glimcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Glimcher"},{"link_name":"The Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Neil Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Jordan"}],"sub_title":"Screenwriter","text":"Made in Britain (Director: Alan Clarke)\nR.H.I.N.O.; Really Here in Name Only (Director: Jane Howell)\nBirth of a Nation (Director: Mike Newell)\nFlying Into the Wind (Director: Edward Bennett)[21]\nMona Lisa (Director: Neil Jordan)\nPersonal Services (Director: Terry Jones)\nThe White River Kid (Director: Arne Glimcher)\nThe Borgias (TV series, also executive producer and episode director; creator: Neil Jordan)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wish You Were Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Checking Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checking_Out_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Man"},{"link_name":"The Land Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_Girls"},{"link_name":"Concert for George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_for_George_(film)"},{"link_name":"Virgin Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Territory"},{"link_name":"Band of Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Director","text":"FilmsWish You Were Here (1987)\nChecking Out (1988)\nThe Big Man (1990)\nThe Land Girls (1998)\nConcert for George (2003)\nVirgin Territory a.k.a. Mediaeval Pie (2007)TelevisionBand of Brothers (part No. 6 \"Bastogne\") (2001)\nThe Borgias (episode 9; also writer and executive producer of the series; 2012)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard British Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard_British_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe"}],"text":"2005 Grammy Award for best long form music video (Concert for George)\n2002 Emmy Award for directing a miniseries (Band of Brothers)\n2002 Christopher Award for best miniseries (Band of Brothers)\n1988 BAFTA Award for best screenplay (Wish You Were Here)\n1987 FIPRESCI Award International Cannes Film Festival (Wish You Were Here)\n1987 Peter Sellers Award for Comedy (Evening Standard British Film Awards) (Wish You Were Here and Personal Services)\n1986 Writers Guild of America Nomination (Mona Lisa)\n1986 Golden Globe Nomination (Mona Lisa)","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Maslin, Janet (24 July 1987). \"Wish You Were Here (1987)\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin","url_text":"Maslin, Janet"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B0DE3DA1630F937A15754C0A961948260","url_text":"\"Wish You Were Here (1987)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Soham Grammarians - David Leland (1952 entry)\". Sohamgrammar.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sohamgrammar.org.uk/LelandD.htm","url_text":"\"Soham Grammarians - David Leland (1952 entry)\""}]},{"reference":"Whitney, Hilary (2 July 2011). \"Q&A: Writer/Director David Leland\". The Arts Desk. Retrieved 16 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theartsdesk.com/film/theartsdesk-qa-writerdirector-david-leland","url_text":"\"Q&A: Writer/Director David Leland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arts_Desk","url_text":"The Arts Desk"}]},{"reference":"\"BFI Screenonline: Leland, David (1947-) Biography\". Screenonline.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/468868/index.html","url_text":"\"BFI Screenonline: Leland, David (1947-) Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Made in Britain (1981) - Alan Clarke\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/made-in-britain-v127220","url_text":"\"Made in Britain (1981) - Alan Clarke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mona Lisa (1986)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008224101/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6c06a2f7","url_text":"\"Mona Lisa (1986)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6c06a2f7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BAFTA Awards\". Awards.bafta.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1987/film/original-screenplay","url_text":"\"BAFTA Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personal Services (1987)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170531042502/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b756d258f","url_text":"\"Personal Services (1987)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b756d258f","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Personal Services (1987) - Terry Jones | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/personal-services-v37805","url_text":"\"Personal Services (1987) - Terry Jones | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"Wish You Were Here movie review (1987) | Roger Ebert\". Rogerebert.com/.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/wish-you-were-here-1987","url_text":"\"Wish You Were Here movie review (1987) | Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wish You Were Here (1987) - David Leland | Review\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/wish-you-were-here-v54933/review","url_text":"\"Wish You Were Here (1987) - David Leland | Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Movies\". Dipresci.org. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://fipresci.org/awards/1987/","url_text":"\"Movies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wish You Were Here (1987) - David Leland | Awards\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/wish-you-were-here-v54933/awards","url_text":"\"Wish You Were Here (1987) - David Leland | Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie","url_text":"AllMovie"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Tribute to the Blues Brothers - Live On Stage\". Users.monash.edu. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://users.monash.edu/~pringle/bluesbros/tribute.html","url_text":"\"The Official Tribute to the Blues Brothers - Live On Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Leland | TV, Documentary and Other Appearances\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/david-leland-p99289/other_appearances","url_text":"\"David Leland | TV, Documentary and Other Appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Concert for George (2003)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181003152436/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b89c32681","url_text":"\"Concert for George (2003)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b89c32681","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Concert for George\". Concord.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://concord.com/concord-albums/concert-for-george/#:~:text=CONCERT%20FOR%20GEORGE%20has%20been,Best%20Long%20Form%20Music%20Video.","url_text":"\"Concert for George\""}]},{"reference":"\"The DECAMERON: ANGELS AND VIRGINS (2005)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190505163309/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b2851db","url_text":"\"The DECAMERON: ANGELS AND VIRGINS (2005)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b2851db","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whittock, Jesse (27 December 2023). \"David Leland Dies: 'Wish You Were Here' Director & 'The Borgias' Co-Showrunner Was 82\". Deadline. Retrieved 27 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/12/david-leland-dead-wish-you-were-here-director-1235682286/","url_text":"\"David Leland Dies: 'Wish You Were Here' Director & 'The Borgias' Co-Showrunner Was 82\""}]},{"reference":"Etan Vlessing (27 December 2023). \"David Leland, 'Wish You Were Here' Director, Dies at 82\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/david-leland-dead-wish-you-were-here-borgias-1235775276/","url_text":"\"David Leland, 'Wish You Were Here' Director, Dies at 82\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flying into the Wind (1983)\". BFI. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504033211/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e2bd708","url_text":"\"Flying into the Wind (1983)\""},{"url":"https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6e2bd708","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdental_brush
Toothbrush
["1 History","1.1 Precursors","1.2 Toothbrush","2 Types of toothbrush","2.1 Multi-sided toothbrushes","2.2 Electric toothbrush","2.3 Interdental brush","2.4 End-tuft brush","2.5 Chewable toothbrush","2.6 Musical toothbrush","2.7 Toothpaste-less toothbrush","2.8 Reusable toothbrush","3 Tooth brushing","3.1 Hygiene and care","3.2 Adversity of toothbrushes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Oral hygiene tool For other uses, see Toothbrush (disambiguation). Three plastic toothbrushes A toothbrush is an oral hygiene tool used to clean the teeth, gums, and tongue. It consists of a head of tightly clustered bristles, atop of which toothpaste can be applied, mounted on a handle which facilitates the cleaning of hard-to-reach areas of the mouth. They should be used in conjunction with something to clean between the teeth where the bristles of the toothbrush cannot reach - for example floss, tape or interdental brushes. They are available with different bristle textures, sizes, and forms. Most dentists recommend using a soft toothbrush since hard-bristled toothbrushes can damage tooth enamel and irritate the gums. Because many common and effective ingredients in toothpaste are harmful if swallowed in large doses and instead should be spat out, the act of brushing teeth is most often done at a sink within the kitchen or bathroom, where the brush may be rinsed off afterwards to remove any debris remaining and then dried to reduce conditions ideal for bacterial growth (and, if it is a wooden toothbrush, mold as well). Some toothbrushes have plant-based handles, often bamboo. However, numerous others are made of cheap plastic; such brushes constitute a significant source of pollution. Over 1 billion toothbrushes are disposed of into landfills annually in the United States alone. Bristles are commonly made of nylon (which, while not biodegradable, as plastic is, may still be recycled) or bamboo viscose. History Song dynasty (960–1279) toothbrush handles made of tiger bone The horsehair toothbrush was said to have been used by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) Precursors Before the invention of the toothbrush, a variety of oral hygiene measures had been used. This has been verified by excavations during which tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones and porcupine quills were recovered. The predecessor of the toothbrush is the chew stick. Chew sticks were twigs with frayed ends used to brush the teeth while the other end was used as a toothpick. The earliest chew sticks were discovered in Sumer in southern Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, an Egyptian tomb dating from 3000 BC, and mentioned in Chinese records dating from 1600 BC. The Indian way of using tooth wood for brushing is presented by the Chinese Monk Yijing (635–713 CE) when he describes the rules for monks in his book: "Every day in the morning, a monk must chew a piece of tooth wood to brush his teeth and scrape his tongue, and this must be done in the proper way. Only after one has washed one's hands and mouth may one make salutations. Otherwise both the saluter and the saluted are at fault. In Sanskrit, the tooth wood is known as the dantakastha—danta meaning tooth, and kastha, a piece of wood. It is twelve finger-widths in length. The shortest is not less than eight finger-widths long, resembling the little finger in size. Chew one end of the wood well for a long while and then brush the teeth with it." The Greeks and Romans used toothpicks to clean their teeth, and toothpick-like twigs have been excavated in Qin dynasty tombs. Chew sticks remain common in Africa, the rural Southern United States, and in the Islamic world the use of chewing stick miswak is considered a pious action and has been prescribed to be used before every prayer five times a day. Miswaks have been used by Muslims since the 7th century. Twigs of Neem Tree have been used by ancient Indians. Neem, in its full bloom, can aid in healing by keeping the area clean and disinfected. In fact, even today, Neem twigs called datun are used for brushing teeth in India, although not hugely common. Toothbrush The first bristle toothbrush resembling the modern one was found in China. Used during the Tang dynasty (619–907), it consisted of hog bristles. The bristles were sourced from hogs living in Siberia and northern China because the colder temperatures provided firmer bristles. They were attached to a handle manufactured from bamboo or bone, forming a toothbrush. In 1223, Japanese Zen master Dōgen Kigen recorded in his Shōbōgenzō that he saw monks in China clean their teeth with brushes made of horsetail hairs attached to an oxbone handle. The bristle toothbrush spread to Europe, brought from China to Europe by travellers. It was adopted in Europe during the 17th century. The earliest identified use of the word toothbrush in English was in the autobiography of Anthony Wood who wrote in 1690 that he had bought a toothbrush from J. Barret. Europeans found the hog bristle toothbrushes imported from China too firm and preferred softer bristle toothbrushes made from horsehair. Mass-produced toothbrushes made with horse or boar bristle continued to be imported to Britain from China until the mid 20th century. 'Indexo' finger toothbrush, New York, United States, 1901–1919. It is made entirely of rubber, which has been shaped to fit over the index finger. A photo from 1899 showing the use of a toothbrush. In the UK, William Addis is believed to have produced the first mass-produced toothbrush in 1780. In 1770, he had been jailed for causing a riot. While in prison he decided that using a rag with soot and salt on the teeth was ineffective and could be improved. After saving a small bone from a meal, he drilled small holes into the bone and tied into the bone tufts of bristles that he had obtained from one of the guards, passed the tufts of bristle through the holes in the bone and sealed the holes with glue. After his release, he became wealthy after starting a business manufacturing toothbrushes. He died in 1808, bequeathing the business to his eldest son. It remained within family ownership until 1996. Under the name Wisdom Toothbrushes, the company now manufactures 70 million toothbrushes per year in the UK. By 1840 toothbrushes were being mass-produced in Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. Pig bristles were used for cheaper toothbrushes and badger hair for the more expensive ones. Hertford Museum in Hertford, UK, holds approximately 5000 brushes that make up part of the Addis Collection. The Addis factory on Ware Road was a major employer in the town until 1996. Since the closure of the factory, Hertford Museum has received photographs and documents relating to the archive, and collected oral histories from former employees. The first patent for a toothbrush was granted to H.N. Wadsworth in 1857 (U.S.A. Patent No. 18,653) in the United States, but mass production in the United States did not start until 1885. The improved design had a bone handle with holes bored into it for the Siberian boar hair bristles. Unfortunately, animal bristle was not an ideal material as it retained bacteria, did not dry efficiently and the bristles often fell out. In addition to bone, handles were made of wood or ivory. In the United States, brushing teeth did not become routine until after World War II, when American soldiers had to clean their teeth daily. A child being shown how to use a toothbrush. During the 1900s, celluloid gradually replaced bone handles. Natural animal bristles were also replaced by synthetic fibers, usually nylon, by DuPont in 1938. The first nylon bristle toothbrush made with nylon yarn went on sale on February 24, 1938. The first electric toothbrush, the Broxodent, was invented in Switzerland in 1954. By the turn of the 21st century nylon had come to be widely used for the bristles and the handles were usually molded from thermoplastic materials. Johnson & Johnson, a leading medical supplies firm, introduced the "Reach" toothbrush in 1977. It differed from previous toothbrushes in three ways: it had an angled head, similar to dental instruments, to reach back teeth; the bristles were concentrated more closely than usual to clean each tooth of potentially cariogenic (cavity-causing) materials; and the outer bristles were longer and softer than the inner bristles. Other manufacturers soon followed with other designs aimed at improving effectiveness. In spite of the changes with the number of tufts and the spacing, the handle form and design, the bristles were still straight and difficult to maneuver. In 1978 Dr. George C. Collis developed the Collis Curve toothbrush which was the first toothbrush to have curved bristles. The curved bristles follow the curvature of the teeth and safely reach in between the teeth and into the sulcular areas. In January 2003, the toothbrush was selected as the number one invention Americans could not live without according to the Lemelson-MIT Invention Index. Types of toothbrush Multi-sided toothbrushes A six-sided toothbrush used to brush all sides of the teeth, in both the upper and lower jaw, at the same time. A multi-sided toothbrush is a fast and easy way to brush the teeth. Electric toothbrush Main article: Electric toothbrush Various electric toothbrush heads It has been discovered that compared to a manual brush, the multi-directional power brush might reduce the incidence of gingivitis and plaque, when compared to regular side-to-side brushing. These brushes tend to be more costly and damaging to the environment when compared to manual toothbrushes. Most studies report performances equivalent to those of manual brushings, possibly with a decrease in plaque and gingivitis. An additional timer and pressure sensors can encourage a more efficient cleaning process. Electric toothbrushes can be classified, according to the speed of their movements as: standard power toothbrushes, sonic toothbrushes, or ultrasonic toothbrushes. Any electric toothbrush is technically a powered toothbrush. If the motion of the toothbrush is sufficiently rapid to produce a hum in the audible frequency range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz), it can be classified as a sonic toothbrush. Any electric toothbrush with movement faster than this limit can be classified as an ultrasonic toothbrush. Certain ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Megasonex and the Ultreo, have both sonic and ultrasonic movements. There are different electric toothbrush heads designed for sensitive teeth and gums, increased stain removal, or different-sized bristles for tight or gapped teeth. The hand motion with an electric toothbrush is different from a manual toothbrush. They are meant to have the bristles do the work by just placing and moving the toothbrush. Fewer back and forth strokes are needed. Interdental brush Wire-and nylon interdental brushes Rubbery, elastomer interdental brush See also: Interdental cleaning § Interdental brush An interdental or interproximal ("proxy") brush is a small brush, typically disposable, either supplied with a reusable angled plastic handle or an integral handle, used for cleaning between teeth and between the wires of dental braces and the teeth. The use of interdental brushes in conjunction with tooth brushing has been shown to reduce both the amount of plaque and the incidence of gingivitis when compared to tooth brushing alone. Although there is some evidence that after tooth brushing with a conventional tooth brush, interdental brushes remove more plaque than dental floss, a systematic review reported insufficient evidence to determine such an association. The size of interdental brushes is standardized in ISO 16409. The brush size, which is a number between 0 (small space between teeth) and 8 (large space), indicates the passage hole diameter. This corresponds to the space between two teeth that is just sufficient for the brush to go through without bending the wire. The color of the brushes differs between producers. The same is the case with respect to the wire diameter. Brush size according to ISO 16409 Brush size 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Passage hole diameter in mm ≤ 0.6 0.7–0.8 0.9–1.0 1.1–1.2 1.3–1.5 1.6–1.8 1.9–2.3 2.4–2.8 ≥ 2.8 End-tuft brush The small round brush head comprises seven tufts of tightly packed soft nylon bristles, trimmed so the bristles in the center can reach deeper into small spaces. The brush handle is ergonomically designed for a firm grip, giving the control and precision necessary to clean where most other cleaning aids cannot reach. These areas include the posterior of the wisdom teeth (third molars), orthodontic structures (braces), crowded teeth, and tooth surfaces that are next to missing teeth. It can also be used to clean areas around implants, bridges, dentures and other appliances. Chewable toothbrush Chewable toothbrushes A chewable toothbrush is a miniature plastic moulded toothbrush which can be placed inside the mouth. While not commonly used, they are useful to travelers and are sometimes available from bathroom vending machines. They are available in different flavors such as mint or bubblegum and should be disposed of after use. Other types of disposable toothbrushes include those that contain a small breakable plastic ball of toothpaste on the bristles, which can be used without water. Musical toothbrush A musical toothbrush is a type of manual or powered toothbrush designed to make tooth brushing habit more interesting. It is more commonly introduced to children to gain their attention and positively influence their tooth brushing behavior. The music starts while child starts brushing, it continuously plays during the brushing and it ends when the child stops brushing. Toothpaste-less toothbrush Soladey 3 is activated by light to kill bacteria. Reusable toothbrush Replaceable head toothbrush, with and without brush head Tooth brushing Main article: Tooth brushing Hygiene and care It is not recommended to share toothbrushes with others, since besides general hygienic concerns, there is a risk of transmitting diseases that are typically transmittable by blood, such as Hepatitis C. After use, it is advisable to rinse the toothbrush with water, shake it off and let the toothbrush dry. Studies have shown that brushing to remove dental plaque more often than every 48 hours is enough to maintain gum and tooth health. Tooth brushing can remove plaque up to one millimeter below the gum line, and each person has a habitual brushing method, so more frequent brushing does not cover additional parts of the teeth or mouth. Most dentists recommended patients brush twice a day in the hope that more frequent brushing would clean more areas of the mouth. Tooth brushing is the most common preventive healthcare activity, but tooth and gum disease remain high, since lay people clean at most 40% of their tooth margins at the gum line. Videos show that even when asked to brush their best, they do not know how to clean effectively. Adversity of toothbrushes Teeth can be damaged by several factors including poor oral hygiene, but also by wrong oral hygiene. Especially for sensitive teeth, damage to dentin and gums can be prevented by several measures including a correct brushing technique. It is beneficial, when using a straight bristled brush, not to scrub horizontally over the necks of teeth, not to press the brush too hard against the teeth, to choose a toothpaste that is not too abrasive, and to wait at least 30 minutes after consumption of acidic food or drinks before brushing. Harder toothbrushes reduce plaque more efficiently but are more stressful to teeth and gum; using a medium to soft brush for a longer cleaning time was rated to be the best compromise between cleaning result and gum and tooth health. A study by University College London found that advice on brushing technique and frequency given by 10 national dental associations, toothpaste and toothbrush companies, and in dental textbooks was inconsistent. See also Dental floss Mouthwash Toothbrush moustache References ^ "Oral Longevity," American Dental Association brochure (PDF), page 2 Archived 2010-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved June 12, 2008 ^ Cathy. "Green and Healthy Mouths- Toothbrushes". greenecoservices.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-05. ^ Larry West. "Can You Recycle Your Toothbrush?". About.com News & Issues. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. ^ "How your toothbrush became a part of the plastic crisis". Environment. 2019-06-14. Archived from the original on June 14, 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-17. ^ "Napoleon's Toothbrush, Europe, 1790-1821". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 2021-04-11. ^ a b c Sammons, R. (2003). "Control of dental plaque". Medical biofilms detection, prevention and control. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-471-98867-0. ^ a b c d e Panati, Charles (2013). Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. HarperCollins. pp. 208–209. ISBN 978-0-06-227708-4. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. ^ a b c Yu, Hai-Yang; Qian, Lin-Mao; Zheng, Jing (2013). Dental Biotribology. Springer. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-4614-4550-0. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. ^ Li, R., 2000. Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia: A Record of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas (p. 198). Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. ^ salvadora persica ^ IslamKotob, Muslims and Science, (Islamic Books), p.30. ^ "4 ways our ancestors used benefits from the neem tree". www.timesnownews.com. 7 July 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-22. ^ Sharma, Abhishek; Sankhla, Bharat; Parkar, Sujal M; Hongal, Sudheer; K, Thanveer; CG, Ajithkrishnan (July 2014). "Effect of Traditionally Used Neem and Babool Chewing Stick (Datun) on Streptococcus Mutans: An In–Vitro Study". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 8 (7): ZC15–ZC17. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/9817.4549. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4149135. PMID 25177629. ^ "Does Brushing With Neem Twig Help Give You Stronger Teeth and Gums? We Find Out". NDTV Food. Retrieved 2020-08-22. ^ a b Kumar, Jayanth V. (2011). "Oral hygiene aids". Textbook of preventive and community dentistry (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 412–413. ISBN 978-81-312-2530-1. ^ Harris, Norman O.; García-Godoy, Franklin, eds. (1999). Primary preventive dentistry (5th ed.). Stamford: Appleton & Lange. ISBN 978-0-8385-8129-2. ^ a b "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented?". The Library of Congress. 2007-04-04. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-04-12. ^ Stay, Flora Parsa (2005). The fibromyalgia dental handbook: A practical guide to maintaining peak dental health. New York: Marlowe & Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-56924-401-2. ^ Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth & Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser and Curiouser Adventures in History. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 62. ISBN 0-684-80164-7. ^ a b Mary Bellis. "History of the Toothbrush and Toothpaste". About.com Money. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. ^ "History of ADDIS". addis.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. ^ "New jobs joy in toothbrushes". Cambridge News. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. ^ a b "The history of the toothbrush". Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. ^ "The Addis Company". ^ "Toothbrushes – American Dental Association". ADA.org. 2010-02-04. Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2013-05-03. ^ "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress)". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. ^ Lazarus, George (1991-08-13). "P&G Puts Its Crest On A Toothbrush". Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Archived from the original on 2016-01-23. Retrieved 2016-01-23. ^ "The Complete History of the Toothbrush". March 15, 2015. ^ Wilkins, E. M. (1983). Clinical practice of the dental hygienist. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. p. 308. ^ "2003 Invention Index". 2003-01-21. Archived from the original on 2009-06-28. Retrieved 2009-05-20. ^ "New research finds electric toothbrushes 'fairly horrifying' for the environment - but bamboo brushes aren't the answer". independent. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-08. ^ Deacon, SA; Glenny, AM; Deery, C; Robinson, PG; Heanue, M; Walmsley, AD; Shaw, WC (Dec 8, 2010). "Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 56 (12): CD004971. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004971.pub2. PMC 8406707. PMID 21154357. ^ Kallar, S; Srivastava, N; Pandit, IK; Gugnani, N (1 January 2011). "Plaque removal efficacy of powered and manual toothbrushes under supervised and unsupervised conditions: A comparative clinical study". Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 29 (3): 235–8. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.85832. PMID 21985880. ^ "Choosing A Powered Toothbrush". Take Home Smile. ^ a b Poklepovic T, Worthington HV, Johnson TM, Sambunjak D, Imai P, Clarkson JE, Tugwell P (2013). "Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD009857. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009857.pub2. PMID 24353078.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Gluch, Joan I. (2012). "As an Adjunct to Tooth Brushing, Interdental Brushes (IDBs) are More Effective in Removing Plaque as Compared with Brushing Alone or the Combination Use of Tooth Brushing and Dental Floss". Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice. 12 (2): 81–83. doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2012.03.016. ISSN 1532-3382. PMID 22726785. ^ a b ISO 16409:2006 + Amd.1:2010, Dentistry – Oral hygiene products – Manual interdental brushes ^ ISO/DIS 16409:2014, Dentistry – Oral hygiene products – Manual interdental brushes (draft standard) ^ Different versions of the standard specify different brush sizes. ^ Neither the brush color nor the wire diameter are specified in ISO 16409:2010 or ISO/DIS 16409:2014. Just some general properties of the wire (e.g., should not bend) or specifications of the packaging (e.g., the brush size must be noted) can be found there. ^ Brush size 0 still can be found in ISO 16409:2010, however, it is no longer specified in ISO/DIS 16409:2014 (as of December 2015). ^ Brush size 1 has passage hole diameter ≤ 0.8 according to ISO/DIS 16409:2014 (as of December 2015). ^ a b Sizes 7 and 8 according to ISO/DIS 16409:2014 (as of December 2015). ^ "GUM® End-Tuft Toothbrush – Official Site for GUM® Toothbrushes". GUM® Brand. Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. ^ "End Tuft Brush – Flossing and interdental aids". google.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. ^ "Era of "Smart Toothbrushes"" (PDF). ^ Subburaman, Nivedha; Madan Kumar, ParangimalaiDiwakar; Iyer, Kiran (2019). "Effectiveness of musical toothbrush on oral debris and gingival bleeding among 6–10-year-old children: A randomized controlled trial". Indian Journal of Dental Research. 30 (2): 196–199. doi:10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_128_17. ISSN 0970-9290. PMID 31169149. ^ Lock, G.; Dirscherl, M.; Obermeier, F.; Gelbmann, C. M.; Hellerbrand, C.; Knöll, A.; Schölmerich, J.; Jilg, W. (2006). "Hepatitis C – contamination of toothbrushes: myth or reality?". Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 13 (9): 571–573. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00735.x. PMID 16907842. S2CID 24264376. ^ Claydon NC (2008). "Current concepts in toothbrushing and interdental cleaning" (PDF). Periodontology 2000. 48: 10–22. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00273.x. PMID 18715352. ^ Attin T, Hornecker E (2005). "Tooth brushing and oral health: how frequently and when should tooth brushing be performed?". Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry. 3 (3): 135–40. PMID 16355646. ^ Deinzer R, Ebel S, Blättermann H, Weik U, Margraf-Stiksrud J (October 2018). "Toothbrushing: to the best of one's abilities is possibly not good enough". BMC Oral Health. 18 (1): 167. doi:10.1186/s12903-018-0633-0. PMC 6194646. PMID 30340623. ^ a b Magalhães, AC; Wiegand, A; Rios, D; Honório, HM; Buzalaf, MA (Mar–Apr 2009). "Insights into preventive measures for dental erosion". Journal of Applied Oral Science. 17 (2): 75–86. doi:10.1590/S1678-77572009000200002. ISSN 1678-7757. PMC 4327581. PMID 19274390. ^ Lussic, A.; Jaeggi, T. (2008). "Erosion—diagnosis and risk factors". Clin Oral Investig. 12 (Suppl 1): 5–13. doi:10.1007/s00784-007-0179-z. PMC 2238777. PMID 18228059. ^ Cheng, R; Yang, H; Shao, M; Hu, T; Zhou, X (2009). "Dental erosion and severe tooth decay related to soft drinks: a case report and literature review". Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 10 (5): 395–399. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0820245. PMC 2676420. PMID 19434767. "It is concluded that keeping tooth unbrushed for at least 30 min after an erosive attack is necessary for protecting dentin" ^ Zimmer, S; Öztürk, M; Barthel, CR; Bizhang, M; Jordan, RA (Feb 2011). "Cleaning efficacy and soft tissue trauma after use of manual toothbrushes with different bristle stiffness". J Periodontol. 82 (2): 267–71. doi:10.1902/jop.2010.100328. PMID 20722532. ^ "What's the best way to brush teeth? Even dentists and dental associations don't agree". Medical Xpress. 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. External links Media related to Toothbrushes at Wikimedia Commons American Dental Association statements on Tooth brushing BBC h2g2 The History of Toothpaste and Toothbrushes vteDentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (Periodontology)Anatomy Periodontium Alveolar bone Biologic width Cementum Free gingival margin Gingiva Gingival fibers Gingival sulcus Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Periodontal ligament Sulcular epithelium Stippling DiseaseDiagnoses Chronic periodontitis Localized aggressive periodontitis Generalized aggressive periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease Periodontosis Necrotizing periodontal diseases Abscesses of the periodontium Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions Infection A. actinomycetemcomitans Capnocytophaga sp. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toothbrush (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toothbrush_x3_20050716_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"oral hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygiene"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth"},{"link_name":"gums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingiva"},{"link_name":"tongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue"},{"link_name":"bristles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristle"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"handle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_(grip)"},{"link_name":"floss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_floss"},{"link_name":"dentists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentist"},{"link_name":"tooth enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_enamel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink"},{"link_name":"wooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"landfills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon"},{"link_name":"biodegradable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable"},{"link_name":"recycled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling"},{"link_name":"bamboo viscose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_viscose"}],"text":"For other uses, see Toothbrush (disambiguation).Three plastic toothbrushesA toothbrush is an oral hygiene tool used to clean the teeth, gums, and tongue. It consists of a head of tightly clustered bristles, atop of which toothpaste can be applied, mounted on a handle which facilitates the cleaning of hard-to-reach areas of the mouth. They should be used in conjunction with something to clean between the teeth where the bristles of the toothbrush cannot reach - for example floss, tape or interdental brushes.They are available with different bristle textures, sizes, and forms. Most dentists recommend using a soft toothbrush since hard-bristled toothbrushes can damage tooth enamel and irritate the gums.[1]Because many common and effective ingredients in toothpaste are harmful if swallowed in large doses and instead should be spat out, the act of brushing teeth is most often done at a sink within the kitchen or bathroom, where the brush may be rinsed off afterwards to remove any debris remaining and then dried to reduce conditions ideal for bacterial growth (and, if it is a wooden toothbrush, mold as well).Some toothbrushes have plant-based handles, often bamboo. However, numerous others are made of cheap plastic; such brushes constitute a significant source of pollution.[2][3] Over 1 billion toothbrushes are disposed of into landfills annually in the United States alone.[4] Bristles are commonly made of nylon (which, while not biodegradable, as plastic is, may still be recycled) or bamboo viscose.","title":"Toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%89%99%E5%88%B7.png"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon%E2%80%99s_toothbrush,_c_1795._(9660576547).jpg"},{"link_name":"horsehair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehair"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Song dynasty (960–1279) toothbrush handles made of tiger boneThe horsehair toothbrush was said to have been used by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821)[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oral hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygiene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sammons-223-6"},{"link_name":"twigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twig"},{"link_name":"feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"porcupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine"},{"link_name":"chew stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chew_stick"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origins-7"},{"link_name":"toothpick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpick"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dentalb-8"},{"link_name":"Sumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dentalb-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origins-7"},{"link_name":"Yijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijing_(monk)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Qin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dentalb-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origins-7"},{"link_name":"miswak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miswak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IslamKotob-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Neem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"datun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datun_(twig)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Precursors","text":"Before the invention of the toothbrush, a variety of oral hygiene measures had been used.[6] This has been verified by excavations during which tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones and porcupine quills were recovered.The predecessor of the toothbrush is the chew stick. Chew sticks were twigs with frayed ends used to brush the teeth[7] while the other end was used as a toothpick.[8] The earliest chew sticks were discovered in Sumer in southern Mesopotamia in 3500 BC,[8] an Egyptian tomb dating from 3000 BC,[7] and mentioned in Chinese records dating from 1600 BC.The Indian way of using tooth wood for brushing is presented by the Chinese Monk Yijing (635–713 CE) when he describes the rules for monks in his book:[9]\n\"Every day in the morning, a monk must chew a piece of tooth wood to brush his teeth and scrape his tongue, and this must be done in the proper way. Only after one has washed one's hands and mouth may one make salutations. Otherwise both the saluter and the saluted are at fault. In Sanskrit, the tooth wood is known as the dantakastha—danta meaning tooth, and kastha, a piece of wood. It is twelve finger-widths in length. The shortest is not less than eight finger-widths long, resembling the little finger in size. Chew one end of the wood well for a long while and then brush the teeth with it.\"The Greeks and Romans used toothpicks to clean their teeth, and toothpick-like twigs have been excavated in Qin dynasty tombs.[8] Chew sticks remain common in Africa,[10] the rural Southern United States,[7] and in the Islamic world the use of chewing stick miswak is considered a pious action and has been prescribed to be used before every prayer five times a day.[11] Miswaks have been used by Muslims since the 7th century.[citation needed] Twigs of Neem Tree have been used by ancient Indians.[12][13] Neem, in its full bloom, can aid in healing by keeping the area clean and disinfected. In fact, even today, Neem twigs called datun are used for brushing teeth in India, although not hugely common.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bristle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kumar-412413-15"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origins-7"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Dōgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen"},{"link_name":"Shōbōgenzō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Library_of_Congress-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stay-18"},{"link_name":"Anthony Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wood_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origins-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sammons-223-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Indexo%27_finger_toothbrush,_New_York,_United_States,_1901-19_Wellcome_L0058113.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toothbrush1899Paris.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Addis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Addis_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Library_of_Congress-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dentistry-20"},{"link_name":"rag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"soot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Addis-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Addis-23"},{"link_name":"Hertford Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_Museum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dentistry-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toothbrush_teaching_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kumar-412413-15"},{"link_name":"synthetic fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber"},{"link_name":"nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"electric toothbrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"thermoplastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sammons-223-6"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Reach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune1991-27"},{"link_name":"cariogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_caries"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"sulcular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingival_sulcus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lemelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_H._Lemelson"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Toothbrush","text":"The first bristle toothbrush resembling the modern one was found in China.[15] Used during the Tang dynasty (619–907), it consisted of hog bristles.[16] The bristles were sourced from hogs living in Siberia and northern China because the colder temperatures provided firmer bristles. They were attached to a handle manufactured from bamboo or bone, forming a toothbrush.[7] In 1223, Japanese Zen master Dōgen Kigen recorded in his Shōbōgenzō that he saw monks in China clean their teeth with brushes made of horsetail hairs attached to an oxbone handle. The bristle toothbrush spread to Europe, brought from China to Europe by travellers.[17] It was adopted in Europe during the 17th century.[18] The earliest identified use of the word toothbrush in English was in the autobiography of Anthony Wood who wrote in 1690 that he had bought a toothbrush from J. Barret.[19] Europeans found the hog bristle toothbrushes imported from China too firm and preferred softer bristle toothbrushes made from horsehair.[7] Mass-produced toothbrushes made with horse or boar bristle continued to be imported to Britain from China until the mid 20th century.[6]'Indexo' finger toothbrush, New York, United States, 1901–1919. It is made entirely of rubber, which has been shaped to fit over the index finger.A photo from 1899 showing the use of a toothbrush.In the UK, William Addis is believed to have produced the first mass-produced toothbrush in 1780.[17][20] In 1770, he had been jailed for causing a riot. While in prison he decided that using a rag with soot and salt on the teeth was ineffective and could be improved. After saving a small bone from a meal, he drilled small holes into the bone and tied into the bone tufts of bristles that he had obtained from one of the guards, passed the tufts of bristle through the holes in the bone and sealed the holes with glue. After his release, he became wealthy after starting a business manufacturing toothbrushes. He died in 1808, bequeathing the business to his eldest son. It remained within family ownership until 1996.[21] Under the name Wisdom Toothbrushes, the company now manufactures 70 million toothbrushes per year in the UK.[22] By 1840 toothbrushes were being mass-produced in Britain, France, Germany, and Japan.[23] Pig bristles were used for cheaper toothbrushes and badger hair for the more expensive ones.[23]Hertford Museum in Hertford, UK, holds approximately 5000 brushes that make up part of the Addis Collection. The Addis factory on Ware Road was a major employer in the town until 1996. Since the closure of the factory, Hertford Museum has received photographs and documents relating to the archive, and collected oral histories from former employees.[24]The first patent for a toothbrush was granted to H.N. Wadsworth in 1857 (U.S.A. Patent No. 18,653) in the United States, but mass production in the United States did not start until 1885. The improved design had a bone handle with holes bored into it for the Siberian boar hair bristles. Unfortunately, animal bristle was not an ideal material as it retained bacteria, did not dry efficiently and the bristles often fell out. In addition to bone, handles were made of wood or ivory.[25] In the United States, brushing teeth did not become routine until after World War II, when American soldiers had to clean their teeth daily.[20]A child being shown how to use a toothbrush.During the 1900s, celluloid gradually replaced bone handles.[15] Natural animal bristles were also replaced by synthetic fibers, usually nylon, by DuPont in 1938. The first nylon bristle toothbrush made with nylon yarn went on sale on February 24, 1938. The first electric toothbrush, the Broxodent, was invented in Switzerland in 1954.[26] By the turn of the 21st century nylon had come to be widely used for the bristles and the handles were usually molded from thermoplastic materials.[6]Johnson & Johnson, a leading medical supplies firm, introduced the \"Reach\" toothbrush in 1977.[27] It differed from previous toothbrushes in three ways: it had an angled head, similar to dental instruments, to reach back teeth; the bristles were concentrated more closely than usual to clean each tooth of potentially cariogenic (cavity-causing) materials; and the outer bristles were longer and softer than the inner bristles. Other manufacturers soon followed with other designs aimed at improving effectiveness.[28]\nIn spite of the changes with the number of tufts and the spacing, the handle form and design, the bristles were still straight and difficult to maneuver. In 1978 Dr. George C. Collis developed the Collis Curve toothbrush which was the first toothbrush to have curved bristles. The curved bristles follow the curvature of the teeth and safely reach in between the teeth and into the sulcular areas.[29]In January 2003, the toothbrush was selected as the number one invention Americans could not live without according to the Lemelson-MIT Invention Index.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Six-sided_toothbrush.png"}],"sub_title":"Multi-sided toothbrushes","text":"A six-sided toothbrush used to brush all sides of the teeth, in both the upper and lower jaw, at the same time.A multi-sided toothbrush is a fast and easy way to brush the teeth.","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:So_Many_Choices_(11693539025).jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21154357-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21985880-33"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic toothbrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_toothbrush"},{"link_name":"audible frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_frequency"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Electric toothbrush","text":"Various electric toothbrush headsIt has been discovered that compared to a manual brush, the multi-directional power brush might reduce the incidence of gingivitis and plaque, when compared to regular side-to-side brushing. These brushes tend to be more costly and damaging to the environment when compared to manual toothbrushes.[31] Most studies report performances equivalent to those of manual brushings, possibly with a decrease in plaque and gingivitis.[32] An additional timer and pressure sensors can encourage a more efficient cleaning process.[33]\nElectric toothbrushes can be classified, according to the speed of their movements as: standard power toothbrushes, sonic toothbrushes, or ultrasonic toothbrushes. Any electric toothbrush is technically a powered toothbrush. If the motion of the toothbrush is sufficiently rapid to produce a hum in the audible frequency range (20 Hz to 20,000 Hz), it can be classified as a sonic toothbrush. Any electric toothbrush with movement faster than this limit can be classified as an ultrasonic toothbrush. Certain ultrasonic toothbrushes, such as the Megasonex and the Ultreo, have both sonic and ultrasonic movements.There are different electric toothbrush heads designed for sensitive teeth and gums, increased stain removal, or different-sized bristles for tight or gapped teeth. The hand motion with an electric toothbrush is different from a manual toothbrush. They are meant to have the bristles do the work by just placing and moving the toothbrush. Fewer back and forth strokes are needed.[34]","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TePe_Interdental_Brushes_original.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tandenrager.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interdental cleaning § Interdental brush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdental_cleaning#Interdental_brush"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_tooth"},{"link_name":"dental braces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_brace"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"dental floss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_floss"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22726785-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO_16409:2010-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO_16409:2014-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Interdental brush","text":"Wire-and nylon interdental brushesRubbery, elastomer interdental brushSee also: Interdental cleaning § Interdental brushAn interdental or interproximal (\"proxy\") brush is a small brush, typically disposable, either supplied with a reusable angled plastic handle or an integral handle, used for cleaning between teeth and between the wires of dental braces and the teeth.The use of interdental brushes in conjunction with tooth brushing has been shown to reduce both the amount of plaque and the incidence of gingivitis when compared to tooth brushing alone.[35] Although there is some evidence that after tooth brushing with a conventional tooth brush, interdental brushes remove more plaque than dental floss,[36] a systematic review reported insufficient evidence to determine such an association.[35]The size of interdental brushes is standardized in ISO 16409.[37][38] The brush size,[39] which is a number between 0 (small space between teeth) and 8 (large space), indicates the passage hole diameter. This corresponds to the space between two teeth that is just sufficient for the brush to go through without bending the wire. The color of the brushes differs between producers. The same is the case with respect to the wire diameter.[40]","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"End-tuft brush","text":"The small round brush head comprises seven tufts of tightly packed soft nylon bristles, trimmed so the bristles in the center can reach deeper into small spaces. The brush handle is ergonomically designed for a firm grip, giving the control and precision necessary to clean where most other cleaning aids cannot reach.[44] These areas include the posterior of the wisdom teeth (third molars), orthodontic structures (braces), crowded teeth, and tooth surfaces that are next to missing teeth. It can also be used to clean areas around implants, bridges, dentures and other appliances.[45]","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chewabletoothbrush.jpg"},{"link_name":"bathroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom"},{"link_name":"vending machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Chewable toothbrush","text":"Chewable toothbrushesA chewable toothbrush is a miniature plastic moulded toothbrush which can be placed inside the mouth. While not commonly used, they are useful to travelers and are sometimes available from bathroom vending machines. They are available in different flavors such as mint or bubblegum and should be disposed of after use. Other types of disposable toothbrushes include those that contain a small breakable plastic ball of toothpaste on the bristles, which can be used without water.[46]","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Musical toothbrush","text":"A musical toothbrush is a type of manual or powered toothbrush designed to make tooth brushing habit more interesting. It is more commonly introduced to children to gain their attention and positively influence their tooth brushing behavior. The music starts while child starts brushing, it continuously plays during the brushing and it ends when the child stops brushing.[47]","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soladey_3.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Toothpaste-less toothbrush","text":"Soladey 3 is activated by light to kill bacteria.","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wechselkopfzahnbuerste.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Reusable toothbrush","text":"Replaceable head toothbrush, with and without brush head","title":"Types of toothbrush"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tooth brushing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hepatitis C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"dental plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clay-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attin-50"},{"link_name":"preventive healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-best-51"}],"sub_title":"Hygiene and care","text":"It is not recommended to share toothbrushes with others, since besides general hygienic concerns, there is a risk of transmitting diseases that are typically transmittable by blood, such as Hepatitis C.[48]After use, it is advisable to rinse the toothbrush with water, shake it off and let the toothbrush dry.Studies have shown that brushing to remove dental plaque more often than every 48 hours is enough to maintain gum and tooth health. Tooth brushing can remove plaque up to one millimeter below the gum line, and each person has a habitual brushing method, so more frequent brushing does not cover additional parts of the teeth or mouth.[49]\nMost dentists recommended patients brush twice a day in the hope that more frequent brushing would clean more areas of the mouth.[50]\nTooth brushing is the most common preventive healthcare activity, but tooth and gum disease remain high, since lay people clean at most 40% of their tooth margins at the gum line. Videos show that even when asked to brush their best, they do not know how to clean effectively.[51]","title":"Tooth brushing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PreventiveMeasures-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PreventiveMeasures-52"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Adversity of toothbrushes","text":"Teeth can be damaged by several factors including poor oral hygiene, but also by wrong oral hygiene. Especially for sensitive teeth, damage to dentin and gums can be prevented by several measures[52] including a correct brushing technique.It is beneficial, when using a straight bristled brush, not to scrub horizontally over the necks of teeth, not to press the brush too hard against the teeth, to choose a toothpaste that is not too abrasive,[53] and to wait at least 30 minutes after consumption of acidic food or drinks before brushing.[52][54]\nHarder toothbrushes reduce plaque more efficiently but are more stressful to teeth and gum; using a medium to soft brush for a longer cleaning time was rated to be the best compromise between cleaning result and gum and tooth health.[55]A study by University College London found that advice on brushing technique and frequency given by 10 national dental associations, toothpaste and toothbrush companies, and in dental textbooks was inconsistent.[56]","title":"Tooth brushing"}]
[{"image_text":"Three plastic toothbrushes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Toothbrush_x3_20050716_001.jpg/220px-Toothbrush_x3_20050716_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Song dynasty (960–1279) toothbrush handles made of tiger bone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%89%99%E5%88%B7.png/220px-%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%89%99%E5%88%B7.png"},{"image_text":"The horsehair toothbrush was said to have been used by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821)[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Napoleon%E2%80%99s_toothbrush%2C_c_1795._%289660576547%29.jpg/220px-Napoleon%E2%80%99s_toothbrush%2C_c_1795._%289660576547%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Indexo' finger toothbrush, New York, United States, 1901–1919. It is made entirely of rubber, which has been shaped to fit over the index finger.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%27Indexo%27_finger_toothbrush%2C_New_York%2C_United_States%2C_1901-19_Wellcome_L0058113.jpg/220px-%27Indexo%27_finger_toothbrush%2C_New_York%2C_United_States%2C_1901-19_Wellcome_L0058113.jpg"},{"image_text":"A photo from 1899 showing the use of a toothbrush.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Toothbrush1899Paris.jpg/170px-Toothbrush1899Paris.jpg"},{"image_text":"A child being shown how to use a toothbrush.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Toothbrush_teaching_1.jpg/220px-Toothbrush_teaching_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A six-sided toothbrush used to brush all sides of the teeth, in both the upper and lower jaw, at the same time.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Six-sided_toothbrush.png/220px-Six-sided_toothbrush.png"},{"image_text":"Various electric toothbrush heads","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/So_Many_Choices_%2811693539025%29.jpg/220px-So_Many_Choices_%2811693539025%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wire-and nylon interdental brushes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/TePe_Interdental_Brushes_original.jpg/220px-TePe_Interdental_Brushes_original.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rubbery, elastomer interdental brush","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tandenrager.jpg/220px-Tandenrager.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chewable toothbrushes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chewabletoothbrush.jpg/220px-Chewabletoothbrush.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soladey 3 is activated by light to kill bacteria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Soladey_3.jpg/220px-Soladey_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Replaceable head toothbrush, with and without brush head","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wechselkopfzahnbuerste.jpg/220px-Wechselkopfzahnbuerste.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Dental floss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_floss"},{"title":"Mouthwash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash"},{"title":"Toothbrush moustache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush_moustache"}]
[{"reference":"Cathy. \"Green and Healthy Mouths- Toothbrushes\". greenecoservices.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenecoservices.com/green-and-healthy-mouths-toothbrushes/","url_text":"\"Green and Healthy Mouths- Toothbrushes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090905180801/http://www.greenecoservices.com/green-and-healthy-mouths-toothbrushes/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larry West. \"Can You Recycle Your Toothbrush?\". About.com News & Issues. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://environment.about.com/od/earthtalkcolumns/a/toothbrush.htm","url_text":"\"Can You Recycle Your Toothbrush?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204041650/http://environment.about.com/od/earthtalkcolumns/a/toothbrush.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How your toothbrush became a part of the plastic crisis\". Environment. 2019-06-14. Archived from the original on June 14, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad_bin_Yusuf
An-Nasir Muhammad bin Yusuf
["1 See also","2 References"]
An-Nasir Muhammad bin Yusuf (died August 8, 1488) was a contender for the Zaidi state in Yemen, whose term as imam is counted from 1474 to 1488. Muhammad bin Yusuf was a descendant of the imam al-Mahdi Ali (d. 1372) in the fifth generation. When the old imam al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar died in Dhamar in 1474, three claimants appeared on the scene. These included Muhammad bin Yusuf, who went from San'a to the mountainous stronghold Thula. From there he made his da'wa (call for the imamate), spreading the message to San'a, Falala and other Zaidi areas. He took the honorific name an-Nasir Muhammad. His two rivals were al-Mansur Muhammad and al-Hadi Izz ad-Din, who belonged to other branches of the Rassids. One Zaidi faction, the Hamzite Sharifs, actually heeded his call and acknowledged him from April 1476 to October–November 1487. Nevertheless, the people of the traditional centre of the Zaydiyyah community, Sa'dah, refused to support him and instead proclaimed al-Hadi Izz ad-Din. An-Nasir Muhammad was considered to have the best doctrinal knowledge of his contemporaries, but luck was not on his side. Neither of the claimants was able to control the key city San'a, which was in the hands of a fourth imam, al-Mu’ayyad Muhammad, since 1464. An-Nasir Muhammad died after a fairly obscure tenure in 1488, and was buried in the dome in Thula. See also Imams of Yemen Rassids History of Yemen References ^ The line of descent is al-Mahdi Ali - al-Hasan - al-Murtada - Salah - Yusuf - an-Nasir Muhammad. ^ Ayman Fu'ad Sayyid, Masadir ta'rikh al-Yaman fial 'asr al-islami. al Qahira 1974. ^ Lein O. Schuman, Political History of the Yemen at the Beginning of the 16th Century. Groningen 1960, p. 52-3 ^ Imam Zaid bin Ali Cultural Foundation, "مؤسسة الإمام زيد بن علي الثقافية :: استعراض الكتاب". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-01-26. (in Arabic). Preceded byal-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar Zaydi Imam of Yemen 1474–1488 Succeeded byal-Hadi Izz ad-din
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Mahdi Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Ali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_al-Mutahhar"},{"link_name":"Dhamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamar,_Yemen"},{"link_name":"San'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%27a"},{"link_name":"Thula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thula"},{"link_name":"da'wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27wa"},{"link_name":"imamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate"},{"link_name":"al-Mansur Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_Muhammad_(died_1505)"},{"link_name":"al-Hadi Izz ad-Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadi_Izz_ad-din"},{"link_name":"Rassids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassids"},{"link_name":"Zaydiyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydiyyah"},{"link_name":"Sa'dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27dah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"al-Mu’ayyad Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%E2%80%99ayyad_Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Muhammad bin Yusuf was a descendant of the imam al-Mahdi Ali (d. 1372) in the fifth generation.[1] When the old imam al-Mutawakkil al-Mutahhar died in Dhamar in 1474, three claimants appeared on the scene. These included Muhammad bin Yusuf, who went from San'a to the mountainous stronghold Thula. From there he made his da'wa (call for the imamate), spreading the message to San'a, Falala and other Zaidi areas. He took the honorific name an-Nasir Muhammad. His two rivals were al-Mansur Muhammad and al-Hadi Izz ad-Din, who belonged to other branches of the Rassids. One Zaidi faction, the Hamzite Sharifs, actually heeded his call and acknowledged him from April 1476 to October–November 1487. Nevertheless, the people of the traditional centre of the Zaydiyyah community, Sa'dah, refused to support him and instead proclaimed al-Hadi Izz ad-Din.[2] An-Nasir Muhammad was considered to have the best doctrinal knowledge of his contemporaries, but luck was not on his side. Neither of the claimants was able to control the key city San'a, which was in the hands of a fourth imam, al-Mu’ayyad Muhammad, since 1464.[3] An-Nasir Muhammad died after a fairly obscure tenure in 1488, and was buried in the dome in Thula.[4]","title":"An-Nasir Muhammad bin Yusuf"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Matheson
Mark Matheson
["1 Career statistics","2 References","3 External links"]
Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Mark Matheson Born (1984-02-01) February 1, 1984 (age 40)Calgary, Alberta, CanadaHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 205 lb (93 kg; 14 st 9 lb)Position DefenceShoots LeftPlayed for Milwaukee AdmiralsChicago WolvesVienna CapitalsLinköpings HCStavanger OilersDragons de RouenSheffield SteelersGyergyói HKNottingham PanthersNHL draft UndraftedPlaying career 2007–present Mark Matheson (born February 1, 1984) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player, who was last signed to EIHL side Nottingham Panthers where he served as player and interim coach. Matheson previously spent time with Gyergyói HK and had played two seasons with Nottingham's rival Sheffield Steelers. He formerly played with the Chicago Wolves in the American Hockey League. Career statistics Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 2002–03 Calgary Royals AJHL 54 7 30 37 81 — — — — — 2003–04 UMass Amherst HE 22 2 2 4 0 — — — — — 2004–05 UMass Amherst HE 37 2 5 7 10 — — — — — 2005–06 UMass Amherst HE 34 3 11 14 4 — — — — — 2006–07 UMass Amherst HE 38 13 11 24 14 — — — — — 2006–07 Milwaukee Admirals AHL 7 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 2007–08 Milwaukee Admirals AHL 49 0 10 10 32 6 1 1 2 8 2007–08 Cincinnati Cyclones ECHL 3 1 5 6 0 — — — — — 2008–09 Milwaukee Admirals AHL 76 2 23 25 42 11 0 3 3 2 2009–10 Milwaukee Admirals AHL 58 4 13 17 30 5 0 1 1 2 2010–11 Chicago Wolves AHL 70 9 24 33 12 — — — — — 2011–12 Chicago Wolves AHL 60 2 13 15 16 5 0 0 0 4 2012–13 Chicago Wolves AHL 67 6 15 21 8 — — — — — 2013–14 Vienna Capitals EBEL 16 0 4 4 8 — — — — — 2013–14 Linköpings HC SHL 25 1 3 4 10 14 1 0 1 0 2014–15 Linköpings HC SHL 11 1 1 2 4 — — — — — 2014–15 Stavanger Oilers GET 6 0 3 3 0 15 1 3 4 10 2015–16 Dragons de Rouen LM 10 0 5 5 2 15 2 11 13 2 2016–17 Dragons de Rouen LM 35 3 14 17 14 19 1 6 7 6 2017–18 Sheffield Steelers EIHL 56 9 40 49 24 4 2 3 5 0 2018–19 Sheffield Steelers EIHL 46 11 20 31 10 0 0 0 0 0 2019–20 Nottingham Panthers EIHL 46 9 35 44 20 — — — — — 2020–21 Gyergyói HK Erste Liga 7 1 2 3 — — — — — — 2020–21 Nottingham Panthers Elite Series 16 4 12 16 12 — — — — — 2021–22 Nottingham Panthers EIHL 53 4 20 24 29 2 0 0 0 0 AHL totals 387 23 98 121 142 31 1 5 6 18 References ^ "220105 | Wallace - Nottingham Panthers". ^ "190614 | Matheson switches to Nottingham - Nottingham Panthers". ^ https://eliteleague.co.uk/steelers-sign-defenceman-matheson/ ^ "Wolves bring back Matheson". Chicago Wolves. June 1, 2011. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011. ^ "Mark Matheson completes squad" (in German). Vienna Capitals. July 9, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or The Internet Hockey Database This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey centre born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"EIHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIHL"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Panthers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gyergyói HK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Progym_Gheorgheni"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Steelers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Wolves"},{"link_name":"American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerMark Matheson (born February 1, 1984) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player, who was last signed to EIHL side Nottingham Panthers where he served as player and interim coach.[1] Matheson previously spent time with Gyergyói HK and had played two seasons with Nottingham's rival Sheffield Steelers.[2][3] He formerly played with the Chicago Wolves in the American Hockey League.[4][5]","title":"Mark Matheson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonia_mascula
Paeonia mascula
["1 Taxonomy","2 Location","3 Flowering cycle","4 Uses","5 References"]
Species of flowering plant Paeonia mascula Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Saxifragales Family: Paeoniaceae Genus: Paeonia Species: P. mascula Binomial name Paeonia mascula(L.) Mill. Synonyms Paeonia corallina Retz. Paeonia integra J.A.Murray Paeonia integrifolia Link Paeonia mas Garsault nom. illeg. Paeonia mascula L. ex Desf. nom. illeg. Paeonia mascula L. ex Beck nom. illeg. Paeonia mascula is a species of peony. It is a herbaceous perennial 0.5–1.5 m (1.6–4.9 ft) tall, with leaves that are divided into three segments, and large red flowers in late spring and early summer. Native to Syria, Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Cyprus, Montenegro, Bulgaria Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon and Israel, this wild peony has become naturalised on two small islands in the UK. Taxonomy The following subspecies have been defined. Paeonia mascula subsp. mascula Paeonia mascula subsp. bodurii Paeonia mascula subsp. hellenica Paeonia mascula subsp. russoi. Location Paeonia mascula ssp. russoi, Cephalonia Paeonia mascula is at risk in its natural environment due to the demand from private collectors and there is a significant trade in wild P. mascula from Turkey. Ideal conditions are light (sandy) soils although and most peonies can grow in heavy clay soil. The Wild Peony prefers acid and neutral soils, can grow in semi-shade and tolerates drought. The wild peony was introduced to the island of Steep Holm in the Bristol Channel, possibly by monks. 37 plants were taken to nearby Flat Holm island by Frank Harris, the farmer at the time, in the 1930s, many of which died during the World War II occupation and fortification of the island. One remaining plant was reintroduced by the Flat Holm Warden in 1982 and is protected by fencing near the path to the lighthouse. A few plants grown from seed also survive in the farmhouse garden. Flowering cycle Wild peony on Flat Holm island beginning to bud in early May Paeonia mascula flowers for just one week of the year normally in May or June in the Northern Hemisphere, and the seedpods (at one stage referred to as jester's hats develop during the summer before bursting open to scatter seeds in August or September. The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects. The plant is self-fertile. Steep Holm and Flat Holm are the only known places in the UK where the wild peony has naturalised. The likely reason for this is that the islands provide a habitat similar to the Mediterranean islands where the plants originate from and the relative isolation allows them some protection. Uses The roots of P. mascula were ground to a powder and used to treat colds and sore throats. Paeonia mascula from Turkey bud Open fruit, showing the seeds The fruit known as jester's hats References ^ a b c Hong, D.-Y. (2010), Peonies of the World, Kew Publishing and Missouri Botanical Garden, pp. 181–189, ISBN 978-1-84246-392-5 ^ a b c Plants For A Future: Paeonia mascula, retrieved 2016-07-21 ^ "Paeonia mascula". Red Book of Bulgaria, vol. I. Retrieved 2017-02-21. ^ "Paeonia mascula". Online Atlas of British & Irish Flora. Retrieved 2016-08-19. ^ a b The Peony Society: Wild Species, retrieved 2008-04-30 ^ The Peony Society: Steep Holm ^ Cardiff Council Flat Holm Project records accessed 2008-05-08 ^ Flat Holm Island, Cardiff Council, 2004, pp. 46–47, ISBN 0-902466-14-3 ^ M.Grieve. "A Modern Herbal". Retrieved 2008-04-12. Taxon identifiersPaeonia mascula Wikidata: Q161482 Wikispecies: Paeonia mascula APDB: 149648 BOLD: 433799 CoL: 4BYBX EPPO: PAOMA EUNIS: 175361 FoIO: paemas GBIF: 7155281 GRIN: 26325 iNaturalist: 333843 IPNI: 711821-1 ISC: 116076 ITIS: 895227 NBN: NHMSYS0000461445 NCBI: 40712 Observation.org: 133669 Open Tree of Life: 163414 PfaF: Paeonia mascula PFI: 9022 Plant List: kew-2560873 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711821-1 RHS: 12159 Tropicos: 27100114 WoI: 83 WFO: wfo-0000480488 Paeonia officinalis var. mascula Wikidata: Q39507579 APDB: 225090 GBIF: 7603047 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:519243-4 Tropicos: 50291966 WFO: wfo-0000735387
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peony"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibib-2"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong2010-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Paeonia mascula is a species of peony. It is a herbaceous perennial 0.5–1.5 m (1.6–4.9 ft) tall,[2] with leaves that are divided into three segments, and large red flowers in late spring and early summer. Native to Syria, Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Cyprus, Montenegro, Bulgaria[3] Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon and Israel,[1] this wild peony has become naturalised on two small islands in the UK.[4]","title":"Paeonia mascula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hong2010-1"}],"text":"The following subspecies have been defined.[1]Paeonia mascula subsp. mascula\nPaeonia mascula subsp. bodurii\nPaeonia mascula subsp. hellenica\nPaeonia mascula subsp. russoi.","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paeonia_of_Ceohalonia_island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cephalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peonysoc-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibib-2"},{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"Steep Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steep_Holm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Flat Holm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Holm"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Paeonia mascula ssp. russoi, CephaloniaPaeonia mascula is at risk in its natural environment due to the demand from private collectors and there is a significant trade in wild P. mascula from Turkey.[5]Ideal conditions are light (sandy) soils although and most peonies can grow in heavy clay soil. The Wild Peony prefers acid and neutral soils, can grow in semi-shade and tolerates drought.[2]The wild peony was introduced to the island of Steep Holm in the Bristol Channel, possibly by monks.[6] 37 plants were taken to nearby Flat Holm island by Frank Harris, the farmer at the time, in the 1930s, many of which died during the World War II occupation and fortification of the island. One remaining plant was reintroduced by the Flat Holm Warden in 1982 and is protected by fencing near the path to the lighthouse. A few plants grown from seed also survive in the farmhouse garden.[7]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flat_Holm_Wild_Peony_1a.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"pollinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinated"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibib-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peonysoc-5"}],"text":"Wild peony on Flat Holm island beginning to bud in early MayPaeonia mascula flowers for just one week of the year normally in May or June in the Northern Hemisphere, and the seedpods (at one stage referred to as jester's hats develop during the summer before bursting open to scatter seeds in August or September.[8] The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects. The plant is self-fertile.[2]Steep Holm and Flat Holm are the only known places in the UK where the wild peony has naturalised. The likely reason for this is that the islands provide a habitat similar to the Mediterranean islands where the plants originate from and the relative isolation allows them some protection.[5]","title":"Flowering cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paeonia_mascula_from_Turkey_bud.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_Peony_going_to_seed.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_Peony_seed_pods.jpg"}],"text":"The roots of P. mascula were ground to a powder and used to treat colds and sore throats.[9]Paeonia mascula from Turkey budOpen fruit, showing the seeds\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe fruit known as jester's hats","title":"Uses"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Hong, D.-Y. (2010), Peonies of the World, Kew Publishing and Missouri Botanical Garden, pp. 181–189, ISBN 978-1-84246-392-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-392-5","url_text":"978-1-84246-392-5"}]},{"reference":"Plants For A Future: Paeonia mascula, retrieved 2016-07-21","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+mascula","url_text":"Plants For A Future: Paeonia mascula"}]},{"reference":"\"Paeonia mascula\". Red Book of Bulgaria, vol. I. Retrieved 2017-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/bg/vol1/Paemascu.html","url_text":"\"Paeonia mascula\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paeonia mascula\". Online Atlas of British & Irish Flora. Retrieved 2016-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=node/1537","url_text":"\"Paeonia mascula\""}]},{"reference":"The Peony Society: Wild Species, retrieved 2008-04-30","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peonysociety.org.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=11","url_text":"The Peony Society: Wild Species"}]},{"reference":"Flat Holm Island, Cardiff Council, 2004, pp. 46–47, ISBN 0-902466-14-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902466-14-3","url_text":"0-902466-14-3"}]},{"reference":"M.Grieve. \"A Modern Herbal\". Retrieved 2008-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/comindx.html","url_text":"\"A Modern Herbal\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+mascula","external_links_name":"Plants For A Future: Paeonia mascula"},{"Link":"http://e-ecodb.bas.bg/rdb/bg/vol1/Paemascu.html","external_links_name":"\"Paeonia mascula\""},{"Link":"http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=node/1537","external_links_name":"\"Paeonia mascula\""},{"Link":"http://www.peonysociety.org.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=11","external_links_name":"The Peony Society: Wild Species"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100222/http://www.thepeonysociety.org/Steep_Holm.html","external_links_name":"The Peony Society: Steep Holm"},{"Link":"http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/comindx.html","external_links_name":"\"A Modern Herbal\""},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/149648","external_links_name":"149648"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=433799","external_links_name":"433799"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4BYBX","external_links_name":"4BYBX"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PAOMA","external_links_name":"PAOMA"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/175361","external_links_name":"175361"},{"Link":"https://flora.org.il/en/plants/paemas","external_links_name":"paemas"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7155281","external_links_name":"7155281"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=26325","external_links_name":"26325"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/333843","external_links_name":"333843"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/711821-1","external_links_name":"711821-1"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/116076","external_links_name":"116076"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=895227","external_links_name":"895227"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000461445","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000461445"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=40712","external_links_name":"40712"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/133669/","external_links_name":"133669"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=163414","external_links_name":"163414"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+mascula","external_links_name":"Paeonia mascula"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=9022","external_links_name":"9022"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2560873","external_links_name":"kew-2560873"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A711821-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711821-1"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/12159/wd/Details","external_links_name":"12159"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27100114","external_links_name":"27100114"},{"Link":"https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=83","external_links_name":"83"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000480488","external_links_name":"wfo-0000480488"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/225090","external_links_name":"225090"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7603047","external_links_name":"7603047"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A519243-4","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:519243-4"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50291966","external_links_name":"50291966"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000735387","external_links_name":"wfo-0000735387"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthought
Enthought
["1 Open source software","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Software company EnthoughtIndustryComputer softwareFounded2001; 23 years ago (2001)FounderTravis Vaught, Eric JonesHeadquartersAustin, Texas, United StatesProductsPython development software, consulting, and trainingWebsitewww.enthought.com Enthought, Inc. is a software company based in Austin, Texas, United States that develops scientific and analytic computing solutions using primarily the Python programming language. It is best known for the early development and maintenance of the SciPy library of mathematics, science, and engineering algorithms and for its Python for scientific computing distribution Enthought Canopy (formerly EPD). The company was founded in 2001 by Travis Vaught and Eric Jones. Open source software Enthought Canopy Logo Enthought publishes a large portion of the code as open-source software under a BSD-style license. Enthought Canopy is a Python for scientific and analytic computing distribution and analysis environment, available for free and under a commercial license. The Enthought Tool Suite open source software projects include: Traits: A manifest type definition library for Python that provides initialization, validation, delegation, notification, and visualization. The Traits package is the foundation of the Enthought Tool Suite, underlying almost all other packages. TraitsUI: A UI layer that supports the visualization features of Traits. Implementations using wxWidgets and Qt are provided by the TraitsBackendWX and TraitsBackendQt projects Pyface: toolkit-independent GUI abstraction layer, which is used to support the "visualization" features of the Traits package. MayaVi: 2-D/3-D scientific data visualization, usable in TraitsUIs as well as an Envisage plug-in. Envisage: An extensible plug-in architecture for scientific applications, inspired by Eclipse and NetBeans in the Java world. Enable: A multi-platform DisplayPDF drawing engine that supports multiple output backends, including Windows, GTK+, and macOS native windowing systems, a variety of raster image formats, PDF, and PostScript. BlockCanvas: Visual environment for creating simulation experiments, where function and data are separated using CodeTools. GraphCanvas: library for interacting with visualizations of complex graphs. SciMath: Convenience libraries for math, interpolation, and units Chaco: An interactive 2-D plotting toolkit for Python. AppTools: General tools for ETS application development: scripting, logging, preferences, ... Enaml: Library for creating professional quality user interfaces combining a domain specific declarative language with a constraints based layout. See also Free and open-source software portal NumPy matplotlib Anaconda ActiveState's ActivePython References ^ a b "A bit of our story". Enthought Scientific Computing Solutions. ^ a b "Enthought". Duke Electrical and Computer Engineering. ^ "History of SciPy". scipy.org wiki. Archived from the original on 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2013-09-10. ^ "Enthought Introduces Enthought Canopy, a Python Analysis Environment for Scientific and Analytic Computing". April 10, 2013. ^ "Python Distribution and Integrated Analysis Environment". Enthought Canopy. ^ "Open Source Python Software". Enthought, Inc. ^ "nucleic/enaml - GitHub". GitHub. External links Official website This United States software corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_of_Majorca
Sancho of Majorca
["1 Youth","2 Personal life","3 Reign","4 Succession issues and death","5 Family tree","6 References"]
King of Majorca SanchoKing of MajorcaReign29 May 1311 – 4 September 1324PredecessorJames IISuccessorJames IIIBornc. 1274Pina, MallorcaDied4 September 1324 (aged 49–50)FormiguèresBurialCathedral of PerpignanSpouseMaria of NaplesHouseHouse of BarcelonaFatherJames II of MajorcaMotherEsclaramunda of FoixReligionRoman Catholicism Sancho (Catalan: Sanç; 1274 – 4 September 1324), called the Pacific or the Peaceful, was King of Majorca, Count of Roussillon and Cerdanya, and Lord of Montpellier from 1311 to his death. His 13-year-long reign was markedly undisturbed by turmoil, which earned him his epithets, and is thus often contrasted to the troublesome reigns of his father, James II, and nephew, James III, his predecessor and successor respectively. Youth Sancho was one of five children and the second son of James II and Esclaramunda of Foix. He was born in Pina, Mallorca around 1274. His father ruled the Kingdom of Majorca and adjacent fiefs under the suzerainty of his brother and afterwards nephews, the kings of Aragon. James's attempts to free himself of this vassalage led to his deposition by his nephew, King Alfonso III of Aragon, in 1286. Sancho, his mother and his elder brother, James, were taken captives by their cousin. The Queen was released but the brothers were kept in close confinement for several years, sometimes in irons. The Treaty of Anagni in 1295 secured their release by King James II of Aragon as well as the return of the Balearic islands to their father. Following the release, the princes were sent to the French royal court in Paris for education. Sancho's family was noted for its religious zeal. When in 1299 his elder brother, James, renounced his right to the throne to become a Franciscan, Sancho became heir apparent to his father's dominions. He was officially recognized as such in 1302 despite his poor health, for the alternative was his younger brother Ferdinand, with whom their father was at odds. Personal life A tower at King Sancho's palace in Valldemossa A proxy marriage with Maria, daughter of King Charles II of Naples, took place in September 1304, only three months after Sancho's sister Sancha married Maria's brother Robert. Sancho and Maria married in person five years later. The unions were part of a large-scale effort to achieve peace between the House of Barcelona, which ruled the kingdoms of Aragon, Majorca and Sicily, and the Capetian House of Anjou, which ruled the Kingdom of Naples. Sancho's union with Maria was suggested by his cousin James II of Aragon, who was already married to Maria's sister Blanche. Yet another sister-in-law of Sancho, Eleanor, married his cousin (James II of Aragon's brother) Frederick III of Sicily. Sancho was of delicate constitution and prone to asthma, prompting him to spend much of his time enjoying fresh air in the uplands. He thus established his residence in Valldemossa; the Valldemossa Charterhouse was later built on the site of Sancho's palace. The King also loved sports; he introduced partridges to the islands and passed severe anti-poaching laws. Pious but nevertheless notoriously lecherous, Sancho had three mistresses and at least four illegitimate daughters and an illegitimate son who entered a religious order. Reign Sancho became king upon James II's death on 29 May 1311. In his early reign, Sancho struggled to continue his father's policy of stabilising the kingdom, but the major city of the realm, Palma de Mallorca, fought for autonomy. The relations with Aragon were for the most part cordial throughout his reign. He was quick to answer James II of Aragon's call to Corts and assist him in the conquest of Sardinia. At the Corts, he swore fealty to his cousin in full view of the assembled legislators, which assured James so much that he absolved Sancho from obligations to attend his future Corts. Sancho extorted money from the realm's Jewish population in order to build a powerful navy that would rival that of the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, but his grandiose plans came to nothing. The King's attitude towards his Jewish subjects changed throughout his reign. He was infuriated in 1315 by the scandalous conversion of two German Christians to Judaism on the island, and responded by severely fining the Jews and confiscating all their property, including the synagogue. He also deprived them of all "privileges, liberties and immunities" granted by himself and his predecessors. He later allowed Jews to build a new synagogue, for which they had no resources, and in 1323 rewarded them financially for helping the royal treasury and for helping the construction of the Cathedral of Perpignan. Succession issues and death Sancho's tomb in the Cathedral of Perpignan, by Frederic Marès King Sancho's marriage was childless, which proved problematic in terms of succession. James II of Aragon claimed that the crown should revert to him if Sancho were to die leaving no legitimate issue, but Sancho himself was eager to prevent that. The elder of his two brothers, Ferdinand, had predeceased him; the younger, Philip, had also chosen an ecclesiastical career. Ferdinand, however, had left two sons, James and Ferdinand, and in 1322 Sancho devised a will detailing the line of succession: should Sancho have no legitimate children, the crown was to pass to James, then to the younger Ferdinand, and only if both boys were to die childless to the King of Aragon. He then proceeded to prepare the realm for his underage nephew's accession by establishing a regency council consisting of six people, three from the Kingdom of Majorca and three from the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne. War almost broke out with the enraged King of Aragon, but Sancho had the support of King Charles IV of France. In the summer of 1324, the asthmatic Sancho sought to escape the heat of his kingdom by spending the season in Formiguères. The precaution was futile, however. He died of an asthma attack on 4 September 1324. His nephew, James III, succeeded him. The arrival of Sancho's funeral procession on 11 September caused a tumult in Perpignan, with the townspeople attacking the nobles who accompanied his corpse and seizing the King's remains. The remains are now interred in the newly built Cathedral of Perpignan, which Sancho himself had chosen for his burial. Family tree James I of Aragon Peter III of AragonJames II of Majorca Alfonso III of AragonJames II of Aragon,I of SicilyFrederick III of SicilyJames of MajorcaSancho of MajorcaFerdinand of MajorcaPhilip of Majorca James III of Majorca References ^ a b c d e f Shelley, Henry Charles (1926). Majorca. Methuen & Company. pp. 42–45, 187. ^ a b c d Cateura Bennàsser, Pau. "Sancho de Mallorca (1311-1324)". www.cervantesvritual.com. Catedrático de Historia Medieval de la UIB. ^ Sarfaty, David E. (2010). Columbus Re-Discovered. Dorrance Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 978-1434997500. ^ a b Colas, Jean Louis (1967). The Balearics, Islands of Enchantment. Rand McNally. pp. 45. ^ a b Abulafia, David (2002). A Mediterranean Emporium: The Catalan Kingdom of Majorca. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12, 28, 88. ISBN 0521894050. ^ Daileader, Philip (2000). True Citizens: Violence, Memory, and Identity in the Medieval Community of Perpignan, 1162-1397. BRILL. p. 105. ISBN 9004115714. Sancho of Majorca House of BarcelonaBorn: c. 1274 Died: 4 September 1324 Regnal titles Preceded byJames II King of MajorcaCount of Roussillon and CerdagneLord of Montpellier 1311–1324 Succeeded byJames III vteInfantes of Aragon1st generation Sancho I 2nd generation Peter I Alfonso I Ramiro II 4th generation Ramon/Alfonso II Peter, Count of Cerdanya/Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence Sancho, Count of Provence 5th generation Peter II Alfonso II, Count of Provence 6th generation James I 7th generation Peter III James II of Majorca Sancho 8th generation Alfonso III James II Frederick III of Sicily Sancho of Majorca 1 Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas 1 9th generation Alfonso IV Peter II of Sicily 2 Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2 William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2 John, Duke of Randazzo 2 James III of Majorca 1 10th generation Peter IV James I, Count of Urgell Louis of Sicily 2 Frederick IV of Sicily 2 Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 2 James IV of Majorca 1 11th generation John I Martin Peter II, Count of Urgell 12th generation Martin I of Sicily James II, Count of Urgell 13th generation Peter Martin 14th generation Alfonso V John II Henry, Duke of Villena Peter, Count of Alburquerque 15th generation Charles, Prince of Viana Ferdinand II 16th generation John, Prince of Asturias 17th generation Charles I of Spain Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 1 also a prince of Majorca 2 also a prince of Sicily
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"King of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Count of Roussillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Roussillon"},{"link_name":"Cerdanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Cerdanya"},{"link_name":"Lord of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"James III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca"}],"text":"Sancho (Catalan: Sanç; 1274 – 4 September 1324), called the Pacific or the Peaceful, was King of Majorca, Count of Roussillon and Cerdanya, and Lord of Montpellier from 1311 to his death. His 13-year-long reign was markedly undisturbed by turmoil, which earned him his epithets, and is thus often contrasted to the troublesome reigns of his father, James II, and nephew, James III, his predecessor and successor respectively.","title":"Sancho of Majorca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Esclaramunda of Foix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclaramunda_of_Foix"},{"link_name":"Pina, Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pina,_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"kings of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso III of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_of_Majorca_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Anagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Anagni"},{"link_name":"James II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Balearic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelley-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cervantes-2"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_of_Majorca_(monk)"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarfaty-3"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cervantes-2"}],"text":"Sancho was one of five children and the second son of James II and Esclaramunda of Foix. He was born in Pina, Mallorca around 1274. His father ruled the Kingdom of Majorca and adjacent fiefs under the suzerainty of his brother and afterwards nephews, the kings of Aragon. James's attempts to free himself of this vassalage led to his deposition by his nephew, King Alfonso III of Aragon, in 1286. Sancho, his mother and his elder brother, James, were taken captives by their cousin. The Queen was released but the brothers were kept in close confinement for several years, sometimes in irons. The Treaty of Anagni in 1295 secured their release by King James II of Aragon as well as the return of the Balearic islands to their father.[1] Following the release, the princes were sent to the French royal court in Paris for education.[2]Sancho's family was noted for its religious zeal. When in 1299 his elder brother, James, renounced his right to the throne to become a Franciscan, Sancho became heir apparent to his father's dominions.[3] He was officially recognized as such in 1302 despite his poor health, for the alternative was his younger brother Ferdinand, with whom their father was at odds.[2]","title":"Youth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palacio_del_Rey_Sancho._Torre_defensiva._Valldemossa.jpg"},{"link_name":"proxy marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_marriage"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Sancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancha_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"House of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Trinacria"},{"link_name":"Capetian House of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Eleanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Naples,_Queen_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Frederick III of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cervantes-2"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelley-1"},{"link_name":"Valldemossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valldemossa"},{"link_name":"Valldemossa Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valldemossa_Charterhouse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colas-4"},{"link_name":"partridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge"},{"link_name":"anti-poaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-poaching"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelley-1"}],"text":"A tower at King Sancho's palace in ValldemossaA proxy marriage with Maria, daughter of King Charles II of Naples, took place in September 1304, only three months after Sancho's sister Sancha married Maria's brother Robert. Sancho and Maria married in person five years later. The unions were part of a large-scale effort to achieve peace between the House of Barcelona, which ruled the kingdoms of Aragon, Majorca and Sicily, and the Capetian House of Anjou, which ruled the Kingdom of Naples. Sancho's union with Maria was suggested by his cousin James II of Aragon, who was already married to Maria's sister Blanche. Yet another sister-in-law of Sancho, Eleanor, married his cousin (James II of Aragon's brother) Frederick III of Sicily.[2]Sancho was of delicate constitution and prone to asthma,[1] prompting him to spend much of his time enjoying fresh air in the uplands. He thus established his residence in Valldemossa; the Valldemossa Charterhouse was later built on the site of Sancho's palace.[4] The King also loved sports; he introduced partridges to the islands and passed severe anti-poaching laws. Pious but nevertheless notoriously lecherous, Sancho had three mistresses and at least four illegitimate daughters and an illegitimate son who entered a religious order.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palma de Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Corts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_Corts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelley-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abulafia-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelley-1"},{"link_name":"maritime republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republics"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Perpignan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abulafia-5"}],"text":"Sancho became king upon James II's death on 29 May 1311. In his early reign, Sancho struggled to continue his father's policy of stabilising the kingdom, but the major city of the realm, Palma de Mallorca, fought for autonomy. The relations with Aragon were for the most part cordial throughout his reign. He was quick to answer James II of Aragon's call to Corts and assist him in the conquest of Sardinia.[1] At the Corts, he swore fealty to his cousin in full view of the assembled legislators,[5] which assured James so much that he absolved Sancho from obligations to attend his future Corts.[1]Sancho extorted money from the realm's Jewish population in order to build a powerful navy that would rival that of the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, but his grandiose plans came to nothing. The King's attitude towards his Jewish subjects changed throughout his reign. He was infuriated in 1315 by the scandalous conversion of two German Christians to Judaism on the island, and responded by severely fining the Jews and confiscating all their property, including the synagogue. He also deprived them of all \"privileges, liberties and immunities\" granted by himself and his predecessors. He later allowed Jews to build a new synagogue, for which they had no resources, and in 1323 rewarded them financially for helping the royal treasury and for helping the construction of the Cathedral of Perpignan.[5]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perpignan_cath1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Frederic Marès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Mar%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Viscount_of_Aumelas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cervantes-2"},{"link_name":"Charles IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colas-4"},{"link_name":"Formiguères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formigu%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shelley-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daileader-6"}],"text":"Sancho's tomb in the Cathedral of Perpignan, by Frederic MarèsKing Sancho's marriage was childless, which proved problematic in terms of succession. James II of Aragon claimed that the crown should revert to him if Sancho were to die leaving no legitimate issue, but Sancho himself was eager to prevent that. The elder of his two brothers, Ferdinand, had predeceased him; the younger, Philip, had also chosen an ecclesiastical career. Ferdinand, however, had left two sons, James and Ferdinand, and in 1322 Sancho devised a will detailing the line of succession: should Sancho have no legitimate children, the crown was to pass to James, then to the younger Ferdinand, and only if both boys were to die childless to the King of Aragon. He then proceeded to prepare the realm for his underage nephew's accession by establishing a regency council consisting of six people, three from the Kingdom of Majorca and three from the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne.[2] War almost broke out with the enraged King of Aragon, but Sancho had the support of King Charles IV of France.[4]In the summer of 1324, the asthmatic Sancho sought to escape the heat of his kingdom by spending the season in Formiguères. The precaution was futile, however. He died of an asthma attack on 4 September 1324. His nephew, James III, succeeded him.[1] The arrival of Sancho's funeral procession on 11 September caused a tumult in Perpignan, with the townspeople attacking the nobles who accompanied his corpse and seizing the King's remains. The remains are now interred in the newly built Cathedral of Perpignan, which Sancho himself had chosen for his burial.[6]","title":"Succession issues and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"}]
[{"image_text":"A tower at King Sancho's palace in Valldemossa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Palacio_del_Rey_Sancho._Torre_defensiva._Valldemossa.jpg/220px-Palacio_del_Rey_Sancho._Torre_defensiva._Valldemossa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sancho's tomb in the Cathedral of Perpignan, by Frederic Marès","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Perpignan_cath1.JPG/220px-Perpignan_cath1.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Shelley, Henry Charles (1926). Majorca. Methuen & Company. pp. 42–45, 187.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cateura Bennàsser, Pau. \"Sancho de Mallorca (1311-1324)\". www.cervantesvritual.com. Catedrático de Historia Medieval de la UIB.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/monarquia/sancho_im.shtml","url_text":"\"Sancho de Mallorca (1311-1324)\""}]},{"reference":"Sarfaty, David E. (2010). Columbus Re-Discovered. Dorrance Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 978-1434997500.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1434997500","url_text":"978-1434997500"}]},{"reference":"Colas, Jean Louis (1967). The Balearics, Islands of Enchantment. Rand McNally. pp. 45.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/balearicsislands00cola","url_text":"The Balearics, Islands of Enchantment"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/balearicsislands00cola/page/45","url_text":"45"}]},{"reference":"Abulafia, David (2002). A Mediterranean Emporium: The Catalan Kingdom of Majorca. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12, 28, 88. ISBN 0521894050.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521894050","url_text":"0521894050"}]},{"reference":"Daileader, Philip (2000). True Citizens: Violence, Memory, and Identity in the Medieval Community of Perpignan, 1162-1397. BRILL. p. 105. ISBN 9004115714.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004115714","url_text":"9004115714"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/monarquia/sancho_im.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Sancho de Mallorca (1311-1324)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/balearicsislands00cola","external_links_name":"The Balearics, Islands of Enchantment"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/balearicsislands00cola/page/45","external_links_name":"45"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikiya_Matsuda
Rikiya Matsuda
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 References","4 External links"]
Japanese rugby player Rugby playerRikiya MatsudaMatsuda representing the Sunwolves during Super RugbyDate of birth (1994-05-03) 3 May 1994 (age 30)Place of birthKyoto, JapanHeight1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight90 kg (198 lb; 14 st 2 lb)SchoolFushimi Tech High SchoolUniversityTeikyo UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s) Fly-half, FullbackCurrent team Saitama Wild KnightsSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2017–2019 Sunwolves 10 (15)2017– Panasonic Wild Knights 70 (588) Correct as of 28 August 2023International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2012–2014 Japan U20 11 (90)2016– Japan 33 (83)2023 Japan XV 2 (6) Correct as of 28 August 2023 Rikiya Matsuda (松田 力也, Matsuda Rikiya, born 3 May 1994) is a Japanese professional rugby union player who plays as a fly-half for Japan Rugby League One club Saitama Wild Knights and the Japan national team. Club career Matsuda is currently a student at Teikyo University in Tokyo and has appeared for them in both the All-Japan University Rugby Championship and the All-Japan Rugby Football Championship. After graduating from university he will join up with the Panasonic Wild Knights in 2017. International career Matsuda represented Japan at Under-20 level from 2012 through to 2014, making 7 appearances in total at the World Rugby Under 20 Championships. He made his senior international debut as a replacement in a match against Canada in Vancouver on 11 June 2016. He went on to make 2 more appearances in the home tests against Scotland during the 2016 mid-year rugby union internationals series, coming on as a substitute in the first test in Toyota and then starting in the second in Tokyo. References ^ a b "Rikiya Matsuda ESPN Scrum Player Profile". ESPN. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ a b "Rikiya Matsuda Brave Blossoms Player Profile" (in Japanese). Rugby Japan. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ "Rikiya Matsuda rejoindra Panasonic Wild Knights en 2017!" (in French). Japon Rugby. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ "Rikiya Matsuda itsrugby Player Statistics". itsrugby. Retrieved 21 August 2016. External links Rikiya Matsuda at ESPNscrum Rikiya Matsuda at ItsRugby.co.uk vteSaitama Wild Knights – current squadForwards Mark Abbott Asaeli Ai Valu Jura Asanuma Lachlan Boshier Jack Cornelsen Lood de Jager Taiki Fujii Shota Fukui Sho Furuhata Ben Gunter Esei Ha'angana Ryota Hasegawa Goro Hashimoto Shohei Hirano Shōta Horie Keita Inagaki Ryusei Kawasaki Yusaku Kihara Craig Millar Liam Mitchell Tomohito Miyakawa Taichi Niiduma Shunsuke Nunomaki Itsuki Onishi Daniel Perez Atsushi Sakate Hyuga Shimada Kazuma Shimane Yuji Shimogama Masaki Tani Yusuke Tokota Suliasi Tolu Takumi Yoshizawa Backs Tsubasa Arai Vince Aso Damian de Allende Atora Hondo Iori Kaji Eiji Kaneda Seijun Kawasaki Marika Koroibete Taiki Koyama Manoa Latu Rikiya Matsuda Ryuji Noguchi Tomoki Osada Dylan Riley Takaya Saito Yasutaka Sasakura Yuta Takagi Koki Takeyama Tatsuhiro Tanji Semisi Tupou Keisuke Uchida Kyohei Yamasawa Takuya Yamasawa Coach Tomokazu Soma vteJapan squad – 2019 Rugby World CupForwards Ai Valu Helu Himeno Horie Inagaki Kitade Kizu Koo Labuschagné Leitch (c) Mafi Moore Nakajima Sakate Thompson Tokunaga Tui Van der Walt Backs Fukuoka Lafaele Lemeki Matsuda Matsushima Moeakiola Nagare Nakamura Shigeno Tamura Tanaka Tupou Yamanaka Head coach: Joseph vteJapan squad – 2023 Rugby World CupForwards Ai Valu Cornelsen Dearns Fakatava Fukui Gunter Halasili Himeno (c) Horie Horikoshi Inagaki Kakinaga Koo Ji-won Labuschagné Leitch Millar Sakate Saumaki Shimokawa Backs Fifita Fukuda Lee Seung-sin Lemeki Masirewa Matsuda Matsushima Nagare Naikabula Nakamura Ogura Osada Riley Saitō Yamanaka (replaced Masirewa) Head coach: Joseph
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"fly-half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-half_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Japan Rugby League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Rugby_League_One"},{"link_name":"Saitama Wild Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Wild_Knights"},{"link_name":"Japan national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rikiya_Matsuda_ESPN_Scrum_Player_Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rikiya_Matsuda_Brave_Blossoms_Player_Profile-2"}],"text":"Rugby playerRikiya Matsuda (松田 力也, Matsuda Rikiya, born 3 May 1994) is a Japanese professional rugby union player who plays as a fly-half for Japan Rugby League One club Saitama Wild Knights and the Japan national team.[1][2]","title":"Rikiya Matsuda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Teikyo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikyo_University"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"All-Japan University Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Japan_University_Rugby_Championship"},{"link_name":"All-Japan Rugby Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Japan_Rugby_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rikiya_Matsuda_Brave_Blossoms_Player_Profile-2"},{"link_name":"Panasonic Wild Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Wild_Knights"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rikiya_Matsuda_rejoindra_Panasonic_Wild_Knights_en_2017!-3"}],"text":"Matsuda is currently[when?] a student at Teikyo University in Tokyo and has appeared for them in both the All-Japan University Rugby Championship and the All-Japan Rugby Football Championship.[2] After graduating from university he will join up with the Panasonic Wild Knights in 2017.[3]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Rugby Under 20 Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rikiya_Matsuda_itsrugby_Player_Statistics-4"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2016 mid-year rugby union internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_mid-year_rugby_union_internationals"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Stadium_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajinomoto_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rikiya_Matsuda_ESPN_Scrum_Player_Profile-1"}],"text":"Matsuda represented Japan at Under-20 level from 2012 through to 2014, making 7 appearances in total at the World Rugby Under 20 Championships.[4] He made his senior international debut as a replacement in a match against Canada in Vancouver on 11 June 2016. He went on to make 2 more appearances in the home tests against Scotland during the 2016 mid-year rugby union internationals series, coming on as a substitute in the first test in Toyota and then starting in the second in Tokyo.[1]","title":"International career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Rikiya Matsuda ESPN Scrum Player Profile\". ESPN. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/player/290825.html","url_text":"\"Rikiya Matsuda ESPN Scrum Player Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rikiya Matsuda Brave Blossoms Player Profile\" (in Japanese). Rugby Japan. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.rugby-japan.jp/japan/member/detail/217993/","url_text":"\"Rikiya Matsuda Brave Blossoms Player Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rikiya Matsuda rejoindra Panasonic Wild Knights en 2017!\" (in French). Japon Rugby. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japonrugby.net/rikiya-matsuda-rejoindra-panasonic-wild-knights-en-2017-.php","url_text":"\"Rikiya Matsuda rejoindra Panasonic Wild Knights en 2017!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rikiya Matsuda itsrugby Player Statistics\". itsrugby. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itsrugby.co.uk/player-international-26550.html","url_text":"\"Rikiya Matsuda itsrugby Player Statistics\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_des_Charmilles
Charmilles Stadium
["1 Major sports matches","1.1 1954 FIFA World Cup","2 References"]
Coordinates: 46°12′33″N 6°07′06″E / 46.2091°N 6.1182°E / 46.2091; 6.1182This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Charmilles Stadium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Charmilles StadiumFull nameStade des CharmillesLocationGeneva, SwitzerlandCoordinates46°12′33″N 6°07′06″E / 46.2091°N 6.1182°E / 46.2091; 6.1182Capacity9,250 (2002)Record attendance27,000 (1962)ConstructionOpenedJune 1930Closed2002Demolished2012TenantsServette FC Charmilles Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Geneva, Switzerland. It was used mostly for football matches, and was the home venue for Servette FC. The stadium was able to hold 9,250 people and was built in 1930 for the Coupe des Nations 1930 tournament. During the 1954 FIFA World Cup the stadium hosted four games. It was closed in 2002 before Stade de Genève opened. Major sports matches 1954 FIFA World Cup Date Time (CET) Team 1 Result Team 2 Round Attendance 16 June 1954 18:00  Brazil 5–0  Mexico Group 1 13,470 19 June 1954 17:10  France 3–2  Mexico Group 1 19,000 20 June 1954 17:00  Turkey 7–0  South Korea Group 2 3,541 27 June 1954 17:00  West Germany 2–0  Yugoslavia Quarter-finals 17,000 References ^ Frandsen, Svend (18 December 2002). "Charmilles no more". UEFA.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024. vte1954 FIFA World Cup stadiums St. Jakob (Basel) Wankdorf (Bern) Charmilles (Geneva) Olympique (Lausanne) Cornaredo (Lugano) Hardturm (Zürich) Authority control databases VIAF This article about a Swiss sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won-gwang
Won-gwang
["1 Popular culture","2 References"]
Won-gwangHangul원광Hanja圓光Revised RomanizationWon GwangMcCune–ReischauerWŏn Kwang Won Gwang (541~630?), also known as Won Gwang Beop Sa (圓光法士) meaning "Won Gwang Teacher of the Law", was the name of a renowned Buddhist monk, scholar, and teacher of the Silla kingdom during the reign of King Jinpyeong. His layname was Seol (설 hanja: 薛) or Bak (박 hanja: 朴). Like a great number of other Korean Buddhist monks of the 6th-8th centuries, Won Gwang traveled to China in search of a more thorough grounding in the sacred texts of Buddhism. In 589 Wongwang went to Sui China, where for eleven years he was educated in the major texts of both Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism. Won Gwang returned to Silla in 600 and promulgated the Mahayana form of Buddhism. His method was to teach the faith to the common people free of complex jargon and employing common words. Won Gwang is best known for his "Five Commandments for Secular Life" (세속오계Sesok-ogye 世俗五戒), which later were attributed as a guiding ethos for the Hwarang. These five commandments were to serve as moral guideposts for the Buddhist layperson. They are an interesting fusion of the Buddhist beliefs and strong sense of patriotism that characterized Silla Buddhism. To Won Gwang, viewing Silla as a true Buddha Land and under constant threat from the neighboring kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo, the defense of that land and a Buddhist piety were not at all contradictory. These five principles were as follows: Loyalty to one's lord (事君以忠; 임금은 충성으로써 섬겨야 한다) Devotion towards one's parents (事親以孝; 어버이를 효도로써 섬겨야 한다) Trust among friends (交友以信; 벗은 믿음으로써 사귀어야 한다) Never retreat in battle (臨戰無退; 전쟁에 임하여 물러나지 아니하여야 한다) Be selective in the taking of life (殺生有擇; 함부로 살생을 하지 말아야 한다) The precise dates of Won Gwang‘s life are unknown. Won Gwang‘s biography appears in the 13th century Haedong Goseungjeon. Popular culture Portrayed by Lee Dae-ro in the 2012–2013 KBS1 TV series Dream of the Emperor. References ^ 네이버 백과사전 ^ Chae, Taeg-su, "The United Silla Period: the Golden Age of Buddhism." In The History and Culture of Buddhism in Korea (Seoul:Dongguk University Press, 1993), p. 81.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla"},{"link_name":"Jinpyeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinpyeong_of_Silla"},{"link_name":"Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Hinayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinayana"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sesok-ogye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesok-ogye"},{"link_name":"Hwarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwarang"},{"link_name":"Baekje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo"},{"link_name":"Haedong Goseungjeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haedong_Goseungjeon"}],"text":"Won Gwang (541~630?),[1] also known as Won Gwang Beop Sa (圓光法士) meaning \"Won Gwang Teacher of the Law\", was the name of a renowned Buddhist monk, scholar, and teacher of the Silla kingdom during the reign of King Jinpyeong.His layname was Seol (설 hanja: 薛) or Bak (박 hanja: 朴). Like a great number of other Korean Buddhist monks of the 6th-8th centuries, Won Gwang traveled to China in search of a more thorough grounding in the sacred texts of Buddhism. In 589 Wongwang went to Sui China, where for eleven years he was educated in the major texts of both Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism.Won Gwang returned to Silla in 600 and promulgated the Mahayana form of Buddhism. His method was to teach the faith to the common people free of complex jargon and employing common words.[2]Won Gwang is best known for his \"Five Commandments for Secular Life\" (세속오계Sesok-ogye 世俗五戒), which later were attributed as a guiding ethos for the Hwarang. These five commandments were to serve as moral guideposts for the Buddhist layperson. They are an interesting fusion of the Buddhist beliefs and strong sense of patriotism that characterized Silla Buddhism. To Won Gwang, viewing Silla as a true Buddha Land and under constant threat from the neighboring kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo, the defense of that land and a Buddhist piety were not at all contradictory. These five principles were as follows:Loyalty to one's lord (事君以忠; 임금은 충성으로써 섬겨야 한다)\nDevotion towards one's parents (事親以孝; 어버이를 효도로써 섬겨야 한다)\nTrust among friends (交友以信; 벗은 믿음으로써 사귀어야 한다)\nNever retreat in battle (臨戰無退; 전쟁에 임하여 물러나지 아니하여야 한다)\nBe selective in the taking of life (殺生有擇; 함부로 살생을 하지 말아야 한다)The precise dates of Won Gwang‘s life are unknown.Won Gwang‘s biography appears in the 13th century Haedong Goseungjeon.","title":"Won-gwang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KBS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS1"},{"link_name":"Dream of the Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_the_Emperor"}],"text":"Portrayed by Lee Dae-ro in the 2012–2013 KBS1 TV series Dream of the Emperor.","title":"Popular culture"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=120153","external_links_name":"네이버 백과사전"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Hornet
Green Hornet
["1 History","2 Radio series","3 Film","3.1 Serials","3.2 The Green Hornet (2006)","3.3 The Green Hornet (2011)","3.4 Reboot","4 Television","4.1 The Green Hornet (1966–1967)","4.2 Animated series","5 Comic books","5.1 Early comics","5.2 NOW Comics","5.3 Dynamite Entertainment","6 Comic strip","7 Prose fiction","7.1 Video games","8 Merchandising","9 In other popular culture","9.1 Art, entertainment, and media","9.2 People","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Fictional character For other uses, see Green Hornet (disambiguation). "Britt Reid" redirects here. For the football coach, see Britt Reid (American football). Comics character Green HornetVan Williams as the Green Hornet.Publication informationFirst appearanceThe Green Hornet radio program (January 31, 1936)Created byGeorge W. TrendleFran StrikerIn-story informationAlter egoBritt ReidPartnershipsKatoAbilitiesGenius-level intellectExpert detectiveSkilled hand-to-hand combatant The Green Hornet is a superhero created in 1936 by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker, with input from radio director James Jewell. Since his 1930s radio debut, the character has appeared in numerous serialized dramas in a wide variety of media. The Green Hornet appeared in film serials in the 1940s, The Green Hornet television series in the 1960s, (which costarred Bruce Lee in his first adult role), multiple comic book series from the 1940s onwards, and a film in 2011. The franchise is owned by Green Hornet, Inc., which licenses the property across a wide variety of media that includes comics, films, TV shows, radio and books. As of the 2010s, the comic-book rights are licensed to Dynamite Entertainment. History Though various incarnations sometimes change details, in most versions the Green Hornet is the alter ego of Britt Reid (/riːd/), the wealthy young publisher of the Daily Sentinel newspaper. By night, clad in a long green overcoat, gloves, green fedora hat and green mask, Reid fights crime as the mysterious vigilante known as "The Green Hornet". He is accompanied by his loyal and similarly masked partner and confidant, Kato, who drives their technologically advanced car, the "Black Beauty". Though both the police and the general public believe the Hornet to be a wanted criminal, Reid uses that perception to help him infiltrate the underworld, leaving behind for the police the criminals and any incriminating evidence he has found. In the original radio incarnation, Britt Reid is the son of Dan Reid Jr., the nephew of the Lone Ranger (whose first name is never given, contrary to later articles), making the Green Hornet the great-nephew of the Ranger. The relationship is alluded to at least once in the radio shows, when Dan Reid visits his son to question him on why Britt has never captured the Hornet. On learning the truth behind his son's dual identity, Dan Reid recalls his days riding with his uncle, as the William Tell Overture plays briefly and softly in the background. Radio series Main article: The Green Hornet (radio series) The character debuted in The Green Hornet, an American radio program that premiered on January 31, 1936, on WXYZ, the same local Detroit station that originated its companion shows The Lone Ranger and Challenge of the Yukon. Beginning on April 12, 1938, the station supplied the series to the Mutual Broadcasting System radio network, and then to NBC Blue and its successors, the Blue Network and ABC, from November 16, 1939, through September 8, 1950. It returned from September 10 to December 5, 1952. It was sponsored by General Mills from January to August 1948, and by Orange Crush in its brief 1952 run. Film Serials The Green Hornet was adapted into two movie serials, 1940's The Green Hornet and, in 1941, The Green Hornet Strikes Again! Disliking the treatment Republic gave The Lone Ranger in two serials, George W. Trendle took his property to Universal Pictures, and was much happier with the results. The first serial, titled simply The Green Hornet (1940), stars Gordon Jones in the title role, albeit dubbed by original radio Hornet Al Hodge whenever the hero's mask was in place, while The Green Hornet Strikes Again! (1941) stars Warren Hull. Keye Luke, who played the "Number One Son" in the Charlie Chan films, plays Kato in both. Also starring in both serials are Anne Nagel as Lenore Case, Britt Reid's secretary, and Wade Boteler as Mike Axford, a reporter for the Daily Sentinel, the newspaper that Reid owns and publishes. Ford Beebe directed both serials, partnered by Ray Taylor on The Green Hornet and John Rawlins on The Green Hornet Strikes Again!, with George H. Plympton and Basil Dickey contributing to the screenplays for both serials. The Green Hornet runs for 13 chapters while The Green Hornet Strikes Again! has 15 installments, with the Hornet and Kato smashing a different racket in each chapter. In each serial, they are all linked to a single major crime syndicate which is itself put out of business in the finale, while the radio program had the various rackets completely independent of each other. The Green Hornet (2006) Main article: The Green Hornet (2006 film) A 10-minute 2006 French short film titled Le frelon vert is based on the Green Hornet. The Green Hornet (2011) Main article: The Green Hornet (2011 film) A film version of the character had been contemplated since the 1990s, with Universal Pictures and Miramax each attempting to develop a film. Sony Pictures announced plans for a feature film of the superhero in 2008. Eventually, Sony Pictures, through its subsidiary Columbia Pictures, released an action-comedy Green Hornet feature on January 14, 2011, starring Jay Chou and Seth Rogen, who co-wrote the script with Superbad co-writer Evan Goldberg. It was directed by Michel Gondry. Jay Chou co-starred as Kato. Also starring were Cameron Diaz as Lenore Case, Edward James Olmos as Mike Axford, David Harbour as Frank Scanlon, Christoph Waltz as the main villain Benjamin Chudnofsky, and Tom Wilkinson as James Reid. Reboot In 2016, Paramount Pictures and Chernin Entertainment acquired the rights to The Green Hornet and started preliminary work on developing a reboot with Gavin O'Connor as producer and director of the film and Sean O'Keefe as writer. In 2020, Amasia Entertainment gained the rights of the Green Hornet and officially teamed with Universal Pictures for the reboot titled Green Hornet and Kato with David Koepp writing the script. On June 23, 2022, Deadline reported that Leigh Whannell will direct the reboot. Television The Green Hornet (1966–1967) Main article: The Green Hornet (TV series) The Green Hornet is a television series shown on the ABC U.S. television network. It aired for the 1966–1967 television season and stars Van Williams as both the Green Hornet and Britt Reid, and Bruce Lee as Kato. With his insistence on using his martial arts skills, Bruce Lee stole the show as Kato. This was the first time Asian martial arts fighting was seen on American TV. The show launched Bruce Lee's career as a popular actor in the US as well as in Hong Kong. Audience interest even led to Van Williams asking to learn some martial art moves. Williams and Lee's Green Hornet and Kato appear as anti-heroes in the second season of the Batman TV series in the two-part episode "A Piece of the Action" / "Batman's Satisfaction". The episode ended with Batman himself questioning whether or not the Green Hornet was really a criminal. Unlike the "campy" version of Batman, this version of The Green Hornet was played more seriously. Animated series In July 2020, Kevin Smith and WildBrain announced plans to develop a Green Hornet animated series set in the present day and focused on a reimagined Green Hornet and female Kato. On February 28, 2023, Smith confirmed in an episode of Fatman Beyond that the series would be 10 episodes. Comic books Early comics Green Hornet comic books began in December 1940. The series, titled Green Hornet Comics published by Helnit Comics with the writing attributed to Fran Striker. The stories were loosely based on episodes of the radio show. This series ended after six issues. Several months later, Harvey Comics launched its own version, beginning with issue #7. This series lasted until issue #47 in 1949; during that time it also changed its title twice: first to Green Hornet Fights Crime (issue #34) and later to Green Hornet, Racket Buster (issue #44). Harvey additionally used the character in the public-service one-shot War Victory Comics in 1942, and gave him one adventure in each of two issues of All-New Comics, #13 (where he was also featured on the cover) and #14, in 1946. In 1953, several months after the radio series ended, Dell Comics published a one-shot with the character (officially entitled Four Color #496). Both stories therein share titles with late-era radio episodes ("The Freightyard Robberies", June 23, 1949; and " Proof of Treason", October 17, 1952) and might be adaptations. In 1967, Gold Key Comics produced a 3-issue series based on the TV show. NOW Comics In 1989, NOW Comics introduced a line of Green Hornet comics, initially written by Ron Fortier and illustrated by Jeff Butler. It attempted to reconcile the different versions of the character into a multigenerational epic. This took into account the character's ancestral connection to The Lone Ranger, though due to the legal separation of the two properties, his mask covered his entire face (as in the Republic serials) and he could not be called by name. In this interpretation, the Britt of the radio series had fought crime as the Hornet in the 1930s and 1940s before retiring. In NOW's first story, in Green Hornet #1 (November 1989), set in 1945, the nationality of the original Kato (named in this comic series Ikano Kato) is given as Japanese, but because of the American policy regarding the Japanese minority during World War II, Reid referred to Kato as Filipino in order to prevent Kato's being sent to an American internment camp. The NOW comics considered the 1960s television character as the namesake nephew of the original, 1930s–1940s Britt Reid, referred to as "Britt Reid II" in the genealogy, who took up his uncle's mantle after a friend is assassinated. Britt Reid II eventually retired due to a heart attack, and Kato—given the first name Hayashi, after that of the first actor to play Kato on radio—goes on to become a star of ninja movies. The NOW comics established Hayashi Kato as Ikano Kato's son. Britt Reid's nephew, Paul Reid, a concert pianist, takes on the role of the Hornet after his older brother Alan, who had first taken on the mantle, is killed on his debut mission. Paul Reid is assisted by Mishi Kato, Hayashi's much-younger half-sister who was trained by Ikano Kato. Her being female caused problems between the publishers and the rights-holders, who withdrew approval of that character and mandated the return of "the Bruce Lee Kato". After Mishi's departure—explained as orders from her father to replace an injured automobile designer at the Zürich, Switzerland, facility of the family corporation, Nippon Today—Hayashi Kato returned to crime fighting alongside the Paul Reid Green Hornet. Mishi Kato returned in volume two as the Crimson Wasp, following the death of her Swiss police-officer fiancé, on orders of a criminal leader. In NOW's final two issues, vol. 2, #39–40, a fourth Kato—Kono Kato, grandson of Ikano and nephew of Hayashi and Mishi—took over as Paul Reid's fellow masked vigilante. The comics also introduced Diana Reid, the original Britt Reid's daughter, who had become district attorney after the TV series' Frank Scanlon had retired. A romantic relationship eventually formed between her and Hayashi Kato. NOW's first series began in 1989 and lasted 14 issues. Volume Two began in 1991 and lasted 40 issues, ending in 1995 when the publisher went out of business. Kato starred solo in a four-issue miniseries in 1991, and a two-issue follow-up in 1992, both written by Mike Baron. He also wrote a third, first announced as a two-issue miniseries, then as a graphic novel, but it was never released due to the company's collapse. Tales of the Green Hornet, consisting of nine issues spread out over three volumes (two, four, and three issues, respectively), presented stories of the two previous Hornets. Volume One featured Green Hornet II, and its story was plotted by Van Williams, star of the 1960s TV series, and scripted by Bob Ingersoll. The follow-ups were written by James Van Hise. Other miniseries included the three-issue The Green Hornet: Solitary Sentinel; the four-issue Sting of the Green Hornet, set during World War II and Clint McElroy's three-issue Dark Tomorrow (June–August 1993), featuring a criminal Green Hornet in 2080 being fought by the Kato of that era. Discounting depictions of the cars utilized by the 1940s and 1960s Hornets, there were two versions of the Black Beauty used in the NOW comic series. The first was based on the Pontiac Banshee. The second was a four-door sedan based on the eleventh-generation Oldsmobile 98 Touring Sedan. Dynamite Entertainment Main article: The Green Hornet (comics) In March 2009, Dynamite Entertainment acquired the license to produce Green Hornet comic books. Its first release was a miniseries written by Kevin Smith with pencils by Jonathan Lau. Revamped in 2010 as an ongoing series set in modern times, the new Green Hornet stars Britt Reid Jr., the rebellious and spoiled son of Britt Reid Sr., now a retired industrial and family man. When Britt Sr. is slain by the Black Hornet, a yakuza mobster whose family was shamed by the original Green Hornet, the aging but still fit Kato returns. With his daughter, Mulan Kato, who has taken over the costumed identity of her father, he brings Britt Jr. to China for training and safekeeping as he becomes the new Green Hornet. Writer Jai Nitz also wrote Green Hornet: Parallel Lives, a miniseries prequel to the 2011 Green Hornet feature film. In 2013, an eight-issue miniseries called Masks brought together famous heroes from the pulp era. It starred The Shadow, The Green Hornet and Kato, The Spider and a 1930s descendant of Zorro. It was written by Chris Roberson with art by Alex Ross and Dennis Calero. Kevin Smith and Ralph Garman wrote a crossover title, Batman '66 meets the Green Hornet, released in June 2014. Comic strip In 2018, the Green Hornet appeared in newspaper strips as a guest-star in Dick Tracy by Mike Curtis (script) and Joe Staton (art), continuing the trend of Tracy stories reviving characters from defunct strips. Prose fiction Western Publishing subsidiary Whitman Books released four works of text fiction based on the character, targeting younger readers. There were three entries in the children's line of profusely illustrated Big Little Books, The Green Hornet Strikes!, The Green Hornet Returns, and The Green Hornet Cracks Down, in 1940, 1941 and 1942, respectively, all attributed to Fran Striker. In 1966, their line for older juveniles included Green Hornet: Case of the Disappearing Doctor by Brandon Keith, a tie-in to the television series. At about the same time, Dell Publishing released a mass-market paperback, The Green Hornet in The Infernal Light by Ed Friend, not only derived from the small-screen production as well, but, "allegedly based on one of the TV episodes". In 2009, Moonstone Books gained the prose license and has released three Green Hornet anthologies as part of its "Chronicles" line: The Green Hornet Chronicles, The Green Hornet Casefiles, and The Green Hornet: Still at Large. Video games The Green Hornet and Kato appears in The Green Hornet: Wheels of Justice (2010) for iPhone, based on the film. Merchandising Few examples of Green Hornet merchandise have appeared since the 1960s. To coincide with the 2011 movie, Factory Entertainment produced six-inch action figures and a die cast Black Beauty, among other collectibles. Hollywood Collectibles has made a full-size prop gas gun replica. Mezco Toyz has made a set of 12-inch action figures, with the prototypes donated to the Museum of the Moving Image. CKE Restaurants, Inc., the parent company of Carl's Jr. and Hardee's, teamed with the studio on a promotional marketing partnership that included commercials featuring Seth Rogen and Jay Chou in character as the Green Hornet and Kato; a beverage promotion with Dr. Pepper; The Green Hornet food items, kids' meal toys, and employee uniforms; and a contest with the grand prize of the Black Beauty car from the film. In 2012, Factory Entertainment released screen accurate replicas of the Hornet Sting, Gas Gun, and Kato's Dart from the 1960's television series. A plaque signed by Van Williams was included in a limited run of "Signature Edition" replicas. In June 2018, the toy company Funko released a Funko Pop figure of the Green Hornet as a Specialty Series figure. This was later followed up with multiple Funko Pop figures of the Green Hornet and Kato, released as exclusives at San Diego Comic Con and New York Comic Con. In January 2020, Funko announced Green Hornet and Kato figures as part of their initial SODA vinyl figure offerings with a limited run of 6000 each. In late 2021, Diamond Select Toys announced the start of a new line of Green Hornet and Kato collectible merchandise in partnership with The Green Hornet Inc. and the Bruce Lee Family. Their line of collectibles include a mini bust of Kato and various action figures of Kato in different outfits. In 2022, Aurora Plastics Corporation, under their Polar Lights brand, reissued a model of the Black Beauty car from the 1960's television series. Aluminum Model Toys released their own model kit of the Black Beauty in the same year. In other popular culture This section may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (November 2023) Art, entertainment, and media Aretha Franklin's 1967 album I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You contains the song "Save Me" which includes the lyric "Calling the Caped Crusader, Green Hornet, Kato, too / I'm in so much trouble I don't know what to do". The 1960s cartoon series Batfink is a parody of both Batman and the Green Hornet. Batfink rides in a pink vehicle called the Battilac, which is driven by his assistant Karate who is a martial artist. Bill Cosby parodied The Green Hornet in his c. 1970 syndicated five-minute daily radio program, The Brown Hornet, which he revived in the late 1970s for his Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids cartoon show. In 1973 George Garabedian Productions on MARK56 Records released an LP of two of the radio shows. The cover included a green AMC Hornet. Inspector Clouseau's valet/houseboy is called Cato (spelled with a "C" instead of a "K"), and his car in the film Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978) is a heavily modified Citroën 2CV, "The Silver Hornet". The 1993 American semi-fictionalized biographical film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, in which Jason Scott Lee portrayed Bruce Lee, features scenes involving the filming of the 1966 Green Hornet television series. Van Williams, who starred in the TV series, appeared in the film as the show's director. A 1994 Hong Kong film, Qing feng xia, stars Kar Lok Chin as a Kato-like masked hero called the Green Hornet in English subtitles. In one scene, he is reminded of his predecessors, one of whom is represented by a picture of Bruce Lee in his TV Kato costume. Black Mask is a 1996 Hong Kong action film starring Jet Li. The film is an adaptation of the 1992 manhua Black Mask by Li Chi-Tak. In the film, in homage to The Green Hornet, Black Mask wears a domino mask and chauffeur's cap in the same style as Kato from the series. The Black Mask is even compared to Kato in one scene. In 2002, it was followed by a sequel, Black Mask 2: City of Masks starring Andy On. The 2003 film Kill Bill: Volume 1 uses Billy May's theme from the 1960s television series in a sequence where the Bride goes to Tokyo in search of O-Ren Ishii. The Crazy 88 wear masks resembling Bruce Lee's Kato mask. In the film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, released late September 2010 in Asia and early 2011 in the United States, there is a large feature of the Green Hornet. The subplot consist of the main character Chen Zhen (played by Donnie Yen) dressing up as a mask vigilante (based on Kato) to stop Japanese assassinations and to protect the people. In a 2014 episode of Sesame Street, the Green Hornet was spoofed in their "Numeric Con" segment as "The Green Four-net." In 2016, Season 6 of The Venture Bros. introduces parody characters of Green Hornet and Kato from 1960s television series in the form of the masked crime-fighter Blue Morpho and his assistant Kano in a flashback, the latter having later become a member of the original Team Venture. It is also revealed that Blue Morpho was the father of the orphaned villain The Monarch, and he and Henchman 21 later take on the roles of the Blue Morpho and Kano respectively. The 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood depicts a sequence where fictional stuntman Cliff Booth fights Bruce Lee (Mike Moh) on the set of the Green Hornet 1960s television series. In 2023, Toyota featured Billy May's theme from the 1960s television series in a Prius commercial as a part of their “This is Prius Now” campaign. People Mark Tennant, a Calgary alderman, was nicknamed "The Green Hornet" during World War II. During his military service with The Calgary Highlanders, it was said he "always knew where the bad guys were" during his tours as an orderly officer. References ^ Marx, Andy (July 12, 1992). "A look inside Hollywood and the movies – Beyond Batman – The Bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz: Eddie Murphy as the Green Hornet". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-07. ^ "The Official Website of The Green Hornet". The Green Hornet, Inc. Archived from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2014. ^ a b c Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 297–299. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-09-05. ^ Lidz, Franz (January 7, 2011). "Float Like a Franchise, Sting Like a..." The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ "Aurelien Poitrimoult: Kato and the Green Hornet Get Ready to Sting Again!". Black Belt. Archived from the original on 2011-03-08. Retrieved 2011-01-16. ^ "The Green Hornet". Box Office Mojo. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 15, 2016). "Badass 'Green Hornet'? Paramount, Chernin Set Gavin O'Connor For Movie". Deadline. ^ Boucher, Geoff (January 29, 2020). "'The Green Hornet': Amasia Chief Is All Abuzz About Superhero Acquisition". Deadline. ^ Kit, Borys (April 16, 2020). "'Green Hornet and Kato' Feature in the Works From Universal and Amasia Entertainment". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Kit, Borys (December 10, 2020). "'Green Hornet and Kato' Movie Nabs Writer David Koepp (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Kroll, Justin (June 23, 2022). "'Invisible Man' Director Leigh Whannell Eyeing 'Green Hornet And Kato' Pic At Universal". Deadline. ^ Boucher, Geoff (July 23, 2010). "Getting 'The Green Hornet' off the ground". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011. Retrieved 2010-09-13. ^ Pool, Bob (May 27, 1992). "The Green Hornet Returns to Sting a Radio Pirate". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-12-07. ^ "American Heritage Center Blog: Bruce Lee Steals the Show in 'The Green Hornet'". American Heritage Center. March 16, 2020. The American Heritage Center holds the papers of William Dozier, who produced and narrated the TV series The Green Hornet, as well as the Batman TV series. ^ "Green Hornet Animated Series in the Works From Kevin Smith". CBR. 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-07-30. ^ "Kevin Smith Gives Update on Green Hornet Animated Series". TV Shows. Retrieved 2023-09-17. ^ Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 15 January 2020. ^ War Victory Comics at the Grand Comics Database ^ All-New Comics #13 at the Grand Comics Database ^ All-New Comics #14 at the Grand Comics Database ^ Four Color #496 at the Grand Comics Database ^ The Green Hornet at the Grand Comics Database. Accessed 2010-12-25. ^ Murray, Will (October 1989). "Where Hornets Swarm". Comics Scene (9). Starlog Communications International, Inc: 41. ^ Piron, Diane (w). "The Buzz Word (letter column)" The Green Hornet, no. 13 (November 1990). NOW Comics. ^ The Green Hornet #11 (September 1991) ^ Dark Tomorrow at the Grand Comics Database ^ "Issue 73 | Clint McElroy". September 26, 2018. ^ Weis, Joan (w). "The Buzz Word (letter column)" The Green Hornet, vol. 2, no. 9 (May 1992). NOW Comics. ^ "Dynamite Lands Green Hornet Comic Book License". Newsarama. March 31, 2009. ^ Bernardin, Marc (May 13, 2009). "EW Exclusive: Kevin Smith takes on Batman and the Green Hornet". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-08-31. ^ Green Hornet, Dynamite Entertainment, 2010 Series at the Grand Comics Database ^ "Nitz Separates 'Green Hornet: Parallel Lives'". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2010-12-25. ^ "Masks". Comic Vine. 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. ^ Kevin Smith & Ralph Garman Announce New Batman/Green Hornet Project. YouTube.com. DC Entertainment. March 11, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-11. ^ "Dick Tracy / Green Hornet Crossover". February 14, 2018. ^ Sims, Chris (12 January 2017). "'Dick Tracy' Is Hanging Out With The Spirit (And More)". ComicsAlliance. ^ Weis, Joan (w). "Buzz Word (letter column)" The Green Hornet, vol. 2, no. 36 (August 1994). NOW Comics. (letter from Timothy E. Jones) ^ "The Green Hornet: Wheels of Justice". IGN. Retrieved 2023-06-15. ^ Wright, Eddie (December 16, 2010). "Mezco Donates the Green Hornet Prototype Action Figures to Museum of the Moving Image". MTV. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. ^ "Carl's Jr. and 'The Green Hornet' Bring Action-Packed Excitement to the Drive-Thru with Sony Pictures Deal (press release)". Carl's Jr. October 8, 2010. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011. ^ Little, Jesse (September 4, 2019). "2019 NYC Exclusive Reveals: The Green Hornet and Kato". ^ Little, Jesse (January 21, 2020). "Introducing New Funko Vinyl SODA". Funko Blog. ^ "Bruce Lee's Kato Kicks Off Diamond Select Toys' Green Hornet Line ". /Film. 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2023-06-12. ^ Comments, Tyler Roberts | (2022-04-24). "Green Hornet's Kato Strikes Fast with New Diamond Deluxe Figure". bleedingcool.com. Retrieved 2023-06-12. ^ "Aretha Franklin – Save Me Lyrics". Genius. Retrieved 22 March 2021. ^ Decaro, Frank (August 5, 2007). "Another Caped Crusader, Super Tongue in Cheek". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ No Artist – The Green Hornet (Original Radio Broadcasts) ^ "Channeling Kato: Jay Chou dons the iconic mask in Green Hornet". Kung Fu Magazine. Retrieved 2011-01-22. ^ Galbraith, Jane (May 16, 1993). "Green Hornet Pays Homage to His Kato". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-01-10. ^ Galbraith, Jane (May 16, 1993). "A Look inside Hollywood and the movies : Cameo Corner : Green Hornet Pays Homage to His Kato". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2010. ^ Ching, Gene. "Channeling Kato: Jay Chou dons the iconic mask in Green Hornet". Kung Fu Magazine. Retrieved January 22, 2011. ^ Brown, Todd (29 June 2010). "Donnie Yen has a Question for the Makers of The Green Hornet: Why Did You Bother?". Screen Anarchy. ^ Gaudette, Emily (2016-02-22). "The Venture Bros." the Monarch Is Officially Dead, Long Live Blue Morpho". Inverse. Retrieved 2018-08-26. ^ The Glen, Regimental Newsletter of the Calgary Highlanders ^ Bercuson, David. Battalion of Heroes: The Calgary Highlanders in World War II. Further reading Grams, Martin Jr.; Salomonson, Terry (2010). The Green Hornet: A History of Radio, Motion Pictures, Comics and Television. Churchville, Maryland: OTR Publications LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825311-0-5. Harmon, Jim (1967). The Great Radio Heroes. Doubleday. Little, John (April 1995). "Bruce Lee and the Green Hornet: Van Williams remembers 'Kato (The Green Hornet)'". Black Belt. 33 (4). Rainbow Publications: 52–58. Murray, Will (August 1986). "The Green Hornet". TV Gold (4). Movieland Publishing. Osgood, Dick (1981). WYXIE Wonderland. Bowling Green University Press. ISBN 0-87972-187-1. Pollard, Maxwell (1974). "is The Green Hornet's version of Gung-Fu Genuine?". The Best of Bruce Lee. Rainbow Publications: 14–18 – via Google books. (reprinted from Black Belt vol. 5, #10, October 1967, Rainbow Publications) Van Hise, James (1989). The Green Hornet Book. Pioneer Books. (Movie Publisher Services, 1991) "The Grey Hornet". Comics Scene (15). Starlog Communications International, Inc. October 1990. "In Kato's Gung-Fu Action Is Instant". The Best of Bruce Lee. Rainbow Publications: 14–20. 1974 – via Google books. (reprinted from Black Belt vol. 5, #11, November 1967, Rainbow Publications) Harmon, Jim (1992). Radio Mystery and Adventure and Its Appearances in Film, Television and Other Media. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-1810-7. "Van Williams After the Mask". Starlog (135). O'Quinn Studios, Inc. October 1988. External links Official website The Green Hornet at the International Catalogue of Superheroes Green Hornet at the Grand Comics Database Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of The Green Hornet The Green Hornet – Original Film Serial William Dozier papers at the American Heritage Center Masked Men: A Chronology of the Lone Ranger and the Green Hornet vteThe Green Hornet Fran Striker George W. Trendle MediaRadio The Green Hornet Television The Green Hornet episodes Films The Green Hornet (1940) The Green Hornet Strikes Again! The Green Hornet (2006) The Green Hornet (2011) Related Kato The Lone Ranger Batman comics vteBatman (TV series)Charactersadapted for the series Alfred Batgirl / Barbara Gordon Batman / Bruce Wayne Catwoman Clock King Commissioner James "Jim" Gordon Green Hornet The Joker Kato The Mad Hatter Mr. Freeze The Penguin The Riddler Robin / Richard "Dick" Grayson created for the series Egghead King Tut Vehicles and gadgetry Batmobile Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batsuit Batphone Batcomputer Batbelt In-story locations Gotham City Batcave Wayne Manor Episodes "Hi Diddle Riddle" "Smack in the Middle" "Fine Feathered Finks" "The Penguin's a Jinx" "The Joker Is Wild" "Batman Is Riled" "Instant Freeze" "Rats Like Cheese" "Zelda the Great" "A Death Worse Than Fate" "The Joker Goes to School" "He Meets His Match, The Grisly Ghoul" "True or False-Face" "Holy Rat Race" "The Penguin Goes Straight" "Not Yet, He Ain't" "Shoot a Crooked Arrow" "Walk the Straight and Narrow" "Hot Off the Griddle" "The Cat and the Fiddle" "Marsha, Queen of Diamonds" "Marsha's Scheme of Diamonds" "The Zodiac Crimes" "The Joker's Hard Times" "The Penguin Declines" "Enter Batgirl, Exit Penguin" "The Londinium Larcenies/The Foggiest Notion/The Bloody Tower" Other "Batman Theme" "Holy..." Batusi Spin-off productions Batman The New Adventures of Batman Legends of the Superheroes Batman '66 Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders Batman vs. Two-Face Shows The Green Hornet "Crisis on Infinite Earths" (Arrowverse) Films The Wild World of Batwoman (unofficial) Bat Pussy (unofficial, pornographic) Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Category vteThe Lone Ranger Fran Striker George W. Trendle Characters Lone Ranger Tonto Television TV series (1949–57) episodes guest stars First animated TV series (1966–69) The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour (1980–82) The Lone Ranger TV film (2003) Film The Lone Ranger (1938 serial) The Lone Ranger Rides Again (1939 serial) The Lone Ranger (1956) The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold (1958) The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981) The Lone Ranger (2013) soundtrack Other Video game (1991) The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993) The Unhanged (1971) Jack Wrather "Ke-mo sah-bee" Green Hornet "William Tell Overture" Disney Infinity Lego The Lone Ranger "The Lone Stranger" (2007) vteGolden Age of Comic BooksAce Comics Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan All-AmericanPublications The Atom Al Pratt Black Canary Dinah Drake Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Doiby Dickles The Flash Jay Garrick The Gay Ghost Green Lantern Alan Scott Hawkgirl Shiera Sanders Hall Hawkman Carter Hall Hop Harrigan Johnny Thunder Justice Society of America The King Mister Terrific Terry Sloane Neptune Perkins Red Tornado Sargon the Sorcerer The Terrific Whatzit Thunderbolt Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Ted Grant Wonder Woman Diana Prince Centaur Comics Airman Amazing-Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye Fantom of the Fair Magician from Mars The Masked Marvel Minimidget Charlton Comics Atomic Mouse Captain Atom Nightshade Mr. Muscles Nature Boy Space Adventures Yellowjacket Dell Comics Doctor Hormone Flash Gordon The Owl Phantasmo Supermind's Son Zorro Fawcett Comics Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr. Captain Midnight Dan Dare Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Ibis the Invincible Lieutenant Marvels Marvel Family Mary Marvel Master Man Minute-Man Mr. Scarlet Nyoka the Jungle Girl Phantom Eagle Pinky the Whiz Kid Scoop Smith Spy Smasher Squadron of Justice Uncle Marvel Fox Comics Black Fury Blue Beetle Dan Garret The Bouncer Bronze Man Dynamo The Flame Green Mask The Moth Samson Stardust the Super Wizard U.S. Jones Wonder Man Harvey Comics Black Cat Captain 3-D Captain Freedom Green Hornet Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Kato Shock Gibson Spirit of '76 Lev GleasonPublications Captain Battle Claw Crimebuster Daredevil Little Wise Guys Silver Streak MLJ Comics The Black Hood Bob Phantom Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Hangman Rang-a-Tang the Wonder Dog The Shield Super Duck The Web The Wizard National AlliedPublications Ace the Bat-Hound Air Wave Aquaman Batman Batwoman Black Pirate Boy Commandos Captain Comet Chris KL-99 Congo Bill Crimson Avenger Lee Travis Dan the Dyna-Mite Dark Ranger Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Doctor Occult Genius Jones Gimmick Girl Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Rex Tyler Johnny Chambers King Faraday The Knight Krypto Liberty Belle Manhunter Paul Kirk Martian Manhunter Miss X Mr. America Newsboy Legion Phantom Stranger Rex the Wonder Dog Robin Dick Grayson Robotman Rose Psychic Sandman Wesley Dodds Sandy the Golden Boy Seven Soldiers of Victory Shining Knight Sir Justin Slam Bradley The Spectre Jim Corrigan Speedy Roy Harper Squire Star-Spangled Kid Sylvester Pemberton Starman Ted Knight Stripesy Stuff the Chinatown Kid Superboy Kal-El Superman Superwoman Lois Lane Tarantula TNT Tommy Tomorrow Vigilante Greg Saunders Wonder Woman Zatara Nedor Comics American Crusader American Eagle Black Terror Captain Future Doc Strange Fighting Yank The Ghost Grim Reaper Judy of the Jungle Kara the Jungle Princess Lance Lewis, Space Detective Liberator The Magnet Miss Masque Princess Pantha Pyroman The Scarab The Woman in Red Novelty Press Blue Bolt Dick Cole The Target The Targeteers The Twister PrizePublications Atomic-Man Black Owl Fighting American Green Lama Yank & Doodle Quality Comics #711 The Black Condor Blackhawk Blue Tracer Bozo the Iron Man Captain Triumph Doll Girl Doll Man Firebrand The Human Bomb Invisible Hood The Jester Kid Eternity Lady Luck Madame Fatal Magno Manhunter Merlin the Magician Midnight Miss America Miss Fear Mouthpiece Neon the Unknown Phantom Lady Plastic Man Quicksilver The Ray Red Bee Red Torpedo The Spider Spider Widow Uncle Sam Wildfire Wonder Boy Woozy Winks Timely Comics All-Winners Squad American Ace The Angel Black Marvel Black Widow Claire Voyant Blazing Skull Blonde Phantom Blue Blade Blue Diamond Breeze Barton Bucky Bucky Barnes Captain America Captain Wonder The Challenger Citizen V The Destroyer Dynamic Man Father Time The Ferret Fiery Mask The Fin Golden Girl The Human Torch Jack Frost Laughing Mask Marvel Boy Mercury Miss America Miss Fury Mister E Namor Namora The Patriot Phantom Reporter Red Raven Rockman Silver Scorpion Sun Girl Super Rabbit Thin Man Thunderer Tim Mulrooney Toro Venus The Vision The Whizzer Robert Frank The Witness Young Allies Misc. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Hornet (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Hornet_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Britt Reid (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Reid_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"George W. Trendle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Trendle"},{"link_name":"Fran Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Striker"},{"link_name":"James Jewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jewell_(director)"},{"link_name":"film serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bzzz-1"},{"link_name":"a film in 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Green Hornet (disambiguation).\"Britt Reid\" redirects here. For the football coach, see Britt Reid (American football).Comics characterThe Green Hornet is a superhero created in 1936 by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker, with input from radio director James Jewell.Since his 1930s radio debut, the character has appeared in numerous serialized dramas in a wide variety of media. The Green Hornet appeared in film serials in the 1940s, The Green Hornet television series in the 1960s, (which costarred Bruce Lee in his first adult role), multiple comic book series from the 1940s onwards,[1] and a film in 2011.The franchise is owned by Green Hornet, Inc., which licenses the property across a wide variety of media that includes comics, films, TV shows, radio and books. As of the 2010s, the comic-book rights are licensed to Dynamite Entertainment.[2]","title":"Green Hornet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/riːd/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)"},{"link_name":"Lone Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Ranger"},{"link_name":"William Tell Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tell_Overture"}],"text":"Though various incarnations sometimes change details, in most versions the Green Hornet is the alter ego of Britt Reid (/riːd/), the wealthy young publisher of the Daily Sentinel newspaper. By night, clad in a long green overcoat, gloves, green fedora hat and green mask, Reid fights crime as the mysterious vigilante known as \"The Green Hornet\". He is accompanied by his loyal and similarly masked partner and confidant, Kato, who drives their technologically advanced car, the \"Black Beauty\". Though both the police and the general public believe the Hornet to be a wanted criminal, Reid uses that perception to help him infiltrate the underworld, leaving behind for the police the criminals and any incriminating evidence he has found.In the original radio incarnation, Britt Reid is the son of Dan Reid Jr., the nephew of the Lone Ranger (whose first name is never given, contrary to later articles), making the Green Hornet the great-nephew of the Ranger. The relationship is alluded to at least once in the radio shows, when Dan Reid visits his son to question him on why Britt has never captured the Hornet. On learning the truth behind his son's dual identity, Dan Reid recalls his days riding with his uncle, as the William Tell Overture plays briefly and softly in the background.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_program"},{"link_name":"WXYZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYT_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"The Lone Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Challenge of the Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_of_the_Yukon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunning297-3"},{"link_name":"Mutual Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"NBC Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Blue Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Network"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunning297-3"},{"link_name":"General Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mills"},{"link_name":"Orange Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Crush"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dunning297-3"}],"text":"The character debuted in The Green Hornet, an American radio program that premiered on January 31, 1936, on WXYZ, the same local Detroit station that originated its companion shows The Lone Ranger and Challenge of the Yukon.[3] Beginning on April 12, 1938, the station supplied the series to the Mutual Broadcasting System radio network, and then to NBC Blue and its successors, the Blue Network and ABC, from November 16, 1939, through September 8, 1950. It returned from September 10 to December 5, 1952.[3] It was sponsored by General Mills from January to August 1948, and by Orange Crush in its brief 1952 run.[3]","title":"Radio series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"movie serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_film"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(serial)"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet Strikes Again!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_Strikes_Again!"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"two serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger#Film_serials"},{"link_name":"George W. Trendle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Trendle"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(serial)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Al Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hodge"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet Strikes Again!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_Strikes_Again!"},{"link_name":"Warren Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hull"},{"link_name":"Keye Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keye_Luke"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chan#Film_adaptations"},{"link_name":"Anne Nagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Nagel"},{"link_name":"Wade Boteler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Boteler"},{"link_name":"Ford Beebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Beebe"},{"link_name":"Ray Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Taylor_(director)"},{"link_name":"John Rawlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawlins_(director)"},{"link_name":"George H. Plympton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Plympton"},{"link_name":"Basil Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Dickey"}],"sub_title":"Serials","text":"The Green Hornet was adapted into two movie serials, 1940's The Green Hornet and, in 1941, The Green Hornet Strikes Again![4] Disliking the treatment Republic gave The Lone Ranger in two serials, George W. Trendle took his property to Universal Pictures, and was much happier with the results. The first serial, titled simply The Green Hornet (1940), stars Gordon Jones in the title role, albeit dubbed by original radio Hornet Al Hodge whenever the hero's mask was in place, while The Green Hornet Strikes Again! (1941) stars Warren Hull. Keye Luke, who played the \"Number One Son\" in the Charlie Chan films, plays Kato in both. Also starring in both serials are Anne Nagel as Lenore Case, Britt Reid's secretary, and Wade Boteler as Mike Axford, a reporter for the Daily Sentinel, the newspaper that Reid owns and publishes. Ford Beebe directed both serials, partnered by Ray Taylor on The Green Hornet and John Rawlins on The Green Hornet Strikes Again!, with George H. Plympton and Basil Dickey contributing to the screenplays for both serials. The Green Hornet runs for 13 chapters while The Green Hornet Strikes Again! has 15 installments, with the Hornet and Kato smashing a different racket in each chapter. In each serial, they are all linked to a single major crime syndicate which is itself put out of business in the finale, while the radio program had the various rackets completely independent of each other.","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"The Green Hornet (2006)","text":"A 10-minute 2006 French short film titled Le frelon vert is based on the Green Hornet.[5]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Miramax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Jay Chou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Chou"},{"link_name":"Seth Rogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen"},{"link_name":"Superbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superbad_(film)"},{"link_name":"Evan Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Michel Gondry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Gondry"},{"link_name":"Jay Chou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Chou"},{"link_name":"Cameron Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Diaz"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"David Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Christoph Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Tom Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wilkinson"}],"sub_title":"The Green Hornet (2011)","text":"A film version of the character had been contemplated since the 1990s, with Universal Pictures and Miramax each attempting to develop a film. Sony Pictures announced plans for a feature film of the superhero in 2008. Eventually, Sony Pictures, through its subsidiary Columbia Pictures, released an action-comedy Green Hornet feature on January 14, 2011, starring Jay Chou and Seth Rogen, who co-wrote the script with Superbad co-writer Evan Goldberg.[6] It was directed by Michel Gondry. Jay Chou co-starred as Kato. Also starring were Cameron Diaz as Lenore Case, Edward James Olmos as Mike Axford, David Harbour as Frank Scanlon, Christoph Waltz as the main villain Benjamin Chudnofsky, and Tom Wilkinson as James Reid.","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Chernin Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernin_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Gavin O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_O%27Connor_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sean O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Amasia Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasia_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"David Koepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koepp"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Leigh Whannell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Whannell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Reboot","text":"In 2016, Paramount Pictures and Chernin Entertainment acquired the rights to The Green Hornet and started preliminary work on developing a reboot with Gavin O'Connor as producer and director of the film and Sean O'Keefe as writer.[7] In 2020, Amasia Entertainment gained the rights of the Green Hornet[8] and officially teamed with Universal Pictures for the reboot titled Green Hornet and Kato with David Koepp writing the script.[9][10] On June 23, 2022, Deadline reported that Leigh Whannell will direct the reboot.[11]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Van Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Williams"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Batman TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1960s_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"The Green Hornet (1966–1967)","text":"The Green Hornet is a television series shown on the ABC U.S. television network. It aired for the 1966–1967 television season and stars Van Williams as both the Green Hornet and Britt Reid, and Bruce Lee as Kato.[12][13] With his insistence on using his martial arts skills, Bruce Lee stole the show as Kato. This was the first time Asian martial arts fighting was seen on American TV. The show launched Bruce Lee's career as a popular actor in the US as well as in Hong Kong. Audience interest even led to Van Williams asking to learn some martial art moves.[14]Williams and Lee's Green Hornet and Kato appear as anti-heroes in the second season of the Batman TV series in the two-part episode \"A Piece of the Action\" / \"Batman's Satisfaction\". The episode ended with Batman himself questioning whether or not the Green Hornet was really a criminal. Unlike the \"campy\" version of Batman, this version of The Green Hornet was played more seriously.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"WildBrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WildBrain"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fatman Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatman_Beyond"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"In July 2020, Kevin Smith and WildBrain announced plans to develop a Green Hornet animated series set in the present day and focused on a reimagined Green Hornet and female Kato.[15] On February 28, 2023, Smith confirmed in an episode of Fatman Beyond that the series would be 10 episodes.[16]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Comic books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Helnit Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helnit_Comics"},{"link_name":"Fran Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Striker"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Harvey Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Comics"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Dell Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Comics"},{"link_name":"Four Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Color"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gold Key Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Key_Comics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Early comics","text":"Green Hornet comic books began in December 1940. The series, titled Green Hornet Comics published by Helnit Comics with the writing attributed to Fran Striker. The stories were loosely based on episodes of the radio show. This series ended after six issues.[17]Several months later, Harvey Comics launched its own version, beginning with issue #7. This series lasted until issue #47 in 1949; during that time it also changed its title twice: first to Green Hornet Fights Crime (issue #34) and later to Green Hornet, Racket Buster (issue #44).Harvey additionally used the character in the public-service one-shot War Victory Comics in 1942,[18] and gave him one adventure in each of two issues of All-New Comics, #13 (where he was also featured on the cover)[19] and #14,[20] in 1946.In 1953, several months after the radio series ended, Dell Comics published a one-shot with the character (officially entitled Four Color #496).[21] Both stories therein share titles with late-era radio episodes (\"The Freightyard Robberies\", June 23, 1949; and \"[The] Proof of Treason\", October 17, 1952) and might be adaptations.In 1967, Gold Key Comics produced a 3-issue series based on the TV show.[22]","title":"Comic books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NOW Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOW_Comics"},{"link_name":"Ron Fortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Fortier"},{"link_name":"Jeff Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Butler"},{"link_name":"The Lone Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Mike Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Baron"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Van Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Williams"},{"link_name":"Bob Ingersoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ingersoll"},{"link_name":"James Van Hise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Van_Hise"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Clint McElroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_McElroy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Pontiac Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Banshee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"eleventh-generation Oldsmobile 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobile_98#11th_generation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"NOW Comics","text":"In 1989, NOW Comics introduced a line of Green Hornet comics, initially written by Ron Fortier and illustrated by Jeff Butler. It attempted to reconcile the different versions of the character into a multigenerational epic. This took into account the character's ancestral connection to The Lone Ranger, though due to the legal separation of the two properties, his mask covered his entire face (as in the Republic serials) and he could not be called by name.[23] In this interpretation, the Britt of the radio series had fought crime as the Hornet in the 1930s and 1940s before retiring. In NOW's first story, in Green Hornet #1 (November 1989), set in 1945, the nationality of the original Kato (named in this comic series Ikano Kato) is given as Japanese, but because of the American policy regarding the Japanese minority during World War II, Reid referred to Kato as Filipino in order to prevent Kato's being sent to an American internment camp.The NOW comics considered the 1960s television character as the namesake nephew of the original, 1930s–1940s Britt Reid, referred to as \"Britt Reid II\" in the genealogy, who took up his uncle's mantle after a friend is assassinated. Britt Reid II eventually retired due to a heart attack, and Kato—given the first name Hayashi, after that of the first actor to play Kato on radio—goes on to become a star of ninja movies. The NOW comics established Hayashi Kato as Ikano Kato's son. Britt Reid's nephew, Paul Reid, a concert pianist, takes on the role of the Hornet after his older brother Alan, who had first taken on the mantle, is killed on his debut mission. Paul Reid is assisted by Mishi Kato, Hayashi's much-younger half-sister who was trained by Ikano Kato. Her being female caused problems between the publishers and the rights-holders, who withdrew approval of that character and mandated the return of \"the Bruce Lee Kato\".[24] After Mishi's departure—explained as orders from her father to replace an injured automobile designer at the Zürich, Switzerland, facility of the family corporation, Nippon Today—Hayashi Kato returned to crime fighting alongside the Paul Reid Green Hornet.[25] Mishi Kato returned in volume two as the Crimson Wasp, following the death of her Swiss police-officer fiancé, on orders of a criminal leader. In NOW's final two issues, vol. 2, #39–40, a fourth Kato—Kono Kato, grandson of Ikano and nephew of Hayashi and Mishi—took over as Paul Reid's fellow masked vigilante. The comics also introduced Diana Reid, the original Britt Reid's daughter, who had become district attorney after the TV series' Frank Scanlon had retired. A romantic relationship eventually formed between her and Hayashi Kato.NOW's first series began in 1989 and lasted 14 issues. Volume Two began in 1991 and lasted 40 issues, ending in 1995 when the publisher went out of business. Kato starred solo in a four-issue miniseries in 1991, and a two-issue follow-up in 1992, both written by Mike Baron. He also wrote a third, first announced as a two-issue miniseries, then as a graphic novel, but it was never released due to the company's collapse.[citation needed]Tales of the Green Hornet, consisting of nine issues spread out over three volumes (two, four, and three issues, respectively), presented stories of the two previous Hornets. Volume One featured Green Hornet II, and its story was plotted by Van Williams, star of the 1960s TV series, and scripted by Bob Ingersoll. The follow-ups were written by James Van Hise. Other miniseries included the three-issue The Green Hornet: Solitary Sentinel; the four-issue Sting of the Green Hornet, set during World War II and Clint McElroy's three-issue Dark Tomorrow (June–August 1993), featuring a criminal Green Hornet in 2080 being fought by the Kato of that era.[26][27]Discounting depictions of the cars utilized by the 1940s and 1960s Hornets, there were two versions of the Black Beauty used in the NOW comic series. The first was based on the Pontiac Banshee.[28] The second was a four-door sedan based on the eleventh-generation Oldsmobile 98 Touring Sedan.[citation needed]","title":"Comic books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"2011 Green Hornet feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow"},{"link_name":"The Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_(pulp_fiction)"},{"link_name":"Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorro"},{"link_name":"Chris Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Roberson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Alex Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross"},{"link_name":"Dennis Calero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Calero"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Garman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Garman"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"sub_title":"Dynamite Entertainment","text":"In March 2009, Dynamite Entertainment acquired the license to produce Green Hornet comic books.[29] Its first release was a miniseries written by Kevin Smith with pencils by Jonathan Lau.[30][31] Revamped in 2010 as an ongoing series set in modern times, the new Green Hornet stars Britt Reid Jr., the rebellious and spoiled son of Britt Reid Sr., now a retired industrial and family man. When Britt Sr. is slain by the Black Hornet, a yakuza mobster whose family was shamed by the original Green Hornet, the aging but still fit Kato returns. With his daughter, Mulan Kato, who has taken over the costumed identity of her father, he brings Britt Jr. to China for training and safekeeping as he becomes the new Green Hornet. Writer Jai Nitz also wrote Green Hornet: Parallel Lives, a miniseries prequel to the 2011 Green Hornet feature film.[32]In 2013, an eight-issue miniseries called Masks brought together famous heroes from the pulp era. It starred The Shadow, The Green Hornet and Kato, The Spider and a 1930s descendant of Zorro. It was written by Chris Roberson with art by Alex Ross and Dennis Calero.[33]Kevin Smith and Ralph Garman wrote a crossover title, Batman '66 meets the Green Hornet, released in June 2014.[34][full citation needed]","title":"Comic books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspaper strips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_strips"},{"link_name":"Dick Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Mike Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Curtis_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Joe Staton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Staton"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"In 2018, the Green Hornet appeared in newspaper strips as a guest-star in Dick Tracy by Mike Curtis (script) and Joe Staton (art), continuing the trend of Tracy stories reviving characters from defunct strips.[35][36]","title":"Comic strip"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Big Little Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Little_Books"},{"link_name":"Fran Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Striker"},{"link_name":"Dell Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Ed Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Friend"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Moonstone Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstone_Books"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Western Publishing subsidiary Whitman Books released four works of text fiction based on the character, targeting younger readers. There were three entries in the children's line of profusely illustrated Big Little Books, The Green Hornet Strikes!, The Green Hornet Returns, and The Green Hornet Cracks Down, in 1940, 1941 and 1942, respectively, all attributed to Fran Striker. In 1966, their line for older juveniles included Green Hornet: Case of the Disappearing Doctor by Brandon Keith, a tie-in to the television series. At about the same time, Dell Publishing released a mass-market paperback, The Green Hornet in The Infernal Light by Ed Friend, not only derived from the small-screen production as well, but, \"allegedly based on one of the TV episodes\".[37]In 2009, Moonstone Books gained the prose license and has released three Green Hornet anthologies as part of its \"Chronicles\" line: The Green Hornet Chronicles, The Green Hornet Casefiles, and The Green Hornet: Still at Large.[citation needed]","title":"Prose fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"The Green Hornet and Kato appears in The Green Hornet: Wheels of Justice (2010) for iPhone, based on the film.[38]","title":"Prose fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Moving Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Moving_Image_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"CKE Restaurants, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKE_Restaurants,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Hardee's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee%27s"},{"link_name":"Dr. Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Pepper"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Funko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funko"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con"},{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Diamond Select Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Select_Toys"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Aurora Plastics Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Plastics_Corporation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Aluminum Model Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_Model_Toys"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Few examples of Green Hornet merchandise have appeared since the 1960s. To coincide with the 2011 movie, Factory Entertainment produced six-inch action figures and a die cast Black Beauty, among other collectibles.[citation needed] Hollywood Collectibles has made a full-size prop gas gun replica.[citation needed] Mezco Toyz has made a set of 12-inch action figures, with the prototypes donated to the Museum of the Moving Image.[39]CKE Restaurants, Inc., the parent company of Carl's Jr. and Hardee's, teamed with the studio on a promotional marketing partnership that included commercials featuring Seth Rogen and Jay Chou in character as the Green Hornet and Kato; a beverage promotion with Dr. Pepper; The Green Hornet food items, kids' meal toys, and employee uniforms; and a contest with the grand prize of the Black Beauty car from the film.[40]In 2012, Factory Entertainment released screen accurate replicas of the Hornet Sting, Gas Gun, and Kato's Dart from the 1960's television series. A plaque signed by Van Williams was included in a limited run of \"Signature Edition\" replicas.[citation needed]In June 2018, the toy company Funko released a Funko Pop figure of the Green Hornet as a Specialty Series figure.[citation needed] This was later followed up with multiple Funko Pop figures of the Green Hornet and Kato, released as exclusives at San Diego Comic Con and New York Comic Con.[41] In January 2020, Funko announced Green Hornet and Kato figures as part of their initial SODA vinyl figure offerings with a limited run of 6000 each.[42]In late 2021, Diamond Select Toys announced the start of a new line of Green Hornet and Kato collectible merchandise in partnership with The Green Hornet Inc. and the Bruce Lee Family.[43] Their line of collectibles include a mini bust of Kato and various action figures of Kato in different outfits.[44]In 2022, Aurora Plastics Corporation, under their Polar Lights brand, reissued a model of the Black Beauty car from the 1960's television series.[citation needed] Aluminum Model Toys released their own model kit of the Black Beauty in the same year.[citation needed]","title":"Merchandising"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Never_Loved_a_Man_the_Way_I_Love_You"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Batfink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batfink"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_syndication"},{"link_name":"The Brown Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brown_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Albert_and_the_Cosby_Kids"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"AMC Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC_Hornet"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Inspector Clouseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Clouseau"},{"link_name":"Revenge of the Pink Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Pink_Panther"},{"link_name":"Citroën 2CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon:_The_Bruce_Lee_Story"},{"link_name":"Jason Scott Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Scott_Lee"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Van Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Williams"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galbraith-50"},{"link_name":"Qing feng xia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Kar Lok Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar_Lok_Chin"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Black Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_(film)"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_films_of_1996"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema"},{"link_name":"Jet Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Li"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_manhua#1990s"},{"link_name":"manhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhua"},{"link_name":"Li Chi-Tak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Chi-Tak"},{"link_name":"Black Mask 2: City of Masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_2:_City_of_Masks"},{"link_name":"Andy On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_On"},{"link_name":"Kill Bill: Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"Billy May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_May"},{"link_name":"1960s television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)"},{"link_name":"Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_the_Fist:_The_Return_of_Chen_Zhen"},{"link_name":"Chen Zhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Zhen_(character)"},{"link_name":"Donnie Yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Yen"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Season 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Venture_Bros._episodes#Season_6_(2016)"},{"link_name":"The Venture Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venture_Bros."},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)"},{"link_name":"1960s television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Blue Morpho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Venture_Bros._characters#Recurring_and_minor_characters"},{"link_name":"original Team Venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Venture_Bros._characters#Venture_acquaintances"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Mike Moh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Moh"},{"link_name":"Billy May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_May"},{"link_name":"1960s television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Prius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prius"}],"sub_title":"Art, entertainment, and media","text":"Aretha Franklin's 1967 album I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You contains the song \"Save Me\" which includes the lyric \"Calling the Caped Crusader, Green Hornet, Kato, too / I'm in so much trouble I don't know what to do\".[45]\nThe 1960s cartoon series Batfink is a parody of both Batman and the Green Hornet. Batfink rides in a pink vehicle called the Battilac, which is driven by his assistant Karate who is a martial artist.[46]\nBill Cosby parodied The Green Hornet in his c. 1970 syndicated five-minute daily radio program, The Brown Hornet, which he revived in the late 1970s for his Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids cartoon show.[citation needed]\nIn 1973 George Garabedian Productions on MARK56 Records released an LP of two of the radio shows. The cover included a green AMC Hornet.[47]\nInspector Clouseau's valet/houseboy is called Cato (spelled with a \"C\" instead of a \"K\"), and his car in the film Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978) is a heavily modified Citroën 2CV, \"The Silver Hornet\".[48]\nThe 1993 American semi-fictionalized biographical film Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, in which Jason Scott Lee portrayed Bruce Lee, features scenes involving the filming of the 1966 Green Hornet television series.[49] Van Williams, who starred in the TV series, appeared in the film as the show's director.[50]\nA 1994 Hong Kong film, Qing feng xia, stars Kar Lok Chin as a Kato-like masked hero called the Green Hornet in English subtitles.[51] In one scene, he is reminded of his predecessors, one of whom is represented by a picture of Bruce Lee in his TV Kato costume.[citation needed]\nBlack Mask is a 1996 Hong Kong action film starring Jet Li. The film is an adaptation of the 1992 manhua Black Mask by Li Chi-Tak. In the film, in homage to The Green Hornet, Black Mask wears a domino mask and chauffeur's cap in the same style as Kato from the series. The Black Mask is even compared to Kato in one scene. In 2002, it was followed by a sequel, Black Mask 2: City of Masks starring Andy On.\nThe 2003 film Kill Bill: Volume 1 uses Billy May's theme from the 1960s television series in a sequence where the Bride goes to Tokyo in search of O-Ren Ishii. The Crazy 88 wear masks resembling Bruce Lee's Kato mask.\nIn the film Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen, released late September 2010 in Asia and early 2011 in the United States, there is a large feature of the Green Hornet. The subplot consist of the main character Chen Zhen (played by Donnie Yen) dressing up as a mask vigilante (based on Kato) to stop Japanese assassinations and to protect the people.[52]\nIn a 2014 episode of Sesame Street, the Green Hornet was spoofed in their \"Numeric Con\" segment as \"The Green Four-net.\"\nIn 2016, Season 6 of The Venture Bros. introduces parody characters of Green Hornet and Kato from 1960s television series in the form of the masked crime-fighter Blue Morpho and his assistant Kano in a flashback, the latter having later become a member of the original Team Venture. It is also revealed that Blue Morpho was the father of the orphaned villain The Monarch, and he and Henchman 21 later take on the roles of the Blue Morpho and Kano respectively.[53]\nThe 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood depicts a sequence where fictional stuntman Cliff Booth fights Bruce Lee (Mike Moh) on the set of the Green Hornet 1960s television series.\nIn 2023, Toyota featured Billy May's theme from the 1960s television series in a Prius commercial as a part of their “This is Prius Now” campaign.","title":"In other popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tennant"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"The Calgary Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calgary_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"People","text":"Mark Tennant, a Calgary alderman, was nicknamed \"The Green Hornet\" during World War II. During his military service with The Calgary Highlanders, it was said he \"always knew where the bad guys were\" during his tours as an orderly officer.[54][55]","title":"In other popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grams, Martin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Grams_Jr."},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9825311-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9825311-0-5"},{"link_name":"Harmon, Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Harmon"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Little, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Little_(writer)"},{"link_name":"\"Bruce Lee and the Green Hornet: Van Williams remembers 'Kato (The Green Hornet)'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=F9IDAAAAMBAJ"},{"link_name":"Black Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Murray, Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Murray_(writer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87972-187-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-187-1"},{"link_name":"\"is The Green Hornet's version of Gung-Fu Genuine?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cM4DAAAAMBAJ"},{"link_name":"Google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_books"},{"link_name":"Comics Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Scene_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Starlog Communications International, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog"},{"link_name":"\"In Kato's Gung-Fu Action Is Instant\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RM4DAAAAMBAJ"},{"link_name":"McFarland & Company, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-1810-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1810-7"},{"link_name":"Starlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog"}],"text":"Grams, Martin Jr.; Salomonson, Terry (2010). The Green Hornet: A History of Radio, Motion Pictures, Comics and Television. Churchville, Maryland: OTR Publications LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825311-0-5.\nHarmon, Jim (1967). The Great Radio Heroes. Doubleday.\nLittle, John (April 1995). \"Bruce Lee and the Green Hornet: Van Williams remembers 'Kato (The Green Hornet)'\". Black Belt. 33 (4). Rainbow Publications: 52–58.\nMurray, Will (August 1986). \"The Green Hornet\". TV Gold (4). Movieland Publishing.\nOsgood, Dick (1981). WYXIE Wonderland. Bowling Green University Press. ISBN 0-87972-187-1.\nPollard, Maxwell (1974). \"is The Green Hornet's version of Gung-Fu Genuine?\". The Best of Bruce Lee. Rainbow Publications: 14–18 – via Google books. (reprinted from Black Belt vol. 5, #10, October 1967, Rainbow Publications)\nVan Hise, James (1989). The Green Hornet Book. Pioneer Books. (Movie Publisher Services, 1991)\n\"The Grey Hornet\". Comics Scene (15). Starlog Communications International, Inc. October 1990.\n\"In Kato's Gung-Fu Action Is Instant\". The Best of Bruce Lee. Rainbow Publications: 14–20. 1974 – via Google books. (reprinted from Black Belt vol. 5, #11, November 1967, Rainbow Publications)\nHarmon, Jim (1992). Radio Mystery and Adventure and Its Appearances in Film, Television and Other Media. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-1810-7.\n\"Van Williams After the Mask\". Starlog (135). O'Quinn Studios, Inc. October 1988.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Marx, Andy (July 12, 1992). \"A look inside Hollywood and the movies – Beyond Batman – The Bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz: Eddie Murphy as the Green Hornet\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110410105840/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-12/entertainment/ca-3946_1_green-hornet","url_text":"\"A look inside Hollywood and the movies – Beyond Batman – The Bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz: Eddie Murphy as the Green Hornet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-07-12/entertainment/ca-3946_1_green-hornet","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Website of The Green Hornet\". The Green Hornet, Inc. Archived from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190310214411/http://www.thegreenhornet.com/licenseeinformation.html","url_text":"\"The Official Website of The Green Hornet\""},{"url":"http://thegreenhornet.com/licenseeinformation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio (Revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 297–299. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3. Retrieved 2019-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dunning_(detective_fiction_author)","url_text":"Dunning, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22The+Green+Hornet+297+Broadcast+History%22&pg=PA297","url_text":"On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507678-3","url_text":"978-0-19-507678-3"}]},{"reference":"Lidz, Franz (January 7, 2011). \"Float Like a Franchise, Sting Like a...\" The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/movies/09hornet.html?_r=1&hpw","url_text":"\"Float Like a Franchise, Sting Like a...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Aurelien Poitrimoult: Kato and the Green Hornet Get Ready to Sting Again!\". Black Belt. Archived from the original on 2011-03-08. Retrieved 2011-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110308023555/http://www.blackbeltmag.com/kato_and_the_green_hornet_revived_by_aurelien_poitrimoult/archives/582","url_text":"\"Aurelien Poitrimoult: Kato and the Green Hornet Get Ready to Sting Again!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_Magazine","url_text":"Black Belt"},{"url":"http://www.blackbeltmag.com/kato_and_the_green_hornet_revived_by_aurelien_poitrimoult/archives/582","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Green Hornet\". Box Office Mojo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=greenhornet.htm","url_text":"\"The Green Hornet\""}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 15, 2016). \"Badass 'Green Hornet'? Paramount, Chernin Set Gavin O'Connor For Movie\". Deadline.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/11/the-green-hornet-gavin-oconnor-paramount-chernin-entertainment-bruce-lee-1201854807/","url_text":"\"Badass 'Green Hornet'? Paramount, Chernin Set Gavin O'Connor For Movie\""}]},{"reference":"Boucher, Geoff (January 29, 2020). \"'The Green Hornet': Amasia Chief Is All Abuzz About Superhero Acquisition\". Deadline.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/01/the-green-hornet-amasia-chief-is-all-abuzz-about-superhero-acquisition-1202844981/","url_text":"\"'The Green Hornet': Amasia Chief Is All Abuzz About Superhero Acquisition\""}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (April 16, 2020). \"'Green Hornet and Kato' Feature in the Works From Universal and Amasia Entertainment\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/universal-teams-amasia-entertainment-green-hornet-kato-1290554","url_text":"\"'Green Hornet and Kato' Feature in the Works From Universal and Amasia Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (December 10, 2020). \"'Green Hornet and Kato' Movie Nabs Writer David Koepp (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/amp/heat-vision/green-hornet-and-kato-movie-nabs-writer-david-koepp-exclusive","url_text":"\"'Green Hornet and Kato' Movie Nabs Writer David Koepp (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Kroll, Justin (June 23, 2022). \"'Invisible Man' Director Leigh Whannell Eyeing 'Green Hornet And Kato' Pic At Universal\". Deadline.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/invisible-man-leigh-whannel-green-hornet-and-kato-1235050921/","url_text":"\"'Invisible Man' Director Leigh Whannell Eyeing 'Green Hornet And Kato' Pic At Universal\""}]},{"reference":"Boucher, Geoff (July 23, 2010). \"Getting 'The Green Hornet' off the ground\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011. Retrieved 2010-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110318090019/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/23/entertainment/la-et-green-hornet-20100723/3","url_text":"\"Getting 'The Green Hornet' off the ground\""},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/23/entertainment/la-et-green-hornet-20100723/3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pool, Bob (May 27, 1992). \"The Green Hornet Returns to Sting a Radio Pirate\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-27/local/me-140_1_green-hornet","url_text":"\"The Green Hornet Returns to Sting a Radio Pirate\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Heritage Center Blog: Bruce Lee Steals the Show in 'The Green Hornet'\". American Heritage Center. March 16, 2020. The American Heritage Center holds the papers of William Dozier, who produced and narrated the TV series The Green Hornet, as well as the Batman TV series.","urls":[{"url":"https://ahcwyo.org/2020/03/16/bruce-lee-steals-the-show-in-the-green-hornet/","url_text":"\"American Heritage Center Blog: Bruce Lee Steals the Show in 'The Green Hornet'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Hornet Animated Series in the Works From Kevin Smith\". CBR. 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2020-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/green-hornet-animated-series-in-the-works-from-kevin-smith/","url_text":"\"Green Hornet Animated Series in the Works From Kevin Smith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Smith Gives Update on Green Hornet Animated Series\". TV Shows. Retrieved 2023-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/kevin-smith-green-hornet-animated-series-update/","url_text":"\"Kevin Smith Gives Update on Green Hornet Animated Series\""}]},{"reference":"Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/superherocomicso0000bent","url_text":"Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/superherocomicso0000bent/page/102","url_text":"102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87833-808-X","url_text":"0-87833-808-X"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Will (October 1989). \"Where Hornets Swarm\". Comics Scene (9). Starlog Communications International, Inc: 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Murray","url_text":"Murray, Will"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Scene_(magazine)","url_text":"Comics Scene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog","url_text":"Starlog Communications International, Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"Issue 73 | Clint McElroy\". September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://huntingtonquarterly.com/2018/09/26/issue-73-clint-mcelroy/","url_text":"\"Issue 73 | Clint McElroy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dynamite Lands Green Hornet Comic Book License\". Newsarama. March 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090331-green-hornet-dynamite-comic-books.html","url_text":"\"Dynamite Lands Green Hornet Comic Book License\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama","url_text":"Newsarama"}]},{"reference":"Bernardin, Marc (May 13, 2009). \"EW Exclusive: Kevin Smith takes on Batman and the Green Hornet\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/05/13/kevin-smith-com/","url_text":"\"EW Exclusive: Kevin Smith takes on Batman and the Green Hornet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Nitz Separates 'Green Hornet: Parallel Lives'\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2010-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=26322","url_text":"\"Nitz Separates 'Green Hornet: Parallel Lives'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"\"Masks\". Comic Vine. 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicvine.com/masks/4050-54311/","url_text":"\"Masks\""}]},{"reference":"Kevin Smith & Ralph Garman Announce New Batman/Green Hornet Project. YouTube.com. DC Entertainment. March 11, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igRaLciDl1I","url_text":"Kevin Smith & Ralph Garman Announce New Batman/Green Hornet Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Dick Tracy / Green Hornet Crossover\". February 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dicktracy.info/2018-dick-tracy-green-hornet-crossover/","url_text":"\"Dick Tracy / Green Hornet Crossover\""}]},{"reference":"Sims, Chris (12 January 2017). \"'Dick Tracy' Is Hanging Out With The Spirit (And More)\". ComicsAlliance.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicsalliance.com/dick-tracy-spirit-crossover/","url_text":"\"'Dick Tracy' Is Hanging Out With The Spirit (And More)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Green Hornet: Wheels of Justice\". IGN. Retrieved 2023-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/games/the-green-hornet-wheels-of-justice","url_text":"\"The Green Hornet: Wheels of Justice\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Eddie (December 16, 2010). \"Mezco Donates the Green Hornet Prototype Action Figures to Museum of the Moving Image\". MTV. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150525151055/http://geek-news.mtv.com/2010/12/16/mezco-donates-the-green-hornet-prototype-action-figures-to-museum-of-the-moving-image/","url_text":"\"Mezco Donates the Green Hornet Prototype Action Figures to Museum of the Moving Image\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"http://geek-news.mtv.com/2010/12/16/mezco-donates-the-green-hornet-prototype-action-figures-to-museum-of-the-moving-image/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl's Jr. and 'The Green Hornet' Bring Action-Packed Excitement to the Drive-Thru with Sony Pictures Deal (press release)\". Carl's Jr. October 8, 2010. Archived from the original on January 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110111131649/http://www.carlsjr.com/company/releases/carls-jr-and-the-green-hornet-bring-action-packed-excitement-to-the-drive-thru-with-sony-pictures-deal","url_text":"\"Carl's Jr. and 'The Green Hornet' Bring Action-Packed Excitement to the Drive-Thru with Sony Pictures Deal (press release)\""},{"url":"http://www.carlsjr.com/company/releases/carls-jr-and-the-green-hornet-bring-action-packed-excitement-to-the-drive-thru-with-sony-pictures-deal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Little, Jesse (September 4, 2019). \"2019 NYC Exclusive Reveals: The Green Hornet and Kato\".","urls":[{"url":"https://funko.com/funko-blog-products/2019-nycc-exclusive-reveals-the-green-hornet-and-kato.html","url_text":"\"2019 NYC Exclusive Reveals: The Green Hornet and Kato\""}]},{"reference":"Little, Jesse (January 21, 2020). \"Introducing New Funko Vinyl SODA\". Funko Blog.","urls":[{"url":"https://funko.com/funko-blog-home/introducing-funko-vinyl-soda.html","url_text":"\"Introducing New Funko Vinyl SODA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce Lee's Kato Kicks Off Diamond Select Toys' Green Hornet Line [Exclusive]\". /Film. 2021-09-16. Retrieved 2023-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/605683/bruce-lees-kato-kicks-off-diamond-select-toys-green-hornet-line-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Bruce Lee's Kato Kicks Off Diamond Select Toys' Green Hornet Line [Exclusive]\""}]},{"reference":"Comments, Tyler Roberts | (2022-04-24). \"Green Hornet's Kato Strikes Fast with New Diamond Deluxe Figure\". bleedingcool.com. Retrieved 2023-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleedingcool.com/collectibles/green-hornets-kato-strikes-fast-with-new-diamond-deluxe-figure/","url_text":"\"Green Hornet's Kato Strikes Fast with New Diamond Deluxe Figure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aretha Franklin – Save Me Lyrics\". Genius. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/Aretha-franklin-save-me-lyrics","url_text":"\"Aretha Franklin – Save Me Lyrics\""}]},{"reference":"Decaro, Frank (August 5, 2007). \"Another Caped Crusader, Super Tongue in Cheek\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/05/arts/television/05deca.html","url_text":"\"Another Caped Crusader, Super Tongue in Cheek\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Channeling Kato: Jay Chou dons the iconic mask in Green Hornet\". Kung Fu Magazine. Retrieved 2011-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/article.php?article=942","url_text":"\"Channeling Kato: Jay Chou dons the iconic mask in Green Hornet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Magazine","url_text":"Kung Fu Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Galbraith, Jane (May 16, 1993). \"Green Hornet Pays Homage to His Kato\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-05-16/entertainment/ca-35788_1_green-hornet","url_text":"\"Green Hornet Pays Homage to His Kato\""}]},{"reference":"Galbraith, Jane (May 16, 1993). \"A Look inside Hollywood and the movies : Cameo Corner : Green Hornet Pays Homage to His Kato\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-05-16/entertainment/ca-35788_1_green-hornet","url_text":"\"A Look inside Hollywood and the movies : Cameo Corner : Green Hornet Pays Homage to His Kato\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220193339/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-05-16/entertainment/ca-35788_1_green-hornet","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ching, Gene. \"Channeling Kato: Jay Chou dons the iconic mask in Green Hornet\". Kung Fu Magazine. Retrieved January 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/article.php?article=942","url_text":"\"Channeling Kato: Jay Chou dons the iconic mask in Green Hornet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Magazine","url_text":"Kung Fu Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Todd (29 June 2010). \"Donnie Yen has a Question for the Makers of The Green Hornet: Why Did You Bother?\". Screen Anarchy.","urls":[{"url":"http://screenanarchy.com/2010/06/donnie-yen-has-a-question-for-the-makers-of-the-green-hornet-why-did-you-bother.html","url_text":"\"Donnie Yen has a Question for the Makers of The Green Hornet: Why Did You Bother?\""}]},{"reference":"Gaudette, Emily (2016-02-22). \"The Venture Bros.\" the Monarch Is Officially Dead, Long Live Blue Morpho\". Inverse. Retrieved 2018-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/article/11837-the-venture-bros-the-monarch-is-officially-dead-long-live-blue-morpho","url_text":"\"The Venture Bros.\" the Monarch Is Officially Dead, Long Live Blue Morpho\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_(website)","url_text":"Inverse"}]},{"reference":"Bercuson, David. Battalion of Heroes: The Calgary Highlanders in World War II.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grams, Martin Jr.; Salomonson, Terry (2010). The Green Hornet: A History of Radio, Motion Pictures, Comics and Television. Churchville, Maryland: OTR Publications LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825311-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Grams_Jr.","url_text":"Grams, Martin Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland","url_text":"Maryland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9825311-0-5","url_text":"978-0-9825311-0-5"}]},{"reference":"Harmon, Jim (1967). The Great Radio Heroes. Doubleday.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Harmon","url_text":"Harmon, Jim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"}]},{"reference":"Little, John (April 1995). \"Bruce Lee and the Green Hornet: Van Williams remembers 'Kato (The Green Hornet)'\". Black Belt. 33 (4). Rainbow Publications: 52–58.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Little_(writer)","url_text":"Little, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F9IDAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Bruce Lee and the Green Hornet: Van Williams remembers 'Kato (The Green Hornet)'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_(magazine)","url_text":"Black Belt"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Will (August 1986). \"The Green Hornet\". TV Gold (4). Movieland Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Murray_(writer)","url_text":"Murray, Will"}]},{"reference":"Osgood, Dick (1981). WYXIE Wonderland. Bowling Green University Press. ISBN 0-87972-187-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-187-1","url_text":"0-87972-187-1"}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Maxwell (1974). \"is The Green Hornet's version of Gung-Fu Genuine?\". The Best of Bruce Lee. Rainbow Publications: 14–18 – via Google books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cM4DAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"is The Green Hornet's version of Gung-Fu Genuine?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_books","url_text":"Google books"}]},{"reference":"Van Hise, James (1989). The Green Hornet Book. Pioneer Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Grey Hornet\". Comics Scene (15). Starlog Communications International, Inc. October 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_Scene_(magazine)","url_text":"Comics Scene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog","url_text":"Starlog Communications International, Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"In Kato's Gung-Fu Action Is Instant\". The Best of Bruce Lee. Rainbow Publications: 14–20. 1974 – via Google books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RM4DAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"In Kato's Gung-Fu Action Is Instant\""}]},{"reference":"Harmon, Jim (1992). Radio Mystery and Adventure and Its Appearances in Film, Television and Other Media. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-1810-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company, Inc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1810-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-1810-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Van Williams After the Mask\". Starlog (135). O'Quinn Studios, Inc. October 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog","url_text":"Starlog"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_464
Amstrad CPC 464
["1 Technical specifications","2 Reception","3 References"]
1984 home computer Amstrad CPC 464CPC 464 with JoystickAlso known asCPC 464DeveloperAmstradProduct familyAmstrad CPCTypePersonal ComputerRelease date11 April 1984 (1984-04-11)Introductory price£199 (with green monitor), £299 (with colour monitor)Units sold2 millionOperating systemAMSDOSCPUZilog Z80 @ 4 MHzMemory64 KBDisplayColour or green monochrome monitorGraphicsMotorola 6845 or compatible with a custom-designed gate array (160×200, 16 colours; 320×200, 4 colours; 640x200, 2 colours)SoundGeneral Instrument AY-3-8912Best-selling gameThe Guild of ThievesRelatedAmstrad CPC Amstrad CPC 464 on display at the Living Computer Museum, complete with games for public use The CPC 464 is the first personal home computer built by Amstrad in 1984. It was one of the bestselling and best produced microcomputers, with more than 2 million units sold in Europe. The British home computer boom had already peaked before Amstrad announced the CPC 464 (which stood for Colour Personal Computer) which they then released a mere nine months later. Amstrad was known for cheap hi-fi products but had not broken into the home computer market until the CPC 464. Their consumer electronic sales were starting to plateau and owner and founder Alan Sugar stated "We needed to move on and find another sector or product to bring us back to profit growth". Work started on the Amstrad home computer in 1983 with engineer Ivor Spital who concluded that Amstrad should enter the home computer market, offering a product that integrated low-cost hardware to be sold at an affordable "impulse-purchase price". Spital wanted to offer a device that would not commandeer the family TV but instead be an all-in-one computer with its own monitor, thus freeing up the TV and allowing others to play video games at the same time. Bill Poel, General Manager of Amsoft (Amstrad's software division), said during the launch press release that if the computers were not on the shelves by the end of June, "I will be prepared to sit down and eat one in Trafalgar Square." Technical specifications The CPC 464 is powered by the Zilog Z80 processor after the original attempts to use the 6502 processor, being used in the Apple II amongst many other 8-bit computer families, failed. The Z80 runs at 4 MHz, has 64 KB of memory and runs AMSDOS, Amstrad's own OS. The unit includes a built-in tape drive and the choice of a colour or green monochrome monitor. The graphics, which uses a Motorola 6845 chip for timing and address generation, provides 3 standard display modes, each using colours chosen from a palette of 27. Mode 0 - 160×200, 16 colours Mode 1 - 320×200, 4 colours Mode 2 - 640x200, 2 colours Its sound is supplied using the General Instrument AY-3-8912 sound chip that provides 3-voice, 8-octave sound capacity through a built-in loudspeaker with volume control. Later versions of the 464 have a headphone jack that can also be used for external speakers. The CPC 464's code name during development was 'Arnold'. Reception The 464 was popular with consumers for various reasons. Aside from the joystick port, the computer, keyboard, and tape deck were all combined into one unit that attached to the monitor via two cables. The monitor also contained the power supply unit which powered the whole unit via one wall plug. It did not have very many wires and was simple enough for even the most inexperienced user to install. References ^ a b c d e "Amstrad CPC 464". Retro Gamer. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. ^ a b c "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". www.old-computers.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ a b c d Smith, Tony (12 February 2014). "You're NOT fired: The story of Amstrad's amazing CPC 464". The Register. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ Sugar, Alan (2011). What you see is what you get : my autobiography. London: Pan Books. p. 610. ISBN 978-0330520478. ^ "CPC 464 Launched in a Blaze of Publicity". Amstrad Computer User. 1 (1): 6. 1984. ^ a b c "Amstrad CPC464". Obsolete Computer Museum. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "CPC old generation: Video (graphics): modes, outputs". CPC Wiki. Retrieved 2019-07-30. ^ a b Crookes, David (9 April 2014). "Was Alan Sugar the UK's Steve Jobs? How the Amstrad CPC 464 changed computing". Independent. Archived from the original on 2014-04-09. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CPC464.jpg"},{"link_name":"Living Computer Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Computer_Museum"},{"link_name":"Amstrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstrad"},{"link_name":"microcomputers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldcomputers-2"},{"link_name":"home computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yourenotfired-3"},{"link_name":"hi-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fidelity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retrogamer-1"},{"link_name":"Alan Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sugar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yourenotfired-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yourenotfired-3"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Amstrad CPC 464 on display at the Living Computer Museum, complete with games for public useThe CPC 464 is the first personal home computer built by Amstrad in 1984. It was one of the bestselling and best produced microcomputers, with more than 2 million units sold in Europe.[2] The British home computer boom had already peaked before Amstrad announced the CPC 464 (which stood for Colour Personal Computer) which they then released a mere nine months later.[3]Amstrad was known for cheap hi-fi products but had not broken into the home computer market until the CPC 464.[1] Their consumer electronic sales were starting to plateau and owner and founder Alan Sugar stated \"We needed to move on and find another sector or product to bring us back to profit growth\".[4] Work started on the Amstrad home computer in 1983 with engineer Ivor Spital who concluded that Amstrad should enter the home computer market, offering a product that integrated low-cost hardware to be sold at an affordable \"impulse-purchase price\".[3]Spital wanted to offer a device that would not commandeer the family TV but instead be an all-in-one computer with its own monitor, thus freeing up the TV and allowing others to play video games at the same time.[3]Bill Poel, General Manager of Amsoft (Amstrad's software division), said during the launch press release that if the computers were not on the shelves by the end of June, \"I will be prepared to sit down and eat one in Trafalgar Square.\"[5]","title":"Amstrad CPC 464"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zilog Z80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obseletecomputermuseum-6"},{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yourenotfired-3"},{"link_name":"AMSDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSDOS"},{"link_name":"OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"tape drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_drive"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obseletecomputermuseum-6"},{"link_name":"Motorola 6845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6845"},{"link_name":"palette of 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#3-level_RGB"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retrogamer-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpcwikivideo-7"},{"link_name":"General Instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Instrument"},{"link_name":"AY-3-8912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AY-3-8912"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retrogamer-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldcomputers-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obseletecomputermuseum-6"}],"text":"The CPC 464 is powered by the Zilog Z80 processor[6] after the original attempts to use the 6502 processor, being used in the Apple II amongst many other 8-bit computer families, failed.[3] The Z80 runs at 4 MHz, has 64 KB of memory and runs AMSDOS, Amstrad's own OS. The unit includes a built-in tape drive and the choice of a colour or green monochrome monitor.[6]The graphics, which uses a Motorola 6845 chip for timing and address generation, provides 3 standard display modes, each using colours chosen from a palette of 27.[1][7]Mode 0 - 160×200, 16 colours\nMode 1 - 320×200, 4 colours\nMode 2 - 640x200, 2 coloursIts sound is supplied using the General Instrument AY-3-8912 sound chip that provides 3-voice, 8-octave sound capacity through a built-in loudspeaker with volume control. Later versions of the 464 have a headphone jack that can also be used for external speakers.[1]The CPC 464's code name during development was 'Arnold'.[2][6]","title":"Technical specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldcomputers-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retrogamer-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-8"}],"text":"The 464 was popular with consumers for various reasons. Aside from the joystick port, the computer, keyboard, and tape deck were all combined into one unit[2] that attached to the monitor via two cables.[8] The monitor also contained the power supply unit which powered the whole unit via one wall plug.[1] It did not have very many wires and was simple enough for even the most inexperienced user to install.[8]","title":"Reception"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Amstrad CPC 464\". Retro Gamer. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602043256/https://www.retrogamer.net/profiles/hardware/amstrad-cpc-464/","url_text":"\"Amstrad CPC 464\""},{"url":"http://www.retrogamer.net/profiles/hardware/amstrad-cpc-464/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum\". www.old-computers.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190325035533/http://www.old-computers.com/Museum/computer.asp?c=84","url_text":"\"OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum\""},{"url":"http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=84","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Tony (12 February 2014). \"You're NOT fired: The story of Amstrad's amazing CPC 464\". The Register. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/archaeologic_amstrad_cpc_464/","url_text":"\"You're NOT fired: The story of Amstrad's amazing CPC 464\""}]},{"reference":"Sugar, Alan (2011). What you see is what you get : my autobiography. London: Pan Books. p. 610. ISBN 978-0330520478.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0330520478","url_text":"978-0330520478"}]},{"reference":"\"CPC 464 Launched in a Blaze of Publicity\". Amstrad Computer User. 1 (1): 6. 1984.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Amstrad CPC464\". Obsolete Computer Museum. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org/amstrad/","url_text":"\"Amstrad CPC464\""}]},{"reference":"\"CPC old generation: Video (graphics): modes, outputs\". CPC Wiki. Retrieved 2019-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpcwiki.eu/index.php/CPC_old_generation#Video_.28graphics.29:_modes.2C_outputs","url_text":"\"CPC old generation: Video (graphics): modes, outputs\""}]},{"reference":"Crookes, David (9 April 2014). \"Was Alan Sugar the UK's Steve Jobs? How the Amstrad CPC 464 changed computing\". Independent. Archived from the original on 2014-04-09. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/how-lord-alan-sugars-amstrad-cpc-464-changed-the-face-of-computing-forever-9249375.html","url_text":"\"Was Alan Sugar the UK's Steve Jobs? How the Amstrad CPC 464 changed computing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409201918/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/how-lord-alan-sugars-amstrad-cpc-464-changed-the-face-of-computing-forever-9249375.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c_district
Phú Lộc district
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 16°15′00″N 107°55′01″E / 16.250°N 107.917°E / 16.250; 107.917District in North Central Coast, VietnamPhú Lộc District Huyện Phú LộcDistrictLăng Cô LagoonCountry VietnamRegionNorth Central CoastProvinceThừa Thiên HuếCapitalPhú LộcArea • Total281 sq mi (728 km2)Population (2003) • Total149,418Time zoneUTC+7 (UTC + 7) Phú Lộc is a rural district of Thừa Thiên Huế province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 149,418. The district covers an area of 728 km². The district capital lies at Phú Lộc. The area abuts the South China Sea to the east and the Hải Vân Pass to the south. The city of Phú Lộc is the main economic focal point of the district, mainly due to tourism. The district comprises the townships of Lăng Cô and Phú Lộc, and the communes of Lộc Trì, Lộc Bổn, Vinh Hải, Lộc Hòa, Lộc An, Lộc Bình, Lộc Thủy, Vinh Giang, Lộc Vĩnh, Vinh Mỹ, Lộc Sơn, Lộc Tiến, Vinh Hiền, Vinh Hưng, Xuân Lộc and Lộc Điền. The district is divided into three sectors, from Huế and moving southwards towards Phú Lộc is Sector 1, opposite is Sector 2, and the region between Lăng Cô and Phú Lộc is Sector 3. References ^ a b "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved March 20, 2009. 16°15′00″N 107°55′01″E / 16.250°N 107.917°E / 16.250; 107.917 vteDistricts of Vietnam North Central CoastThanh Hóa province Thanh Hóa city※ Sầm Sơn city Bỉm Sơn town Nghi Sơn town Bá Thước Cẩm Thủy Đông Sơn Hà Trung Hậu Lộc Hoằng Hóa Lang Chánh Mường Lát Nga Sơn Ngọc Lặc Như Thanh Như Xuân Nông Cống Quan Hóa Quan Sơn Quảng Xương Thạch Thành Thiệu Hóa Thọ Xuân Thường Xuân Triệu Sơn Vĩnh Lộc Yên Định Nghệ An province Vinh city※ Cửa Lò town Hoàng Mai town Thái Hòa town Anh Sơn Con Cuông Diễn Châu Đô Lương Hưng Nguyên Kỳ Sơn Nam Đàn Nghi Lộc Nghĩa Đàn Quế Phong Quỳ Châu Quỳ Hợp Quỳnh Lưu Tân Kỳ Thanh Chương Tương Dương Yên Thành Hà Tĩnh province Hà Tĩnh city※ Hồng Lĩnh town Kỳ Anh town Cẩm Xuyên Can Lộc Đức Thọ Hương Khê Hương Sơn Kỳ Anh Lộc Hà Nghi Xuân Thạch Hà Vũ Quang Quảng Bình province Đồng Hới city※ Ba Đồn town Bố Trạch Lệ Thủy Minh Hóa Quảng Ninh Quảng Trạch Tuyên Hóa Quảng Trị province Đông Hà city※ Quảng Trị town Cam Lộ Cồn Cỏ Island Đa Krông Gio Linh Hải Lăng Hướng Hóa Triệu Phong Vĩnh Linh Thừa Thiên Huế province Huế city※ Hương Thủy town Hương Trà town A Lưới Nam Đông Phong Điền Phú Lộc Phú Vang Quảng Điền ※ denotes provincial seat. This article about a location in Thừa Thiên-Huế Province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Hills
Silver Hills, Indiana
["1 Name","2 References"]
Coordinates: 38°16′57″N 85°50′43″W / 38.28257°N 85.84524°W / 38.28257; -85.84524Unincorporated community in Indiana, U.S. Silver Hills is an unincorporated community in Floyd County, Indiana, in the United States. Name Silver Hills shares its name with a set of hills. The hills are known locally as "the knobs" and Silver Hills appears to be a translation of the Native American name. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Silver Hills, Indiana ^ Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History. Indiana University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3. This settlement was named for a nearby range. ^ History of the Ohio Falls Cities and Their Counties: Precincts of Jefferson County, Ky. General histories of Clark and Floyd counties, Ind. New Albany and Floyd County. Clark County and Jeffersonville. L. A. Williams & Company. 1882. p. 304. vteMunicipalities and communities of Floyd County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: New AlbanyCity New Albany Map of Indiana highlighting Floyd CountyTowns Georgetown Greenville Townships Franklin Georgetown Greenville Lafayette New Albany CDPs Floyds Knobs Galena Othercommunities Blackiston Mill Buchanan Duncan Edwardsville Mount St. Francis Navilleton Saint Joseph Saint Marys Scottsville Silver Hills Indiana portal United States portal 38°16′57″N 85°50′43″W / 38.28257°N 85.84524°W / 38.28257; -85.84524 This Floyd County, Indiana location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Floyd County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Indiana, U.S.Silver Hills is an unincorporated community in Floyd County, Indiana, in the United States.[1]","title":"Silver Hills, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Silver Hills shares its name with a set of hills.[2] The hills are known locally as \"the knobs\" and Silver Hills appears to be a translation of the Native American name.[3]","title":"Name"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History. Indiana University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3. This settlement was named for a nearby range.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake","url_text":"From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake/page/302","url_text":"302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32866-3","url_text":"978-0-253-32866-3"}]},{"reference":"History of the Ohio Falls Cities and Their Counties: Precincts of Jefferson County, Ky. General histories of Clark and Floyd counties, Ind. New Albany and Floyd County. Clark County and Jeffersonville. L. A. Williams & Company. 1882. p. 304.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofohiofal01will","url_text":"History of the Ohio Falls Cities and Their Counties: Precincts of Jefferson County, Ky. General histories of Clark and Floyd counties, Ind. New Albany and Floyd County. Clark County and Jeffersonville"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofohiofal01will/page/304","url_text":"304"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northern_Yuan_khans
List of Northern Yuan khans
["1 Northern Yuan Dynasty","2 Period of small kings","3 See also","4 References"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Northern Yuan khans" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The following is a list of khagans of the Northern Yuan (1368–1635) based in Northern China and the Mongolian Plateau. Northern Yuan Dynasty Portrait Names by which most commonly known Temple names (Miào Hào 廟號) Posthumous names (Shì Hào 諡號) Regnal names (Zūn Hào 尊號) Birth names Reign Era names (Nián Hào 年號) and their according range of years Toghon Temür Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng)(same person as the last Yuan emperor in China proper) Emperor Xuanren Puxiao (宣仁普孝皇帝 Xuānrén Pǔxiào Huángdì)(bestowed by Northern Yuan)Emperor Shun (順皇帝 Shùn Huángdì)(bestowed by Ming dynasty) Ukhaghatu Khan(烏哈噶圖汗 Wūhāgátú Hán) Borjigin Toghan Temür(孛兒只斤·妥懽貼睦爾 Bó'érjìjǐn Tuǒhuāntiēmù'ěr) 1368–1370 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368–1370 Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara Zhaozong (昭宗 Zhāozōng) Emperor Wucheng Hexiao (武承和孝皇帝 Wǔchéng Héxiào Huángdì) Biligtü Khan(必里克圖汗 Bìlǐkètú Hán) Borjigin Ayushiridara(孛兒只斤·愛育識里達臘 Bó'érjìjǐn Àiyùshílǐdálà) 1370–1378 Xuanguang (宣光 Xuānguāng) 1371–1378 Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür Emperor Yisheng Ningxiao (益聖寧孝皇帝 Yìshèng Níngxiào Huángdì) Uskhal Khan(兀思哈勒汗 Wùsīhālè Hán) Borjigin Tögüs Temür(孛兒只斤·脫古思帖木兒 Bó'érjìjǐn Tuōgǔsītiēmù'ér) 1378–1388 Tianyuan (天元 Tiānyuán) 1378–1388 Period of small kings Portrait Names by which most commonly known Regnal Names Birth Names Reign Jorightu Khan Yesüder Jorightu Khan(卓里克圖汗 Zhuólǐkètú Hán) Borjigin Yesüder(孛兒只斤·也速迭兒 Bó'érjìjǐn Yěsùdié'ér) 1388–1391 Engke Khan Borjigin Engke(孛兒只斤·恩克 Bó'érjìjǐn Ēnkè) 1391–1394 Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan Nigülesügchi Khan(尼古埒蘇克齊汗 Nígǔlièsūkèqí Hán) Borjigin Elbeg(孛兒只斤·額勒伯克 Bó'érjìjǐn Élèbókè) 1394–1399 Gün Temür Khan Toqoqan Khan(托歡汗 Tuōhuān Hán) Borjigin Gün Temür(孛兒只斤·坤帖木兒 Bó'érjìjǐn Kūntiēmù'ér) 1399–1402 Örüg Temür Khan Borjigin Örüg Temür(孛兒只斤·月魯帖木兒 Bó'érjìjǐn Yuèlǔtiēmù'ér) nickname Gulichi (鬼力赤 Guǐlìchì) 1402–1408 Öljei Temür Khan Öljei Temür Khan(完者帖木兒汗 Wánzhětiēmù'ér Hán) Borjigin Bunyashiri(孛兒只斤·本雅失里 Bó'érjìjǐn Běnyǎshīlǐ) 1408–1412 Delbeg Khan Borjigin Delbeg(孛兒只斤·答里巴 Bó'érjìjǐn Dálǐbā) 1412–1415 Oyiradai Borjigin Oyiradai(孛兒只斤·斡亦剌歹 Bó'érjìjǐn Wòyìládǎi) 1415–1425 Adai Khan Borjigin Adai(孛兒只斤·阿岱 Bó'érjìjǐn Ādài) 1425–1438 Taisun Khan Taisun Khan(岱總汗 Dàizǒng Hán) Borjigin Toghtoa Bukha(孛兒只斤·脫脫不花 Bó'érjìjǐn Tuōtuōbùhuā) 1433–1453 Agbarjin Borjigin Agbarjin(孛兒只斤·阿噶多爾濟 Bó'érjìjǐn Āgáduō'ěrjì) 1453 Esen Taishi(Leader of the Oirats; usurper) Choros Esen(綽羅斯·也先 Chuòluósī Yěxiān) 1454–1455 Mahakörgis Khan Ükegtü Khan(烏珂克圖汗 Wūkēkètú Hán) Borjigin Mahakörgis(孛兒只斤·馬兒古兒吉思 Bó'érjìjǐn Mǎ'érgǔ'érjísī) 1455–1465 Molon Khan Molon Khan(摩倫汗 Mólún Hán) Borjigin Tögüs Mengke(孛兒只斤·脫古思猛可 Bó'érjìjǐn Tuōgǔsīměngkě) 1465–1466 Manduul Khan Borjigin Manduul(孛兒只斤·滿都魯 Bó'érjìjǐn Mǎndūlǔ) 1475–1478 Dayan Khan Dayan Khan(達延汗 Dáyán Hán) Borjigin Batumöngke(孛兒只斤·巴圖蒙克 Bó'érjìjǐn Bātúměngkè) 1479–1517 Bars Bolud Jinong Borjigin Barsbolad(孛兒只斤·巴爾斯博羅特 Bó'érjìjǐn Bā'ěrsībóluótè) 1517–1519 Bodi Alagh Khan Alagh Khan(阿剌克汗 Ālákè Hán) Borjigin Bodi(孛兒只斤·博迪 Bó'érjìjǐn Bódí) 1519–1547 Daraisung Guden Khan Guden Khan(庫騰汗 Kùténg Hán) Borjigin Daraisung(孛兒只斤·打來孫 Bó'érjìjǐn Dǎláisūn) 1547–1557 Tümen Zasagt Khan Zasagt Khan(扎薩克圖汗 Zhāsàkètú Hán) Borjigin Tümen(孛兒只斤·圖們 Bó'érjìjǐn Túmén) 1558–1592 Buyan Sechen Khan Sechen Khan(徹辰汗 Chèchén Hán) Borjigin Buyan(孛兒只斤·布延 Bó'érjìjǐn Bùyán) 1592–1604 Ligdan Khan Khutugtu Khan(呼圖克圖汗 Hūtúkètú Hán) Borjigin Ligdan(孛兒只斤·林丹 Bó'érjìjǐn Líndān) 1604–1634 Ejei Khan Borjigin Erke Khongghor(孛兒只斤·額爾克孔果爾 Bó'érjìjǐn É'ěrkèkǒngguǒ'ěr) 1634–1635 See also Borjigin List of Yuan emperors Yuan dynasty family tree List of Chinese monarchs List of Mongol rulers List of Mongol khatuns References vteNorthern Yuan (1368–1635)Political organizationList of KhansIndependent khans Six Tumen MongolsFour OiratNotable citiesTitles Three Eastern Tumens Khalkha Chahar Uriankhai Three Western Tumens Ordos Tumed Yunshebu Tümen Choros Torghut Khoid Dörbet Oirat Yingchang Karakorum Hohhot Khagan Khan Khatun Taishi Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan Councellor Wang UnifiedChahar Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur (1368–1370) Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1370–1378) Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1378–1388) Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1388–1391) Engke Khan (1391–1394) Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1394–1399) Gün Temür Khan (1399–1402) Örüg Temür Khan Gulichi (1402–1408) Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri (1403–1412) Delbeg Khan (1411–1415) Oyiradai Khan (1415–1425) Adai Khan (1425–1438) Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1433–1452) Agbarjin (1453) Esen Taishi (1453–1454) Markörgis Khan (Ükegtü) (1454–1465) Molon Khan (1465–1466) Manduul Khan (1475–1479) Dayan Khan (1480–1516) Bars Bolud Jinong (deputy) Bodi Alagh Khan (1516–1547) Darayisung Gödeng Khan (1547–1557) Tümen Jasaghtu Khan (1557–1592) Buyan Sechen Khan (1592–1604) Ligdan Khan (1604–1634) Ejei Khan (1634–1635) TumedOrdosTüsheetJasagtuSechenKhotogoid Altan Khan (1521–1582) Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585) Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607) Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636) Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521) Mergen Jinong (d. 1542) Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572) Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576) Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624) Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636) Abtai Sain Khan (1567–1588) Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?) Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655) Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698) Laikhur Khan Subandai Khan Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661) Chambun Khan (1670?–) Zenggün Shara (d. 1687) Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652) Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?) Sechen Khan (d. 1686) Ubasi Khong Tayiji (c.1609–1623) Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji (1623–1652) Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji (1652–1667)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"khagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khagan"},{"link_name":"Northern Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Yuan"}],"text":"The following is a list of khagans of the Northern Yuan (1368–1635) based in Northern China and the Mongolian Plateau.","title":"List of Northern Yuan khans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Northern Yuan Dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Period of small kings"}]
[]
[{"title":"Borjigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjigin"},{"title":"List of Yuan emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors"},{"title":"Yuan dynasty family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_family_tree"},{"title":"List of Chinese monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs"},{"title":"List of Mongol rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers"},{"title":"List of Mongol khatuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mongol_khatuns"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ridley_Wills_(Insurance_executive)
William Ridley Wills (insurance executive)
["1 Biography","2 National Life and Accident Insurance","3 Tennessee Governor's residence","4 References"]
William Ridley WillsWilliam Ridley Wills in 1925BornSeptember 19, 1871Brownsville, Tennessee, U.S.DiedNovember 21, 1949Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.OccupationBusinessmanSpouseJessie ElyChildrenJesse Ely Wills and Mamie Craig WillsRelativesWilliam Ridley Wills (nephew)William Ridley Wills II (grandson) William Ridley Wills, (September 19, 1871 – November 21, 1949) was a founder of the National Life and Accident Insurance Company in Nashville in 1902. Born in west Tennessee, Wills came to Nashville in 1893 to serve as Tennessee's deputy commissioner of insurance. There he met C.A. Craig and C. Runcie Clements and the three men formed the National Life and Accident Company after purchasing another insurance company which was being sold at auction. The new company sold health and accident insurance policies to industrial workers, a large percentage of whom were African-American. The company grew and moved into a large stone building in downtown Nashville where, in 1925, it launched radio station WSM which won international fame in creating the broadcast the "Grand Ole Opry". Wills died of a stroke in 1949. His nephew (identically named) was poet and novelist William Ridley Wills, and his grandson is author and historian William Ridley Wills II. Biography He was born in 1871 in Brownsville, a town in western Tennessee in the coastal plain between Memphis and Jackson. His parents were Haywood County pioneers. His father was a surgeon, Dr. William Thaddeus Wills, who served under the command of Nathan Bedford Forest in the Civil War. Wills' mother was Elizabeth Mann. In 1898, Wills married Jessie Ely of Nashville, the daughter of Jessie and Ruth Whiteside Ely. The Nashville Banner said the wedding "united two very old families of Tennessee and was the social event of the week". The newlyweds lived at the Maney residence on Hays St. in Nashville, and later on Belle Meade Boulevard in Belle Meade, Tennessee. They had two children, Jessie Ely Wills, and Mamie Craig Wills. In 1930, after becoming successful in the insurance industry, Wills donated a fully-equipped 32 bed hospital to the City of Brownsville as a memorial to his father. Wills died of a stroke in November, 1949. Mrs. Wills died in 1965, at age 92. National Life and Accident Insurance Main article: National Life and Accident Insurance Company In 1901, Wills, along with C.A. Craig and C.R. Clements purchased another insurance company, the "National Sick and Accident Company" on Nashville's courthouse steps at auction for $17,250. They formed a new company called the National Life and Accident Insurance Company. Typical early products of the newly formed company included a policy that sold for 5 cents a week to pay the holder $1.25 per week in case of illness. Customers were mostly industrial workers, including many African-Americans. The company prospered and extended its services and staff. In 1924, it moved into a multi-story building at Seventh and Union in Nashville. In 1925, the company entered the radio broadcasting business and established station WSM on the fifth floor of their building. They were responsible for the "Grand Ole Opry" show featuring county music, taking advantage of a powerful clear-channel broadcast that reached much of the US. The program became the longest-running radio broadcast in US history. Tennessee Governor's residence Main article: Tennessee Governor's Mansion Tennessee Governor's Mansion in 2013Wills built a three-story Georgian-style home on a ten acres (4.0 hectares) site in Nashville in 1931. He called the house "Far Hills" for its beautiful views. After his death in 1949 the State of Tennessee purchased the home and has since used it as the Governor's residence. In 2003 a major renovation created a 14,000 square foot (1,300 m2) underground meeting and banquet facility at the site. References ^ Hayden, H.R., ed. (1897). The Annual Cyclopedia of Insurance in the United States, 1896–7. New York: Lockwood Press. p. 395. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ a b c d e f "Wills' Funeral Will Be Today". Vol. 43, no. 195. The Nashville Tennessean. November 22, 1949. pp. 1–2. Retrieved April 25, 2020. ^ a b "Mrs. Wills Rites Slated". Vol. 59, no. 294. The Nashville Tennessean. February 19, 1965. p. 38. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ a b "Social and Personal". Vol. 23, no. 165. Nashville Banner (Nashville, Tennessee). October 19, 1898. p. 5. Retrieved April 30, 2020. ^ "Mrs. Crook Dies; Services Tomorrow". Vol. 71, no. 49. Tennessean. May 26, 1976. p. 38. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ a b c Connelly, John Lawrence (August 22, 2018). "National Life and Accident Insurance Company". tennesseeencyclopedia.net. Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2020. ^ "Grand Ole Opry". radiohalloffame.com/grand-ole-opry. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ a b "Tennessee's Executive Residence/About the Residence". tn.gov. Tennessee State Government. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
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Born in west Tennessee, Wills came to Nashville in 1893 to serve as Tennessee's deputy commissioner of insurance.[1] There he met C.A. Craig and C. Runcie Clements and the three men formed the National Life and Accident Company after purchasing another insurance company which was being sold at auction.[2] The new company sold health and accident insurance policies to industrial workers, a large percentage of whom were African-American. The company grew and moved into a large stone building in downtown Nashville where, in 1925, it launched radio station WSM which won international fame in creating the broadcast the \"Grand Ole Opry\". Wills died of a stroke in 1949. His nephew (identically named) was poet and novelist William Ridley Wills, and his grandson is author and historian William Ridley Wills II.","title":"William Ridley Wills (insurance executive)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willsobit-2"},{"link_name":"Nathan Bedford Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forest"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willsobit-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willsobit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrswillsobit-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nupt1898-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nupt1898-4"},{"link_name":"Belle Meade, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Meade,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willsobit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willsdaughtr-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willsobit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mrswillsobit-3"}],"text":"He was born in 1871 in Brownsville, a town in western Tennessee in the coastal plain between Memphis and Jackson. His parents were Haywood County pioneers.[2] His father was a surgeon, Dr. William Thaddeus Wills, who served under the command of Nathan Bedford Forest in the Civil War.[2] Wills' mother was Elizabeth Mann.[2] In 1898, Wills married Jessie Ely of Nashville, the daughter of Jessie and Ruth Whiteside Ely.[3] The Nashville Banner said the wedding \"united two very old families of Tennessee and was the social event of the week\".[4] The newlyweds lived at the Maney residence on Hays St. in Nashville,[4] and later on Belle Meade Boulevard in Belle Meade, Tennessee.[2] They had two children, Jessie Ely Wills, and Mamie Craig Wills.[5]\nIn 1930, after becoming successful in the insurance industry, Wills donated a fully-equipped 32 bed hospital to the City of Brownsville as a memorial to his father.[2] Wills died of a stroke in November, 1949. Mrs. Wills died in 1965, at age 92.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenncyclopwsm-6"},{"link_name":"National Life and Accident Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Life_and_Accident_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenncyclopwsm-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenncyclopwsm-6"},{"link_name":"clear-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oprylongestrun-7"}],"text":"In 1901, Wills, along with C.A. Craig and C.R. Clements purchased another insurance company, the \"National Sick and Accident Company\" on Nashville's courthouse steps at auction for $17,250.[6] They formed a new company called the National Life and Accident Insurance Company. Typical early products of the newly formed company included a policy that sold for 5 cents a week to pay the holder $1.25 per week in case of illness. Customers were mostly industrial workers, including many African-Americans.[6] The company prospered and extended its services and staff. In 1924, it moved into a multi-story building at Seventh and Union in Nashville.[6] In 1925, the company entered the radio broadcasting business and established station WSM on the fifth floor of their building. They were responsible for the \"Grand Ole Opry\" show featuring county music, taking advantage of a powerful clear-channel broadcast that reached much of the US. The program became the longest-running radio broadcast in US history.[7]","title":"National Life and Accident Insurance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tennessee_Residence.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farhillstn-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farhillstn-8"}],"text":"Tennessee Governor's Mansion in 2013Wills built a three-story Georgian-style home on a ten acres (4.0 hectares) site in Nashville in 1931.[8] He called the house \"Far Hills\" for its beautiful views. After his death in 1949 the State of Tennessee purchased the home and has since used it as the Governor's residence. In 2003 a major renovation created a 14,000 square foot (1,300 m2) underground meeting and banquet facility at the site.[8]","title":"Tennessee Governor's residence"}]
[{"image_text":"Tennessee Governor's Mansion in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tennessee_Residence.jpg/220px-Tennessee_Residence.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hayden, H.R., ed. (1897). The Annual Cyclopedia of Insurance in the United States, 1896–7. New York: Lockwood Press. p. 395. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ttAoAAAAYAAJ&dq=wills+%2B+deputy+commissioner+of+insurance&pg=PA395","url_text":"The Annual Cyclopedia of Insurance in the United States, 1896–7"}]},{"reference":"\"Wills' Funeral Will Be Today\". Vol. 43, no. 195. The Nashville Tennessean. November 22, 1949. pp. 1–2. Retrieved April 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/111806975","url_text":"\"Wills' Funeral Will Be Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Wills Rites Slated\". Vol. 59, no. 294. The Nashville Tennessean. February 19, 1965. p. 38. Retrieved April 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=11132842&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjExMjEzMDc3OCwiaWF0IjoxNTg4MTY4NDk3LCJleHAiOjE1ODgyNTQ4OTd9.MAfofs8hDFdjeL2VXoTCNu3KKc266Tf42WWwNnWuP_8","url_text":"\"Mrs. Wills Rites Slated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Social and Personal\". Vol. 23, no. 165. Nashville Banner (Nashville, Tennessee). October 19, 1898. p. 5. Retrieved April 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/603630041/?terms=%22William%2BRidley%2BWills%22","url_text":"\"Social and Personal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Crook Dies; Services Tomorrow\". Vol. 71, no. 49. Tennessean. May 26, 1976. p. 38. Retrieved April 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=8086761&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjExMTY5MzM2MywiaWF0IjoxNTg4MTY5NDQ1LCJleHAiOjE1ODgyNTU4NDV9.PZvkNil-vr4yRArQvRbVNanWiRNfnNQXzWxG1ZFfdbQ","url_text":"\"Mrs. Crook Dies; Services Tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"Connelly, John Lawrence (August 22, 2018). \"National Life and Accident Insurance Company\". tennesseeencyclopedia.net. Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/national-life-and-accident-insurance-company/","url_text":"\"National Life and Accident Insurance Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Ole Opry\". radiohalloffame.com/grand-ole-opry. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiohalloffame.com/grand-ole-opry","url_text":"\"Grand Ole Opry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennessee's Executive Residence/About the Residence\". tn.gov. Tennessee State Government. Retrieved April 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tn.gov/residence/about-the-residence.html","url_text":"\"Tennessee's Executive Residence/About the Residence\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ttAoAAAAYAAJ&dq=wills+%2B+deputy+commissioner+of+insurance&pg=PA395","external_links_name":"The Annual Cyclopedia of Insurance in the United States, 1896–7"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/111806975","external_links_name":"\"Wills' Funeral Will Be Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=11132842&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjExMjEzMDc3OCwiaWF0IjoxNTg4MTY4NDk3LCJleHAiOjE1ODgyNTQ4OTd9.MAfofs8hDFdjeL2VXoTCNu3KKc266Tf42WWwNnWuP_8","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. Wills Rites Slated\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/603630041/?terms=%22William%2BRidley%2BWills%22","external_links_name":"\"Social and Personal\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=8086761&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjExMTY5MzM2MywiaWF0IjoxNTg4MTY5NDQ1LCJleHAiOjE1ODgyNTU4NDV9.PZvkNil-vr4yRArQvRbVNanWiRNfnNQXzWxG1ZFfdbQ","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. Crook Dies; Services Tomorrow\""},{"Link":"https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/national-life-and-accident-insurance-company/","external_links_name":"\"National Life and Accident Insurance Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiohalloffame.com/grand-ole-opry","external_links_name":"\"Grand Ole Opry\""},{"Link":"https://www.tn.gov/residence/about-the-residence.html","external_links_name":"\"Tennessee's Executive Residence/About the Residence\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentencing_(Pre-consolidation_Amendments)_Act_2020
Sentencing (Pre-consolidation Amendments) Act 2020
["1 Provisions","1.1 Main provisions","1.2 Schedules","2 References"]
UK law amending existing sentencing legislation United Kingdom legislationSentencing (Pre-consolidation Amendments) Act 2020Act of ParliamentParliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to give effect to Law Commission recommendations relating to commencement of enactments relating to sentencing law and to make provision for pre-consolidation amendments of sentencing lawCitation2020 c. 9Introduced byRobert Buckland (Commons)Lord Keen of Elie (Lords)Territorial extent England and WalesDatesRoyal assent8 June 2020Commencement8 June 2020Status: Current legislationHistory of passage through ParliamentRecords of Parliamentary debate relating to the statute from HansardText of statute as originally enactedRevised text of statute as amended The Sentencing (Pre-consolidation Amendments) Act 2020 (c. 9) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to make amendments to existing legislation in order to facilitate the future enactment of the Law Commission's Sentencing Code (to be enacted as the Sentencing Act 2020). The intention of the act was to correct minor errors and to streamline the law in respect of areas which are to be consolidated under the Sentencing Act 2020. The overall purpose of the law (together with the Sentencing Act 2020) is to remove historic and redundant layers of sentencing procedural legislation without introducing new sentencing law. Provisions Main provisions Clause 1 provides for a "clean sweep" to remove the need to identify and apply historic versions of the law, minimising the use of complex transitional provisions. The clean sweep is subject to exceptions to ensure that no offender is subject to a greater penalty than that available at the time of the offence, or subject to a minimum or mandatory sentence that did not apply at the time of the offence. Clause 2 provides for amendments and modifications of existing sentencing legislation to allow for a consistent consolidation and gives powers to the Secretary of State to make further amendments by way of statutory instrument. The remaining clauses deal with interpretation, how regulations may be laid, the commencement, extent and short title of the act. Schedules Schedule 1 provides for a list of exemptions to the "clean sweep" which are required in order to comply with Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights and so as not to breach common law standards of fairness. Schedule 2 provides for pre-consolidation amendments to existing legislation to enable the enactment of consolidation. Such amendment include amendments to the Powers of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000, Criminal Justice Act 2003, Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, Armed Forces Act 2006 and other primary and secondary legislation relating to sentencing. References ^ "Government response to Law Commission report on the Sentencing Code". Gov.uk. 22 May 2019. ^ "Overview of the Bill". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 3 March 2020. ^ "Commentary on provisions of Bill (paras 22–24)". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 3 March 2020. ^ "Commentary on provisions of Bill (paras 25-26)". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 3 March 2020. ^ "Commentary on provisions of Bill (para 33)". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 3 March 2020. ^ "Commentary on provisions of Bill (para 46)". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 3 March 2020.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Stanley_Cup_Finals_television_announcers
List of Canadian Stanley Cup Finals television announcers
["1 Play-by-play (English)","1.1 ABC feed","2 Color commentary (English)","3 Ice level analysts (English)","3.1 ABC feed","4 Rinkside reporters","4.1 ABC feed","5 Studio host(s)","5.1 ABC feed","6 Studio analyst(s)","6.1 ABC feed","7 English-language networks","8 Play-by-play (French)","9 Color commentary (French)","9.1 French-language networks","10 References"]
See also: Stanley_Cup_Finals § Broadcasting, List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators, List of American Stanley Cup Finals television announcers, and List of Stanley Cup Finals broadcasters This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Canadian Stanley Cup Finals television announcers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of Canadian Stanley Cup Finals television announcers. Play-by-play (English) See also: List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators Announcer Years Network(s) Chris Cuthbert 2021–present CBC/Sportsnet Bob Cole 1980–2008 CBC Danny Gallivan 1953–1960; 1965–1979 CBC Bill Hewitt 1959–1964; 1967; 1970; 1972; 1974 CBC Jim Hughson 2009–2020 CBC/Sportsnet Dan Kelly 1978–1980; 1985–1988 CBC CTV Canwest/Global Jim Robson 1975; 1980; 1982–1983 CBC Don Wittman 1985–1986 CBC ABC feed Announcer Years Network(s) Sean McDonough 2022 (Game 6), 2024 Citytv Color commentary (English) Announcer Years Network(s) Keith Dancy 1964–1966 CBC John Davidson 1985–1988 CBC Canwest/Global Gary Dornhoefer 1979–1985 CBC Bob Goldham 1970, 1972 CBC Foster Hewitt 1959–1960 CBC Dick Irvin Jr. 1967–1980; 1982; 1984; 1986; 1989; 1991–1994 CBC Brian McFarlane 1967; 1970; 1972; 1974 CBC Greg Millen 2007–2008 CBC Harry Neale 1987–2007 CBC Brad Park 1985–1986 CTV Mickey Redmond 1981–1984, 1986 CBC Ron Reusch 1985–1986 CTV Frank Selke Jr. 1958–1960 CBC Craig Simpson 2009–present CBC/Sportsnet Ice level analysts (English) Announcer Years Network(s) Glenn Healy 2010–2016 CBC/Sportsnet ABC feed Announcer Years Network(s) Ray Ferraro 2022 (Game 6), 2024 Citytv Rinkside reporters Announcer Years Network(s) David Amber 2017–2018 CBC/Sportsnet Kyle Bukauskas 2019–present CBC/Sportsnet Chris Cuthbert 1987–1990, 1997 CBC Elliotte Friedman 2004–2012, 2016 CBC/Sportsnet Scott Oake 1986–2020 CBC/Sportsnet Scott Russell 1995–2003 CBC Christine Simpson 2015 CBC/Sportsnet ABC feed Announcer Years Network(s) Emily Kaplan 2022 (Game 6), 2024 Citytv Studio host(s) Announcer Years Network(s) David Amber 2020–present CBC/Sportsnet Mike Anscombe 1974 CBC Steve Armitage 1982 (in Vancouver) CBC Ward Cornell 1959–1971 CBC Ted Darling 1969–1970 CBC Johnny Esaw 1960 CBC Tom Foley 1958–1959 CBC Dave Hodge 1972–1986 CBC CTV Dick Irvin Jr. 1977–1979 (in Montreal) CBC Dan Kelly 1968, 1978–1979 (in Montreal) CBC Ron MacLean 1987–present CBC/Sportsnet Brian McFarlane 1971–1973, 1975 CBC CTV Dan Matheson 1985–1986 CTV Scott Oake 2008 CBC Dave Reynolds 1975–1977 CBC Ted Reynolds 1973 CBC Scott Russell 1997 CBC Frank Selke Jr. 1961–1967 CBC George Stroumboulopoulos 2015–2016 CBC/Sportsnet John Wells 1983–1984 (in Edmonton) CBC Scott Young 1959 CBC ABC feed Announcer Years Network(s) Steve Levy 2022 (Game 6), 2024 Citytv Studio analyst(s) Announcer Years Network(s) Kevin Bieksa 2020–present CBC/Sportsnet Jennifer Botterill 2022–present CBC/Sportsnet Brian Burke 2020 CBC/Sportsnet Don Cherry 1981–2019 CBC/Sportsnet Cassie Campbell-Pascall 2020–2021 CBC/Sportsnet Elliotte Friedman 2013–present CBC/Sportsnet Kelly Hrudey 1997, 2006–present CBC Nick Kypreos 2015–2019 CBC/Sportsnet Howie Meeker 1976, 1979–1981, 1983–1984 CBC Brad Park 1985–1986 CTV Frank J. Selke 1963–1967 CBC Craig Simpson 2008 CBC Anthony Stewart 2020 CBC/Sportsnet P.J. Stock 2009–2014 CBC/Sportsnet ABC feed Announcer Years Network(s) Brian Boucher 2022 (Game 6) Citytv Chris Chelios 2022 (Game 6) Citytv Mark Messier 2022 (Game 6), 2024 Citytv P. K. Subban 2024 Citytv English-language networks CBC (1953–1971; 1973–present) Sportsnet (2017–present) Citytv (2022 (Game 6), 2024, 2026, 2028; ABC feed) CTV (1972; 1985–1986) Global (1987–1988) CBC's coverage of Games 3, 4 and 5 of the 1954 Stanley Cup Finals were joined in progress at 9:30 p.m. (approximately one hour after start time). Meanwhile, CBC joined Game 6 in at 10 p.m. (again, one hour after start time). Game 7 was carried Dominion wide (nationwide) from opening the face off at 9 p.m. Since Game 7 was played on Good Friday night, there were no commercials (Imperial Oil was the sponsor). The 1961 Stanley Cup Finals were almost not televised in Canada at all. At that time, the CBC only had rights to the Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs' games; home games only during the season and all games in the playoffs. However, with both the Canadiens and Maple Leafs eliminated in the semi-finals, the CBC's worst nightmare became reality. The CBC had to conceive a way to carry the Finals between the Chicago Black Hawks-Detroit Red Wings or face public revolt. According to lore, the CBC found a way to link their Windsor viewers as having a vested interest in the Finals with the across the river Red Wings. Thus, CBC was able to carry the series after inking special contracts with the Red Wings and Black Hawks as a service to the Windsor market. From Windsor, CBC linked the signal to Toronto and they relayed the coverage Dominion-wide. From there, Canadians were able to see the Finals with nary a glitch in the coverage. To accommodate the American TV coverage on NBC (1966 marked the first time that a Stanley Cup Finals game was to be nationally broadcast on American network television), Game 1 of the 1966 Stanley Cup Finals was shifted to a Sunday afternoon. This in return, was the first time ever that a National Hockey League game was played on a Sunday afternoon in Montreal. While Games 1 and 4 of the NBC broadcasts were televised in color, CBC carried these games and all other games in black and white. The most commonly seen video clip of Bobby Orr's famous overtime goal ("The Flight") in Game 4 of the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals is the American version broadcast on CBS as called by Dan Kelly. This archival clip can be considered a rarity, since about 98% of the time, any surviving kinescopes or videotapes of the actual telecasts of hockey games from this era usually emanate from CBC's coverage. According to Dick Irvin Jr.'s book My 26 Stanley Cups (Irvin was in the CBC booth with Danny Gallivan during the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals), he was always curious why even the CBC prototypically uses the CBS replay of the Bobby Orr goal (with Dan Kelly's commentary) instead of Gallivan's call. The explanation that Irvin received was that the CBC's master tape of the game (along with others) was thrown away in order clear shelf space at the network. In 1972, Hockey Night in Canada moved all playoff coverage from CBC to CTV to avoid conflict with the lengthy NABET strike against the CBC. Eventually, MacLaren Advertising, in conjunction with Molson Breweries and Imperial Oil/Esso, who actually owned the rights to Hockey Night in Canada (not CBC) decided to give the playoff telecast rights to CTV. Initially, it was on a game by game basis in the quarterfinals (Game 1 of the Boston-Toronto series was seen on CFTO Toronto in full while other CTV affiliates, but not all joined the game in progress. Game 1 of the New York Rangers–Montreal series was seen only on CFCF Montreal while Game 4 not televised due to a lockout of technicians at the Montreal Forum), and then the full semifinals and Stanley Cup Finals. Because CTV did not have 100% penetration in Canada at this time, they asked CBC (who ultimately refused) to allow whatever one of their affiliates were the sole network in that market to show the playoffs. As a result, the 1972 Stanley Cup playoffs were not seen in some of the smaller Canadian markets unless said markets were close enough to the United States border to pick up the signal of a CBS affiliate that carried Games, 1, 4, or 6 (Games 2, 3 and 5 were not nationally broadcast in the United States). In 1980, Bob Cole, Dan Kelly and Jim Robson shared play-by-play duties for CBC's coverage. Cole did play-by-play for the first half of Games 1 and 2. Meanwhile, Kelly did play-by-play for the second half Games 1–5 (Kelly also did call the overtime period of Game 1). Finally, Robson did play-by-play for first half of Games 3 and 4 and Game 6 entirely. Except for Game 5, Kelly did play-by-play for the first period and first half Games 5, and Jim Robson play-by-play for the rest of Game 5. In essence this meant that Bob Cole or Jim Robson would do play-by-play for the first period and the first half of the second period. Therefore, at the closest stoppage of play near the 10 minute mark of the second period, Cole or Robson handed off the call to Kelly for the rest of the game. In 1985, CBC televised Games 1 and 2 nationally while Games 3–5 were televised in Edmonton only. CTV televised Games 3–5 nationally while games were blacked out in Edmonton. Dan Kelly, Ron Reusch, and Brad Park called the games on CTV. In 1986, CBC only televised Games 1 and 2 in Montreal and Calgary. CBC televised Games 3–5 nationally. When CTV televised Games 1 and 2, both games were blacked out in Montreal and Calgary. Like in the year prior, Dan Kelly, Ron Reusch, and Brad Park called the games for CTV. Unlike the split CTV/CBC coverage of 1984–85 and 1985–86, the Canwest-Global telecasts from 1986–87-1987–88 were network exclusive, except for Game 7 of the Stanley Cup Finals if they were necessary. When CBC and Global televised Game 7 of the 1987 Stanley Cup Finals, they used separate production facilities and separate on-air talent. Sportsnet gained the national broadcast rights starting in 2014–15. Under a sub-licensing agreement since the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals, the CBC broadcast has been produced by Sportsnet; all Stanley Cup Finals games have been also simulcast on Sportsnet since 2017. Since Game 6 in 2022, Sportsnet's sister station Citytv has simulcast the American broadcast feed for simultaneous substitution purposes. Play-by-play (French) See also: La_Soirée_du_hockey § List_of_commentators, and Réseau_des_sports § Notable_personalities Announcer Years Network(s) Richard Garneau 1986–1990 SRC Pierre Houde 2003–2014 RDS SRC Rene Lecavalier 1953–1985 SRC Jacques Moreau 1973 TVA Claude Quenneville 1991–2002 SRC Felix Seguin 2015–present TVA Color commentary (French) Announcer Years Network(s) Jean-Maurice Bailly 1953–1970 SRC Michel Bergeron 1999–2002 SRC Benoit Brunet 2009–2011 RDS Marc Denis 2012–2014 RDS Patrick Lalime 2015–present TVS Yvon Pedneault 2003–2008 RDS Gilles Tremblay 1971–1998 SRC TVA Mario Tremblay 1986 SRC French-language networks RDS (2003–2014) SRC (1953–2002) TVA (1973; 2015–present) References ^ "Strike Forces CBS to Change Hockey Feature". Los Angeles Times. February 21, 1972. p. F12. ^ McKee, Ken (May 16, 1986). "Networks split TV coverage of Stanley Cup". Toronto Star. p. D4. ^ 1987 Stanley Cup Final post game (part 1) from Global on YouTube ^ 1987 Stanley Cup Final post game (part 2) from Global on YouTube vteHockey Night in CanadaRelated programs La Soirée du hockey Don Cherry's Rock'Em Sock'em Hockey NHL on Sportsnet (commentators) World Hockey Association Reality programs Making the Cut: Last Man Standing Kraft Hockeyville Non-NHL programs American Hockey League Howie Meeker's Hockey School Olympics on CBC (commentators) Related articles Canada Russia '72 Stanley Cup Finals television ratings Canadian Broadcasting Centre Rogers Communications Television coverage CBC Citytv FX Canada Omni Sportsnet Sportsnet One Sportsnet 360 TVA Production companies CNR Radio (1931–1933) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1933–1936) CBC Sports (1936–2014) Rogers Communications (2014–present) Radio coverage CNR Radio (1931–1933) Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1933–1936) CBC Radio (1936–1976) Rogers Radio (2014–present) American simulcasters SportsChannel America USA Network NHL Network (1975–79) NHL Network Coverage by decade 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Commentators All-Star Game Outdoor games Postseason Stanley Cup Finals Canadian television Commentators by season 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Stanley Cup Finals 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 (Games 1–2) 1986 (Games 3–5) 1987 (Games 1–2, 6–7) 1988 (Games 3–4a, 4b) 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 All-Star Game 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2023 2024 Outdoor games NHL 100 Classic Heritage Classic 2003 2011 2014 2016 2019 Winter Classic 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2022 Stadium Series 2014 2015 2018 2022 Music "The Hockey Theme", "Canadian Gold" Sponsors Imperial Oil Labatt Molson Culture Coach's Corner Doubleheader Peter Puck Three stars Lore 1976 Flyers–Red Army game Easter Epic Good Friday Massacre Miracle on Manchester The Monday Night Miracle vteNHL on SportsnetRelated programs Hockey Central NHL on CTV (1998–2002) Hockey Night in Canada commentators; 2014–present) Hometown Hockey (2014–2022) Monday Night Hockey Related articles "The Hockey Song" Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Coverage by decade 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Commentators All-Star Game Outdoor games Stanley Cup Finals Canadian television Commentators by team Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Toronto Maple Leafs Vancouver Canucks Outdoor games NHL Centennial Classic NHL 100 Classic NHL Outdoors at Lake Tahoe Heritage Classic 2016 2019 2022 2023 Stadium Series 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 Winter Classic 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 2024 All-Star Game 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 2024 Stanley Cup Finals 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Lore World Cup of Hockey (2016) NHL 4 Nations Face-Off (2025) vteNHL on CTVRelated programs NHL on Sportsnet NHL on TSN LNH à RDS NHL on Global CTV Olympics Related articles Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Stanley Cup Finals television ratings Coverage by decade 1960s 1970s 1980s Commentators Stanley Cup Finals Canadian television Key figures John Garrett Dan Kelly Dave Maloney Dan Matheson Brad Park Ron Reusch Bobby Taylor Stanley Cup Finals 1972 1985 (Games 3-5) 1986 (Games 1, 2) Lore Game 3 of the 1979 Challenge Cup The Monday Night Miracle Super Series vteNHL on RDSRelated programs NHL on CTV RDS Olympiques Related articles Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Stanley Cup Finals television ratings Montreal Canadiens broadcasters Coverage by decade 2000s 2010s Commentators All-Star Game Outdoor games Stanley Cup Finals Canadian television Key figures David Arsenault Yanick Bouchard Benoît Brunet Guy Carbonneau Alain Crête Vincent Damphousse Marc Denis Norman Flynn François Gagnon Denis Gauthier Luc Gélinas Pierre Houde Michel Y. Lacroix Guillaume Latendresse Jocelyn Lemieux Chantal Machabée Claude Mailhot Mario Tremblay Music "The Hockey Theme" Stanley Cup Finals 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 All-Star Game 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2015 Winter and Heritage Classics and Stadium SeriesHeritage Classics 2003 2011 Winter Classics 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 Stadium Series 2014 vteNational Hockey League on national televisionContract history Sports television broadcast contracts (Canada) Sports television broadcast contracts United States By decade 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s American network broadcasters ABC CBS Fox NBC commentators Defunct networks Hughes RKO Canadian network broadcasters CBC Citytv CTV Global Radio-Canada American cable/streaming carriers ESPN/ESPN+ commentators TNT/Max USA Defunct channels HDNet SportsChannel America OLN/Versus/NBCSN Canadian cable/streaming carriers Sportsnet Amazon Prime Video commentators TSN French language channels RDS RDS Info TVA Sports Defunct channels Superchannel NHL owned and operatedAmerican NHL Center Ice NHL Network (1975–79) NHL Network (2007–present) Canadian NHL Centre Ice NHL Network News television seriesAmerican NHL 2Night NHL Live NHL Tonight The Point Canadian Hockey Central NHL Tonight That's Hockey Specialty programmingAmerican Hockey Weekend Across America NHL Game of the Week Hockey Saturday NHL Network Showcase Wednesday Night Hockey Wednesday Night Rivalry Sunday Night Hockey Canadian Hockey Day in Canada Hometown Hockey Making the Cut: Last Man Standing Oil Change Monday Night Hockey Scotiabank Wednesday Night Hockey Broadcasters by event All-Star Game Stadium Series, Winter and Heritage Classic Postseason Stanley Cup Finals American Canadian Local broadcasters Current broadcasters Over-the-air broadcasters Individual networks Breakaway PPV Hawkvision Leafs Nation Network MSG Western New York (Sabres Hockey Network) Individual series Hockey Night Live! Pittsburgh Penguins Confidential Ratings Stanley Cup Finals ABC NBC vteStanley Cup FinalsStanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893–1914, by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915–1926, to NHL playoff champion since 19271890s–1900s 1890 · 1891 · 1892 · 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s–1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s–1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s–1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s–1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s–2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s–2020s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 · 2025 · 2026 · 2027 · 2028 · 2029 Series cancelled after four games in 1919 due to a flu outbreak Series not held in 2005 due to an unresolved lockout See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters American Canadian Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Category:Stanley Cup Finals Portal:Ice hockey
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley_Cup_Finals § Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup_Finals#Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hockey_Night_in_Canada_commentators"},{"link_name":"List of American Stanley Cup Finals television announcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Stanley_Cup_Finals_television_announcers"},{"link_name":"List of Stanley Cup Finals broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stanley_Cup_Finals_broadcasters"}],"text":"See also: Stanley_Cup_Finals § Broadcasting, List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators, List of American Stanley Cup Finals television announcers, and List of Stanley Cup Finals broadcastersThis is a list of Canadian Stanley Cup Finals television announcers.","title":"List of Canadian Stanley Cup Finals television announcers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hockey_Night_in_Canada_commentators"}],"text":"See also: List of Hockey Night in Canada commentators","title":"Play-by-play (English)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ABC feed","title":"Play-by-play (English)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Color commentary (English)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ice level analysts (English)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ABC feed","title":"Ice level analysts (English)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rinkside reporters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ABC feed","title":"Rinkside reporters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Studio host(s)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ABC feed","title":"Studio host(s)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Studio analyst(s)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ABC feed","title":"Studio analyst(s)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Night_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Sportsnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_Sportsnet"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Citytv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citytv"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_CTV"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_Global"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"1954 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Imperial Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Oil"},{"link_name":"1961 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Montreal_Canadiens_season"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Toronto_Maple_Leafs_season"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Black Hawks-Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhawks%E2%80%93Red_Wings_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_NBC"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1966 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Montreal_Canadiens_season"},{"link_name":"color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_television"},{"link_name":"black and white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white"},{"link_name":"Bobby Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Orr"},{"link_name":"1970 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_CBS"},{"link_name":"Dan 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Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Oil"},{"link_name":"Esso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso"},{"link_name":"Boston-Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruins%E2%80%93Maple_Leafs_rivalry"},{"link_name":"CFTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFTO-TV"},{"link_name":"CTV affiliates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CTV_Television_Network_stations"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_New_York_Rangers_season"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_Montreal_Canadiens_season"},{"link_name":"CFCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFCF-TV"},{"link_name":"lockout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockout_(industry)"},{"link_name":"Montreal Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Forum"},{"link_name":"affiliates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CBC_television_stations"},{"link_name":"United States 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out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"blacked out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1987 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sportsnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_Sportsnet"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"2015 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Citytv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citytv"},{"link_name":"American broadcast feed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"simultaneous substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_substitution"}],"text":"CBC (1953–1971; 1973–present)\nSportsnet (2017–present)\nCitytv (2022 (Game 6), 2024, 2026, 2028; ABC feed)\nCTV (1972; 1985–1986)\nGlobal (1987–1988)CBC's coverage of Games 3, 4 and 5 of the 1954 Stanley Cup Finals were joined in progress at 9:30 p.m. (approximately one hour after start time). Meanwhile, CBC joined Game 6 in at 10 p.m. (again, one hour after start time). Game 7 was carried Dominion wide (nationwide) from opening the face off at 9 p.m. Since Game 7 was played on Good Friday night, there were no commercials (Imperial Oil was the sponsor).The 1961 Stanley Cup Finals were almost not televised in Canada at all. At that time, the CBC only had rights to the Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs' games; home games only during the season and all games in the playoffs. However, with both the Canadiens and Maple Leafs eliminated in the semi-finals, the CBC's worst nightmare became reality. The CBC had to conceive a way to carry the Finals between the Chicago Black Hawks-Detroit Red Wings or face public revolt. According to lore, the CBC found a way to link their Windsor viewers as having a vested interest in the Finals with the across the river Red Wings. Thus, CBC was able to carry the series after inking special contracts with the Red Wings and Black Hawks as a service to the Windsor market. From Windsor, CBC linked the signal to Toronto and they relayed the coverage Dominion-wide. From there, Canadians were able to see the Finals with nary a glitch in the coverage.To accommodate the American TV coverage on NBC (1966 marked the first time that a Stanley Cup Finals game was to be nationally broadcast on American network television), Game 1 of the 1966 Stanley Cup Finals was shifted to a Sunday afternoon. This in return, was the first time ever that a National Hockey League game was played on a Sunday afternoon in Montreal. While Games 1 and 4 of the NBC broadcasts were televised in color, CBC carried these games and all other games in black and white.The most commonly seen video clip of Bobby Orr's famous overtime goal (\"The Flight\") in Game 4 of the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals is the American version broadcast on CBS as called by Dan Kelly. This archival clip can be considered a rarity, since about 98% of the time, any surviving kinescopes or videotapes of the actual telecasts of hockey games from this era usually emanate from CBC's coverage. According to Dick Irvin Jr.'s book My 26 Stanley Cups (Irvin was in the CBC booth with Danny Gallivan during the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals), he was always curious why even the CBC prototypically uses the CBS replay of the Bobby Orr goal (with Dan Kelly's commentary) instead of Gallivan's call. The explanation that Irvin received was that the CBC's master tape of the game (along with others) was thrown away in order clear shelf space at the network.In 1972, Hockey Night in Canada moved all playoff coverage from CBC to CTV to avoid conflict with the lengthy NABET strike[1] against the CBC. Eventually, MacLaren Advertising, in conjunction with Molson Breweries and Imperial Oil/Esso, who actually owned the rights to Hockey Night in Canada (not CBC) decided to give the playoff telecast rights to CTV. Initially, it was on a game by game basis in the quarterfinals (Game 1 of the Boston-Toronto series was seen on CFTO Toronto in full while other CTV affiliates, but not all joined the game in progress. Game 1 of the New York Rangers–Montreal series was seen only on CFCF Montreal while Game 4 not televised due to a lockout of technicians at the Montreal Forum), and then the full semifinals and Stanley Cup Finals. Because CTV did not have 100% penetration in Canada at this time, they asked CBC (who ultimately refused) to allow whatever one of their affiliates were the sole network in that market to show the playoffs. As a result, the 1972 Stanley Cup playoffs were not seen in some of the smaller Canadian markets unless said markets were close enough to the United States border to pick up the signal of a CBS affiliate that carried Games, 1, 4, or 6 (Games 2, 3 and 5 were not nationally broadcast in the United States).In 1980, Bob Cole, Dan Kelly and Jim Robson shared play-by-play duties for CBC's coverage. Cole did play-by-play for the first half of Games 1 and 2. Meanwhile, Kelly did play-by-play for the second half Games 1–5 (Kelly also did call the overtime period of Game 1). Finally, Robson did play-by-play for first half of Games 3 and 4 and Game 6 entirely. Except for Game 5, Kelly did play-by-play for the first period and first half Games 5, and Jim Robson play-by-play for the rest of Game 5. In essence this meant that Bob Cole or Jim Robson would do play-by-play for the first period and the first half of the second period. Therefore, at the closest stoppage of play near the 10 minute mark of the second period, Cole or Robson handed off the call to Kelly for the rest of the game.In 1985, CBC televised Games 1 and 2 nationally while Games 3–5 were televised in Edmonton only. CTV televised Games 3–5 nationally while games were blacked out in Edmonton. Dan Kelly, Ron Reusch, and Brad Park called the games on CTV. In 1986, CBC only televised Games 1 and 2 in Montreal and Calgary. CBC televised Games 3–5 nationally. When CTV televised Games 1 and 2,[2] both games were blacked out in Montreal and Calgary. Like in the year prior, Dan Kelly, Ron Reusch, and Brad Park called the games for CTV.Unlike the split CTV/CBC coverage of 1984–85 and 1985–86, the Canwest-Global telecasts from 1986–87-1987–88 were network exclusive, except for Game 7 of the Stanley Cup Finals if they were necessary. When CBC and Global televised Game 7 of the 1987 Stanley Cup Finals,[3][4] they used separate production facilities and separate on-air talent.Sportsnet gained the national broadcast rights starting in 2014–15. Under a sub-licensing agreement since the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals, the CBC broadcast has been produced by Sportsnet; all Stanley Cup Finals games have been also simulcast on Sportsnet since 2017. Since Game 6 in 2022, Sportsnet's sister station Citytv has simulcast the American broadcast feed for simultaneous substitution purposes.","title":"English-language networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La_Soirée_du_hockey § List_of_commentators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soir%C3%A9e_du_hockey#List_of_commentators"},{"link_name":"Réseau_des_sports § Notable_personalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_des_sports#Notable_personalities"}],"text":"See also: La_Soirée_du_hockey § List_of_commentators, and Réseau_des_sports § Notable_personalities","title":"Play-by-play (French)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Color commentary (French)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNH_%C3%A0_RDS"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"SRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soir%C3%A9e_du_hockey"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"TVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVA_Sports#NHL_coverage"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Stanley_Cup_Finals"}],"sub_title":"French-language networks","text":"RDS (2003–2014)\nSRC (1953–2002)\nTVA (1973; 2015–present)","title":"Color commentary (French)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Strike Forces CBS to Change Hockey Feature\". Los Angeles Times. February 21, 1972. p. F12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McKee, Ken (May 16, 1986). \"Networks split TV coverage of Stanley Cup\". Toronto Star. p. D4.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shagan_(Ural)
Shagan (Ural)
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 51°10′33″N 51°20′58″E / 51.17583°N 51.34944°E / 51.17583; 51.34944Not to be confused with Shagan (Irtysh). RiverShaganШағанMouth locationShow map of KazakhstanShagan (Ural) (Orenburg Oblast)Show map of Orenburg OblastPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationObshchy Syrt MouthUral • locationnear Oral • coordinates51°10′33″N 51°20′58″E / 51.17583°N 51.34944°E / 51.17583; 51.34944Length264 km (164 mi)Basin size7,530 km2 (2,910 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionUral→ Caspian Sea The Shagan (Kazakh: Шаған, Shaǵan; Russian: Шаган, romanized: Shagan) is a river in the West Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan, and Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It is a tributary of the Ural. The river is 264 kilometres (164 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 7,530 square kilometres (2,910 sq mi). Its name may be derived either from the Tatar word for "maple" or from the Kalmyk for "white". Among the Kazakhs, the river is also known as "Aksu" "White Water". See also List of rivers of Kazakhstan References ^ "M-39 Topographic Chart (in Russian)". Retrieved 5 October 2022. ^ Чаган (река), Great Soviet Encyclopedia ^ Стрельников С. М. (2002). Географические названия Оренбургской области. Топонимический словарь (2-е изд., дополненное и исправленное ed.). Кувандык: Издательство С. М. Стрельникова. p. 159. ^ Т. Ф. Слободинская (1999). Географические названия Оренбургской области. Орск.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vte Rivers of KazakhstanRivers Akbastau Aksu (Lake Balkhash) Ak-Suu (Chu) Aqqanburlyq Arys Asa Aschiagar Ashchysu (Ayr) Ashchysu (Nura) Ashchysu (Shagan) Atasu Ayagöz Ayat Badam Bagyrlai Baikonyr Bakanas Bogen Boktykaryn Bolgasyn Bolshoy Uzen Boralday Borly Bukhtarma Buldyrty Büyen Shagan (Irtysh) Shagan (Ural) Charyn Chilik Chu Ebita Emba Emil Esentai Ilek Ili Imanburlyq Irgiz Irtysh Ishim Issyk Kaldygaity Kalkutan Kalmakkyrgan Kamysakty Karakengir Karasu Karatal Kargaly Karkaraly Kauylzhyr Keles Kichi-Kemin Kigach Kokozek Koksu Kon Kulanotpes Kürshim Kushum Kylshakty Kyrshabakty Lepsy Lukina Malaya Almatinka Maly Uzen Mashat Naryn Nura Olenti (Auliekol) Olenti (Tuzdy) Or Qapal Sabyrzhylga Saghyz Saryozen (Myrzhyk) Saryozen (Sarysu) Saryozen (Turgay) Sarysu Sayramsu Shabakty Shagalaly Sherubainura Shiderti Shyngyrlau Sileti Sokyr Sonaly Syntasty Syr Darya Talas Taldy Taldymanaka Talgar Tegene Teneke Terekty Terisaqqan Tobol Tokrau Tundik Turgay Uba Ubagan Uil Ulba Ulkayak Ulken Kundyzdy Uly-Zhylanshyk Ural Urzhar Ushbas Uy Yesenankaty Zhaman Sarysu Zharly Zhylandysay Zhymyky Zhyngyldyozek
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[]
[{"title":"List of rivers of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kazakhstan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Algorab_(AK-25)
USS Algorab
["1 Construction and design","2 Navy acquisition","3 Service history","3.1 1941","3.2 1942","3.3 1943–1944","3.4 1945","3.5 Honors and awards","4 Return to commercial service","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Cargo ship of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see SS Mormacwren. USS Algorab in San Francisco, 1945/1946. Image shows the final configuration of the Arcturus class. History United States Name Mormacwren USS Algorab NamesakeAlgorab, a star in the constellation Corvus BuilderSun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Chester, Pennsylvania Laid down10 August 1938, as Mormacwren Launched15 June 1939 Acquired6 June 1941 Commissioned15 June 1941 Decommissioned3 December 1945 ReclassifiedAKA-8 (attack cargo ship), 1 February 1943 Stricken19 December 1945 Honours andawards4 battle stars (World War II) Fate Sold into merchant service, 3 April 1947 Scrapped, 1973 NotesU.S. Official number: 238889 General characteristics Class and typeArcturus-class attack cargo ship TypeType C2 ship Displacement14,225 long tons (14,453 t) full Length459 ft 1 in (139.93 m) Beam63 ft (19 m) Draft26 ft 5 in (8.05 m) Speed16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph) Complement397 Armament 1 × 5-inch/38-caliber gun mount 4 × twin 40 mm gun mounts 18 × 20 mm gun mounts USS Algorab (AKA-8) was laid down as Mormacwren, one of the earliest Maritime Commission-type C2 ships (MC hull 20), on 10 August 1938 by the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Chester, Pennsylvania as hull 177 for Moore-McCormack. Mormacwren was acquired by the United States Navy 6 June 1941, commissioned 15 June 1941 as USS Algorab (AK-25) and was redesignated an attack transport on 1 February 1943 with the hull number chanted to AKA-8. Algorab decommissioned on 3 December 1945 and was delivered to the Maritime Commission on 30 June 1946 for disposal, purchased by Wallem & Co. on 4 April 1947 for commercial service. Algorab served in the Atlantic with voyages to Iceland and the Caribbean until transporting Army troops to the Pacific in 1942 and remaining there with the exception of returning for the landings in North Africa. Construction and design Mormacwren was one of six C2 type motor ships, the first being MS Donald McKay, built at Sun designed as 8,800 DWT cargo liners with capacity for twelve passengers in staterooms with bath and a design speed of 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h). Mormacwren was launched on 15 June 1939 sponsored by Miss Barbara Ann Moore, the fourteen-year-old daughter of Moore-McCormack Lines' President. The design specifications for the six ships were for length overall of 459 ft (139.9 m), length between perpendiculars 435 ft (132.6 m), molded beam of 63 feet (19.2 m), depth to shelter deck of 40 ft 6 in (12.3 m) and loaded draft of 25 ft 9 in (7.8 m). Cargo capacity was for 540,000 cubic feet (15,291.1 m3) with loaded displacement of 13,900 long tons (14,123 t) and cargo deadweight of 7,613 long tons (7,735 t). With fuel capacity of 1,500 long tons (1,524 t) cruising range was approximately 20,000 miles (32,186.9 km) at a normal speed of 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph). The hull was a full shelter deck type with seven transverse water tight bulkheads, five holds, three forward and two aft of the engine spaces with 20 ft (6.1 m) by 30 ft (9.1 m) hatches except for #1 at 29 ft 3 in (8.9 m) in length and #3 which was 50 ft (15.2 m) in length. Holds were served by booms and 50-horsepower electric winches on six king posts. The four-story deck house had quarters for officers and six staterooms with private baths on the bridge deck for twelve passengers. Crew spaces were on the shelter deck level of the deck house. Propulsion was by a direct connected, four cylinder, double opposed piston Sun-Doxford diesel developing 6,000 shaft horsepower at 92 revolutions on the single 20 ft (6.1 m) diameter, 21 ft (6.4 m) pitch screw. Piston bore was 32 in (0.8 m) and combined stroke of 95 in (2.4 m). At the time this was the most powerful marine diesel built in the United States and was capable of operating two hours under 25% overload for 7,500 horsepower. Exhaust heat, or oil for port or emergencies, drove a steam generator providing steam for cooking, heating and hot water services. Three 250-kilowatt diesel generators provided electrical service. Navy acquisition On 4 June 1941 the Maritime Commission, Division of Emergency Shipping, announced negotiated acquisition of twenty-eight vessels of which twenty-one were to be turned over to the Navy, Mormacwren being one, and seven to be turned over to the Army. Mormacwren was delivered to the Navy on 6 June 1941 with conversions made at the Boston Navy Yard. On 15 June 1941 the ship was commissioned as USS Algorab (AK-25), named for a star in the constellation Corvus, at Boston, Massachusetts. On 1 February 1943 Algorab was reclassified as an Arcturus-class attack cargo ship attack cargo ship, hull number AKA-8. She served as a commissioned ship for 4 years and 5 months. Service history 1941 Following her commissioning, the cargo ship held shakedown along the East Coast. On 4 October, she proceeded to Little Placentia Harbor, Newfoundland. There she joined an Iceland-bound convoy, sailed on 12 October, and reached Hvalfjörður on 9 November. After discharging her cargo, the ship returned to New York City, where she underwent repairs and alterations. She got underway again on 6 December and steamed to Norfolk. 1942 On 5 February 1942, Algorab sailed to the Caribbean with general cargo on board. She stopped at St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. After loading raw sugar in Cuba, the ship carried it to Baltimore. She moved to New York City shortly thereafter and embarked Army troops for transportation to the South Pacific. She transited the Panama Canal; made port calls at San Diego and San Francisco, California; then continued on to Nukuʻalofa, Tongatapu. Algorab reached Nukuʻalofa on 27 June, then retraced her course to San Francisco, and, upon her return, began a period of repairs. Algorab left San Francisco on 9 August bound via the Panama Canal for Norfolk. While conducting a tactical maneuver in convoy on 11 September, she collided with USS Harris and suffered extensive damage in the forepart of the ship. Twenty-three feet of her bow was sheared off and one of her bulkheads buckled. One of her crewmen was killed. However, the ship was able to continue unassisted and reached Norfolk on 13 September. Her repairs completed on 7 October, Algorab loaded and proceeded in company with Transport Division (TransDiv) 5 to Mehdia, French Morocco. She was scheduled to take part in the landings in North Africa. These began on 8 November, and Algorab provided landing boats for assault troops. Ten days later, after completing her role in the successful invasion, she left the area on 18 November bound for Norfolk, where she arrived on 30 November. She underwent a brief period of repairs, then sailed on 17 December for the South Pacific. 1943–1944 Algorab reached Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 18 January 1943 and discharged her cargo. On 1 February, the ship was reclassified an attack cargo ship and redesignated AKA-8. She spent the period between January and June supporting consolidation operations in the southern Solomon Islands. Algorab made a total of five voyages between New Caledonia, Espiritu Santo, and Guadalcanal or Tulagi. On 30 June, Algorab took part in the landings on Rendova Island. While retiring to Tulagi that afternoon, her convoy was attacked by Japanese torpedo bombers. Her gunners assisted in the destruction of five enemy planes, and the attack cargo ship proceeded to Tulagi. From 1 July to 17 August, she made more voyages carrying troops and equipment between Guadalcanal; Hollandia, New Guinea; New Caledonia; and Espiritu Santo. Algorab sailed for Australia, on 22 August, arrived at Sydney on the 25th, and began repairs to her main engine. On 15 September, the attack cargo ship sailed to Newcastle, Australia, for amphibious warfare training exercises. After they were completed, she sailed to Moreton Bay, Australia, and remained at anchor there until 22 November. On that date, the ship entered drydock at Brisbane for a major overhaul. Algorab got underway for the West Coast on 5 September 1944, under tow and operating on reduced power. She reached San Francisco on 30 September for major engine repairs and hull alterations at the Moore Dry Dock Company, Oakland, California. 1945 She left drydock on 30 January 1945 and, following engine trials, sailed on 5 February en route to Leyte, Philippines. The ship paused at Eniwetok to join a convoy; put in at Leyte on 4 March; and, upon her arrival, began onloading ammunition, vehicles, and provisions earmarked for the Ryukyus campaign. Algorab sailed with TransDiv 37 on 27 March, arrived off Okinawa on 1 April, and sent off her boats at 0600. Her cargo was completely unloaded by 9 April, and Algorab sailed that day for Hawaii. She made a brief stop in Saipan, reached Pearl Harbor on 24 April, and underwent another period of engine repairs before the vessel sailed on 10 May for San Francisco. Upon her arrival, on 18 May, Algorab received repairs at the General Engineering & Drydock Co. which continued through October. On 14 October, preparations were begun for deactivation. Algorab was decommissioned on 3 December, and her name was struck from the Navy List on 19 December. Honors and awards Combat Action Ribbon (two awards, for actions of 30 June 1943 and 6 April 1945) American Defense Service Medal with "A" device American Campaign Medal European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one battle star for World War II service Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars for World War II service World War II Victory Medal Return to commercial service Algorab was declared surplus and returned to the Maritime Commission on 30 June 1946 for layup at Suisun Bay awaiting sale. The ship was sold to Wallem & Co. on 4 April 1947 for merchant service and later renamed Kamran, Mongala, and Hellenic Sailor. She was scrapped in 1973. Footnotes ^ A second Mormacwren, U.S. O/N 242616, followed in 1942. It was a C1-B type completed 26 December 1942 and converted to a troop ship operated by Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., for the War Shipping Administration. The MARAD Vessel Status Card for this ship is in the same URL location as for the earlier ship. ^ The others of the group were Mormachawk which became USS Arcturus, Mormacgull / USS Alcyone, Mormacdove / USS Alchiba and Mormaclark / USS Betelgeuse. ^ DANFS has "sponsored by Miss Mary Aldrich" which may be the Navy renaming ceremony or a mistake. A prominent shipping industry journal in a contemporary piece is almost certainly accurate about the Mormacwren sponsor. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Algorab. ^ a b c d Colton: Shipbuilding History. ^ a b c MARAD Vessel Status Card: Mormacwren. ^ a b c Sun Launching One C-2 A Month (PMR July 1939), p. 50. ^ Pacific Marine Review (June 1940), p. 24. ^ a b Commission's First C-2 Standard Cargo Vessel (PMR July 1939). ^ Pacific Marine Review (July 1941), p. 45. ^ Colton: Shipbuilding History (AK, AKA, AKN, AKR, AKS). Bibliography Colton, T. (12 March 2010). "C2 Cargo Ships". Shipbuilding History. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2015. Colton, T. (18 April 2009). "Cargo Ships (AK, AKA, AKN, AKR, AKS)". Shipbuilding History. Retrieved 14 March 2015. Maritime Administration. "Mormacwren". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Naval History And Heritage Command. "Algorab". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 14 March 2015. Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1939). "Commission's First C-2 Standard Cargo Vessel". Pacific Marine Review. 36 (July 1939). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1939). "Sun Launching One C-2 A Month". Pacific Marine Review. 36 (July 1939). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1940). "The Fleet of Moore-McCormack Lines Operating and Under Construction as of May 7, 1940". Pacific Marine Review. 37 (June 1940). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1941). "The Maritime Commission Now in Complete Control of Coastwise, Intercoastal and Overseas Shipping—Acquisition of Ships For Emergency". 38 (July 1941). J.S. Hines: 44–45. Retrieved 16 March 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) External links Inboard profile and general arrangement plans for the six Sun diesel C2s Photo gallery of USS Algorab (AK-25/AKA-8) at NavSource Naval History 51 Years of AKAs vteType C2 ships Challenge Comet Donald McKay Flying Cloud Flying Fish Mormacdove Mormacgull Mormachawk Mormaclark Mormactern Mormacwren Nightingale Red Jacket Santa Ana Santa Teresa Sea Witch Shooting Star Stag Hound Surprise Sweepstakes vteArcturus-class attack cargo ships United States Navy Arcturus Procyon Bellatrix Electra Alchiba Alcyone Algorab Betelgeuse Libra Titania Oberon  Peruvian Navy Independencia (ex-Bellatrix) Preceded by: None Followed by: Andromeda class List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS Mormacwren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Mormacwren"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Shipbuilding_%26_Drydock_Co."},{"link_name":"Chester, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton:_Shipbuilding_History-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun_Launching_One_C-2_A_Month_(PMR_July_1939)50-5"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see SS Mormacwren.USS Algorab (AKA-8) was laid down as Mormacwren,[note 1] one of the earliest Maritime Commission-type C2 ships (MC hull 20), on 10 August 1938 by the Sun Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Chester, Pennsylvania as hull 177 for Moore-McCormack.[2][4] Mormacwren was acquired by the United States Navy 6 June 1941, commissioned 15 June 1941 as USS Algorab (AK-25) and was redesignated an attack transport on 1 February 1943 with the hull number chanted to AKA-8. Algorab decommissioned on 3 December 1945 and was delivered to the Maritime Commission on 30 June 1946 for disposal, purchased by Wallem & Co. on 4 April 1947 for commercial service.Algorab served in the Atlantic with voyages to Iceland and the Caribbean until transporting Army troops to the Pacific in 1942 and remaining there with the exception of returning for the landings in North Africa.","title":"USS Algorab"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MS Donald McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Polaris_(AF-11)"},{"link_name":"DWT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun_Launching_One_C-2_A_Month_(PMR_July_1939)50-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacific_Marine_Review_(June_1940)24-6"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESun_Launching_One_C-2_A_Month_(PMR_July_1939)50-5"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission's_First_C-2_Standard_Cargo_Vessel_(PMR_July_1939)-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission's_First_C-2_Standard_Cargo_Vessel_(PMR_July_1939)-9"}],"text":"Mormacwren was one of six C2 type motor ships, the first being MS Donald McKay, built at Sun designed as 8,800 DWT cargo liners with capacity for twelve passengers in staterooms with bath and a design speed of 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h).[4][5][note 2] Mormacwren was launched on 15 June 1939 sponsored by Miss Barbara Ann Moore, the fourteen-year-old daughter of Moore-McCormack Lines' President.[4][note 3]The design specifications for the six ships were for length overall of 459 ft (139.9 m), length between perpendiculars 435 ft (132.6 m), molded beam of 63 feet (19.2 m), depth to shelter deck of 40 ft 6 in (12.3 m) and loaded draft of 25 ft 9 in (7.8 m). Cargo capacity was for 540,000 cubic feet (15,291.1 m3) with loaded displacement of 13,900 long tons (14,123 t) and cargo deadweight of 7,613 long tons (7,735 t). With fuel capacity of 1,500 long tons (1,524 t) cruising range was approximately 20,000 miles (32,186.9 km) at a normal speed of 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph). The hull was a full shelter deck type with seven transverse water tight bulkheads, five holds, three forward and two aft of the engine spaces with 20 ft (6.1 m) by 30 ft (9.1 m) hatches except for #1 at 29 ft 3 in (8.9 m) in length and #3 which was 50 ft (15.2 m) in length. Holds were served by booms and 50-horsepower electric winches on six king posts. The four-story deck house had quarters for officers and six staterooms with private baths on the bridge deck for twelve passengers. Crew spaces were on the shelter deck level of the deck house.[6]Propulsion was by a direct connected, four cylinder, double opposed piston Sun-Doxford diesel developing 6,000 shaft horsepower at 92 revolutions on the single 20 ft (6.1 m) diameter, 21 ft (6.4 m) pitch screw. Piston bore was 32 in (0.8 m) and combined stroke of 95 in (2.4 m). At the time this was the most powerful marine diesel built in the United States and was capable of operating two hours under 25% overload for 7,500 horsepower. Exhaust heat, or oil for port or emergencies, drove a steam generator providing steam for cooking, heating and hot water services. Three 250-kilowatt diesel generators provided electrical service.[6]","title":"Construction and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacific_Marine_Review_(July_1941)45-10"},{"link_name":"Boston Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton:_Shipbuilding_History_(AK,_AKA,_AKN,_AKR,_AKS)-11"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Corvus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_(constellation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"Arcturus-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus-class_attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"attack cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"}],"text":"On 4 June 1941 the Maritime Commission, Division of Emergency Shipping, announced negotiated acquisition of twenty-eight vessels of which twenty-one were to be turned over to the Navy, Mormacwren being one, and seven to be turned over to the Army.[7] Mormacwren was delivered to the Navy on 6 June 1941 with conversions made at the Boston Navy Yard.[1][8] On 15 June 1941 the ship was commissioned as USS Algorab (AK-25), named for a star in the constellation Corvus, at Boston, Massachusetts.[1] On 1 February 1943 Algorab was reclassified as an Arcturus-class attack cargo ship attack cargo ship, hull number AKA-8. She served as a commissioned ship for 4 years and 5 months.[1]","title":"Navy acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Little Placentia Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Hvalfjörður","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"}],"sub_title":"1941","text":"Following her commissioning, the cargo ship held shakedown along the East Coast. On 4 October, she proceeded to Little Placentia Harbor, Newfoundland. There she joined an Iceland-bound convoy, sailed on 12 October, and reached Hvalfjörður on 9 November. After discharging her cargo, the ship returned to New York City, where she underwent repairs and alterations. She got underway again on 6 December and steamed to Norfolk.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Guantánamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Nukuʻalofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa"},{"link_name":"Tongatapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongatapu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"USS Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Harris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"French Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Morocco"},{"link_name":"landings in North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"}],"sub_title":"1942","text":"On 5 February 1942, Algorab sailed to the Caribbean with general cargo on board. She stopped at St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. After loading raw sugar in Cuba, the ship carried it to Baltimore. She moved to New York City shortly thereafter and embarked Army troops for transportation to the South Pacific. She transited the Panama Canal; made port calls at San Diego and San Francisco, California; then continued on to Nukuʻalofa, Tongatapu. Algorab reached Nukuʻalofa on 27 June, then retraced her course to San Francisco, and, upon her return, began a period of repairs.[1]Algorab left San Francisco on 9 August bound via the Panama Canal for Norfolk. While conducting a tactical maneuver in convoy on 11 September, she collided with USS Harris and suffered extensive damage in the forepart of the ship. Twenty-three feet of her bow was sheared off and one of her bulkheads buckled. One of her crewmen was killed. However, the ship was able to continue unassisted and reached Norfolk on 13 September.[1]Her repairs completed on 7 October, Algorab loaded and proceeded in company with Transport Division (TransDiv) 5 to Mehdia, French Morocco. She was scheduled to take part in the landings in North Africa. These began on 8 November, and Algorab provided landing boats for assault troops. Ten days later, after completing her role in the successful invasion, she left the area on 18 November bound for Norfolk, where she arrived on 30 November. She underwent a brief period of repairs, then sailed on 17 December for the South Pacific.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Espiritu Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santo"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Tulagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulagi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"Rendova Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendova_Island"},{"link_name":"torpedo bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber"},{"link_name":"Hollandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Moore Dry Dock Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Dry_Dock_Company"}],"sub_title":"1943–1944","text":"Algorab reached Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 18 January 1943 and discharged her cargo. On 1 February, the ship was reclassified an attack cargo ship and redesignated AKA-8. She spent the period between January and June supporting consolidation operations in the southern Solomon Islands. Algorab made a total of five voyages between New Caledonia, Espiritu Santo, and Guadalcanal or Tulagi.[1]On 30 June, Algorab took part in the landings on Rendova Island. While retiring to Tulagi that afternoon, her convoy was attacked by Japanese torpedo bombers. Her gunners assisted in the destruction of five enemy planes, and the attack cargo ship proceeded to Tulagi. From 1 July to 17 August, she made more voyages carrying troops and equipment between Guadalcanal; Hollandia, New Guinea; New Caledonia; and Espiritu Santo.[1]Algorab sailed for Australia, on 22 August, arrived at Sydney on the 25th, and began repairs to her main engine. On 15 September, the attack cargo ship sailed to Newcastle, Australia, for amphibious warfare training exercises. After they were completed, she sailed to Moreton Bay, Australia, and remained at anchor there until 22 November. On that date, the ship entered drydock at Brisbane for a major overhaul.[1]Algorab got underway for the West Coast on 5 September 1944, under tow and operating on reduced power. She reached San Francisco on 30 September for major engine repairs and hull alterations at the Moore Dry Dock Company, Oakland, California.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Ryukyus campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"}],"sub_title":"1945","text":"She left drydock on 30 January 1945 and, following engine trials, sailed on 5 February en route to Leyte, Philippines. The ship paused at Eniwetok to join a convoy; put in at Leyte on 4 March; and, upon her arrival, began onloading ammunition, vehicles, and provisions earmarked for the Ryukyus campaign.[1]Algorab sailed with TransDiv 37 on 27 March, arrived off Okinawa on 1 April, and sent off her boats at 0600. Her cargo was completely unloaded by 9 April, and Algorab sailed that day for Hawaii. She made a brief stop in Saipan, reached Pearl Harbor on 24 April, and underwent another period of engine repairs before the vessel sailed on 10 May for San Francisco.[1]Upon her arrival, on 18 May, Algorab received repairs at the General Engineering & Drydock Co. which continued through October. On 14 October, preparations were begun for deactivation. Algorab was decommissioned on 3 December, and her name was struck from the Navy List on 19 December.[1]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combat_Action_Ribbon,_2nd_award.svg"},{"link_name":"Combat Action Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_device.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"American Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"\"A\" device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22A%22_device"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%E2%80%93African%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"battle star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Honors and awards","text":"Combat Action Ribbon (two awards, for actions of 30 June 1943 and 6 April 1945)\n American Defense Service Medal with \"A\" device\n American Campaign Medal\n European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one battle star for World War II service[1]\n Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars for World War II service[1]\n World War II Victory Medal","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suisun Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun_Bay_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships:_''Algorab''-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMARAD_Vessel_Status_Card:_''Mormacwren''-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton:_Shipbuilding_History-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMARAD_Vessel_Status_Card:_''Mormacwren''-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton:_Shipbuilding_History-2"}],"text":"Algorab was declared surplus and returned to the Maritime Commission on 30 June 1946 for layup at Suisun Bay awaiting sale.[1][3] The ship was sold to Wallem & Co. on 4 April 1947 for merchant service and later renamed Kamran, Mongala, and Hellenic Sailor.[2][3] She was scrapped in 1973.[2]","title":"Return to commercial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore-McCormack_Lines,_Inc."},{"link_name":"War Shipping Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Shipping_Administration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"USS Arcturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arcturus_(AKA-1)"},{"link_name":"USS Alcyone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alcyone"},{"link_name":"USS Alchiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alchiba"},{"link_name":"USS Betelgeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Betelgeuse_(AKA-11)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ A second Mormacwren, U.S. O/N 242616, followed in 1942. It was a C1-B type completed 26 December 1942 and converted to a troop ship operated by Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., for the War Shipping Administration. The MARAD Vessel Status Card for this ship is in the same URL location as for the earlier ship.\n\n^ The others of the group were Mormachawk which became USS Arcturus, Mormacgull / USS Alcyone, Mormacdove / USS Alchiba and Mormaclark / USS Betelgeuse.\n\n^ DANFS has \"sponsored by Miss Mary Aldrich\" which may be the Navy renaming ceremony or a mistake. A prominent shipping industry journal in a contemporary piece is almost certainly accurate about the Mormacwren sponsor.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"C2 Cargo Ships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20131217011556/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/merchantships/wwii/c2cargoships.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shipbuildinghistory.com/history/merchantships/wwii/c2cargoships.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Cargo Ships (AK, AKA, AKN, AKR, AKS)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shipbuildinghistory.com/history/navalships/auxk.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Mormacwren\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/3494"},{"link_name":"\"Algorab\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/algorab.html"},{"link_name":"\"Commission's First C-2 Standard Cargo Vessel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3639paci#page/n357/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"\"Sun Launching One C-2 A Month\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3639paci#page/n373/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"\"The Fleet of Moore-McCormack Lines Operating and Under Construction as of May 7, 1940\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3740paci#page/n305/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"\"The Maritime Commission Now in Complete Control of Coastwise, Intercoastal and Overseas Shipping—Acquisition of Ships For Emergency\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3841paci#page/n491/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"}],"text":"Colton, T. (12 March 2010). \"C2 Cargo Ships\". Shipbuilding History. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2015.\nColton, T. (18 April 2009). \"Cargo Ships (AK, AKA, AKN, AKR, AKS)\". Shipbuilding History. Retrieved 14 March 2015.\nMaritime Administration. \"Mormacwren\". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration.\nNaval History And Heritage Command. \"Algorab\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 14 March 2015.\nPacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1939). \"Commission's First C-2 Standard Cargo Vessel\". Pacific Marine Review. 36 (July 1939). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nPacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1939). \"Sun Launching One C-2 A Month\". Pacific Marine Review. 36 (July 1939). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nPacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1940). \"The Fleet of Moore-McCormack Lines Operating and Under Construction as of May 7, 1940\". Pacific Marine Review. 37 (June 1940). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nPacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1941). \"The Maritime Commission Now in Complete Control of Coastwise, Intercoastal and Overseas Shipping—Acquisition of Ships For Emergency\". 38 (July 1941). J.S. Hines: 44–45. Retrieved 16 March 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Colton, T. (12 March 2010). \"C2 Cargo Ships\". Shipbuilding History. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131217011556/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/merchantships/wwii/c2cargoships.htm","url_text":"\"C2 Cargo Ships\""},{"url":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/merchantships/wwii/c2cargoships.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colton, T. (18 April 2009). \"Cargo Ships (AK, AKA, AKN, AKR, AKS)\". Shipbuilding History. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/navalships/auxk.htm","url_text":"\"Cargo Ships (AK, AKA, AKN, AKR, AKS)\""}]},{"reference":"Maritime Administration. \"Mormacwren\". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/3494","url_text":"\"Mormacwren\""}]},{"reference":"Naval History And Heritage Command. \"Algorab\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/algorab.html","url_text":"\"Algorab\""}]},{"reference":"Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1939). \"Commission's First C-2 Standard Cargo Vessel\". Pacific Marine Review. 36 (July 1939). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3639paci#page/n357/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Commission's First C-2 Standard Cargo Vessel\""}]},{"reference":"Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1939). \"Sun Launching One C-2 A Month\". Pacific Marine Review. 36 (July 1939). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3639paci#page/n373/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Sun Launching One C-2 A Month\""}]},{"reference":"Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1940). \"The Fleet of Moore-McCormack Lines Operating and Under Construction as of May 7, 1940\". Pacific Marine Review. 37 (June 1940). San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3740paci#page/n305/mode/1up","url_text":"\"The Fleet of Moore-McCormack Lines Operating and Under Construction as of May 7, 1940\""}]},{"reference":"Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1941). \"The Maritime Commission Now in Complete Control of Coastwise, Intercoastal and Overseas Shipping—Acquisition of Ships For Emergency\". 38 (July 1941). J.S. Hines: 44–45. Retrieved 16 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3841paci#page/n491/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Maritime Commission Now in Complete Control of Coastwise, Intercoastal and Overseas Shipping—Acquisition of Ships For Emergency\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-34
Japanese submarine I-34
["1 Service history","1.1 Commissioning","1.2 Sinking","2 Notes","3 Bibliography","4 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 05°17′N 100°05′E / 5.283°N 100.083°E / 5.283; 100.083Type B1 submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy History Japan NameI-34 BuilderSasebo Naval Arsenal Laid downJanuary 1, 1941 LaunchedSeptember 24, 1941 CommissionedAugust 31, 1942 StrickenJanuary 1944 FateSunk by HMS Taurus, November 13, 1943 Service record Part of: Kure Submarine Squadron Submarine Squadron 1 Submarine Squadron 8 Commanders: Tonozuka Kinzo August 31, 1942 – March 20, 1943 Irie Tatsuhi March 20, 1943 – November 13, 1943 General characteristics Class and typeType B1 submarine Displacement 2,589 long tons surfaced 3,654 long tons submerged Length108.7 m (357 ft) (overall) Beam9.3 m (31 ft) Draught5.14 m (16.9 ft) Propulsion 2 diesels: 12,400 hp (9,200 kW) Electric motors: 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) Speed 23.5 knots (43.5 km/h) surfaced 8 knots (15 km/h) submerged Range14,000 nautical miles (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h) Endurance90 days Test depth100 m (330 ft) Complement101 officers and men Armament 6 × 533 mm torpedo tubes forward 1 × 14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun (17 torpedoes) Aircraft carriedone seaplane (Yokosuka E14Y1 Glen) I-34 was a Kaidai Junsen Type B1 submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy. During World War II, while on a Yanagi mission between Japan and Germany carrying strategic raw materials and information, she was sunk by the British submarine HMS Taurus using Ultra intelligence. Service history Commissioning Her keel was laid down at the Sasebo Dockyard on 1 January 1941; she was launched on 24 September. She was commissioned and assigned to the Kure Naval District on 31 August 1942, with Commander Tonozuka Kinzo in command. Commander Tatsushi Irie (入江達) took command in March 1943. During early 1943, she took part in supply missions and the eventual evacuation of the garrison of Kiska in the Aleutian Islands. On 15 September 1943, she was assigned to a Yanagi (exchange) mission to Lorient, France. She arrived in Singapore on 22 October 1943 to take on passengers and cargo for her mission. I-34 loaded a cargo of raw rubber, tungsten, tin, quinine, medicinal opium and samples of Japanese weapons. She departed for Penang to load passengers on 11 November 1943. Due to a delay in loading the cargo, her passengers opted to meet her at Penang, thus saving them from death. Unknown to Commander Irie or the crew, her movements were being tracked by Ultra intelligence, and a British submarine was sent to sink her. Sinking She was spotted running on the surface in a rain squall by HMS Taurus (commanded by veteran Captain Mervyn R. G. "Dillinger" Wingfield, DSO, DSC), on 13 November 1943 in the Malacca Straits, 30 nautical miles (56 km) off the coast of Penang at 07:30. Taurus fired a salvo of six torpedoes of which one struck I-34 below the conning tower, she sank in 100 feet (30 m) of water at 05°17′N 100°05′E / 5.283°N 100.083°E / 5.283; 100.083. Of her 94 crew, only 14 survived to be picked up by a local junk. I-34 was removed from the Imperial Japanese Navy list in January 1944. Her wreck was salvaged in 1962. Notes ^ a b c I-34. Ijnsubsite.info. Retrieved 1 June 2023. ^ Campbell, John. Naval Weapons of World War Two. ISBN 0-87021-459-4. p. 191. Bibliography HIJMS I 34 Milanovich, Kathrin (2021). "The IJN Submarines of the I 15 Class". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-1-4728-4779-9. Further reading Miller, Vernon J. Analysis of Japanese Submarine Losses to Allied Submarines in World War II, Merriam Press, 36pgs, ISBN 1-57638-161-7 Gibson, Lt John F., RNVR. Dark Seas Above, Gloucester:Tempus Publishing, 2000, ISBN 0-7524-2018-6 (Author was the Navigation Officer of HMS Taurus) vteType B (Otsu) submarineI-15-class (Type B/B1) I-15 I-17 I-19 I-21 I-23 I-25 I-26 I-27 I-28 I-29 I-30 I-31 I-32 I-33 I-34 I-35 I-36 I-37 I-38 I-39 I-40-class (Type BM1/B2) I-40 I-41 I-42 I-43 I-44 I-45 I-54-class (Type BM2/B3) I-54 I-56 I-58 Imperial Japanese Navy submarines vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1943Shipwrecks 1 Nov: Cha-13, U-405 2 Nov: USS Borie, Hatsukaze, Sendai, Storaa, U-340, W-26 5 Nov: U-848 6 Nov: USS Beatty, U-226, U-842 9 Nov: U-707 10 Nov: U-966 11 Nov: Suzunami 12 Nov: U-508 13 Nov: HMS Dulverton, I-34 16 Nov: USS Corvina, U-280 17 Nov: USS McKean 18 Nov: Empire Dunstan, U-718 19 Nov: USS Sculpin, U-211 20 Nov: USS Discoverer, U-536, U-768 21 Nov: Empire Arthur, U-284, U-538 22 Nov: HMS Hebe 23 Nov: I-35 24 Nov: Achéron, Aigle, FR 11, USS Liscome Bay, Melville E. Stone, Naïade, Volta 25 Nov: I-19, Makinami, Ōnami, Ro-100, Toa Maru, U-600, U-849, Yūgiri 26 Nov: I-39, Rohna 27 Nov: John P. Gaines 28 Nov: U-542, Yamafuku Maru 29 Nov: I-21, USS Perkins, U-86 Unknown date: USS Capelin, I-40, Ro-38, HMS Simoom, U-648 Other incidents 8 Nov: USS Albacore 9 Nov: Ro-113, Yamashiro 10 Nov: USS Albacore 14 Nov: USS Iowa, USS William D. Porter 15 Nov: HMS Quail 19 Nov: USS Nautilus, USS Ringgold 20 Nov: USS Rasher 1942 1943 1944 October 1943 December 1943
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type B1 submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B1_submarine"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"strategic raw materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_material"},{"link_name":"she was sunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_13_November_1943"},{"link_name":"HMS Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Taurus_(P339)"},{"link_name":"Ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)"}],"text":"Type B1 submarine of the Imperial Japanese NavyI-34 was a Kaidai Junsen Type B1 submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy. During World War II, while on a Yanagi mission between Japan and Germany carrying strategic raw materials and information, she was sunk by the British submarine HMS Taurus using Ultra intelligence.","title":"Japanese submarine I-34"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Kure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(Navy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subsite-1"},{"link_name":"Kiska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiska"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Yanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanagi_missions"},{"link_name":"Lorient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorient"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"tungsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Ultra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)"}],"sub_title":"Commissioning","text":"Her keel was laid down at the Sasebo Dockyard on 1 January 1941; she was launched on 24 September. She was commissioned and assigned to the Kure Naval District on 31 August 1942, with Commander Tonozuka Kinzo in command. Commander Tatsushi Irie (入江達) took command in March 1943.[1]During early 1943, she took part in supply missions and the eventual evacuation of the garrison of Kiska in the Aleutian Islands.On 15 September 1943, she was assigned to a Yanagi (exchange) mission to Lorient, France. She arrived in Singapore on 22 October 1943 to take on passengers and cargo for her mission.I-34 loaded a cargo of raw rubber, tungsten, tin, quinine, medicinal opium and samples of Japanese weapons. She departed for Penang to load passengers on 11 November 1943. Due to a delay in loading the cargo, her passengers opted to meet her at Penang, thus saving them from death.Unknown to Commander Irie or the crew, her movements were being tracked by Ultra intelligence, and a British submarine was sent to sink her.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malacca Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Straits"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"05°17′N 100°05′E / 5.283°N 100.083°E / 5.283; 100.083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_submarine_I-34&params=05_17_N_100_05_E_"},{"link_name":"junk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)"}],"sub_title":"Sinking","text":"She was spotted running on the surface in a rain squall by HMS Taurus (commanded by veteran Captain Mervyn R. G. \"Dillinger\" Wingfield, DSO, DSC), on 13 November 1943 in the Malacca Straits, 30 nautical miles (56 km) off the coast of Penang at 07:30.Taurus fired a salvo of six torpedoes of which one struck I-34 below the conning tower, she sank in 100 feet (30 m) of water at 05°17′N 100°05′E / 5.283°N 100.083°E / 5.283; 100.083. Of her 94 crew, only 14 survived to be picked up by a local junk.I-34 was removed from the Imperial Japanese Navy list in January 1944. Her wreck was salvaged in 1962.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-subsite_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-subsite_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-subsite_1-2"},{"link_name":"I-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-34.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-campbell_2-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-459-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4"}],"text":"^ a b c I-34. Ijnsubsite.info. Retrieved 1 June 2023.\n\n^ Campbell, John. Naval Weapons of World War Two. ISBN 0-87021-459-4. p. 191.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIJMS I 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//navalhistory.flixco.info/H/148871/8330/a0.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4728-4779-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4779-9"}],"text":"HIJMS I 34\nMilanovich, Kathrin (2021). \"The IJN Submarines of the I 15 Class\". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-1-4728-4779-9.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57638-161-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57638-161-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7524-2018-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2018-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"Type B (Otsu) submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_submarine"},{"link_name":"I-15-class (Type 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(Type BM1/B2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_submarine#Type-B_Mod.1_(I-40_class)"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-40"},{"link_name":"I-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-41"},{"link_name":"I-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-42"},{"link_name":"I-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-43"},{"link_name":"I-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-44"},{"link_name":"I-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-45"},{"link_name":"I-54-class (Type 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submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_submarines"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:November_1943_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:November_1943_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:November_1943_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_November_1943"},{"link_name":"Cha-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_chaser_Cha-13"},{"link_name":"U-405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-405"},{"link_name":"USS Borie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Borie_(DD-215)"},{"link_name":"Hatsukaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hatsukaze"},{"link_name":"Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Sendai"},{"link_name":"Storaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Storaa"},{"link_name":"U-340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-340"},{"link_name":"W-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_minesweeper_W-26"},{"link_name":"U-848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-848"},{"link_name":"USS Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Beatty_(DD-640)"},{"link_name":"U-226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-226"},{"link_name":"U-842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-842"},{"link_name":"U-707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-707"},{"link_name":"U-966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-966"},{"link_name":"Suzunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Suzunami_(1943)"},{"link_name":"U-508","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-508"},{"link_name":"HMS Dulverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dulverton_(L63)"},{"link_name":"I-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"USS Corvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Corvina"},{"link_name":"U-280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-280"},{"link_name":"USS McKean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McKean_(DD-90)"},{"link_name":"Empire 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Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Empire_Arthur"},{"link_name":"U-284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-284"},{"link_name":"U-538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-538"},{"link_name":"HMS Hebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hebe_(J24)"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-35"},{"link_name":"Achéron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Ach%C3%A9ron"},{"link_name":"Aigle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Aigle"},{"link_name":"FR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Jean_de_Vienne"},{"link_name":"USS Liscome Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Liscome_Bay"},{"link_name":"Melville E. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Melville_E._Stone"},{"link_name":"Naïade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Na%C3%AFade_(Q124)"},{"link_name":"Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Volta"},{"link_name":"I-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-19"},{"link_name":"Makinami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Makinami_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Ōnami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_%C5%8Cnami_(1942)"},{"link_name":"Ro-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-100"},{"link_name":"Toa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toa_Maru"},{"link_name":"U-600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-600"},{"link_name":"U-849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-849"},{"link_name":"Yūgiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Y%C5%ABgiri_(1930)"},{"link_name":"I-39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-39"},{"link_name":"Rohna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMT_Rohna"},{"link_name":"John P. Gaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_John_P._Gaines"},{"link_name":"U-542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-542"},{"link_name":"Yamafuku Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_transport_ship_Yamafuku_Maru"},{"link_name":"I-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-21_(1940)"},{"link_name":"USS Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Perkins_(DD-377)"},{"link_name":"U-86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-86_(1941)"},{"link_name":"USS Capelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Capelin"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-40"},{"link_name":"Ro-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-38"},{"link_name":"HMS Simoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Simoom_(P225)"},{"link_name":"U-648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-648"},{"link_name":"USS Albacore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Albacore_(SS-218)"},{"link_name":"Ro-113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_Ro-113"},{"link_name":"Yamashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamashiro"},{"link_name":"USS Albacore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Albacore_(SS-218)"},{"link_name":"USS Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)"},{"link_name":"USS William D. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_William_D._Porter_(DD-579)"},{"link_name":"HMS Quail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Quail_(G45)"},{"link_name":"USS Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)"},{"link_name":"USS Ringgold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ringgold_(DD-500)"},{"link_name":"USS Rasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rasher"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1942"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1944"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1944"},{"link_name":"October 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1943"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1943"},{"link_name":"December 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1943"}],"text":"Miller, Vernon J. Analysis of Japanese Submarine Losses to Allied Submarines in World War II, Merriam Press, 36pgs, ISBN 1-57638-161-7\nGibson, Lt John F., RNVR. Dark Seas Above, Gloucester:Tempus Publishing, 2000, ISBN 0-7524-2018-6 (Author was the Navigation Officer of HMS Taurus)vteType B (Otsu) submarineI-15-class (Type B/B1)\nI-15\nI-17\nI-19\nI-21\nI-23\nI-25\nI-26\nI-27\nI-28\nI-29\nI-30\nI-31\nI-32\nI-33\nI-34\nI-35\nI-36\nI-37\nI-38\nI-39\nI-40-class (Type BM1/B2)\nI-40\nI-41\nI-42\nI-43\nI-44\nI-45\nI-54-class (Type BM2/B3)\nI-54\nI-56\nI-58\nImperial Japanese Navy submarinesvteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1943Shipwrecks\n1 Nov: Cha-13, U-405\n2 Nov: USS Borie, Hatsukaze, Sendai, Storaa, U-340, W-26\n5 Nov: U-848\n6 Nov: USS Beatty, U-226, U-842\n9 Nov: U-707\n10 Nov: U-966\n11 Nov: Suzunami\n12 Nov: U-508\n13 Nov: HMS Dulverton, I-34\n16 Nov: USS Corvina, U-280\n17 Nov: USS McKean\n18 Nov: Empire Dunstan, U-718\n19 Nov: USS Sculpin, U-211\n20 Nov: USS Discoverer, U-536, U-768\n21 Nov: Empire Arthur, U-284, U-538\n22 Nov: HMS Hebe\n23 Nov: I-35\n24 Nov: Achéron, Aigle, FR 11, USS Liscome Bay, Melville E. Stone, Naïade, Volta\n25 Nov: I-19, Makinami, Ōnami, Ro-100, Toa Maru, U-600, U-849, Yūgiri\n26 Nov: I-39, Rohna\n27 Nov: John P. Gaines\n28 Nov: U-542, Yamafuku Maru\n29 Nov: I-21, USS Perkins, U-86\nUnknown date: USS Capelin, I-40, Ro-38, HMS Simoom, U-648\nOther incidents\n8 Nov: USS Albacore\n9 Nov: Ro-113, Yamashiro\n10 Nov: USS Albacore\n14 Nov: USS Iowa, USS William D. Porter\n15 Nov: HMS Quail\n19 Nov: USS Nautilus, USS Ringgold\n20 Nov: USS Rasher\n1942 1943 1944 October 1943 December 1943","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Milanovich, Kathrin (2021). \"The IJN Submarines of the I 15 Class\". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-1-4728-4779-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4779-9","url_text":"978-1-4728-4779-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_submarine_I-34&params=05_17_N_100_05_E_","external_links_name":"05°17′N 100°05′E / 5.283°N 100.083°E / 5.283; 100.083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_submarine_I-34&params=05_17_N_100_05_E_","external_links_name":"05°17′N 100°05′E / 5.283°N 100.083°E / 5.283; 100.083"},{"Link":"http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-34.htm","external_links_name":"I-34"},{"Link":"http://navalhistory.flixco.info/H/148871/8330/a0.htm","external_links_name":"HIJMS I 34"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Torgau
Siege of Torgau
["1 Background","2 Siege","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°34′30″N 12°55′30″E / 51.57500°N 12.92500°E / 51.57500; 12.925001813 siege during the War of the Sixth CoalitionSiege of TorgauPart of the German campaign of the Sixth CoalitionPlan of the siege of TorgauDate18 October 1813 – 10 January 1814LocationTorgau, Saxony51°34′30″N 12°55′30″E / 51.57500°N 12.92500°E / 51.57500; 12.92500Result Prussian victoryBelligerents Prussia French EmpireCommanders and leaders Bogislav von Tauntzien Louis, comte de Narbonne-LaraAdrien Jean-Baptiste du BoscStrength 23,000 24,650Casualties and losses Minimal 24,650class=notpageimage| Location within Europe vteGerman campaign Danzig Kalisz Lüneburg Möckern Halle Lützen Gersdorf Königswartha Weißig Bautzen Reichenbach Haynau Hoyerswerda Luckau Lauenbourg Großbeeren Katzbach Dresden Hagelberg Kulm Dennewitz Göhrde 2nd Kulm Altenburg Rosslau Wartenburg Leipzig Dresden (siege) Torgau Hanau Hochheim Mainz Bornhöved Sehested Wittenberg Hamburg The siege of Torgau (18 October 1813 – 10 January 1814) was a siege in the War of the Sixth Coalition. The French-held fortress on the Elbe was besieged by Prussian troops and forced to surrender. Background The fortified city of Torgau was built on both sides of the Elbe as a royal Saxon main arsenal based on a design by Ernst Ludwig von Aster. Its defenses consisted of a strong outer wall, fosses, and external works. There were seven bastion fronts along the perimeter of the wall. In the spring of 1813, the French moved into the position. After the Battle of Dennewitz it covered the retreat of the French. During the Armistice of Pläswitz, provisions were insufficiently available to protect the Middle Elbe and to enable offensives against the Prussian heartland. Siege After the Battle of Leipzig, the fortress was besieged by the IV Army Corps with around 23,000 men under Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien. The French trains and the civil servants fled to the fortress, so that the garrison strength grew from 6,000 to 30,000 men. In addition, there were around 11,000 wounded in the hospitals. The French garrison commander Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara died of typhus on 17 November. Narbonne attempted to negotiate surrender from 4 to 7 December, but Tauentzien did not accept his proposals. Further talks were held that month, before agreement for a ceasefire was finally reached on 20 December. General Adrien Jean-Baptiste du Bosc surrendered on the 26th of December, with about 7,200 men being taken prisoner on 10 January 1814 and 2,400 remaining in the hospitals. Notes ^ "Siege of Torgau - TheHistoryFiles.com". thehistoryfiles.com. 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2024-02-02. ^ a b c Rickard 2021. ^ "Siege of Torgau - TheHistoryFiles.com". thehistoryfiles.com. 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2024-02-02. References Rickard, J. (2021). "Siege of Torgau, 8 October 1813-10 January 1814". Retrieved 4 September 2021. External links Media related to Siege of Torgau at Wikimedia Commons vteNapoleonic Wars Third Coalition Fourth Coalition Peninsular War Fifth Coalition French Invasion of Russia Sixth Coalition Seventh Coalition Belli-gerentsFrance,client statesand allies France Polish Legions Italy Holland Etruria Swiss Confederation Naples Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark–Norway Ottoman Empire Persia Spain Coalitionforces United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia Spain Portugal Sicily Papal States Ottoman Empire Persia Sardinia Sweden Netherlands Brunswick Hanover Nassau French Royalists MajorbattlesPrelude French Revolution First Coalition Second Coalition 18 Brumaire Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Duc d'Enghien Execution Coronation of Napoleon 1805 Diamond Rock Cape Finisterre Wertingen Günzburg Haslach-Jungingen Elchingen Ulm Verona Trafalgar Caldiero Cape Ortegal Amstetten Dürenstein Schöngrabern Austerlitz 1806 Gaeta Campo Tenese Maida Schleiz Saalfeld Jena–Auerstedt Erfurt Halle Magdeburg Prenzlau Pasewalk Stettin Waren-Nossentin Lübeck Greater Poland uprising Hamelin Czarnowo Golymin Pułtusk 1807 Mohrungen Eylau Ostrołęka Kolberg Danzig Stralsund I Mileto Guttstadt-Deppen Heilsberg Friedland Stralsund II Copenhagen Invasion of Portugal 1808 Dos de Mayo Bruch Rosily Squadron Cabezón 1st Zaragoza Valencia Medina de Rioseco Bailén Roliça Vimeiro Zornoza Valmaseda Burgos Espinosa Tudela Somosierra 2nd Zaragoza Sahagún Benavente 1809 Castellón Uclés Corunna Valls Tyrolean Rebellion Villafranca Yevenes/Yébenes Ciudad Real 1st Porto Medellín Bergisel Sacile Teugen-Hausen Raszyn Abensberg Landshut Eckmühl Ratisbon Neumarkt-Sankt Veit Dalmatian Campaign Ebelsberg Girona Piave River Grijó 2nd Porto Wörgl Tarvis Aspern-Essling Alcañiz Sankt Michael Stralsund Raab María Graz Wagram Korneuburg Stockerau Gefrees Hollabrunn Schöngrabern Armistice of Znaim Talavera Walcheren Campaign Ölper Almonacid Tamames Ocaña Alba de Tormes 1810 Cádiz Astorga Ciudad Rodrigo Barquilla Côa Almeida Bussaco 1811 Gebora Barrosa Pombal Redinha Casal Novo Campo Maior Sabugal Almeida Fuentes de Oñoro Tarragona Albuera Usagre Saguntum Arroyo dos Molinos Valencia 1812 Ciudad Rodrigo Badajoz Villagarcia Almaraz Maguilla Mir Ekau Salamanca García Hernández Saltanovka Ostrovno Vitebsk Kobryn Klyastitsy Majadahonda Gorodechno Smolensk 1st Polotsk Valutino Mesoten Borodino Moscow Burgos Tarutino 2nd Polotsk Venta del Pozo Maloyaroslavets Chashniki Vyazma Smoliani Krasnoi Berezina 1813 Castalla Lützen Bautzen Tarragona Luckau Vitoria San Sebastián Pyrenees Sorauren Großbeeren Katzbach Dresden 1st Kulm San Marcial Dennewitz 2nd Kulm Göhrde Roßlau Wartenburg Bidassoa Leipzig Hanau Nivelle Bornhöved Sehested 1814 Brienne La Rothière Mincio River Champaubert Montmirail Château-Thierry Vauchamps Garris Mormant Montereau Orthez Bar-sur-Aube Laon Reims Craonne Arcis-sur-Aube Fère-Champenoise Saint-Dizier Montmartre Paris Toulouse Bayonne 1815 Panaro Occhiobello Carpi Casaglia Ronco Cesenatico Pesaro Scapezzano Tolentino Ancona Castel di Sangro San Germano Gaeta Quatre Bras Ligny Waterloo Wavre Rocheserviere La Suffel Rocquencourt Issy InfoFrench and allymilitary andpolitical leaders Napoleon Louis-Alexandre Berthier Joachim Murat Louis-Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Michel Ney Jean-de-Dieu Soult Marshal Victor Jean-Baptiste Bessières Pierre-Charles Villeneuve Joseph I Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Prince Poniatowski Prince Eugène Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria Frederick Augustus I of Saxony Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick VI of Denmark Coalitionmilitary andpolitical leaders Duke of Wellington Rowland Hill John Moore Horatio Nelson Thomas Cochrane Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Manuel Lapeña Archduke Charles Prince von Schwarzenberg Archduke John of Austria Alexander I of Russia Mikhail Kutuzov Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Count Bennigsen Pyotr Bagration Peter Wittgenstein Frederick William III of Prussia Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Ferdinand VII of Spain Miguel de Álava Maria I of Portugal Prince Regent John of Portugal Count of Feira William, Prince of Orange Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Prince Charles John of Sweden Louis XVIII Relatedconflicts Anglo-Russian War Anglo-Spanish War Anglo-Swedish War Anglo-Turkish War Anglo-Danish War Gunboat War Dano-Swedish War Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) Russo-Persian War Russo-Turkish War Spanish American wars of independence Swedish–Norwegian War War of 1812 Treaties Campo Formio Lunéville Amiens Artlenburg Pressburg Finckenstein Tilsit Cintra Schönbrunn Paris (1810) Paris (February 1812) Paris (March 1812) Paris (1814) Tauroggen Ried Chaumont Kiel Mantua Casalanza Fontainebleau (1814) Paris (1815) Miscellaneous Bibliography Bourbon Restoration Casualties Congress of Erfurt Continental System Conference of Dresden England expects that every man will do his duty Films Grande Armée Uniforms Longwood House Types of military France portal This article about a battle of the Napoleonic Wars is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a siege is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The French-held fortress on the Elbe was besieged by Prussian troops and forced to surrender.","title":"Siege of Torgau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgau"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Ernst Ludwig von Aster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Aster"},{"link_name":"bastion fronts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dennewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Pläswitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Pl%C3%A4switz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2021-2"}],"text":"The fortified city of Torgau was built on both sides of the Elbe as a royal Saxon main arsenal based on a design by Ernst Ludwig von Aster. Its defenses consisted of a strong outer wall, fosses, and external works. There were seven bastion fronts along the perimeter of the wall.[1] In the spring of 1813, the French moved into the position. After the Battle of Dennewitz it covered the retreat of the French. During the Armistice of Pläswitz, provisions were insufficiently available to protect the Middle Elbe and to enable offensives against the Prussian heartland.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislav_Friedrich_Emanuel_von_Tauentzien"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2021-2"},{"link_name":"surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_(military)"},{"link_name":"Tauentzien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislav_Friedrich_Emanuel_von_Tauentzien"},{"link_name":"ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickard2021-2"}],"text":"After the Battle of Leipzig, the fortress was besieged by the IV Army Corps with around 23,000 men under Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien. The French trains and the civil servants fled to the fortress, so that the garrison strength grew from 6,000 to 30,000 men. In addition, there were around 11,000 wounded in the hospitals. The French garrison commander Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara died of typhus on 17 November.[2]Narbonne attempted to negotiate surrender from 4 to 7 December, but Tauentzien did not accept his proposals. Further talks were held that month, before agreement for a ceasefire was finally reached on 20 December.[3] General Adrien Jean-Baptiste du Bosc surrendered on the 26th of December, with about 7,200 men being taken prisoner on 10 January 1814 and 2,400 remaining in the hospitals. [2]","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Siege of Torgau - TheHistoryFiles.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thehistoryfiles.com/siege-of-torgau/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2021_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2021_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickard2021_2-2"},{"link_name":"Rickard 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRickard2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Siege of Torgau - TheHistoryFiles.com\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thehistoryfiles.com/siege-of-torgau/"}],"text":"^ \"Siege of Torgau - TheHistoryFiles.com\". thehistoryfiles.com. 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2024-02-02.\n\n^ a b c Rickard 2021.\n\n^ \"Siege of Torgau - TheHistoryFiles.com\". thehistoryfiles.com. 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2024-02-02.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campion_(governor)
William Campion (governor)
["1 Early years","2 Military career","3 Governor of Western Australia","4 Later years","5 References","6 External links"]
British politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "William Campion" governor – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ColonelSir William CampionKCMG, DSO, TD, DLCampion in 192421st Governor of Western AustraliaIn office28 October 1924 – 9 June 1931MonarchGeorge VPremierPhilip Collier James MitchellPreceded bySir Francis NewdegateSucceeded bySir James Mitchell (from 1948) Personal detailsBorn(1870-07-03)3 July 1870London, EnglandDied2 January 1951(1951-01-02) (aged 80)Hassocks, Sussex, EnglandPolitical partyConservativeSpouseKatherine Mary ByronMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited KingdomBranch/serviceBritish ArmyRankColonelUnitRoyal Sussex RegimentBattles/warsFirst World WarAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeDistinguished Service OrderTerritorial DecorationMentioned in Despatches Sir William Robert Campion, KCMG, DSO, TD, DL (3 July 1870 – 2 January 1951) was a British soldier, politician, and the 21st Governor of Western Australia from 1924 to 1931. Early years Born in London, England on 3 July 1870, Campion was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford, and was the Conservative MP for Lewes from 1910 to 1924. Military career Campion was commissioned into the part-time 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment, later 4th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment (of which his father was Honorary Colonel) in 1888. On the outbreak of World War I he was the battalion's senior Captain with the rank of honorary Major. He became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Line battalion (1/4th Royal Sussex) and commanded it in the Gallipoli campaign. At its first action, at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915, the Official History records that the orders given to Lt-Col Campion 'were vague in the extreme. The colonel was verbally told "to restore the line". No one knew where it was, but he was told that "if he went in that direction (pointing to a column of smoke from the burning scrub) he ought to find the 2/4th Queen's".' The 1/4th Sussex advanced steadily in extended order, found the Queen's who had been driven off the crest, and consolidated a line, having suffered heavy casualties. Campion was evacuated to England sick on 5 October. Campion later commanded 15th (Reserve) Bn Royal Fusiliers in the UK and then went to France to command 6th (Service) Bn Bedfordshire Regiment and 17th (Garrison) Bn Royal Sussex on the Western Front before returning to the 4th Royal Sussex after its arrival from the Mediterranean in 1918. He led the battalion through the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918 and continued to command the battalion in the postwar Territorial Army. Governor of Western Australia Campion (left of centre) at Western Australia's centenary celebrations in 1929. In June 1924 Campion was appointed Governor of Western Australia. From October 1924 to June 1931 Campion worked with Labor and Nationalist premiers alike in harmony during a period without major political crises. He presided with dignity over the state's centennial celebrations in 1929. Later years Campion returned to England in 1931 and retired to his country house in Sussex, but spoke frequently in favour of organized migration to Australia. He was a member of the Empire Settlement Committee in 1935. He accepted appointment as chairman of two Australian based gold-mining companies. He visited Australia in 1935–36 to inspect properties and again in 1939. Campion died in Sussex on 2 January 1951, survived by his wife and four children: William Simon Campion (1895–1976) – married, with issue; Dorothy Mary Campion, Countess of Carnegie (1897–1967), married to John Carnegie, 12th Earl of Northesk with issue; Wilfred Edward Campion (1899–1972) – married with issue (divorced); Barbara Campion Willis Fleming (1903–1999) – married with issue (divorced). References ^ a b Army List, various dates. ^ a b c 4th Bn, Royal Sussex, war diary at West Sussex Council. ^ a b c Maj C.H. Dudley Ward, History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division (T.F.) 1914–1918, Cardiff: Western Mail, 1927/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 978-1-845740-50-4, p. 249. ^ Brig C.F. Aspinall-Oglander, History of the Great War: Military Operations Gallipoli, Vol II, May 1915 to the Evacuation, London: Heinemann, 1932/Imperial War Museum & Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 0-89839-175-X/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84574-948-4, pp. 291–2. ^ 17th (Garrison) Bn, Royal Sussex, war diary at West Sussex Council. Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Campion Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded bySir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 4th Baronet Member of Parliament for Lewes 1910–1924 Succeeded byTufton Beamish Government offices Preceded bySir Francis Newdegate Governor of Western Australia 1924–1931 VacantTitle next held bySir James Mitchell vteGovernors of Western AustraliaBefore Federation Stirling Hutt Clarke Irwin Fitzgerald Kennedy Hampton Pine Weld Robinson Ord Robinson Broome Robinson Smith After Federation Lawley Bedford Strickland Barron Ellison-Macartney Newdegate Campion Mitchell Gairdner Kendrew Edwards Kyle Trowbridge Reid Burt Jeffery J. Sanderson Michael McCusker K. Sanderson Beazley Dawson Authority control databases: People Australia Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"TD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Decoration"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Governor of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia"}],"text":"Sir William Robert Campion, KCMG, DSO, TD, DL (3 July 1870 – 2 January 1951) was a British soldier, politician, and the 21st Governor of Western Australia from 1924 to 1931.","title":"William Campion (governor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_Lewes_by-election"}],"text":"Born in London, England on 3 July 1870, Campion was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford, and was the Conservative MP for Lewes from 1910 to 1924.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Volunteer_Battalion,_Royal_Sussex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"4th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Battalion,_Royal_Sussex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Honorary Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)#Honorary_Colonel"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-1"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WardCOs-3"},{"link_name":"Suvla Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Suvla_Bay"},{"link_name":"2/4th Queen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Battalion,_Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)#2/4th_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WardCOs-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WardCOs-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-1"}],"text":"Campion was commissioned into the part-time 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment, later 4th Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment (of which his father was Honorary Colonel) in 1888. On the outbreak of World War I he was the battalion's senior Captain with the rank of honorary Major.[1] He became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Line battalion (1/4th Royal Sussex) and commanded it in the Gallipoli campaign.[2][3] At its first action, at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915, the Official History records that the orders given to Lt-Col Campion 'were vague in the extreme. The colonel was verbally told \"to restore the line\". No one knew where it was, but he was told that \"if he went in that direction (pointing to a column of smoke from the burning scrub) he ought to find the 2/4th Queen's\".' The 1/4th Sussex advanced steadily in extended order, found the Queen's who had been driven off the crest, and consolidated a line, having suffered heavy casualties.[2][4] Campion was evacuated to England sick on 5 October.[2][3]Campion later commanded 15th (Reserve) Bn Royal Fusiliers in the UK and then went to France to command 6th (Service) Bn Bedfordshire Regiment and 17th (Garrison) Bn Royal Sussex on the Western Front before returning to the 4th Royal Sussex after its arrival from the Mediterranean in 1918. He led the battalion through the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.[3][5] He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918 and continued to command the battalion in the postwar Territorial Army.[1]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WA_centenary_celebrations_(12_August_1929).jpg"},{"link_name":"Governor of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)"}],"text":"Campion (left of centre) at Western Australia's centenary celebrations in 1929.In June 1924 Campion was appointed Governor of Western Australia. From October 1924 to June 1931 Campion worked with Labor and Nationalist premiers alike in harmony during a period without major political crises. He presided with dignity over the state's centennial celebrations in 1929.","title":"Governor of Western Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"John Carnegie, 12th Earl of Northesk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carnegie,_12th_Earl_of_Northesk"}],"text":"Campion returned to England in 1931 and retired to his country house in Sussex, but spoke frequently in favour of organized migration to Australia. He was a member of the Empire Settlement Committee in 1935. He accepted appointment as chairman of two Australian based gold-mining companies. He visited Australia in 1935–36 to inspect properties and again in 1939.Campion died in Sussex on 2 January 1951, survived by his wife and four children: William Simon Campion (1895–1976) – married, with issue; Dorothy Mary Campion, Countess of Carnegie (1897–1967), married to John Carnegie, 12th Earl of Northesk with issue; Wilfred Edward Campion (1899–1972) – married with issue (divorced); Barbara Campion Willis Fleming (1903–1999) – married with issue (divorced).","title":"Later years"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Be_Cool
How to Be Cool
["1 Release details","2 Television adaptation","3 References"]
1987 novel written by Philip Pullman How to be Cool First editionAuthorPhilip PullmanLanguageEnglishPublisherHeinemannPublication date1 September 1987Publication placeUnited KingdomPages160ISBN0-434-95781-X How to be Cool is a 1987 novel written by Philip Pullman and intended for older teen readers. The plot revolves around a young man named Jacob who finds out the truth about the sinister plans of the National Cool Board and hits upon an idea to beat them at their own game. Release details 1987, UK Heinemann Young Books (ISBN 0-434-95781-X), Pub date 1 September 1987, hardback (First edition) 1987, UK Heinemann Young Books (ISBN 0-434-95782-8), Pub date 1 September 1987, paperback Cover illustration & lettering: Martina Farrow Television adaptation It was adapted for television in the United Kingdom by Granada Television for ITV, and starred Roger Daltrey and Freddie Jones. Three 50-minute episodes aired between 3–17 December 1988. References ^ How to Be Cool at Fantastic Fiction ^ How to Be Cool at the BFI database ^ "How to Be Cool (TV series)". BFI. Retrieved 13 February 2021. vteWorks by Philip PullmanSally Lockhart The Ruby in the Smoke (1985) The Shadow in the North (1986) The Tiger in the Well (1990) The Tin Princess (1994) His Dark MaterialsOriginal novels Northern Lights (1995) The Subtle Knife (1997) The Amber Spyglass (2000) Companion books Lyra's Oxford (2003) Once Upon a Time in the North (2008) Serpentine (2020) The Book of Dust La Belle Sauvage (2017) The Secret Commonwealth (2019) Other The Haunted Storm (1972) Count Karlstein (1982) How to be Cool (1987) The Broken Bridge (1990) The White Mercedes (1992) Clockwork (1999) The Firework-Maker's Daughter (1995) The Butterfly Tattoo (1998) I Was a Rat! or, The Scarlet Slippers (1999) The Scarecrow and his Servant (2004) The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ (2010) This article about a young adult novel of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Pullman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"How to be Cool is a 1987 novel written by Philip Pullman and intended for older teen readers. The plot revolves around a young man named Jacob who finds out the truth about the sinister plans of the National Cool Board and hits upon an idea to beat them at their own game.[1]","title":"How to Be Cool"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-434-95781-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-95781-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-434-95782-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-95782-8"}],"text":"1987, UK Heinemann Young Books (ISBN 0-434-95781-X), Pub date 1 September 1987, hardback (First edition)\n1987, UK Heinemann Young Books (ISBN 0-434-95782-8), Pub date 1 September 1987, paperbackCover illustration & lettering: Martina Farrow","title":"Release details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granada Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Television"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Network"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Freddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Jones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It was adapted for television in the United Kingdom by Granada Television for ITV, and starred Roger Daltrey and Freddie Jones. Three 50-minute episodes aired between 3–17 December 1988.[2][3]","title":"Television adaptation"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Baker
Irene Baker
["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Death","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American politician (1901–1994) For the British-born American botanist, see Irene Baker (botanist). Irene BakerMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Tennessee's 2nd districtIn officeMarch 10, 1964 – January 3, 1965Preceded byHoward Baker Sr.Succeeded byJohn Duncan Sr. Personal detailsBornEdith Irene BaileyNovember 17, 1901 (1901-11-17)Sevierville, TennesseeDiedApril 2, 1994 (1994-04-03) (aged 92)Loudon, TennesseeCitizenship United StatesPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseHoward Baker Sr.ChildrenHoward H. Baker Jr. (stepson) Mary Elizabeth Baker (stepdaughter) Beverly Irene BakerProfessionpolitician Edith Irene Bailey Baker (November 17, 1901 – April 2, 1994) was an American politician and a United States Representative from Tennessee. She was the widow of Howard Baker Sr. and the stepmother of Howard Baker Jr. Biography Baker was born in Sevierville, Tennessee, on November 17, 1901, and attended public schools in Sevierville and Maryville. Career Baker served as Deputy County Court Clerk of Sevier County from 1918 to 1922 and as Deputy Clerk and Master of Chancery Court from 1922 to 1924. After her first husband's death, Baker went to work for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). On September 15, 1935, she married Howard Baker Sr., who was a widower with two children. The couple raised Baker's two children from his first marriage, Howard H. Baker Jr. and Mary Elizabeth Baker, as well as a daughter of their own, Beverly Irene Baker. She served on the Republican National Committee from 1960 to 1964. When her husband died suddenly in office on January 7, 1964, Baker ran as a Republican in the special election to fill the remainder of his term, defeating Democrat Willard Yarbrough, a Knoxville journalist. As a candidate for the seat, she promised to serve only as a caretaker who would not seek further election; and she fulfilled that promise, and served from March 10, 1964, to January 3, 1965. While in Congress, she served on the House Committee on Government Operations and advocated for a balanced federal budget. She also championed coal mining interests, the TVA, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission programs in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and cost of living increases in Social Security pensions. As one of ten Republicans from the South, she voted against the Civil Rights Act. After leaving Congress in 1965, Baker became Director of Public Welfare in Knoxville, Tennessee, a position she held until 1971. Death Baker died in Loudon, Tennessee on April 2, 1994 (age 92 years, 136 days). She is interred at Sherwood Memorial Gardens, in Loudon, Tennessee. See also Women in the United States House of Representatives References ^ "Irene Bailey Baker". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved May 16, 2013. ^ "Irene Bailey Baker". Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved May 16, 2013. ^ Irene Bailey Baker. Women in Congress, 1917–2006. 2006. ISBN 978-0-16-076753-1. Retrieved May 16, 2013. ^ https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h182 ^ Irene Bailey Baker. Tennessee Biographical Dictionary. January 1, 2000. ISBN 978-0-403-09700-5. Retrieved May 16, 2013. ^ "Irene Bailey Baker". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved May 16, 2013. External links United States Congress. "Irene Baker (id: B000064)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Irene Bailey Baker in Women in Congress, 1917–2006, prepared under the direction of the Committee on House Administration by the Office of History & Preservation, U. S. House of Representatives. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2006. Irene Baker at Find a Grave U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byHoward H. Baker Sr. Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 2nd congressional district 1964–1965 Succeeded byJohn Duncan Sr. vteTennessee's delegation(s) to the 88th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) 88th Senate: ▌E. Kefauver (D) ▌A. Gore Sr. (D) ▌H. Walters (D) ▌R. Bass (D) House: ▌C. Davis (D) ▌T. Murray (D) ▌J. Evins (D) ▌H. Baker Sr. (R) ▌R. Bass (D) ▌R. Everett (D) ▌B. Brock (R) ▌R. Fulton (D) ▌J. Quillen (R) ▌I. Baker (R) Authority control databases People US Congress Other SNAC
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Riddle%27s_Diary
Magical objects in Harry Potter
["1 Communication","1.1 Fake Galleon","1.2 Howler","2 Concealers","2.1 Deluminator","2.2 Invisibility cloak","3 Deathly Hallows","3.1 Elder Wand","3.2 Resurrection Stone","3.3 Cloak of Invisibility","4 Detectors","4.1 Alastor Moody's Eyeball","4.2 Foe-glass","4.3 The Marauder's Map","4.4 Probity Probe","4.5 Remembrall","4.6 Revealer","4.7 Secrecy Sensor","4.8 Sneakoscope","4.9 Weasley family clock","5 Games","5.1 Exploding Snap","5.2 Gobstones","5.3 Quidditch balls","5.4 Self-Shuffling Playing Cards","5.5 Wizard's Chess","6 Horcruxes","6.1 Tom Riddle's diary","6.2 Marvolo Gaunt's ring","6.3 Salazar Slytherin's locket","6.4 Helga Hufflepuff's cup","6.5 Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem","6.6 Harry Potter","6.7 Nagini","7 Legendary magical artifacts","7.1 Goblet of Fire","7.2 Godric Gryffindor's Sword","7.3 Philosopher's stone","7.4 Sorting Hat","8 Mirrors","8.1 The Mirror of Erised","8.2 Two-way mirrors","9 Prank objects","9.1 Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes","9.2 Zonko's Joke Shop","9.3 Other prank objects","10 Storage receptacles","10.1 Hermione's handbag","10.2 Mokeskin pouch","10.3 Moody's Magical Trunk","10.4 Pensieve","11 Transportation","11.1 Arthur Weasley's Flying Ford Anglia","11.2 Broomsticks","11.3 Floo Powder","11.4 Flying carpets","11.5 Hogwarts Express","11.6 Knight Bus","11.7 Portkeys","11.8 Sirius Black's Enchanted Motorbike","11.9 Time-Turner","11.10 Vanishing Cabinet","12 Writing equipment","12.1 Anti-Cheating Quill","12.2 Auto-Answer Quill","12.3 Blood Quill","12.4 The Quill of Acceptance","12.5 Quick Quotes Quill","12.6 Spell-Checking Quill","13 Other uncategorised objects","13.1 Cauldron","13.2 Gubraithian fire","13.3 Omnioculars","13.4 Spellotape","13.5 Wand","14 References"]
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Magical objects in Harry Potter" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The following is a list of magical objects used in the fictional universe of Harry Potter in the original book series, as well as in the adapted film series. Communication Fake Galleon In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hermione Granger creates fake, enchanted Galleons (wizard money) that are used for communication between members of Dumbledore's Army (DA). Like non-enchanted Galleons, the coins have numerals around the edge. On non-enchanted Galleons these serial numbers signify the goblin who cast the coin; on the enchanted Galleons, the numbers represent the time and date of the next DA meeting. Due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the numbers change to alert the members to look at their coins. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Draco Malfoy uses a pair of enchanted coins to bypass the communication limits imposed on Hogwarts, thus managing to keep in contact with Madam Rosmerta, whom he had placed under the Imperius Curse. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermione's DA coins, which were themselves inspired by Lord Voldemort's use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville Longbottom uses the DA's coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and Hermione have returned to Hogwarts. Howler A Howler sent to Ron Weasley A Howler is a scarlet-red letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the sender's voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient and then self-destructs itself by burning. If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smoulders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal. In the film version, the Howler folds itself into an origami-style set of lips and teeth and shouts the message out, and then shreds itself into scraps of paper before it burns itself. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his father's enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confesses that he had once received a Howler from his grandmother Augusta, stating that he ignored it and that the result was "horrible". Subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor common room in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Hermione receives one in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after Rita Skeeter publishes a false article about a relationship between Hermione and Harry. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledore sends Harry's aunt Petunia Dursley a Howler to remind her of the agreement to allow Harry to live at Privet Drive when Harry's Uncle Vernon attempts to throw him out. Concealers Deluminator A deluminator is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter. It is used to remove or absorb (as well as return) the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Dumbledore uses the deluminator (then referred to as the Put-Outer) to darken Privet Drive, where the Dursley family's house is located. It was seen in Order of the Phoenix where Dumbledore loans the deluminator to Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys' home to Sirius's home at Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore uses the deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry. In Deathly Hallows, it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore in his will. Later in the book, after Ron had left his friends in anger, the deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, similar to a homing device. Ron hears Hermione through the device as she says his name for the first time since he left, and, when he clicks it, the emitted ball of light enters his body and allows him to locate and apparate to the vicinity of Harry and Hermione's camp. J. K. Rowling stated Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione. Invisibility cloak See also: Cloak of Invisibility Within the Harry Potter universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible. All are very rare and expensive. In Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them it is said invisibility cloaks may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise. Invisibility cloaks can also be ordinary cloaks with a Disillusionment Charm or a Bedazzlement Hex placed on them. Over time, these cloaks will lose their invisibility ability, eventually becoming opaque and vulnerable to penetration by various spells. Moody is known to possess two invisibility cloaks. One of these was borrowed by Sturgis Podmore in the course of work for the Order of the Phoenix. Barty Crouch Sr. possessed one as well, which he used to hide his son Barty Crouch Jr. to prevent him from being found and returned to Azkaban, the wizarding prison. Several times in the series, characters have been shown to either suspect or in some other fashion "sense" that Harry is wearing his cloak: Snape is seen to be suspicious when being followed by Harry, even reaching out to grab at (what appears to be) thin air; in Half-Blood Prince, Draco Malfoy realises Harry is in his train carriage and successfully immobilizes him with a Petrificus Totalus (Body-Bind) curse, as despite wearing his cloak Harry inadvertently moved objects near him; and in Chamber of Secrets, Albus Dumbledore senses Harry and Ron beneath it in Hagrid's cabin while talking to Lucius Malfoy during the event when Cornelius Fudge comes to take Hagrid to Azkaban and Lucius Malfoy hands over to Dumbledore his suspension letter. Dumbledore was able to sense Harry and Ron beneath the invisibility cloak by discreetly performing a non-verbal Human-presence-revealing Spell. Deathly Hallows The sign of the Deathly Hallows represents all three objects symbolically: the Wand, the Stone, and the Cloak. The Deathly Hallows are three magical objects that are the focus of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – the Elder Wand, the Resurrection Stone, and the Cloak of Invisibility. When owned by one person, they are said to give mastery over death. The objects are generally remembered only as part of a wizard's fairy tale called The Tale of the Three Brothers, and have become mythological over time, but a small number of wizards, including Dumbledore, still believe in their existence and seek them. According to J. K. Rowling, the story about how these objects came into existence is based upon Geoffrey Chaucer's The Pardoner's Tale. According to the tale, three brothers evaded Death, who gave them a choice of anything they wanted. The first brother chose a wand that could not be defeated in battle, the second brother asked for a way to bring back someone from the dead, and the third brother selected a cloak that made the wearer invisible, even to Death himself. Eventually, the first brother was killed, the second committed suicide, and finally, the third brother evaded Death and gave the cloak to his son. The story is generally believed to refer to the Peverell brothers centuries ago, although very few actually believe the story to be fully true. Dumbledore believed that the Peverells were simply particularly powerful and ingenious wizard inventors. The sign of the Deathly Hallows had also been adopted as a personal symbol by dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald; therefore many wizards, such as Viktor Krum, mistakenly understood it to be a symbol of dark magic. Dumbledore had sought the Hallows, initially in his youth as a friend of Grindelwald for the power they were said to bestow, but later on as a means to undo the accidental death of his sister. He eventually concluded he was "unworthy" to possess them. He feels Harry could be a more worthy custodian but also fears Harry would be enamoured of their power, therefore he guides Harry to them in a circuitous manner. By contrast, Voldemort simply sought the wand for its supposedly unbeatable power, after his previous wand unaccountably failed to kill Harry Potter. He had not realised that the wand was one of three Hallows, nor sought the other two Hallows. He also possessed the Resurrection Stone but only made use of it as a Horcrux. Dumbledore says that he doubts Voldemort would have any interest in the Cloak or the Stone even if he did know about them. Harry eventually comes to possess all three Hallows – the cloak being inherited from his father James Potter, later understood to be a descendant of one of the Peverell brothers, the Resurrection Stone in the Golden Snitch bequeathed to him by Dumbledore, and the allegiance and mastery of the Elder Wand when he defeats and disarms its prior owner, Draco Malfoy, who unwittingly won it from Dumbledore just before Dumbledore's death. After Voldemort's death, Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his own damaged wand, then decides to return it to Dumbledore's tomb, so that when Harry has a natural death, ownership of the Elder Wand will die with him. In the film, Harry destroys the Elder Wand by snapping it in half before throwing it from the bridge to prevent its misuse, having seen the wand as a dangerous artifact. He also drops the Resurrection Stone in the Forbidden Forest but decides not to look for it in the hope that no wizard or witch will ever be able to own all three Hallows. He keeps the Cloak he had inherited, with the thought that he might pass it on to his children someday. Elder Wand A replica of the Elder Wand used in the film The Elder Wand, also known as Deathstick or the Wand of Destiny, is an extremely powerful wand made of elder wood with a core of Thestral tail hair. In the book it is a thing of legend and is believed to have changed owners throughout history. The wand's allegiance is thought to be won by killing its previous owner, and therefore its "bloody trail" had become "splattered across the pages of wizarding history", making it the Hallow most easily verified to be a real object. However, Harry discovers from Garrick Ollivander the wandmaker that this popular understanding is incorrect; the Elder Wand actually transfers its loyalty upon the defeat or disarmament, and not necessarily the killing, of its previous master. It will never work fully for a new owner otherwise. This subtle distinction becomes the basis upon which Voldemort is finally defeated, when he believes he has won the wand's allegiance by killing Snape, who killed Dumbledore, while Harry realises in fact he had disarmed the wand's true owner, Draco Malfoy, who had disarmed Dumbledore before Snape killed him. This left Harry and not Voldemort as the wand's true master in their final encounter, even though neither Draco nor Harry had physically possessed the Elder Wand at that point. According to wizard folklore, the Elder Wand used by its true master cannot be defeated in a duel; this is incorrect, for Dumbledore was able to defeat the legendary dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald, who was the master of the Elder Wand at that point. It also appears, as the wand is somewhat sentient (as are all wands), that it will not allow itself to cause real harm to its true master. If its master dies naturally without ever being defeated or disarmed, the wand's exceptional power will end for any following owner, since it was never won from the former. The power of the Elder Wand was first shown in history, as Antioch Peverell, the eldest of the mythical Three Brothers, had a duel with an enemy he had long wanted to defeat. He won, and left his enemy dead on the floor; however, after boasting of his unbeatable wand, Antioch was robbed and killed in his sleep by a rival wanting to take the wand. It eventually came to the possession of Mykew Gregorovitch, a Bulgarian wandmaker. Gregorovitch boasted about possessing the Elder Wand, believing it would boost his popularity, and he tried to reverse engineer its secrets as he faced competition from Ollivander. It was stolen from him by Grindelwald, a former friend of Dumbledore who sought to impose wizard power in the world. Grindelwald was defeated "at the height of his power" by Dumbledore, who in his later years considered it the "only hallow was fit to possess, not to boast of it or kill with it, but to tame it". Dumbledore arranged his own death with Severus Snape, intending in part for Snape to "end up with the Elder Wand." Because his death would have been pre-arranged and not the result of his defeat, he had hoped this might break the wand's power. However, Draco Malfoy disarmed Dumbledore before his death at the hands of Snape, causing the plan to fail; the wand was buried in Dumbledore's tomb, but Draco had already unwittingly become its new master, even though he never took physical possession of it from Dumbledore. After Harry disarms Draco (even though Draco is not using the Elder Wand), the wand becomes loyal to Harry instead. In the final book, Voldemort seeks the wand in order to defeat Harry – his previous wands having failed – and breaks into Dumbledore's tomb to claim the wand as his own. During the Battle of Hogwarts, he understands that the wand is not performing for him as legend says it should, and mistakenly concludes this is because it had become loyal to Snape when Snape killed Dumbledore, and would only become loyal to him upon his killing of Snape. He therefore kills Snape, and believes the wand will thereafter serve him and be unbeatable, but during his final duel with Harry his Killing Curse rebounds and he dies – as Harry had warned him – since the Elder Wand will not allow itself to be used by him against its true master. After Voldemort's death, Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his own broken holly and phoenix-feather wand, which he says he was "happier with." He decides to return the Elder Wand to Dumbledore's grave, feeling that if he dies peacefully, its superior power will end. In the film, Harry snaps the wand in two and throws the pieces off a bridge, knowing that the wand was a dangerous item that can be misused by the wrong hands. Ron stated that the Elder Wand would be the Hallow he would choose, simply because it is the "unbeatable wand", arguing that it was only dangerous to the brother who requested it because he kept on talking about his ownership of it and encouraging people to fight him. Hermione (who said she would choose the Cloak) is sceptical, reminding him that the Wand, by its very nature, would make its possessor overconfident and braggadocious. J. K. Rowling revealed in an interview that the first working title for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was Harry Potter and the Elder Wand. Resurrection Stone The Resurrection Stone allows the holder to bring back deceased loved ones, in a semi-physical form, and communicate with them. The form of Sirius Black generated by the stone tells Harry that he and the other forms created by the stone are part of him and invisible to others. This seems to suggest that these apparitions are conjured from memories and are not really resurrected people. According to the fairy tale concerning the origin of the Deathly Hallows, using the Resurrection Stone drove the owner to kill himself because he brought his late fiancée back from the dead, and she was very unhappy in the real world because she did not belong there. By the time the stone was seen in Marvolo Gaunt's possession, it had been set into a ring that bore the symbol of the Deathly Hallows, which the ignorant Gaunt believed to be the Peverell coat of arms; he used the ring to boast about his ancestry and blood purity. Both Dumbledore and Grindelwald desired the stone, but for different reasons. While Dumbledore wanted it to communicate with his dead family, Grindelwald allegedly intended to use it to create an army of zombie-like Inferi. Harry said this is the Hallow he would desire most, as like Dumbledore he could name people he would like to communicate with again. Voldemort became aware of the ring's antiquity and eventually used it as a Horcrux, a container for part of his soul, being unaware of the stone's additional magical properties. Dumbledore recovered the ring from Marvolo's estate, recognizing it as both a Horcrux and one of the Deathly Hallows. Forgetting that as a Horcrux, it was likely to be protected by curses laid by Voldemort, and blinded by personal desire, Dumbledore attempted to use the Resurrection Stone to talk to his deceased family. The curse destroyed his hand and began to spread throughout his body. Though the spread was partly contained in the destroyed and blackened hand by Snape, Dumbledore was doomed, having, at most, a year left to live. In their Kings Cross encounter, Dumbledore told Harry that this proved he had learned nothing from his past mistakes and ambitions for using the Hallows, and was part of the reason for his fear that Harry might also become obsessed with their power if told of them. The stone was later passed to Harry through Dumbledore's will, hidden inside the Golden Snitch Harry caught with his mouth, nearly swallowing it, in his first-ever Quidditch match. The Snitch revealed the message "I open at the close" when touched by Harry's lips. Harry is unable to open the Snitch until he is about to die in the Forest, and realises then "the close" means the end, or his death. Harry uses the Stone to summon his deceased loved ones – his parents, his godfather Sirius Black, and Remus Lupin – to comfort him and strengthen his courage, before he goes to meet his death at Voldemort's hand. The stone falls unseen from Harry's numb fingers in the Forbidden Forest as he reaches Voldemort's encampment. Harry survives the encounter and he and Dumbledore's portrait later agreed that Harry will neither search for it nor tell others where it is. In a 2007 interview, J. K. Rowling said she would like to believe a centaur's hoof pushed it into the ground, burying it forever. Cloak of Invisibility See also: Invisibility cloaks Invisibility cloak Introduced in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the cloak of Invisibility has the power to shield the wearer from being seen by Death. Unlike other invisibility cloaks known to exist, it is able to completely shield the wearer and others from sight and cannot be worn out by time or spells; other cloaks will lose their ability to conceal the wearer over time or become worn out, but the Hallow cloak will never fade or become damaged. At the end of Deathly Hallows, Dumbledore explains to Harry the cloak's true magic is it can shield and protect others as well as its owner. This is apparent when it does not respond to a Death Eater's Summoning Charm while concealing Harry, Ron and Hermione in Deathly Hallows. Hermione claims that this is the Hallow she would choose, citing the usefulness Harry has found of it. It was the Hallow belonging to Ignotus Peverell, who did not trust Death and took the cloak to hide from him, only giving it up when he was old and ready for death. After his death, the cloak was passed down from father to son through Peverell's descendants, through his granddaughter, Iolanthe Peverell of Godric's Hollow, who married Hardwin Potter of the Gloucestershire Potters, all the way directly down to James Potter. The cloak was not in James' possession the night he was murdered; he had previously lent it to Dumbledore, who was greatly interested in the Deathly Hallows and suspected that the Potter family heirloom was more than it appeared. Dumbledore returned the cloak to Harry a decade later as a Christmas present during his first year at Hogwarts. Harry uses the cloak throughout the series in order to sneak around the school on various adventures. Harry's father also used the cloak for similar purposes. It is large enough to accommodate Harry, Ron, and Hermione as a group during their first year, but the three have increasing difficulty fitting under it as they grow taller in later years. While making the wearer invisible to Muggles and wizards, some creatures are able to sense people hidden under it. Snakes, for example, cannot see through the Cloak of Invisibility, but they can somehow detect people under it. Mrs. Norris, Filch's cat, also seems to sense Harry when he wears the cloak. Wearers can also be detected by the Human-presence-revealing Spell. In Goblet of Fire, Moody's magical eye can see Harry under the cloak. In Prisoner of Azkaban, Dumbledore warns that the Dementors' perception of humans is unhindered by invisibility cloaks, as they are blind and sense people through emotions. In the play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Harry gives the Cloak of Invisibility to his eldest son James Potter, noting he'd "been going on about the Invisibility Cloak since time itself". However, James' younger brother Albus steals the Cloak and uses it to evade bullies at Hogwarts. Detectors Alastor Moody's Eyeball Alastor Moody lost his eye sometime during the First Wizarding War. He replaced it with an enchanted glass eyeball. In the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the eyeball is blue, and replaces his left eye. In the books, it replaces his right eye. The eyeball has many magical enchantments on it, giving it the ability to see through walls and other solid objects, notably invisibility cloaks, can rotate 360 degrees inside his head, and can be fully removed from his head. The eyeball is also very sensitive, as after Barty Crouch Jr. was caught Moody complained that the eyeball kept sticking "ever since that scum wore it". After Moody was killed on 27 July 1997 during the plan to move Harry from 4 Privet Drive, the eyeball was given to Dolores Umbridge after his body was recovered by Death Eaters. She placed the eyeball in her door so that she could keep an eye on her employees. Harry stole the eyeball during his raid on the ministry, and buried it in the forest, where the Quidditch World Cup was held. Foe-glass A Foe-glass is a mirror that detects and shows its owner's enemies in or out of focus, depending on how close they are. Barty Crouch Jr., while impersonating Moody, says that when the whites of their eyes are visible, he is in trouble. When Crouch Jr. is attacking Harry after the third task, Harry sees Snape, McGonagall and Dumbledore approach the room in the mirror before they show up. A Foe-glass is hanging in the Room of Requirement in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Harry uses the Room for D.A. meetings. Like all dark detectors, it can be fooled, as mentioned by Harry at the beginning of the first D.A. meeting. The Marauder's Map After first appearing in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban the Marauder's Map was redesigned for each subsequent film The Marauder's Map is a magical map of Hogwarts created by Remus Lupin, Peter Pettigrew, Sirius Black, and James Potter (respectively nicknamed "Moony", "Wormtail", "Padfoot", and "Prongs") while they were students at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Fred and George Weasley give the map to Harry so he can travel to Hogsmeade through a hidden passageway. The twins had previously stolen the map from a drawer in Filch's office that contained dangerous confiscated objects; it is revealed by Lupin that Filch probably knew what it was but not how to work it. Snape later finds the map in Harry's possession and tries to force it to reveal its secrets, but the map insults him. Lupin, the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at the time, is called upon to investigate this "dark object", and confiscates it to keep Harry safe. Later he returns it to Harry after resigning his post at Hogwarts. From then on, the map becomes one of Harry's most useful tools in his ongoing adventures. When not in use, the Map is simply a blank piece of parchment. It can be activated by pointing a wand at it and saying, "I solemnly swear that I am up to no good", at which point the message "Messrs. Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot and Prongs, purveyors of aids to magical mischief-makers, are proud to present the Marauder's Map" appears, along with a detailed layout of Hogwarts. The map is restored to its original blank state by saying "Mischief managed". The map displays the location of everyone within the castle and its grounds. It includes locations of secret passageways and instructions on how to access them. Several locations like the Room of Requirement and the Chamber of Secrets do not appear on the map, either as the Marauders did not have any knowledge of them, or, in the case of the former, they are not a fixed location. Animagus disguises, Polyjuice Potion, and invisibility cloaks cannot fool the map. In Prisoner of Azkaban, Peter Pettigrew, who is supposed to be dead but as an Animagus has transformed into a rat, shows up on the map under his real name. In Goblet of Fire, Barty Crouch Jr. is using Polyjuice Potion to disguise himself as Moody. At one point, Harry catches him on the map searching Snape's office for ingredients, but mistakes him for his father, Barty Crouch Sr., as the map cannot differentiate between two individuals who share a first and last name. Crouch Jr. subsequently confiscates the map from Harry, and uses it to track down and murder his own father when his father breaks free of the Imperius Curse and comes to Hogwarts looking for him. On the prop version of the map made for the films, the lines are made up of what at first glance are just random letters, but upon closer inspection are Latin words. The series makes no mention of Harry recovering the map from Crouch Jr.'s office, even though he continued to use it in later books; when asked about this discrepancy, J. K. Rowling answered that Harry had indeed sneaked into the office and recovered it in the days following the Third Task, and that she had forgotten to include this detail in the book. When asked during an online question session, "What child did Harry give the Marauder's Map to, if any?" (after his school years), J. K. Rowling responded, "I've got a feeling he didn't give it to any of them, but that James (Harry's eldest son) sneaked it out of his father's desk one day." However, in Cursed Child, Harry is shown to still possess the Marauder's Map and gives it to Professor McGonagall to keep an eye on his wayward son Albus Potter. Probity Probe A Probity Probe detects spells of concealment and hidden magical objects. The detector made its first appearance in Order of the Phoenix at the Ministry of Magic as a thin golden rod. After Voldemort's return, Probes are used as part of the increased security at Gringotts Bank as well as for scanning the students of Hogwarts for Dark objects. They are last seen when Harry, Ron, and Hermione arrive at Gringotts in Deathly Hallows to rob Bellatrix Lestrange's vault of one of Voldemort's Horcruxes. Remembrall Remembrall at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter A Remembrall is a small, clear orb, about the size of a large marble, containing smoke that turns red when it detects that the person holding it has forgotten something. It does not tell the holder what has been forgotten. The forgetful Neville Longbottom is sent a Remembrall by his grandmother in Philosopher's Stone. Remembralls are forbidden from being used during the O.W.L. exams. Revealer A Revealer is a bright red eraser, used to make invisible ink appear. It made its first appearance in Chamber of Secrets when Hermione tried to make hidden writing appear in Tom Riddle's diary. Secrecy Sensor The Secrecy Sensor is a dark detector described as "an object that looked something like an extra-squiggly, golden television aerial." It vibrates when it detects concealment and lies. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Barty Crouch Jr disguised as Alastor (mad-eye) Moody mentions that it is "no use here, of course, too much interference – students in every direction lying about why they haven't done their homework." In Order of the Phoenix, Secrecy Sensors are used at the Atrium Desk in the Ministry of Magic upon visitors to the government locale. Later in the book, Harry mentions to Dumbledore's Army that they can be easily fooled like their other dark-detecting counterparts. In Half-Blood Prince, due to Hogwarts' new stringent security measures, Argus Filch is assigned to inspect every student entering the castle with Secrecy Sensors. All the owls flying into Hogwarts are also placed under this measure to ensure that no Dark object enters the castle through mail. Hermione later explains that although Secrecy Sensors detect jinxes, curses, and Concealment Charms, they cannot detect love potions, as they are not considered Dark. Sneakoscope A Sneakoscope serves as a Dark Arts detector. The device is described as a miniature glass spinning-top that emits shrill noises in the presence of deception, for instance, when an untrustworthy person is near or when a deceitful event takes place nearby. Sneakoscopes are introduced in Prisoner of Azkaban when Harry receives a pocket-sized version from Ron for his 13th birthday. Bill says that Pocket Sneakoscopes are unreliable, as it lit up and spun at dinner for apparently no reason, but Fred and George had put beetles in his soup without his knowledge. The sneakoscope appears again on the Hogwarts Express, and again in Harry and Ron's dormitory. Harry later discovers that Scabbers, Ron's rat, who is present each time the Sneakoscope is spinning, is actually Peter Pettigrew in Animagus form. In Goblet of Fire, Alastor Moody has several sneakoscopes that he somehow disabled, claiming, "It wouldn't stop whistling", keeping them in one of the seven compartments of his magical trunk. The sneakoscopes' constant alerts in his presence were because he was Barty Crouch Jr. using Polyjuice Potion. In Deathly Hallows, Hermione gives Harry a Sneakoscope for his seventeenth birthday which they later use as a lookout while in hiding. Weasley family clock The Weasleys' clock The Weasleys have a special clock in their home, the Burrow, with nine hands, one for every member of the family. Instead of telling the time, the clock reveals the location or status of each family member. The known locations are: Home, School, Work, Travelling, Lost, Hospital, Prison, and Mortal Peril. The Weasleys are the only family mentioned in the series to own such a clock. Dumbledore calls the clock "excellent" and seems impressed by it. The location Mortal Peril is situated where the numeral 12 would normally be. Throughout the first five books, the hands change to reflect the varying statuses of the family members, but by the sixth book all nine hands point to mortal peril at all times, except when someone is travelling. Mrs. Weasley takes this to mean that with Voldemort's return, everyone is always in mortal peril, but she cannot verify this as she does not know anyone else who has a clock like hers. Various fans have re-created the clock for their own families, for example by using geofencing for cell phones. Games Exploding Snap Exploding Snap is a wizarding card game in which the cards spontaneously explode during games. The game is popular with Hogwarts students. In Chamber of Secrets, Harry and Ron are held back from investigating why spiders were fleeing Hogwarts because Fred and George delayed them with this game. Ron later singed his eyebrows while building a card house with Exploding Snap cards. In Order of the Phoenix, Lee Jordan is punished by Dolores Umbridge for saying that she cannot tell them off for playing this game, as one of her Educational Decrees states that teachers can only talk to students about the subjects they are paid to teach. In Cursed Child, Ginny remembers playing this game with Harry following the events of Chamber of Secrets and notes that it helped her to recover from the trauma (all the other students avoided her after learning the truth). Gobstones Gobstones is one of the many magical games played by young wizards in the books, along with Wizard's Chess and Exploding Snap. Gobstones is similar to the games of marbles and pétanque, except that in Gobstones, the balls spit, or gob, a foul-smelling liquid in the face of the opposing player when they lose a point. Hogwarts students are seen playing Gobstones throughout the books, and there is even a Gobstones Club at the school. It is also noted in the Harry Potter series that Eileen Prince (Snape's mother) was captain of Hogwarts' Gobstone Club, as a student, at age 15. Quidditch balls The Quidditch balls consist of a Quaffle, a large red ball (and the only one not bewitched to fly on its own) which the Chasers need to get through the three hoops on the field, gaining ten points each time this successfully occurs; two Bludgers, which fly around attempting to disturb the game and knock people off their brooms, and which the Beaters hit away from teammates and towards the opposing team; and the Golden Snitch, a very fast and difficult-to-see golden orb the size of a walnut with wings, which the Seeker on each team must capture to finish the game and gain 150 points. The Quidditch players wear gloves, leg pads, padded head guards, and occasionally goggles. Self-Shuffling Playing Cards In Chamber of Secrets, a pack of Self-Shuffling Cards is mentioned as one of the various objects littering the floor of Ron's room in the Burrow. Wizard's Chess Wizard's Chess is played with pieces and a board identical to Chess. The rules are also unchanged. The pieces are magically animated, and they violently attack each other when performing a capture, by knocking the captured piece out and dragging it off the board. The players order the pieces to move using algebraic chess notation. Chess pieces Ron has a wizard's chess set left to him by his grandfather, and Harry first plays with pieces borrowed from Seamus Finnigan, which kept shouting him advice because they did not trust him. Harry later gets a set of his own during his first Christmas at Hogwarts. During the 16th chapter of Philosopher's Stone, Harry, Ron and Hermione become human chess pieces in a life-sized game of Wizard's Chess, which Harry wins thanks to Ron's advice and sacrifice as a piece. In the films, the chess pieces are depicted using replicas of Lewis Chessmen. Horcruxes A Horcrux is an object used to store part of a person's soul, protecting that person from death (a function similar to a phylactery from other fantasy works). If the body of a Horcrux owner is killed, that portion of the soul that had remained in the body does not pass on to the next world, but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard, as stated in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and demonstrated in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. If all of someone's Horcruxes are destroyed, then the soul's only anchor in the material world would be the body, the destruction of which would then cause final death. The creation of Horcruxes is considered the darkest of all magic. This method was chosen by Voldemort to attain immortality. The concept is introduced in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. J. K. Rowling uses Horace Slughorn's expository dialogue to reveal that the creation of a Horcrux requires one to commit a murder, which, as the supreme act of evil, "rips the soul apart". After the murder, a spell is cast to infuse part of the ripped soul into an object, which then becomes a Horcrux. In the final book of the series, Hermione finds the spell in a book titled Secrets of the Darkest Art. Rowling has revealed that she intends to detail the process and spell used to create a Horcrux in her long-mentioned Harry Potter Encyclopedia. Both inanimate objects and living organisms have been used as Horcruxes, though the latter are considered riskier to use, since a living being can move and think for itself. There is no limit to the number of Horcruxes a witch or wizard can create. As the creator's soul is divided into progressively smaller portions, they lose more of their natural humanity and the soul becomes increasingly unstable. Consequently, under very specific conditions, a soul fragment can be sealed within an object without the intention or knowledge of the creator. While the object thus affected will, like any Horcrux, preserve the immortality of the creator, it does not become a "Dark object". For example, Voldemort has unusual control over Nagini, and consequently Nagini is able to communicate with Voldemort about the presence of Harry in Godric's Hollow in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Horcruxes made from inanimate objects are extremely difficult to destroy. They cannot be destroyed by conventional means such as smashing, breaking, or burning. To be destroyed, a Horcrux must suffer damage so severe that repair through magical means would be impossible. Very few magical objects or spells are powerful enough to achieve this (mentioned and used were the Fiendfyre, Gryffindor's Sword and Basilisk fangs, the last two only being able to inflict such damage due to the basilisk venom permeating them both). Once a Horcrux is irreparably damaged, the fragment of soul within it is destroyed. A Horcrux can be deliberately undone magically only if the creator goes through a process of deep remorse for the murder committed to create the Horcrux. The pain of this remorse can be so excruciating that the process may kill the creator. The known materials or objects known to be able to destroy Horcruxes are as follows: Basilisk Venom. When Harry killed the Basilisk in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, his arm was stabbed by a basilisk fang, and, shortly afterward, Tom Riddle states, "Remarkable, isn't it? How quickly the venom of the Basilisk penetrates the body." He also states that Harry would die within the minute. Basilisk fangs are permanently impregnated with venom, making them very effective at destroying Horcruxes. The Sword of Gryffindor. The Sword cannot be damaged in any way, shape, or form, as it is goblin-made. It can only change in such a way that makes it stronger than it previously was. When it was used to kill a Basilisk, the blade absorbed the venom, making the blade fatal by a single cut, and making it capable of destroying Horcruxes, due to the presence of the venom on the blade. Fiendfyre. A magical flame that cannot be extinguished unless it runs out of fuel. It burns incredibly hot, and almost nothing can resist its power. It can be summoned by a simple spell, but is very difficult to control. Its damage is irreparable, making it possible to destroy Horcruxes, but would likely kill the user in the process, as this happened to Crabbe when he summoned the flame trying to kill Harry, Ron, and Hermione in the Room of Requirement. Voldemort's creation of Horcruxes is central to the later storyline of the Harry Potter novels. As the number seven is a powerful number in magic, Voldemort intended to split his soul into that many pieces, with six Horcruxes and the last piece reposing within his body. When Voldemort attacked the Potter family, and his body was destroyed by the rebounded Killing Curse, a piece of his soul splintered off and attached itself to the only living thing remaining in the room, Harry Potter, in a manner similar to a Horcrux. Later on, Voldemort went on to complete his collection of the intended six Horcruxes by turning his snake Nagini into one, thus fragmenting his soul into a total of eight (counting the one residing in his own body), not seven, pieces. By that time, though, unbeknownst to Voldemort himself, the first Horcrux (a diary) had already been destroyed and, therefore, the seven Horcruxes never all existed together at the same point in time. All of Voldemort's deliberately created Horcruxes were made using objects that had been important to him or that held some symbolic value. He hid some of them carefully so that no one could find and destroy them, but used Nagini to do his bidding on several occasions, and the diary was always intended to be a weapon to carry out Voldemort's plan to remove Muggle-borns from Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the discovery of Voldemort's diary is revealed as the proof that lead to Dumbledore beginning the hunt for other Horcruxes, as it not only gave absolute proof that Voldemort split his soul, but also that there were likely other, better-protected artifacts. J. K. Rowling revealed on Pottermore that Quirinus Quirrell served as a temporary Horcrux when Voldemort's soul possessed his body during Harry's first year at Hogwarts. A notable difference, however, is that the piece of soul within Quirrell was able to exist without its container, as it abandoned Quirrell and left him to die in the underground chambers. Tom Riddle's diary Tom Riddle's diary, with the basilisk fang that destroyed its Horcrux Tom Marvolo Riddle (later known as Lord Voldemort) created his first Horcrux during his fifth year at Hogwarts, using his own school diary. He cast the spell after murdering his fellow student Myrtle Warren using the Basilisk. The diary is introduced in the thirteenth chapter of Chamber of Secrets and is destroyed by Harry Potter during the climax of the same book. Before Voldemort's downfall, he entrusted the Horcrux to Lucius Malfoy. While aware of its corrupting magical properties, Malfoy did not know the diary was a Horcrux from Voldemort, Voldemort having informed him of its value as a weapon but believing that he would be in a position to coordinate Malfoy's use of it. In an attempt to discredit Arthur Weasley as well as dispose of an incriminating Dark object, Malfoy hid the diary in Ginny Weasley's cauldron amongst her other books. Tom Riddle's soul-fragment possessed Ginny and, through her, reopened the Chamber of Secrets, eventually starting to draw her life from her. At the end of book two, Harry saved Ginny and destroyed the diary by stabbing it with the venomous fang of a Basilisk, making it the first Horcrux to be destroyed. His reports of the diary's behaviour to Dumbledore were the latter's first inkling that Voldemort might have created not just one Horcrux, but several: "What intrigued and alarmed me most was that the diary had been intended as a weapon as much as a safeguard", implying that Voldemort must have had backups of some sort. It is mentioned that Lucius was meant to wait for Voldemort's authorization before allowing the diary to be smuggled into Hogwarts, and that he never received it before Voldemort's first defeat. Voldemort did not learn of the diary's destruction until he forced the truth out of Lucius. To J. K. Rowling, a diary is a very scary object, having said in an interview: "The temptation particularly for a young girl, is to pour out her heart to a diary." Rowling's little sister Diane was prone to this, and her great fear was that someone would read her diary. This gave Rowling the idea to have a diary that is, in itself, against the confider. When asked what would have happened if Ginny had died and Riddle had managed to escape, Rowling revealed that "it would have strengthened the present-day Voldemort considerably." Marvolo Gaunt's ring Marvolo Gaunt's ring with the Resurrection Stone Tom Riddle created his second Horcrux using a ring owned by his maternal grandfather, Marvolo Gaunt, during the summer before his sixth year as a student at Hogwarts, when he was sixteen years old. The murder that created the Horcrux was that of his father. The ring is introduced during the fourth chapter of Half-Blood Prince, having already been destroyed by Albus Dumbledore. In a Pensieve memory, it is revealed that Riddle had taken the gold ring, which has a black stone inscribed with a magical symbol, from his uncle Morfin Gaunt, whom he had framed for the murder of his Muggle father and grandparents by altering his uncle's memories. Riddle wears the ring while still a student at Hogwarts, but eventually hides it in the house where the Gaunt family had lived. It remains hidden under the floorboards, placed in a golden box and protected by several enchantments, until Dumbledore finds it during the summer break between the events of Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince. Dumbledore destroys the second Horcrux with Godric Gryffindor's sword, but, as revealed in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, he also recognizes the stone in the ring as the Resurrection Stone, one of the three Deathly Hallows. The Resurrection Stone was the Hallow Dumbledore most desired, hoping to assuage his guilt for his part in the death of his sister, Ariana. Though afterwards he recognized it as totally unwise, Dumbledore, forgetting it was also a Horcrux and thus likely to be protected by destructive enchantments, hoping to activate it and apologise to his long-dead family, places the ring on his hand. He is mortally injured by the ring's curses. The injury leaves his right hand permanently disfigured and would have killed him quickly if not for the intervention of Snape who slowed the curse to Dumbledore's withered right hand and arm. But Snape's efforts could not stop the curses from eventually killing him, and Dumbledore's planned death by Snape deceives Voldemort and his followers. The damaged ring is kept for a time on a table in the Headmaster's office, but is eventually willed to Harry (hidden in a snitch) by Dumbledore. The Resurrection Stone maintained its powers despite the multiple curses placed upon the ring. Salazar Slytherin's locket Salazar Slytherin's locket Tom Riddle created his third Horcrux using his own ancestor Salazar Slytherin's locket, which had once belonged to Riddle's mother, Merope Gaunt. The spell was cast after Riddle murdered a Muggle tramp. The locket is introduced briefly in the sixth chapter of Order of the Phoenix, described only as "a heavy locket that not one of them could open" It is destroyed by Ron Weasley in the nineteenth chapter of Deathly Hallows. Slytherin's locket was passed down through the generations and eventually ended up in the possession of Merope Gaunt. After being abandoned by her Muggle husband Tom Riddle Sr., Merope sold the locket to Caractacus Burke, shopkeeper of Borgin & Burkes, for 10 Galleons, a small fraction of the locket's true value. The locket was eventually sold to Hepzibah Smith. Riddle stole the locket, along with Helga Hufflepuff's cup, after murdering Hepzibah Smith. Once the locket became a Horcrux, Voldemort hid it in a magically protected seaside cave. Dumbledore and Harry Potter pursued the locket in The Half-Blood Prince only to find a fake one at the bottom of the basin. Disillusioned Death Eater Regulus Black had learned about the Horcrux and its hiding place from his house elf Kreacher, whom he had originally volunteered to accompany Voldemort to hide the Horcrux. In an effort to bring about Voldemort's eventual downfall, he and Kreacher navigated the magical protection and stole the locket, replacing it with the false one to fool Voldemort. While Black died in the effort, killed by the surrounding Inferi, Kreacher took the locket back to their home at Number 12, Grimmauld Place. Unable to destroy it as Regulus had ordered, Kreacher continued to protect the locket for years. While the Order of the Phoenix was using the house as its headquarters, the locket was stolen by Mundungus Fletcher, a petty criminal and member of the Order. He gave it to Dolores Umbridge as a bribe when she caught him selling stolen property. Two weeks after learning these details, Harry, Ron, and Hermione infiltrated the Ministry of Magic, where Umbridge worked, and stole the locket. Ron later saved Harry from being strangled by it when he wore it around his neck while attempting to retrieve the sword of Godric Gryffindor from the bottom of a lake in the Forest of Dean. When Ron attempted to destroy the locket, the fragment of soul inside assumed the shape of Harry and Hermione and played on Ron's fear that his two friends had started a romantic relationship during his absence. Briefly at this point, Ron's eyes gleamed scarlet, like Voldemort's. Ron destroyed the locket using the sword of Gryffindor in the same forest. Helga Hufflepuff's cup Helga Hufflepuff's cup Tom Riddle created his fourth Horcrux using Helga Hufflepuff's cup. The cup is introduced during the twentieth chapter of Half-Blood Prince and is destroyed by Hermione Granger in the thirty-first chapter of Deathly Hallows. Hepzibah Smith, who owned the cup, was a distant descendant of Helga Hufflepuff. Riddle killed Smith by poisoning her, stole the cup, and then framed her house elf Hokey for the crime. Voldemort entrusted the cup to Bellatrix Lestrange, who kept it protected in her vault at Gringotts Bank, a place to which Harry guessed a once penniless Voldemort would have always coveted a connection. Additional protective spells, including Geminio (multiply curse) and Flagrante (fire curse), were used to protect the contents of the vault. Harry, Ron and Hermione, with Hermione disguised as Bellatrix, broke into the bank and stole the cup. Hermione later destroyed the Horcrux using a fang from the remains of the Basilisk still in the Chamber of Secrets during the Battle of Hogwarts. Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem Tom Riddle created his fifth Horcrux using Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem. The diadem is introduced briefly in the twenty-fourth chapter of Half-Blood Prince, it was described as "a tarnished tiara" in the Room of Requirement, but was later introduced by name and destroyed with Fiendfyre cast by Vincent Crabbe in the thirty-first chapter of Deathly Hallows. Ravenclaw's daughter, Helena, stole the diadem from her mother in an attempt to become more intelligent than her mother. She fled to Albania, where she hid the diadem in the hollow of a tree when the Bloody Baron searched for her. After Helena was murdered by the Bloody Baron, she became the Ravenclaw house ghost. Tom Riddle, while a student at the school, endeared her ghost so that she would tell him the location of the diadem. Shortly after leaving Hogwarts and after the murder of Hepzibah Smith, he travelled to Albania and retrieved the artifact. Voldemort murdered an Albanian peasant to turn the diadem into a Horcrux. Years later Voldemort hid the diadem in the Room of Requirement when he returned to Hogwarts to reapply for the Defence Against the Dark Arts position; he was denied the job by Albus Dumbledore. Because Voldemort believed himself to be the only one to have discovered the Room, he never placed any curses around the diadem. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry first comes into contact with the diadem when he hastily hides Snape's old potions book in the Room of Requirement. The diadem was mentioned merely as an "old discoloured tiara" in the sixth book; Harry used it to help mark the spot so he could later find where he placed the book. Later, after having the diadem described to him by the Ravenclaw ghost, Harry recalls this scene and hurries to retrieve it from the Room. The diadem was unintentionally destroyed by a Fiendfyre curse cast by Vincent Crabbe as he, Gregory Goyle, and Draco Malfoy attacked Harry, Ron, and Hermione inside the Room. In the film version, Harry stabs the diadem with another basilisk fang and Ron kicks it into the Room of Requirement, as the Fiendfyre reaches the door. Harry Potter Main article: Harry Potter (character) When Voldemort attempted to murder Harry, he inadvertently sealed a fragment of his soul within him in a manner similar to a Horcrux. The event took place just before the opening chapter of Philosopher's Stone. Rowling has explicitly stated that Harry never became a proper "Dark object" since the Horcrux spell was not cast. Regardless, as with all Horcruxes, Voldemort would remain immortal so long as his soul fragment remained within Harry. That portion of Voldemort's soul is unintentionally destroyed by Voldemort himself at the close of the thirty-fourth chapter of Deathly Hallows with the help of the Elder Wand. As a baby, Harry was in the room when Voldemort's fatal Killing Curse backfired. Voldemort's soul had been weakened and destabilised by his continuous murders and the creation of his previous Horcruxes. Harry became a Horcrux when a fragment of Voldemort's soul attached itself to him after the unsuccessful curse. The lightning bolt-shaped scar on Harry's forehead is a direct result of this attempted murder, and the connection that formed as a result is used to explain several important plot points. Throughout the series, Harry is able to receive insight into Voldemort's mental and emotional states, allowing the reader to eavesdrop on the series' primary antagonist. This insight is usually accompanied by pain in the scar on Harry's forehead. Through Voldemort, Harry also inherited the ability to speak and understand Parseltongue and many of Voldemort's powers. It is also revealed by Rowling in an interview that Harry's frequent pain in his scar when Voldemort is either active, nearby, or feeling strong emotions, is really the trapped bit of soul yearning to depart from Harry's body and rejoin its master's soul. This yearning was one of the reasons why the Killing Curse used by Voldemort on Harry in the Forbidden Forest does destroy the fragment of Voldemort's soul within Harry, but only sends Harry's soul into a near-death state. Harry could return to his body despite being hit by the Killing Curse from the Elder Wand because Voldemort had used Harry's blood to regain his full strength in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and because the actual master of the Elder Wand, Draco Malfoy, had been defeated by Harry, making Harry the new master of the Elder Wand. Harry's ownership of the wand used for the curse and the Horcrux-like connection between Voldemort and Harry diminished Voldemort's curse and protected Harry from irreversible death. While Voldemort did learn of Harry's telepathic connection, Voldemort was never aware that Harry was inadvertently carrying a fragment of his soul. With this destroyed, the connections between the two were also broken, and Harry never again felt pain in his scar. Rowling revealed Harry has also lost the ability to speak Parseltongue, though he regained the ability to understand it in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child after his scar began to hurt again following the rise of Voldemort and Bellatrix's daughter Delphi whom Harry, his son Albus, and his allies defeated and sent to Azkaban. In the epilogue of the last film, the scar has faded to an ordinary-looking scar on Harry's forehead. Nagini Main article: Nagini (Harry Potter) The sixth Horcrux was Nagini, the snake Voldemort had with him constantly. This Horcrux was created by Voldemort when he was hiding in the forests of Albania; the murder victim whom he used for its creation was Bertha Jorkins. He found Nagini, and becoming smitten by the snake, turned it into a Horcrux, being connected with it. In the last chapter of Deathly Hallows, Nagini was killed by Neville Longbottom using the sword of Godric Gryffindor. The destruction of the last remaining Horcrux made Voldemort mortal. Legendary magical artifacts Goblet of Fire Goblet of Fire The Goblet of Fire is a goblet made of wood and is used at the beginning of every Triwizard Tournament. It is used solely to choose the participating school champions, serving as an "impartial judge". Slips of parchment with the names of potential candidates are placed in the Goblet and, at the designated time, a representative from each school is chosen when the slip of parchment containing their name spouts forth from the Goblet in a fountain of magical fire. Barty Crouch Jr., masquerading as Professor Moody, stated that the Goblet of Fire was "an exceptionally powerful magical object" and it is very difficult to hoodwink, unless someone uses an exceptionally strong Confundus Charm. During its use in Goblet of Fire, it is placed in the entrance hall and surrounded by an "Age Line", a charm placed by Dumbledore to prevent underage wizards from entering the tournament. Anyone underage would grow a long white beard, as the Weasley twins demonstrated when they attempted to fool the goblet with an Ageing Potion. When not in use, the Goblet is kept in a jewelled casket in Dumbledore's closet. Godric Gryffindor's Sword Gryffindor's Sword The Sword of Godric Gryffindor is a goblin-made sword adorned with large rubies on the pommel. It was once owned by Godric Gryffindor, one of the medieval founders of Hogwarts. In Chamber of Secrets, Harry draws the Sword out of the Sorting Hat to battle and kill Salazar Slytherin's basilisk. When Dumbledore learns of Harry's concern that he does not belong in the House of Gryffindor, in part at being parseltongue like Lord Voldemort, the headmaster is able to put the boy's concerns at ease by telling him only a true member of that house could have summoned that sword in his time of need. The sword also plays a key role in Deathly Hallows, where it is revealed to have become imbued with Basilisk venom following its use against the Basilisk, as it "only takes in that which makes it stronger". It is subsequently used to destroy three of Voldemort's Horcruxes. Because the Sword was goblin-forged, it is indestructible. According to Griphook the goblin, the Sword was originally forged by the goblin Ragnuk the First and "stolen" by Gryffindor. The Sword was taken by Griphook when the Sword fell from Harry's grasp during the raid on Bellatrix Lestrange's vault in book seven. The sword returned to wizard hands when Neville pulled it out of the Sorting Hat and used it to decapitate Nagini, Voldemort's snake. This shows that no matter where the sword happened to be at the time, it will reappear in the Hat when a true member of Gryffindor house is in need of it. Rowling has confirmed that Gryffindor did not steal the sword from Ragnuk and that this belief is merely part of Griphook's goblin mistrust and prejudice against wizards. Godric Gryffindor commissioned Ragnuk the First to make the sword for him under his specifications. Once Ragnuk had made the sword, he was so fond of it that after he had presented it to Gryffindor, he told the goblins it had been stolen and sent minions to retrieve it for him. Gryffindor defeated the goblins using magic and instead of killing them, he bewitched them to go back to Ragnuk and say that if he tried to take the sword again, he would use it against them. The king took the threat seriously, but still insisted it had been stolen from him until the day he died. It is mentioned in the Deathly Hallows that the Sword of Gryffindor is supposed to be in Bellatrix Lestrange's vault, placed there by Severus Snape. Unknown to Bellatrix, that sword was only a replica. When Harry, Ron and Hermione were captured and brought to Malfoy Manor, she spotted the sword near one of the Snatchers, who intended to keep it. She killed him and forced the rest out of the room, then tortured Hermione for information about the sword. But at Harry's request, Griphook lied and said that the sword was a forgery. Bellatrix's reaction to having her vault possibly broken into convinced Harry that the Horcrux was also placed in her vault. Philosopher's stone Philosopher's stone Based upon the ancient alchemical idea of the philosopher's stone, the stone is owned by Nicolas Flamel and first mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The stone is legendary in that it changes all metals to gold, and can be used to brew a potion called the Elixir of Life, making the drinker immortal. The Philosopher's Stone is seen only in the first and last book, although it is referenced several times throughout the series. It was destroyed at the end of the first book by Dumbledore with Flamel's agreement. In the American version, this stone is called the sorcerer's stone. Sorting Hat The Sorting Hat as seen on the queue for the theme park attraction Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey The Sorting Hat is a sapient artefact used at Hogwarts, which reads minds to determine which of the four school houses—Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw or Slytherin—each new student is to be assigned for their years at Hogwarts. The hat resembles a dilapidated conical leather wide-brimmed wizard's hat, with folds and tears that make it appear to have eyes and a mouth. During the opening banquet at the beginning of each school year, the Hat is placed on every first-year student's head. The Hat announces its choice aloud, and the student joins the selected house. The Hat may speak to the student while they are being sorted and is willing to take the student's preferences into account when it makes its decision. Sometimes it does not have the need to do so: for instance, the Hat barely touched Draco Malfoy's head before sending him to Slytherin. The Sorting Hat had a difficult time placing Harry, almost placing him into Slytherin house before he requested specifically and emphatically not to be. The Hat instead placed him into Gryffindor, the house of his parents. The Sorting Hat originally belonged to Godric Gryffindor, one of the four founders of Hogwarts. The four founders used to hand-pick the students for their houses, but then realised someone else would have to do it after they died, so Gryffindor took off his hat, enchanted it, and let it choose. Since then, the Sorting Hat has always been used to choose which house the students are put in. Due to its age, it appears "patched and frayed and extremely dirty." Before Sorting the students each year, the hat recites a new introductory song. These songs occasionally warn of danger to come, as in Order of the Phoenix. The Sorting Hat's songs vary in length and content, but always include a brief description of each house. The Sorting Hat has shown the ability to conjure the Sword of Gryffindor from under its brim, as shown in two instances. Both times it is used to kill snakes; in Chamber of Secrets, it provides the sword to Harry to kill the Basilisk, and in Deathly Hallows, it delivers the sword to Neville. Dumbledore makes it clear in Chamber of Secrets that only a true Gryffindor can summon the sword in this fashion. In Deathly Hallows the Sorting Hat is set on fire by Voldemort, although it appears the hat was not destroyed, as Neville was able to draw the Sword of Gryffindor from it immediately after and behead Voldemort's snake Nagini. In the epilogue at the end of Deathly Hallows, the Hat's survival is confirmed, as Harry tells his youngest son that the Hat would take his preference into consideration. According to Pottermore, a Hatstall is 'an archaic Hogwarts term for any new student whose Sorting takes longer than five minutes. This is an exceptionally long time for the Sorting Hat to deliberate, and occurs rarely, perhaps once every 50 years. Of Harry Potter's contemporaries, Hermione Granger and Neville Longbottom came closest to being Hatstalls. The Sorting Hat spent nearly four minutes trying to decide whether it should place Hermione in Ravenclaw or Gryffindor. In Neville's case, the Hat was determined to place him in Gryffindor: Neville, intimidated by that house's reputation for bravery, requested a placing in Hufflepuff. Their silent wrangling resulted in triumph for the Hat.' J. K. Rowling has stated on Pottermore that "The Sorting Hat is notorious for refusing to admit it has made a mistake in its sorting of a student. On those occasions when Slytherins behave altruistically or selflessly, when Ravenclaws flunk all their exams, when Hufflepuffs prove lazy yet academically gifted and when Gryffindors exhibit cowardice, the Hat steadfastly backs its original decision. On balance, however, the Hat has made remarkably few errors of judgement over the many centuries it has been at work." In the Harry Potter films, the Sorting Hat was voiced by actor Leslie Phillips. Mirrors The Mirror of Erised Mirror at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, Universal Studios Hollywood The Mirror of Erised is a mystical mirror discovered by Harry in an abandoned classroom in Philosopher's Stone. On it is inscribed "erised stra ehru oyt ube cafru oyt on wohsi". When mirrored and correctly spaced, this reads "I show not your face but your heart's desire." As "erised" reversed is "desire", it is the "Mirror of Desire". Harry, upon encountering the Mirror, can see his parents, as well as what appears to be a crowd of relatives. The last thing Harry saw in the mirror was Voldemort defeated. Ron sees himself as Head Boy and Quidditch Captain holding the House Cup, revealing his wish to escape from the shadow of his highly successful older brothers. Dumbledore cautions Harry that the Mirror gives neither knowledge nor truth, merely showing the viewer's deepest desire, and that men have wasted their lives away before it, entranced by what they see. Dumbledore claims to see himself holding a pair of socks he always wanted, telling Harry that "one can never have enough socks," and lamenting that he did not receive any for Christmas, since people will insist on giving him books. However, Harry suspects that this is not true. J. K Rowling has stated that what he really sees is his entire family alive, well and happy together again, much like Harry. The Mirror of Erised was the final protection given to the Philosopher's Stone in the first book. Dumbledore hid the Mirror and hid the Stone inside it, knowing that only a person who wanted to find but not use the Stone would be able to obtain it. Anyone else would see themselves making an Elixir of Life or turning things to gold, rather than actually finding the Stone, and would be unable to obtain it. What happens to the mirror afterwards is unknown. Two-way mirrors In Order of the Phoenix, Sirius gives Harry a mirror he originally used to communicate with James while they were in separate detentions. That mirror is a part of a set of Two-way Mirrors that are activated by holding one of them and saying the name of the other possessor, causing his or her face to appear on the caller's mirror and vice versa. Harry receives this mirror from Sirius in a package after spending his Christmas holiday at Grimmauld Place. Harry, at first, chooses not to open the package, although he does discover the mirror after Sirius' death, by which point it is no longer functional. It makes its second appearance in Deathly Hallows when Mundungus Fletcher loots Grimmauld Place and sells Sirius' mirror to Aberforth Dumbledore, who uses it to watch out for Harry in Deathly Hallows. When Harry desperately cries for help to a shard of the magical mirror (which broke in the bottom of his trunk), a brilliant blue eye belonging to Aberforth (which Harry mistakes for Albus' eye), appears and he sends Dobby, who arrives to help Harry escape from Malfoy Manor to Shell Cottage. Prank objects Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes Main article: Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes Prank objects from Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes are made and designed by the owners of the shop, Fred and George, who test their new creations on themselves and other Hogwarts students. Weasley's Wild-fire Whiz-Bangs are enchanted fireworks that have overly spectacular and remarkable effects. In the books, they are engineered to not generate any amounts of heat, light, or noise that could be harmful. In the film of Order of the Phoenix, however, the fireworks create a large fiery dragon that attacks Umbridge, burning her and leaving her covered in soot. Skiving Snackboxes are sweets that are designed to make the eater temporarily ill in order to skip or "skive off" class. Each variety of Snackboxes causes a different effect, such as vomiting, fainting, high fever or developing nosebleeds. One end of the sweet causes the malady, while the other end subsequently cures it. The snackboxes include: Nosebleed Nougat, Fever Fudge, Fainting Fancies, Blood Blisterpods and Puking Pastilles. Patented Daydream Charms are kits that put the user into a “highly realistic 30-minute daydream” which they imagine, and can easily be customised so as to be fitted into any lesson. A Headless Hat creates a limited field of invisibility that covers the wearer's head, giving them the appearance of not having a head. Its counterpart is a Shield Hat, which deflects minor hexes and curses. Though Fred and George design the Shield Hat to be a trick item, Ministry officials are impressed by its practical value and order 500 of them for the protection of the Aurors. Shield Cloaks and Shield Gloves are also on sale following the Shield Hat's success. Trick Wands are magical fake wands that turn into a silly item (rubber chickens, tin parrots, etc.) when someone tries to use them. More expensive varieties beat the unwary user about the head and neck. Ton-Tongue Toffees make the eater's tongue temporarily grow to an alarmingly large size, as read about in Goblet of Fire when Fred "accidentally" drops some in front of Dudley, who subsequently eats one they "forgot" to retrieve. Canary Creams make the eater turn briefly into a large canary; when the effect wears off, the person moults and returns to normal. U-No-Poo causes the consumer to have constipation, or as Fred and George refer to it: "The constipation sensation that's gripping the nation." Its name is a play on "You-Know-Who", commonly used to refer to Voldemort. Extendable Ears are long flesh-coloured strings, one end of which is inserted into a user's ear and the other end placed further away towards a conversation or sound. Much like a listening device, the user will be able to hear the sounds as if they were much closer to the source. They were first introduced by Fred and George Weasley in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, when they used the ears to listen to the Order's meetings, until one was destroyed (and eaten) by Crookshanks. Portable Swamps are, as the name suggests, realistic pop-up swamps. They were first seen in Order of the Phoenix after Umbridge is named Headmistress. Fred and George set one off in a corridor, partly as a distraction for Umbridge so Harry can use her fireplace, and partly to just cause general mayhem. They seem to be reasonably difficult to remove: Umbridge cannot remove it and forces Filch to punt students across, while Professor Flitwick vanishes it almost instantly later on in the novel. (He leaves a small patch untouched as a tribute to Fred and George, who have left Hogwarts by this point.) Decoy Detonators are described as black horn type objects that will run out of sight, and make a noise giving the user a good distraction. Introduced in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. First used by Harry while breaking into Dolores Umbridge's office at the Ministry of Magic in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Guaranteed Ten-Second Pimple Vanisher Pygmy Puffs (miniature Puffskeins) Edible Dark Marks There are also prank items which the Weasleys import from elsewhere, such as: Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder, which throws an area into darkness that cannot be penetrated by wand light or any magical means, although the effect wears off in a few minutes. Draco Malfoy uses it to avoid members of Dumbledore's Army in Half-Blood Prince. It is also used in the Half-Blood Prince film by Harry in order to gain access to the luggage space above Draco Malfoy's table on the Hogwarts Express. Zonko's Joke Shop Zonko's Joke Shop was a favorite place for Hogwarts students to shop on Hogsmeade trips. It carried "jokes and tricks to fulfil even Fred and George's wildest dreams." Such products include Hiccough Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and Nose-Biting Teacups. Fred and George tried to buy the place to expand their shop in Hogsmeade during Harry's sixth year, but they turned it down due to the dark times coming up. Other prank objects Other prank objects include Belch Powder, Dungbombs (which explode and cause a large and extremely smelly mess), and Ever-Bashing Boomerangs (which hit their target repeatedly after being thrown). Fanged Frisbees are quite literally normal Frisbees with fangs and are first mentioned in Goblet of Fire as one of Filch's newest restricted items during Dumbledore's start-of-term speech. However, they make their first appearance in Half-Blood Prince when Ron whirled one around the Gryffindor common room, it changed course with a mind of its own, and took a bite out of a tapestry. Most of these objects are banned at Hogwarts due to the possibility of injury. More objects include Screaming Yo-Yos, which scream very loudly when worked, and Stink Pellets, which are used to distract prefects and teachers, and give a most unpleasant smell. Storage receptacles Hermione's handbag In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hermione used an Undetectable Extension Charm on her beaded handbag, significantly enlarging the bag's internal dimensions without affecting its physical size. As well, the mass of the objects placed in her handbag is negated, making the bag easy to carry. Bags similar to this appear in other contexts, such as the "bag of holding" in Dungeons and Dragons or the "magic satchel" in many other games, and Felix the Cat's "bag of tricks". Mary Poppins also seems to have a handbag of similar uses. Hermione uses it to carry everything they need when they travel across the United Kingdom on their hunt for Horcruxes. Mokeskin pouch Mokeskin pouches are a type of draw-string pouch that can be operated only by the owner. Harry receives one as his 17th birthday present from Hagrid, using it to store several items of personal significance, such as the Golden Snitch, his broken wand, the false locket, the shard of Sirius' mirror and the Marauders' Map. Moody's Magical Trunk Moody's Magical Trunk Alastor Moody owns a strangely bewitched magical trunk. It has seven locks on it, and the trunk opens to a different assortment of objects for each lock. Most notably, though, the seventh compartment is about 10 feet (3 m) deep (possibly because of the use of an Undetectable Extension Charm), and is where Barty Crouch Jr. imprisoned the real Moody. Other compartments contain spellbooks, Dark Detectors, and Moody's invisibility cloak. Pensieve Pensieve stone basin A Pensieve is a stone basin used to review memories. Covered in mystic runes, it contains memories whose physical form is neither gas nor liquid. A witch or wizard can extract their own or another's memories, store them in the Pensieve, and review them later. It also relieves the mind when it becomes cluttered with information. Anyone can examine the memories in the Pensieve, which also allows viewers to fully immerse themselves in the memories stored within, much like a magical form of virtual reality. Users of these devices view the memories from a third-person-point-of-view, providing a near-omniscient perspective of the events preserved. J. K. Rowling confirmed memories in the Pensieve allow one to view details of things that happened even if they did not notice or remember them, and stated "that's the magic of the Pensieve, what brings it alive." The memories contained in the Pensieve have the appearance of silver threads. Memories that have deteriorated due to age, or that were heavily manipulated or tampered with to alter perspectives (such as Slughorn's), may appear thick and jelly-like and offer obscured viewing. Memories are not limited to just those of humans, since Hokey the house-elf provided Dumbledore with a memory as well. It makes its last appearance in Deathly Hallows when Harry uses it to uncover the truth about Snape. In the fourth film, the Pensieve in Dumbledore's office conforms to the description given in the novel. However, in the sixth and eighth films, it appears as a shallow metal dish, floating in midair and filled with a mercury-like liquid. During the eighth film, Harry removes it from the stone basin so he can use it to examine Snape's memories. Transportation Arthur Weasley's Flying Ford Anglia One of the Ford Anglia 105E cars that appears in the films Arthur Weasley owned a 1960 Ford Anglia 105E that he subsequently enchanted; consequently, the vehicle can fly, become invisible, and carry the entire Weasley family in spite of its formerly non-enchanted interior dimensions (also the Undetectable Extension Charm), among other abilities. The enchantment placed on the car also made it semi-sentient. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, the car is borrowed by Fred, George and Ron, who use it to rescue Harry from the Dursleys' house. Ron and Harry later steal the car in order to return to Hogwarts after the gate to Platform 9¾ is sealed by Dobby. After they arrive at school, landing in the Whomping Willow, the car ejects Harry, Ron, and their luggage, then flees into the Forbidden Forest, ignoring Ron's pleas for it to come back. Mr Weasley soon faces an inquiry at the Ministry of Magic, as seven Muggles saw the car flying across areas of Central London and the British countryside, and is forced to pay a large fine. The car reappears when Harry, Ron, and Fang visit Aragog in the forest: when the great spider's colony of acromantula attempt to devour the three, the car attacks the spiders and carries them to safety; it allowed Ron to control its functions during the escape. The car does not return to the Weasleys despite saving Ron, Harry, and Fang from Aragog's children, instead reentering the forest to remain on its own. The car's current condition is undisclosed; Ron had commented that the enchanted vehicle had become "wild" and thus operated autonomously, like a wild animal. According to Ron, the car does not require fuel and can keep going until it is destroyed. Canonically, it is still roaming around the Forbidden Forest, waiting for a Weasley to have need of it again. The 1962 Ford Anglia used in the film was acquired by Rupert Grint, who plays Ron Weasley, and is currently displayed in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu. A total of 14 Ford Anglias were destroyed during the filming of the scene where the car crashes into the Whomping Willow. A replica of the car in its feral state could be seen in the queue line for the now-defunct Dragon Challenge roller coaster at the Universal Studios Islands of Adventure theme park. Occasionally it blinked its headlights and honked its horn when its motion detectors sensed that guests were standing in front of it or walking by it. The replica has been integrated into Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure and can be seen sitting atop a large rock formation with its windshield wipers and headlights running while under the control of Cornish Pixies. It can also be heard blaring its horn as riders pass beneath the arch. The car appears in the Hogwarts Express attraction where it can be seen flying alongside the train before crashing in the Forbidden Forest. Broomsticks Broomsticks displayed at the Warner Bros. Studio Tour London: The Making of Harry Potter Broomsticks are used for transportation by witches and wizards of all ages, and for participating in the game of Quidditch. Their use is similar to that of flying carpets, although the latter are banned in Great Britain by the Ministry of Magic. However, they are uncomfortable for extended trips, even with a cushion charm applied, and thus many wizards favour other means of transport for those journeys. Broomsticks are treated as a major consumer product in the wizarding world. There are numerous manufacturers and models of brooms, including Cleansweeps and Comets, all of which vary in their capabilities. These range from expensive high-performance models to toy broomsticks for young children that fly only a few feet off the ground to family-sized broomsticks that seat multiple people and include a luggage compartment below the seating area. Since Harry plays Quidditch, his broomsticks - a Nimbus 2000 and later a Firebolt - are prominent in the series. The Nimbus 2000 was given to him by special consent of Dumbledore via Minerva McGonagall, who had chosen him as the Gryffindor Seeker. The Firebolt was given to him by his godfather Sirius Black as a Christmas gift after his Nimbus was destroyed by the Whomping Willow tree during a Quidditch match. The Firebolt remains the fastest broom in the world, having surpassed the previous record holder, the Nimbus 2001 (which Draco Malfoy owns and which his father Lucius Malfoy had given as gifts to the entire Slytherin team as a bribe to have Draco as their Seeker). The price of the Firebolt is so high it is only available upon request. Floo Powder Floo Powder as seen in Chris Columbus' film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Floo Powder is a glittering powder used by wizards to travel and communicate using fireplaces. It was invented by Ignatia Wildsmith (1227–1320) and named after the flue, which is the passageway that leads from a fireplace to the chimney and allows hot gases to escape. Floo powder can be used with any fireplace connected to the Floo Network. To transport from one to another, the fire at the point of departure must first be lit. The traveler throws a handful of Floo powder into the flames, turning them emerald green, then steps into the fireplace and states the intended destination in a clear and purposeful voice. Floo powder can also be used for communication; a wizard or witch can kneel in front of the fireplace and stick their head into the fire, which will then appear in the fire of the destination fireplace, leaving the witch or wizard free to talk. It is also known that other body parts may be transported via Floo Powder, as Umbridge almost catches Sirius the second time he converses with Harry through the Floo network. Voices can also be transmitted through the Floo Network, as seen in the Prisoner of Azkaban by Snape, who summons Lupin through his office's fireplace while interrogating Harry about the Marauder's Map. In Chamber of Secrets, the Weasleys travel to Diagon Alley using Floo Powder. Harry did not say "Diagon Alley" clearly enough due to coughing in the fire's smoke and ashes, so he was sent to Borgin and Burkes in Knockturn Alley. In the fourth book, Mr. Weasley uses his position at the Ministry to have the Dursleys' fireplace temporarily connected to the Floo Network, unaware that it had been blocked up. Sirius uses the network to communicate with Harry in the same book. In the fifth book, Harry uses the Gryffindor fireplace and later Umbridge's fireplace to communicate with Sirius; he is forced to use the latter because Umbridge begins monitoring all other lines of communication in and out of Hogwarts. The Floo Network is controlled by the Ministry of Magic. The Ministry also has over 700 fireplaces in its headquarters so that officials and workers can go directly to/from work without the hustle and bustle of travelling on brooms or by Portkey - or the indignity of having to flush themselves in through a public toilet, as portrayed in Deathly Hallows. According to Pottermore, the only licensed producer of Floo Powder in Britain is Floo-Pow, a company whose Headquarters is located in Diagon Alley. No shortage of Floo Powder has ever been reported, nor does anybody know anyone who makes it. Its price has remained constant for one hundred years: two Sickles a scoop. Flying carpets Flying carpets are rugs, that are enchanted with the ability to fly. Flying Carpets were once an accepted form of travel for the British magical community, but they are banned due to being defined as a Muggle Artefact by the Registry of Proscribed Charmable Objects. It is therefore against British wizarding law to charm carpets or fly them, although they are still legal in other countries. Mr. Weasley was heavily involved in the introduction of this legislation due to his position in the Misuse of Muggle Artefacts office. It is revealed that the ban was relatively recent, not only due to Mr. Weasley's involvement, but also because Barty Crouch's grandfather owned and operated a 12-seater Axminster before flying carpets were prohibited. Hogwarts Express Main article: Hogwarts Express The Hogwarts Express is the scarlet steam engine which transports Hogwarts students to and from the school at the beginning and end of each term. It also transports willing students home for the Christmas holidays. It is stationed in Hogsmeade when not in use, and it can be accessed only by using the magical barrier between platforms 9 and 10 of King's Cross train station (known as " Platform 9¾") in London. Knight Bus The Knight Bus, seen in the Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban film, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. The Knight Bus is a heavily enchanted purple triple-decker Regent III class bus that transports witches and wizards. Anyone wishing to use the bus may hail it by holding out their wand hand, regardless of where they are or the time of day. It makes its first appearance in Prisoner of Azkaban when Harry unintentionally hails it by throwing out his wand arm to break his fall after a stumble. Harry has a final ride on the Knight Bus with a number of his friends in Order of the Phoenix. The Knight Bus is faster than travelling by broomstick, but not as fast as near-instantaneous Floo Powder and apparating. The bus charges for the service based on distance; Harry is charged a base fare of 11 Sickles to travel from Little Whinging to The Leaky Cauldron. Amenities such as hot-water bottles, toothbrushes, and hot chocolate are available for a small additional fee. The bus functions as a convenient form of public transportation for wizards and witches who either prefer to use it or are unable to travel by other means. The riders are seemingly picked up by the bus from all over in-universe Great Britain, bringing passengers to the destinations of their choice with seemingly no set route. It bolts through the streets entirely invisible to Muggles and causes other objects to dodge it (instead of the other way around) for short distance-travel. For longer distances, the Knight Bus instantly leaps 100 miles (160 km) at a time, accompanied by a great bang and jolt. The interior of the bus changes depending on the time of day, having seats by day and beds by night. It is also highly uncomfortable, according to Ron and Harry. Its only mentioned limitation in travelling is that it is unable to voyage through water. The conductor of the Knight Bus is Stan Shunpike, and its driver is Ernie Prang. In the third film, Ernie is accompanied by a talking shrunken head voiced by Lenny Henry. As revealed on Pottermore, the Knight Bus was first commissioned in 1865 as a method for underage or infirm wizards to transport themselves discreetly. The idea was proposed by then-Minister of Magic Dugald McPhail, after a number of other ideas such as broomsticks with sidecars were vetoed, taking inspiration from the then-relatively-new bus service. The actual Knight Bus seen in the film adaptation was built by grafting the top deck of a London AEC Regent III RT bus onto the top of another "RT" bus. Both buses were originally built for London Transport; the "RT" was the standard London diesel-powered double-decker bus of which approximately 4,000 were built from 1939 until the mid-1950s (and were used in daily service until 1979). The actual bus used was RT3882 (registration LLU681), with the additional top deck from former RT2240 (registration KGU169). Parts of RT 4497 (OLD 717) were also used. A replica of the Knight Bus sits in front of the London facade at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Universal Studios Florida, serving as a stage for a small audience-interactive show with a Stan Shunpike look-alike and a shrunken head. Portkeys Portkeys are first introduced in Goblet of Fire by Arthur Weasley. They are an alternative to apparation but can also be used to transport a group of people at once. Created by using the Portus spell, a Portkey can be set to transport anybody who touches it to a designated location or to become active at a predetermined time and transport itself and anyone touching it to its set destination. It may be created for one-way, one-time use or to transport the holder to and from a particular place in a round trip; in addition, it may be set to activate at a particular time or automatically transport the first person who touches it. The creation of Portkeys is highly restricted and controlled by the Ministry through the Department of Magical Transport's Portkey office. Cornelius Fudge objects to Dumbledore spontaneously creating one, stating that Dumbledore hasn't got authorisation; and at one point in chapter 3, Lupin says, "... it's more than our life's worth to set up an unauthorised Portkey." Any object can be used as a Portkey. As a safety measure to discourage unsuspecting Muggles from picking them up and activating them, wizards are advised to use old, worthless items. Portkey objects used in the Potter series include a football and an old Wellington . Once the Portus charm is cast upon an object, it glows blue and vibrates gently; once settled it has become a Portkey. When Portkeys are activated, users feel the sensation of a hook being jerked from behind their navel. The floor disappears from beneath their feet, leaving their last position behind them, and they fly forward through a whirlwind of colour and sound, appearing suddenly at their destination. With enough practice it is possible to achieve a graceful landing: After the Portkey trip to the Quidditch World Cup in the fourth film, Mr. Weasley, Cedric and Amos Diggory land on their feet, while the less experienced teenagers, including Harry, fall on the ground. A Portkey plays an important role later in the climax of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. At the end of the Triwizard Tournament, the Triwizard Cup is revealed to have been turned into a Portkey by Barty Crouch Jr. to transport Harry and Cedric to a graveyard, where Cedric is killed and Voldemort regains physical form. Prompted by his parents, Harry later uses the Portkey to escape with Cedric's body back to Hogwarts. Sirius Black's Enchanted Motorbike Sirius Black's motorbike Sirius Black owned a flying motorbike, which he lent to Hagrid the night Harry's parents died. It is first seen when Hagrid delivers the baby Harry to Number 4, Privet Drive in the first book, and then again when Hagrid uses it to transport Harry to a safe house in the seventh volume. In Deathly Hallows, various modifications have been made to the bike by Mr. Weasley, allowing it to create a brick wall or a net that erupts from the exhaust pipe and to shoot dragon fire from the exhaust, impelling the bike's sudden acceleration. The dragon-fire feature is used to great effect by Hagrid and Harry when being chased by Voldemort; however, Mr. Weasley did warn that he was unsure of its safety and that they should use it only in an emergency. He was right to say this, as the sidecar of the motorbike, unaffected by Hagrid's magic, dislodged after the abrupt acceleration. The bike is severely damaged when, with Hagrid and Harry aboard, it crashes into Ted and Andromeda Tonks' garden pond. Mr. Weasley covertly tells Harry that he plans to put the bike back together when "he has time", meaning when Mrs. Weasley is distracted or has forgotten about it. He hides it in the chicken coop and manages to repair it, giving it to Harry between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue. The bike is now still in Harry's possession, but he doesn't use it. Time-Turner Time-Turner A Time-Turner may be used for short-term time travel. Hermione receives a Time-Turner from McGonagall in Prisoner of Azkaban, enabling her to attend more than one class simultaneously. Hermione is ordered to keep it a secret from everyone, including Harry and Ron, although they notice the suspicious impossibility of her schedule and several bizarre disappearances and reappearances. Hermione reveals the secret to Harry and Ron near the end of the book, when she and Harry use the Time-Turner to save Sirius Black and Buckbeak. Strained by her heavy course load, she returns the device to McGonagall at the end of the novel. In the film version, however, only McGonagall, Dumbledore and Harry know that Hermione possesses the time-turner, as Ron witnesses Harry and Hermione travelling back in time in the infirmary, but sees them returning moments later near the end of the film. A large supply of Time-Turners is kept at the Ministry, as seen in Order of the Phoenix; however, during the events of that book, a glass-fronted cabinet containing the Time-Turners is destroyed. Due to their time-affecting properties, the cabinet is seen to fall, shatter and repair itself repeatedly. In Half-Blood Prince, Hermione quotes an article in The Daily Prophet which stated that "the entire stock of Ministry Time-Turners" was destroyed during that incident. The books do not discuss who else may be in possession of Time-Turners outside of the Ministry. Time-Turners are dangerous when in the wrong hands, as it is said that many wizards met their demise after confronting and accidentally killing their own selves from the future, so they are issued very carefully. Hermione's Time-Turner resembles a gold hourglass pendant on a necklace; it is unclear if all do. The user twists the hourglass pendant, with the number of twists corresponding to the number of hours of back travel required. Time-Turners are a significant point device in Cursed Child, where it is revealed that a principle known as Croaker's Law restricts all legal Time-Turners to travelling a maximum of five hours into the past (any longer would create ripple effects that would harm either the time traveller or time itself) – although it is widely rumoured that Draco Malfoy's son Scorpius is the son of Lord Voldemort and that Scorpius' mother used a Time-Turner to make this possible. An illegal Time-Turner capable of travelling back years is confiscated from a Dark wizard by the Ministry of Magic (although official word remains that all Time-Turners are destroyed) and is later stolen by Albus Potter and Scorpius Malfoy, who intend to travel back in time to prevent the death of Cedric Diggory. Unfortunately, they quickly discover the Time-Turner is a cheaply made prototype that only takes them back for five minutes before forcibly returning them to the present. After accidentally creating (and then undoing) an alternate reality where Voldemort survived and took over the world, Albus and Scorpius resolve to destroy the Time-Turner, but are forced into another time trip by the story's villain and are left trapped in the past when the Time-Turner is destroyed. Back in the present, Draco reveals he possesses a professionally made Time-Turner (bound by neither Croaker's Law nor the five-minute flaw) - he never admitted its existence for fear it would lend credence to the rumours surrounding his son and never used it (despite being tempted by the possibility of seeing his dead wife alive again). When Albus and Scorpius are able to send a message to their parents, Draco's Time-Turner is used to rescue the boys. Vanishing Cabinet Two Vanishing Cabinets play a role in the book series, separately stored at Borgin & Burkes and in the Room of Requirement at Hogwarts. When they are in good working order and used properly, a person who steps into either cabinet will instantly emerge from the other. The Vanishing Cabinet is first seen in Chamber of Secrets when Harry hides in it to elude the Malfoys after accidentally travelling to Borgin & Burkes via the Floo Network; its transportation features are not activated as he does not shut its door completely. Its Hogwarts counterpart is also mentioned in Chamber of Secrets when Nearly Headless Nick persuades Peeves the Poltergeist to drop it (thus breaking it) over Filch's office in order to help Harry escape detention for tracking in mud. It is also used in Order of the Phoenix by Fred and George Weasley when they force Montague, the Slytherin Quidditch captain and a member of Dolores Umbridge's Inquisitorial Squad, into it after he tries to take house points from Gryffindor. Montague is found several days later, jammed in a toilet and badly disoriented. In Half-Blood Prince, Draco Malfoy learns of his experience, determines that the cabinet is linked to the one still at Borgin & Burkes, and repairs it to allow Death Eaters access to Hogwarts. Though this set is the only one mentioned in the book series, the film version of Half-Blood Prince reveals that they were popular when Voldemort first came to power, as they would allow people to make a quick getaway from Voldemort and his Death Eaters in an emergency. Writing equipment Anti-Cheating Quill The Anti-Cheating Quill, a quill with an anti-cheating charm on it, is first mentioned in Philosopher's Stone. In book five they are assigned to every O.W.L. student – and presumably those taking other exams – in order to prevent students from cheating in their written exams. Auto-Answer Quill The Auto-Answer Quill is a quill that has been bewitched so that when the quill touches a question on a piece of parchment it writes the answer instantly. The quill is banned from the O.W.L. Examinations and the inks are checked out every time the test is on. Blood Quill The Blood Quill is a torture quill used by Umbridge throughout the Order of the Phoenix to punish students whom she has given detention. It is described as having an unusually sharp black nib. As the user writes, the quill magically and very painfully cuts into the back of the user's hand and uses his or her blood for ink. In the fifth book, Harry has detention with Umbridge on several occasions; he is required to write lines (I must not tell lies) and is not released from this until Umbridge believes "the message has sunk in." When carried out repeatedly over an extended period, this leads to permanent scarring, as Harry shows Scrimgeour in the last two books. The scars tingle whenever Harry hears Umbridge's name, but it is not clear whether this is psychological or akin to Harry's forehead scar hurting whenever Voldemort is active. Another victim of this form of detention is Lee Jordan; in the film adaptation of the book, members of Dumbledore's Army are forced to use these quills as well. Blood quills are considered illegal to own. The Quill of Acceptance According to Pottermore, the Quill of Acceptance is a magical object which detects the birth of a child with magical capabilities. It is located in Hogwarts School, where it records the children's names in a large book. Professor McGonagall consults the book and sends out the subsequent Hogwarts acceptance letters by owl once the child turns eleven. It has been made very popular due to its use in registering users for the closed beta of Pottermore. Quick Quotes Quill A Quick Quotes Quill is a stenographic tool, acid green in colour, employed by Rita Skeeter to spin the words of her subjects into a more salacious or melodramatic form. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Skeeter uses the quill to interview Harry about his participation in the Triwizard Tournament for her column in The Daily Prophet. Harry continually tries to alert her to the inaccuracy of the quill; however, she continually ignores him. Additionally, in Deathly Hallows, Rita mentions in her Daily Prophet interview concerning her posthumous biography of Dumbledore that her Quick Quotes Quill helped her to write the book so quickly after his death. Spell-Checking Quill The Spell-Checking Quill temporarily corrects spelling as the user writes; however, once the charm wears off it constantly misspells words, even if the user writes them correctly. The most notable example is its misspelling of Ron's name as "Roonil Wazlib" in Half-Blood Prince. It is sold through Weasley's Wizard Wheezes, the joke shop opened by Fred and George Weasley. Other uncategorised objects These objects remain uncategorised as they are the only ones in their field. Cauldron Cauldrons Cauldrons are magical receptacles in which potions are brewed. They can be bought at the Cauldron Shop in Diagon Alley. There are many different sizes and materials for cauldrons; Hogwarts asks students to buy a simple pewter size 2 cauldron, though in the first book Harry expresses a longing for one of pure gold. In Goblet of Fire, Percy Weasley writes a report on cauldrons for his new Ministry job in the hope that it will push regulation of the thickness of cauldron bottoms, as he believes foreign imports are a safety risk. Gubraithian fire Gubraithian Fire is an everlasting magical fire that may only be created by extremely skilled wizards. Hagrid and Madame Maxime gave a bundle of Gubraithian fire, conjured by Dumbledore, as a gift to the Gurg (leader) of the giants during their attempts to sway them to Dumbledore's side (Death Eaters were trying to get them on their side). Omnioculars Omnioculars are a pair of magical brass binoculars used by Harry, Ron and Hermione in the fourth book during the Quidditch World Cup. Omnioculars, besides having the magnification capabilities of binoculars, have many other useful features. For example, they have the ability to slow down or replay something seen through the lenses, although a side effect is that the view in the lenses is not current and can lead to confusion as to the state of the match. They also have a play-by-play feature, where the names of moves performed by Quidditch players are shown in bright purple letters across the Omnioculars' lenses. Omnioculars also have the ability to list the names and numbers of the players, and can zero in on players rapidly. Spellotape Spellotape is magical adhesive tape. The name is a play on Sellotape, a popular brand which has become a generic name for transparent adhesive tape in the United Kingdom. It is used by Ron in Chamber of Secrets to repair his wand after he breaks it while trying to halt Mr. Weasley's flying car. It is also used by Hermione in Prisoner of Azkaban when she binds her Care of Magical Creatures (the Monster Book of Monsters) textbook to prevent it from biting her, and by Kreacher to mend a photo of Bellatrix Lestrange later in the series. It is used by Ginny in Goblet of Fire, who was mending her copy of the One Thousand Magical Herbs and Fungi textbook. Wand Range of wands A wand is a wooden stick-like object used to channel magical energy and thus increase its power, and without which only limited magic is possible. Wands are used as both tools and weapons in the wizarding world. They are thus an important aspect of nearly all magic, and great importance is placed on wand mastery. Wands are generally carried inside the wizard's robes or otherwise somewhere on their person; however, they can also be placed into other objects. For instance, Rubeus Hagrid hid the broken halves of his wand inside his umbrella, and in the film adaptations, Lucius Malfoy hides his wand in his cane. In the magical world, when a wizard is expelled from Hogwarts, their wands are snapped in half. This type of damage to a wand is nearly irreparable, though Harry is able to mend his wand, which was accidentally broken by Hermione, with the help of the powerful Elder Wand. A wand is made by a wandmaker who is learned in wandlore, the study of wands. Wands are handcrafted from high-quality woods, or "wandwoods", which are capable of sustaining magic (e.g. holly, yew, ebony, vinewood, mahogany, cherry, oak, etc.). A core is then inserted into the middle of the wand from top to bottom, which gives it its power to generate magical effects. Common cores include phoenix tail feathers, unicorn tail hairs, and dragon heartstrings. Veela hair is also used, but less commonly. In the Deathly Hallows, the Elder Wand is described as the only wand with a core made from the tail hair of a Thestral. The only wand shop seen in the books is Ollivanders. Garrick Ollivander is a wandmaker who has an eidetic memory concerning wands, as well as the ability to identify the distinguishing features of a wand. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Ollivander is seen to evaluate two foreign wands: Viktor Krum's, whose wand was crafted by Gregorovitch, was unusually thick and had a dragon's heartstring core; Fleur Delacour's, created by an unknown wandmaker, was made of rosewood with a core of Veela hair. Ollivander believes Veela hair produces "temperamental" wands and does not use it. Salazar Slytherin's wand contained a fragment of a basilisk horn, which allowed Slytherin and other Parselmouths who possessed it to cast spells with it at a distance by speaking to it in Parseltongue. In the United States, wand cores are created from the horn of river serpents, Wampus hair, Snallygaster heartstring, and Jackalope antlers, a practice originated in the 17th century by the first American wandmaker, Isolt Sayre, an Irish immigrant who founded the Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in Massachusetts, and the Slytherin wand's last owner. She buried it outside the school grounds, and within a year, an unknown species of snakewood tree grew from the burial spot. It resisted all attempts to prune or kill it, but after several years the leaves were found to contain powerful medicinal properties. A wand is generally considered a very personal object. Wands belonging to other wizards can be borrowed, resulting in a comparatively less potent effect. In Philosopher's Stone, Harry had to try out many wands before he found one that "chose him." Wands with cores from the same source give strange effects (Priori Incantatem) when forced to fight each other, as is the case with Harry and Voldemort's wands. In Goblet of Fire, it is revealed each of their wands contains a tail feather from Fawkes, the phoenix belonging to Dumbledore. After Priori Incantatem, the wands get to know the opposites' master, as explained in Deathly Hallows. While, according to Ollivander, any object can channel magic if the wizard is strong enough, wands are the most commonly used because of their efficiency (due to the owner's bond with the wand itself). This can explain how some wizards are able to use spells without wands (for example, retrieving an item with Accio). Furthermore, wands are able to be won from a witch or wizard and can therefore change their allegiance. 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Harry Potter Lexicon. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ Rowling, Deathly Hallows (Arthur A. Levine Books edition), pp.680–683 ^ a b c d "J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript". The Leaky Cauldron. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007. ^ "Hufflepuff's cup". Harry Potter Lexicon. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ Anderson, Lauren (5 April 2021). "'Harry Potter': The Impressive Amount of Time It Took to Find and Destroy Voldemort's Horcruxes". Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Retrieved 28 July 2021. ^ a b c d Rowling, J.K. (21 July 2007). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Children's ed.). Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-9105-4. ^ Rowling, J.K. (2007). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (in English). New York City: Scholastic, et al. pp. 686. "And while that fragment of soul, unmissed by Voldemort, remains attached to and protected by Harry, Lord Voldemort cannot die." ^ PotterCast 130: The One with JK Rowling Transcript Part 2 (16:09 - 32:17) (Archived copy; original website no longer valid) web.archive.org copy of pottercast.the-leaky-cauldron.org, accessed 29 March 2020 ^ Rowling, Joanne Kathleen (21 July 2007). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing, plc. ISBN 978-0-545-01022-1. ^ "Harry Potter: 10 Secrets About The Sword Of Gryffindor That Only True Fans Know". ScreenRant. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ "Relive the Best Harry Potter Movie Moments Ever". E! Online. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ "Sword of Gryffindor". Pottermore. October 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013. (registration required) ^ Eccleshare, Julia (2002). A guide to the Harry Potter novels. London: Continuum. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84714-418-8. OCLC 229341237. ^ a b c "Harry Potter: Gryffindor Is the Only House a Student Can CHOOSE to Be Sorted". CBR.com. Retrieved 22 November 2020. ^ "The Sorting Hat | Wizarding World". www.wizardingworld.com. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ Rowling, J.K. "Hatstall". Pottermore. Retrieved 7 May 2017. ^ "The Sorting Hat". Pottermore. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 28 December 2016. ^ a b "The Fantastic Beasts 2 Trailer Hints At a Dumbledore Reveal". Time. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ "Harry Potter: What Each Character Saw In The Mirror Of Erised (& Why)". ScreenRant. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ a b Rowling, J. K. (1999). "Flight of the Fat Lady". Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0747542155. ^ "MuggleNet Emerson and Melissa's J.K. Rowling Interview Page 3". Mugglenet.com. 16 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011. ^ "On Screen Cars | Beaulieu, New Forest". Beaulieu.co.uk. 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2017. ^ Rowling, J.K. "Floo Powder". Pottermore. Retrieved 7 May 2017. ^ "Dictionary.reference.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 25 November 2011. ^ Rowling, J.K. "The Knight Bus". Pottermore. Retrieved 7 May 2017. ^ "Countrybus.org". Countrybus.org. Retrieved 25 November 2011. ^ a b , "The Portkey", p.69 ^ , "The Advance Guard", p. 51 ^ , "The Portkey", p.66 ^ Rowling, J. K. (1999). "Hermione's Secret". Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0747542155. ^ "The Quill of Acceptance and The Book of Admittance". Pottermore. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 28 December 2016. ^ Boyle, Fiona (2004). A Muggle's Guide to the Wizarding World: Exploring The Harry Potter Universe. ECW Press. p. 363. ISBN 1-55022-655-X. ^ Whited, Lana A. (2002). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon. University of Missouri Press. p. 280. ISBN 0-8262-1549-1. ^ "Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry". Pottermore. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 1 March 2017. vteHarry Potter by J. K. Rowling Wizarding World BooksMain novels The Philosopher's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half-Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Spin-offs Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Short stories Prequel Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Feature filmsHarry Potter(cast · music) The Philosopher's Stone soundtrack, "Hedwig's Theme" The Chamber of Secrets soundtrack The Prisoner of Azkaban soundtrack The Goblet of Fire soundtrack The Order of the Phoenix soundtrack The Half-Blood Prince soundtrack The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 production soundtrack The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 production soundtrack accolades Fantastic Beasts(cast · characters) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them soundtrack The Crimes of Grindelwald soundtrack The Secrets of Dumbledore Characters Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Minerva McGonagall Draco Malfoy Neville Longbottom Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Sirius Black Remus Lupin Cedric Diggory Bellatrix Lestrange Dolores Umbridge Luna Lovegood Supporting characters Groups Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Magic creatures objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Hogwarts Beauxbatons Quidditch Other works Wizarding World Digital The Cursed Child Hogwarts Tournament of Houses 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts Inspired mediaVideo games Lego Creator: Harry Potter The Philosopher's Stone (2001) PC Game Boy Advance Game Boy Color The Chamber of Secrets Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Philosopher's Stone (2003) The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half-Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 The Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7 Harry Potter for Kinect Book of Spells Book of Potions Lego Dimensions Fantastic Beasts: Cases From the Wizarding World Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Magic Awakened Hogwarts Legacy Quidditch Champions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure The Escape from Gringotts The Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions The Exhibition A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter Other Lego Harry Potter Trading Card Game Fandom A Celebration of Harry Potter Fandom Forward The Leaky Cauldron Mischief Management MuggleNet Wizard rock Wrockstock Fan fictions All the Young Dudes Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality Hogwarts School of Prayer and Miracles My Immortal Drarry Fan films Hermione Granger and the Quarter Life Crisis Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort: Origins of the Heir Parodies A Very Potter Musical album A Very Potter Sequel EP A Very Potter Senior Year Epic Movie Muddle Earth Too Potter Puppet Pals Puffs (play) Wizard People, Dear Reader Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Politics Portkey Games Religious debates Translation Harry, A History Harry Potter and the Sacred Text The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Pollomuhku ja Posityyhtynen Potterless Heyday Films Category Outline
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magical objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_item"},{"link_name":"fictional universe of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)"}],"text":"The following is a list of magical objects used in the fictional universe of Harry Potter in the original book series, as well as in the adapted film series.","title":"Magical objects in Harry Potter"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Hermione Granger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione_Granger"},{"link_name":"Galleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon_(Harry_Potter)"},{"link_name":"Dumbledore's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbledore%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_(character)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince"},{"link_name":"Draco Malfoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_Malfoy"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts"},{"link_name":"Madam Rosmerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madam_Rosmerta"},{"link_name":"Imperius Curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperius_Curse"},{"link_name":"Lord Voldemort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Voldemort"},{"link_name":"Dark Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Mark"},{"link_name":"Death Eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Eater"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows"},{"link_name":"Neville Longbottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Longbottom"},{"link_name":"Luna Lovegood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Lovegood"},{"link_name":"Ginny Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginny_Weasley"}],"sub_title":"Fake Galleon","text":"In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hermione Granger creates fake, enchanted Galleons (wizard money) that are used for communication between members of Dumbledore's Army (DA). Like non-enchanted Galleons,[1] the coins have numerals around the edge. On non-enchanted Galleons these serial numbers signify the goblin who cast the coin; on the enchanted Galleons, the numbers represent the time and date of the next DA meeting. Due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the numbers change to alert the members to look at their coins.In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Draco Malfoy uses a pair of enchanted coins to bypass the communication limits imposed on Hogwarts, thus managing to keep in contact with Madam Rosmerta, whom he had placed under the Imperius Curse. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermione's DA coins, which were themselves inspired by Lord Voldemort's use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters.In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville Longbottom uses the DA's coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and Hermione have returned to Hogwarts.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howler_(Harry_Potter)_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[HP2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"origami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets"},{"link_name":"Ron Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Weasley"},{"link_name":"Molly Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Weasley"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Longbottom"},{"link_name":"Sirius Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Black"},{"link_name":"Gryffindor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryffindor"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Rita Skeeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Skeeter"},{"link_name":"Dumbledore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbledore"},{"link_name":"Petunia Dursley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petunia_Dursley"},{"link_name":"Uncle Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Vernon"}],"sub_title":"Howler","text":"A Howler sent to Ron WeasleyA Howler is a scarlet-red letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the sender's voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient and then self-destructs itself by burning.[2] If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smoulders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal.[HP2] In the film version, the Howler folds itself into an origami-style set of lips and teeth and shouts the message out, and then shreds itself into scraps of paper before it burns itself.In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his father's enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confesses that he had once received a Howler from his grandmother Augusta, stating that he ignored it and that the result was \"horrible\". Subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor common room in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Hermione receives one in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after Rita Skeeter publishes a false article about a relationship between Hermione and Harry. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledore sends Harry's aunt Petunia Dursley a Howler to remind her of the agreement to allow Harry to live at Privet Drive when Harry's Uncle Vernon attempts to throw him out.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Concealers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"cigarette lighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"[HP1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"Dursley family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dursley_family"},{"link_name":"Alastor \"Mad-Eye\" Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastor_Moody"},{"link_name":"Number 12, Grimmauld Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_12,_Grimmauld_Place"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"apparate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparate"},{"link_name":"J. K. Rowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling"}],"sub_title":"Deluminator","text":"A deluminator[3] is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter. It is used to remove or absorb (as well as return) the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Dumbledore uses the deluminator (then referred to as the Put-Outer)[HP1] to darken Privet Drive, where the Dursley family's house is located. It was seen in Order of the Phoenix where Dumbledore loans the deluminator to Alastor \"Mad-Eye\" Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys' home to Sirius's home at Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore uses the deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry.In Deathly Hallows, it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore in his will.[3] Later in the book, after Ron had left his friends in anger, the deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, similar to a homing device. Ron hears Hermione through the device as she says his name for the first time since he left, and, when he clicks it, the emitted ball of light enters his body and allows him to locate and apparate to the vicinity of Harry and Hermione's camp. J. K. Rowling stated Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione.","title":"Concealers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cloak of Invisibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cloak_of_Invisibility"},{"link_name":"invisibility cloak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility"},{"link_name":"invisible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility"},{"link_name":"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Beasts_and_Where_to_Find_Them_(book)"},{"link_name":"Demiguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_in_Harry_Potter#Classification"},{"link_name":"Sturgis Podmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgis_Podmore"},{"link_name":"Order of the Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(fictional_organisation)"},{"link_name":"Barty Crouch Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barty_Crouch_Sr."},{"link_name":"Barty Crouch Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barty_Crouch_Jr."},{"link_name":"Azkaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azkaban"},{"link_name":"Lucius Malfoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Malfoy"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Fudge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-4"}],"sub_title":"Invisibility cloak","text":"See also: Cloak of InvisibilityWithin the Harry Potter universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible. All are very rare and expensive. In Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them it is said invisibility cloaks may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise. Invisibility cloaks can also be ordinary cloaks with a Disillusionment Charm or a Bedazzlement Hex placed on them. Over time, these cloaks will lose their invisibility ability, eventually becoming opaque and vulnerable to penetration by various spells.Moody is known to possess two invisibility cloaks. One of these was borrowed by Sturgis Podmore in the course of work for the Order of the Phoenix. Barty Crouch Sr. possessed one as well, which he used to hide his son Barty Crouch Jr. to prevent him from being found and returned to Azkaban, the wizarding prison. Several times in the series, characters have been shown to either suspect or in some other fashion \"sense\" that Harry is wearing his cloak: Snape is seen to be suspicious when being followed by Harry, even reaching out to grab at (what appears to be) thin air; in Half-Blood Prince, Draco Malfoy realises Harry is in his train carriage and successfully immobilizes him with a Petrificus Totalus (Body-Bind) curse, as despite wearing his cloak Harry inadvertently moved objects near him; and in Chamber of Secrets, Albus Dumbledore senses Harry and Ron beneath it in Hagrid's cabin while talking to Lucius Malfoy during the event when Cornelius Fudge comes to take Hagrid to Azkaban and Lucius Malfoy hands over to Dumbledore his suspension letter. Dumbledore was able to sense Harry and Ron beneath the invisibility cloak by discreetly performing a non-verbal Human-presence-revealing Spell.[4]","title":"Concealers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deathly_Hallows_Sign.svg"},{"link_name":"fairy tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale"},{"link_name":"The Tale of the Three Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Three_Brothers"},{"link_name":"mythological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"The Pardoner's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pardoner%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-4"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(personification)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Peverell brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_Harry_Potter_characters#The_Peverell_brothers"},{"link_name":"Gellert Grindelwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_Harry_Potter_characters#Gellert_Grindelwald"},{"link_name":"Viktor Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Krum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts#Forbidden_Forest"}],"text":"The sign of the Deathly Hallows represents all three objects symbolically: the Wand, the Stone, and the Cloak.The Deathly Hallows are three magical objects that are the focus of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – the Elder Wand, the Resurrection Stone, and the Cloak of Invisibility. When owned by one person, they are said to give mastery over death. The objects are generally remembered only as part of a wizard's fairy tale called The Tale of the Three Brothers, and have become mythological over time, but a small number of wizards, including Dumbledore, still believe in their existence and seek them. According to J. K. Rowling, the story about how these objects came into existence is based upon Geoffrey Chaucer's The Pardoner's Tale.[4]According to the tale, three brothers evaded Death, who gave them a choice of anything they wanted. The first brother chose a wand that could not be defeated in battle, the second brother asked for a way to bring back someone from the dead, and the third brother selected a cloak that made the wearer invisible, even to Death himself. Eventually, the first brother was killed, the second committed suicide, and finally, the third brother evaded Death and gave the cloak to his son.[5][6] The story is generally believed to refer to the Peverell brothers centuries ago, although very few actually believe the story to be fully true. Dumbledore believed that the Peverells were simply particularly powerful and ingenious wizard inventors. The sign of the Deathly Hallows had also been adopted as a personal symbol by dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald; therefore many wizards, such as Viktor Krum, mistakenly understood it to be a symbol of dark magic.Dumbledore had sought the Hallows, initially in his youth as a friend of Grindelwald for the power they were said to bestow, but later on as a means to undo the accidental death of his sister. He eventually concluded he was \"unworthy\" to possess them. He feels Harry could be a more worthy custodian but also fears Harry would be enamoured of their power, therefore he guides Harry to them in a circuitous manner.By contrast, Voldemort simply sought the wand for its supposedly unbeatable power, after his previous wand unaccountably failed to kill Harry Potter. He had not realised that the wand was one of three Hallows, nor sought the other two Hallows. He also possessed the Resurrection Stone but only made use of it as a Horcrux. Dumbledore says that he doubts Voldemort would have any interest in the Cloak or the Stone even if he did know about them.[7]Harry eventually comes to possess all three Hallows – the cloak being inherited from his father James Potter, later understood to be a descendant of one of the Peverell brothers, the Resurrection Stone in the Golden Snitch bequeathed to him by Dumbledore, and the allegiance and mastery of the Elder Wand when he defeats and disarms its prior owner, Draco Malfoy, who unwittingly won it from Dumbledore just before Dumbledore's death.After Voldemort's death, Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his own damaged wand, then decides to return it to Dumbledore's tomb, so that when Harry has a natural death, ownership of the Elder Wand will die with him. In the film, Harry destroys the Elder Wand by snapping it in half before throwing it from the bridge to prevent its misuse, having seen the wand as a dangerous artifact. He also drops the Resurrection Stone in the Forbidden Forest but decides not to look for it in the hope that no wizard or witch will ever be able to own all three Hallows. He keeps the Cloak he had inherited, with the thought that he might pass it on to his children someday.","title":"Deathly Hallows"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elder_Wand_replica.png"},{"link_name":"[HP7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows"},{"link_name":"wand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wand"},{"link_name":"elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus"},{"link_name":"Thestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_(Harry_Potter)#Thestrals"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkextra25-8"},{"link_name":"Garrick Ollivander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_Harry_Potter_characters#Garrick_Ollivander"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"reverse engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Severus Snape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Snape"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Elder Wand","text":"A replica of the Elder Wand used in the filmThe Elder Wand, also known as Deathstick or the Wand of Destiny,[HP7] is an extremely powerful wand made of elder wood with a core of Thestral tail hair.[8] In the book it is a thing of legend and is believed to have changed owners throughout history.The wand's allegiance is thought to be won by killing its previous owner, and therefore its \"bloody trail\" had become \"splattered across the pages of wizarding history\", making it the Hallow most easily verified to be a real object. However, Harry discovers from Garrick Ollivander the wandmaker that this popular understanding is incorrect; the Elder Wand actually transfers its loyalty upon the defeat or disarmament, and not necessarily the killing, of its previous master. It will never work fully for a new owner otherwise. This subtle distinction becomes the basis upon which Voldemort is finally defeated, when he believes he has won the wand's allegiance by killing Snape, who killed Dumbledore, while Harry realises in fact he had disarmed the wand's true owner, Draco Malfoy, who had disarmed Dumbledore before Snape killed him. This left Harry and not Voldemort as the wand's true master in their final encounter, even though neither Draco nor Harry had physically possessed the Elder Wand at that point.According to wizard folklore, the Elder Wand used by its true master cannot be defeated in a duel; this is incorrect, for Dumbledore was able to defeat the legendary dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald, who was the master of the Elder Wand at that point.[9] It also appears, as the wand is somewhat sentient (as are all wands), that it will not allow itself to cause real harm to its true master. If its master dies naturally without ever being defeated or disarmed, the wand's exceptional power will end for any following owner, since it was never won from the former.The power of the Elder Wand was first shown in history, as Antioch Peverell, the eldest of the mythical Three Brothers, had a duel with an enemy he had long wanted to defeat. He won, and left his enemy dead on the floor; however, after boasting of his unbeatable wand, Antioch was robbed and killed in his sleep by a rival wanting to take the wand. It eventually came to the possession of Mykew Gregorovitch, a Bulgarian wandmaker. Gregorovitch boasted about possessing the Elder Wand, believing it would boost his popularity, and he tried to reverse engineer[citation needed] its secrets as he faced competition from Ollivander. It was stolen from him by Grindelwald, a former friend of Dumbledore who sought to impose wizard power in the world. Grindelwald was defeated \"at the height of his power\" by Dumbledore, who in his later years considered it the \"only hallow [he] was fit to possess, not to boast of it or kill with it, but to tame it\".Dumbledore arranged his own death with Severus Snape, intending in part for Snape to \"end up with the Elder Wand.\" Because his death would have been pre-arranged and not the result of his defeat, he had hoped this might break the wand's power. However, Draco Malfoy disarmed Dumbledore before his death at the hands of Snape, causing the plan to fail; the wand was buried in Dumbledore's tomb, but Draco had already unwittingly become its new master, even though he never took physical possession of it from Dumbledore. After Harry disarms Draco (even though Draco is not using the Elder Wand), the wand becomes loyal to Harry instead.In the final book, Voldemort seeks the wand in order to defeat Harry – his previous wands having failed – and breaks into Dumbledore's tomb to claim the wand as his own. During the Battle of Hogwarts, he understands that the wand is not performing for him as legend says it should, and mistakenly concludes this is because it had become loyal to Snape when Snape killed Dumbledore, and would only become loyal to him upon his killing of Snape. He therefore kills Snape, and believes the wand will thereafter serve him and be unbeatable, but during his final duel with Harry his Killing Curse rebounds and he dies – as Harry had warned him – since the Elder Wand will not allow itself to be used by him against its true master.After Voldemort's death, Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his own broken holly and phoenix-feather wand, which he says he was \"happier with.\" He decides to return the Elder Wand to Dumbledore's grave, feeling that if he dies peacefully, its superior power will end. In the film, Harry snaps the wand in two and throws the pieces off a bridge, knowing that the wand was a dangerous item that can be misused by the wrong hands.Ron stated that the Elder Wand would be the Hallow he would choose, simply because it is the \"unbeatable wand\", arguing that it was only dangerous to the brother who requested it because he kept on talking about his ownership of it and encouraging people to fight him. Hermione (who said she would choose the Cloak) is sceptical, reminding him that the Wand, by its very nature, would make its possessor overconfident and braggadocious. J. K. Rowling revealed in an interview that the first working title for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was Harry Potter and the Elder Wand.[10]","title":"Deathly Hallows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marvolo Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Voldemort#Gaunt_family"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marvolo_Gaunt's_ring"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie"},{"link_name":"Inferi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Quidditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidditch"},{"link_name":"Remus Lupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus_Lupin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"centaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-4"}],"sub_title":"Resurrection Stone","text":"The Resurrection Stone allows the holder to bring back deceased loved ones, in a semi-physical form, and communicate with them. The form of Sirius Black generated by the stone tells Harry that he and the other forms created by the stone are part of him and invisible to others. This seems to suggest that these apparitions are conjured from memories and are not really resurrected people. According to the fairy tale concerning the origin of the Deathly Hallows, using the Resurrection Stone drove the owner to kill himself because he brought his late fiancée back from the dead, and she was very unhappy in the real world because she did not belong there. By the time the stone was seen in Marvolo Gaunt's possession, it had been set into a ring that bore the symbol of the Deathly Hallows, which the ignorant Gaunt believed to be the Peverell coat of arms; he used the ring to boast about his ancestry and blood purity. Both Dumbledore and Grindelwald desired the stone, but for different reasons. While Dumbledore wanted it to communicate with his dead family, Grindelwald allegedly intended to use it to create an army of zombie-like Inferi. Harry said this is the Hallow he would desire most, as like Dumbledore he could name people he would like to communicate with again. Voldemort became aware of the ring's antiquity and eventually used it as a Horcrux, a container for part of his soul, being unaware of the stone's additional magical properties.[citation needed]Dumbledore recovered the ring from Marvolo's estate, recognizing it as both a Horcrux and one of the Deathly Hallows. Forgetting that as a Horcrux, it was likely to be protected by curses laid by Voldemort, and blinded by personal desire, Dumbledore attempted to use the Resurrection Stone to talk to his deceased family. The curse destroyed his hand and began to spread throughout his body. Though the spread was partly contained in the destroyed and blackened hand by Snape, Dumbledore was doomed, having, at most, a year left to live. In their Kings Cross encounter, Dumbledore told Harry that this proved he had learned nothing from his past mistakes and ambitions for using the Hallows, and was part of the reason for his fear that Harry might also become obsessed with their power if told of them.The stone was later passed to Harry through Dumbledore's will, hidden inside the Golden Snitch Harry caught with his mouth, nearly swallowing it, in his first-ever Quidditch match. The Snitch revealed the message \"I open at the close\" when touched by Harry's lips. Harry is unable to open the Snitch until he is about to die in the Forest, and realises then \"the close\" means the end, or his death. Harry uses the Stone to summon his deceased loved ones – his parents, his godfather Sirius Black, and Remus Lupin – to comfort him and strengthen his courage, before he goes to meet his death at Voldemort's hand. The stone falls unseen from Harry's numb fingers in the Forbidden Forest as he reaches Voldemort's encampment. Harry survives the encounter and he and Dumbledore's portrait later agreed that Harry will neither search for it nor tell others where it is.[11] In a 2007 interview, J. K. Rowling said she would like to believe a centaur's hoof pushed it into the ground, burying it forever.[4]","title":"Deathly Hallows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Invisibility cloaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Invisibility_cloak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloak_of_Invisibility.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-12"},{"link_name":"Muggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggle"},{"link_name":"Filch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Filch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-4"},{"link_name":"Dementors'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_(Harry_Potter)#Dementors"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Cursed Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Cloak of Invisibility","text":"See also: Invisibility cloaksInvisibility cloakIntroduced in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,[12] the cloak of Invisibility has the power to shield the wearer from being seen by Death. Unlike other invisibility cloaks known to exist, it is able to completely shield the wearer and others from sight and cannot be worn out by time or spells; other cloaks will lose their ability to conceal the wearer over time or become worn out, but the Hallow cloak will never fade or become damaged. At the end of Deathly Hallows, Dumbledore explains to Harry the cloak's true magic is it can shield and protect others as well as its owner. This is apparent when it does not respond to a Death Eater's Summoning Charm while concealing Harry, Ron and Hermione in Deathly Hallows. Hermione claims that this is the Hallow she would choose, citing the usefulness Harry has found of it.It was the Hallow belonging to Ignotus Peverell, who did not trust Death and took the cloak to hide from him, only giving it up when he was old and ready for death. After his death, the cloak was passed down from father to son through Peverell's descendants, through his granddaughter, Iolanthe Peverell of Godric's Hollow, who married Hardwin Potter of the Gloucestershire Potters, all the way directly down to James Potter.[citation needed]The cloak was not in James' possession the night he was murdered; he had previously lent it to Dumbledore, who was greatly interested in the Deathly Hallows and suspected that the Potter family heirloom was more than it appeared. Dumbledore returned the cloak to Harry[12] a decade later as a Christmas present during his first year at Hogwarts. Harry uses the cloak throughout the series in order to sneak around the school on various adventures. Harry's father also used the cloak for similar purposes. It is large enough to accommodate Harry, Ron, and Hermione as a group during their first year, but the three have increasing difficulty fitting under it as they grow taller in later years.While making the wearer invisible to Muggles and wizards, some creatures are able to sense people hidden under it. Snakes, for example, cannot see through the Cloak of Invisibility, but they can somehow detect people under it. Mrs. Norris, Filch's cat, also seems to sense Harry when he wears the cloak. Wearers can also be detected by the Human-presence-revealing Spell.[4] In Goblet of Fire, Moody's magical eye can see Harry under the cloak. In Prisoner of Azkaban, Dumbledore warns that the Dementors' perception of humans is unhindered by invisibility cloaks, as they are blind and sense people through emotions.[13]In the play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Harry gives the Cloak of Invisibility to his eldest son James Potter, noting he'd \"been going on about the Invisibility Cloak since time itself\".[14] However, James' younger brother Albus steals the Cloak and uses it to evade bullies at Hogwarts.","title":"Deathly Hallows"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alastor Moody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastor_Moody"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"Dolores Umbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Umbridge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"}],"sub_title":"Alastor Moody's Eyeball","text":"Alastor Moody lost his eye sometime during the First Wizarding War. He replaced it with an enchanted glass eyeball. In the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the eyeball is blue, and replaces his left eye. In the books, it replaces his right eye.The eyeball has many magical enchantments on it, giving it the ability to see through walls and other solid objects, notably invisibility cloaks, can rotate 360 degrees inside his head, and can be fully removed from his head. The eyeball is also very sensitive, as after Barty Crouch Jr. was caught Moody complained that the eyeball kept sticking \"ever since that scum wore it\".[15]After Moody was killed on 27 July 1997 during the plan to move Harry from 4 Privet Drive, the eyeball was given to Dolores Umbridge after his body was recovered by Death Eaters. She placed the eyeball in her door so that she could keep an eye on her employees. Harry stole the eyeball during his raid on the ministry, and buried it in the forest, where the Quidditch World Cup was held.[16]","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Room of Requirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts#Room_of_Requirement"}],"sub_title":"Foe-glass","text":"A Foe-glass is a mirror that detects and shows its owner's enemies in or out of focus, depending on how close they are.[17] Barty Crouch Jr., while impersonating Moody, says that when the whites of their eyes are visible, he is in trouble. When Crouch Jr. is attacking Harry after the third task, Harry sees Snape, McGonagall and Dumbledore approach the room in the mirror before they show up. A Foe-glass is hanging in the Room of Requirement in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Harry uses the Room for D.A. meetings. Like all dark detectors, it can be fooled, as mentioned by Harry at the beginning of the first D.A. meeting.","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Marauder%27s_Map_(opened).jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"},{"link_name":"Peter Pettigrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabbers"},{"link_name":"Fred and George Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_and_George_Weasley"},{"link_name":"Hogsmeade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogsmeade"},{"link_name":"Defence Against the Dark Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_in_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Messrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr."},{"link_name":"Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_secrets"},{"link_name":"Animagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animagus"},{"link_name":"Polyjuice Potion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyjuice_Potion"},{"link_name":"[HP3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"},{"link_name":"[HP4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sirius_Potter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webchat-4"},{"link_name":"Professor McGonagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_McGonagall"}],"sub_title":"The Marauder's Map","text":"After first appearing in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban the Marauder's Map was redesigned for each subsequent filmThe Marauder's Map is a magical map of Hogwarts created by Remus Lupin, Peter Pettigrew, Sirius Black, and James Potter (respectively nicknamed \"Moony\", \"Wormtail\", \"Padfoot\", and \"Prongs\") while they were students at Hogwarts.In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Fred and George Weasley give the map to Harry so he can travel to Hogsmeade through a hidden passageway. The twins had previously stolen the map from a drawer in Filch's office that contained dangerous confiscated objects; it is revealed by Lupin that Filch probably knew what it was but not how to work it. Snape later finds the map in Harry's possession and tries to force it to reveal its secrets, but the map insults him. Lupin, the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at the time, is called upon to investigate this \"dark object\", and confiscates it to keep Harry safe. Later he returns it to Harry after resigning his post at Hogwarts. From then on, the map becomes one of Harry's most useful tools in his ongoing adventures.When not in use, the Map is simply a blank piece of parchment. It can be activated by pointing a wand at it and saying, \"I solemnly swear that I am up to no good\", at which point the message \"Messrs. Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot and Prongs, purveyors of aids to magical mischief-makers, are proud to present the Marauder's Map\" appears, along with a detailed layout of Hogwarts. The map is restored to its original blank state by saying \"Mischief managed\". The map displays the location of everyone within the castle and its grounds. It includes locations of secret passageways and instructions on how to access them. Several locations like the Room of Requirement and the Chamber of Secrets do not appear on the map, either as the Marauders did not have any knowledge of them, or, in the case of the former, they are not a fixed location. Animagus disguises, Polyjuice Potion, and invisibility cloaks cannot fool the map. In Prisoner of Azkaban, Peter Pettigrew, who is supposed to be dead but as an Animagus has transformed into a rat, shows up on the map under his real name.[HP3] In Goblet of Fire, Barty Crouch Jr. is using Polyjuice Potion to disguise himself as Moody. At one point, Harry catches him on the map searching Snape's office for ingredients, but mistakes him for his father, Barty Crouch Sr., as the map cannot differentiate between two individuals who share a first and last name. Crouch Jr. subsequently confiscates the map from Harry, and uses it to track down and murder his own father when his father breaks free of the Imperius Curse and comes to Hogwarts looking for him.[HP4]On the prop version of the map made for the films, the lines are made up of what at first glance are just random letters, but upon closer inspection are Latin words. The series makes no mention of Harry recovering the map from Crouch Jr.'s office, even though he continued to use it in later books; when asked about this discrepancy, J. K. Rowling answered that Harry had indeed sneaked into the office and recovered it in the days following the Third Task, and that she had forgotten to include this detail in the book. When asked during an online question session, \"What child did Harry give the Marauder's Map to, if any?\" (after his school years), J. K. Rowling responded, \"I've got a feeling he didn't give it to any of them, but that James (Harry's eldest son) sneaked it out of his father's desk one day.\"[4] However, in Cursed Child, Harry is shown to still possess the Marauder's Map and gives it to Professor McGonagall to keep an eye on his wayward son Albus Potter.","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Magic"},{"link_name":"Gringotts Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gringotts_Bank"},{"link_name":"Bellatrix Lestrange's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellatrix_Lestrange"}],"sub_title":"Probity Probe","text":"A Probity Probe detects spells of concealment and hidden magical objects.[citation needed] The detector made its first appearance in Order of the Phoenix[citation needed] at the Ministry of Magic as a thin golden rod. After Voldemort's return, Probes are used as part of the increased security at Gringotts Bank as well as for scanning the students of Hogwarts for Dark objects. They are last seen when Harry, Ron, and Hermione arrive at Gringotts in Deathly Hallows to rob Bellatrix Lestrange's vault of one of Voldemort's Horcruxes.","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(Remembrall).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studio_Tour_London_%E2%80%93_The_Making_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"}],"sub_title":"Remembrall","text":"Remembrall at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry PotterA Remembrall is a small, clear orb, about the size of a large marble, containing smoke that turns red when it detects that the person holding it has forgotten something.[18] It does not tell the holder what has been forgotten. The forgetful Neville Longbottom is sent a Remembrall by his grandmother in Philosopher's Stone. Remembralls are forbidden from being used during the O.W.L. exams.[15]","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraser"},{"link_name":"invisible ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_ink"},{"link_name":"Tom Riddle's diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Riddle%27s_diary"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Revealer","text":"A Revealer is a bright red eraser, used to make invisible ink appear. It made its first appearance in Chamber of Secrets when Hermione tried to make hidden writing appear in Tom Riddle's diary.[19]","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"}],"sub_title":"Secrecy Sensor","text":"The Secrecy Sensor is a dark detector described as \"an object that looked something like an extra-squiggly, golden television aerial.\" It vibrates when it detects concealment and lies.[20] In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Barty Crouch Jr disguised as Alastor (mad-eye) Moody mentions that it is \"no use here, of course, too much interference – students in every direction lying about why they haven't done their homework.\"In Order of the Phoenix, Secrecy Sensors are used at the Atrium Desk in the Ministry of Magic upon visitors to the government locale. Later in the book, Harry mentions to Dumbledore's Army that they can be easily fooled like their other dark-detecting counterparts. In Half-Blood Prince, due to Hogwarts' new stringent security measures, Argus Filch is assigned to inspect every student entering the castle with Secrecy Sensors. All the owls flying into Hogwarts are also placed under this measure to ensure that no Dark object enters the castle through mail. Hermione later explains that although Secrecy Sensors detect jinxes, curses, and Concealment Charms, they cannot detect love potions, as they are not considered Dark.","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Arts_(Harry_Potter)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_Express"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sneakoscope","text":"A Sneakoscope serves as a Dark Arts detector.[20] The device is described as a miniature glass spinning-top that emits shrill noises in the presence of deception, for instance, when an untrustworthy person is near or when a deceitful event takes place nearby.Sneakoscopes are introduced in Prisoner of Azkaban when Harry receives a pocket-sized version from Ron for his 13th birthday. Bill says that Pocket Sneakoscopes are unreliable, as it lit up and spun at dinner for apparently no reason, but Fred and George had put beetles in his soup without his knowledge. The sneakoscope appears again on the Hogwarts Express, and again in Harry and Ron's dormitory. Harry later discovers that Scabbers, Ron's rat, who is present each time the Sneakoscope is spinning, is actually Peter Pettigrew in Animagus form. In Goblet of Fire, Alastor Moody has several sneakoscopes that he somehow disabled, claiming, \"It wouldn't stop whistling\", keeping them in one of the seven compartments of his magical trunk. The sneakoscopes' constant alerts in his presence were because he was Barty Crouch Jr. using Polyjuice Potion. In Deathly Hallows, Hermione gives Harry a Sneakoscope for his seventeenth birthday which they later use as a lookout while in hiding.[citation needed]","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(7388833700).jpg"},{"link_name":"the Burrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burrow_(Harry_Potter)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[HP6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince"},{"link_name":"geofencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofencing"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Weasley family clock","text":"The Weasleys' clockThe Weasleys have a special clock in their home, the Burrow, with nine hands, one for every member of the family. Instead of telling the time, the clock reveals the location or status of each family member. The known locations are: Home, School, Work, Travelling, Lost, Hospital, Prison, and Mortal Peril. The Weasleys are the only family mentioned in the series to own such a clock. Dumbledore calls the clock \"excellent\" and seems impressed by it.[21]The location Mortal Peril is situated where the numeral 12 would normally be. Throughout the first five books, the hands change to reflect the varying statuses of the family members, but by the sixth book all nine hands point to mortal peril at all times, except when someone is travelling. Mrs. Weasley takes this to mean that with Voldemort's return, everyone is always in mortal peril, but she cannot verify this as she does not know anyone else who has a clock like hers.[HP6]Various fans have re-created the clock for their own families, for example by using geofencing for cell phones.[22][23]","title":"Detectors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jordan_(Harry_Potter)"}],"sub_title":"Exploding Snap","text":"Exploding Snap is a wizarding card game in which the cards spontaneously explode during games. The game is popular with Hogwarts students. In Chamber of Secrets, Harry and Ron are held back from investigating why spiders were fleeing Hogwarts because Fred and George delayed them with this game. Ron later singed his eyebrows while building a card house with Exploding Snap cards. In Order of the Phoenix, Lee Jordan is punished by Dolores Umbridge for saying that she cannot tell them off for playing this game, as one of her Educational Decrees states that teachers can only talk to students about the subjects they are paid to teach. In Cursed Child, Ginny remembers playing this game with Harry following the events of Chamber of Secrets and notes that it helped her to recover from the trauma (all the other students avoided her after learning the truth).","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_(toy)"},{"link_name":"pétanque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque"}],"sub_title":"Gobstones","text":"Gobstones is one of the many magical games played by young wizards in the books, along with Wizard's Chess and Exploding Snap. Gobstones is similar to the games of marbles and pétanque, except that in Gobstones, the balls spit, or gob, a foul-smelling liquid in the face of the opposing player when they lose a point. Hogwarts students are seen playing Gobstones throughout the books, and there is even a Gobstones Club at the school. It is also noted in the Harry Potter series that Eileen Prince (Snape's mother) was captain of Hogwarts' Gobstone Club, as a student, at age 15.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quidditch balls","text":"The Quidditch balls consist of a Quaffle, a large red ball (and the only one not bewitched to fly on its own) which the Chasers need to get through the three hoops on the field, gaining ten points each time this successfully occurs; two Bludgers, which fly around attempting to disturb the game and knock people off their brooms, and which the Beaters hit away from teammates and towards the opposing team; and the Golden Snitch, a very fast and difficult-to-see golden orb the size of a walnut with wings, which the Seeker on each team must capture to finish the game and gain 150 points. The Quidditch players wear gloves, leg pads, padded head guards, and occasionally goggles.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CS3-24"}],"sub_title":"Self-Shuffling Playing Cards","text":"In Chamber of Secrets, a pack of Self-Shuffling Cards is mentioned as one of the various objects littering the floor of Ron's room in the Burrow.[24]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"algebraic chess notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIMG_2759_(8066426928).jpg"},{"link_name":"Seamus Finnigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Finnigan"},{"link_name":"[HP1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"human chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_chess"},{"link_name":"sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Chessmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_chessmen"}],"sub_title":"Wizard's Chess","text":"Wizard's Chess is played with pieces and a board identical to Chess. The rules are also unchanged. The pieces are magically animated, and they violently attack each other when performing a capture, by knocking the captured piece out and dragging it off the board.[25] The players order the pieces to move using algebraic chess notation.Chess piecesRon has a wizard's chess set left to him by his grandfather, and Harry first plays with pieces borrowed from Seamus Finnigan, which kept shouting him advice because they did not trust him.[HP1] Harry later gets a set of his own during his first Christmas at Hogwarts.During the 16th chapter of Philosopher's Stone, Harry, Ron and Hermione become human chess pieces in a life-sized game of Wizard's Chess, which Harry wins thanks to Ron's advice and sacrifice as a piece. In the films, the chess pieces are depicted using replicas of Lewis Chessmen.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phylactery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lich_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Horace Slughorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Slughorn"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pottercast166-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[HP7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBPp506-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pottercast166-30"},{"link_name":"Pottermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottermore"},{"link_name":"Quirinus Quirrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinus_Quirrell"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"A Horcrux is an object used to store part of a person's soul, protecting that person from death (a function similar to a phylactery from other fantasy works). If the body of a Horcrux owner is killed, that portion of the soul that had remained in the body does not pass on to the next world, but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard, as stated in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and demonstrated in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. If all of someone's Horcruxes are destroyed, then the soul's only anchor in the material world would be the body, the destruction of which would then cause final death. The creation of Horcruxes is considered the darkest of all magic.[26]This method was chosen by Voldemort to attain immortality. The concept is introduced in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. J. K. Rowling uses Horace Slughorn's expository dialogue to reveal that the creation of a Horcrux requires one to commit a murder, which, as the supreme act of evil, \"rips the soul apart\".[27] After the murder, a spell is cast to infuse part of the ripped soul into an object, which then becomes a Horcrux. In the final book of the series, Hermione finds the spell in a book titled Secrets of the Darkest Art.[28] Rowling has revealed that she intends to detail the process and spell used to create a Horcrux in her long-mentioned Harry Potter Encyclopedia.[29]Both inanimate objects and living organisms have been used as Horcruxes, though the latter are considered riskier to use, since a living being can move and think for itself. There is no limit to the number of Horcruxes a witch or wizard can create. As the creator's soul is divided into progressively smaller portions, they lose more of their natural humanity and the soul becomes increasingly unstable. Consequently, under very specific conditions, a soul fragment can be sealed within an object without the intention or knowledge of the creator. While the object thus affected will, like any Horcrux, preserve the immortality of the creator, it does not become a \"Dark object\".[30] For example, Voldemort has unusual control over Nagini,[31] and consequently Nagini is able to communicate with Voldemort about the presence of Harry in Godric's Hollow in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.Horcruxes made from inanimate objects are extremely difficult to destroy. They cannot be destroyed by conventional means such as smashing, breaking, or burning. To be destroyed, a Horcrux must suffer damage so severe that repair through magical means would be impossible. Very few magical objects or spells are powerful enough to achieve this (mentioned and used were the Fiendfyre, Gryffindor's Sword and Basilisk fangs, the last two only being able to inflict such damage due to the basilisk venom permeating them both). Once a Horcrux is irreparably damaged, the fragment of soul within it is destroyed. A Horcrux can be deliberately undone magically only if the creator goes through a process of deep remorse for the murder committed to create the Horcrux. The pain of this remorse can be so excruciating that the process may kill the creator.[HP7] The known materials or objects known to be able to destroy Horcruxes are as follows:Basilisk Venom. When Harry killed the Basilisk in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, his arm was stabbed by a basilisk fang, and, shortly afterward, Tom Riddle states, \"Remarkable, isn't it? How quickly the venom of the Basilisk penetrates the body.\" He also states that Harry would die within the minute. Basilisk fangs are permanently impregnated with venom, making them very effective at destroying Horcruxes.\nThe Sword of Gryffindor. The Sword cannot be damaged in any way, shape, or form, as it is goblin-made. It can only change in such a way that makes it stronger than it previously was. When it was used to kill a Basilisk, the blade absorbed the venom, making the blade fatal by a single cut, and making it capable of destroying Horcruxes, due to the presence of the venom on the blade.\nFiendfyre. A magical flame that cannot be extinguished unless it runs out of fuel. It burns incredibly hot, and almost nothing can resist its power. It can be summoned by a simple spell, but is very difficult to control. Its damage is irreparable, making it possible to destroy Horcruxes, but would likely kill the user in the process, as this happened to Crabbe when he summoned the flame trying to kill Harry, Ron, and Hermione in the Room of Requirement.Voldemort's creation of Horcruxes is central to the later storyline of the Harry Potter novels. As the number seven is a powerful number in magic, Voldemort intended to split his soul into that many pieces, with six Horcruxes and the last piece reposing within his body.[32] When Voldemort attacked the Potter family, and his body was destroyed by the rebounded Killing Curse, a piece of his soul splintered off and attached itself to the only living thing remaining in the room, Harry Potter, in a manner similar to a Horcrux.[30] Later on, Voldemort went on to complete his collection of the intended six Horcruxes by turning his snake Nagini into one, thus fragmenting his soul into a total of eight (counting the one residing in his own body), not seven, pieces. By that time, though, unbeknownst to Voldemort himself, the first Horcrux (a diary) had already been destroyed and, therefore, the seven Horcruxes never all existed together at the same point in time.All of Voldemort's deliberately created Horcruxes were made using objects that had been important to him or that held some symbolic value. He hid some of them carefully so that no one could find and destroy them, but used Nagini to do his bidding on several occasions, and the diary was always intended to be a weapon to carry out Voldemort's plan to remove Muggle-borns from Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the discovery of Voldemort's diary is revealed as the proof that lead to Dumbledore beginning the hunt for other Horcruxes, as it not only gave absolute proof that Voldemort split his soul, but also that there were likely other, better-protected artifacts.J. K. Rowling revealed on Pottermore that Quirinus Quirrell served as a temporary Horcrux when Voldemort's soul possessed his body during Harry's first year at Hogwarts. A notable difference, however, is that the piece of soul within Quirrell was able to exist without its container, as it abandoned Quirrell and left him to die in the underground chambers.[33]","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Riddle%27s_Diary.jpg"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_Harry_Potter_characters#Moaning_Myrtle"},{"link_name":"Basilisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_in_Harry_Potter#Basilisk"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"},{"link_name":"Arthur Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Weasley"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Tom Riddle's diary","text":"Tom Riddle's diary, with the basilisk fang that destroyed its HorcruxTom Marvolo Riddle (later known as Lord Voldemort) created his first Horcrux during his fifth year at Hogwarts, using his own school diary. He cast the spell after murdering his fellow student Myrtle Warren using the Basilisk.[34] The diary is introduced in the thirteenth chapter of Chamber of Secrets and is destroyed by Harry Potter during the climax of the same book.Before Voldemort's downfall, he entrusted the Horcrux to Lucius Malfoy.[34] While aware of its corrupting magical properties, Malfoy did not know the diary was a Horcrux from Voldemort, Voldemort having informed him of its value as a weapon but believing that he would be in a position to coordinate Malfoy's use of it. In an attempt to discredit Arthur Weasley as well as dispose of an incriminating Dark object, Malfoy hid the diary in Ginny Weasley's cauldron amongst her other books. Tom Riddle's soul-fragment possessed Ginny and, through her, reopened the Chamber of Secrets, eventually starting to draw her life from her. At the end of book two, Harry saved Ginny and destroyed the diary by stabbing it with the venomous fang of a Basilisk, making it the first Horcrux to be destroyed. His reports of the diary's behaviour to Dumbledore were the latter's first inkling that Voldemort might have created not just one Horcrux, but several: \"What intrigued and alarmed me most was that the diary had been intended as a weapon as much as a safeguard\",[35] implying that Voldemort must have had backups of some sort. It is mentioned that Lucius was meant to wait for Voldemort's authorization before allowing the diary to be smuggled into Hogwarts, and that he never received it before Voldemort's first defeat. Voldemort did not learn of the diary's destruction until he forced the truth out of Lucius.To J. K. Rowling, a diary is a very scary object, having said in an interview: \"The temptation particularly for a young girl, is to pour out her heart to a diary.\" Rowling's little sister Diane was prone to this, and her great fear was that someone would read her diary. This gave Rowling the idea to have a diary that is, in itself, against the confider.[36] When asked what would have happened if Ginny had died and Riddle had managed to escape, Rowling revealed that \"it would have strengthened the present-day Voldemort considerably.\"[37]","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marvolo_Gaunt%27s_ring_with_Resurrection_Stone.jpg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Pensieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensieve"},{"link_name":"Godric Gryffindor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godric_Gryffindor"},{"link_name":"Resurrection Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Resurrection_Stone"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Marvolo Gaunt's ring","text":"Marvolo Gaunt's ring with the Resurrection StoneTom Riddle created his second Horcrux using a ring owned by his maternal grandfather, Marvolo Gaunt, during the summer before his sixth year as a student at Hogwarts, when he was sixteen years old. The murder that created the Horcrux was that of his father. The ring is introduced during the fourth chapter of Half-Blood Prince, having already been destroyed by Albus Dumbledore.[38]In a Pensieve memory, it is revealed that Riddle had taken the gold ring, which has a black stone inscribed with a magical symbol, from his uncle Morfin Gaunt, whom he had framed for the murder of his Muggle father and grandparents by altering his uncle's memories. Riddle wears the ring while still a student at Hogwarts, but eventually hides it in the house where the Gaunt family had lived. It remains hidden under the floorboards, placed in a golden box and protected by several enchantments, until Dumbledore finds it during the summer break between the events of Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince. Dumbledore destroys the second Horcrux with Godric Gryffindor's sword, but, as revealed in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, he also recognizes the stone in the ring as the Resurrection Stone, one of the three Deathly Hallows. The Resurrection Stone was the Hallow Dumbledore most desired, hoping to assuage his guilt for his part in the death of his sister, Ariana. Though afterwards he recognized it as totally unwise, Dumbledore, forgetting it was also a Horcrux and thus likely to be protected by destructive enchantments, hoping to activate it and apologise to his long-dead family, places the ring on his hand. He is mortally injured by the ring's curses. The injury leaves his right hand permanently disfigured and would have killed him quickly if not for the intervention of Snape who slowed the curse to Dumbledore's withered right hand and arm. But Snape's efforts could not stop the curses from eventually killing him, and Dumbledore's planned death by Snape deceives Voldemort and his followers.[39] The damaged ring is kept for a time on a table in the Headmaster's office, but is eventually willed to Harry (hidden in a snitch) by Dumbledore. The Resurrection Stone maintained its powers despite the multiple curses placed upon the ring.","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salazar_Slytherin%27s_Locket_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Salazar Slytherin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salazar_Slytherin"},{"link_name":"locket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locket"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RowlingWeb2007-40"},{"link_name":"Muggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggle"},{"link_name":"Tom Riddle Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_family"},{"link_name":"Borgin & Burkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockturn_Alley"},{"link_name":"Regulus Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus_Black"},{"link_name":"Kreacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreacher"},{"link_name":"Mundungus Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(organisation)#Mundungus_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean"}],"sub_title":"Salazar Slytherin's locket","text":"Salazar Slytherin's locketTom Riddle created his third Horcrux using his own ancestor Salazar Slytherin's locket, which had once belonged to Riddle's mother, Merope Gaunt. The spell was cast after Riddle murdered a Muggle tramp.[40] The locket is introduced briefly in the sixth chapter of Order of the Phoenix, described only as \"a heavy locket that not one of them could open\" It is destroyed by Ron Weasley in the nineteenth chapter of Deathly Hallows.Slytherin's locket was passed down through the generations and eventually ended up in the possession of Merope Gaunt. After being abandoned by her Muggle husband Tom Riddle Sr., Merope sold the locket to Caractacus Burke, shopkeeper of Borgin & Burkes, for 10 Galleons, a small fraction of the locket's true value. The locket was eventually sold to Hepzibah Smith. Riddle stole the locket, along with Helga Hufflepuff's cup, after murdering Hepzibah Smith. Once the locket became a Horcrux, Voldemort hid it in a magically protected seaside cave. Dumbledore and Harry Potter pursued the locket in The Half-Blood Prince only to find a fake one at the bottom of the basin.Disillusioned Death Eater Regulus Black had learned about the Horcrux and its hiding place from his house elf Kreacher, whom he had originally volunteered to accompany Voldemort to hide the Horcrux. In an effort to bring about Voldemort's eventual downfall, he and Kreacher navigated the magical protection and stole the locket, replacing it with the false one to fool Voldemort. While Black died in the effort, killed by the surrounding Inferi, Kreacher took the locket back to their home at Number 12, Grimmauld Place. Unable to destroy it as Regulus had ordered, Kreacher continued to protect the locket for years. While the Order of the Phoenix was using the house as its headquarters, the locket was stolen by Mundungus Fletcher, a petty criminal and member of the Order. He gave it to Dolores Umbridge as a bribe when she caught him selling stolen property.Two weeks after learning these details, Harry, Ron, and Hermione infiltrated the Ministry of Magic, where Umbridge worked, and stole the locket. Ron later saved Harry from being strangled by it when he wore it around his neck while attempting to retrieve the sword of Godric Gryffindor from the bottom of a lake in the Forest of Dean. When Ron attempted to destroy the locket, the fragment of soul inside assumed the shape of Harry and Hermione and played on Ron's fear that his two friends had started a romantic relationship during his absence. Briefly at this point, Ron's eyes gleamed scarlet, like Voldemort's. Ron destroyed the locket using the sword of Gryffindor in the same forest.","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helga_Hufflepuff%27s_cup.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helga Hufflepuff's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Hufflepuff"},{"link_name":"Hepzibah Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepzibah_Smith"},{"link_name":"Hokey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_(Harry_Potter)#Hokey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-34"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Helga Hufflepuff's cup","text":"Helga Hufflepuff's cupTom Riddle created his fourth Horcrux using Helga Hufflepuff's cup. The cup is introduced during the twentieth chapter of Half-Blood Prince and is destroyed by Hermione Granger in the thirty-first chapter of Deathly Hallows.Hepzibah Smith, who owned the cup, was a distant descendant of Helga Hufflepuff. Riddle killed Smith by poisoning her, stole the cup, and then framed her house elf Hokey for the crime.[34] Voldemort entrusted the cup to Bellatrix Lestrange, who kept it protected in her vault at Gringotts Bank, a place to which Harry guessed a once penniless Voldemort would have always coveted a connection. Additional protective spells, including Geminio (multiply curse) and Flagrante (fire curse), were used to protect the contents of the vault. Harry, Ron and Hermione, with Hermione disguised as Bellatrix, broke into the bank and stole the cup. Hermione later destroyed the Horcrux using a fang from the remains of the Basilisk still in the Chamber of Secrets during the Battle of Hogwarts.[41][42]","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rowena_Ravenclaw%27s_Diadem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rowena Ravenclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowena_Ravenclaw"},{"link_name":"diadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadem"},{"link_name":"Vincent Crabbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_crabbe"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"house ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_ghosts"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deathly_Hallows_(Amazon)-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RowlingWeb2007-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deathly_Hallows_(Amazon)-43"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Magical_objects_in_Harry_Potter#Dubious"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deathly_Hallows_(Amazon)-43"},{"link_name":"Gregory Goyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Goyle"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deathly_Hallows_(Amazon)-43"}],"sub_title":"Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem","text":"Rowena Ravenclaw's diademTom Riddle created his fifth Horcrux using Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem. The diadem is introduced briefly in the twenty-fourth chapter of Half-Blood Prince, it was described as \"a tarnished tiara\" in the Room of Requirement, but was later introduced by name and destroyed with Fiendfyre cast by Vincent Crabbe in the thirty-first chapter of Deathly Hallows.Ravenclaw's daughter, Helena, stole the diadem from her mother in an attempt to become more intelligent than her mother. She fled to Albania, where she hid the diadem in the hollow of a tree when the Bloody Baron searched for her. After Helena was murdered by the Bloody Baron, she became the Ravenclaw house ghost. Tom Riddle, while a student at the school, endeared her ghost so that she would tell him the location of the diadem. Shortly after leaving Hogwarts and after the murder of Hepzibah Smith, he travelled to Albania and retrieved the artifact.[43] Voldemort murdered an Albanian peasant to turn the diadem into a Horcrux.[40] Years later Voldemort hid the diadem in the Room of Requirement when he returned to Hogwarts to reapply for the Defence Against the Dark Arts position; he was denied the job by Albus Dumbledore.[43] Because Voldemort believed himself to be the only one to have discovered the Room, he never placed any curses around the diadem.[dubious – discuss]In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry first comes into contact with the diadem when he hastily hides Snape's old potions book in the Room of Requirement. The diadem was mentioned merely as an \"old discoloured tiara\" in the sixth book; Harry used it to help mark the spot so he could later find where he placed the book. Later, after having the diadem described to him by the Ravenclaw ghost, Harry recalls this scene and hurries to retrieve it from the Room.[43] The diadem was unintentionally destroyed by a Fiendfyre curse cast by Vincent Crabbe as he, Gregory Goyle, and Draco Malfoy attacked Harry, Ron, and Hermione inside the Room.[43] In the film version, Harry stabs the diadem with another basilisk fang and Ron kicks it into the Room of Requirement, as the Fiendfyre reaches the door.","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pottercast166-30"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Parseltongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(Harry_Potter)#Parseltongue"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"telepathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RowlingWeb2007-40"}],"sub_title":"Harry Potter","text":"When Voldemort attempted to murder Harry, he inadvertently sealed a fragment of his soul within him in a manner similar to a Horcrux. The event took place just before the opening chapter of Philosopher's Stone. Rowling has explicitly stated that Harry never became a proper \"Dark object\" since the Horcrux spell was not cast.[30] Regardless, as with all Horcruxes, Voldemort would remain immortal so long as his soul fragment remained within Harry.[44] That portion of Voldemort's soul is unintentionally destroyed by Voldemort himself at the close of the thirty-fourth chapter of Deathly Hallows with the help of the Elder Wand.As a baby, Harry was in the room when Voldemort's fatal Killing Curse backfired. Voldemort's soul had been weakened and destabilised by his continuous murders and the creation of his previous Horcruxes. Harry became a Horcrux when a fragment of Voldemort's soul attached itself to him after the unsuccessful curse. The lightning bolt-shaped scar on Harry's forehead is a direct result of this attempted murder, and the connection that formed as a result is used to explain several important plot points. Throughout the series, Harry is able to receive insight into Voldemort's mental and emotional states, allowing the reader to eavesdrop on the series' primary antagonist. This insight is usually accompanied by pain in the scar on Harry's forehead. Through Voldemort, Harry also inherited the ability to speak and understand Parseltongue and many of Voldemort's powers. It is also revealed by Rowling in an interview that Harry's frequent pain in his scar when Voldemort is either active, nearby, or feeling strong emotions, is really the trapped bit of soul yearning to depart from Harry's body and rejoin its master's soul.[45]This yearning was one of the reasons why the Killing Curse used by Voldemort on Harry in the Forbidden Forest does destroy the fragment of Voldemort's soul within Harry, but only sends Harry's soul into a near-death state. Harry could return to his body despite being hit by the Killing Curse from the Elder Wand because Voldemort had used Harry's blood to regain his full strength in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, and because the actual master of the Elder Wand, Draco Malfoy, had been defeated by Harry, making Harry the new master of the Elder Wand. Harry's ownership of the wand used for the curse and the Horcrux-like connection between Voldemort and Harry diminished Voldemort's curse and protected Harry from irreversible death.[46]While Voldemort did learn of Harry's telepathic connection, Voldemort was never aware that Harry was inadvertently carrying a fragment of his soul. With this destroyed, the connections between the two were also broken, and Harry never again felt pain in his scar. Rowling revealed Harry has also lost the ability to speak Parseltongue, though he regained the ability to understand it in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child after his scar began to hurt again following the rise of Voldemort and Bellatrix's daughter Delphi whom Harry, his son Albus, and his allies defeated and sent to Azkaban.[40] In the epilogue of the last film, the scar has faded to an ordinary-looking scar on Harry's forehead.","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RowlingWeb2007-40"}],"sub_title":"Nagini","text":"The sixth Horcrux was Nagini, the snake Voldemort had with him constantly. This Horcrux was created by Voldemort when he was hiding in the forests of Albania; the murder victim whom he used for its creation was Bertha Jorkins. He found Nagini, and becoming smitten by the snake, turned it into a Horcrux, being connected with it.[40] In the last chapter of Deathly Hallows, Nagini was killed by Neville Longbottom using the sword of Godric Gryffindor. The destruction of the last remaining Horcrux made Voldemort mortal.","title":"Horcruxes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legendary magical artifacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goblet_of_Fire_(Harry_Potter_movies).jpg"},{"link_name":"goblet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet"},{"link_name":"Triwizard Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triwizard_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[HP4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire"}],"sub_title":"Goblet of Fire","text":"Goblet of FireThe Goblet of Fire is a goblet made of wood and is used at the beginning of every Triwizard Tournament. It is used solely to choose the participating school champions, serving as an \"impartial judge\".[HP4] Slips of parchment with the names of potential candidates are placed in the Goblet and, at the designated time, a representative from each school is chosen when the slip of parchment containing their name spouts forth from the Goblet in a fountain of magical fire. Barty Crouch Jr., masquerading as Professor Moody, stated that the Goblet of Fire was \"an exceptionally powerful magical object\" and it is very difficult to hoodwink, unless someone uses an exceptionally strong Confundus Charm.During its use in Goblet of Fire, it is placed in the entrance hall and surrounded by an \"Age Line\", a charm placed by Dumbledore to prevent underage wizards from entering the tournament. Anyone underage would grow a long white beard, as the Weasley twins demonstrated when they attempted to fool the goblet with an Ageing Potion. When not in use, the Goblet is kept in a jewelled casket in Dumbledore's closet.","title":"Legendary magical artifacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(Sword_of_Gryffindor).jpg"},{"link_name":"goblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_(Harry_Potter)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"pommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommel_(sword)"},{"link_name":"Sorting Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sorting_Hat"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Griphook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griphook"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Malfoy Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfoy_manor"}],"sub_title":"Godric Gryffindor's Sword","text":"Gryffindor's SwordThe Sword of Godric Gryffindor is a goblin-made[47] sword adorned with large rubies on the pommel. It was once owned by Godric Gryffindor, one of the medieval founders of Hogwarts. In Chamber of Secrets, Harry draws the Sword out of the Sorting Hat to battle and kill Salazar Slytherin's basilisk.[48] When Dumbledore learns of Harry's concern that he does not belong in the House of Gryffindor, in part at being parseltongue like Lord Voldemort, the headmaster is able to put the boy's concerns at ease by telling him only a true member of that house could have summoned that sword in his time of need. The sword also plays a key role in Deathly Hallows, where it is revealed to have become imbued with Basilisk venom following its use against the Basilisk, as it \"only takes in that which makes it stronger\". It is subsequently used to destroy three of Voldemort's Horcruxes.Because the Sword was goblin-forged, it is indestructible. According to Griphook the goblin, the Sword was originally forged by the goblin Ragnuk the First and \"stolen\" by Gryffindor. The Sword was taken by Griphook when the Sword fell from Harry's grasp during the raid on Bellatrix Lestrange's vault in book seven. The sword returned to wizard hands when Neville pulled it out of the Sorting Hat and used it to decapitate Nagini, Voldemort's snake. This shows that no matter where the sword happened to be at the time, it will reappear in the Hat when a true member of Gryffindor house is in need of it.Rowling has confirmed that Gryffindor did not steal the sword from Ragnuk and that this belief is merely part of Griphook's goblin mistrust and prejudice against wizards.[citation needed] Godric Gryffindor commissioned Ragnuk the First to make the sword for him under his specifications. Once Ragnuk had made the sword, he was so fond of it that after he had presented it to Gryffindor, he told the goblins it had been stolen and sent minions to retrieve it for him. Gryffindor defeated the goblins using magic and instead of killing them, he bewitched them to go back to Ragnuk and say that if he tried to take the sword again, he would use it against them. The king took the threat seriously, but still insisted it had been stolen from him until the day he died.[49]It is mentioned in the Deathly Hallows that the Sword of Gryffindor is supposed to be in Bellatrix Lestrange's vault, placed there by Severus Snape. Unknown to Bellatrix, that sword was only a replica.[clarification needed] When Harry, Ron and Hermione were captured and brought to Malfoy Manor, she spotted the sword near one of the Snatchers, who intended to keep it. She killed him and forced the rest out of the room, then tortured Hermione for information about the sword. But at Harry's request, Griphook lied and said that the sword was a forgery. Bellatrix's reaction to having her vault possibly broken into convinced Harry that the Horcrux was also placed in her vault.","title":"Legendary magical artifacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(Philosopher%27s_stone).jpg"},{"link_name":"philosopher's stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Flamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Flamel#In_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Elixir of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Philosopher's stone","text":"Philosopher's stoneBased upon the ancient alchemical idea of the philosopher's stone, the stone is owned by Nicolas Flamel and first mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The stone is legendary in that it changes all metals to gold, and can be used to brew a potion called the Elixir of Life, making the drinker immortal. The Philosopher's Stone is seen only in the first and last book, although it is referenced several times throughout the series. It was destroyed at the end of the first book by Dumbledore with Flamel's agreement.In the American version, this stone is called the sorcerer's stone.[50]","title":"Legendary magical artifacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_-_the_sorting_hat_(5013545663).jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Forbidden_Journey"},{"link_name":"sapient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapience"},{"link_name":"Hufflepuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hufflepuff"},{"link_name":"Ravenclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenclaw"},{"link_name":"Slytherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slytherin"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sorting_hat-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sorting_hat-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sorting_hat-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Leslie Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Phillips"}],"sub_title":"Sorting Hat","text":"The Sorting Hat as seen on the queue for the theme park attraction Harry Potter and the Forbidden JourneyThe Sorting Hat is a sapient artefact used at Hogwarts, which reads minds to determine which of the four school houses—Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw or Slytherin—each new student is to be assigned for their years at Hogwarts.[51] The hat resembles a dilapidated conical leather wide-brimmed wizard's hat, with folds and tears that make it appear to have eyes and a mouth. During the opening banquet at the beginning of each school year, the Hat is placed on every first-year student's head. The Hat announces its choice aloud, and the student joins the selected house. The Hat may speak to the student while they are being sorted and is willing to take the student's preferences into account when it makes its decision. Sometimes it does not have the need to do so: for instance, the Hat barely touched Draco Malfoy's head before sending him to Slytherin. The Sorting Hat had a difficult time placing Harry, almost placing him into Slytherin house before he requested specifically and emphatically not to be.[51] The Hat instead placed him into Gryffindor, the house of his parents.[51]The Sorting Hat originally belonged to Godric Gryffindor, one of the four founders of Hogwarts. The four founders used to hand-pick the students for their houses, but then realised someone else would have to do it after they died, so Gryffindor took off his hat, enchanted it, and let it choose.[52] Since then, the Sorting Hat has always been used to choose which house the students are put in. Due to its age, it appears \"patched and frayed and extremely dirty.\" Before Sorting the students each year, the hat recites a new introductory song. These songs occasionally warn of danger to come, as in Order of the Phoenix. The Sorting Hat's songs vary in length and content, but always include a brief description of each house.The Sorting Hat has shown the ability to conjure the Sword of Gryffindor from under its brim, as shown in two instances. Both times it is used to kill snakes; in Chamber of Secrets, it provides the sword to Harry to kill the Basilisk, and in Deathly Hallows, it delivers the sword to Neville. Dumbledore makes it clear in Chamber of Secrets that only a true Gryffindor can summon the sword in this fashion. In Deathly Hallows the Sorting Hat is set on fire by Voldemort, although it appears the hat was not destroyed, as Neville was able to draw the Sword of Gryffindor from it immediately after and behead Voldemort's snake Nagini. In the epilogue at the end of Deathly Hallows, the Hat's survival is confirmed, as Harry tells his youngest son that the Hat would take his preference into consideration.According to Pottermore, a Hatstall is 'an archaic Hogwarts term for any new student whose Sorting takes longer than five minutes. This is an exceptionally long time for the Sorting Hat to deliberate, and occurs rarely, perhaps once every 50 years. Of Harry Potter's contemporaries, Hermione Granger and Neville Longbottom came closest to being Hatstalls. The Sorting Hat spent nearly four minutes trying to decide whether it should place Hermione in Ravenclaw or Gryffindor. In Neville's case, the Hat was determined to place him in Gryffindor: Neville, intimidated by that house's reputation for bravery, requested a placing in Hufflepuff. Their silent wrangling resulted in triumph for the Hat.'[53]J. K. Rowling has stated on Pottermore that \"The Sorting Hat is notorious for refusing to admit it has made a mistake in its sorting of a student. On those occasions when Slytherins behave altruistically or selflessly, when Ravenclaws flunk all their exams, when Hufflepuffs prove lazy yet academically gifted and when Gryffindors exhibit cowardice, the Hat steadfastly backs its original decision. On balance, however, the Hat has made remarkably few errors of judgement over the many centuries it has been at work.\"[54]In the Harry Potter films, the Sorting Hat was voiced by actor Leslie Phillips.","title":"Legendary magical artifacts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mirrors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirror_of_Erised_(28731124264).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wizarding World of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-55"}],"sub_title":"The Mirror of Erised","text":"Mirror at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, Universal Studios HollywoodThe Mirror of Erised is a mystical mirror discovered by Harry in an abandoned classroom in Philosopher's Stone. On it is inscribed \"erised stra ehru oyt ube cafru oyt on wohsi\". When mirrored and correctly spaced, this reads \"I show not your face but your heart's desire.\" As \"erised\" reversed is \"desire\", it is the \"Mirror of Desire\". Harry, upon encountering the Mirror, can see his parents, as well as what appears to be a crowd of relatives. The last thing Harry saw in the mirror was Voldemort defeated.[55]Ron sees himself as Head Boy and Quidditch Captain holding the House Cup, revealing his wish to escape from the shadow of his highly successful older brothers. Dumbledore cautions Harry that the Mirror gives neither knowledge nor truth, merely showing the viewer's deepest desire, and that men have wasted their lives away before it, entranced by what they see.Dumbledore claims to see himself holding a pair of socks he always wanted,[56] telling Harry that \"one can never have enough socks,\" and lamenting that he did not receive any for Christmas, since people will insist on giving him books.[citation needed] However, Harry suspects that this is not true. J. K Rowling has stated that what he really sees is his entire family alive, well and happy together again, much like Harry.[55]The Mirror of Erised was the final protection given to the Philosopher's Stone in the first book. Dumbledore hid the Mirror and hid the Stone inside it, knowing that only a person who wanted to find but not use the Stone would be able to obtain it. Anyone else would see themselves making an Elixir of Life or turning things to gold, rather than actually finding the Stone, and would be unable to obtain it. What happens to the mirror afterwards is unknown.","title":"Mirrors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberforth Dumbledore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberforth_Dumbledore"},{"link_name":"Dobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobby_the_house_elf"},{"link_name":"Shell Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_in_Harry_Potter#Shell_Cottage"}],"sub_title":"Two-way mirrors","text":"In Order of the Phoenix, Sirius gives Harry a mirror he originally used to communicate with James while they were in separate detentions. That mirror is a part of a set of Two-way Mirrors that are activated by holding one of them and saying the name of the other possessor, causing his or her face to appear on the caller's mirror and vice versa. Harry receives this mirror from Sirius in a package after spending his Christmas holiday at Grimmauld Place. Harry, at first, chooses not to open the package, although he does discover the mirror after Sirius' death, by which point it is no longer functional. It makes its second appearance in Deathly Hallows when Mundungus Fletcher loots Grimmauld Place and sells Sirius' mirror to Aberforth Dumbledore, who uses it to watch out for Harry in Deathly Hallows. When Harry desperately cries for help to a shard of the magical mirror (which broke in the bottom of his trunk), a brilliant blue eye belonging to Aberforth (which Harry mistakes for Albus' eye), appears and he sends Dobby, who arrives to help Harry escape from Malfoy Manor to Shell Cottage.","title":"Mirrors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Prank objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_Canary"},{"link_name":"Half-Blood Prince film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes","text":"Prank objects from Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes are made and designed by the owners of the shop, Fred and George, who test their new creations on themselves and other Hogwarts students.Weasley's Wild-fire Whiz-Bangs are enchanted fireworks that have overly spectacular and remarkable effects. In the books, they are engineered to not generate any amounts of heat, light, or noise that could be harmful. In the film of Order of the Phoenix, however, the fireworks create a large fiery dragon that attacks Umbridge, burning her and leaving her covered in soot.\nSkiving Snackboxes are sweets that are designed to make the eater temporarily ill in order to skip or \"skive off\" class. Each variety of Snackboxes causes a different effect, such as vomiting, fainting, high fever or developing nosebleeds. One end of the sweet causes the malady, while the other end subsequently cures it. The snackboxes include: Nosebleed Nougat, Fever Fudge, Fainting Fancies, Blood Blisterpods and Puking Pastilles.\nPatented Daydream Charms are kits that put the user into a “highly realistic 30-minute daydream” which they imagine, and can easily be customised so as to be fitted into any lesson.\nA Headless Hat creates a limited field of invisibility that covers the wearer's head, giving them the appearance of not having a head. Its counterpart is a Shield Hat, which deflects minor hexes and curses. Though Fred and George design the Shield Hat to be a trick item, Ministry officials are impressed by its practical value and order 500 of them for the protection of the Aurors. Shield Cloaks and Shield Gloves are also on sale following the Shield Hat's success.\nTrick Wands are magical fake wands that turn into a silly item (rubber chickens, tin parrots, etc.) when someone tries to use them. More expensive varieties beat the unwary user about the head and neck.\nTon-Tongue Toffees make the eater's tongue temporarily grow to an alarmingly large size, as read about in Goblet of Fire when Fred \"accidentally\" drops some in front of Dudley, who subsequently eats one they \"forgot\" to retrieve.\nCanary Creams make the eater turn briefly into a large canary; when the effect wears off, the person moults and returns to normal.\nU-No-Poo causes the consumer to have constipation, or as Fred and George refer to it: \"The constipation sensation that's gripping the nation.\" Its name is a play on \"You-Know-Who\", commonly used to refer to Voldemort.\nExtendable Ears are long flesh-coloured strings, one end of which is inserted into a user's ear and the other end placed further away towards a conversation or sound. Much like a listening device, the user will be able to hear the sounds as if they were much closer to the source. They were first introduced by Fred and George Weasley in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, when they used the ears to listen to the Order's meetings, until one was destroyed (and eaten) by Crookshanks.\nPortable Swamps are, as the name suggests, realistic pop-up swamps. They were first seen in Order of the Phoenix after Umbridge is named Headmistress. Fred and George set one off in a corridor, partly as a distraction for Umbridge so Harry can use her fireplace, and partly to just cause general mayhem. They seem to be reasonably difficult to remove: Umbridge cannot remove it and forces Filch to punt students across, while Professor Flitwick vanishes it almost instantly later on in the novel. (He leaves a small patch untouched as a tribute to Fred and George, who have left Hogwarts by this point.)\nDecoy Detonators are described as black horn type objects that will run out of sight, and make a noise giving the user a good distraction. Introduced in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. First used by Harry while breaking into Dolores Umbridge's office at the Ministry of Magic in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.\nGuaranteed Ten-Second Pimple Vanisher\nPygmy Puffs (miniature Puffskeins)\nEdible Dark MarksThere are also prank items which the Weasleys import from elsewhere, such as:Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder, which throws an area into darkness that cannot be penetrated by wand light or any magical means, although the effect wears off in a few minutes. Draco Malfoy uses it to avoid members of Dumbledore's Army in Half-Blood Prince. It is also used in the Half-Blood Prince film by Harry in order to gain access to the luggage space above Draco Malfoy's table on the Hogwarts Express.","title":"Prank objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zonko's Joke Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonko%27s"}],"sub_title":"Zonko's Joke Shop","text":"Zonko's Joke Shop was a favorite place for Hogwarts students to shop on Hogsmeade trips. It carried \"jokes and tricks to fulfil even Fred and George's wildest dreams.\" Such products include Hiccough Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and Nose-Biting Teacups. Fred and George tried to buy the place to expand their shop in Hogsmeade during Harry's sixth year, but they turned it down due to the dark times coming up.","title":"Prank objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PA8-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PA8-57"}],"sub_title":"Other prank objects","text":"Other prank objects include Belch Powder,[57] Dungbombs (which explode and cause a large and extremely smelly mess), and Ever-Bashing Boomerangs (which hit their target repeatedly after being thrown). Fanged Frisbees are quite literally normal Frisbees with fangs and are first mentioned in Goblet of Fire as one of Filch's newest restricted items during Dumbledore's start-of-term speech. However, they make their first appearance in Half-Blood Prince when Ron whirled one around the Gryffindor common room, it changed course with a mind of its own, and took a bite out of a tapestry. Most of these objects are banned at Hogwarts due to the possibility of injury.More objects include Screaming Yo-Yos, which scream very loudly when worked, and Stink Pellets, which are used to distract prefects and teachers, and give a most unpleasant smell.[57]","title":"Prank objects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Storage receptacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"bag of holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_of_holding"},{"link_name":"Felix the Cat's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_the_Cat"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(character)"}],"sub_title":"Hermione's handbag","text":"In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Hermione used an Undetectable Extension Charm on her beaded handbag, significantly enlarging the bag's internal dimensions without affecting its physical size. As well, the mass of the objects placed in her handbag is negated, making the bag easy to carry. Bags similar to this appear in other contexts, such as the \"bag of holding\" in Dungeons and Dragons or the \"magic satchel\" in many other games, and Felix the Cat's \"bag of tricks\". Mary Poppins also seems to have a handbag of similar uses. Hermione uses it to carry everything they need when they travel across the United Kingdom on their hunt for Horcruxes.","title":"Storage receptacles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mokeskin pouch","text":"Mokeskin pouches are a type of draw-string pouch that can be operated only by the owner. Harry receives one as his 17th birthday present from Hagrid, using it to store several items of personal significance, such as the Golden Snitch, his broken wand, the false locket, the shard of Sirius' mirror and the Marauders' Map.","title":"Storage receptacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(7386427778).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Moody's Magical Trunk","text":"Moody's Magical TrunkAlastor Moody owns a strangely bewitched magical trunk. It has seven locks on it, and the trunk opens to a different assortment of objects for each lock. Most notably, though, the seventh compartment is about 10 feet (3 m) deep (possibly because of the use of an Undetectable Extension Charm), and is where Barty Crouch Jr. imprisoned the real Moody. Other compartments contain spellbooks, Dark Detectors, and Moody's invisibility cloak.","title":"Storage receptacles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(7375511988).jpg"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"third-person-point-of-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_narrative"},{"link_name":"omniscient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscient"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"the fourth film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)"},{"link_name":"sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)"},{"link_name":"eighth films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"}],"sub_title":"Pensieve","text":"Pensieve stone basinA Pensieve is a stone basin used to review memories. Covered in mystic runes, it contains memories whose physical form is neither gas nor liquid. A witch or wizard can extract their own or another's memories, store them in the Pensieve, and review them later. It also relieves the mind when it becomes cluttered with information. Anyone can examine the memories in the Pensieve, which also allows viewers to fully immerse themselves in the memories stored within, much like a magical form of virtual reality.Users of these devices view the memories from a third-person-point-of-view, providing a near-omniscient perspective of the events preserved. J. K. Rowling confirmed memories in the Pensieve allow one to view details of things that happened even if they did not notice or remember them, and stated \"that's the magic of the Pensieve, what brings it alive.\"[58] The memories contained in the Pensieve have the appearance of silver threads. Memories that have deteriorated due to age, or that were heavily manipulated or tampered with to alter perspectives (such as Slughorn's), may appear thick and jelly-like and offer obscured viewing. Memories are not limited to just those of humans, since Hokey the house-elf provided Dumbledore with a memory as well. It makes its last appearance in Deathly Hallows when Harry uses it to uncover the truth about Snape.In the fourth film, the Pensieve in Dumbledore's office conforms to the description given in the novel. However, in the sixth and eighth films, it appears as a shallow metal dish, floating in midair and filled with a mercury-like liquid. During the eighth film, Harry removes it from the stone basin so he can use it to examine Snape's memories.","title":"Storage receptacles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_Potter_car.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Anglia 105E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Ford Anglia 105E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Anglia"},{"link_name":"vehicle can fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_car_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Platform 9¾","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_9%C2%BE"},{"link_name":"inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_inquiry"},{"link_name":"Aragog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragog"},{"link_name":"Rupert Grint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Grint"},{"link_name":"National Motor Museum, Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Motor_Museum,_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Dragon Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios Islands of Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%27s_Islands_of_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagrid%27s_Magical_Creatures_Motorbike_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Hogwarts Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogwarts_Express_(Universal_Orlando_Resort)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Arthur Weasley's Flying Ford Anglia","text":"One of the Ford Anglia 105E cars that appears in the filmsArthur Weasley owned a 1960 Ford Anglia 105E that he subsequently enchanted; consequently, the vehicle can fly, become invisible, and carry the entire Weasley family in spite of its formerly non-enchanted interior dimensions (also the Undetectable Extension Charm), among other abilities. The enchantment placed on the car also made it semi-sentient. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, the car is borrowed by Fred, George and Ron, who use it to rescue Harry from the Dursleys' house. Ron and Harry later steal the car in order to return to Hogwarts after the gate to Platform 9¾ is sealed by Dobby. After they arrive at school, landing in the Whomping Willow, the car ejects Harry, Ron, and their luggage, then flees into the Forbidden Forest, ignoring Ron's pleas for it to come back. Mr Weasley soon faces an inquiry at the Ministry of Magic, as seven Muggles saw the car flying across areas of Central London and the British countryside, and is forced to pay a large fine.The car reappears when Harry, Ron, and Fang visit Aragog in the forest: when the great spider's colony of acromantula attempt to devour the three, the car attacks the spiders and carries them to safety; it allowed Ron to control its functions during the escape. The car does not return to the Weasleys despite saving Ron, Harry, and Fang from Aragog's children, instead reentering the forest to remain on its own. The car's current condition is undisclosed; Ron had commented that the enchanted vehicle had become \"wild\" and thus operated autonomously, like a wild animal. According to Ron, the car does not require fuel and can keep going until it is destroyed. Canonically, it is still roaming around the Forbidden Forest, waiting for a Weasley to have need of it again.The 1962 Ford Anglia used in the film was acquired by Rupert Grint, who plays Ron Weasley, and is currently displayed in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu.[59] A total of 14 Ford Anglias were destroyed during the filming of the scene where the car crashes into the Whomping Willow.A replica of the car in its feral state could be seen in the queue line for the now-defunct Dragon Challenge roller coaster at the Universal Studios Islands of Adventure theme park. Occasionally it blinked its headlights and honked its horn when its motion detectors sensed that guests were standing in front of it or walking by it. The replica has been integrated into Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure and can be seen sitting atop a large rock formation with its windshield wipers and headlights running while under the control of Cornish Pixies. It can also be heard blaring its horn as riders pass beneath the arch. The car appears in the Hogwarts Express attraction where it can be seen flying alongside the train before crashing in the Forbidden Forest.[citation needed]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(Broomsticks).jpg"},{"link_name":"Broomsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besom"},{"link_name":"flying carpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Flying_carpets"},{"link_name":"[HP1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"},{"link_name":"[HP3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"},{"link_name":"[HP3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"}],"sub_title":"Broomsticks","text":"Broomsticks displayed at the Warner Bros. Studio Tour London: The Making of Harry PotterBroomsticks are used for transportation by witches and wizards of all ages, and for participating in the game of Quidditch. Their use is similar to that of flying carpets, although the latter are banned in Great Britain by the Ministry of Magic. However, they are uncomfortable for extended trips, even with a cushion charm applied, and thus many wizards favour other means of transport for those journeys.Broomsticks are treated as a major consumer product in the wizarding world. There are numerous manufacturers and models of brooms, including Cleansweeps and Comets, all of which vary in their capabilities. These range from expensive high-performance models to toy broomsticks for young children that fly only a few feet off the ground to family-sized broomsticks that seat multiple people and include a luggage compartment below the seating area.Since Harry plays Quidditch, his broomsticks - a Nimbus 2000 and later a Firebolt - are prominent in the series. The Nimbus 2000 was given to him by special consent of Dumbledore via Minerva McGonagall, who had chosen him as the Gryffindor Seeker.[HP1] The Firebolt was given to him by his godfather Sirius Black as a Christmas gift after his Nimbus was destroyed by the Whomping Willow tree during a Quidditch match.[HP3] The Firebolt remains the fastest broom in the world, having surpassed the previous record holder, the Nimbus 2001 (which Draco Malfoy owns and which his father Lucius Malfoy had given as gifts to the entire Slytherin team as a bribe to have Draco as their Seeker). The price of the Firebolt is so high it is only available upon request.[HP3]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floopowder.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Columbus_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)"},{"link_name":"flue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue"},{"link_name":"Diagon Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagon_Alley"},{"link_name":"Knockturn Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockturn_Alley"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Floo Powder","text":"Floo Powder as seen in Chris Columbus' film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.Floo Powder is a glittering powder used by wizards to travel and communicate using fireplaces. It was invented by Ignatia Wildsmith (1227–1320) and named after the flue, which is the passageway that leads from a fireplace to the chimney and allows hot gases to escape.Floo powder can be used with any fireplace connected to the Floo Network. To transport from one to another, the fire at the point of departure must first be lit. The traveler throws a handful of Floo powder into the flames, turning them emerald green, then steps into the fireplace and states the intended destination in a clear and purposeful voice. Floo powder can also be used for communication; a wizard or witch can kneel in front of the fireplace and stick their head into the fire, which will then appear in the fire of the destination fireplace, leaving the witch or wizard free to talk. It is also known that other body parts may be transported via Floo Powder, as Umbridge almost catches Sirius the second time he converses with Harry through the Floo network. Voices can also be transmitted through the Floo Network, as seen in the Prisoner of Azkaban by Snape, who summons Lupin through his office's fireplace while interrogating Harry about the Marauder's Map.In Chamber of Secrets, the Weasleys travel to Diagon Alley using Floo Powder. Harry did not say \"Diagon Alley\" clearly enough due to coughing in the fire's smoke and ashes, so he was sent to Borgin and Burkes in Knockturn Alley. In the fourth book, Mr. Weasley uses his position at the Ministry to have the Dursleys' fireplace temporarily connected to the Floo Network, unaware that it had been blocked up. Sirius uses the network to communicate with Harry in the same book. In the fifth book, Harry uses the Gryffindor fireplace and later Umbridge's fireplace to communicate with Sirius; he is forced to use the latter because Umbridge begins monitoring all other lines of communication in and out of Hogwarts.The Floo Network is controlled by the Ministry of Magic. The Ministry also has over 700 fireplaces in its headquarters so that officials and workers can go directly to/from work without the hustle and bustle of travelling on brooms or by Portkey - or the indignity of having to flush themselves in through a public toilet, as portrayed in Deathly Hallows.According to Pottermore, the only licensed producer of Floo Powder in Britain is Floo-Pow, a company whose Headquarters is located in Diagon Alley. No shortage of Floo Powder has ever been reported, nor does anybody know anyone who makes it. Its price has remained constant for one hundred years: two Sickles a scoop.[60]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Axminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axminster_carpet"}],"sub_title":"Flying carpets","text":"Flying carpets are rugs, that are enchanted with the ability to fly. Flying Carpets were once an accepted form of travel for the British magical community, but they are banned due to being defined as a Muggle Artefact[61] by the Registry of Proscribed Charmable Objects. It is therefore against British wizarding law to charm carpets or fly them, although they are still legal in other countries. Mr. Weasley was heavily involved in the introduction of this legislation due to his position in the Misuse of Muggle Artefacts office. It is revealed that the ban was relatively recent, not only due to Mr. Weasley's involvement, but also because Barty Crouch's grandfather owned and operated a 12-seater Axminster before flying carpets were prohibited.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hogwarts Express","text":"The Hogwarts Express is the scarlet steam engine which transports Hogwarts students to and from the school at the beginning and end of each term. It also transports willing students home for the Christmas holidays. It is stationed in Hogsmeade when not in use, and it can be accessed only by using the magical barrier between platforms 9 and 10 of King's Cross train station (known as \" Platform 9¾\") in London.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Knight_Bus,_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter,_Universal_Studios_Orlando,_12_October_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios,_Leavesden"},{"link_name":"triple-decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-decker_bus#Triple-decker_buses"},{"link_name":"Regent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_Regent_III_RT"},{"link_name":"Floo Powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Floo_Powder"},{"link_name":"Little Whinging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Whinging"},{"link_name":"The Leaky Cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leaky_Cauldron_(pub)"},{"link_name":"[HP3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban"},{"link_name":"conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductor_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"Stan Shunpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Shunpike"},{"link_name":"shrunken head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrunken_head"},{"link_name":"voiced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_actor"},{"link_name":"Lenny Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Henry"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"AEC Regent III RT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEC_Regent_III_RT"},{"link_name":"London Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_transport_authorities_in_London"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"The Wizarding World of Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_(Universal_Orlando_Resort)"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Florida"}],"sub_title":"Knight Bus","text":"The Knight Bus, seen in the Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban film, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden.The Knight Bus is a heavily enchanted purple triple-decker Regent III class bus that transports witches and wizards. Anyone wishing to use the bus may hail it by holding out their wand hand, regardless of where they are or the time of day. It makes its first appearance in Prisoner of Azkaban when Harry unintentionally hails it by throwing out his wand arm to break his fall after a stumble. Harry has a final ride on the Knight Bus with a number of his friends in Order of the Phoenix. The Knight Bus is faster than travelling by broomstick, but not as fast as near-instantaneous Floo Powder and apparating. The bus charges for the service based on distance; Harry is charged a base fare of 11 Sickles to travel from Little Whinging to The Leaky Cauldron. Amenities such as hot-water bottles, toothbrushes, and hot chocolate are available for a small additional fee.[HP3]The bus functions as a convenient form of public transportation for wizards and witches who either prefer to use it or are unable to travel by other means. The riders are seemingly picked up by the bus from all over in-universe Great Britain, bringing passengers to the destinations of their choice with seemingly no set route. It bolts through the streets entirely invisible to Muggles and causes other objects to dodge it (instead of the other way around) for short distance-travel. For longer distances, the Knight Bus instantly leaps 100 miles (160 km) at a time, accompanied by a great bang and jolt. The interior of the bus changes depending on the time of day, having seats by day and beds by night. It is also highly uncomfortable, according to Ron and Harry. Its only mentioned limitation in travelling is that it is unable to voyage through water.The conductor of the Knight Bus is Stan Shunpike, and its driver is Ernie Prang. In the third film, Ernie is accompanied by a talking shrunken head voiced by Lenny Henry.As revealed on Pottermore, the Knight Bus was first commissioned in 1865 as a method for underage or infirm wizards to transport themselves discreetly. The idea was proposed by then-Minister of Magic Dugald McPhail, after a number of other ideas such as broomsticks with sidecars were vetoed, taking inspiration from the then-relatively-new bus service.[62]The actual Knight Bus seen in the film adaptation was built by grafting the top deck of a London AEC Regent III RT bus onto the top of another \"RT\" bus. Both buses were originally built for London Transport; the \"RT\" was the standard London diesel-powered double-decker bus of which approximately 4,000 were built from 1939 until the mid-1950s (and were used in daily service until 1979). The actual bus used was RT3882 (registration LLU681), with the additional top deck from former RT2240 (registration KGU169). Parts of RT 4497 (OLD 717) were also used.[63] A replica of the Knight Bus sits in front of the London facade at The Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Universal Studios Florida, serving as a stage for a small audience-interactive show with a Stan Shunpike look-alike and a shrunken head.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP4-p69-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP4-p69-64"},{"link_name":"Cedric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Diggory"},{"link_name":"Amos Diggory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Diggory"}],"sub_title":"Portkeys","text":"Portkeys are first introduced in Goblet of Fire by Arthur Weasley. They are an alternative to apparation but can also be used to transport a group of people at once. Created by using the Portus spell, a Portkey can be set to transport anybody who touches it to a designated location or to become active at a predetermined time and transport itself and anyone touching it to its set destination.[64] It may be created for one-way, one-time use or to transport the holder to and from a particular place in a round trip; in addition, it may be set to activate at a particular time or automatically transport the first person who touches it. The creation of Portkeys is highly restricted and controlled by the Ministry through the Department of Magical Transport's Portkey office. Cornelius Fudge objects to Dumbledore spontaneously creating one, stating that Dumbledore hasn't got authorisation; and at one point in chapter 3, Lupin says, \"... it's more than our life's worth to set up an unauthorised Portkey.\"[65]Any object can be used as a Portkey. As a safety measure to discourage unsuspecting Muggles from picking them up and activating them, wizards are advised to use old, worthless items.[66] Portkey objects used in the Potter series include a football and an old Wellington [boot]. Once the Portus charm is cast upon an object, it glows blue and vibrates gently; once settled it has become a Portkey. When Portkeys are activated, users feel the sensation of a hook being jerked from behind their navel. The floor disappears from beneath their feet, leaving their last position behind them, and they fly forward through a whirlwind of colour and sound, appearing suddenly at their destination.[64] With enough practice it is possible to achieve a graceful landing: After the Portkey trip to the Quidditch World Cup in the fourth film, Mr. Weasley, Cedric and Amos Diggory land on their feet, while the less experienced teenagers, including Harry, fall on the ground.A Portkey plays an important role later in the climax of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. At the end of the Triwizard Tournament, the Triwizard Cup is revealed to have been turned into a Portkey by Barty Crouch Jr. to transport Harry and Cedric to a graveyard, where Cedric is killed and Voldemort regains physical form. Prompted by his parents, Harry later uses the Portkey to escape with Cedric's body back to Hogwarts.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(7386852396).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Tonks"},{"link_name":"Andromeda Tonks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_Tonks"}],"sub_title":"Sirius Black's Enchanted Motorbike","text":"Sirius Black's motorbikeSirius Black owned a flying motorbike, which he lent to Hagrid the night Harry's parents died. It is first seen when Hagrid delivers the baby Harry to Number 4, Privet Drive in the first book, and then again when Hagrid uses it to transport Harry to a safe house in the seventh volume. In Deathly Hallows, various modifications have been made to the bike by Mr. Weasley, allowing it to create a brick wall or a net that erupts from the exhaust pipe and to shoot dragon fire from the exhaust, impelling the bike's sudden acceleration. The dragon-fire feature is used to great effect by Hagrid and Harry when being chased by Voldemort; however, Mr. Weasley did warn that he was unsure of its safety and that they should use it only in an emergency. He was right to say this, as the sidecar of the motorbike, unaffected by Hagrid's magic, dislodged after the abrupt acceleration.The bike is severely damaged when, with Hagrid and Harry aboard, it crashes into Ted and Andromeda Tonks' garden pond. Mr. Weasley covertly tells Harry that he plans to put the bike back together when \"he has time\", meaning when Mrs. Weasley is distracted or has forgotten about it. He hides it in the chicken coop and manages to repair it, giving it to Harry between the end of Deathly Hallows and the epilogue. The bike is now still in Harry's possession, but he doesn't use it.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giratemps.jpg"},{"link_name":"time travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel"},{"link_name":"Buckbeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckbeak"},{"link_name":"The Daily Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Prophet"},{"link_name":"hourglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PA21-67"},{"link_name":"alternate reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"}],"sub_title":"Time-Turner","text":"Time-TurnerA Time-Turner may be used for short-term time travel. Hermione receives a Time-Turner from McGonagall in Prisoner of Azkaban, enabling her to attend more than one class simultaneously. Hermione is ordered to keep it a secret from everyone, including Harry and Ron, although they notice the suspicious impossibility of her schedule and several bizarre disappearances and reappearances. Hermione reveals the secret to Harry and Ron near the end of the book, when she and Harry use the Time-Turner to save Sirius Black and Buckbeak. Strained by her heavy course load, she returns the device to McGonagall at the end of the novel. In the film version, however, only McGonagall, Dumbledore and Harry know that Hermione possesses the time-turner, as Ron witnesses Harry and Hermione travelling back in time in the infirmary, but sees them returning moments later near the end of the film.A large supply of Time-Turners is kept at the Ministry, as seen in Order of the Phoenix; however, during the events of that book, a glass-fronted cabinet containing the Time-Turners is destroyed. Due to their time-affecting properties, the cabinet is seen to fall, shatter and repair itself repeatedly. In Half-Blood Prince, Hermione quotes an article in The Daily Prophet which stated that \"the entire stock of Ministry Time-Turners\" was destroyed during that incident. The books do not discuss who else may be in possession of Time-Turners outside of the Ministry. Time-Turners are dangerous when in the wrong hands, as it is said that many wizards met their demise after confronting and accidentally killing their own selves from the future, so they are issued very carefully.Hermione's Time-Turner resembles a gold hourglass pendant on a necklace; it is unclear if all do. The user twists the hourglass pendant, with the number of twists corresponding to the number of hours of back travel required.[67]Time-Turners are a significant point device in Cursed Child, where it is revealed that a principle known as Croaker's Law restricts all legal Time-Turners to travelling a maximum of five hours into the past (any longer would create ripple effects that would harm either the time traveller or time itself) – although it is widely rumoured that Draco Malfoy's son Scorpius is the son of Lord Voldemort and that Scorpius' mother used a Time-Turner to make this possible. An illegal Time-Turner capable of travelling back years is confiscated from a Dark wizard by the Ministry of Magic (although official word remains that all Time-Turners are destroyed) and is later stolen by Albus Potter and Scorpius Malfoy, who intend to travel back in time to prevent the death of Cedric Diggory. Unfortunately, they quickly discover the Time-Turner is a cheaply made prototype that only takes them back for five minutes before forcibly returning them to the present. After accidentally creating (and then undoing) an alternate reality where Voldemort survived and took over the world, Albus and Scorpius resolve to destroy the Time-Turner, but are forced into another time trip by the story's villain and are left trapped in the past when the Time-Turner is destroyed. Back in the present, Draco reveals he possesses a professionally made Time-Turner (bound by neither Croaker's Law nor the five-minute flaw) - he never admitted its existence for fear it would lend credence to the rumours surrounding his son and never used it (despite being tempted by the possibility of seeing his dead wife alive again). When Albus and Scorpius are able to send a message to their parents, Draco's Time-Turner is used to rescue the boys.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nearly Headless Nick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearly_Headless_Nick"},{"link_name":"Peeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeves"}],"sub_title":"Vanishing Cabinet","text":"Two Vanishing Cabinets play a role in the book series, separately stored at Borgin & Burkes and in the Room of Requirement at Hogwarts. When they are in good working order and used properly, a person who steps into either cabinet will instantly emerge from the other.The Vanishing Cabinet is first seen in Chamber of Secrets when Harry hides in it to elude the Malfoys after accidentally travelling to Borgin & Burkes via the Floo Network; its transportation features are not activated as he does not shut its door completely. Its Hogwarts counterpart is also mentioned in Chamber of Secrets when Nearly Headless Nick persuades Peeves the Poltergeist to drop it (thus breaking it) over Filch's office in order to help Harry escape detention for tracking in mud. It is also used in Order of the Phoenix by Fred and George Weasley when they force Montague, the Slytherin Quidditch captain and a member of Dolores Umbridge's Inquisitorial Squad, into it after he tries to take house points from Gryffindor. Montague is found several days later, jammed in a toilet and badly disoriented. In Half-Blood Prince, Draco Malfoy learns of his experience, determines that the cabinet is linked to the one still at Borgin & Burkes, and repairs it to allow Death Eaters access to Hogwarts.Though this set is the only one mentioned in the book series, the film version of Half-Blood Prince reveals that they were popular when Voldemort first came to power, as they would allow people to make a quick getaway from Voldemort and his Death Eaters in an emergency.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Writing equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[PS Ch.16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone"}],"sub_title":"Anti-Cheating Quill","text":"The Anti-Cheating Quill, a quill with an anti-cheating charm on it, is first mentioned in Philosopher's Stone.[PS Ch.16] In book five they are assigned to every O.W.L. student – and presumably those taking other exams – in order to prevent students from cheating in their written exams.","title":"Writing equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[OotP Ch.31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix"}],"sub_title":"Auto-Answer Quill","text":"The Auto-Answer Quill is a quill that has been bewitched so that when the quill touches a question on a piece of parchment it writes the answer instantly. The quill is banned from the O.W.L. Examinations and the inks are checked out every time the test is on.[OotP Ch.31]","title":"Writing equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Blood Quill","text":"The Blood Quill is a torture quill used by Umbridge throughout the Order of the Phoenix to punish students whom she has given detention. It is described as having an unusually sharp black nib. As the user writes, the quill magically and very painfully cuts into the back of the user's hand and uses his or her blood for ink. In the fifth book, Harry has detention with Umbridge on several occasions; he is required to write lines (I must not tell lies) and is not released from this until Umbridge believes \"the message has sunk in.\" When carried out repeatedly over an extended period, this leads to permanent scarring, as Harry shows Scrimgeour in the last two books. The scars tingle whenever Harry hears Umbridge's name, but it is not clear whether this is psychological or akin to Harry's forehead scar hurting whenever Voldemort is active. Another victim of this form of detention is Lee Jordan; in the film adaptation of the book, members of Dumbledore's Army are forced to use these quills as well. Blood quills are considered illegal to own.","title":"Writing equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"The Quill of Acceptance","text":"According to Pottermore, the Quill of Acceptance is a magical object which detects the birth of a child with magical capabilities. It is located in Hogwarts School, where it records the children's names in a large book. Professor McGonagall consults the book and sends out the subsequent Hogwarts acceptance letters by owl once the child turns eleven. It has been made very popular due to its use in registering users for the closed beta of Pottermore.[68][failed verification]","title":"Writing equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quick Quotes Quill","text":"A Quick Quotes Quill is a stenographic tool, acid green in colour, employed by Rita Skeeter to spin the words of her subjects into a more salacious or melodramatic form. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Skeeter uses the quill to interview Harry about his participation in the Triwizard Tournament for her column in The Daily Prophet. Harry continually tries to alert her to the inaccuracy of the quill; however, she continually ignores him. Additionally, in Deathly Hallows, Rita mentions in her Daily Prophet interview concerning her posthumous biography of Dumbledore that her Quick Quotes Quill helped her to write the book so quickly after his death.","title":"Writing equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spell-Checking Quill","text":"The Spell-Checking Quill temporarily corrects spelling as the user writes; however, once the charm wears off it constantly misspells words, even if the user writes them correctly. The most notable example is its misspelling of Ron's name as \"Roonil Wazlib\" in Half-Blood Prince. It is sold through Weasley's Wizard Wheezes, the joke shop opened by Fred and George Weasley.","title":"Writing equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These objects remain uncategorised as they are the only ones in their field.","title":"Other uncategorised objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(7528757868).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cauldrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauldron"},{"link_name":"potions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potions_in_Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"Cauldron Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_in_Harry_Potter#Potage's_Cauldron_Shop"},{"link_name":"Percy Weasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Weasley"}],"sub_title":"Cauldron","text":"CauldronsCauldrons are magical receptacles in which potions are brewed. They can be bought at the Cauldron Shop in Diagon Alley. There are many different sizes and materials for cauldrons; Hogwarts asks students to buy a simple pewter size 2 cauldron, though in the first book Harry expresses a longing for one of pure gold.In Goblet of Fire, Percy Weasley writes a report on cauldrons for his new Ministry job in the hope that it will push regulation of the thickness of cauldron bottoms, as he believes foreign imports are a safety risk.","title":"Other uncategorised objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madame Maxime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Maxime"},{"link_name":"giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_(Harry_Potter)#Giants"},{"link_name":"[HP5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix"}],"sub_title":"Gubraithian fire","text":"Gubraithian Fire is an everlasting magical fire that may only be created by extremely skilled wizards. Hagrid and Madame Maxime gave a bundle of Gubraithian fire, conjured by Dumbledore, as a gift to the Gurg (leader) of the giants during their attempts to sway them to Dumbledore's side (Death Eaters were trying to get them on their side).[HP5]","title":"Other uncategorised objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binoculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars"},{"link_name":"[HP4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire"}],"sub_title":"Omnioculars","text":"Omnioculars are a pair of magical brass binoculars used by Harry, Ron and Hermione in the fourth book during the Quidditch World Cup. Omnioculars, besides having the magnification capabilities of binoculars, have many other useful features. For example, they have the ability to slow down or replay something seen through the lenses, although a side effect is that the view in the lenses is not current and can lead to confusion as to the state of the match. They also have a play-by-play feature, where the names of moves performed by Quidditch players are shown in bright purple letters across the Omnioculars' lenses.[HP4] Omnioculars also have the ability to list the names and numbers of the players, and can zero in on players rapidly.","title":"Other uncategorised objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adhesive tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_tape"},{"link_name":"Sellotape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellotape"},{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_trademark"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Spellotape","text":"Spellotape is magical adhesive tape. The name is a play on Sellotape, a popular brand which has become a generic name for transparent adhesive tape in the United Kingdom.[69][70] It is used by Ron in Chamber of Secrets to repair his wand after he breaks it while trying to halt Mr. Weasley's flying car. It is also used by Hermione in Prisoner of Azkaban when she binds her Care of Magical Creatures (the Monster Book of Monsters) textbook to prevent it from biting her, and by Kreacher to mend a photo of Bellatrix Lestrange later in the series. It is used by Ginny in Goblet of Fire, who was mending her copy of the One Thousand Magical Herbs and Fungi textbook.","title":"Other uncategorised objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_(7184365467).jpg"},{"link_name":"wand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wand"},{"link_name":"Elder Wand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Elder_Wand"},{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Veela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veela"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jkextra25-8"},{"link_name":"Ollivanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_in_Harry_Potter#Ollivanders"},{"link_name":"eidetic memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidetic_memory"},{"link_name":"Wampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampus_cat"},{"link_name":"Jackalope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackalope"},{"link_name":"Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilvermorny_School_of_Witchcraft_and_Wizardry"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Priori Incantatem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priori_Incantatem"},{"link_name":"Fawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_(Harry_Potter)#Fawkes"}],"sub_title":"Wand","text":"Range of wandsA wand is a wooden stick-like object used to channel magical energy and thus increase its power, and without which only limited magic is possible. Wands are used as both tools and weapons in the wizarding world. They are thus an important aspect of nearly all magic, and great importance is placed on wand mastery. Wands are generally carried inside the wizard's robes or otherwise somewhere on their person; however, they can also be placed into other objects. For instance, Rubeus Hagrid hid the broken halves of his wand inside his umbrella, and in the film adaptations, Lucius Malfoy hides his wand in his cane. In the magical world, when a wizard is expelled from Hogwarts, their wands are snapped in half. This type of damage to a wand is nearly irreparable, though Harry is able to mend his wand, which was accidentally broken by Hermione, with the help of the powerful Elder Wand.A wand is made by a wandmaker who is learned in wandlore, the study of wands. Wands are handcrafted from high-quality woods, or \"wandwoods\", which are capable of sustaining magic (e.g. holly, yew, ebony, vinewood, mahogany, cherry, oak, etc.). A core is then inserted into the middle of the wand from top to bottom, which gives it its power to generate magical effects. Common cores include phoenix tail feathers, unicorn tail hairs, and dragon heartstrings. Veela hair is also used, but less commonly. In the Deathly Hallows, the Elder Wand is described as the only wand with a core made from the tail hair of a Thestral.[8] The only wand shop seen in the books is Ollivanders. Garrick Ollivander is a wandmaker who has an eidetic memory concerning wands, as well as the ability to identify the distinguishing features of a wand. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Ollivander is seen to evaluate two foreign wands: Viktor Krum's, whose wand was crafted by Gregorovitch, was unusually thick and had a dragon's heartstring core; Fleur Delacour's, created by an unknown wandmaker, was made of rosewood with a core of Veela hair. Ollivander believes Veela hair produces \"temperamental\" wands and does not use it.Salazar Slytherin's wand contained a fragment of a basilisk horn, which allowed Slytherin and other Parselmouths who possessed it to cast spells with it at a distance by speaking to it in Parseltongue. In the United States, wand cores are created from the horn of river serpents, Wampus hair, Snallygaster heartstring, and Jackalope antlers, a practice originated in the 17th century by the first American wandmaker, Isolt Sayre, an Irish immigrant who founded the Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in Massachusetts, and the Slytherin wand's last owner. She buried it outside the school grounds, and within a year, an unknown species of snakewood tree grew from the burial spot. It resisted all attempts to prune or kill it, but after several years the leaves were found to contain powerful medicinal properties.[71]A wand is generally considered a very personal object. Wands belonging to other wizards can be borrowed, resulting in a comparatively less potent effect. In Philosopher's Stone, Harry had to try out many wands before he found one that \"chose him.\" Wands with cores from the same source give strange effects (Priori Incantatem) when forced to fight each other, as is the case with Harry and Voldemort's wands. In Goblet of Fire, it is revealed each of their wands contains a tail feather from Fawkes, the phoenix belonging to Dumbledore. After Priori Incantatem, the wands get to know the opposites' master, as explained in Deathly Hallows. While, according to Ollivander, any object can channel magic if the wizard is strong enough, wands are the most commonly used because of their efficiency (due to the owner's bond with the wand itself). This can explain how some wizards are able to use spells without wands (for example, retrieving an item with Accio).Furthermore, wands are able to be won from a witch or wizard and can therefore change their allegiance. This is the case when Harry takes Draco's wand at Malfoy Manor, and consequently the wand's allegiance swaps to Harry, as explained by Ollivander; and, by extension, so does the allegiance of the Elder Wand, which itself has changed hands many times.","title":"Other uncategorised objects"}]
[{"image_text":"A Howler sent to Ron Weasley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Howler_%28Harry_Potter%29_-_2.jpg/150px-Howler_%28Harry_Potter%29_-_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The sign of the Deathly Hallows represents all three objects symbolically: the Wand, the Stone, and the Cloak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Deathly_Hallows_Sign.svg/220px-Deathly_Hallows_Sign.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A replica of the Elder Wand used in the film","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Elder_Wand_replica.png/220px-Elder_Wand_replica.png"},{"image_text":"Invisibility cloak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cloak_of_Invisibility.jpg/220px-Cloak_of_Invisibility.jpg"},{"image_text":"After first appearing in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban the Marauder's Map was redesigned for each subsequent film","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Marauder%27s_Map_%28opened%29.jpg/220px-The_Marauder%27s_Map_%28opened%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remembrall at Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Remembrall%29.jpg/220px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Remembrall%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Weasleys' clock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287388833700%29.jpg/150px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287388833700%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chess pieces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HIMG_2759_%288066426928%29.jpg/220px-HIMG_2759_%288066426928%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tom Riddle's diary, with the basilisk fang that destroyed its Horcrux","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tom_Riddle%27s_Diary.jpg/170px-Tom_Riddle%27s_Diary.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marvolo Gaunt's ring with the Resurrection Stone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marvolo_Gaunt%27s_ring_with_Resurrection_Stone.jpg/220px-Marvolo_Gaunt%27s_ring_with_Resurrection_Stone.jpg"},{"image_text":"Salazar Slytherin's locket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Salazar_Slytherin%27s_Locket_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Salazar_Slytherin%27s_Locket_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helga Hufflepuff's cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Helga_Hufflepuff%27s_cup.jpg/150px-Helga_Hufflepuff%27s_cup.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rowena Ravenclaw's diadem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rowena_Ravenclaw%27s_Diadem.jpg/220px-Rowena_Ravenclaw%27s_Diadem.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goblet of Fire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Goblet_of_Fire_%28Harry_Potter_movies%29.jpg/130px-Goblet_of_Fire_%28Harry_Potter_movies%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gryffindor's Sword","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Sword_of_Gryffindor%29.jpg/220px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Sword_of_Gryffindor%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philosopher's stone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Philosopher%27s_stone%29.jpg/220px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Philosopher%27s_stone%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sorting Hat as seen on the queue for the theme park attraction Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_-_the_sorting_hat_%285013545663%29.jpg/220px-Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter_-_the_sorting_hat_%285013545663%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mirror at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, Universal Studios Hollywood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mirror_of_Erised_%2828731124264%29.jpg/220px-Mirror_of_Erised_%2828731124264%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moody's Magical Trunk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287386427778%29.jpg/150px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287386427778%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pensieve stone basin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287375511988%29.jpg/220px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287375511988%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of the Ford Anglia 105E cars that appears in the films","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Harry_Potter_car.jpg/220px-Harry_Potter_car.jpg"},{"image_text":"Broomsticks displayed at the Warner Bros. Studio Tour London: The Making of Harry Potter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Broomsticks%29.jpg/220px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%28Broomsticks%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Floo Powder as seen in Chris Columbus' film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/Floopowder.jpg/220px-Floopowder.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Knight Bus, seen in the Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban film, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Knight_Bus%2C_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter%2C_Universal_Studios_Orlando%2C_12_October_2014.jpg/300px-The_Knight_Bus%2C_Wizarding_World_of_Harry_Potter%2C_Universal_Studios_Orlando%2C_12_October_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sirius Black's motorbike","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287386852396%29.jpg/200px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287386852396%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Time-Turner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Giratemps.jpg/170px-Giratemps.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cauldrons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528757868%29.jpg/110px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287528757868%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Range of wands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287184365467%29.jpg/220px-The_Making_of_Harry_Potter_29-05-2012_%287184365467%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Quinn, Shannon. \"Could You Afford to Live in the World of Harry Potter?\". MoneyWise. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://moneywise.com/life/entertainment/this-is-how-money-works-in-the-wizarding-world-of-harry-potter","url_text":"\"Could You Afford to Live in the World of Harry Potter?\""}]},{"reference":"Delmonico, Monica (17 March 2018). \"DIY: Harry Potter Howler\". Popcorner Reviews. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://popcornerreviews.com/2018/03/17/diy-harry-potter-howler/","url_text":"\"DIY: Harry Potter Howler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Was Ron Weasley always destined to need the Deluminator? | Wizarding World\". www.wizardingworld.com. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wizardingworld.com/features/was-ron-destined-to-need-deluminator","url_text":"\"Was Ron Weasley always destined to need the Deluminator? | Wizarding World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online Chat Transcript\". Bloomsbury. 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214064648/http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=3&sec2=1","url_text":"\"Online Chat Transcript\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury"},{"url":"http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=3&sec2=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rowling, J.K. (2008). The tales of Beedle the Bard. A&C Black.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A lesson on the Hallows\". Pottermore. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pottermore.com/book-extract-long/a-lesson-on-the-hallows","url_text":"\"A lesson on the Hallows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Extra Stuff\". J.K.Rowling Official Site. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071208163107/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/extrastuff_view.cfm?id=25","url_text":"\"Extra Stuff\""},{"url":"http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/extrastuff_view.cfm?id=25","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News: Transcript of JK Rowling web chat\". Hpana. Hpana.com. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hpana.com/news.20137.html","url_text":"\"News: Transcript of JK Rowling web chat\""}]},{"reference":"Starner, Nina (5 October 2020). \"The Problem With The Resurrection Stone In Harry Potter\". Looper.com. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.looper.com/256472/the-problem-with-the-resurrection-stone-in-harry-potter/","url_text":"\"The Problem With The Resurrection Stone In Harry Potter\""}]},{"reference":"Rafter, Darcy (5 July 2021). \"Who gave Harry the invisibility cloak? Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone sparks interest!\". HITC. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2021/07/05/who-gave-harry-the-invisibility-cloak/","url_text":"\"Who gave Harry the invisibility cloak? Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone sparks interest!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Potter at Bloomsbury\". Bloomsbury.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214064648/http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=3&sec2=1","url_text":"\"Harry Potter at Bloomsbury\""},{"url":"http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=3&sec2=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rowling, J. K.; Tiffany, John; Thorne, Jack (31 July 2016). Harry Potter and the Cursed Child – Parts One and Two (Special Rehearsal ed.). Pottermore Publishing. pp. Act 1 Scene 7. ISBN 978-1-78110-704-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tcSMCwAAQBAJ&q=invisibility+cloak+harry+potter","url_text":"Harry Potter and the Cursed Child – Parts One and Two"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78110-704-1","url_text":"978-1-78110-704-1"}]},{"reference":"Rowling, J.K. (2003). Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. New York, NY: Scholastic. pp. 708–709.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowling, J. K. (2007). \"The Tale of the Three Brothers\". Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Bloomsbury. ISBN 1551929767.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling","url_text":"Rowling, J. K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows","url_text":"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551929767","url_text":"1551929767"}]},{"reference":"Kern, Edmund (2010). The Wisdom of Harry Potter. Prometheus. p. 84. ISBN 9781615921225. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bDxKqiDYr3AC&dq=Foe-glass&pg=PA84","url_text":"The Wisdom of Harry Potter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615921225","url_text":"9781615921225"}]},{"reference":"\"Harry Potter: Why Neville's Remembrall Turned Red\". ScreenRant. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/harry-potter-neville-remembrall-red-reason/","url_text":"\"Harry Potter: Why Neville's Remembrall Turned Red\""}]},{"reference":"Rowling, J. K. (2012). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Mary GrandPré. [England]: Pottermore. ISBN 978-1-78110-008-0. OCLC 779348871.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779348871","url_text":"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78110-008-0","url_text":"978-1-78110-008-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779348871","url_text":"779348871"}]},{"reference":"Riphouse, Acascias (2004). The Harry Potter companion. College Station, TX: Virtualbookworm.com Pub. p. 247. ISBN 1-58939-582-4. OCLC 63888263.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63888263","url_text":"The Harry Potter companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58939-582-4","url_text":"1-58939-582-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63888263","url_text":"63888263"}]},{"reference":"Rowling, J. K. (1998). \"The Burrow\". Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Bloomsbury. 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Pottermore. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 28 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pottermore.com/writing-by-jk-rowling/the-quill-of-acceptance-and-the-book-of-admittance","url_text":"\"The Quill of Acceptance and The Book of Admittance\""}]},{"reference":"Boyle, Fiona (2004). A Muggle's Guide to the Wizarding World: Exploring The Harry Potter Universe. ECW Press. p. 363. ISBN 1-55022-655-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mugglesguidetowi0000boyl/page/363","url_text":"A Muggle's Guide to the Wizarding World: Exploring The Harry Potter Universe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECW_Press","url_text":"ECW Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mugglesguidetowi0000boyl/page/363","url_text":"363"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55022-655-X","url_text":"1-55022-655-X"}]},{"reference":"Whited, Lana A. (2002). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon. University of Missouri Press. p. 280. ISBN 0-8262-1549-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00whit","url_text":"The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press","url_text":"University of Missouri Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ivorytowerharryp00whit/page/n292","url_text":"280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1549-1","url_text":"0-8262-1549-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry\". Pottermore. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 1 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pottermore.com/writing-by-jk-rowling/ilvermorny","url_text":"\"Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_McIntire
Clifford McIntire
["1 References"]
American politician Clifford McIntireMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Maine's 2nd districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965Preceded byStanley R. TupperSucceeded byWilliam HathawayMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Maine's 3rd districtIn officeOctober 22, 1951 – January 3, 1963Preceded byFrank FellowsSucceeded byDistrict abolished Personal detailsBorn(1908-05-04)May 4, 1908Perham, MaineDiedOctober 1, 1974(1974-10-01) (aged 66)Bangor, MainePolitical partyRepublican Clifford Guy McIntire (May 4, 1908 – October 1, 1974) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Maine. He was born in Perham, Maine on May 4, 1908. After attending public schools, he was graduated from the University of Maine's College of Agriculture at Orono in 1930. After graduating from college, he purchased a large farm, which he managed until 1952. McIntire worked in various roles for the Farm Credit Administration between 1933 and 1947, serving as an appraiser, supervisor, and regional manager. He became the assistant general manager of Maine Potato Growers, Inc., at Presque Isle, Maine from 1947 to 1951. McIntire was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-second Congress, by special election, October 22, 1951, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Frank Fellows. He was reelected to the six succeeding Congresses and served from October 22, 1951, to January 3, 1965. McIntire voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1964 but was instead an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Senate, losing to the popular Edmund Muskie by an overwhelming margin. McIntire served as director of the American Farm Bureau Federation and was a member of Richard Nixon's Task Force on Rural Development between 1969 and 1970. He was appointed by President Gerald Ford in September 1974 to the newly created United States Railway Association. However, he died soon afterwards in Bangor, Maine, on October 1, 1974. He was a father to a boy named Blynn Clifford McIntire References ^ "HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957". GovTrack.us. ^ "HR 8601. PASSAGE". ^ "H.R. 7152. PASSAGE". ^ "S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS". GovTrack.us. ^ "Blynn Clifford "Bud" McIntire (1935-1996) - Find". United States Congress. "Clifford McIntire (id: M000478)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Party political offices Preceded byFrederick G. Payne Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Maine(Class 1) 1964 Succeeded byNeil S. Bishop U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byFrank Fellows Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maine's 3rd congressional district 1951–1963 Succeeded byDistrict eliminated Preceded byStan Tupper Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maine's 2nd congressional district 1963–1965 Succeeded byWilliam Hathaway Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC This article about a Maine politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Roshan
Pir Roshan
["1 Biography","2 Successors","3 Roshani movement","4 Writings","5 Recent books and research","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Ormur Pashtun Sufi poet (c. 1525–1585) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pir Roshan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pir Roshanپیر روښانBornBāyazīd Khān Ansārīc. 1525Jalandhar, Punjab, Lodi Sultanate(present-day Punjab, India)Diedc. 1585 (aged 60)Topi, Kabul Subah, Mughal Empire(present-day Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)Resting placeNorth Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanKnown forPashto poetryRoshani movementPashto alphabetPashtun nationalismNotable workKhayr al-BayānSpousesShamsoDanaiToraiChildrenSheikh OmarNuruddinKhairuddinKamaluddinalaluddin Pir JalalaAllahdadDawlatullahParentSheikh Abdullah (father) Bāyazīd Khān Ansārī (Pashto: بایزید خان انصاري; c. 1525 – 1585), commonly known as Pīr Rōshān or Pīr Rōkhān, was an Ormur Pashtun warrior, Sufi poet and revolutionary leader. He wrote mostly in Pashto, but also in Persian, Urdu and Arabic. His mother tongue was Ormuri. He is known for founding the Roshani movement, which gained many followers in present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, and produced numerous Pashto poets and writers. Pir Roshan created a Pashto alphabet, derived from the Arabic script with 13 new letters. A modified version of this alphabet continues to be used to write Pashto. Pir Roshan wrote Khayr al-Bayān, one of the earliest known books containing Pashto prose. Pir Roshan assembled Pashtun tribesmen to fight against the Mughal emperor Akbar in response to Akbar's continuous military agitations. The Mughals referred to Pir Roshan as Pīr-e Tārīk (English: Dark Sufi Master). Due to Pir Roshan's spiritual and religious hold over a large portion of Pashtuns, Akbar enlisted religious figures into the struggle, most notably Pir Baba (Sayyid Ali Tirmizi) and Akhund Darweza. The Mughals persecuted Pir Roshan's followers and executed many of them. A Mughal army eventually killed Pir Roshan and most of his sons. Only his youngest son, Pir Jalala, survived the attack, and later took up arms against the Mughals and became the new leader of the Roshani movement. Roshani followers in Waziristan, Kurram, Tirah, Loya Paktia, Loy Kandahar (including Kasi tribesmen), and Nangarhar continued their struggle against the Mughals for about a hundred years after Pir Roshan's death. Biography Bayazid was born in 1525 just outside Jalandhar in Punjab (present-day India), but early in his childhood, he moved with his family to their ancestral homeland of Kaniguram in South Waziristan (present-day Pakistan). His grandfather was from the Lohgar Valley near Kabul in the country of the Barkis, but had immigrated to Waziristan, while his grandson was born in India. His family was one of the many Afghan families who fled back to Ancestral Pashtun Land after the Turkic ruler Babur overthrew the Afghan Lodi dynasty in India in 1526. His father, Abdullah, was an Islamic Qadi (judge). However, his father and relatives, and later Bayazid himself, also traded between Afghanistan and India. Bayazid was against many of the customs which prevailed in the area and the benefits which his family received due to being perceived as scholarly and devout. He was known for being stubborn, strong-willed and outspoken. Bayazid began teaching at the age of 40. His message was well received by the Mohmand and Shinwari tribesmen. He then went to the Peshawar valley and spread his message to the Khalil and Muhammadzai. He sent missionaries (khalifas) to various parts of South and Central Asia. He sent one of his disciples, Dawlat Khan, along with his book Sirat at-Tawhid to Mughal Emperor Akbar. Khalifa Yusuf was sent along with his book Fakhr at-Talibin to the ruler of Badakhshan, Mirza Sulayman. Mawdud Tareen was sent to propagate his message to Kandahar, Balochistan, and Sindh. Arzani Khweshki was sent to India to convey the message to common people there. Besides, he also sent his deputies to Kabul, Balkh, Bukhara, and Samarkand. However, when he and his followers started spreading their movement amongst the Yousafzais, Bayazid came into direct confrontation with the orthodox followers of Pir Baba in Buner. He established a base in the Tirah valley where he rallied other tribes. In Oxford History of India, Vincent Smith describes this as the first "Pashtun renaissance" against Mughal rule. When Mughal Emperor Akbar proclaimed Din-i Ilahi, Bayazid raised the flag of open rebellion. He led his army in several successful skirmishes and battles against Mughal forces, but they were routed in a major battle in Nangarhar by Mughal General Muhsin Khan. During the 1580s, Yusufzais rebelled against the Mughals and joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan. In late 1585, Mughal Emperor Akbar sent military forces under Zain Khan Koka and Birbal to crush the Roshani rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, were killed near the Karakar Pass between Buner and Swat while fighting against the Yusufzai lashkar led by Kalu Khan. This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal army during Akbar's reign. However, during the attack, Pir Roshan was himself killed by the Mughal army near Topi. In 1587, Mughal general Man Singh I defeated 20,000 strong Roshani soldiers and 5,000 horsemen. Pir Roshan's five sons, however, continued fighting against the Mughals until about 1640. Successors Bayazid's sons were put to death with the exception of his youngest, Jalala, who was pardoned by Akbar as he was only 14 years old when he was captured. He later took up arms as Pir Jalala Khan and successfully engaged the Mughal armies. It is believed by some that the city of Jalalabad is named for him. After his death in battle, Jalala's nephew Ahdad Khan (also spelled Ihdad) took charge of the struggle. As part of a concerted campaign to destroy the Roshanis around 1619 or 1620, Mahabat Khan, under the Emperor Jahangir, massacred 300 Daulatzai Orakzai in the Tirah. Ghairat Khan was sent to the Tirah region to engage the Roshani forces with a large military force via Kohat. The Mughal forces were repulsed, but six years later Muzaffar Khan marched against Ahdad Khan. After several months of intense fighting, Ahdad Khan was killed. The death of Jahangir in 1627 led to a general uprising of the Pashtuns against Mughal forces. Ahdad's son Abdul Qadir returned to Tirah to seek vengeance. Under his command, the Roshani defeated Muzaffar Khan's forces en route from Peshawar to Kabul, killing Muzaffar. Abdul Qadir plundered Peshawar and invested the citadel. It was not until the time of Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan (1628–1658) that a truce was brokered – between Akbar's grandson and Bayazid's great grandson. Bayazid Khan's descendants moved to Jullundhar and purchased lands to establish Basti Danishmandan, Basti Sheikh Derveish and later Basti Baba Khel. The Baba Khel branch of the Baraki lived in fortress-like compounds fighting the Sikhs who surrounded their lands until the early 20th century. Roshani movement Main article: Roshani movement This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bayazid became known for his philosophical thinking with its strong Sufi influences, radical for the times and unusual for the region. He became widely known as Pir Roshan, which in Pashto means "the radiant or luminous Sufi master". He formed the Roshani movement, which had one central tenet: the equality of every man and woman. This advocated that religious and political leaders should be chosen by merit instead of birthright, and that women should receive education and equal treatment. During the 19th century, orientalist scholars translating texts from Pashto and other regional texts termed his movement a "sect" which believed in the transmigration of souls and in the representation of God through individuals. Conspiracy theorists have likened it to remnants of the hassassin or having influenced the creation of the Illuminati in Bavaria. Many European researchers continue to hold this view, though others believe Mughal historians proliferated this as propaganda to dilute the major focus of the movement of fighting against Akbar and his Din-i-Ilahi. Writings This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bayazid invented Pushto script to ensure the emergence of Pashto literature and writing. As Arabic script did not correspond to all of the sounds in spoken Pushto, he invented 13 characters to represent these additional sounds. Some of these characters indicated differences between hard and soft dialects of Pashto. Bayazid is credited with writing the first book in Pashto language, Khair-ul-Bayan, beginning Pashto literature. It was written in Pashto, Persian, Arabic, and Hindi, and is considered the first book of Pashto prose. The book was thought to be lost until an original handwritten Persian manuscript was found in the University of Tübingen, Germany. Maulana Abdul Qadir of Pashto Academy - Peshawar, obtained and translated it, publishing a Pashto edition in 1987. Bayazid wrote nearly a dozen books, although less than half of these have survived, mostly in private and family libraries. His works include Khayr al-Bayan, Maksud al- Muminin, Surat-i Tawhid, Fakhr, Hal-Nama Maksud al- Muminin, Surat-i Tawhid, Fakhr, and Hal-Nama a.k.a. Khilwat. Bayazid's contribution to Pashtun nationalism and Pashto language has been neglected, possibly because he was from the Ormur tribe, whose use a different language i.e Ormuri (a different East Iranic language) and is speculated by some to be a non-Pashtun tribe and whose lineage is attributed to the Kurdistan region rather than the Pashtun confederations, although some suggest that the Barakzai (sons of Barak) are originally "Baraki". Although his ideas spread beyond the Pashtunistan region, some scholars believe that he and his movement were demonized by the Mughals. Recent books and research The invading armies in Afghanistan seem to have paid significant attention from a historical perspective. During the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Saint Petersburg State University Institute of Oriental Studies seemed to have been the institution tasked to study the Roshani movement in order to understand their foe. Waziristan was the focal point for some of the toughest fighters against the Soviets. Aminullah Khan Gandapur, in his book Tārīkh-i-Sarzamīn-i-Gōmal (History of the Gomal Land; National Book Foundation-2008,2nd Ed. ISBN 978-969-23423-2-2; P-57-63), ascribed a chapter to the Roshani movement and to their strife and achievement with the sword and the pen. Following the 2002 invasion, Western scholars were again sent into the field to study and understand the movement. Sergei Andreyev, was sent on UN assignment to Afghanistan, while simultaneously funded by the Institute of Ismaili Studies to research and write a book on the movement. There have been multiple editions of this book; however its sale and distribution remains restricted in 2011. See also Khushal Khattak Mullah Powindah Mirzali Khan References ^ a b c Schimmel, Annemarie (1980). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent. BRILL. p. 87. ISBN 9004061177. ^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 9. Houtsma, M Th. BRILL. 1987. p. 686. ISBN 9004082654. Retrieved 11 August 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ Jonathan L. Lee (2022). Afghanistan:A History from 1260 to the Present. p. 58. Pir Roshan, was from the small Ormur or Baraki tribe, whose mother tongue was Ormuri ^ Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-0816061846. ^ Kakar, Hasan Kawun (27 August 2014). Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan. Univ of TX + ORM. ISBN 978-0-292-76777-5. ^ G.P Tate (2001). The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch. Asian Educational Services. p. 201. ISBN 9788120615861. ^ Angelo Andrea Di Castro; David Templeman (2015). Asian Horizons: Giuseppe Tucci's Buddhist, Indian, Himalayan and Central Asian Studies. Monash University Publishing. pp. 544–584. ISBN 978-1922235336. ^ Mahmoud Masaeli; Rico Sneller (2020). Responses of Mysticism to Religious Terrorism: Sufism and Beyond. Gompel&Svacina. p. 91. ISBN 978-9463711906. ^ Vincent Smith; Oxford History of India volume Vol: VI; P- 325-40 ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India". Digital South Asia Library. p. 152. Retrieved 22 April 2015. ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780521566032. ^ a b c Tīrāh – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 23, p. 389. ^ "Dr. Sergei Andreyev". External links Desecration of Pir Roshan's grave and dead body Roshniya movement vtePashtun-related topicsDynasties Lodi dynasty Suri dynasty Hotak dynasty Durrani dynasty Barakzai dynasty Key figures Alauddin Khilji Bahlul Lodi Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai Ibrahim Lodi Gaju Khan Sher Shah Sur Kalu Khan Yusufzai Aimal Khan Mohmand Darya Khan Afridi Mirwais Hotak Mahmud Hotak Ahmad Shah Durrani Najib Khan Yousafzai Dost Mohammad Khan Wazir Akbar Khan Victor of Maiwand Malalai of Maiwand Saidu Baba Abdur Rahman Khan Mahmud Tarzi Soraya Tarzi Amanullah Khan Nadir Shah Mulla Powinda Bacha Khan Sartor Faqir Umra Khan Faqir of Ipi Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai Wali Khan Zahir Shah Daoud Khan Abdul Ahad Momand Mohammad Najibullah Mohammed Omar Hamid Karzai Ashraf Ghani Arfa Siddiq Malalai Kakar Malala Yousafzai Manzoor Pashteen Ali Wazir Culture Pashtun culture Pashtun cuisine Pashtunwali Pashto Pashtunization northern Afghanistan Pashtun clothing Pashto media Pashto singers Pashtun tribes Loya jirga Adam Khan and Durkhani Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Jirga Poets Amir Kror Suri Pir Roshan Rahman Baba Khushal Khattak Nazo Tokhi Abdul Hamid Baba Hussain Hotak Ahmad Shah Durrani Hamza Baba Ajmal Khattak Kabir Stori Ghani Khan Groups Citizens' groups Khudai Khidmatgar Pashtun Tahafuz Movement People's Peace Movement Religious-military Taliban Topics andcontroversies Pashtun nationalism Pashtunistan Afghan (ethnonym) Durand Line Bannu Resolution Kalabagh Dam Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Anti-Pashtun sentiment Battles andconflicts First Battle of Panipat Battle of Chausa Malandari Pass Battle of Gulnabad Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Multan Battle of Nowshera Battle of Jamrud First Afghan War Second Anglo-Afghan War Battle of Maiwand Tirah campaign Siege of Malakand Afghan War of Independence Afghan Civil War Waziristan Campaign Mohmand Campaign Tribal revolts Soviet–Afghan War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) War in North-West Pakistan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"Ormur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormur"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Ormuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormuri"},{"link_name":"Roshani movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshani_movement"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Pashto alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Arabic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"},{"link_name":"Khayr al-Bayān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayr_al-Bay%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"not verified in body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pir Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Baba"},{"link_name":"Akhund Darweza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhund_Darweza"},{"link_name":"not verified in body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan"},{"link_name":"Kurram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurram_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah"},{"link_name":"Loya Paktia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loya_Paktia"},{"link_name":"Loy Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loy_Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Kasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasi_(Pashtun_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Nangarhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar_Province"}],"text":"Bāyazīd Khān Ansārī (Pashto: بایزید خان انصاري; c. 1525 – 1585), commonly known as Pīr Rōshān or Pīr Rōkhān, was an Ormur Pashtun warrior, Sufi poet and revolutionary leader.[3] He wrote mostly in Pashto, but also in Persian, Urdu and Arabic. His mother tongue was Ormuri. He is known for founding the Roshani movement, which gained many followers in present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, and produced numerous Pashto poets and writers.Pir Roshan created a Pashto alphabet, derived from the Arabic script with 13 new letters. A modified version of this alphabet continues to be used to write Pashto. Pir Roshan wrote Khayr al-Bayān, one of the earliest known books containing Pashto prose.Pir Roshan assembled Pashtun tribesmen to fight against the Mughal emperor Akbar in response to Akbar's continuous military agitations. The Mughals referred to Pir Roshan as Pīr-e Tārīk (English: Dark Sufi Master).[not verified in body]Due to Pir Roshan's spiritual and religious hold over a large portion of Pashtuns, Akbar enlisted religious figures into the struggle, most notably Pir Baba (Sayyid Ali Tirmizi) and Akhund Darweza.[not verified in body] The Mughals persecuted Pir Roshan's followers and executed many of them. A Mughal army eventually killed Pir Roshan and most of his sons. Only his youngest son, Pir Jalala, survived the attack, and later took up arms against the Mughals and became the new leader of the Roshani movement.[4]Roshani followers in Waziristan, Kurram, Tirah, Loya Paktia, Loy Kandahar (including Kasi tribesmen), and Nangarhar continued their struggle against the Mughals for about a hundred years after Pir Roshan's death.","title":"Pir Roshan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jalandhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalandhar"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region"},{"link_name":"Kaniguram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniguram"},{"link_name":"South Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waziristan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lohgar Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logar_Province"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Barkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraki_Barak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"Lodi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monash-7"},{"link_name":"Qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"Mohmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohmand"},{"link_name":"Shinwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinwari"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Khalil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_(Pashtun_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Muhammadzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadzai"},{"link_name":"Badakhshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Samarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pir Baba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Baba"},{"link_name":"Buner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buner"},{"link_name":"Tirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah"},{"link_name":"Vincent Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Din-i Ilahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi"},{"link_name":"Nangarhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar"},{"link_name":"Yusufzais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusufzai"},{"link_name":"Roshani movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshani_movement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Zain Khan Koka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain_Khan_Koka"},{"link_name":"Birbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbal"},{"link_name":"Karakar Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakar_Pass"},{"link_name":"Yusufzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusufzai"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Man Singh I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Singh_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schimmel-1"}],"text":"Bayazid was born in 1525 just outside Jalandhar in Punjab (present-day India), but early in his childhood, he moved with his family to their ancestral homeland of Kaniguram in South Waziristan (present-day Pakistan).[5] His grandfather was from the Lohgar Valley near Kabul in the country of the Barkis, but had immigrated to Waziristan, while his grandson was born in India.[6] His family was one of the many Afghan families who fled back to Ancestral Pashtun Land after the Turkic ruler Babur overthrew the Afghan Lodi dynasty in India in 1526.[7] His father, Abdullah, was an Islamic Qadi (judge). However, his father and relatives, and later Bayazid himself, also traded between Afghanistan and India. Bayazid was against many of the customs which prevailed in the area and the benefits which his family received due to being perceived as scholarly and devout. He was known for being stubborn, strong-willed and outspoken.Bayazid began teaching at the age of 40. His message was well received by the Mohmand and Shinwari tribesmen. He then went to the Peshawar valley and spread his message to the Khalil and Muhammadzai. He sent missionaries (khalifas) to various parts of South and Central Asia. He sent one of his disciples, Dawlat Khan, along with his book Sirat at-Tawhid to Mughal Emperor Akbar. Khalifa Yusuf was sent along with his book Fakhr at-Talibin to the ruler of Badakhshan, Mirza Sulayman. Mawdud Tareen was sent to propagate his message to Kandahar, Balochistan, and Sindh. Arzani Khweshki was sent to India to convey the message to common people there. Besides, he also sent his deputies to Kabul, Balkh, Bukhara, and Samarkand.[8]However, when he and his followers started spreading their movement amongst the Yousafzais, Bayazid came into direct confrontation with the orthodox followers of Pir Baba in Buner. He established a base in the Tirah valley where he rallied other tribes. In Oxford History of India, Vincent Smith describes this as the first \"Pashtun renaissance\" against Mughal rule.[9] When Mughal Emperor Akbar proclaimed Din-i Ilahi, Bayazid raised the flag of open rebellion. He led his army in several successful skirmishes and battles against Mughal forces, but they were routed in a major battle in Nangarhar by Mughal General Muhsin Khan.During the 1580s, Yusufzais rebelled against the Mughals and joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan.[10] In late 1585, Mughal Emperor Akbar sent military forces under Zain Khan Koka and Birbal to crush the Roshani rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, were killed near the Karakar Pass between Buner and Swat while fighting against the Yusufzai lashkar led by Kalu Khan. This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal army during Akbar's reign.[11] However, during the attack, Pir Roshan was himself killed by the Mughal army near Topi. In 1587, Mughal general Man Singh I defeated 20,000 strong Roshani soldiers and 5,000 horsemen. Pir Roshan's five sons, however, continued fighting against the Mughals until about 1640.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_23_389-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_23_389-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_23_389-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bayazid's sons were put to death with the exception of his youngest, Jalala, who was pardoned by Akbar as he was only 14 years old when he was captured. He later took up arms as Pir Jalala Khan and successfully engaged the Mughal armies. It is believed by some[who?] that the city of Jalalabad is named for him.[citation needed] After his death in battle, Jalala's nephew Ahdad Khan (also spelled Ihdad) took charge of the struggle.As part of a concerted campaign to destroy the Roshanis around 1619 or 1620, Mahabat Khan, under the Emperor Jahangir, massacred 300 Daulatzai Orakzai in the Tirah. Ghairat Khan was sent to the Tirah region to engage the Roshani forces with a large military force via Kohat.[12] The Mughal forces were repulsed, but six years later Muzaffar Khan marched against Ahdad Khan. After several months of intense fighting, Ahdad Khan was killed. The death of Jahangir in 1627 led to a general uprising of the Pashtuns against Mughal forces.[12] Ahdad's son Abdul Qadir returned to Tirah to seek vengeance. Under his command, the Roshani defeated Muzaffar Khan's forces en route from Peshawar to Kabul, killing Muzaffar. Abdul Qadir plundered Peshawar and invested the citadel.[12]It was not until the time of Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan (1628–1658) that a truce was brokered – between Akbar's grandson and Bayazid's great grandson. Bayazid Khan's descendants moved to Jullundhar and purchased lands to establish Basti Danishmandan, Basti Sheikh Derveish and later Basti Baba Khel.[citation needed] The Baba Khel branch of the Baraki lived in fortress-like compounds fighting the Sikhs who surrounded their lands until the early 20th century.","title":"Successors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hassassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassassin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Din-i-Ilahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din-i-Ilahi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bayazid became known for his philosophical thinking with its strong Sufi influences, radical for the times and unusual for the region.[citation needed] He became widely known as Pir Roshan, which in Pashto means \"the radiant or luminous Sufi master\".[citation needed] He formed the Roshani movement, which had one central tenet: the equality of every man and woman. This advocated that religious and political leaders should be chosen by merit instead of birthright, and that women should receive education and equal treatment.[citation needed]During the 19th century, orientalist scholars translating texts from Pashto and other regional texts termed his movement a \"sect\" which believed in the transmigration of souls and in the representation of God through individuals.[citation needed] Conspiracy theorists have likened it to remnants of the hassassin or having influenced the creation of the Illuminati in Bavaria.[citation needed] Many European researchers continue to hold this view, though others believe Mughal historians proliferated this as propaganda to dilute the major focus of the movement of fighting against Akbar and his Din-i-Ilahi.[citation needed]","title":"Roshani movement "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Maulana Abdul Qadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(academician)"},{"link_name":"Pashto Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_Academy"},{"link_name":"Khayr al-Bayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khayr_al-Bayan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Ormur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormur"},{"link_name":"Ormuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormuri"},{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Pashtun confederations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunistan"},{"link_name":"Barakzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barakzai"},{"link_name":"Baraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pashtunistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtunistan"},{"link_name":"Mughals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"}],"text":"Bayazid invented Pushto script to ensure the emergence of Pashto literature and writing. As Arabic script did not correspond to all of the sounds in spoken Pushto, he invented 13 characters to represent these additional sounds. Some of these characters indicated differences between hard and soft dialects of Pashto.Bayazid is credited with writing the first book in Pashto language, Khair-ul-Bayan, beginning Pashto literature. It was written in Pashto, Persian, Arabic, and Hindi, and is considered the first book of Pashto prose. The book was thought to be lost until an original handwritten Persian manuscript was found in the University of Tübingen, Germany. Maulana Abdul Qadir of Pashto Academy - Peshawar, obtained and translated it, publishing a Pashto edition in 1987.Bayazid wrote nearly a dozen books, although less than half of these have survived, mostly in private and family libraries. His works include Khayr al-Bayan, Maksud al- Muminin, Surat-i Tawhid, Fakhr, Hal-Nama Maksud al- Muminin, Surat-i Tawhid, Fakhr, and Hal-Nama a.k.a. Khilwat.Bayazid's contribution to Pashtun nationalism and Pashto language has been neglected, possibly because he was from the Ormur tribe, whose use a different language i.e Ormuri (a different East Iranic language) and is speculated by some to be a non-Pashtun tribe and whose lineage is attributed to the Kurdistan region rather than the Pashtun confederations, although some suggest that the Barakzai (sons of Barak) are originally \"Baraki\".[citation needed] Although his ideas spread beyond the Pashtunistan region, some scholars believe that he and his movement were demonized by the Mughals.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The invading armies in Afghanistan seem to have paid significant attention from a historical perspective. During the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Saint Petersburg State University Institute of Oriental Studies seemed to have been the institution tasked to study the Roshani movement in order to understand their foe.[citation needed] Waziristan was the focal point for some of the toughest fighters against the Soviets.[citation needed]Aminullah Khan Gandapur, in his book Tārīkh-i-Sarzamīn-i-Gōmal (History of the Gomal Land; National Book Foundation-2008,2nd Ed. ISBN 978-969-23423-2-2; P-57-63), ascribed a chapter to the Roshani movement and to their strife and achievement with the sword and the pen.Following the 2002 invasion, Western scholars were again sent into the field to study and understand the movement. Sergei Andreyev,[13] was sent on UN assignment to Afghanistan, while simultaneously funded by the Institute of Ismaili Studies to research and write a book on the movement. There have been multiple editions of this book; however its sale and distribution remains restricted[clarification needed] in 2011.[citation needed]","title":"Recent books and research"}]
[]
[{"title":"Khushal Khattak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushal_Khattak"},{"title":"Mullah Powindah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Powindah"},{"title":"Mirzali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirzali_Khan"}]
[{"reference":"Schimmel, Annemarie (1980). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent. BRILL. p. 87. ISBN 9004061177.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC","url_text":"Islam in the Indian Subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004061177","url_text":"9004061177"}]},{"reference":"E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 9. Houtsma, M Th. BRILL. 1987. p. 686. ISBN 9004082654. Retrieved 11 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004082654","url_text":"9004082654"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan L. Lee (2022). Afghanistan:A History from 1260 to the Present. p. 58. Pir Roshan, was from the small Ormur or Baraki tribe, whose mother tongue was Ormuri","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-0816061846.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC","url_text":"A Brief History of Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816061846","url_text":"978-0816061846"}]},{"reference":"Kakar, Hasan Kawun (27 August 2014). Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan. Univ of TX + ORM. ISBN 978-0-292-76777-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vgbYEAAAQBAJ&dq=bayazid+Afghan+1525&pg=PT14","url_text":"Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76777-5","url_text":"978-0-292-76777-5"}]},{"reference":"G.P Tate (2001). The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch. Asian Educational Services. p. 201. ISBN 9788120615861.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tGTd9KKwKVwC&dq=pir+roshan+ormur&pg=PA201","url_text":"The Kingdom of Afghanistan: A Historical Sketch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120615861","url_text":"9788120615861"}]},{"reference":"Angelo Andrea Di Castro; David Templeman (2015). Asian Horizons: Giuseppe Tucci's Buddhist, Indian, Himalayan and Central Asian Studies. Monash University Publishing. pp. 544–584. ISBN 978-1922235336.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zGGfCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Asian Horizons: Giuseppe Tucci's Buddhist, Indian, Himalayan and Central Asian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1922235336","url_text":"978-1922235336"}]},{"reference":"Mahmoud Masaeli; Rico Sneller (2020). Responses of Mysticism to Religious Terrorism: Sufism and Beyond. Gompel&Svacina. p. 91. ISBN 978-9463711906.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p3vGDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Responses of Mysticism to Religious Terrorism: Sufism and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9463711906","url_text":"978-9463711906"}]},{"reference":"\"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India\". Digital South Asia Library. p. 152. Retrieved 22 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif","url_text":"\"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780521566032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Richards","url_text":"Richards, John F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA50","url_text":"The Mughal Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521566032","url_text":"9780521566032"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Sergei Andreyev\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pvcentre.agava.ru/material/bibliogr/pages/andeev.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Sergei Andreyev\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Yeoh
Hannah Yeoh
["1 Background","2 Political career","3 Personal life","4 Election results","5 See also","6 Notes and references","7 External links"]
Malaysian politician In this Chinese name, the family name is Yeoh (杨). Yang Berhormat PuanHannah Yeoh Tseow SuanMP杨巧双Yeoh in 2023Minister of Youth and SportsIncumbentAssumed office 3 December 2022MonarchsAbdullah (2022–2024) Ibrahim Iskandar (since 2024)Prime MinisterAnwar IbrahimDeputyAdam AdliPreceded byAhmad Faizal AzumuConstituencySegambutDeputy Minister of Women, Family and Community DevelopmentIn office2 July 2018 – 24 February 2020MonarchsMuhammad V (2018–2019) Abdullah (2019–2020)Prime MinisterMahathir MohamadMinisterWan Azizah Wan IsmailPreceded byAzizah Mohd Dun (Women and Family Development) Chew Mei Fun (Community Development)Succeeded bySiti Zailah Mohd YusoffConstituencySegambut10th Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative AssemblyIn office21 June 2013 – 9 April 2018MonarchSharafuddinDeputyNik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (2013–2014) Mohd Shafie Ngah (2014–2018)Menteri BesarKhalid Ibrahim (2013–2014) Azmin Ali (2014–2018)Preceded byTeng Chang KhimSucceeded byNg Suee LimConstituencySubang JayaAssistant National Publicity Secretary of the Democratic Action PartyIncumbentAssumed office 20 March 2022Serving with Ganabatirau VeramanSecretary-GeneralAnthony Loke Siew FookNational Publicity SecretaryTeo Nie ChingPreceded byZairil Khir JohariMember of the Malaysian Parliamentfor SegambutIncumbentAssumed office 9 May 2018Preceded byLim Lip Eng (PR–DAP)Majority45,702 (2018) 59,684 (2022)Member of the Selangor State Legislative Assemblyfor Subang JayaIn office8 March 2008 – 9 May 2018Preceded byLee Hwa Beng (BN–MCA)Succeeded byMichelle Ng Mei Sze (PH–DAP)Majority13,851 (2008) 28,069 (2013) Personal detailsBornYeoh Tseow Suan (1979-01-09) 9 January 1979 (age 45)Subang Jaya, MalaysiaPolitical partyDemocratic Action Party (DAP)Other politicalaffiliationsPakatan Rakyat (PR) (2008–2015) Pakatan Harapan (PH) (since 2015) Barisan Nasional (BN) (aligned:since 2022)Spouse Ramachandran Muniandy ​ ​(m. 2008)​Children2Alma materUniversity of TasmaniaOccupationPoliticianProfessionLawyerWebsitewww.hannahyeoh.com Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan (simplified Chinese: 杨巧双; traditional Chinese: 楊巧雙; pinyin: Yáng Qiǎoshuāng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Iôⁿ Khá-siang; born 9 January 1979) is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Minister of Youth and Sports in the Unity Government administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim since December 2022. She served as the Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development in the PH administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020. She has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Segambut since May 2018. She also served as 10th Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly from June 2013 to April 2018 and Member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Subang Jaya from March 2008 to May 2018. She is a member of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. She has served as the Assistant National Publicity Secretary of DAP since March 2022. Background Born in Subang Jaya, Yeoh studied at SK Sri Subang Jaya, SRK SS19 and SMK Subang Utama, after which she continued her studies at the University of Tasmania in Australia and obtained her law degree in 2001. She was recognized as a lawyer by the Malaysian Bar in January 2003 and was subsequently admitted to the Supreme Court of Tasmania after obtaining a Certificate of Legal Practice in Tasmania. Yeoh then served as a lawyer in Petaling Jaya for three years before moving to the ceremony management company in 2006. Political career Driven by Edward Ling, her schoolmate, to join the world of politics, both Yeoh and Ling joined the Damansara DAP Branch in the late 2006. Yeoh opted to join the DAP even though the party was an opposition party as she felt that the stand of the political party is the most consistent, though its leaders are often threatened by the Internal Security Act (ISA) which allowed arrests and imprisonments without any trial. Inspired by Damansara DAP Branch Chief Tony Pua who resigned to join DAP full-time, Yeoh followed Pua's footsteps and resigned shortly before the March 2008 general election to become a full-time politician. Yeoh was elected as the MLA for Subang Jaya in the 2008 Selangor state election. In the 2013 Selangor state election, Yeoh was reelected as Subang Jaya MLA. After her reelection, she was also elected as in as the first ever female Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly. At the age of 34, she became the youngest speaker of any state legislative assembly in Malaysia. In the 2018 general election, Yeoh was nominated by her party to contest for the Segambut federal seat and was elected. When PH took over the federal government, she was appointed as the Deputy Minister of Women, Family, and Community Development by Prime Minister Mahathir. In the 2022 general election, Yeoh was renominated by her party to contest for the same seat and was reelected. After PH formed the coalition government with BN and other political coalitions and parties, Yeoh was appointed as Minister of Youth and Sports by Prime Minister Anwar on 3 December 2022. As the minister, Yeoh introduced the "Road to Gold" (RTG) high performance training programme in an effort to train athletes and olympians on becoming first ever gold medalists of the 2024 Summer Olympics in the Malaysian history. The programme listed 15 badminton players, divers and cyclists ranging from Aaron Chia, Soh Wooi Yik, Pandelela Rinong, Azizulhasni Awang to others. Personal life Yeoh has 4 siblings. She is a former lawyer and event manager. She is married to Ramachandran Muniandy (born 1982; 3 years her junior) with whom she has two daughters, Shay Adora Ram and Kayleigh Imani Ram. Yeoh was named a Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum in 2018. Election results Selangor State Legislative Assembly Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballots cast Majority Turnout 2008 N31 Subang Jaya Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan (DAP) 23,459 70.94% Ong Chong Suan (MCA) 9,608 29.06% 33,067 13,851 79.31% 2013 Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan (DAP) 40,366 76.09% Gan Meng Foo (MCA) 12,297 23.17% 53,052 28,069 86.20% Parliament of Malaysia Year Constituency Candidate Votes Pct Opponent(s) Votes Pct Ballot cast Majority Turnout 2018 P117 Segambut Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan (DAP) 53,124 82.07% Loga Bala Mohan (MyPPP) 7,422 11.47% 77,956 45,702 83.72% Mohd Solleh Abd Razak (PAS) 4,181 6.46% 2022 Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan (DAP) 68,438 80.05% Prabagaran Vythilingam (Gerakan) 8,754 10.24% 85,491 59,684 71.45% Daniel Ling Sia Chin (MCA) 8,304 9.71% See also Segambut (federal constituency) Subang Jaya (state constituency) Notes and references ^ "Billi takes defeat in his stride". The Star. Star Publications. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2010. ^ Lourdes, Mark. "'Handyman' wants to move." Archived 8 August 2007 at archive.today, New Straits Times (Hosted on Lee Hwa Beng's Blog), 13 February 2008. Retrieved on 2008-06-27. ^ "Hannah Yeoh Sworn In As Country's First Woman State Speaker". Malaysian Digest. malaysiandigest.com. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Yeoh is Malaysia's youngest and first female state Speaker". The Star. Star Publications. 22 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013. ^ "Hannah claims victory in Segambut". The Star. 19 November 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ "Zii Jia and Azizul in the Road to Gold programme". The Star. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ "Hannah hopes 'Road to Gold' plan will help Malaysia realise Olympic dream". The Star. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023. ^ "貌似慕尤丁- ‧- 欣赏郭素沁——杨巧双父亲是文青". Sin Chew Daily. 8 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2018. ^ "Hannah Yeaoh:My Profile". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015. ^ "Home | Hannah Yeoh". Retrieved 18 June 2024. ^ "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri". Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 27 May 2010. Percentage figures based on total turnout. ^ "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13". Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 24 March 2017.Results only available for the 2013 election. ^ a b "Malaysian Election Data". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Percentage figures based on total turnout. ^ "SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 17 May 2018. Percentage figures based on total turnout. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hannah Yeoh. www.hannahyeoh.com Parliament of Malaysia Preceded byLim Lip Eng Member of Parliament for Segambut 9 May 2018–present Incumbent vteCurrent Cabinet of MalaysiaPrime Minister: Anwar IbrahimDeputy Prime Minister I: Ahmad Zahid HamidiDeputy Prime Minister II: Fadillah YusofvteFederal Ministers Agriculture and Food SecurityMohamad SabuDefenceMohamed Khaled NordinCommunicationsAhmad Fahmi Mohamed FadzilDigitalGobind Singh DeoDomestic Trade and Living CostsArmizan Mohd AliEconomyMohd Rafizi RamliEducationFadhlina SidekEnergy Transition and Public UtilitiesFadillah YusofEntrepreneur Develoment and CooperativeEwon BenedickFinanceAnwar IbrahimAmir Hamzah AzizanForeign AffairsMohamad HasanHealthDzulkefly AhmadHigher EducationZambry Abdul KadirHome AffairsSaifuddin Nasution Ismail Human ResourcesSteven Sim Chee KeongInternational Trade and IndustryTengku Zafrul Tengku Abdul AzizLocal Government DevelopmentNga Kor MingNational UnityAaron Ago DagangNatural Resources and Environmental SustainabilityNik Nazmi Nik AhmadPlantation Industries and CommoditiesJohari Abdul GhaniPrime Minister's DepartmentAzalina Othman Said (Laws and Institutional Reform)Mohd Na'im Mokhtar (Religious Affairs)Zaliha Mustafa (Federal Territories Affairs)Rural and Regional DevelopmentAhmad Zahid HamidiScience and TechnologyChang Lih KangTourismTiong King SingTransportAnthony Loke Siew FookWomen, Family and Community DevelopmentNancy ShukriWorksAlexander Nanta LinggiYouth and SportsHannah Yeoh Tseow Suan vteFederal Deputy Ministers Agriculture and Food SecurityArthur Joseph KurupDefenceAdly ZahariCommunicationsTeo Nie ChingDigitalWilson Ugak KumbongDomestic Trade and Living CostsFuziah SallehEconomyHanifah Hajar TaibEducationWong Kah WohEnergy Transition and Public UtilitiesAkmal Nasrullah Mohd NasirEntrepreneur Develoment and CooperativeRamanan RamakrishnanFinanceLim Hui YingForeign AffairsMohamad AlaminHealthLukanisman Awang SauniHigher EducationMustapha SakmudHome AffairsShamsul Anuar Nasarah Human ResourcesAbdul Rahman MohamadInternational Trade and IndustryLiew Chin TongLocal Government DevelopmentAiman Athirah SabuNational UnitySaraswathy KandasamiNatural Resources and Environmental SustainabilityHuang Tiong SiiPlantation Industries and CommoditiesChan Foong HinPrime Minister's DepartmentKulasegaran Murugeson (Laws and Institutional Reform)Zulkifli Hasan (Religious Affairs)Rural and Regional DevelopmentRubiah WangScience and TechnologyYusof ApdalTourismKhairul Firdaus Akbar KhanTransportHasbi HabibollahWomen, Family and Community DevelopmentNoraini AhmadWorksAhmad MaslanYouth and SportsAdam Adli Abd Halim vte Current members of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)Perlis Padang Besar: Rushdan Rusmi Kangar: Zakri Hassan Arau: Shahidan Kassim Kedah Langkawi: Mohd Suhaimi Abdullah Jerlun: Abdul Ghani Ahmad Kubang Pasu: Ku Abdul Rahman Ku Ismail Padang Terap: Nurul Amin Hamid Pokok Sena: Ahmad Yahaya Alor Setar: Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden Kuala Kedah: Ahmad Fakhruddin Fakhrurazi Pendang: Awang Solahudin Hashim Jerai: Sabri Azit Sik: Ahmad Tarmizi Sulaiman Merbok: Mohd Nazri Abu Hassan Sungai Petani: Mohammed Taufiq Johari Baling: ‪Hassan Saad‬ Padang Serai: Azman Nasrudin Kulim-Bandar Baharu: Roslan Hashim Kelantan Tumpat: Mumtaz Md. Nawi Pengkalan Chepa: Ahmad Marzuk Shaary Kota Bharu: Takiyuddin Hassan Pasir Mas: Ahmad Fadhli Shaari Rantau Panjang: Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff Kubang Kerian: Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man Bachok: Mohd Syahir Che Sulaiman Ketereh: Khlir Mohd Nor Tanah Merah: Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz Pasir Puteh: Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh Machang: Wan Ahmad Fayhsal Wan Ahmad Kamal Jeli: Zahari Kechik Kuala Krai: Abdul Latiff Abdul Rahman Gua Musang: Mohd Azizi Abu Naim Terengganu Besut: Che Mohamad Zulkifly Jusoh Setiu: Shaharizukirnain Abdul Kadir Kuala Nerus: Alias Razak Kuala Terengganu: Ahmad Amzad Mohamed Hashim Marang: Abdul Hadi Awang Hulu Terengganu: Rosol Wahid Dungun: Wan Hassan Mohd Ramli Kemaman: Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar Penang Kepala Batas: Siti Mastura Mohamad Tasek Gelugor: Wan Saiful Wan Jan Bagan: Lim Guan Eng Permatang Pauh: Muhammad Fawwaz Mohamad Jan Bukit Mertajam: Steven Sim Chee Keong Batu Kawan: Chow Kon Yeow Nibong Tebal: Fadhlina Sidek Bukit Bendera: Syerleena Abdul Rashid Tanjong: Lim Hui Ying Jelutong: Sanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji Rayer Bukit Gelugor: Ramkarpal Singh Bayan Baru: Sim Tze Tzin Balik Pulau: Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik Perak Gerik: Fathul Huzir Ayob Lenggong: Shamsul Anuar Nasarah Larut: Hamzah Zainudin Parit Buntar: Mohd Misbahul Munir Masduki Bagan Serai: Idris Ahmad Bukit Gantang: Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal Taiping: Wong Kah Woh Padang Rengas: Azahari Hasan Sungai Siput: Kesavan Subramaniam Tambun: Anwar Ibrahim Ipoh Timor: Howard Lee Chuan How Ipoh Barat: Kulasegaran Murugeson Batu Gajah: Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu Kuala Kangsar: Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid Beruas: Ngeh Koo Ham Parit: Muhammad Ismi Mat Taib Kampar: Chong Zhemin Gopeng: Tan Kar Hing Tapah: Saravanan Murugan Pasir Salak: Jamaludin Yahya Lumut: Nordin Ahmad Ismail Bagan Datuk: Ahmad Zahid Hamidi Teluk Intan: Nga Kor Ming Tanjong Malim: Chang Lih Kang Pahang Cameron Highlands: Ramli Mohd Nor Lipis: Abdul Rahman Mohamad Raub: Chow Yu Hui Jerantut: Khairil Nizam Khirudin Indera Mahkota: Saifuddin Abdullah Kuantan: Wan Razali Wan Nor Paya Besar: Mohd Shahar Abdullah Pekan: Sh Mohmed Puzi Sh Ali Maran: Ismail Abdul Muttalib Kuala Krau: Kamal Ashaari Temerloh: Salamiah Mohd Nor Bentong: Young Syefura Othman Bera: Ismail Sabri Yaakob Rompin: Abdul Khalib Abdullah Selangor Sabak Bernam: Kalam Salan Sungai Besar: Muslimin Yahaya Hulu Selangor: Mohd Hasnizan Harun Tanjong Karang: Zulkafperi Hanapi Kuala Selangor: Dzulkefly Ahmad Selayang: William Leong Jee Keen Gombak: Amirudin Shari Ampang: Rodziah Ismail Pandan: Mohd Rafizi Ramli Hulu Langat: Mohd Sany Hamzan Bangi: Syahredzan Johan Puchong: Yeo Bee Yin Subang: Wong Chen Petaling Jaya: Lee Chean Chung Damansara: Gobind Singh Deo Sungai Buloh: Ramanan Ramakrishnan Shah Alam: Azli Yusof Kapar: Halimah Ali Klang: Ganabatirau Veraman Kota Raja: Mohamad Sabu Kuala Langat: Ahmad Yunus Hairi Sepang: Aiman Athirah Sabu F.T. Kuala Lumpur Kepong: Lim Lip Eng Batu: Prabakaran Parameswaran Wangsa Maju: Zahir Hassan Segambut: Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan Setiawangsa: Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad Titiwangsa: Johari Abdul Ghani Bukit Bintang: Fong Kui Lun Lembah Pantai: Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil Seputeh: Teresa Kok Suh Sim Cheras: Tan Kok Wai Bandar Tun Razak: Wan Azizah Wan Ismail F.T. Putrajaya Putrajaya: Mohd Radzi Md Jidin Negeri Sembilan Jelebu: Jalaluddin Alias Jempol: Shamshulkahar Mohd. Deli Seremban: Anthony Loke Siew Fook Kuala Pilah: Adnan Abu Hassan Rasah: Cha Kee Chin Rembau: Mohamad Hasan Port Dickson: Aminuddin Harun Tampin: Mohd Isam Mohd Isa Malacca Masjid Tanah: Mas Ermieyati Samsudin Alor Gajah: Adly Zahari Tangga Batu: Bakri Jamaluddin Hang Tuah Jaya: Adam Adli Abdul Halim Kota Melaka: Khoo Poay Tiong Jasin: Zulkifli Ismail Johor Segamat: Yuneswaran Ramaraj Sekijang: Zaliha Mustafa Labis: Pang Hok Liong Pagoh: Muhyiddin Yassin Ledang: Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh Bakri: Tan Hong Pin Muar: Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman Parit Sulong: Noraini Ahmad Ayer Hitam: Wee Ka Siong Sri Gading: Aminolhuda Hassan Batu Pahat: Onn Abu Bakar Simpang Renggam: Hasni Mohammad Kluang: Wong Shu Qi Sembrong: Hishammuddin Hussein Mersing: Muhammad Islahuddin Abas Tenggara: Manndzri Nasib Kota Tinggi: Mohamed Khaled Nordin Pengerang: Azalina Othman Said Tebrau: Jimmy Puah Wee Tse Pasir Gudang: Hassan Abdul Karim Johor Bahru: Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir Pulai: Suhaizan Kayat Iskandar Puteri: Liew Chin Tong Kulai: Teo Nie Ching Pontian: Ahmad Maslan Tanjung Piai: Wee Jeck Seng F.T. of Labuan Labuan: Suhaili Abdul Rahman Sabah Kudat: Verdon Bahanda Kota Marudu: Wetrom Bahanda Kota Belud: Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis Tuaran: Wilfred Madius Tangau Sepanggar: Mustapha Sakmud Kota Kinabalu: Chan Foong Hin Putatan: Shahelmey Yahya Penampang: Ewon Benedick Papar: Armizan Mohd Ali Kimanis: Mohamad Alamin Beaufort: Siti Aminah Aching Sipitang: Matbali Musah Ranau: Jonathan Yasin Keningau: Jeffrey Kitingan Tenom: Riduan Rubin Pensiangan: Arthur Joseph Kurup Beluran: Ronald Kiandee Libaran: Suhaimi Nasir Batu Sapi: Khairul Firdaus Akbar Khan Sandakan: Vivian Wong Shir Yee Kinabatangan: Bung Moktar Radin Lahad Datu: Mohammad Yusof Apdal Semporna: Mohd Shafie Apdal Tawau: Lo Su Fui Kalabakan: Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy Sarawak Mas Gading: Mordi Bimol Santubong: Nancy Shukri Petra Jaya: Fadillah Yusof Bandar Kuching: Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen Stampin: Chong Chieng Jen Kota Samarahan: Rubiah Wang Puncak Borneo: Willie Mongin Serian: Richard Riot Jaem Batang Sadong: Rodiyah Sapiee Batang Lupar: Mohamad Shafizan Kepli Sri Aman: Doris Sophia Brodi Lubok Antu: Roy Angau Gingkoi Betong: Richard Rapu Saratok: Ali Biju Tanjong Manis: Yusuf Abd. Wahab Igan: Ahmad Johnie Zawawi Sarikei: Huang Tiong Sii Julau: Larry Sng Wei Shien Kanowit: Aaron Ago Dagang Lanang: Alice Lau Kiong Yieng Sibu: Oscar Ling Chai Yew Mukah: Hanifah Hajar Taib Selangau: Edwin Banta Kapit: Alexander Nanta Linggi Hulu Rajang: Wilson Ugak Kumbong Bintulu: Tiong King Sing Sibuti: Lukanisman Awang Sauni Miri: Chiew Choon Man Baram: Anyi Ngau Limbang: Hasbi Habibollah Lawas: Henry Sum Agong Related topics Previous members: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Women MPs Chinese MPs Indians MPs +30 years MPs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Yeoh (杨)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_people"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Minister of Youth and Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Youth_and_Sports_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Anwar Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim"},{"link_name":"Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Women,_Family_and_Community_Development_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"Wan Azizah Wan Ismail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Azizah_Wan_Ismail"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Segambut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segambut_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Selangor_State_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Selangor State Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor_State_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Subang Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subang_Jaya_(state_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Yeoh (杨).Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan (simplified Chinese: 杨巧双; traditional Chinese: 楊巧雙; pinyin: Yáng Qiǎoshuāng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Iôⁿ Khá-siang; born 9 January 1979) is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who has served as the Minister of Youth and Sports in the Unity Government administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim since December 2022. She served as the Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development in the PH administration under former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and former Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail from July 2018 to the collapse of the PH administration in February 2020. She has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Segambut since May 2018. She also served as 10th Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly from June 2013 to April 2018 and Member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Subang Jaya from March 2008 to May 2018. She is a member of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. She has served as the Assistant National Publicity Secretary of DAP since March 2022.","title":"Hannah Yeoh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysian Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Bar"}],"text":"Born in Subang Jaya, Yeoh studied at SK Sri Subang Jaya, SRK SS19 and SMK Subang Utama, after which she continued her studies at the University of Tasmania in Australia and obtained her law degree in 2001. She was recognized as a lawyer by the Malaysian Bar in January 2003 and was subsequently admitted to the Supreme Court of Tasmania after obtaining a Certificate of Legal Practice in Tasmania. Yeoh then served as a lawyer in Petaling Jaya for three years before moving to the ceremony management company in 2006.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internal Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Tony Pua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pua"},{"link_name":"2008 Selangor state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Selangor_state_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2013 Selangor state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Selangor_state_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2018 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Segambut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segambut_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2022 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government"},{"link_name":"2024 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Malaysian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_history"},{"link_name":"Aaron Chia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Chia"},{"link_name":"Soh Wooi Yik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soh_Wooi_Yik"},{"link_name":"Pandelela Rinong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandelela_Rinong"},{"link_name":"Azizulhasni Awang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azizulhasni_Awang"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Driven by Edward Ling, her schoolmate, to join the world of politics, both Yeoh and Ling joined the Damansara DAP Branch in the late 2006. Yeoh opted to join the DAP even though the party was an opposition party as she felt that the stand of the political party is the most consistent, though its leaders are often threatened by the Internal Security Act (ISA) which allowed arrests and imprisonments without any trial.Inspired by Damansara DAP Branch Chief Tony Pua who resigned to join DAP full-time, Yeoh followed Pua's footsteps and resigned shortly before the March 2008 general election to become a full-time politician.Yeoh was elected as the MLA for Subang Jaya in the 2008 Selangor state election.[1][2] In the 2013 Selangor state election, Yeoh was reelected as Subang Jaya MLA. After her reelection, she was also elected as in as the first ever female Speaker of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly.[3] At the age of 34, she became the youngest speaker of any state legislative assembly in Malaysia.[4]In the 2018 general election, Yeoh was nominated by her party to contest for the Segambut federal seat and was elected. When PH took over the federal government, she was appointed as the Deputy Minister of Women, Family, and Community Development by Prime Minister Mahathir.In the 2022 general election, Yeoh was renominated by her party to contest for the same seat and was reelected.[5] After PH formed the coalition government with BN and other political coalitions and parties, Yeoh was appointed as Minister of Youth and Sports by Prime Minister Anwar on 3 December 2022. As the minister, Yeoh introduced the \"Road to Gold\" (RTG) high performance training programme in an effort to train athletes and olympians on becoming first ever gold medalists of the 2024 Summer Olympics in the Malaysian history. The programme listed 15 badminton players, divers and cyclists ranging from Aaron Chia, Soh Wooi Yik, Pandelela Rinong, Azizulhasni Awang to others.[6][7]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Yeoh has 4 siblings. She is a former lawyer and event manager.[8] She is married to Ramachandran Muniandy (born 1982; 3 years her junior) with whom she has two daughters, Shay Adora Ram and Kayleigh Imani Ram.[9]Yeoh was named a Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum in 2018.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Billi takes defeat in his stride\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/03/10/billi-takes-defeat-in-his-stride/"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"'Handyman' wants to move.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hwabeng.org.my/node/960"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20070808080510/http://hwabeng.org.my/node/960"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Hannah Yeoh Sworn In As Country's First Woman State Speaker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180423103643/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/81182-hannah-yeoh-sworn-in-as-countrys-first-woman-state-speaker.html"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Yeoh is Malaysia's youngest and first female state Speaker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/06/22/yeoh-is-malaysias-youngest-and-first-female-state-speaker/"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Hannah claims victory in Segambut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/11/19/ge15-hannah-yeo-claims-victory-in-segambut"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Zii Jia and Azizul in the Road to Gold programme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestar.com.my/sport/badminton/2023/04/07/zii-jia-and-azizul-in-the-road-to-gold-programme"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Hannah hopes 'Road to Gold' plan will help Malaysia realise Olympic dream\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thestar.com.my/sport/others/2023/01/01/hannah-hopes-road-to-gold-plan-will-help-malaysia-realise-olympic-dream"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"貌似慕尤丁- ‧- 欣赏郭素沁——杨巧双父亲是文青\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190605094850/http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1772123/"},{"link_name":"Sin Chew Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Chew_Daily"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sinchew.com.my/node/1772123/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Hannah Yeaoh:My Profile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150402121924/http://www.hannahyeoh.blogspot.hk/p/my-profile.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hannahyeoh.blogspot.hk/p/my-profile.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Home | Hannah Yeoh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hannahyeoh.com/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-election_results_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php"},{"link_name":"Election Commission of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php"},{"link_name":"Election Commission of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"2013 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Malaysian_general_election"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-undiinfo_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-undiinfo_13-1"},{"link_name":"\"Malaysian Election Data\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//undi.info/#"},{"link_name":"Malaysiakini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiakini"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GE14_results_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//keputusan.spr.gov.my/"},{"link_name":"Election Commission of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia"}],"text":"^ \"Billi takes defeat in his stride\". The Star. Star Publications. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2010.\n\n^ Lourdes, Mark. \"'Handyman' wants to move.\" Archived 8 August 2007 at archive.today, New Straits Times (Hosted on Lee Hwa Beng's Blog), 13 February 2008. Retrieved on 2008-06-27.\n\n^ \"Hannah Yeoh Sworn In As Country's First Woman State Speaker\". Malaysian Digest. malaysiandigest.com. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ \"Yeoh is Malaysia's youngest and first female state Speaker\". The Star. Star Publications. 22 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.\n\n^ \"Hannah claims victory in Segambut\". The Star. 19 November 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2023.\n\n^ \"Zii Jia and Azizul in the Road to Gold programme\". The Star. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.\n\n^ \"Hannah hopes 'Road to Gold' plan will help Malaysia realise Olympic dream\". The Star. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.\n\n^ \"貌似慕尤丁- ‧- 欣赏郭素沁——杨巧双父亲是文青\". Sin Chew Daily. 8 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Hannah Yeaoh:My Profile\". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.\n\n^ \"Home | Hannah Yeoh\". Retrieved 18 June 2024.\n\n^ \"Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri\". Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 27 May 2010. Percentage figures based on total turnout.\n\n^ \"KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13\". Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 24 March 2017.Results only available for the 2013 election.\n\n^ a b \"Malaysian Election Data\". Malaysiakini. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Percentage figures based on total turnout.\n\n^ \"SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14\" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 17 May 2018. Percentage figures based on total turnout.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hawkes_Tanner
Thomas Hawkes Tanner
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 External links"]
English physician and medical writer Thomas Hawkes Tanner in 1868 Thomas Hawkes Tanner (9 July 1824 – 7 July 1871) was an English physician and medical writer. Life Tanner was the son of Thomas Tanner, secretary to the Army Medical Board. He received the greater part of his education at Charterhouse School. There he met with a serious accident, which affected his health for a number of years. Tanner began medical studies at King's College London, in 1843, and graduated at St. Andrews University as doctor of medicine in 1847. He then went into general practice in Charlotte Street in London, and was shortly afterwards elected physician to the Farringdon Street dispensary. He was enrolled a member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1850, and set up in consulting practice. In 1851 Tanner was elected physician to the Hospital for Women in Soho Square, and concentrated on gynæcology, though also lecturing on forensic medicine at the medical school attached to Westminster Hospital. In 1858 he took part in the foundation of the Obstetrical Society of London, and became one of its first secretaries. In 1860 the council of King's College London, decided to appoint two assistant physicians for the diseases of women and children. Tanner was selected to fill one of these posts, and Alfred Meadows the other. He resigned the under the pressure of increasing work, in 1863. Tanner acquired a large practice, but was unable to cope with the workload. He left London, and died at Brighton on 7 July 1871. Works Tanner was a voluminous writer: his major work was A Manual of the Practice of Medicine (1854) which sold well in the United Kingdom and America. The 7th edition as revised by Sir William Henry Broadbent was issued in 2 vols. in 1875. His other works were: A Manual of Clinical Medicine and Physical Diagnosis, London, 1855; 3rd. ed. revised by Tilbury Fox, 1876. A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, London, 1858; 3rd edit., enlarged, by Alfred Meadows, 1879. On the Signs and Diseases of Pregnancy, London, 1860. Memoranda on Poisons, 1st ed. London, 1848; 7th American edition Philadelphia, 1892. An Index of Diseases and their Treatment, London, 1st edit. 1866; 4th edition revised by Percy Boulton, London, 1891. This work was translated into Japanese, 6 vols. Tokyo, 1874–7. Notes ^ a b c d e f Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). "Tanner, Thomas Hawkes" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). "Tanner, Thomas Hawkes". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Hawkes Tanner. Works by Thomas Hawkes Tanner at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thomas Hawkes Tanner at Internet Archive Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy United States
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He received the greater part of his education at Charterhouse School. There he met with a serious accident, which affected his health for a number of years.[1]Tanner began medical studies at King's College London, in 1843, and graduated at St. Andrews University as doctor of medicine in 1847. He then went into general practice in Charlotte Street in London, and was shortly afterwards elected physician to the Farringdon Street dispensary. He was enrolled a member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1850, and set up in consulting practice.[1]In 1851 Tanner was elected physician to the Hospital for Women in Soho Square, and concentrated on gynæcology, though also lecturing on forensic medicine at the medical school attached to Westminster Hospital. In 1858 he took part in the foundation of the Obstetrical Society of London, and became one of its first secretaries.[1]In 1860 the council of King's College London, decided to appoint two assistant physicians for the diseases of women and children. Tanner was selected to fill one of these posts, and Alfred Meadows the other. He resigned the under the pressure of increasing work, in 1863.[1]Tanner acquired a large practice, but was unable to cope with the workload. He left London, and died at Brighton on 7 July 1871.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir William Henry Broadbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Henry_Broadbent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Tilbury Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilbury_Fox"}],"text":"Tanner was a voluminous writer: his major work was A Manual of the Practice of Medicine (1854) which sold well in the United Kingdom and America. The 7th edition as revised by Sir William Henry Broadbent was issued in 2 vols. in 1875. His other works were:[1]A Manual of Clinical Medicine and Physical Diagnosis, London, 1855; 3rd. ed. revised by Tilbury Fox, 1876.\nA Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, London, 1858; 3rd edit., enlarged, by Alfred Meadows, 1879.\nOn the Signs and Diseases of Pregnancy, London, 1860.\nMemoranda on Poisons, 1st ed. London, 1848; 7th American edition Philadelphia, 1892.\nAn Index of Diseases and their Treatment, London, 1st edit. 1866; 4th edition revised by Percy Boulton, London, 1891. This work was translated into Japanese, 6 vols. Tokyo, 1874–7.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNB_1-5"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"\"Tanner, Thomas Hawkes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Tanner,_Thomas_Hawkes"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Tanner, Thomas Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Tanner,_Thomas_Hawkes"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). \"Tanner, Thomas Hawkes\" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co.AttributionThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). \"Tanner, Thomas Hawkes\". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","title":"Notes"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_Open
Mar del Plata chess tournament
["1 Mar del Plata International Chess Tournament","2 Mar del Plata Open Chess Tournament","3 External links","4 References"]
For the tennis tournament, see Mar del Plata Open (tennis). Mar del Plata, Argentina, has a rich history of chess tournaments, including their international chess tournament and open tournament. There is also an annual city tournament, which had its first edition in 1946, and reached its 62nd edition in 2007. The international tournament started off in 1928, but only in the period from 1941 to 1970 was it a truly international tournament with considerable reputation. After 1970, only seven international tournaments have been played. The 1951, 1954, 1969 and 2001 editions were zonal tournaments. There was also a zonal tournament for women in Mar del Plata, in 1969, won by the Brazilian Ruth Cardoso. Silvia Kot from Argentina placed second. In 1967 the first edition of the open tournament was organized. In 1969 it became an annual event. The Mar del Plata Variation of the King's Indian Defence (1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 0–0 6. Be2 e5 7. 0–0 Nc6 8. d5 Ne7) is named after a game played in 1953 at the 16th international tournament between Miguel Najdorf and Svetozar Gligorić. Mar del Plata International Chess Tournament # Year Winner 1 1928  Roberto Grau (Argentina) 2 1934  Aaron Schwartzman (Argentina) 3 1936  Isaías Pleci (Argentina) 4 1941  Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden) 5 1942  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 6 1943  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 7 1944  Hermann Pilnik (Argentina)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 8 1945  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 9 1946  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 10 1947  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 11 1948  Erich Eliskases (Argentina) 12 1949  Héctor Rossetto (Argentina) 13 1950  Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia) 14 1951  Julio Bolbochán (Argentina)  Erich Eliskases (Argentina) 15 1952  Héctor Rossetto (Argentina)  Julio Bolbochán (Argentina) 16 1953  Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia) 17 1954  Oscar Panno (Argentina) 18 1955  Borislav Ivkov (Yugoslavia) 19 1956  Julio Bolbochán (Argentina)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 20 1957  Paul Keres (Soviet Union) 21 1958  Bent Larsen (Denmark) 22 1959  Luděk Pachman (Czechoslovakia)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 23 1960  Boris Spassky (Soviet Union)  Robert Fischer (United States) 24 1961  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 25 1962  Lev Polugaevsky (Soviet Union) 26 1964  Héctor Rossetto (Argentina) 27 1965  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 28 1966  Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union) 29 1969  Oscar Panno (Argentina)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 30 1971  Lev Polugaevsky (Soviet Union) 31 1976  Raúl Sanguinetti (Argentina)  Victor Brond (Argentina) 32 1982  Jan Timman (Netherlands) 33 1989  Marcelo Tempone (Argentina) 34 1990  Marino Alejandro Cid (Argentina) 35 1997  Fernando Braga (Italy) 36 2001  Juan Facundo Pierrot (Argentina)  Rubén Felgaer (Argentina) Mar del Plata Open Chess Tournament # Year Winner 1 1967  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 2 1969  René Letelier (Chile) 3 1970  Lothar Schmid (Germany) 4 1971  Raúl Ocampo (Argentina) 5 1972  Jorge Rubinetti (Argentina) 6 1973  Lothar Schmid (Germany) 7 1974  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 8 1975  Jaime Emma (Argentina) 9 1976  Aldo Emilio Seidler (Argentina) 10 1977  Ricardo Poleschi (Argentina) 11 1978  Aldo Emilio Seidler (Argentina) 12 1979  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina) 13 1980  Carlos Lago (Argentina) 14 1983  Luis Marcos Bronstein (Argentina) 15 1984  Marcelo Tempone (Argentina) 16 1985  Jorge Rubinetti (Argentina) 17 1986  Oscar Panno (Argentina) 18 1987  Roberto Cifuentes (Chile) 19 1988  Oscar Panno (Argentina) 20 1989  Pablo Zarnicki (Argentina) 21 1990  Roberto Cifuentes (Chile) 22 1991  Marcelo Tempone (Argentina) 23 1992  Sergio Carlos Giardelli (Argentina) 24 1993  Bent Larsen (Denmark)  Julio Granda (Peru) 25 1994  Oscar Panno (Argentina) 26 1995  Sergio Slipak (Argentina) 27 1996  Fabian Fiorito (Argentina) 28 1997  Fernando Braga (Italy) 29 1998  Alfredo Giaccio (Argentina) 30 1999  Sergio Slipak (Argentina) 31 2000  Martín Labollita (Argentina) 32 2001  Sergio Slipak (Argentina) 33 2002  Fabián Fiorito (Argentina) 34 2003  Suat Atalık (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 35 2004  Pablo Lafuente (Argentina) 36 2005  José F. Cubas (Paraguay) 37 2006  Diego Flores (Argentina) 38 2007  Andrés Rodríguez (Uruguay) 50 2019  Diego Flores (Argentina) 53 2024  Johan-Sebastian Christiansen (Norway) External links Portal page of chess in Mar del Plata: Winners of the international tournament of Mar del Plata: Winners of the open tournament of Mar del Plata: Winners of the city tournament Mar del Plata: References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2009-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Crowther, Mark (5 April 1999), THE WEEK IN CHESS 230: XXX Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center Crowther, Mark (24 April 2000), THE WEEK IN CHESS 285: XXXI Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center Crowther, Mark (16 April 2001), THE WEEK IN CHESS 336: XXXII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center Crowther, Mark (1 April 2002), THE WEEK IN CHESS 386: XXXIII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center Crowther, Mark (21 April 2003), THE WEEK IN CHESS 441: XXXIV Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center Crowther, Mark (17 April 2006), THE WEEK IN CHESS 597: XXXVII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center Crowther, Mark (9 April 2007), THE WEEK IN CHESS 648: XXXVIII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center Golombek, Harry, ed. (1977), "Mar del Plata Tournaments", Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishing, ISBN 0-517-53146-1 Svetozar Gligorić (2003), King's Indian Defence – Mar Del Plata Variation, Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-8767-1 vteMajor recurring international chess tournaments Strong chess tournaments Mini chess tournaments Round-robin chess tournaments Major present(average rating > 2700;round-robin system generally) Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (since 1973) Grand Chess Tour (since 2015) Grenke Chess Classic (since 2013) London Chess Classic (since 2009) Norway Chess (since 2013) Shamkir Chess (since 2014) Shenzhen Masters (since 2017) Sinquefield Cup (since 2013) Tata Steel Chess Tournament (since 1938) UzChess Cup (since 2024) Other present(Swiss system generally) Aeroflot Open (since 2002) Australasian Masters (since 1987) Biel Chess Festival (since 1968) Canadian Open (since 1956) Capablanca Memorial (since 1962) Cappelle-la-Grande Open (since 1985) Carlos Torre Repetto Memorial (since 1987) Chigorin Memorial (since 1909) Doeberl Cup (since 1963) Dubai Open (since 1999) Gibraltar Chess Festival (since 2003) Hastings International Chess Congress (since 1920) Hogeschool Zeeland Tournament (since 1995) Lublin Grandmaster Tournament (since 2009) Paul Keres Memorials (Tallinn, since 1969) (Vancouver, since 1975) Prague Chess Festival (since 2019) Qatar Masters Open (2014–2015, since 2023) Reykjavik Open (since 1964) Riga Technical University Open (since 2011) Rilton Cup (since 1971) Rubinstein Memorial (since 1963) South African Open (since 1962) U.S. Open (since 1900) TePe Sigeman & Co chess tournament (since 1993) Vidmar Memorial (since 1969) World Open (since 1973) Xtracon Chess Open (since 1979) Zurich Christmas Open (since 1977) Recently cancelled(after 2000) Alekhine Memorial (1956–2013, irregular) Acropolis (1968–2009) Aerosvit (2006–2008) Amber (1992–2011) Bilbao Chess Masters Final (2008–2016) Howard Staunton Memorial (2003–2009) Linares (1978–2010) Mar del Plata (1928–2001) Millionaire Chess (2014–2016) M-Tel Masters (2005–2009) North Sea Cup (1976–2008) Pearl Spring (2008–2010) Reggio Emilia (1947–2012) Tal Memorial (2006–2018) Zurich Chess Challenge (2012–2017) Major past(19th–20th century) American Chess Congress (1857–1923) Carl Schlechter Memorial (1923–1996) DSB Congress (1879–1932) General Government (1940–1944) IBM international (1961–1981) Konex (1977–1994) Leopold Trebitsch Memorial (1907–1938) Lone Pine International (1971–1981) Max Euwe Memorial (1987–1996) Monte Carlo (1901–1904; 1967–1969) Netanya (1961–1983) Palma de Mallorca (1965–1972) Phillips & Drew Kings (1980–1986) Piatigorsky Cup (1963–1966) San Sebastián (1911–1912) Silesian Chess Congress (1922–1939) Tilburg (1977–1998) Triberg (1914–1917) Chess competitions National championships Supranational championships
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mar del Plata Open (tennis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_del_Plata_1941_chess_tournament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ruth Cardoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Volgl_Cardoso"},{"link_name":"Silvia Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Kot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Gligorić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Gligori%C4%87"}],"text":"For the tennis tournament, see Mar del Plata Open (tennis).Mar del Plata, Argentina, has a rich history of chess tournaments, including their international chess tournament and open tournament. \nThere is also an annual city tournament, which had its first edition in 1946, and reached its 62nd edition in 2007.The international tournament started off in 1928, but only in the period from 1941 to 1970 was it a truly international tournament with considerable reputation. \nAfter 1970, only seven international tournaments have been played.[1] The 1951, 1954, 1969 and 2001 editions were zonal tournaments.\nThere was also a zonal tournament for women in Mar del Plata, in 1969, won by the Brazilian Ruth Cardoso. Silvia Kot from Argentina placed second.In 1967 the first edition of the open tournament was organized. In 1969 it became an annual event.The Mar del Plata Variation of the King's Indian Defence (1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7 4. e4 d6 5. Nf3 0–0 6. Be2 e5 7. 0–0 Nc6 8. d5 Ne7) is named after a game played in 1953 at the 16th international tournament between Miguel Najdorf\nand Svetozar Gligorić.","title":"Mar del Plata chess tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberto Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Grau"},{"link_name":"Aaron Schwartzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Schwartzman"},{"link_name":"Isaías Pleci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Pleci"},{"link_name":"Gideon Ståhlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_St%C3%A5hlberg"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Hermann Pilnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Pilnik"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Erich Eliskases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Eliskases"},{"link_name":"Héctor Rossetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Rossetto"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Gligorić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Gligori%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Julio Bolbochán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Bolboch%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Erich Eliskases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Eliskases"},{"link_name":"Héctor Rossetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Rossetto"},{"link_name":"Julio Bolbochán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Bolboch%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Gligorić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Gligori%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Oscar Panno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Panno"},{"link_name":"Borislav Ivkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borislav_Ivkov"},{"link_name":"Julio Bolbochán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Bolboch%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Paul Keres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keres"},{"link_name":"Bent Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Luděk Pachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lud%C4%9Bk_Pachman"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Boris Spassky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky"},{"link_name":"Robert Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Lev Polugaevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Polugaevsky"},{"link_name":"Héctor Rossetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Rossetto"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Vasily Smyslov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov"},{"link_name":"Oscar Panno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Panno"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Lev Polugaevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Polugaevsky"},{"link_name":"Raúl Sanguinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Sanguinetti"},{"link_name":"Victor Brond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Brond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan Timman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Timman"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Tempone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Tempone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marino Alejandro Cid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marino_Alejandro_Cid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Braga"},{"link_name":"Juan Facundo Pierrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Facundo_Pierrot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rubén Felgaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Felgaer"}],"text":"#\nYear\nWinner\n\n\n1\n1928\n Roberto Grau (Argentina)\n\n\n2\n1934\n Aaron Schwartzman (Argentina)\n\n\n3\n1936\n Isaías Pleci (Argentina)\n\n\n4\n1941\n Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden)\n\n\n5\n1942\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n6\n1943\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n7\n1944\n Hermann Pilnik (Argentina)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n8\n1945\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n9\n1946\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n10\n1947\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n11\n1948\n Erich Eliskases (Argentina)\n\n\n12\n1949\n Héctor Rossetto (Argentina)\n\n\n13\n1950\n Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)\n\n\n14\n1951\n Julio Bolbochán (Argentina)  Erich Eliskases (Argentina)\n\n\n15\n1952\n Héctor Rossetto (Argentina)  Julio Bolbochán (Argentina)\n\n\n16\n1953\n Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)\n\n\n17\n1954\n Oscar Panno (Argentina)\n\n\n18\n1955\n Borislav Ivkov (Yugoslavia)\n\n\n19\n1956\n Julio Bolbochán (Argentina)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n20\n1957\n Paul Keres (Soviet Union)\n\n\n21\n1958\n Bent Larsen (Denmark)\n\n\n22\n1959\n Luděk Pachman (Czechoslovakia)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n23\n1960\n Boris Spassky (Soviet Union)  Robert Fischer (United States)\n\n\n24\n1961\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n25\n1962\n Lev Polugaevsky (Soviet Union)\n\n\n26\n1964\n Héctor Rossetto (Argentina)\n\n\n27\n1965\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n28\n1966\n Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union)\n\n\n29\n1969\n Oscar Panno (Argentina)  Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n30\n1971\n Lev Polugaevsky (Soviet Union)\n\n\n31\n1976\n Raúl Sanguinetti (Argentina)  Victor Brond (Argentina)\n\n\n32\n1982\n Jan Timman (Netherlands)\n\n\n33\n1989\n Marcelo Tempone (Argentina)\n\n\n34\n1990\n Marino Alejandro Cid (Argentina)\n\n\n35\n1997\n Fernando Braga (Italy)\n\n\n36\n2001\n Juan Facundo Pierrot (Argentina)  Rubén Felgaer (Argentina)","title":"Mar del Plata International Chess Tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"René Letelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Letelier"},{"link_name":"Lothar Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Schmid"},{"link_name":"Raúl Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%BAl_Ocampo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jorge Rubinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rubinetti"},{"link_name":"Lothar Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Schmid"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Jaime Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Emma"},{"link_name":"Aldo Emilio Seidler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Emilio_Seidler"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Poleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Poleschi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aldo Emilio Seidler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Emilio_Seidler"},{"link_name":"Miguel Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Najdorf"},{"link_name":"Carlos Lago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Lago&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luis Marcos Bronstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Marcos_Bronstein"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Tempone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Tempone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jorge Rubinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Rubinetti"},{"link_name":"Oscar Panno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Panno"},{"link_name":"Roberto Cifuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cifuentes"},{"link_name":"Oscar Panno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Panno"},{"link_name":"Pablo Zarnicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Zarnicki"},{"link_name":"Roberto Cifuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cifuentes"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Tempone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Tempone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergio Carlos Giardelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Carlos_Giardelli"},{"link_name":"Bent Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Julio Granda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Granda"},{"link_name":"Oscar Panno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Panno"},{"link_name":"Sergio Slipak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Slipak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fabian Fiorito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Fiorito&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Braga"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Giaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Giaccio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergio Slipak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Slipak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Martín Labollita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_Labollita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergio Slipak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergio_Slipak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fabián Fiorito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabi%C3%A1n_Fiorito&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Suat Atalık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suat_Atal%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Pablo Lafuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Lafuente&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José F. Cubas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_F._Cubas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diego Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Flores_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Andrés Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Diego Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Flores_(chess_player)"},{"link_name":"Johan-Sebastian Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan-Sebastian_Christiansen"}],"text":"#\nYear\nWinner\n\n\n1\n1967\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n2\n1969\n René Letelier (Chile)\n\n\n3\n1970\n Lothar Schmid (Germany)\n\n\n4\n1971\n Raúl Ocampo (Argentina)\n\n\n5\n1972\n Jorge Rubinetti (Argentina)\n\n\n6\n1973\n Lothar Schmid (Germany)\n\n\n7\n1974\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n8\n1975\n Jaime Emma (Argentina)\n\n\n9\n1976\n Aldo Emilio Seidler (Argentina)\n\n\n10\n1977\n Ricardo Poleschi (Argentina)\n\n\n11\n1978\n Aldo Emilio Seidler (Argentina)\n\n\n12\n1979\n Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)\n\n\n13\n1980\n Carlos Lago (Argentina)\n\n\n14\n1983\n Luis Marcos Bronstein (Argentina)\n\n\n15\n1984\n Marcelo Tempone (Argentina)\n\n\n16\n1985\n Jorge Rubinetti (Argentina)\n\n\n17\n1986\n Oscar Panno (Argentina)\n\n\n18\n1987\n Roberto Cifuentes (Chile)\n\n\n19\n1988\n Oscar Panno (Argentina)\n\n\n20\n1989\n Pablo Zarnicki (Argentina)\n\n\n21\n1990\n Roberto Cifuentes (Chile)\n\n\n22\n1991\n Marcelo Tempone (Argentina)\n\n\n23\n1992\n Sergio Carlos Giardelli (Argentina)\n\n\n24\n1993\n Bent Larsen (Denmark)  Julio Granda (Peru)\n\n\n25\n1994\n Oscar Panno (Argentina)\n\n\n26\n1995\n Sergio Slipak (Argentina)\n\n\n27\n1996\n Fabian Fiorito (Argentina)\n\n\n28\n1997\n Fernando Braga (Italy)\n\n\n29\n1998\n Alfredo Giaccio (Argentina)\n\n\n30\n1999\n Sergio Slipak (Argentina)\n\n\n31\n2000\n Martín Labollita (Argentina)\n\n\n32\n2001\n Sergio Slipak (Argentina)\n\n\n33\n2002\n Fabián Fiorito (Argentina)\n\n\n34\n2003\n Suat Atalık (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n\n\n35\n2004\n Pablo Lafuente (Argentina)\n\n\n36\n2005\n José F. Cubas (Paraguay)\n\n\n37\n2006\n Diego Flores (Argentina)\n\n\n38\n2007\n Andrés Rodríguez (Uruguay)\n\n\n50\n2019\n Diego Flores (Argentina)\n\n\n53\n2024\n Johan-Sebastian Christiansen (Norway)","title":"Mar del Plata Open Chess Tournament"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2009-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429071240/http://www.mdpajedrez.org.ar/arch800/magistrales.htm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.mdpajedrez.org.ar/arch800/magistrales.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (5 April 1999), THE WEEK IN CHESS 230: XXX Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic230.html#4","url_text":"THE WEEK IN CHESS 230: XXX Mar del Plata Open"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (24 April 2000), THE WEEK IN CHESS 285: XXXI Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic285.html#15","url_text":"THE WEEK IN CHESS 285: XXXI Mar del Plata Open"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (16 April 2001), THE WEEK IN CHESS 336: XXXII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic336.html#7","url_text":"THE WEEK IN CHESS 336: XXXII Mar del Plata Open"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (1 April 2002), THE WEEK IN CHESS 386: XXXIII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic386.html#14","url_text":"THE WEEK IN CHESS 386: XXXIII Mar del Plata Open"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (21 April 2003), THE WEEK IN CHESS 441: XXXIV Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic441.html#17","url_text":"THE WEEK IN CHESS 441: XXXIV Mar del Plata Open"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (17 April 2006), THE WEEK IN CHESS 597: XXXVII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic597.html#9","url_text":"THE WEEK IN CHESS 597: XXXVII Mar del Plata Open"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Mark (9 April 2007), THE WEEK IN CHESS 648: XXXVIII Mar del Plata Open, London Chess Center","urls":[{"url":"https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic648.html#14","url_text":"THE WEEK IN CHESS 648: XXXVIII Mar del Plata Open"}]},{"reference":"Golombek, Harry, ed. (1977), \"Mar del Plata Tournaments\", Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishing, ISBN 0-517-53146-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Golombek","url_text":"Golombek, Harry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53146-1","url_text":"0-517-53146-1"}]},{"reference":"Svetozar Gligorić (2003), King's Indian Defence – Mar Del Plata Variation, Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-8767-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Gligori%C4%87","url_text":"Svetozar Gligorić"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-8767-1","url_text":"978-0-7134-8767-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Grapevine_Moth
Lobesia botrana
["1 Distribution","2 Description","3 Biology","4 An invasive species","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]
European grapevine moth European grapevine moth Adult of Lobesia botrana Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Tortricidae Genus: Lobesia Species: L. botrana Binomial name Lobesia botrana() Synonyms Lobesia (Lobesia) botrana Lobesia botrana, the European grapevine moth or European grape worm, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. Distribution This species is native to Southern Italy. It can be found in Southern Europe, North Africa, Anatolia and the Caucasus. Recently it has been introduced into Japan, Chile and Argentina, however on July 5, 2021, Senasa Argentina (the National Food Safety and Quality Service) declared the Departments of Cafayate and Concordia successfully eradicated. Description Lobesia botrana can reach a length of 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in), with a wingspan of 12–13 mm. The females are slightly larger. The external surface of the forewings is mottled with tan-brown, greyish and dark-brown blotches. The rear wings are gray with a fringed border. Larvae can reach a length of 8–9 millimetres (0.31–0.35 in). They are yellowish green to light brown with a light yellow head. Biology The larvae mainly feed on the flowers and fruit of grape (Vitis vinifera) and spurge laurel (Daphne gnidium), but it has also been reported on several other plants (Rubus fruticosus, Ribes sp., Olea europaea, Prunus avium, Prunus domestica, Actinidia chinensis, Punica granatum, etc.). Lobesia botrana normally has two - three generations in Europe. Larvae develop in 20 to 30 days. Pupae overwinter inside a silken cocoon. This species is considered a major vineyard pest in its native range, as the larvae feed on the interior of grapes, hollow them out and leave excrement. An invasive species The moth was found in the Napa Valley of California in September 2009, the first record in the United States. Confirmation of that detection led to increased trapping and surveys that have since detected the pest at several sites in the county. On March 9, 2010, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) announced it had established a quarantine of 162 square miles (420 km2) including portions of Napa, Sonoma and Solano counties. The quarantine affects movement of host material from inside the infested area. As of May 12, 2010, Fresno county was also placed under quarantine after traps near Kingsburg, California contained two specimens within 2 miles (3.2 km) of one another. Mexico has also notified the USDA that no fruit from this county will be accepted for import into Mexico which will greatly impact California stonefruit and grapes. In August 2016, with no moths found since June 2014, the state declared that Napa County, and California, were free of the invasive species. Bibliography Coscollá Ramón R. 1998. Polillas del racimo (Lobesia botrana Den. Y Shiff.). In Los parasitos de la vid, estrategias de proteccion razonada. Madrid, Spain. pp. 29–42. Del Tío R, Martínez JL, Ocete R, Ocete ME. 2001. Study of the relationship between sex pheromone trap catches of Lobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep., Tortricidae) and the accumulation of degree-days in Sherry vineyards (SW of Spain). J. Appl. Ent. 125: 9–14. Denis, J. N. C. M. und Ignaz Schiffermüller (1775): Systematisches Verzeichniß der Schmetterlinge der Wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen Lehrern am k. + k. Theresianum. Wien Gabel B, Mocko V. 1986. A functional simulation of European vine moth Lobesia botrana Den. Et Schiff. (Lep., Torticidae) population development. J. Appl. Ent. 101: 121–127. Gallardo A, Ocete R, López MA, Maistrello L, Ortega F, Semedo A, Soria FJ. 2009. Forecasting the flight activity of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera, Torticidae) in Southwestern Spain. J. Appl. Entomol. 133: 626–632. Moreau J, Benrey B, Thiéry. 2006. Grape variety affects larval performance and also female reproductive performance of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 96: 205–212 Torres-Vila LM, Stockel J, Roehrich R, Rodríguez-Molina MC. 1997. The relation between dispersal and survival of Lobesia botrana larvae and their density in vine inflorescences. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 84: 109–114. Zangheri S, Briolini G, Cravedi P, Duso C, Molinari F, Pasqualini E. 1992. Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). In Lepidotteri dei fruttiferi e della vite. Milan, Italy. pp. 85–88. References ^ Biolib ^ a b c d University of California Integrated Pest Management ^ "Fauna europaea". Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-14. ^ "Logro fitosanitario: Concordia y Cafayate vuelven a ser áreas libres de polilla de la vid". Senasa Argentina (in Spanish). 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2021-07-29. ^ a b c Gilligan, Todd M.; Epstein, Marc E.; Passoa, Steven C.; Powell, Jerry A.; Sage, Obediah C.; Brown, John W. (2011). "Discovery of Lobesia botrana () in California: An Invasive Species New to North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 113 (1). Entomological Society of Washington: 14–30. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.113.1.14. ISSN 0013-8797. S2CID 84709211.Schartel, Tyler E; Bayles, Brett R; Cooper, Monica L; Simmons, Gregory S; Thomas, Shyam M; Varela, Lucia G; Daugherty, Matthew P (2019-01-04). "Reconstructing the European Grapevine Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Invasion in California: Insights From a Successful Eradication". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 112 (2). Entomological Society of America (OUP): 107–117. doi:10.1093/aesa/say056. ISSN 0013-8746."European Grapevine Moth". USDA APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service). Retrieved 2022-07-03.UC Cooperative Extension; UC IPM; Zalom, Frank G.; Varela, Lucia G.; Cooper, Monica (November 2009). "European Grapevine Moth". UC Integrated Pest Management (UC IPM). UC Agriculture (UC ANR).Gruber, Barrett; Daugherty, Matt (2019-12-26). "European Grapevine Moth". Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California Riverside. Retrieved 2022-07-03."Plant Health - European Grapevine Moth Pest Profile". Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Division, CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture). 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2022-07-03."European Grapevine Moth (EGVM)". County Of Sonoma. 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-03."European Grapevine Moth". National Invasive Species Information Center. 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2022-07-03."European Grapevine Moth Cooperative Eradication Program: A Model for Fighting Future Invasive Species Threats". USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2022-07-03."European Grapevine Moth". Napa County, CA. 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-03."An Invasive-Species Success Story: The Eradication of the European Grapevine Moth in California". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America. 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2022-07-03. ^ "Portions of Napa, Sonoma, Solano counties quarantined in response to European grapevine moth infestation" (Press release). California Dept of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). March 9, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2013. ^ Napa Valley Register External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lobesia botrana. images of: Museum für Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte Dessau Lepiforum.de European grapevine moth, University of California Center for Invasive Species Research Species Profile - European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for European Grapevine Moth. Taxon identifiersLobesia botrana Wikidata: Q815051 Wikispecies: Lobesia botrana BioLib: 49163 BOLD: 469214 BugGuide: 1198103 CoL: 936DW EoL: 366237 EPPO: POLYBO EUNIS: 303933 Fauna Europaea: 438660 Fauna Europaea (new): b9b134b1-6c19-44cc-bd0a-f4882bef24c3 GBIF: 1740623 iNaturalist: 480748 IRMNG: 11381567 ISC: 42794 LepIndex: 96133 LoB: 4088 MaBENA: LobesBotra NBN: NHMSYS0021143195 NCBI: 209534 Observation.org: 159896 Open Tree of Life: 283276
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Tortricidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortricidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lobesia botrana, the European grapevine moth or European grape worm, is a moth of the family Tortricidae.[1]","title":"Lobesia botrana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Food Safety and Quality Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Food_Safety_and_Quality_Service"},{"link_name":"Cafayate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafayate_Department"},{"link_name":"Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Department"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cafayate-Concordia-eradication-4"}],"text":"This species is native to Southern Italy. It can be found in Southern Europe, North Africa, Anatolia and the Caucasus. Recently it has been introduced into Japan, Chile and Argentina,[2][3] however on July 5, 2021, Senasa Argentina (the National Food Safety and Quality Service) declared the Departments of Cafayate and Concordia successfully eradicated.[4]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"}],"text":"Lobesia botrana can reach a length of 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in), with a wingspan of 12–13 mm. The females are slightly larger. The external surface of the forewings is mottled with tan-brown, greyish and dark-brown blotches. The rear wings are gray with a fringed border. Larvae can reach a length of 8–9 millimetres (0.31–0.35 in). They are yellowish green to light brown with a light yellow head.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvae"},{"link_name":"Vitis vinifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_vinifera"},{"link_name":"Daphne gnidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_gnidium"},{"link_name":"Rubus fruticosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_fruticosus"},{"link_name":"Ribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribes"},{"link_name":"Olea europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_europaea"},{"link_name":"Prunus avium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_avium"},{"link_name":"Prunus domestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_domestica"},{"link_name":"Actinidia chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidia_chinensis"},{"link_name":"Punica granatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punica_granatum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AA-2"}],"text":"The larvae mainly feed on the flowers and fruit of grape (Vitis vinifera) and spurge laurel (Daphne gnidium), but it has also been reported on several other plants (Rubus fruticosus, Ribes sp., Olea europaea, Prunus avium, Prunus domestica, Actinidia chinensis, Punica granatum, etc.). Lobesia botrana normally has two - three generations in Europe. Larvae develop in 20 to 30 days. Pupae overwinter inside a silken cocoon.[2]This species is considered a major vineyard pest in its native range, as the larvae feed on the interior of grapes, hollow them out and leave excrement.[2]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-California-bundle-5"},{"link_name":"CDFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDFA"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"Napa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Sonoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-California-bundle-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kingsburg, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsburg,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-California-bundle-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The moth was found in the Napa Valley of California in September 2009, the first record in the United States.[5] Confirmation of that detection led to increased trapping and surveys that have since detected the pest at several sites in the county. On March 9, 2010, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) announced it had established a quarantine of 162 square miles (420 km2) including portions of Napa, Sonoma and Solano counties.[5] The quarantine affects movement of host material from inside the infested area.[6] As of May 12, 2010, Fresno county was also placed under quarantine after traps near Kingsburg, California contained two specimens within 2 miles (3.2 km) of one another. Mexico has also notified the USDA that no fruit from this county will be accepted for import into Mexico which will greatly impact California stonefruit and grapes.In August 2016, with no moths found since June 2014, the state declared that Napa County, and California, were free of the invasive species.[5][7]","title":"An invasive species"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Coscollá Ramón R. 1998. Polillas del racimo (Lobesia botrana Den. Y Shiff.). In Los parasitos de la vid, estrategias de proteccion razonada. Madrid, Spain. pp. 29–42.\nDel Tío R, Martínez JL, Ocete R, Ocete ME. 2001. Study of the relationship between sex pheromone trap catches of Lobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep., Tortricidae) and the accumulation of degree-days in Sherry vineyards (SW of Spain). J. Appl. Ent. 125: 9–14.\nDenis, J. N. C. M. und Ignaz Schiffermüller (1775): Systematisches Verzeichniß der Schmetterlinge der Wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen Lehrern am k. + k. Theresianum. Wien\nGabel B, Mocko V. 1986. A functional simulation of European vine moth Lobesia botrana Den. Et Schiff. (Lep., Torticidae) population development. J. Appl. Ent. 101: 121–127.\nGallardo A, Ocete R, López MA, Maistrello L, Ortega F, Semedo A, Soria FJ. 2009. Forecasting the flight activity of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera, Torticidae) in Southwestern Spain. J. Appl. Entomol. 133: 626–632.\nMoreau J, Benrey B, Thiéry. 2006. Grape variety affects larval performance and also female reproductive performance of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 96: 205–212\nTorres-Vila LM, Stockel J, Roehrich R, Rodríguez-Molina MC. 1997. The relation between dispersal and survival of Lobesia botrana larvae and their density in vine inflorescences. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 84: 109–114.\nZangheri S, Briolini G, Cravedi P, Duso C, Molinari F, Pasqualini E. 1992. Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). In Lepidotteri dei fruttiferi e della vite. Milan, Italy. pp. 85–88.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fauna europaea\". Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914160729/http://fauna.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/full_results.php?id=438660","url_text":"\"Fauna europaea\""},{"url":"http://fauna.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/full_results.php?id=438660","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Logro fitosanitario: Concordia y Cafayate vuelven a ser áreas libres de polilla de la vid\". Senasa Argentina (in Spanish). 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2021-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/logro-fitosanitario-concordia-y-cafayate-vuelven-ser-areas-libres-de-polilla-de-la-vid","url_text":"\"Logro fitosanitario: Concordia y Cafayate vuelven a ser áreas libres de polilla de la vid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Food_Safety_and_Quality_Service","url_text":"Senasa Argentina"}]},{"reference":"Gilligan, Todd M.; Epstein, Marc E.; Passoa, Steven C.; Powell, Jerry A.; Sage, Obediah C.; Brown, John W. (2011). \"Discovery of Lobesia botrana ([Denis & Schiffermüller]) in California: An Invasive Species New to North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)\". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 113 (1). Entomological Society of Washington: 14–30. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.113.1.14. ISSN 0013-8797. S2CID 84709211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Entomological_Society_of_Washington","url_text":"Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomological_Society_of_Washington","url_text":"Entomological Society of Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4289%2F0013-8797.113.1.14","url_text":"10.4289/0013-8797.113.1.14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8797","url_text":"0013-8797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84709211","url_text":"84709211"}]},{"reference":"Schartel, Tyler E; Bayles, Brett R; Cooper, Monica L; Simmons, Gregory S; Thomas, Shyam M; Varela, Lucia G; Daugherty, Matthew P (2019-01-04). \"Reconstructing the European Grapevine Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Invasion in California: Insights From a Successful Eradication\". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 112 (2). Entomological Society of America (OUP): 107–117. doi:10.1093/aesa/say056. ISSN 0013-8746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Entomological_Society_of_America","url_text":"Annals of the Entomological Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomological_Society_of_America","url_text":"Entomological Society of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"OUP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2Fsay056","url_text":"10.1093/aesa/say056"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8746","url_text":"0013-8746"}]},{"reference":"\"European Grapevine Moth\". USDA APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service). Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/pests-diseases/hungry-pests/the-threat/hp-egvm","url_text":"\"European Grapevine Moth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service","url_text":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service"}]},{"reference":"UC Cooperative Extension; UC IPM; Zalom, Frank G.; Varela, Lucia G.; Cooper, Monica (November 2009). \"European Grapevine Moth\". UC Integrated Pest Management (UC IPM). UC Agriculture (UC ANR).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Cooperative_Extension","url_text":"UC Cooperative Extension"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_IPM","url_text":"UC IPM"},{"url":"http://ipm.ucanr.edu/Invasive-and-Exotic-Pests/European-grapevine-moth/","url_text":"\"European Grapevine Moth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Integrated_Pest_Management","url_text":"UC Integrated Pest Management"}]},{"reference":"Gruber, Barrett; Daugherty, Matt (2019-12-26). \"European Grapevine Moth\". Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California Riverside. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://cisr.ucr.edu/invasive-species/european-grapevine-moth","url_text":"\"European Grapevine Moth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Invasive_Species_Research","url_text":"Center for Invasive Species Research"}]},{"reference":"\"Plant Health - European Grapevine Moth Pest Profile\". Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Division, CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture). 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/pdep/target_pest_disease_profiles/EGVM_PestProfile.html","url_text":"\"Plant Health - European Grapevine Moth Pest Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Health_and_Pest_Prevention_Services_Division","url_text":"Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services Division"}]},{"reference":"\"European Grapevine Moth (EGVM)\". County Of Sonoma. 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://sonomacounty.ca.gov/natural-resources/agricultural-weights-and-measures/programs-and-services/european-grapevine-moth","url_text":"\"European Grapevine Moth (EGVM)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=County_Of_Sonoma&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"County Of Sonoma"}]},{"reference":"\"European Grapevine Moth\". National Invasive Species Information Center. 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/invertebrates/european-grapevine-moth","url_text":"\"European Grapevine Moth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Invasive_Species_Information_Center","url_text":"National Invasive Species Information Center"}]},{"reference":"\"European Grapevine Moth Cooperative Eradication Program: A Model for Fighting Future Invasive Species Threats\". USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2016/11/02/european-grapevine-moth-cooperative-eradication-program-model-fighting-future","url_text":"\"European Grapevine Moth Cooperative Eradication Program: A Model for Fighting Future Invasive Species Threats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"\"European Grapevine Moth\". Napa County, CA. 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countyofnapa.org/1274/European-Grapevine-Moth","url_text":"\"European Grapevine Moth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_County,_CA","url_text":"Napa County, CA"}]},{"reference":"\"An Invasive-Species Success Story: The Eradication of the European Grapevine Moth in California\". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America. 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2022-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://entomologytoday.org/2019/03/08/invasive-species-success-story-eradication-european-grapevine-moth-california/","url_text":"\"An Invasive-Species Success Story: The Eradication of the European Grapevine Moth in California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology_Today","url_text":"Entomology Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Portions of Napa, Sonoma, Solano counties quarantined in response to European grapevine moth infestation\" (Press release). California Dept of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). March 9, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdfa.ca.gov/egov/Press_Releases/Press_Release.asp?PRnum=10-014","url_text":"\"Portions of Napa, Sonoma, Solano counties quarantined in response to European grapevine moth infestation\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_the_Best_Volume_2:_20_Years_of_the_Year%27s_Best_Short_Science_Fiction_Novels
Best of the Best Volume 2: 20 Years of the Year's Best Short Science Fiction Novels
["1 Contents"]
2007 anthology edited by Gardner Dozois This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Best of the Best Volume 2: 20 Years of the Year's Best Short Science Fiction Novels" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Best of the Best Volume 2: 20 Years of the Year's Best Short Science Fiction Novels" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Best of the Best Volume 2: 20 Years of the Year's Best Short Science Fiction Novels First editionEditorGardner DozoisLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Year's Best Science FictionGenreScience fictionPublisherSt. Martin's GriffinPublication date2007Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardcover and Paperback)Pages642ISBN978-0-312-36341-3OCLC71173902Dewey Decimal813/.0876608 22LC ClassPS648.S3 B499 2007Preceded byBest of the Best: 20 Years of the Year's Best Science Fiction  Best of the Best Volume 2: 20 Years of the Year's Best Short Science Fiction Novels (ISBN 978-0312363413) is a science fiction anthology edited by Gardner Dozois that was published in 2007. It is a special edition in The Year's Best Science Fiction series. Contents The book includes 13 novellas selected by Dozois from among prior annual editions of The Year's Best Science Fiction. Although it is billed as "20 years" of the year's best science fiction, it was actually edited after the 22nd edition of the series. It also includes a three-page preface by Dozois explaining that he set out to edit just one "Best of the Best" volume but found it impossible to do justice to such a task without adding a second volume, to focus on longer works that would have taken too much space away from the first "Best of the Best" installment. Out of 13 authors in the second volume, all but two (Pohl and Reynolds) were also included in the first volume. The stories are as follows. Robert Silverberg: "Sailing to Byzantium" Walter Jon Williams: "Surfacing" Joe Haldeman: "The Hemingway Hoax" James Patrick Kelly: "Mr. Boy" Nancy Kress: "Beggars In Spain" Michael Swanwick: "Griffin's Egg" Frederik Pohl: "Outnumbering The Dead" Ursula K. Le Guin: "Forgiveness Day" Maureen F. McHugh: "The Cost To Be Wise" Greg Egan: "Oceanic" Ian McDonald: "Tendeléo's Story" Ian R. MacLeod: "New Light On The Drake Equation" Alastair Reynolds: "Turquoise Days"
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[]
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[]
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